the motion But now let us speake briefly of the life or soule wherein consisteth the principall originall of every function in the body and likewise of generation CHAP. XI Of the life or soule THE soule entreth into the body so soone as it hath obtained a perfect and absolute distinction and conformation of the members in the wombe which in male children by reason of the more strong and forming heate which is engraffed in them is about the fortieth day and in females about the forty fifth day in some sooner and in some later by reason of the efficacy of the matter working and plyantnesse or obedience of the matter whereon it worketh Neither doth the life or soule being thus inspired into the body presently execute or performe all his functions because the instuments that are placed about it cannot obtaine a firme and hard consistence necessary for the lively but especially for the more divine ministeries of the life or soule but in a long processe of age or time Those instruments of the soule are vitiated either in the first conformation as when the forme or fashion of the head is sharpe upwards or piramydall as was the head of Thersites that lived in the time of the Trojan warre and of Triboulet and Tonin that lived in later yeares or also by some casualty as by the violent handling of the mydwife who by compression by reason that the scull is then tender and soft hath caused the capacity of the ventricles that be under the braine to be too narrow for them or by a fall stroake disorder in diet as by drunkennesse or a feaver which inferreth a lithargie excessive sleepinesse or a phrensie Presently after the soule is entred the body God endueth it with divers and sundry gifts hereof it commeth that some are endued with wisedome by the spirit others with knowledge by the same spirit others with the gift of healing by the same spirit others with power dominion and rule others with prophesie others with diversities of tongues and to others other endowments as it hath pleased the divine providence and bounty of God to bestow upon them against which no man ought to contend or speake For it is not meet that the thing formed should say unto him that formed it why hast thou made mee on this fashion hath not the Potter power to make of the same lumpe of clay one vessell to honour and another to dishonour it is not my purpose neither belongeth it unto mee or any other humane creature to search out the reason of those things but onely to admire them with all humility But yet I dare affirme this one thing that a noble and excellent soule neglecteth elementary and transitory things and is ravished and moved with the contemplation of celestiall which it cannot freely enjoy before it bee separated from this earthly enclosure or prison of the body and be restored unto its originall Therefore the soule is the inward Entelechia or perfection or the primative cause of all motions and functions both naturall and animall and the true forme of man The Ancients have endeavoured to expresse the obscure sense thereof by many descriptions For they have called it a celestiall spirit and a superiour incorporeall invisible an immortall essence which is to bee comprehended of its selfe alone that is of the minde or understanding Others have not doubted but that wee have our soules inspired by the universall divine minde which as they are alive so they doe bestow life on the bodies unto whom they are annexed or united And although this life bee dispersed into all the whole body and into every portion of the same yet is it voyd of all corporall weight or mixtion and it is wholly and a lone in every severall part being simple and indivisible without all composition or mixture yet endued with many vertues and faculties which it doth utter in divers parts of the body For it feeleth imagineth judgeth remembreth understandeth and ruleth all our desires pleasures and animall motions it seeth heareth smelleth tasteth toucheth and it hath divers names of these so many and so great functions which it performeth in divers parts of the body It is called the soule or life because it maketh the body live which of it selfe is dead It is called the spirit or breath because it inspireth our bodies It is called reason because it discerneth truth from falshood as it were by a certaine divine rule It is termed the minde because it is mindfull of things past in recalling and remembring them and it is called the vigour or courage because it giveth vigour and courage to the sluggish weight or masse of the body And lastly it is called the sense understanding because it comprehendeth things that are sensible and intelligible Because it is incorporeall it cannot occupie a place by corporeall extension although notwithstanding it filleth the whole body It is simple because it is but one in essence not encreased nor diminished for it is no lesse in a Dwarfe than in a Gyant and it is like perfect and great in an infant as in a man according to its owne nature But there are three kindes of bodies informed by a soule whereby they live the first being the most imperfect is of plants the second of brute beasts and the third of men The plants live by a vegitative beasts by a sensitive and men by an intellective soule And as the sensitive soule of brute beasts is endued with all the vertues of the vegetative so the humane intellective comprehendeth the vertues of all the inferior not separated by any division but by being indivisibly united with reason and understanding into one humane forme and soule whereon they depend But because we have sayd a little before that divers functions of the life are resident and appeare in divers parts of the body here in this place omitting all others wee will prosecute those only which are accounted the principall The principall functions of a humane soule according to the opinion of many are foure in number proceeding from so many faculties and consequently from one soule they are these The common Sense Imagination Reasoning and Memory And they thinke that the common or interior sense doth receive the formes and images of sensible things being carryed by the spirit through the passage of the nerves as an instrument of the externall senses as it were a messenger to goe between them and it serves not onely to receive them but also to know perceive and discerne them For the eye wherein the externall sense of seeing consisteth doth not know white or blacke Therefore it cannot discerne the differences of colours as neither the tongue tastes nor the nose savours nor the eares sounds nor lastly the hands their touching quality yea the eye doth not of it selfe perceive that it seeth nor the nose that it smelleth nor the eares that they heare nor the tongue that it
tasteth nor the hands that they touch For all these things are the offices and functions of the common sense for this sense knoweth that the eye hath seene some thing either white blacke red a man horse sheepe or some such like materiall thing yea even when the sight is gone and past and so likewise the nose to have smelled this or that savour the eare to have heard this or that sound the tongue to have tasted this or that tast and the hand to have touched this or that thing bee they never so diverse For all the externall senses and all the functions thereof do end and are referred to the common sense as it were the lines of a circle from the circumference into the centre as it is expressed in this figure For which cause it is called the common or principll sense for that therein the primitive power of feeling or perceiving is situated for it useth the ministery or service of the externall senses to know many and divers things whose differences it doth discerne and judge but simple things that are of themselves and without any composition and connexion which may constitute any thing true or false or any argumentation belongeth onely to the minde understanding or reason For this was the counsell of nature that the externall senses should receive the formes of things superficially lightly and gently onely like as a glasse not to any other end but that they should presently send them unto the common sense as it were unto their center and prince which he that is to say the common sense at length delivereth to be collected unto the understanding or reasoning faculty of the soule which Avicen and Averrois have supposed to be situated in the former part of the braine Next unto the common sense followeth the phantasie or imagination so called because of it arise the formes and Ideas that are conceived in the minde called of the Geekes Phantasmata This doth never rest but in those that sleepe neither alwaies in them for oft-times in them it causeth dreames and causeth them to suppose they see and perceive such things as were never perceived by the senses nor which the nature of things nor the order of the world will permit The power of this faculty of the minde is so great in us that often it bringeth the whole body in subjection unto it For it is recorded in history that Alexander the Great sitting at Table and hearing Timotheus the Musician fing a martiall Sonnet unto his Citherne that hee presently leaped from the table and called for armes but when againe the Musician mollifyed his tune hee returned to the Table and sate downe as before The power of Imagination caused by musicall harmony was so great that it subjected to it the courage of the Worlds conquerour by whose various motion it would now as it were cause him to runne headlong to armes and then pacifie and quiet him and so cause him to returne to his chaire and banquetting againe And there was one whosoever it was who some few yeares agone seeing the Turke dance on a rope on high with both his feet fastened in a bason turned his eyes from so dangerous a sight or spectacle although hee came to the place of purpose to see it and was stricken with such feare that his body shooke and heart quaked for feare lest that by sudden falling downe headlong hee should breake his necke Many looking downe from an high and lofty place are so stricken with feare that suddenly they fall downe headlong being so overcome and bound with the imagination of the danger that their owne strength is not able to sustaine them Therefore it manifestly appeareth that God hath dealt most graciously and lovingly with us who unto this power of imagination hath joyned another that is the faculty or power of reason and understanding which discerning false dangers and perils from true doth sustain and hold up a man that he may not be overthrowne by them After this appeareth and approacheth to performe his function the faculty of Reason being the Prince of all the principall faculties of the soule which bringeth together composeth joyneth and reduceth all the simple and divided formes or images of things into one heape that by dividing collecting and reasoning it might discerne and try truth from falshood This faculty of Understanding or Reason is subject to no faculty or instrument of the body but is free and penetrateth into every secret intricate and hidden thing with an incredible celerity by which a man seeth what will follow perceiveth the originalls and causes of things is not ignorant of the proceedings of things he compareth things that are past with those that are present and to come decreeing what to follow and what to avoyde This bridleth and with-holdeth the furious motions of the minde bridleth the overhasty motions of the tongue and admonisheth the speaker that before the words passe out of his mouth hee ought with diligence and discretion to ponder and consider the thing whereof hee is about to speake After Reason and Judgement followeth Memory which keeping and conserving all formes and images that it receiveth of the senses and which Reason shall appoint and as a faithfull keeper and conserver receiveth all things and imprinteth and sealeth them as well by their owne vertue and power as by the impulsion and adherence of those things in the body of the braine without any impression of the matter that when occasion serveth we may bring them forth therehence as out of a treasurie or store-house For otherwise to what purpose were it to reade heare and note so many things unlesse wee were able to keepe and retaine them in minde by the care and custody of the Memory or Braine Therefore assuredly God hath given us this one onely remedy and preservative against the oblivion and ignorance of things which although of it selfe and of its owne nature it bee of greater efficacie yet by daily and often meditation it is trimmed and made more exquifite and perfect And hence it was that the Ancients termed wisedome the daughter of memory and experience Many have supposed that the mansion or seate of the Memory is in the hinder part or in the ventricle of the Cerebellum by reason that it is apt to receive the formes of things because of the engrafted drynesse and hardnesse thereof CHAP. XII Of the naturall excrements in generall and especially of those that the childe or infant being in the wombe excludeth BEfore I declare what excrements the infant excludeth in the wombe and by what passages I thinke it good to speak of the excrements which all men doe naturally voyde All that is called an excrement which nature is accustomed to separate and cast out from the laudible and nourishing juice There are many kinds of those excrements The first is of the first concoction which is performed in the stomacke which being driven downe into
beasts For this purpose he doth not onely harnesse himselfe as with brasen walles but also makes ditches and Bulwarkes he makes by the ministery of his hands all kind of weapons weaves himself graments casts into the water and drawes forth nets to catch fish and to conclude he performes all things to his owne contentment and having that priuiledge granted him by God he rules over all the earth all things which lye hid in the bowells of the earth which goe or creepe upon the earth which swim in the sea and fly through the aire or are any where shut up in the compasse of the skie are in mans dominion How wonderfull God hath shewed himselfe in making man GOds Deity and providence hath principally shewed it self in the creation of man neither his so admired light hath so shone in the production of other creatures seeing that God would have them to live and have theit being onely for mans sake that they might serve him Therefore man is if we diligently consider all his endowments a certaine patterne and rule of the divine majesty if If I may so say Artifice For being made to Gods image he is as it were his coine exceeding the capacity of all humane understanding Which seemed a just reason to the ancient Philosophers that he should be called Microcosmos or a litle world because the particles of all things conteined in the compasse of heaven and earth are contained in his minde and body that in the meane time I may in silence passe over his soule more great and noble than the whole world Why Nature hath not given Man the facultie of persaging THis seemes the reason that men by the instinct of nature doe not foresee the future seasons and dispositions of the heaven and aire because seeing they have received certaine sparks of prudence from God by whose care and guidance they are led to the knowledge of things by no deceiptfull but certaine judgment being not obnoxious to the conditions and changes of times and seasons as beasts are Wherefore knowing all these airy changes to be placed under them that is to say their minds according as occasion serves and their minds desire they give themselves to mirth when the Aire is wet stormy and darke and on the contrary in a cleare and faire season to a sincere and grave meditation of things sublime full of doubt But beasts accommodating themselves to that disposition of the aire which is present at hand are lively or sad not from any judgment as men but according to the temper and cōplexion of their bodies following the inclinations of the aire and of the humors one while diffused another while contracted Neither ought we to blame man because he can imitate the voyce of beasts but rather much commend him that he can infinitely wrest and vary one thing that is his voyce for men can barke like Foxes and doggs grunt like hogs whet and grinde their teeth like boares roare like Lyons bellow like Bulls neigh like horses knacke their teeth like Apes houle like Wolues bray like Asses bleate like Goats and Sheepe mourne like Beares Pigeons and Turtles Keeke and gaggle like geese hisse like Serpents cry like Storkes caw like a Crow and crow like a Cocke clocke like Hennes chatter as Swallowes and Pyes sing like Nightingales croake like Frogs imitate the singing of Waspes and Humming of Bees Mew like Catts The singing of Birds scarse seemes to merit the name of Musicall compared to the harmony of men fitted and tuned with infinite variety of voyces For with this they possesse the eares of Kings and Princes provoke and temper their wrath and carry mens minds beyond themselves and transforme them into what habits they please But if those cruell beasts have any humanitie they owe it all to man For he tames Lyons Elephants Beares Tigers Leapards Panthers and such other like Of the Crocodile PLutarch reports of the Crocodile whose figure is here deliniated that being tamed and taught by man hee doth not onely heare mans voyce and answeres to his call but suffers himselfe to be handled and opening his throate lets his teeth be scratched and wiped with a towell How small a part of Physicke is that which beasts are taught by nature Certainely nothing in comparison of man who by the study and practise of a few yeares can learne at his fingers endes all the parts of Physicke and practise them not onely for his owne but also for the common good of all men But why cannot beasts attaine unto the knowledge of Physicke so well as men I thinke because so great an Arte as Physicke is cannot be attained unto by the dull capacities of Beasts But for that I have written of the Religion of Elephants if I must speake according to the truth of the matter wee cannot say they worship God or have any sense of the divine Majesty For how can they have any knowledge of sublime things or of God seeing they wholy following their foode know not how to meditate on celestiall things Now for that they behold and turne themselves to the Moone by night and to the Sunne in the morning they doe not that as worshipping or for that they conceive any excellency or divinitie in the Sunne but because nature so requiring and leading them they feele their bodyes to rejoyce in that light and their entralls and humors to move and stirre them to it Therefore when we attributed religion to Elephants we said it rather popularly than truely and more that we might exhort men to the worship of God than that we thought Elephants had any knowledge of divine worship implanted in their mindes That man may attaine unto the knowledge of all voyces and tongues THe docility of mans wit is so great and the facillity of the body obeying that divine gift of wit such that he is not onely able to learne to understand and speak the tongues of diverse nations differing in so many peculiar languages and not only to imitate and counterfeit the voyces of all beasts though so much different from man which many flattering and jugling companions followers of other mens tables will doe but also may be able to know and understand both what they pretend and signifie In confirmation of which thing they cite the Philosopher Apollonius most famous in this kind of study and knowledge He walking on a time amongst a company of his friends thorough the field and seeing a Sparrow come flying and chirping much to diverse other Sparrowes sitting upon a tree is reported to have said to those which were with him That bird which came flying hither told the other in her language that an Asse laided with corne was fallen downe at the City gate and had shed the wheat upon the ground Wherefore Apollonius and all his friends which were with him went thither to see whether it were so and found that it was so as he had told
onely subject to the eye in the way of knowing them but also to the minde in the faithfull understanding them For I will adjoyne those things that are delivered of them by Galen in his Booke of Anatom Administrations with those which hee hath taught in his Bookes of the use of the parts For there hee fitly laies the parts of mans body before our eyes to the sense But here he teaches to know them not to see them for hee shewes why and for what use they are made Having briefely handled these things wee must declare what Anatomy is that as Cicero saith out of Platâ—es Phaedro it may be understood of what we dispute And because we attaine that by definition which is a short and plaine speech consisting of the Genus and difference of the things defined being the essentiall parts by which the nature and essence of the thing is briefly and plainely explained first we define Anatomy then presently explaine the particular parts of the definition Wherefore Anatomy if you have regard to the name is a perfect and absolute devision or artificiall resolution of mans body into its parts as well generall as particular as well compound as simple Neither may this definition seeme illegitimate specially amongst Physitions and Chirurgions For seeing they are Artizans humiliated to the senfe they may use the proper and common qualities of things for their essentiall differences and formes As on the contrary Philosophers may refuse all definitions as spurious which consist not of the next Genus and the most proper and essentiall differences But seeing that through the imbecilitie of our understanding such differences are unknowne to us in their places we are compelled in defining things to draw into one many common and proper accidents to finish that definition which we intend which for that cause wee may more truly call a description because for the matter and essentiall forme of the thing it presents us onely the matter adorned with certaine accidents This appeares by the former definition in which Division and Resolution stand for the Genus because they may be parted into divers others as it were into species That which is added over and besides stands in place of the difference because they separate and make different the thing it selfe from all other rash and unartificiall dissections We must know an artificiall division is no other than a separation of one part from another without the hurt of the other observing the proper circumscription of each of them which if they perish or be defaced by the division it cannot be said to be artificiall and thus much may suffice for the parts of the definition in generall For as much as belongs to the explication of each word we said of Mans body because as much as lies in us we take care of preserve the health and depell the â—iseases thereof by which it may appeare that mans body is the subject of Physicke not as it is mans or consists of matter and forme but as it is partaker of health and sicknesse Wee understand nothing else by a part according to Galen than some certaine body which is not wholy disioyned nor wholy united with other bodies of their kindes but so that according to his opinion the whole being composed therewith with which in some sort it is united and in some kinde separated from the same by their proper circumscription Furthermore by the parts in generall I understand the head breast belly and their adjuncts By the particular parts of those I understand the simple parts as the similar which are nine in number as a gristle bone ligament membrane tendon nerve veine arterie musculous flesh some adde fibers fat marrow the nailes and haires other omit them as excrements but wee must note that such parts are called simple rather in the judgement of the sense than of reason For if any will more diligently consider the nature they shall finde none absolutely simple because they are nourished have life and sense either manifest or obscure which happens not without a nerve veine and artery But if any shall object that no nerve is communicated to any bone except the teeth I will answer that neverthelesse the bones have sense by the nervous fibers which are communicated to them by the Periosteum as by whose mediation the Periosteum is connext to the bones as we see it happens to these membranes which involue the bowels And the bones by this benefit of the animall sense expell the noxious and excrementitious humors from themselves into the spaces betweene them and the Periosteum which as indued with a more quicke sense admonisheth us according to its office and dutie of that danger which is ready to seaze upon the bones unlesse it be prevented Wherefore wee will conclude according to the truth of the thing that there is no part in our body simple but only some are so named and thought according to the sense although also otherwise some may be truly named simple as according to the peculiar and proper flesh of each of their kindes Those parts are called compound which are made or composed by the mediation or immediately of these simple which they terme otherwise organicall or instrumentall as an arme legge hand foote and others of this kinde And here wee must observe that the parts are called simple and similar because they cannot be devided into any particles but of the same kinde but the compound are called dissimular from the quite contrary reason They are called instrumentall and organicall because they can performe such actions of themselves as serves for the preservation of themselves and the whole as the eye of it selfe without the assistance of any other part seeth and by this faculty defends the whole body as also it selfe Wherefore it is called an instrument or organe but not any particle oâ— it as the coates which cannot of it selfe performe that act Whereby wee must understand that in each instrumentall part we must diligently observe foure proper parts One by which the action is properly performed as the Crystalline humour in the eye another without which the action cannot be performed as the nerve the other humors of the eye The third whereby the action is better and more conveniently done as the tunicles and muscles The fourth by which the action is preserved as the eye-lids and circle of the eye The same may be said of the hand which is the proper instrument of holding for it performes this action first by the muscle as the principall part Secondly by the ligament as a part without which such action cannot be performed Thirdly by the bones and nailes because by the benefit of these parts the action is more happily performed Fourthly by the veines arteries and skin for that by their benifite and use the rest and so consequently the action it selfe is preserved But we must consider that the instrumentall parts have a fourefold order They
runs when he goes being compared to the slow and womanish pace of the Spaniard which is the cause that Spaniards are delighted with French servants for their quicke agillity in dispatching busines The Easterne people are specially endued with a good firme and well tempered wit not keeping their counsels secret and hid For the haste is of the nature of the Sunne and that part of the day which is next to the rising of the Sunne is counted the right-side and stronger and verily in all living things the right side is alwayes the more strong and vigorous But the Westerne people are more tender and effeminate and more close in their cariage and minde not easily making any one partaker of their secrets For the West is as it were subjct to the Moone because at the change it alwaies inclines to the West wherby it happens that it is reputed as nocturnall sinister and opposite to the East and the West is lesse temperate and wholsome Therefore of the windes none is more wholsome than the Eastwinde which blowes from the west with a most fresh and healthfull gale yet it seldome blowes and but onely at Sun-set The Northerne people are good eaters but much better drinkers witty when they are a litle moistened with wine and talkers of things both to be spoken and concealed not very constant in their promises and agreements but principall keepers and preservers of shamefastnes and chastity farre different from the inhabitants of the South who are wonderfull sparing sober secret and subtle and much addicted to all sorts of wicked Lust Aristotle in his Problemes saith that those nations are barbarous and cruell both which are burnt with immoderate heate and which are opprest with excessive cold because a soft temper of the Heavens softens the Manners and the minde Wherfore both as well the Northerne as Scythians and Germans and the Southerne as Africans are cruell but these have this of a certaine naturall stoutnes and souldierlike boldnes and rather of anger than a wilfull desire of revenge because they cannot restraine by the power of reason the first violent motions of their anger by reason of the heat of their blood But those of a certaine inbred and inhumane pravity of manners wilfully and willingly premeditating they performe the workes of cruelty because they are of a sad and melancholy nature You may have an example of the Northerne cruelty from the Transilvanians against their seditious Captaine George whom they gave to be torne in peeces alive and devoured by his Soldiers being kept fasting for three dayes before for that purpose who was then unbowelled and rosted and so by them eaten up The Cruelty of Hannibal the Captaine of the Carthaginians may suffise for an instance of the Southerne cruelty He left the Romane Captives wearied with burdens and the lenght of the way with the soles of their feet cut off But those he brought into his tents joyning brethren and kinsmen together he caused to fight neither was satisfied with blood before he brought all the victors to one man Also we may see the cruell nature of the Southerne Americans who dip their children in the blood of their slaine enemies then sucke their blood and banquet with their broken and squeased Limbs And as the Inhabitants of the South are free from divers Plethoricke diseases which are caused by aboundance of blood to which the Northerne people are subject as Feavers Defluxions Tumors Madnesse with laughter which causeth those which have it to leape and dance The people commonly terme it S. vittus his Evill which admits of no remedy but Musicke So they are often molested with the Frensie invading with madnesse and fury by the heat whereof they are often so ravished and carried besides themselves that they foretell things to come they are terrified with horrible dreames and in their fits they speake in strange and forraigne tongues but they are so subject to the scurfe and all kind of scabbs and to the Leprosie as their homebread disease that no houses are so frequently mett withall by such as travell through either of the Mauritania's as Hospitalls provided for the Lodging of Lepers Those who inhabit rough and Mountainous places are more brutish tough able to endure labour but such as dwell in plaines especially if they be moorish or fennish are of a tender body and sweate much with a litle labour the truth of which is confirmed by the Hollanders and Frizlanders But if the plaine be such as is scortched by the heate of the Sunne and blowne upon by much contrariety of windes it breeds men who are turbulent not to be tamed desirous of sedition and novelty stubborne impatient of servitude as may be perceived by the sole example of the inhabitants of Narbon a province of France Those who dwell in poore and barren places are commonly more witty and diligent and most patient of labours the truth of which the famous witts of the Athenians Ligurians and Romanes and the plaine country of the Boeotians in Greece of the Campanians in Italy and of the rest of the inhabiters adjoyning to the Ligurian sea approves CHAP. VIII Of the Faculties A Faculty is a certaine power and efficient cause proceeding from the temperament of the part and the performer of some actions of the body There are three principall Faculties governing mans body as long as it enjoyes its integrity the Animall Vitall and Naturall The Animall is seated in the propertemperament of the Braine from whence it is distributed by the Nerves into all parts of the body which have sense and motion This is of three kinds for one is Moving another sensative the third principall The sensative consists in the five externall senses sight hearing taste smell and touch The Moving principally remaines in the Muscles and nerves as the fit instruments of voluntary motion The Principall comprehends the Reasoning faculty the Memory and Fantasie Galen would have the Common or inward sense to be comprehended within the compasse of the Fantasie although Aristotle distinguisheth betweene them The Vitall abides in the Hart from whence heat and life is distributed by the Arteryes to the whole body this is principally hindered in the diseases of the Brest as the Principall is when any disease assailes the Braine the prime action of the vitall faculty is Pulsation and that continued agitation of the Heart and Arteryes which is of threefold use to the body for by the dilatation of the Heart and Arteryes the vitall spirit is cherished by the benefit of the Aire which is drawne in by the contraction thereof the vapours of it are purged and sent forth and the native heat of the whole body is tempered by them both The last is the Naturall faculty which hath chosen its principall seate in the Liver it spreads or carries the nourishment over the whole body but it is distinguished into 3. other faculties The
Spirits Therefore now wee must speake of the Spirits CHAP. X. Of the Spirits THe spirit is a subtile and Aery substance raised from the purer blood that it might be a vehicle for the faculties by whose power the whole body is governed to all the parts and the prime instrument for the performance of their office For they being destitute of its sweet approch doe presently cease from action and as dead do rest from their accustomed labours From hence it is that making a variety of Spirits according to the number of the faculties they have divided them into three as one Animall another Vitall another Naturall The Animall hath taken his seate in the braine for there it is prepared and made that from thence conveyed by the Nerves is may impart the power of sence and Motion to all the rest of the members An argument heereof is that in the great Cold of Winter whether by the intercepting them in their way or by the concretion or as it were freezing of those spirits the joynts grow stiffe the hands numme and all the other parts are dull destitute of their accustomed a gillity of motion and quicknesse of sense It is called Animall not because it is the Life but the cheife and prime instrument thereof wherfore it hath a most subtile and Aery substance and enjoyes divers names according to the various condition of the Sensoryes or seates of the senses into which it enters for that which causeth the sight is named the Visive you may see this by night rubbing your eyes as sparkling like fire That which is conveyed to the Auditorie passage is called the Auditive or Hearing That which is carried to the Instruments of Touching is termed the Tactive and so of the rest This Animall spirit is made and laboured in the windings and foldings of the veines and Arteryes of the braine of an exquisite subtile portion of the vitall brought thither by the Carotidae Arteriae or sleepy Arteryes and sometimes also of the pure aire or sweete vapour drawne in by the Nose in breathing Hence it is that with Ligatures we stoppe the passage of this spirit from the parts we intend to cut off An Humor which obstructs or stopps its passage doth the like in Apoplexies and Palsies whereby it happens that the members scituate under that place doe languish and seeme dead sometimes destitute of motion sometimes wanting both sence and motion The Vitall spirit is next to it in dignitie and excellency which hath its cheife mansion in the left ventricle of the Heart from whence through the Channells of the Arteryes it flowes into the whole body to nourish the heate which resides fixed in the substance of each part which would perish in short time unlesse it should be refreshed by heat flowing thither together with the spirit And because it is the most subtile next to the Animall Nature lest it should vanish away would have it conteined in the Nervous coat of an Artery which is five time more thicke than the Coate of the veines as Galen out of Herophilus hath recorded It is furnished with matter from the subtile exhalation of the blood and that aire which we draw in breathing Wherefore it doth easily and quickly perish by immoderate dissipations of the spirituous substance and great evacuations so it is easily corrupted by the putrifaction of Humors or breathing in of pestilent aire and filthy vapours which thing is the cause of the so suddaine death of those which are infected with the Plague This spirit is often hindred from entring into some part by reason of obstruction fulnesse or great inflammations whereby it followes that in a short space by reason of the decay of the fixed and inbred heat the parts doe easily fall into a Gangrene and become mortified The Naturall spirit if such there be any hath its station in the Liver and Veines It is more grosse and dull than the other and inferior to them in the dignitie of the Action and the excellencie of the use The use thereof is to helpe the concoction both of the whole body as also of each severall part and to carry blood and heate to them Besides those already mentioned there are other spirits fixed and implanted in the simular and prime parts of the body which also are naturall and Natives of the same place in which they are seated and placed And because they are also of an Aery and fiery nature they are so joyned or rather united to the Native heate that they can no more be separated from it than flame from heate wherefore they with these that flow to them are the principall Instruments of the Actions which are performed in each severall part And these fixed spirits have their nourishment and maintenance from the radicall and first-bred moisture which is of an Aery and oyly substance and is as it were the foundation of these Spirits and the inbred heat Therefore without this moisture no man can live a moment But also the Cheife Instruments of life are these Spirits together with the native heate Wherefore this radicall Moisture being dissipated and wasted which is the seate fodder and nourishment of the Spirits and heate how can they any longer subsist and remaine Therefore the consumption of the naturall heate followeth the decay of this sweet and substance-making moisture and consequently death which happens by the dissipating and resolving of naturall heate But since then these kinde of Spirits with the naturall heate is conteined in the substance of each simular part of our body for otherwise it could not persist it must necessarily follow that there be as many kinds of fixed Spirits as of simular parts For because each part hath its proper temper and encrease it hath also its proper spirit and also it s owne proper fixed and implanted heat which heere hath its abode as well as its Originall Wherefore the spirit and heate which is seated in the bone is different from that which is impact into the substance of a Nerve Veine or such other simular part because the temper of these parts is different as also the mixture of the Elements from which they first arose and sprung up Neither is this contemplation of spirits of small account for in these consist all the force and efficacy of our Nature These being by any chance dissipated or wasted wee languish neither is any health to be hoped for the floure of life withering and decaying by litle and litle Which thing ought to make us more diligent to defend them against the continuall effluxe of the threefold substance For if they be decayed there is left no proper Indication of curing the disease so that we are often constrained all other care laid aside to betake our selves to the restoring and repayring the decayed powers Which is done by meats of good juyce easie to be concocted and distributed good Wines and fragrant smells
evacuation of the conjunct matter by the artery of the anckle of the same side being opened yet because it was not cut for this purpose but happened onely by chance I judged it was not much dissenting from this argument Pliny writes that there was one named Phalereus which casting up blood at his mouth and at the length medicines nothing availing being weary of his life went unarmed in the front of the battell against the enemy and there receiving a wound in his breast shed a great quantity of blood which gave an end to his spitting of blood the wound being healed and the veine which could not containe the blood being condensate At Paris Anno 1572. in Iuly a certaine Gentleman being of a modest and courteous cariage fell into a continuall Feaver and by that meanes became Franticke moved with the violence of which hee cast himselfe headlong out of a window two storyes high and fell first upon the shoulder of Vaterra the Duke of Alenzons Physition and then upon the pavement with which fall hee cruelly bruized his ribbs and hippe but was restored to his former judgment and reason There were present with the Patient besides Valterra witnesses of this accident these Physitions Alexis Magnus Duretus and Martinus The same hapened in the like disease and by the like chance to a certaine Gascoyne lying at the house of Agrippa in the Pavedostreete 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Doctor of Physicke of Mompelier and the Kings professor told me that a certaine Carpenter at Broquer a village in Switzerland being franticke cast himselfe headlong out of an high window into a river and being taken out of the water was presently restored to his understanding But if we may convert casualties into counsell and Arte I would not cast the Patient headlong out of a window But would rather cast them sodainely and thinking of no such thing into a great cesterne filled with cold water with their heads foremost neither would I take them out untill they had drunke a good quantitie of water that by that sodaine fall and strong feare the matter causing the Frenzy might be carryed from above downewards from the noble parts to the ignonoble the possibility of which is manifest by the forerecited examples as also by the example of such as bit by a mad Dogge fearing the water are often ducked into it to cure them CHAP. XXIIII Of Certaine jugling and deceiptfull wayes of Curing HEre I determine to treat of those Impostors who taking upon them the person of a Chirurgion doe by any meanes either right or wrong put themselves upon the workes of the Arte but they principally boast themselves amongst the jgnorant common sort of setting bones which are out of joynt and broken affirming as falsly as impudently that they have the knowledge of those things from their Ancestors as by a certaine hereditary right which is a most ridiculous fiction for our mindes when we are borne is as a smoth table upon which nothing is painted Otherwise what need wee take such labour and paines to acquire and exercise sciences God hath endued all brute beasts with an inbred knowledge of certaine things necessary for to preserve their life more than man But on the contrary hee hath enriched him with a wit furnished with incredible celerity and judgment by whose diligent and laborious agitation he subjects all things to his knowledge For it is no more likely that any man should have skill in Chirurgery because his father was a Chirurgeon than that one who never endured sweat dust nor Sunne in the field should know how to ride and governe a great horse and know how to carry away the credite in tilting onely because hee was begot by a Gentleman and one famous in the Arte of Warre There is another sort of Impostors farre more pernitious and lesse sufferable boldly and insolently promising to restore to their proper unity and seate bones which are broken and out of joynt by the onely murmuring of some conceited charmes so that they may but have the Patients name and his girdle In which thing I cannot sufficiently admire the idlenesse of our Country-men so easily crediting so great and pernitious an error not observing the inviolable law of the ancient Physitions and principally of Divine Hippocrates by which it is determined that three things are necessary to the setting of bones dislocated and out of joynt to draw the bones asunder to hold the bone receiving firmely immoveable with a strong and steddy hand to put the bone to be received into the cavity of the receiving For which purpose the diligence of the Ancients hath invented so many engines Glossocomies and bands lest that the hand should not be sufficient for that laborious worke What therefore is the madnesse of such Impostures to undertake to doe that by words which can scarse be done by the strong hands of so many Servants and by many artificiall engines Of late yeares another kind of Imposture hath sprung up in Germany they beare into fine powder a stone within there mother tongue they call Bembruch and give it in drinke to any who have a bone broken or dislocated and affirme that it is sufficient to cure them Through the same Germanie there wander other Impostors who bid to bring to them the Weapons with which any is hurt they lay it up in a secret place and free from noise and put and apply medicines to it as if they had the patient to dresse and in the meane time they suffer him to go about his busines impudently affirme that the wound heales by litle and litle by reason of the medicine applyed to the weapon But it is not likely that a thing inanimate which is destitute of all manner of sence should feele the effect of any medicine and lesse probable by much that the wounded party should receive any benefit from thence Neither if any should let mee see the truth of such jugdling by the events themselves and my owne eyes would I therefore beleeve that it were done naturally and by reason but rather by charmes and Magicke In the last assault of the Castle of Hisdin the Lord of Martigues the elder was shot through the breast with a Musket bullet I had him in cure together with the Physitions and Chirurgions of the Emperoure Charles the fist and Emanuel Philibert the Duke of Savoy who because hee entirely loved the wounded prisoner caused an assembly of Physitions and Chirurgions to consult of the best meanes for his cure They all were of one opinion that the wound was deadly and incureable because it passed through the midst of his lungs and besides had cast forth a great quantity of knotted blood into the hollownesse of his brest There was found at that time a certaine Spaniard a notable Knave and one of those Impostors who would pawne his life that hee would make him sound wherefore this Honorable Personage being in this desperate case was committed to his
object and fixed facultie of touching diffused over all the true skinne which every where lies under it For the temperature by the common consent of Physitions it is in the midst of all excesse for that seeing it is the medium betweene the object and facultie if it should be hotter colder moister or drier it would deceive the facultie by exhibiting all objects not as they are of themselves but as it should be no otherwise than as to such as looke through red or greene spectacles all things appearered or greene Wherefore for this reason it was convenient the cuticle should be void of all sense It hath no action in the body but it hath use for it preserves and beautifies the true skin for it seemes to be given by the singular indulgence of nature to be a muniment and ornament to the true skinne This providence of nature the industrie of some Artizans or rather Curtizans doth imitate who for to seeme more beautifull doe smooth and polish it By this you may understand that not all the parts of the body have action yet have they their use because according to Aristotles opinion Nature hath made nothing in vaine Also you must note that this thinne skinne or cuticle being lost may everie where be regenerated unlesse in the place which is covered with a scarre For here the true skinne being deficient both the matter and former facultie of the cuticle is wanting CHAP. IIII. Of the true skinne THe true skinne called by the Greekes Derma is of a spermaticke substance wherefore being once lost it cannot be restored as formerly it was For in place thereof comes a scarre which is nothing else but flesh dried beyond measure It is of sufficient thicknesse as appeares by the separating from the flesh But for the extent thereof it encompasses the whole body if you except the eyes eares nose privities fundament mouth the ends of the fingers where the nailes grow that is all the parts by which any excrements are evacuated The figure of it is like the cuticle round and long with its productions with which it covers the extremities of the parts It is composed of nerves veines arteries and of a proper flesh and substance of its kinde which wee have said to bee spermaticall which ariseth from the processe of the secundine which leade the spermaticke vessels even to the navell in which place each of them into the parts appointed by nature send forth such vessels as are spread abroad and diffused from the generation of the skinne Which also the similitude of them both that is the skinne and membrane Chorion do argue For as the Chorion is double without sense encompassing the whole infant lightly fastened to the first coate which is called Amnios so the skinne is double and of it selfe insensible for otherwise the nerves were added in vaine from the parts lying under it ingirting the whole body lightly cleaving to the fleshie Pannicle But if any object that the Cuticle is no part of the true skinne seeing it is wholy different from it and easily to be separated from it and wholly void of sense I will answer these arguments doe not prevaile For that the true skinne is more crasse thicke sensible vivide and fleshie is not of it selfe being rather by the assistance and admixture of the parts which derived from the three principall it receives into its proper substance which happens not in the cuticle Neither if it should happen would it be better for it but verily exceeding ill for us because so our life should lie fit and open to receive a thousand externall injuries which encompasse us on every side as the violent and contrary accesse of the foure first qualities There is only one skin as that which should cover but one body the which it every where doth except in those places I formerly mentioned It hath connexion with the parts lying under it by the nerves veines and arteries with those subjacent parts put forth into the skinne investing them that there may be a certaine communion of all the parts of the body amongst themselves It is cold and drie in its proper temper in respect of its proper flesh and substance for it is a spermaticall part Yet if any consider the finewes veines arteries and fleshie threds which are mixed in its body it will seeme temperate and placed as it were in the midst of contrarie qualities as which hath growne up from the like portion of hote cold moist and drie bodies The vse of the skinne is to keepe safe and sound the continuitie of the whole body and all the parts thereof from the violent assault of all externall dangers for which cause it is every where indewed with sense in some parts more exact in others more dull according to the dignitie and necessitie of the parts which it ingirts that they might all be admonished of their safetie and preservation Lastly it is penetrated with many pores as breathing places as we may see by the flowing out of sweate that so the arteries in their diastole might draw the encompassing aire into the body for the tempering and nourishing of the fixed inbred heate and in the Systole expell the fuliginous excrement which in Winter supprest by the cold aire encompassing us makes the skinne blacke and rough Wee have an argument and example of breathing through these by drawing the aire in by transpiration in women troubled with the mother who without respiration live onely for some pretty space by transpiration CHAP. V. Of the fleshie Pannicle AFter the true skinne followes the membrane which Anatomists call the fleshy Pannicle whose nature that we may more easily prosecute and declare we must first shew what a membrane is and how many wayes the word is taken Then wherefore it hath the name of the fleshie Pannicle A membrane therefore is a simple part broade and thin yet strong and dense white and nervous and the which may easily without any great danger be extended and contracted Sometimes it is called a coate which is when it covers and defends some part This is called the fleshie Pannicle because in some parts it degenerates into flesh and becomes musculous as in a man from the coller bones to the haire of the head in which part it is therefore called the broad muscle where as in other places it is a simple membrane here and there intangled with the fat lying under it from whence it may seeme to take or borrow the name of the fatty Pannicle But in beasts whence it tooke that name because in those a fleshie substance maketh a great part of this Pannicle it appeares manifestly fleshie and musculous over all the body as you may see in Horses and Oxen that by that meanes being moveable they may drive and shake off their flies and other troublesome things by their shaking and contracting their backs These things
these varicous bodyes are called Parastatae Assisters because they superficially assist and are knit to the testicles according to their length or long-wayes Out of the Parastatae proceed the Vasa ejaculatoria or leading vessels being of the same substance as their progenitors that is solid white and as it were nervous Their quantity is indifferent their figure round and hollow that the seed may have a free passage through them yet they seeme not to be perforated by any manifest passage unlesse by chance in such as have had a long Gonnorrbaea They have like temper as the Parastats betweene which and the Prostates they are seated immediatly knit with them both as both in the coat and the other vessels with the parts from whence they take them But we must note that such like vessels comming out of the parastats ascend from the botom of the stones even to the top in which place meeting with the preparing vessels they rise into the belly by the same passages and bind themselves together by nervous fibers even to the inner capacity of the belly from whence turning backe they forsake the preparing that so they may run to the bottome of the share-bone into the midst of two glandulous bodies which they call prostats scituate at the neck of the bladder that there meeting together they may grow into one passage For thus of three passages that is of the 2 leading vessels and 1 passage of the bladder there is one common one in men for the casting forth of seed and urine A Caruncle rising like a crest at the beginning of the neck of the bladder argues this uniting of the passages which receiving this same passage which is sufficiently large is oft times taken by such as are ignorant in anatomy for an unnaturall Caruncle then especially when it is swolne through any occasion These leading vessels are two in number on each side one Their action is to convey the seed made by the testicles to the Prostats and so to the necke of the bladder so to be cast forth at the common passage But if any aske whether that common passage made by the two leading vessels betweene the two glandulous bodyes be obvious to sense or no We answer it is not manifest though reason compell us to confesse that that way is perforated by reason of the speâ—maticle grosse and viscous matter carryed that way But peradventure the reason why that passage cannot be seene is because in a dead carcasse all small passages are closed and hid the heat and spirits being gone and the great appeare much lesse by reason all the perforations fade and fall into themselves Yet certainely these passage must needs be very straite even in a living man seeing that in a dead they will not admit the point of a needle Wherefore we need not feare least in searching whilest we thrust the Catheter into the bladder it penetrate into the common passage of the leading vessels which runnes within the Caruncle unlesse peradventure by some chance as a Gonnorrâ—aea or some great Phlegmon it be much dilated besides nature For I have sometimes seene such passages so open that they would receive the head of a Spatherne which thing should admonish us that in searching we take great care that we doe not rashly hurt this Caruncle for being some what rashly handled with a Catheter it casts forth blood especially if it be inflamed But also the concourse of the spirits flowing with great violence together with the seed much helps forward such ejaculation thereof performed through these straite passages by the power of the imaginative faculty in the Act of generation After the leading vessels follow the Prostatae being glandulous bodyes of the same substance and temper that other Glandules are Their quantity is large enough their figure round and some what long sending forth on each side a soft production of an indifferent length They are composed of veines nerves arterics a coate which they have from the neighbouring parts and lastly their proper flesh which they have from their first conformation They are two in number scituate at the roote of the necke of the bladder some what straitly bound or tyed to the same to the leading vessels and the parts annexed to them But alwaies observe that every part which enjoyes nourishment life and sense either first or last hath connexion with the principall parts of the body by the intercourse of the vessels which they receive from thence The use of the Prostats is to receive in their proper body the seed laboured in the testicles and to containe it there untill it be troublesome either in quantity or quality or both Besides they containe a certaine oily and viscide humor in their glandulous body that continually distilling into the passage of the urine it may preserve it from the acrimony and sharpnesse thereof But wee have observed also on each side other Glandules which Rondeletius calls Appendices glandylosae Glandulous dependances to arise from these Prostats in which also their is seed reserved The 10. figure where in those things shewed in the former figure are more exactly set forth aa A part of the Midriffe and of the Peritonaum with the ribs broken bb cc The Convex or gibbous part of the Liver marked with bb the hollow or concavous part with cc. d e The right and left ligaments of the Liver f The trunke of the gate veire g The trunke of the hollov veine h l The fatty veines both left and right i The ascent of the great â—â—ery above the hollow veine and the division thereof k The Caliacall artery n n The emulgent vessels oo pp The fat tunicles or coates torne from both the kidneys qq The ureters that goe unto the bladder t u. The right spermaticall veine which ariseth neare to u. x y. The double originall of the left spermaticall veine x. from the emulgent y from the hollow veine α The originall of the spermaticall arteries β Certaine branches from the spermaticke arteries which runne unto the Peritonaeum γ The passage of the spermaticall vessels through the productions of the Peritonaeum which must be observed by such as use to cut for the Rupture δ The spirie bodden bodies entrance into the testicle it is called Corpus varicosum pyramidale The Parastatae ζ The stone or testicle covered with his inmost coate 〈◊〉 The descent of the leading vessell called Vas deferens V y. The Bladder * The right gut ξ The glandules called prostatae into which the leading vessels are inserted Ï The muscle of the bladder Ï‚Ï„Ï… Two bodies of the yard 〈◊〉 and Ï„ and ν his vessels φχ. The coat of the Testicle 〈◊〉 The muscle of the Testicle ψ. his vessels ω. CHAP. XXX Of the Vreters NOw it seemes sit to speak of the Vreters bladder and parts belonging to the bladder Therefore the Vreters are of a spermaticke white dense and solid substance or
ends of the wedgebone in this forehead bone there is often found a great cavity under the upper part of the eye-browes filled with a glutinous grosse viscide and white matter or substance which is thought to helpe to elaborate the aire for the sense of smelling Chirurgions must take speciall notice of this cavity because when the head chances to be broken in that place it may happen that the fracture exceeds not the first table wherefore they being ignorant of this cavity and moved with a false perswasion that they see the braine they may thinke the bone wholy broken and to presse the Meninges whereupon they will dilate the wound apply a Trepan and other instruments to lift up the second table of the bone without any need at all and with the manifest danger of the life of the patient The third and fourth bones of the Skull are the Ossa parietalia or Bregmatis having the third place of density and thicknes although this density and thicknes be different in diverse places of them For on the upper part of the head or crowne where that substance turnes not to a bone in children untill they have all their teeth so that it feeles soft in touching and through it you may feele the beating of the braine these bones are very tender so that oft times they are no thicker than ones naile that so the moist and vapourous excrements of the braine shut up where the greater portion of the braine resides may have a freer passage by the Braines Diastole and Systole These two square bones are bounded above with the Sagittall suture below with the scaly on the forepart with the coronall and on the hinde part with the Lambdoides The fifth and sixth bone of the skull are the two Ossa petrosa stony or scaly bones which are next to the former in strength They are bounded with the false or bastard Suture and with part of the Lambdoides and wedgebone The seaventh is the Os sphenoides basilare or Cuneiforme that is the wedgebone It is called Basilare because it is as it were the Basis of the head To this the rest of the bones of the head are fitly fastened in their places This bone is bounded on each side with the bones of the forehead the stony bones and bones of the Nowle and pallate The figure represents a Batte and its processes her wings There is besides these another bone at the Basis of the forehead bone into which the mamillary processes end the Greekes call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latines Cribrosum and Spongiosum the Spongy bone because it hath many holes in it not perforated in a direct passage as in a sive but winding and anfractuous that the aire should not by the force of attraction presently leap or ascend into the braine and affect it with its qualityes before it be elaborated by its lingring in the way There are besides also sixe other little bones lying hid in the stony bones at the hole or Auditory passage on each side three that is to say the Ineus or Anvill the Malleolus or Hammer and the Stapes or stirrop because in their figure they represent these three things the use of these we will declare hereafter But also in some skuls there are found some divisions of bones as it were collected fragments to the bignesse almost of ones thumbe furnished and distinguished by their proper commissures or sutures which thing is very fit to be known to a Chyrurgion in the use of a Trepan Verily he may give a conjecture hereof whilest he separates the Pericranium from the skull for the pericranium is with greater difficulty pluckt away from the sutures because the Crassa meninx hath straiter connexion therewith by his nervous fibers sent forth in such places The Skuls in women are softer and thinner than in men and in children more than in women and in young men more then in men of a middle age Also the Aethiopians or Blackamoores as also all the people inhabiting to the South have their sculles more hard and composed with fewer sutures Therefore as it is written by Hippocrates such as have their Skulls the softer the Symptomes in fractures are more dangerous and to be feared in them But the skull by how much the softer it is by so much it more easily and readily yeilds to the perforating Trepan Moreover in some skuls there bee bunches standing out besides nature made either round or cornered which the Chirurgion must observe for two causes the first is for the better consideration of a blow or fracture For in these bunches or knots the solution of the continuity cannot be if it seeme to be stretched in length but that the wound must penetrate to the inner parts For in a round body there can be no long wound but it must be deepe by the weapon forced the deeper because as a round body touches a plaine but onely inpuncte in a prick or point so what-so-ever falls only lightly or superficially upon it onely touches a point thereof But on the contrary a long wound must be upon a plaine surface which may be but only superficiall Another cause is because such bunches change the figure and site of the Sutures And the Chirurgion must note that the skuls hath two tables in the midst whereof the Diploe is which is a spongy substance into which many veines and arteryes a certaine fleshynesse are inserted that the skull should not be so heavy and that it might have within it selfe provision for the life thereof and lastly that there might be freer passage out for the fuliginous vapours of the braine The upper table is thicker denser stronger and smoother than the lower For this as it is the slenderer so it is the more unequall that it may give place to the internall veines and arteryes which make a manifest impression into the second table on the inside thereof from which branches enter into the skull by the holes which containe the eyes Which thing fastens the Crassa meninx to the skull and is therefore very worthy to be observed For in great contusions when no fracture or fissure appeares in the skull by reason of the great concussion or shaking of the braine these vessels are often broken whence happens a flux of blood between the skull and membranes and lastly death But it is fit the Chirurgion take good heed to the tender and soft substance of the Diploe that when he comes to it having passed the first table he may carefully use his Trepan least by leaning too hard it run in too violently and hurt the membranes lying underneath it whence convulsion and death would follow To which danger I have found a remedy by the happy invention of a Trepan as I will hereafter more at large declare in handeling the wounds of the head CHAP. V. Of the Meninges that is the two membranes called Dura Mater and Pia Mater THe Crassa
I desired to comprehend them together with this same description of the extreme parts of the body beginning at the upper part of the face to wit the eyes but having first described the bones of the face without the knowledge of which it is impossible to shew the originall and insertion of the Muscles We have formerly noted that by the face is meant whatsoever lyes from the Eye-browes even to the Chin. In which there is such admirable industry of nature that of the infinite multitude of men you cannot finde two so like but that they may be distinguished by some unlikenesse in their faces also it hath adorned this part with such exquisite beauty that many have dyed by longing to enjoy the beauty desired by them This same face albeit it little exceeds halfe a foote yet it indicates and plainely intimates by the suddaine changes thereof what affections and passions of hope feare sorrow and delight possesse our minds and what state our bodyes are in sound sicke or neither Wherefore seeing the face is of so much moment let us returne to the Anatomicall description thereof which that wee may easily and plainely performe wee will begin with the bones thereof whereby as we formerly sayd the originall and insertion of the Muscles may be more certaine and manifest to vs. CHAP. I. Of the bones of the Face THe bones of the face are 16 or 17 in number And first there be reckoned 6 about the Orbs of the eyes that is 3 to each orbe of which one is the bigger another lesser and the third between both each of these touch the forehead bone in their upper part Besides the greater is joyned with a suture to the processe of the stony bone and so makes the Zygoma that is the Os Iugale or yoake bone framed by nature for preservation of the temporall muscle The lâ—sser is seated at the greater corner of the eye in which there is a hole perforated to the nose and in this is the glandule in which the Aegylops doth breed The middle is in the bottome or inner part of the orbe very slender as it were of a membranous thinnesse then follow the two bones of the nose which are joyned to the forehead bone by a suture but on the foreside between them selves by harmony But on the backe or hinde part with two other bones on each side one which descending from the bone of the forehead to which also they are joyned by a suture receive all the teeth These two in Galens opinion are seldome found separated But these are the thickest of all the bones of the face hitherto mentioned knit by a suture with the greatest bone of the Orbe on the backe part with the wedge-bone on the inner side with the two little inner bones of the pallate which on the inside make the extremity thereof whereby it comes to passe that we may call these bones the hinder or inner bones of the pallate They reckon one of these bones the eleventh and the other the twelfth bone of the head these two little bones on their sides next to the winged productions of the wedge-bone receive on each side one of the nerves of the fourth conjugation which in the former booke we said were spent upon the membrane of the pallate And in Galens opinion there be other two in the lower Iaw joined at the middle of the chin although some thinke it but one bone because by the judgement of sense there appeares no division or separation therein But you may see in children how true this their supposition is for in men of perfect growth it appeares but one bone these two are reckoned for the thirteenth and fourteenth bones Now these two bones making the lower Iaw have in their back part on each side two productions as they lye to the upper Iaw the one of which represents the point of a sword and is called the Corone the other is obtuse and round which is inserted into the cavity seated at the root of the processe of the stony bone nere to the passage of the eare This may be strained to the forepart by violent gaping by retraction of the muscles arising from the wing-like processes and ending at the lower angles of the broader part of the same Iaw This Iaw is hollow as also the upper especially in the back-part being filled with a white and glutinous humor conducing to the growth of the teeth This humor hath its matter from the blood brought thither by the vessels veines Arteryes and nerves from the third coniugation entring in here by a passage large enough Whereby it comes to passe that this part is not only nourished and lives but also the teeth receive sence by the benefit of the nerves entring thither with the veine and artery by small holes to be seene at the lower roots of the teeth and thence it is that a beating paine may be perceived in the tooth-ach because the defluxion may be by the arteryes or rather because the humor flowing to the roots of the teeth may presse the artery in that place beside also you may see some apparance of a nervous substance in the root of a tooth newly pluckt out But also you must consider that this Iaw from its inner capacity produces at the fides of the chin two nerves of a sufficient magnitude over against the lower dog-teeth and the first of the smaller grinding teeth as I have noted in the description of the nerves of the third coniugation I have thought good to put thee in minde of these that when thou shalt have occasion to make incision in these places thou maiest warily and discreetly handle the matter that these parts receive no harme There remaines another bone seated above the pallate from which the gristlely partition of the nose arises being omitted of all the Anatomists for as much as I know Now therefore that you may the better remember the number of the bones of the face I will here make a repetition of them There are sixe of the orbs of the eyes at each three The seventh and eight wee may call the Nasall or nose bones The ninth and tenth the Iaw-bones The eleventh and twelfth are called the inner bones of the pallate The thirteenth and fourteenth the bones of the lower Iaw The partition of the nose may be reckoned the fifteenth Now it remaines having spoken of these bones that wee treate of the teeth the Eye-browes the skinne the fleshy pannicle the Muscles and lastly the other parts of the face CHAP. II. Of the Teeth THe Teeth are of the number of the bones and those which have the most have thirty two that is sixteene above and so many belowe of which in the forepart of the mouth there are foure above and as many beneath which are called Incisorij cutting or shearing teeth to cut in sunder the meat and they have but
one root To these are ioyned two in each Iaw that is on each side of the other one which are called Canini dentes Dogges-teeth because they are sharp and strong like dogges teeth these also have but one roote but that is farre longer than the other have Then follow the Molares or Grinders on each side five that is tenne above and as many below that they may grinde chaw and breake the meat that so it may be the sooner concocted in the stomack for so they vulgarly thinke that meat well chawed is halfe concocted those grinders which are fastened in the upper jaw have most commonly three roots and oft times foure But these which are fastened in the lower have only two roots and sometimes three because this lower jaw is harder than the upper so that it cannot be so easily hollowed or else because these teeth being fixed and firmely seated needed not so many stayes as the upper which as it were hang out of their seats The shearing teeth cut the meat because they are broad and sharp the Dog-teeth break it because they are sharp pointed and firme but the grinders being hard broad and sharp chaw and grind it asunder But if the grinders had beene smooth they could not fitly have performed their duty for all things are chawed and broken asunder more easily by that which is rough and unequall Wherefore they sharpen their Milstones when they are smoother than they should be by picking them with a sharp Iron The teeth are fastened in the jawes by Gomphosis that is as a stake or naile so are they fixed into the holes of their jawes for they adhere so firmely thereto in some that when they are pluckt out part thereof followes together with the tooth which I have often observed to have beene also with great effusion of blood This adhesion of the teeth fastened in their jawes is besides strengthened with a ligament which applyes it selfe to their roots together with the nerve and vessels The teeth differ from other bones because they have action whilest they chaw the meat because being lost they may be regenerated and for that they grow as long as the party lives for otherwise by the continuall use of chawing they would be worne and wasted away by one another You may perceive this by any that have lost one of their teeth for that which is opposite to it becomes longer than the rest because it is not worne by its opposite Besides also they are more hard and solide than the rest of the bones and indued with a quick sense by reason of the nerves of the third conjugation which insert themselves into their roots for if you rub or grind a tooth newly pluckt out you may see the remaines of the nerve they have such quick sense that with the tongue they might judge of tastes But how feele the teeth seeing they may be filed without paine Fallopius answeres that the teeth feele not in their upper or exterior part but only by a membrane which they have within And the teeth have another use especially the fore-teeth which is they serve for distinct and articulate pronuntiation for those that want them faulter in speaking as also such as have them too short or too long or ill rancked Besides children speak not distinctly before they have their foreteeth And you must note that the infant as yet shut up in its mothers womb hath solide and bony teeth which you may perceive by dissecting it presently after it is borne But even as there are two large cavities in the forehead bone at the eye-browes filled with aviscous humor serving for the smelling and in like manner the aire shut up in the mamillary processes is for hearing so in the jawes there be two cavities furnished with a viscide humor for the nourishment of the teeth CHAP. III. Of the Broade Muscle NOw we should prosecute the containing parts of the face to wit the skin the fleshy pannicle and fat but because they have beene spoken of sufficiently before I will onely describe the sleshy pannicle before I come to the dissection of the eye that wee may the more easily understand all the motions performed by it whether in the face or forehead First that you may more easily see it you must curiously separate the skin in some part of the face For unlesse you take good heed you will pluck away the fleshy pannicle together with the skinne as also this broad muscle to which it immediatly adheres and in some places so closly and firmely as in the lips eye-lids and the whole forehead that it cannot be separated from it Nature hath given motion or a moveing force to this broad muscle that whilest it extends or contracts it selfe it might serve to shut and open the eye It will be convenient to separate the muscle thus freed from the skin beginning from the forepart of the clavicles even to the chin ascending in a right line and then turning backe as far as you can for thus you shall shew how it mixes it selfe with the skinne and the muscles of the lips When thou shalt come to the Eyes thou shalt teach how the eye is shut and opened by this one muscle because it is composed of the three sorts of fibers although by the opinion of all who have hitherto written of Anatomy those actions are said to be performed by the power of two muscles appointed for that purpose one of which is at the greater corner on the upper part the other resembling a semicircle at the lesser corner from whence extending it selfe to the midle of the gristle Tarsus it meets with the former ending there but they are in part extended over all the eyelid whereby it commeth to passe that it also in some sort becometh moveable But although in publike dissections these two muscles are commonly wont to be solemnly shewed after the manner I have related yet I thinke that those which shew them know no more of them than I doe I have grounded my opinion from this that there appeares no other musculous flesh in these places to those which separate the fleshy pannicle or broad muscle than that which is of the panicle it selfe whether you draw your incision knife from the forehead downewards or from the cheeke upwards Besides when there is occasion to make incision on the eye-browes we are forbidden to doe it transverse least this broad muscle falling upon the eye make the upper Eye-lid unmoveable but if such a cut be received accidentally we are commanded presently to stitch it up which is a great argument that the motion of the upper eye-lid is not performed by its proper muscles but wholy depends and is performed by the broad muscle Now if these same proper muscles which we have described should be in the upper eye-lid it should be meet because when one of the muscles is in action the other which is its opposite
it hath not bin sufficiently explained why a convulsion in wounds of the head seazes on the part opposite to the blow Therefore I have thought good to end that controversie in this place My reason is this that kinde of Symptome happens in the sound part by reason of emptinesse and drynesse but there is a twofold cause and that wholy in the wounded part of this emptinesse and drynesse of the sound or opposite part to wit paine and the concourse of the spirits and humors thither by the occasion of the wound and by reason of the paines drawing and natures violently sending helpe to the afflicted part The sound part exhausted by this meanes both of the spirits and humors easily falls into a Convulsion For thus Galen writes God the creatour of nature hath so knit together the triple spirituous substance of our bodies with that tye and league of concord by the productions of the passages to wit of Nerves Veines and Arteries that if one of these forsake any part the rest presently neglect it whereby it languisheth and by little and little dyes through defect of nourishment But if any object that nature hath made the body double for this purpose that when one part is hurt the other remaining safe and sound might suffice for life and necessity but I say this axiome hath no truth in the vessells and passages of the body For it hath not every where doubled the vessels for there is but one onely veine appointed for the nourishment of the braine and the membranes thereof which is that they call the Torcular by which when the left part is wounded it may exhaust the nourishment of the right and sound part and though that occasion cause it to have a convulsion by too much drynesse Verily it is true that when in the opposite parts the muscles of one kinde are equall in magnitude strength and number the resolution of one part makes the convulsion of the other by accident but it is not so in the braine For the two parts of the braine the right and left each by its selfe performes that which belongs thereto without the consent conspiratiou or commerce of the opposite part for otherwise it should follow that the Palsie properly so called that is of halfe the body which happens by resolution caused either by mollification or obstruction residing in either part of the braine should inferre together with it a Convulsion of the opposite part Which notwithstanding dayly experience convinces as false Wherefore wee must certainely thinke that in wounds of the head wherein the braine is hurt that inanition and want of nourishment are the causes that the sound and opposite part suffers a convulsion Francis Dalechampius in his French Chirurgiry renders another reason of this question That saith he the truth of this proposition may stand firme and ratified we must suppose that the convulsion of the opposite part mentioned by Hippocrates doth then onely happen when by reason of the greatnesse of the inflammation in the hurt part of the braine which hath already inferred corruption and a Gangraene to the braine and membranes thereof and within a short time is ready to cause a sphacell in the scull so that the disease must be terminated by death for in this defined state of the disease and these conditions the sense and motion must necessarily perish in the affected part as we see it happens in other Gangraenes through the extinction of the native heate Besides the passages of the animall spirit must necessarily bee so obstructed by the greatnesse of such an inflammation or phlegmon that it cannot flow from thence to the parts of the same side lying there under and to the neighbouring parts of the braine and if it should flow thither it will be unprofitable to carry the strength and facultie of sense and motion as that which is infected and changed by admixture of putred and Gangraenous vapours Whereby it cometh to passe that the wounded part destitute of sense is not stirred up to expell that which would be troublesome to it if it had sense wherefore neither are the Nerves thence arising seased upon or contracted by a Convulsion It further more comes to passe that because these same nerves are deprived of the presence and comfort of the animall spirit and in like manner the parts of the same side drawing from thence their sense and motion are possessed with a palsie for a palsie is caused either by cutting or obstruction of a Nerve or the madefaction or mollification thereof by a thinne and watry humor or so affected by some vehement distemper that it cannot receive the Animall spirit But for the opposite part and the convulsion thereof it is knowne and granted by all that a convulsion is caused either by repletion which shortens the Nerves by distending them into bredth or by inanition when as the native and primitive heate of the Nerves being wasted their proper substance becomming dry is wrinckled up and contracted or else it proceedes from the vellication and acrimonie of some vapour or sanious and biting humor or from vehemencie of paine So wee have knowne the falling sicknesse caused by a venenate exhalation carried from the foote to the braine Also wee know that a convulsion is caused in the puncture of the Nerves when as any acride and sanious humor is shut up therein the orifice thereof being closed but in wounds of the Nerves when any Nerve is halfe cut there happens a convulsion by the bitternesse of the paine But verily in the opposite part there are manifestly two of these causes of a convulsion that is to say a putride and carionlike vapour exhaling from the hurt and Gangraenate part of the braine and also a virulent acride and biting Sauies or filth sweating into the opposite sound part from the affected and Gangraenous the malignitie of which Sanies Hippocrates desirous to decipher in reckoning up the deadly signes of a wounded head hath expressed it by the word Ichor and in his booke of fractures he hath called this humor Dacryodes et non Pyon that is weeping and not digested Therefore it is no mervaile if the opposite and sound part endewed with exquisite and perfect sense and offended by the flowing thereto of both the vaporours and sanious matter using its own force contend and labour as much as it can for the expulsion of that which is trouble somethereto This labouring or concussion is followed as we see in the falling sicknesse by a convulsion as that which is undertaken in vaine death being now at hand and nature over-ruled by the disease Thus saith Dalechampius must we in my judgement determine of that proposition of Hippocrates and Avicen But he addes further in wounds of the head which are not deadly practitioners observe that sometimes the hurt part is taken with the palsie and the sound with a convulsion otherwhiles on the contrary the wounded part is seazed by a
exquisitly extreame remedies are best to be applyed Yet first be certaine of the mortification of the part for it is no little or small matter to cut off a member without a cause Therefore I have thought it fit to set downe the signes whereby you may know a perfect and absolute mortification CHAP. XVII The signes of a perfect Necrosis or Mortification YOu shall certainly know that a Gangreene is turned into a Sphacell or mortification and that the part is wholly and throughly dead if it looke of a blacke colour and bee colder than stone to your touch the cause of which coldnesse is not occasioned by the frigiditie of the aire if there bee a great softnesse of the part so that if you presse it with your finger it rises not againe but retaines the print of the impression If the skinne come from the flesh lying under it if so great and strong a smell exhale especially in an ulcerated Sphacell that the standers by cannot endure or suffer it if a sanious moisture viscide greene or blackish flow from thence if it bee quite destitute of sense and motion whether it be pulled beaten crushed pricked burnt or cut off Here I must admonish the young Chirurgion that hee be not deceived concerning the losse or privation of the sense of the part For I know very many deceived as thus the patients pricked on that part would say they felt much paine there But that feeling is oft deceiptfull as that which proceeds rather from the strong apprehension of great paine which formerly reigned in the part than from any facultie of feeling as yet remaining A most cleare and manifest argument of this false and deceitful sense appeares after the amputation of the member for a long while after they will complaine of the part which is cut away Verily it is a thing wondrous strange and prodigious and which will scarse be credited unlesse by such as have seene with their eyes and heard with their eares the patients who have many moneths after the cutting away of the Legge grievous ly complained that they yet felt exceeding great paine of that Leg so cut of Wherefore have a speciall care least this hinder your intended amputation a thing pittifull yet absolutely necessary for to preserve the life of the patient and all the rest of his body by cutting away of that member which hath all the signes of a Sphacell and perfect mortification for otherwise the neglected fire will in a moment spread over all the body and take away all hope of remedy for thus Hippocrates wisheth That Sections Vstions and Terebrations must bee performed as soone as neede requires CHAP. XVIII Where Amputation must be made IT is not sufficient to know that Amputation is necessary but also you must learne in what place of the dead part it must bee done and herein the wisedome and judgement of the Chirurgion is most apparent Art bids to take hold of the quicke and to cut off the member in the sound flesh but the same art wisheth us to preserve whole that which is sound as much as in us lies I will shew thee by a familiar example how thou maist carry thy selfe in these difficulties Let us suppose that the foote is mortified even to the anckle here you must attentively marke in what place you must cut it off For unlesse you take hold of the quicke flesh in the amputation or if you leave any putrefaction you profit nothing by amputation for it will creepe and spread over the rest of the body It befits Physicke ordained for the preservation of mankind to defend from the iron or instrument and all manner of injurie that which enjoyes life and health Wherefore you shall cut off as little of that which is sound as you possibly can yet so that you rather cut away that which is quicke than leave behind any thing that is perished according to the advice of Celsus Yet oft times the commodity of the action of the rest of the part and as it were a certaine ornament thereof changes this counsell For if you take these two things into your consideration they will induce you in this propounded case and example to cut off the Legge some five fingers breadth under the knee For so the patient may more fitly use the rest of his Legge and with lesse trouble that is he may the better goe on a woodden Legge for otherwise if according to the common rules of Art you cut it off close to that which is perished the patient will be forced with trouble to use three Legges in stead or two For I so knew Captaine Francis Clerke when as his foote was strucken off with an iron bullet shot forth of a man of warre and afterwards recovered and healed up hee was much troubled and wearied with the heavy and unprofitable burden of the rest of his Legge wherefore though whole and sound he caused the rest thereof to bee cut off some five fingers breadth below his knee and verily hee useth it with much more ease and facility than before in performance of any motion Wee must doe otherwise if any such thing happen in the Arme that is you must cut off a little of the sound part as you can For the actions of the Legges much differ from these of the armes and chiefly in this that the body restsnot neither is carried upon the armes as it is upon the feete and Legges CHAP. XIX How the section or amputation must be performed THe first care must be of the patients strength wherefore let him be nourished with meats of good nutriment easie digestion and such as generate many spirits as with the yolkes of Egges and bread tosted and dipped in Sacke or Muskedine Then let him bee placed as is fit and drawing the muscles upwards toward the sound parts let them be tyed with a straite ligature a little above that place of the member which is to be cut off with a strong and broad fillet like that which women usually bind up their haire withall This ligature hath a threefold use the first is that it hold the muscles drawne up together with the skin so that retiring backe presently after the performance of the worke they may cover the ends of the cut bones and serve them in stead of boulsters or pillowes when they are healed up and so suffer with lesse paine the compression in susteining the rest of the body besides also by this meanes the wounds are the sooner healed and cicatrized for by how much more flesh or skinne is left upon the ends of the boner by so much they are the sooner healed and cicatrized The second is for that it prohibites the fluxe of blood by pressing and shutting up the veines and arteries The third is for that it much dulls the sense of the part by stupefying it the animall spirits by the straite compression being hindred from passing in by the Nerves Wherefore when
milk newly milked or warmed at the fire Milk doth not only conduce hereto being thus injected but also drunk for it hath a refrigerating and cleansing faculty and by the subtlety of the parts it quickly arrives at the urenary passages Furthermore it will be good to anoint with cerat refriger Galeni addita camphora or with ceratum santalinum ung comitissae or nutritum upon the region of the kidneyes loines and perinaeum as also to anoint the Cods and Yard But before you use the foresaid ointments or the like let them be melted over the fire but have a care that you make them not too hot lest they should lose their refrigerating quality which is the thing we chiefly desire in them Having used the foresaid ointment it will be convenient to apply thereupon some linnen clothes moistened in oxycrate composed ex aquis plantaginis solani sempervivi rosarum and the like If the patient bee tormented with intollerable paine in making water and also some small time after as it commonly commeth to passe I would wish him that he should make water putting his yard into a chamber-pot filled with milke or water warmed The paine by this meanes being asswaged we must come to the cleansing of the ulcers by this or the like injection â„ž hydromelitis symp â„¥ iv syr de rosis siccis de absinth an â„¥ ss fiat injectio But if there be need of more powerfull detersion you may safely adde as I have frequently tryed a little aegyptiacum I have also found this following decoction to bee very good for this purpose â„ž vini albi oderiferi lb ss aquar plantag ros an â„¥ ii auripigmenti Ê’ss viridis aeris ℈ i. aloës opt Ê’ss pulverisentur pulverisanda bulliant simul Keep the decoction for to make injection withall You may encrease or diminish the quantity and force of the ingredients entring into this composition as the patient and disease shall seeme to require The ulcers being thus cleansed we must hasten to dry them so that we may at length cicatrize them This may be done by drying up the superfluous moisture and strengthening the parts that are moistened and relaxed by the continuall defluxion for which purpose this following decoction is very profitable â„ž aq fabrorum lb i. psidiarum balaust nucum cupres conquassatorum an Ê’i ss sâ—â—in sumach herber an Ê’ii syrup rosar de absinth an â„¥ i. fiat decoctio You may keepe it for an injection to be often injected into the urethra with a syringe so long as that there shall no matter or filth flow out thereat for then there is certaine hope of the cure CHAP. XXII Of Caruncles or fleshy excrescâ—uâ—â—s which sometimes happen to grow in the Urethra by the heat or scâ—lding of the urine ASharpe humour which flowes from the Glandules termed Prostatae and continually runs alongst the urenary passage in some places by the way it frets and exulcerates by the acrimony the urethra in men but the necke of the wombe in women In these as also is usuall in other ulcers there sometimes growes up a superfluous flesh which oft times hinders the casting or comming forth of the seed urine by their appropriate and common passage whence many mischieves arise whence it is that such ulcers as have caruncles growing upon them must be diligently cured But first we must know whether they be new or old For the latter are more difficulty to bee cured than the former because the caruncles that grow upon them become callous and hard being oft times cicatrized Wee know that there are caruncles if the Cathâ—ter cannot freely passe alongst the passage of the urine but findes so many stops in the way as it meets with Caruncles that stop the passage if the patient can hardly make water or if his water runne in a very small streame or two streames or crookedly or onely by droppe and droppe with such tormenting paine that he is ready to let goe his excrements yea and oft times doth so after the same manner as such as are troubled with the stone in the bladder After making water as also after copulation some portion of the urine and seed stayes at the rough places of the caruncles so that the patient is forced to presse his yard to presse forth such reliques Sometimes the urine is wholly stopped whence proceeds such distention of the bladder that it causeth inflammation and the urine flowing backe into the body hastens the death of the patient Yet sometimes the urine thus supprest sweats forth preternaturally in sundry places as at the fundament perinaeum cod yard groines As soone as we by any of the forementioned signes shall suspect that there is a Caruncle about to grow it is expedient forthwith to use means for the cure therof for a caruncle from a very little beginning doth in a short time grow so bigge that at the length it becomes incureable verily you may easily ghesse at the difficulty of the cure by that we have formerly delivered of the essence hereof besides medicines can very hardly arrive therat The fittest season for the undertaking thereof is the spring and the next thereto is winter yet if it be very troublesome you must delay no time Whilest the cure is in hand the patient ought wholly to abstain from venery for by the use thereof the kidneyes spermaticke vessels prostatae and the whole yard swell up and waxe hot and consequently draw to them from the neighbouring and upper parts whence aboundance of excrements in the affected parts much hindering the cure You must beware of acrid and corroding things in the use of detergent injections for that thus the urethra being endued with most exquisite sense may bee easily offended whence might ensue many and ill accidents Neither must wee be frighted if at some times wee see blood flow forth of secret or hidden caruncles For this helpes to shorten the cure because the disease is hindered from growth by taking away portion of the conjunct matter the part also it selfe is eased from the oppressing burden for the materiall cause of caruncles is superfluous blood Wherfore unlesse such bleeding happen of it selfe it is not amisse to procure it by thrusting in a Cathaeter somewhat hard yet with good advise If the Caruncles be inveterate and callous then must they be mollified by fomentations ointments cataplasmes plasters and fumigations you may thus a make fomentation â„ž rad alth lilior alâ— an â„¥ iv rad bryaniâ— foenicul an â„¥ iss fol. malvar violarum parietar mercur an m ss sem lini faenugr an â„¥ ss caricas ping nu xii florum chamaem melil an p i. contundantur contuâ—denda incidenda incidantur bulliant omnia in aqua communi make a fomentation and apply it with soft sponges Of the masse of the strained-out things you may make a cataplasme after this manner â„ž praedicta
better be received into the voyd and empty capacity of the belly for this reason the bladder is also to be emptied for otherwise it were dangerous lest that the wombe lying betweene them both being full should be kept down and cannot be put up into its owne proper place by reason therof Also vomiting is supposed to be a singular remedy to draw up the womb that is fallen down furthermore also it purgeth out the phlegme which did moisten and relaxe the ligaments of the wombe for as the wombe in the time of copulation at the beginning of the conception is moved downewards to meet the seed so the stomacke even of its owne accord is sifted upwards when it is provoked by the injury of anything that is contrary unto it to cast it out with greater violence but when it is so raised up it drawes up together therewith the peritonaeum the wombe and also the bodie or parts annexed unto it If it cannot bee cured or restored unto its place by these prescribed remedies and that it be ulcerated and so putrefyed that it cannot be restored unto his place againe we are commanded by the precepts of art to cut it away and then to cure the womb according to art but first it should be tyed and as much as is necessary must bee cut off and the rest seared with a cautery There are some women that have had almost all their wombe cut off without any danger of their life as Paulus testifieth John Langius Physitian to the Count Palatine writeth that Carpus the Chirurgian tooke out the wombe of a woman of Bononia he being present and yet the woman lived and was very well after it Antonius Benivenius Physitian of Florence writeth that hee was called by Ugolius the Physitian to the cure of a woman whose wombe was corrupted and fell away from her by peeces and yet shee lived ten yeeres after it There was a certaine woman being found of body of good repute and about the age of thirty yeers in whom shortly after she had been married the second time which was in Anno 1571. having no childe by her first husband the lawfull signes of a right conception did appear yet in processe of time there arose about the lower part of her privities the sense or feeling of a waight or heavinesse being so troublesome unto her by reason that it was painefull and also for that it stopped her urine that she was constrained to disclose her mischance to Christopher Mombey a Chirurgian her neighbour dwelling in the suburbs of S. Germans who having seen the tumour or swelling in her groine asswaged the paine with mollifying and anodine fomentations and cataplasmes but presently after he had done this hee found on the inner side of the lip of the orifice of the necke of the wombe an apostume rotten running as if it had bin out of an abscesse newly broken with sanious matter somewhat red yellow pale running out a long time Yet for all this the feeling of the heaviness or waight was nothing diminished but did rather encrease daily so that from the yeere of our Lord 1573. she could not turne herselfe being in bed on this or that side unlesse she layed her hand on her belly to beare and ease her selfe of the waight and also she said when she turned her self she seemed to feele a thing like unto a bowle to rowle in her body unto the side whereunto she turned her selfe neither could shee goe to stoole or avoyd her excrements standing or sitting unlesse shee lifted up that waight with her hands towards her stomacke or midriffe when shee was about to go she could scarce set forwards her feet as if there had something hanged between her thighes that did hinder her going At certaine seasons that rotten apostume would open or unclose of it selfe and flow or run with its wonted sanious matter but then she was grievously vexed with paine of the head and all her members swouning loathing vomiting and almost chosing so that by the perswasion of a foolish woman she was induced and contented to take Antimonium the working and strength thereof was so great and violent that after many vomits with many frettings of the guts and watry dejections or stooles she thought her fundament fell downe but being certified by a woman that was a familiar friend of hers unto whom she shewed her selfe that there was nothing fallen downe at or from her fundament but it was from her wombe shee called in the yeere of our Lord 1575. Chirurgians as my selfe James Guillemeau and Antony Vieux that we might helpe her in this extremity When we had diligently and with good consideration weighed the whole estate of her disease wee agreed with one consent that that which was fallen down should bee cut away because that by the blacke colour stinking and other such signes it gave a manifest testimony of a putrefyed and corrupted thing Therefore for two daies wee drew out the body by little and little and piece-meale which seemed unto the Physicians that wee had called as Alexius Gaudinus Feureus and Violaneus and also to our selves to be the body of the wombe which thing we proved to bee so because one of the testicles came out whole and also a thicke membrane or skin being the relick of the mola which being suppurated and the abscesse broken came out by little and little in matter after that all this body was so drawne away the sicke woman began to waxe better and better yet notwithstanding for the space of nine dayes before it was taken away she voided nothing by siege and her urine also was stopped for the space of foure daies After this all things became as they were before and shee lived in good health three moneths after and then died of a Pleurisie that came on her very suddenly and I having opened her body observing and marking everything very diligently could not finde the wombe at all but instead thereof there was a certaine hard and callous body which nature who is never idle had framed in stead thereof to supply the want thereof or to fill the hollownesse of the belly CHAP. XLII Of the tunicle or membrane called Hymen IN some virgins or maidens in the orifice of the neck of the womb there is found a certaine tunicle or membrane called of antient writers Hymen which prohibiteth the copulation of a man and causeth a woman to be barren this tunicle is supposed by many and they not of the common sort onely but also learned Physitians to be as it were the enclosure of the virginity or maiden-head But I could never finde it in any seeking of all ages from three to twelve of all that I had under my hands in the Hospitall of Paris Yet once I saw it in a virgin of seaventeene yeeres whom her mother had contracted to a man and she knew neverthelesse there was something in her privie parts
Marrow gelly which are not altogether so strong as those which are commonly taken by the mouth because the faculty of concoction in the guts is much weaker than that of the stomacke Oftentimes also the matter of these kinde of Glysters are prepared in wine where there is no paine of the head or feaver but more frequently in the decoction of Barley and in Milke adding the yelkes of Egges and some small quantity of white Sugar lest by the cleansing faculty it move the guts to excretion And therefore Sugar of Roses is thought better which is conceived to bee somewhat binding Here you may have examples of such Glysters ℞ Decoctionis Capi perfectè cocti lb. i. ss sachari albi ℥ ss misce fiat Clyster ℞ Decocti Pulli Galatinae an lb. ss vini opt ℥ iv fiat Clyster ℞ Decocti hordei mundati in cremorem redacti lb. ss luctis boni lb. i. Vitellos ovorum duos fiat Clyster We use these kinde of Glysters to strengthen children old and weake men and bodies which are in a Consumption But in the use of these there are three things to be observed First that the faeculent excrements be taken away either by strength of nature or by art as by a suppository or an emollient Glyster lest the alimentary matter being mingled with them should so be infected and corrupted The other is that there be great quantity given that so some may ascend to the upper guts The third is that the sicke sleep after the taking of it for so it is more easily converted into nourishment and the alimentary matter is better kept for sleep hindereth evacuations In Glysters of this kinde wee must be ware of Salt Honey and Oyle for the two first provoke excretion by their acrimony and the last by his humidity doth relaxate and lubricate They who thinke no kinde of Glyster can nourish or sustaine the body relye upon this reason That it is necessary whatsoever nourisheth should have a triple commutation or concoction in the body first in the stomacke secondly in the liver thirdly in all the members But this opinion is repugnant to reason and experience to reason for that a certaine sense of such things as are defective is implanted in all and every of the naturall parts of our body Therefore seeing nutrition is a repletion of that which is empty without doubt the empty and hungry parts will draw from any place that nourishment which is fit and convenient for them and in defect thereof whatsoever they meet with which by any familiarity may asswage and satisfie their desire But the alimentary Glysters by us described consist of things which agree very well with the nature of our bodies and such as are boyled and ordered with much art so to supply the chylification to bee performed in the stomacke Therefore they may be drawne in by the meseraicke veines of the guts which according to Galen have a certaine attractive faculty And thence they may bee easily carried through the gate veine liver and so over the whole body And experience teacheth that many sick people when they could take nothing by the mouth have bin sustained many daies by the helpe of these kinde of Glysters What is more to bee said We have seen those who have taken a Suppository by the fundament and vomited it at the mouth by which it also appeareth that something may flow without danger of the sicke from the guts into the stomacke Commonly they give Glysters any houre of the day without any respect of time but it should not be done unlesse a great while after meales otherwise the meate being hindered from digestion will be drawne out of the stomacke by the Glyster Glysters are used to helpe the weaker expulsive faculty of the guts and by consequence also of the other parts both that such as through want of age and old people and such as by reason of great imbecility by sicknesse cannot admit of a purging medicine may by this meanes at least ease themselves of the trouble and burden of hurtfull humours Galen hath attributed to Storkes the invention of Glysters which with their bils having drunke Sea water which from saltnesse hath a purging quality wash themselves by that part whereby they use to bring away the excrements of their meates and of the body But a Glyster is fitly taken after this maner whilest the Syrenge is expressed let the patient hold open his mouth for by this means all the muscles of the Abdomen which helpe by compression the excretion of the guts are relaxed Let him weare nothing that may gird in his belly let him lye upon his right side bending in a semicircular figure and so the Glyster will the more easily passe to the upper guts and as it were by an overflowing wet and wash all the guts and excrements It hapneth otherwise to those who lye upon their left side for the Glyster being so injected is conceived to abide and as it were to stop in the Intestinum rectum or Colon because in this site these two Intestines are oppressed and as it were shut up with the weight of the upper guts A little while he may lye upon his backe after hee have received the Glyster and presently after hee may turne himselfe on either side And if there be paine in any part so long as he is able he may incline to that side Moreover because there are many who cannot by any reason bee perswaded to shew their buttockes to him that should administer the Glyster a foolish shamefastnesse hindering them therefore I thought good in this place to give the figure of an Instrument with which one may give a Glyster to himselfe by putting up the pipe into the fundament lifting the buttockes a little up The pipe is marked with this Letter A. The body of the Syrenge whereinto the Glyster must be put with this Letter B. The figure of a Glyster pipe and Syrenge by benefit whereof a man may give himselfe a Glyster CHAP. XXIII Of Suppositories Nodules and Pessaries A Suppository is a certaine medicament formed like unto a tent or gobbet of paste such as is commonly used to fat Fowle It is put up into the fundament that it might excite the sphincter muscle to send forth those excrements which are kept in the guts Antiently it had the forme of an Acorne whence it is called to this day Glans The Suppositories we now usually make have the forme of a Pessary that is round and longish in the forme of a waxe Candle They are either weake stronger or sharpe the weake are made of the stalkes or the rootes of Beets of Lard boiled Honey with Salt or of Castle-sope The stronger of purging powders as Hiera with Salt and Honey The sharp with Scammony Euphorbium Coloquintida and like things powdred and with Honey or the juices of sharpe herbes or mingled with the gals of Beasts It is commonly made thus as
Causes thereof ibid. differences 280. Which not to be cured ibid. The cure if not ulcerated ibid. Cure if ulcerated 281. Topicke medicines to be thereto applyed 282 Cancer or Canker in a childs mouth how to be helped 905 Cannons see Guns Cantharides their malignitie and the helpe thereof 799. Applyed to the head they ulcerate the bladder 800 Capons subject to the Gout 707 Carbuncles whence their originall 817. Why so called together with their nature causes and signes 857. prognostickes ibid. cure 859 Caries ossium 371 Carpiflexores musculi 222 Carpitensores musculi 221 Cartilago scutiformis vel enâ—iformis 136 Caruncles their causes figures and cure 742. Other wayes of cure 744 Cases their forme and use 560 Caspilly a strange Fish 69 Catagmaticke pouders 363 Catalogue of Medicines and Instruments for their preparation 1109 1110 c. Of Chirurgicall Instruments 1113 1114 Cataplasmes their matter and use 1062 Catarractes where bred 184. Their differences causes c. 651. Their cure at the beginning ibid. The couching of them 653 Catarrhe sometimes maligne and killing many 821 Cathareticke medicines 1046 Cats their poysonous quality and the Antipathy betweene some men and them 804 Causticke medicines their nature and use 1046 1047 Cauteries actual ones preferred before potentiall 749. Their severall formes 749 750 751. Their use 741. Their force against venemous bites 784. Potentiall ones 1064 Cephale what 243 Cephalica vena 210 Cephalicke pouders how composed 752 Cerats what their differences 1508 Ceratum oesypi ex Philagrio 1060 Cerusse the poysonous quality thereof and the cure 810 Certificates in sundry cases 1129 Chalazion an affect of the eyelid 642 Chamelion his shape â—nd nature 1024 Chance sometimes exceedes Art 49. Finds out remedies 409 Change of native temper how it happens 18 Chaphs or Chops occasicned by the Lues venerea and the cure 754. In divers parts by other meanes and their cure 957 Charcoale causeth suffocation 1125 Chemosis an affect of the Eye-lids 647 Chest and the parts thereof 136. Why partly gristly partly bony ibid. The division thereof 137. The wounds thereof 388. Their cure 389. They easily degenerate into a Fistula 391 Child whether alive or dead in the wombe 913. If dead then how to be extracted 914 915 Children why like their fathers and grand-fathers 888. Borne without a passage in the fundament 898. Their site in the wombe 900 901. When and how to bee weaned 913. Their paine in breeping teeth 959. They may have impostumes in their mothers wombe 594 Child-birth and the cause thereof 899. The naturall unnaturall time thereof 901 women have no certaine time ibid. Signes it is at hand 902. What 's to be done after it 904 China root the preparation and use thereof 730 Chirurgery see Surgery Chirurgion see Surgion Choler the temper thereof 11. The nature consistance colour taste and use 13. The effects thereof 15. Not naturall how bred and the kinds thereof 16 Cholericke persons their habite of bodie manners and diseases 17. They cannâ—t long brooke fasting 707 Chorion what 132 Chylus what 12 Cirsocele a kind of Rupture c. 304. The cure 312 Cinnamon and the water thereof 1105 Chavicle see Collar-bone Cleitoris 130 Clyster when presently to bee given after bloodletting 262. See Glyster Coates common coate of the Muscles the substance quantity c. thereof 91. Of the eyes 182. Of the wombe 132 Cockatrice see Basiliske Cockes are kingly and martiall birds 66 Colchicum the poysonous quality thereof and the cure 866 Collicke and the kinds thereof c. 689 Colon. 106 Collar-bones or Clavicles their History 138 139. Their fracture 568. How to helpe it ibid. Their dislocation and cure 601 Collyria what their differences use 1067 Colour is the bewrayer of the temperament 28 Columella see Vvula Combustions and their differences 449. their cure 450 Common sense what 896 Comparison betweene the bigger and lesser world 761 Complexus musculus 201 Composition of medicines the necessity thereof 1099 Compresses see Bolsters Concoction fault of the first concoction not mended in the after 707 Concussion of the Braine 350. how helped 376 Condylomata what they are and their cure 957 Conformation the faults thereof must bee speedily helped 904 Congestion two tauses thereof 250 Contusions what their causes 442. Their generall cure ibid. How to be handled if joyned with a wound 445. How without a wound ib. how kept from gangrening 446 Contusions of the ribs 447. Their cure 634 Convulsion the kinds and causes thereof 329 the cure 330 331. Why on the contrary part in wounds of the head 357 Convulsive twitching in broken members and the cause thereof 586 Conies have taught the art of undermining 66 Cornea tunica 183 Corone what 243 Coronalis vena 112 Corroborating medicines 270 Cotyle what 243 Cotyledones what 129 891 Courses how to provoke them 863 948. How to stop them 864 951 952. The reason of their name 945. Their causes 946. causes of their suppression 947. What symptomes follow thereon 948 symptomes that follow their immoderate flowing 951 Crabs 69 Crampe the cause and cure thereof 722 Cranes observe order in flying and keepe watch 67 Cremaster muscles 120 Cridones what disease and the cure 319 Crocodiles may be tamed 76 Crookednesse how helped 876 Crurall veine 224. Artery 223 Crureus musculus 232 Crus how taken 223 Crystallinus humor 184 Cubit the bones and muscles thereof 217 Cubit-bones the fracture of them 555 Cuboides os 234 Cupping glasses and their use 694. Their use in the cure of a Bubo 853 Cures accidentall and strange 49 50. Deceitfull 51 Custome how forcible 33 Cuticle the matter quantity figure c. thereof 88 Cuttell-fish his craft 68 Cysticae gemellae 112 D. Dartos 119 Death the inevitable cause thereof 41. How suddaine to many 778 Definition of Chirurgery 3 Definition how different from a description 80 Defluxion of humor show diverted 256 Delirium the causes thereof 334. The cure 335 Deliverance in Child-birth how furthered 903. Which difficult 921. Which easie ib. Deltoides musculus 216 Dentifrices their differences matter and for me 1071 Depilatories 1182 Derma 89 Detersives 259. 1043. Their use ibid. Devills and their differences 986. Their titles and names 987. They are terrified and angred by divers things 990 Devill of the Sea 1004 Diabete what the causes signes and cure 688 Diaphoreticke medicines 140 Diaphragma see Midriffe Why called Phrenes 142 Diaphysis what 231 Diary feaver the causes and signes 260. The cure 261 Diarthrosis 242 Die-bone 234 Diet hath power to alter or preserve the temperament 28 Diet convenient for such as have the Gout 707. For such as feare the stone 667. In prevention of the Plague 822. In the cure thereof 839 840 841 Differences of muscles 92 93 Digitum flexores musculi 222 237. 238 Digitum tensores musculi 221 237 Diploe what 163 Disease the definition and division thereof 41. Causes ibid. Diseases strange and monstrom 49 Diseases incident to sangnine cholericke phlegmaticke and melancholicke
419. 420. c. Dilaters Probes to draw through flammula's 422. to draw forth arrow-heads 439. 441. A scarificator 446. A dismembring knife saw 459. A dilater to open the mouth 464. A pyoulcos or Matter-drawer 479. A Glossocomium 578. A lattin Casse 587. A pulley and hand-vice 599. the glossocomium called Ambi 615. litle hooks needles and an incision knife to take away the Web 648. files for filing the teeth 658. for cleansing drawing the teeth 660. cutting mullets to take off superfluous fingers 662. a Cathaeter 665. Gimblet to break the stone in the passage of the yard 671. other instruments to take out the stone 672. used in cutting for the stone 673. c. 680. 681. 〈◊〉 Lancet Cupping-glasses 695. Horns to be used for ventoses 696. Cathaeters to weare away caruncles 744. Trepans for rotten bones 748. actuall cauteries 749. Gryphons tallons 927. 929. Hooks to draw forth the childe 916. Specula matricis 956 Instruments when necessary in restoring broken bones 565 Intercartalaginei musculi 206. 2071 Intercostalis arteria 113. 153 Intercostales musculi externi 206. interni 207 Interosses musculi 223. 239. Intestinalis vena 112 Intromoventes musculi 230 Joy and the effects thereof 39 Joints their wounds 403. how to strengthen them 708. how to mitigate their paines caused onely by distemper 716 Ischiadica vena 224. Ischium oâ— 227 Issues or fontanells 706 Itching of the Wombe 957 Judgement why difficult 1131 Junks what 559. their use 560. K. KAll its substance c. 101. 102. what to be done when it falls out in wounds 308 Kernels of the eares 189. Kibes where bred 238 Kidneyes their substance c. 117. signes that they are wounded 397 ulcers their cure 481. 686. their heat how tempered 850 Kings-evil what the cause 274. the cure 275 Knee dislocated forward how to restore it 631 L. LAgophthalmia what 378. the causes and cure 642 Lamenes how helped 884 Lamprey their care of their young 64 Lampron their poysonons bite 801 Larinx what meant thereby 194. its magnitude figure composure c. ib. Latissimus musculus 208 Leaches see Horse-leaches Legge taken in generall what 223. the bone therof 231. the wounds 399. the fracture cure 582. the cure of the Authors legge being broken 582. 585. their crookednesse how helped 879. defect supplied 882. 883 Leprosie the causes therof 769. the signes 770 c. why called Morbus Ieoninus 771 the prognosticks diet cure 773. it sometimes followes the Lues venerea 724 Lepus marinus the poyson the symptomes cure 803 Levator musculus 208. Levatores Ani 107 Life what its effects 895. See Soule Ligaments their use 96. why without sense 198 their difference 199. their wounds 404. Ligatures for wounds are of three sorts 325 too hard hurtfull 374. they must bee neatly made 555. for what uses they chiefly serve 358. in use at this day for fractures 579. how infractures joyned with wounds 584 which for extension 598. See Bandages Lightning the wonderfull nature the stinking smell therof 414. how it may infect the Aire 781 Lime unquencht the hurtfull quality cure 810 Linimeâ—â—s are not to be used in wounds of the Chest 390. their matter form use 1055 Lion his provident care in going 66 Lion of the sea 1003. Lippiâ—udo 644 Litharge its poysonous quality cure 810 Liver what 109. its substance c. ibid. 110. sggns of the wounds therof 396. why it is called parenchyma 893 Loines their nerves 226 Loâ—gus musculus 205. 218. 232 Laies venerea what 723. the hurt it causeth ib. the causes thereof 724. in what humor the malignity resideth 725. it causes more pain in the night than in the day ib. sometimes lyes long hid ib. signes therof 746. prognosticks 727. how to be oppugned 728. to whom wine may be allowed 730. the second manner of cure ibid. the third manner of cure 734. the fourth maner 736. how to cure its symptomes 737. it causes bunches on the bones 746. rotten bones how perceived cured 747. tettars and chaps occasioned thereby and their cure 754. how to cure children of this disease 755. it kills by excesse of moisture 779 Lumbaris regio sive lumbi 85. Arteria 114. Vena 116. Lumbrici musculi 222. 239 Lungs their substance c. 142. 143. signes of their wounds 388. which curable 392. Lupiae what their causes and cure 272 Luxation 593. which uncureable 95. Lying in bed how it must bee 36 M MAdde dogge see Dogge Magick and the power thereof 989 Magistrates office in time of plague 829 Males of what seed generated 888 Malleolus one of the bones of the auditory passage 163. 191 Mammillary processes 166. their use 169 Mammaria arteria 153 Man his excellency 74. c. the division of his body 83. why distinguished into male and female 885 Mandrake its danger and cure 806 Marrow why it may seeme to have the sense of feeling 589 Masseter muscle 188 Mastoideus musculus 204 Masticatories their forme and use 1069 Matrix see Wombe Medow-saffron the poysonous quality therof and cure 809 Meat the quantity and quality thereof 31 accustomed more grateful and nourishing 32. order to be observed in eating 33. the time ib. fit to generate a Callus 589 Meazels what their matter 757. why they itch not 758. their cure 759 Mediastinum its substance c. 141 Medicines their excellency 1027. their definition and difference in matter and substance 1028. in qualities and of their first faculties 1029. their second third fourth faculties 1033. the preparation 1037. the composition necessity and use therof 1049 Megrim the causes c. thereof 640 Melancholy the temper therof 11. the nature consistence c. 13. the effects thereof 15. of it corrupted 16 Melancholick persons their complexion c 18. why they hurt themselves 786. Meliceris what kinde of tumor 271 Membranosus musculus 232 Memorie what 897 Menstruall fluxe signes of the first approach thereof 950. See Courses Meninges their number c. 164 Mercury sublimate its caustick force 809 the cure 810 Meremaid 1004 Mesentery its substance c. 108. the tumors therof 929. the sink of the body 930 Midriffe its substance c. 141. 142. signes of the wounds thereof 388 Milk soon corrupts in a phlegmatick stomack 907. the choice therof 909. how to drive it downewards 918. Millepes cast forth by urine 762 Milt see Spleene Mola the reason of the name and how bred 925. how to be discerned from a true conception 925. a history and description of a strange one 926. the figure thereof 927. what cure to be used thereto 928. Mollifying medicines 141. 142 Monks-hood the poyson and cure 905 Monstrous creatures bred in man 762 c. Monsters what 961 their causes descriptions 962. c. caused by defect of seed 975. by imagination 978. by straitnesse of the womb 980. by the site of the mother ib. by a stroak c. 981. by confusion of seed of