to importune them to their interest and with great earnestness to persuade them to that which in all respects is so visibly for their advantage Chuse you therefore this day whom you will serve God or your lusts And take up a speedy resolution in a matter of so great and pressing a concernment chuse you this day Where there is great hazard in the doing of a thing it is good to deliberate long before we undertake it but where the thing is not only safe but beneficial and not only hugely beneficial but highly necessary when our life and our happiness depends upon it and all the danger lies in the delay of it there we cannot be too sudden in our resolution nor too speedy in the execution of it That which is evidently safe needs no deliberation and that which is absolutely necessary will admit of none Therefore resolve upon it out of hand to day whilest it is called to day lest dny of you be hardened through the deceitfulness of sin In the days of your youth and health for that is the acceptable time that is the day of salvation Before the evil day comes and you be driven to it by the terrible apprehension and approach of death when men fly to God only for fear of his wrath For the greatest Atheists and Infidels when they come to dye if they have any of that reason left which they have used so ill have commonly right opinions about God and Religion For then the considence as well as the comfort of Atheism leaves them as the Devil uses to do Witches when they are in distress Then with Nebuchadnezzar when they are recovered from being beasts they look up to heaven and their understanding returns to them Then they believe a God and cannot help it they believe and tremble at the thoughts of him Thus Lucretius one of their great Authors observes that when men are in distress Acrius advertunt animos ad Religionem The thoughts of Religion are then more quick and pungent upon their minds Nam verae voces tum demum pectore ab imo Eliciuntur eripitur persona manet res Mens words then come from the bottom of their hearts the mask is taken off and things then appear as in truth they are But then perhaps it may be too late to make this choice Nay then it can hardly be choice but necessity Men do not then chuse to serve the Lord but they are urged and forced to it by their fears They have served their lusts all their life long and now they would fain serve themselves of God at the hour of death They have done what they can by their insolent contempt and defiance of the Almighty to make themselves miserable and now that they can stand out no longer against him they are contented at last to be beholding to him to make them happy The mercies of God are vast and boundless but yet methinks it is too great a presumption in all reason for men to design before-hand to make the mercy of God the sanctuary and retreat of a sinfull life To draw then to a Conclusion of this Discourse If safety or pleasure or liberty or wisdom or vertue or even happiness it self have any temptation in them Religion hath all these baits and allurements What Tully says Philosophy is much more true of the Christian Religion the Wisdom and Philosophy which is from above nunquam satis laudari poterit cui qui pareat omne tempus aetatis sine molestia degere possit We can never praise it enough since whoever lives according to the rules of it may pass the whole age of his life I may add his whole duration this life and the other without trouble Philosophy hath given us several plausible rules for the attaining of peace and tranquility of mind but they fall very much short of bringing men to it The very best of them fail us upon the greatest occasions But the Christian Religion hath effectually done all that which Philosophy pretended to and aimed at The Precepts and Promises of the Holy Scriptures are every way sufficient for our comfort and for our instruction in righteousness to correct all the errours and to bear us up under all the evils and adversities of humane life especially that holy and heavenly Doctrine which is contained in the admirable Sermons of our Saviour quem cum legimus quem Philosophum non contemnimus whose excellent discourses when we reade what Philosopher do we not despise None of the Philosophers could upon sure grounds give that encouragement to their Scholars which our Saviour does to his Disciples take my yoke upon you and learn of me and ye shall find rest to your souls For my yoke is easie and my burthen is light This is the advantage of the Christian Religion sincerely believed and practised that it gives perfect rest and tranquillity to the mind of man It frees us from the guilt of an evil conscience and from the power of our lusts and from the slavish fear of death and of the vengeance of another World It builds our comfort upon a rock which will abide all storms and remain unshaken in every condition and will last and hold out for ever He that heareth these sayings of mine and doth them saith our Lord I will liken him to a wise wan who built his house upon a rock In short Religion makes the life of man a wise design regular and constant to its self because it unites all our resolutions and actions in one great end Whereas without Religion the life of man is a wild and fluttering and inconsistent thing without any certain scope and design The vicious man lives at randome and acts by chance For he that walks by no rule can carry on no settled and steady design It would pity a man's heart to see how hard such men are put to it for diversion and what a burden time is to them and how solicitous they are to devise ways not to spend it but to squander it away For their great grievance is consideration and to be obliged to be intent upon any thing that is serious They hurry from one vanity and folly to another and plunge themselves into drink not to quench their thirst but their guilt and are beholding to every vain man and to every trifling occasion that can but help to take time off their hands Wretched and inconsiderate men who have so vast a work before them the happiness of all eternity to take care of and provide for and yet are at a loss how to employ their time So that Irreligion and Vice makes life an extravagant and unnatural thing because it perverts and overthrows the natural course and order of things For instance according to nature men labour to get an Estate to free themselves from temptations to rapine and injury and that they may have wherewithall to supply their own wants and to relieve the needs of others But now the
were the great Doctors among the Jews the Teachers and Interpreters of the Law of God And because many of them were of the Sect of the Pharisees which above all others pretended to skill and knowledge in the Law therefore it is that our blessed Saviour do's so often put the Scribes and Pharisees together And these were the men of chief Authority in the Jewish Church who equalled their own unwritten word and traditions with the Law of God Nay our Saviour tells us they made the Commandments of God of none effect by their traditions They did in effect assume to themselves infallibility and all that opposed and contradicted them they branded with the odious name of Hereticks Against these our Saviour denounced this Woe here in the Text Woe unto you Scribes and Pharisees Hypocrites for ye shut up the Kingdom of Heaven against Men c. All the difficulty in the words is what is here meant by shutting up the Kingdom of Heaven against Men St. Luke expresseth it more plainly ye have taken away the key of knowledge ye entred not in your selves and them that were entring in ye hindered By putting these two expressions together we shall the more easily come at the meaning of the Text. Ye have taken away the key of knowledge and have shut up the Kingdom of Heaven against Men. This Metaphor of the key of knowledge is undoubtedly an allusion to that known custome among the Jews in the admission of their Doctors For to whomsoever they gave Authority to interpret the Law and the Prophets they were solemnly admitted into that office by delivering to them a Key and a Table-book So that by the key of knowledge is here meant the interpretation and understanding of the Scriptures and by taking away the key of knowledge not onely that they arrogated to themselves alone the understanding of the Scriptures but likewise that they had conveyed away this key of knowledge and as it were hid it out of the way neither using it themselves as they ought nor suffering others to make use of it And thus they shut the Kingdom of Heaven against men which is very fitly said of those who have locked the door against them that were going in and have taken away the key By all which it appears that the plain meaning of our Saviour in these Metaphorical expressions is that the Scribes and Teachers of the Law under a pretence of interpreting the Scriptures had perverted them and kept the true knowledge of them from the People Especially those Prophecies of the Old Testament which concerned the Messias And by this means the Kingdom of Heaven was shut against men And they not only rejected the truth themselves but by keeping men in ignorance of the true meaning of the Scriptures they hindered many from embracing our Saviour's Doctrine and entering into the Kingdom of Heaven who were otherwise well enough disposed for it Having thus explained the words I shall from the main scope and design of them observe to you these two things 1. The Necessity of the knowledge of the holy Scriptures in order to our eternal Salvation It is called by our Saviour the key of knowledge that which lets men into the Kingdom of Heaven 2. The great and inexcusable fault of those who deprive the People of the knowledge of the holy Scriptures They hut the kingdom of heaven against men and do what in them lies to hinder their eternal Salvation and therefore our Saviour denounceth so heavy a woe against them I shall speak briefly to these two Observations and then apply them to those who are principally concerned in them I. First I observe hence the Necessity of the knowledge of the holy Scriptures in order to our eternal Salvation This is by our Saviour called the key of knowledge that which lets men into the Kingdom of Heaven Knowledge is necessary to Religion It is necessary to the Being of it and necessary to the life and practice of it Without Faith says the Apostle it is impossible to please God Because Faith is an act of the understanding and do's necessarily suppose some knowledge and apprehension of what we believe To all acts of Religion there is necessarily required some act of the Understanding so that without knowledge there can be no devotion in the service of God no obedience to his Laws Religion begins in the Understanding and from thence descends upon the heart and life If ye know these things says our Saviour happy are ye if ye do them We must first know God before we can worship him and understand what is his will before we can do it This is so very evident that one would think there needed no discourse about it And yet there are some in the World that cry up Ignorance as the Mother of Devotion And to shew that we do not wrong them in this matter Mr. Rushworth in his Dialogues a Book in great vogue among the Papists here in England does expresly reckon up Ignorance among the Parents of Religion And can any thing be said more absurdly and more to the disparagement of Religion than to derive the pedegree of the most excellent thing in the world from so obscure and ignoble an Original and to make that which the Scripture calls the beginning of wisdom and the excellency of knowledge to be the Off-spring of Ignorance and a Child of darkness Ignorance indeed may be the cause of wonder and admiration and the mother of folly and superstition But surely Religion is of a nobler Extraction and is the issue and result of the best wisdom and knowledge and descends from above from the giver of every good and perfect gift even the father of lights And as knowledge in general is necessary to Religion so more particularly the knowledge of the holy Scriptures is necessary to our eternal Salvation Because these are the great and standing Revelation of God to mankind wherein the Nature of God and his Will concerning our duty and the terms and conditions of our eternal happiness in another World are fully and plainly declared to us The Scriptures are the Word of God and from whence can we learn the will of God so well as from his own mouth They are the great instrument of our Salvation and should not every man be acquainted with that which alone can perfectly instruct him what he must believe and what he must do that he may be saved This is the testimony which the Scripture gives of it self that it is able to make men wise unto salvation And is it not very fit that every man should have this wisdom and in order thereunto the free use of that Book from whence this wisdom is to be learned II. Secondly I observe the great and inexcusable fault of those who keep men in Ignorance of Religion and take away from them so excellent and necessary a means of divine knowledge as the H. Scriptures are This our Saviour calls taking away the
People Nay it is evidently no publick service of God when the Priest only understands it For how can they be said to be publick prayers if the People do not join in them and how can they join in that they do not understand and to what purpose are Lessons of Scripture read if people are to learn nothing by them and how should they learn when they do not understand This is as if one should pretend to teach a man Greek by reading him Lectures every day out of an Arabick and Persian Book of which he understands not one syllable II. As to their depriving rhe people of the use of the Holy Scriptures Our blessed Saviour exhorts the Jews to search the Scriptures And St. Paul chargeth the Christians that the word of God should dwell richly in them And the ancient Fathers of the Church do most frequently and earnestly recommend to the People the reading and study of the Scriptures How comes the case now to be so altered sure the word of God is not changed that certainly abides and continues the same for ever I shall by and by examine what the Church of Rome pretends in excuse of this Sacrilege In the mean time I do not see what considerable Objections can be made against the People's reading of the Scriptures which would not have held as well against the writing and publishing of them at first in a Language understood by the People As the Old Testament was by the Jews and the Epistles of the Apostles by the Churches to whom they were written and the Gospels both by Jews and Greeks Were there no difficulties and obscurities then in the Scriptures capable of being wrested by the unstable and unlearned were not people then liable to errour and was there no danger of Heresie in those Times And yet these are their great Objections against putting the Scriptures into the hands of the people Which is just like their arguing against giving the Cup to the Laity from the inconveniency of their beards lest some of the consecrated wine should be spilt upon them As if errours and beards were inconveniencies lately sprung up in the world and which mankind were not liable to in the first Ages of Christianity But if there were the same dangers and inconveniencies in all Ages this Reason makes against the publishing of the Scriptures to the people at first as much as against permitting them the use of them now And in truth all these objections are against the Scripture it self And that which the Church of Rome would find fault with if they durst is that there should be any such Book in the world and that it should be in any bodies hands learned or unlearned for if it be dangerous to any none are so capable of doing mischief with it as men of wit and learning So that at the bottom if they would speak out the quarrel is against the Scriptures themselves This is too evident by the counsel given to Pope Julius the III. by the Bishops met at Bononia to consult about the establishment of the Roman See Where among other things they give this as their last advice and as the greatest and weightiest of all That by all means as little of the Gospel as might be especially in the Vulgar Tongue should be read to the people and that little which was in the Mass ought to be sufficient neither should it be permitted to any mortal to read more For so long say they as men were contented with that little all things went well with them but quite otherwise since more was commonly read And speaking of the Scripture they give this remarkable testimony and commendation of it this in short is that Book which above all others hath raised those tempests and whirlwinds which we were almost carried away with And in truth if any one diligently considers it and compares it with what is done in our Church he will find them very contrary to each other and our Doctrine not only to be very different from it but repugnant to it If this be the case they do like the rest of the Children of this world prudently enough in their Generation Can we blame them for being against the Scriptures when the Scriptures are acknowledged to be so clearly against them But surely no body that considereth these things would be of that Church which is brought by the undeniable evidence of the things themselves to this shamefull confession that several of their Doctrines and Practices are very contrary to the Word of God Much more might have been said against the practice of the Church of Rome in these two particulars but this is sufficient I shall in the second place consider what is pretended for them And indeed what can be pretended in justification of so contumelious an affront to mankind so great a Tyranny and cruelty to the Souls of men hath God forbidden the People to look into the Scriptures No quite contrary Was it the practice of the ancient Church to lay this restraint upon men or to celebrate the service of God in an unknown Tongue our adversaries themselves have not the face to pretend this I shall truly represent the substance of what they say in these two points I. As to the service of God in an unknown tongue they say these four things for themselves 1. That the people do exercise a general devotion and come with an intention to serve God and that is accepted though they do not particularly understand the prayers rhat are made and the lessons that are read But is this all that is intended in the service of God do's not St. Paul expresly require more that the understanding of the people should be edified by the particular service that is performed And if what is done be not particularly understood he tells us the People are not edified nor can say Amen to the prayers and thanksgivings that are put up to God and that any man that should come in and find people serving of God in this unprofitable and unreasonable manner would conclude that they were mad And if there be any general devotion in the people it is because in general they understand what they are about and why may they not as well understand the particular service that is performed that so they might exercise a particular devotion So that they are devout no farther than they understand and consequently as to what they do not understand had every whit as good be absent 2. They say the prayers are to God and he understands them and that is enough But what harm were it if all they that pray understood them also Or indeed how can men pray to God without understanding what they ask of him Is not prayer a part of the Christian worship and is not that a reasonable service and is any service reasonable that is not directed by our understandings and accompanied with our hearts and affections But then what say they to the Lessons and
Virtue is Vice and Vice Virtue he would hereby take away the very foundation of Religion and how can I look upon him any longer as a Judg in matters of Religion when there can be no such thing as Religion if he have judged and determined right Secondly The Scripture plainly allows this liberty to particular and private Persons to judg for themselves And for this I need go no farther than my Text which bids men try the Spirits whether they be of God I do not think this is spoken only to the Pope or a General Council but to Christians in general for to these the Apostle writes Now if St. John had believed that God had constituted an infallible Judge in his Church to whose Sentence and Determination all Christians are bound to submit he ought in all reason to have referred Christians to him for the trial of Spirits and not have left it to every man's private judgment to examine and to determine these things But it seems St. Paul was likewise of the same mind and though he was guided by an infallible Spirit yet he did not expect that men should blindly submit to his Doctrine Nay so far is he from that that he commends the Bereans for that very thing for which I dare say the Church of Rome would have check'd them most severely namely for searching the Scriptures to see whether those things which the Apostles delivered were so or not This liberty St. Paul allowed and though he was inspired by God yet he treated those whom he taught like men And indeed it were a hard case that a necessity of believing Divine Revelations and rejecting Impostures should be imposed upon Christians and yet the liberty of judging whether a Doctrine be from God or not should be taken away from them Thirdly Our Adversaries themselves are forced to grant that which in effect is as much as we contend for For though they deny a liberty of judging in particular points of Religion yet they are forced to grant men a liberty of judging upon the whole When they of the Church of Rome would perswade a Jew or a Heathen to become a Christian or a Heretick as they are pleased to call us to come over to the Communion of their Church and offer Arguments to induce them thereto they do by this very thing whether they will or no make that man Judge which is the true Church and the true Religion Because it would be ridiculous to perswade a man to turn to their Religion and to urge him with Reasons to do so and yet to deny him the use of his own judgement whether their Reasons be sufficient to move him to make such a change Now as the Apostle reasons in another case If men be fit to judge for themselves in so great and important a matter as the choice of their Religion why should they be thought unworthy to judge in lesser matters They tell us indeed that a man may use his judgement in the choice of his Religion but when he hath once chosen he is then for ever to resign up his judgment to their Church But what tolerable reason can any man give why a man should be fit to judge upon the whole and yet unfit to judge upon particular Points especially if it be considered that no man can make a discreet judgment of any Religion before he hath examined the particular Doctrines of it and made a judgment concerning them Is it credible that God should give a man judgment in the most fundamental and important matter of all viz. To discern the true Religion and the true Church from the false for no other end but to enable him to chuse once for all to whom he should resign and inslave his judgment for ever which is just as reasonable as if one should say That God hath given a man eyes for no other end but to look out once for all and to pitch upon a discreet person to lead him about blindfold all the days of his life I come now to the III. Thing I propounded which is To Answer the main Objection of our Adversaries against this Principle and likewise to shew that there is no such Reason and necessity for an universal Insallible Judge as they pretend Now their great Objection is this If every man may judge for himself there will be nothing but confusion in Religion there will be no end of Controversies so that an universal infallible Judge is necessary and without this God had not made sufficient provision for the assurance of men's Faith and for the Peace and unity of his Church Or as it is expressed in the Canon Law aliter Dominus non videretur fuisse discretus otherwise our Lord had not seem'd to be discreet How plausible soever this Objection may appear I do not despair but if men will lay aside prejudice and impartially consider things to make it abundantly evident that this ground is not sufficient to found an Infallible Judge upon And therefore in answer to it I desire these following particulars may be considered Firft That this which they say rather proves what God should have done according to their fancy than what he hath really and actually done My Text expresly bids Christians to try the Spirits which to any man's sense does imply that they may judge of these matters But the Church of Rome says they may not because if this liberty were permitted God had not ordered things wisely and for the best for the peace and unity of his Church But as the Apostle says in another case What art thou O man that objectest against God Secondly If this reasoning be good we may as well conclude that there is an universal infallible Judge set over the whole world in all Temporal matters to whose Authority all mankind is bound to submit Because this is as necessary to the peace of the World as the other is to the peace of the Church And men surely are every whit as apt to be obstinate and perverse about matters of Temporal Right as about matters of Faith But it is evident in fact and experience that there is no such universal Judge appointed by God over the whole World to decide all Cases of temporal Right and for want of him the World is fain to shift as well as it can But now a very acute and scholastical man that would argue that God must needs have done whatever he fancies convenient for the World should be done might by the very same way of Reasoning conclude the necessity of an universal infallible Judge in Civil matters as well as in matters of Religion And their aliter Dominus non videretur fuisse discretus otherwise God had not seem'd to be discreet is every whit as cogent and as civil in the one Case as the other Thirdly There is no need of such a Judge to assure men in matters of Religion Because men be sufficiently certain without him I hope it may be certain
and clear enough That there is a God and That his Providence governs the World and That there is another Life after this though neither Pope nor Council had ever declared any thing about these matters And for Revealed Doctrines we may be certain enough of all that is necessary if it be true which the Fathers tell us That all things necessary are plainly revealed in the Holy Scriptures Fourthly An infallible Judge if there were one is no certain way to end Controversies and to preserve the unity of the Church unless it were likewise infallibly certain That there is such a Judge and Who he is For till men were sure of both these there would still be a Controversy whether there be an infallible Judge and who he is And if it be true which they tell us That without an infallible Judge Controversies cannot be ended then a Controversie concerning an infallible Judge can never be ended And there are two Controversies actually on foot about an infallible Judge One Whether there be an infallible Judge or not which is a Controversie between Us and the Church of Rome and the other Who this infallible Judge is which is a Controversie among themselves which could never yet be decided And yet till it be decided Infallibility if they had it would be of no use to them for the ending of Controversies Fifthly There is no such absolute need as is pretended of determining all Controversies in Religion If men would devest themselves of prejudice and interest as they ought in matters of Religion the necessary things of Religion are plain enough and men would generally agree well enough about them But if men will suffer themselves to be by assed by these they would not hearken to an infallible Judge if there were one or they would find out some way or other to call his Infallibility into question And as for doubtful and lesser matters in Religion charity and mutual forbearance among Christians would make the Church as peaceable and happy as perhaps it was ever design'd to be in this World without absolute unity in Opinion Sixthly and Lastly Whatever may be the inconveniences of mens judging for themselves in Religion yet taking this Principle with the Cautions I have given I doubt not to make it appear that the inconveniences are far the least on that side The present condition of humane Nature doth not admit of any constitution of things whether in Religion or Civil matters which is free from all kind of exception and inconvenience That is the best state of things which is liable to the least and fewest If men be modest and humble and willing to learn God hath done that which is sufficient for the assurance of our Faith and for the peace of his Church without an infallible Judge And if men will not be so I cannot tell what would be sufficient I am sure there were Heresies and Schisms in the Apostles Times when Those who governed the Church were certainly guided by an infallible Spirit God hath appointed Guides and Teachers for us in matters of Religion and if we will be contented to be instructed by them in those necessary Articles and Duties of Religion which are plainly contained in Scripture and to be counselled and directed by them in things that are more doubtful and difficult I do not see why we might hot do well enough without any infallible Judge or Guide But still it will be said Who shall judge what things are plain and what doubtful The answer to this in my opinion is not difficult For if there be any thing plain in Religion every man that hath been duly instructed in the Principles of Religtion can judge of it or else it is not plain But there are some things in Religion so very plain that no Guide or Judge can in reason claim that Authority over men as to oblige them to believe or do the contrary no though he pretend to Infallibility no though he were an Apostle though he were an Angel from heaven S. Paul puts the case so high Gal. 1.8 Though we or an Angel from heaven preach any other Gospel unto you than what you have received let him be accursed which plainly supposeth that Christians may and can judge when Doctrines are contrary to the Gospel What not believe an Apostle nor an Angel from heaven if he should teach any thing evidently contrary to the plain Doctrine of the Gospel If he should determine Vertue to be Vice and Vice to be Vertue No not an Apostle nor an Angel because such a Doctrine as this would confound and overturn all things in Religion And yet Bellarmin puts this very Case and says If the Pope should so determine we were bound to believe him unless we would sin against Conscience I will conclude this Discourse by putting a very plain and familiar Case by which it will appear what credit and authority is fit to be given to a Guide and what not Suppose I came a Stranger into England and landing at Dover took a Guide there to conduct me in my way to York which I knew before by the Mapp to lie North of Dover having committed my self to him if he lead me for two or three days together out of any plain Road and many times over hedge and ditch I cannot but think it strange that in a civil and well inhabited Country there should be no High-ways from one part of it to another Yet thus far I submit to him though not without some regret and impatience But then if after this for two or three days more he lead me directly South and with my face full upon the Sun at noon day and at last bring me back again to Dover Pere and still bids me follow him Then certainly no modesty do's oblige a man not to dispute with his Guide and to tell him surely that can be no way because it is Sea Now though he set never so bold a face upon the matter and tell me with all the gravity and authority in the world That it is not the Sea but dry Land under the species and appearance of Water and that whatever my eyes tell me having once committed my self to his guidance I must not trust my own senses in the case it being one of the most dangerous sorts of Infidelity for a man to believe his own eyes rather than his faithful and infallible Guide All this moves me not but I begin to expostulate roundly with him and to let him understand that if I must not believe what I see he is like to be of no farther use to me because I shall not be able at this rate to know whether I have a Guide and whether I follow him or not In short I tell him plainly that when I took him for my Guide I did not take him to tell me the difference between North and South between a Hedge and a High-way between Sea and dry Land all this I knew before as well as he
end of an oath is hereby likewise defeated which is to ascertain the truth of what we say But if a man reserve something in his mind which alters the truth of what he says the thing is still as doubtfull and uncertain as it was before Besides if this be a good reason a man may swear with reservation in all cases because the reason equally extends to all cases for if the truth of the proposition as made up of what is express'd in words and reserv'd in the mind will excuse a man from Perjury then no man can be perjur'd that swears with reservation But this the Casuists of the Roman Church do not allow but only in some particular cases as before an incompetent Judge or the like for they see well enough that if this were allow'd in all cases it would destroy all Faith among men And therefore since the reason extends alike to all cases it is plain that it is to be allow'd in none 4thly He is guilty of Perjury after the act who having a real intention when he swears to perform what he promiseth yet afterwards neglects to do it Not for want of Power for so long as that continues the obligation ceaseth but for want of Will and due regard to his oath Now that Perjury is a most heinous Sin is evident because it is contrary to so plain and great a Law of God one of the ten Words or Precepts of the Moral Law thou shalt not take the Name of the Lord thy God in vain thou shalt not bring or apply the name of God to a falshood Or as Josephus renders it Thou shalt not adjure God to a false thing Which our Saviour renders yet more plainly Matth. 5.33 Thou shalt not forswear thy self For he seems to refer to the third Commandment when he says Ye have heard that it was said to them of old time thou shalt not forswear thy self as he had done before to the 6th and 7th when he says It was said to them of old time thou shalt not kill thou shalt not commit adultery So that the primary if not the sole intention of this Law Thou shalt not take the Name of the Lord thy God in vain is to forbid the great sin of Perjury And I do not remember that in Scripture the phrase of taking God's name in vain is used in any other sense And thus it is certainly used Prov. 30.9 Lest I be poor and steal and take the name of the Lord my God in vain i. e. lest Poverty should tempt me to steal and stealth should engage me in Perjury For among the Jews an oath was tendered to him that was suspected of theft as appears from Levit. 6.2 where it is said If any one be guilty of theft and lyeth concerning it or sweareth falsly he shall restore all that about which he hath sworn falsly Lest I steal and take the name of the Lord my God in vain that is be perjured being examined upon oath concerning a thing stoln And for this reason the thief and the perjured person are put together Zech. 5.4 where it is said that a curse shall enter into the house of the thief and of him that sweareth falsly by the name of God From all which it is very probable that the whole intention of the 3d. Commandment is to forbid this great sin of Perjury To deter men from which a severe threatning is there added for the Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain that is he will most severely punish such a one And 't is very observable that there is no threatning added to any other Commandment but to this and the second Intimating to us that next to Idolatry and the worship of a false God Perjury is one of the greatest affronts that can be offered to the divine Majesty This is one of those sins that cries so loud to Heaven and quickens the pace of God's judgments Mal. 3.9 I will come near to you in judgement and be a swift witness against the swearer For this God threatens utter destruction to the man and his house Zech. 5.4 speaking of the curse that goeth over the face of the whole earth God says he will bring it forth and it shall enter into the house of him that sweareth falsly by the name of God and shall remain in the midst of his house and shall consume it with the timber thereof and the stones thereof It shall remain in the midst of his house and shall consume it This sin by the secret judgment of God undermines Estates and Families to the utter mine of them And among the Heathen it was always reckoned one of the greatest of Crimes and which they did believe God did not only punish upon the guilty person himself but upon his family and posterity and many times upon whole Nations as the Prophet also tells us that because of Oaths the Land mourns I need not use many words to aggravate this sin it is certainly a Crime of the highest nature Deliberate Perjury being directly against a man's knowledge so that no man can commit it without staring his Conscience in the face which is one of the greatest aggravations of any Crime And it is equally a sin against both Tables being the highest affront to God and of most injurious consequence to men It is an horrible abuse of the name of God an open contempt of his Judgment and an insolent defiance of his Vengeance And in respect of men it is not only a wrong to this or that particular person who suffers by it but Treason against humane Society subverting at once the foundations of publick Peace and Justice and the private security of every man's life and fortune It is a defeating of the best and last way that the wisdom of men could devise for the decision of doubtfull matters Solomon very fully and elegantly expresseth the destructive nature of this sin Prov. 25.18 A false witness against his neighbour is a maul and a sword and a sharp arrow Intimating that amongst all the instruments of ruine and mischief that have been devised by mankind none is of more pernicious consequence to humane Society than Perjury and breach of Faith It is a pestilence that usually walketh in darkness and a secret stab and blow against which many times there is no possibility of defence And therefore it highly concerns those who upon these and the like occasions are called upon their Oath whether as Jurors or Witnesses to set God before their eyes and to have his fear in their hearts whenever they come to take an oath And to govern and discharge their consciences in this matter by known and approved Rules and by the Resolutions of pious and wise men and not by tht loose Reasonings and Resolutions of Pamphlets sent abroad to serve the turns of unpeaceable and ill-minded men whether Atheists or Papists or others on purpose to debauch the Consciences of men by teaching them to
themselves could not deny might be very proper and effectual But although it be not necessary to believe that this was more than an Argument ad hominem yet it is the better to us if it be absolutely and in it self conclusive of the thing in Question And this I hope will sufficiently appear if we consider these four things 1. That for God to be any ones God doth signifie some very extraordinary blessing and happiness to those persons of whom this is said 2. If we consider the eminent faith and obedience of the persons to whom this promise is made 3. Their condition in this world 4. The general importance of this promise abstracting from the persons particularly specified and named in it Abraham Isaac and Jacob. First If we consider that for God to be any ones God doth signifie some very extraordinary blessing and happiness to those persons of whom this is said It is a big word for God to declare himself to be any ones God and the least we can imagine to be meant by it is that God will in an extraordinary manner employ his power and wisdom to do him good that he will concern himself more for the happiness of those whose God he declares himself to be than for others Secondly If we consider the eminent faith and obedience of Abraham Isaac and Jacob. Abraham left his Country in obedience to God not knowing whither he was to go And which was one of the most unparallel'd and strange instances of faith and obedience that can almost be imagined he was willing to have sacrificed his only Son at the command of God Isaac and Jacob were also very good men and devout worshippers of the true God when almost the whole world was sunk into Idolatry and all manner of impiety Now what can we imagin but that the good God did design some extraordinary reward to such faithful servants of his especially if we consider that he intended this gracious declaration of his concerning them for a standing encouragement to all those who in after Ages should follow the faith and tread in the steps of Abraham Isaac and Jacob. Thirdly If we consider the condition of Abraham Isaac and Jacob in this world The Scripture tells us that they were pilgrims and strangers upon the earth had no fixed and settled habitation but were forced to wander from one Kingdom and Countrey to another that they were exposed to many hazards and difficulties to great troubles and afflictions in this world so that there was no such peculiar happiness befell them in this life above the common rate of men as may seem to fill up the big words of this promise that God would be their God For so far as the Scripture History informs us and further we cannot know of this matter Esau was as prosperous as Jacob and Jacob had a great many more troubles and afflictions in this life than Esau had But suerly when God calls himself the God of Abraham Isaac and Jacob this signifies that God intended some very peculiar blessing and advantage to them above others which seeing they did not enjoy in this world it is very reasonable to believe that one time or other this gracious declaration and promise or God was made good to them And therefore the Apostle to the Hebrews chap. 11. from this very expression of God's being said to be the God of Abraham and others argues that some extraordinary happiness was reserved for them in another world and that upon this very ground I am now speaking of namely because the condition of Abraham and some others was not such in this world as might seem to answer the fulness of this promise All these says he died in the faith not having received the promises but having seen them aâ—ar off and were perswaded of them and embraced them and confessed that they were strangers and pilgrims upon the earth From whence he reasons very strongly that these good men might reasonably expect something better than any thing that had befallen them in this World For they says he that say such things declare plainly that they seek a Country which at the 16. verse he calls a better Country that is a heavenly They that say such things that is they who acknowledge themselves to be strangers and pilgrims in the earth and yet pretend that God hath promised to be their God declare plainly that they expect some reward beyond this life From all which he concludes Wherefore God is not ashamed to be called their God because he hath prepared for them a City Intimating that if no happiness had remained for these good men in another world this promise of God's being their God would shamefully have fallen short of what it seemed to import viz. some extraordinary reward and blessing worthy of God to bestow something more certain and lasting than any of the enjoyments of this world which since God hath abundantly performed to them in the happiness of another life his promise to them was made good to the full and he needed not be ashamed to be called their God But if nothing beyond this life had been reserved for them that Saying of old Jacob towards the conclusion of his life few and evil have the days of the years of my life been would have been an eternal reflection upon the truth and faithfulness of him who had so often called himself the God of Jacob. But now because to all this it may be said that this Promise seems to have been made good to Abraham Isaac and Jacob in this world For was not God the God of Abraham Isaac and Jacob when he took such a particular and extraoadinary care of them and protected them from the manifold dangers they were exposed to by such a special and immediate providence suffering no one to do them harm but rebuking even Kings for their sakes Was not he Abraham's God when he blest him so miraculously with a Son in his old age and with so considerable an estate to leave to him Was not that Saying of Jacob a great acknowledgement of the gracious providence of God towards him with my staff passed I over this Jordan and now I am become two bands And though it must needs be a very cutting affliction to him to lose his Son Joseph as he thought he had done yet that was more than recompensed to him in Joseph's strange advancement in Egypt whereby God put into his hands the opportunity of saving his Father and his whole Family alive And was not God the God of Abraham Isaac and Jacob in making them Fathers of so numerons an off-spring as afterwards became came a great nation and in giving them a fruitful Land and bringing them to the quiet possession of it by such a series of wonderful Miracles what need then is there of extending this promise to another world doth it not seem abundantly made good in those great blessings which God bestowed upon them whilst they liv'd and
grace or vertue whasoever which hath so many and so great promises of temporal blessings made to it in Scripture as this grace of charity I say besides the promises of this Life the great promise of eternal Life is in Scripture in a more especial manner entail'd upon it Luke 12.33 Give alms saith our Saviour provide your selves baggs which wax not old a treasure in the heavens that faileth not and c. 9. v. 19. make to your selves friends of the mammon of unrighteousness that when ye shall fail they may receive you into everlasting habitations And 1 Tim. 6.17 18 19. Charge them that are rich in this world that they be not high minded c. that they do good that they be rich in good works ready to distribute willing to communicate laying up in store for themselves a good foundation against the time to come that they may lay hold on eternal life the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which our Translation renders foundation according to the common use of it seems in this place to have a more peculiar notion and to signifie the security that is given by a pledge or by an instrument or obligation of contract for the performance of Covenants For besides that the phrase of laying up in store or treasurng up a foundation seems to be a very odd jumbling of metaphors this very word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 almost necessarily requires this notion as it is used by the same Apostle in his second Epistle to Timothy chap. 2. ver 19. where it is said the foundation of God stands sure having this seal c. a seal being very improper to strengthen a foundation but very fit to confirm a Covenant And then surely it ought to be render'd the Covenant of God remains firm having this seal And so likewise in the foremention'd Text the sense will be much more easie and current if we render it thus treasuring up or providing for themselves a good security or pledge against the time to come I add pledge because that anciently was the common way of security for things lent besides that the Apostle seems plainly to allude to that passage Tobit 4 8 9. If thou hast abundance give alms accordingly c. for thou layest up a good treasure for thy self against the day of necessity 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for thou treasurest up for thy self a good pledge to which this of the Apostle exactly answers 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 treasuring up or providing for themselves a good pledge or security c. the sense however is plain that the charity of Alms is one of the best ways of securing our future happiness And yet further to encourage us to abound in works of charity the Scripture tells us that proportionably to the degrees of our charity shall be the degrees of our reward upon this consideration the Apostle exhorts the Corinthians to be liberal in their charity 2 Cor. 9 6. he that soweth sparingly shall reap sparingly but he that soweth bountifully shall reap bountifully So that whatever we lay out in this kind is to the greatest advantage and upon the best security two considerations which use to be very prevalent with rich men to lay out their money We certainiy do it to the greatest advantage because God will consider the very smallest thing that any of us do in this kind He that shall give so much as a cup of cold water to a disciple in the name of a disciple shall not lose his reward these last words shall not lose his reward are a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and signifie much more than they seem to speak viz. that he shall have a very great reward infinitely beyond the value of what he hath done And we do it likewise upon the best security so Solomon assures us Prov. 19.17 He that hath pity upon the poor lendeth to the Lord and that which he hath given will he pay him again and we may be confident of our security where God is surety nay he tells us that in this case he looks upon himself as principal and that whatever we do in ways of mercy and charity to the poor he takes as done to himself So our Lord hath told us Matt. 25.40 and we shall hear the same from him again out of his own mouth when he shall appear in his Majesty to judge the World Then the King shall answer and say unto them Verily I say unto you inasmuch as ye havn done it unto one of the least of these my brethren ye have done it unto me And on the other side the Scripture no where passeth a more severe doom upon any sort of persons than upon those who have no bowels of compassion towards their brethren in distress That is a fearful sentence indeed which the Apostle pronounceth upon such persons Jam. 2.13 He shall have judgment without mercy that hath shewed no mercy And this our Saviour represents to us in a most solemn manner in that lively description which he makes of the Judgment of the great day Matt. 25.31 c. When the Son of man shall come in his glory and all the holy Angels with him then shall he sit upon the throne of his glory and before him shall be gathered all nations and he shall separate them one from another as a shepherd divideth the sheep from the goats And he shall set the sheep on his right hand but the goats on the left Then shall the King say unto them on the right hand Come ye blessed of my Father inherit the Kingdom prepared for you before the foundation of the world For I was an hungred and ye gave me meat I was thirsty and ye gave me drink I was a stranger and ye took me in naked and ye clothed me I was sick and ye visited me I was in prison and ye came unto me Then shall He say also unto them on the left hand Depart from me ye cursed into everlasting fire prepared for the Devil and his Angels For I was an hungred and ye gave me no meat c. And these shall go away into everlasting punishment but the righteous into life eternal And if this be as most certainly it is a true and proper representation of the process of that Day then the great matter of enquiry will be What works of charity and mercy have been done or neglected by us and accordingly a Sentence of eternal happiness or misery will be pass'd upon us I was hungry did ye feed me or did ye not I was naked did ye clothe me or did ye not I was sick and in prison did ye visit me or did ye not Not but that all the good or evil of our lives in what kind soever shall then be brought to account But that our Saviour did chuse to instance particularly and only in things of this nature should methinks make a mighty impression upon us and be a powerful consideration to oblige us to have a very peculiar regard to
long before his death Greater love than this hath no man that a man lay down his life for his friend ye are my friends if ye do whatsoever I command you It is a wonderfull love which he hath expressed to us and worthy to be had in perpetual remembrance And all that he expects from us by way of thankfull acknowledgment is to celebrate the remembrance of it by the frequent participation of this blessed Sacrament And shall this charge laid upon us by him who laid down his life for us lay no obligation upon us to the solemn remembrance of that unparallel'd kindness which is the fountain of so many blessings and benefits to us It is a sign we have no great sense of the benefit when we are so unmindfull of our benefactour as to forget him days without number The Obligation he hath laid upon us is so vastly great not only beyond all requital but beyond all expression that if he had commanded us some very grievous thing we ought with all the readiness and chearfulness in the world to have done it how much more when he hath imposed upon us so easie a commandment a thing of no burthen but of immence benefit when he hath onely said to us Eat O friends and drink O beloved when he onely invites us to his table to the best and most delicious Feast that we can partake of on this side heaven If we seriously believe the great blessings which are there exhibited to us and ready to be conferred upon us we should be so far from neglecting them that we should heartily thank God for every opportunity he offers to us of being made partakers of such benefits When such a price is put into our hands shall we want hearts to make use of it Methinks we should long with David who saw but the shadow of these blessings to be satisfied with the good things of God's house and to draw near his altar and should cry out with him O when shall I come and appear before thee My soul longeth yea even fainteth for the courts of the Lord and my flesh cryeth out for the living God And if we had a just esteem of things we should account it the greatest infelicity and judgment in the world to be debarred of this privilege which yet we do deliberately and frequently deprive our selves of We exclaim against the Church of Rome with great impatience and with a very just indignation for robbing the People of half of this blessed Sacrament and taking from them the cup of blessing the cup of salvation and yet we can patiently endure for some months nay years to exclude our selves wholly from it If no such great benefits and blessings belong to it why do we complain of them for hindring us of any part of it But if there do why do we by our own neglect deprive our selves of the whole In vain do we bemoan the decay of our graces and our slow progress and improvement in Christianity whilst we wilfully despise the best means of our growth in goodness Well do we deserve that God should send leanness into our souls and make them to consume and pine away in perpetual doubting and trouble if when God himself doth spread so bountifull a Table for us and set before us the bread of life we will not come and feed upon it with joy and thankfulness A DISCOURSE AGAINST TRANSVBSTANTIATION Concerning the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper one of the two great positive Institutions of the Christian Religion there are two main Points of difference between Vs and the Church of Rome One about the Doctrine of Transubstantiation in which they think but are not certain that they have the Scripture and the words of our Saviour on their side The other about the administration of this Sacrament to the People in both kinds in which we are sure that we have the Scripture and our Saviour's Institution on our side and that so plainly that our Adversaries themselves do not deny it Of the first of these I shall now treat and endeavour to shew against the Church of Rome That in this Sacrament there is no substantial change made of the Elements of Bread and Wine into the natural Body and Bloud of Christ that Body which was born of the Virgin Mary and suffered upon the Cross for so they explain that hard word Transubstantiation Before I engage in this Argument I cannot but observe what an unreasonable task we are put upon by the bold confidence of our Adversaries to dispute a matter of Sense which is one of those things about which Aristotle hath long since pronounc'd there ought to be no dispute It might well seem strange if any man should write a Book to prove that an Egg is not an Elephant and that a Musket-bullet is not a Pike It is every whit as hard a case to put to maintain by a long Discourse that what we see and handle and taste to be Bread is Bread and not the Body of a man and what we see and taste to be Wine is Wine and not Bloud And if this evidence may not pass for sufficient without any farther proof I do not see why any man that hath confidence enough to do so may not deny any thing to be what all the World sees it is or affirm any thing to be what all the World sees it is not and this without all possibility of being farther confuted So that the business of Transubstantiation is not a controversie of Scripture against Scripture or of Reason against Reason but of downright Impudence against the plain meaning of Scripture and all the Sense and Reason of Mankind It is a most Self-evident Falshood and there is no Doctrine or Proposition in the World that is of it self more evidently true than Transubstantiation is evidently false And yet if it were possible to be true it would be the most ill-natur'd and pernicious truth in the World because it would suffer nothing else to be true it is like the Roman-Catholick Church which will needs be the whole Christian Church and will allow no other Society of Christians to be any part of it So Transubstantiation if it be true at all it is all truth and nothing else is true for it cannot be true unless our Senses and the Senses of all mankind be deceived about their proper objects and if this he true and certain then nothing else can be so for if we be not certain of what we see we can be certain of nothing And yet notwithstanding all this there are a Company of men in the World so abandon'd and given up by God to the efficacy of delusion as in good earnest to believe this gross and palpable Errour and to impose the belief of it upon the Christian World under no less penalties than of temporal death and eternal damnation And therefore to undeceive if possible these deluded Souls it will be necessary to examine the pretended grounds of
so false a Doctrine and to lay open the monstrous absurdity of it And in the handling of this Argument I shall proceed in this plain method I. I shall consider the pretended grounds and reasons of the Church of Rome for this Doctrine II. I shall produce our Objections against it And if I can shew that there is no tolerable ground for it and that there are invincible Objections against it then every man is not onely in reason excused from believing this Doctrine but hath great cause to believe the contrary FIRST I will consider the pretended grounds and reasons of the Church of Rome for this Doctrine Which must be one or more of these five Either 1 st The Authority of Scripture Or 2 ly The perpetual belief of this Doctrine in the Christian Church as an evidence that they always understood and interpreted our Saviour's words This is my body in this sense Or 3 ly The Authority of the present Church to make and declare new Articles of Faith Or 4 ly The absolute necessity of such a change as this in the Sacrament to the comfort and benefit of those who receive this Sacrament Or 5 ly To magnifie the power of the Priest in being able to work so great a Miracle 1st They pretend for this Doctrine the Authority of Scripture in those words of our Saviour This is my body Now to shew the insufficiency of this pretence I shall endeavour to make good these two things 1. That there is no necessity of understanding those words of our Saviour in the sense of Transubstantiation 2. That there is a great deal of reason nay that it is very absurd and unreasonable to understand them otherwise First That there is no necessity to understand those words of our Saviour in the sense of Transubstantiation If there be any it must be from one of these two reasons Either because there are no figurative expressions in Scripture which I think no man ever yet said or else because a Sacrament admits of no figures which would be very absurd for any man to say since it is of the very nature of a Sacrament to represent and exhibit some invisible grace and benefit by an outward sign and figure And especially since it cannot be denied but that in the institution of this very Sacrament our Saviour useth figurative expressions and several words which cannot be taken strictly and literally When he gave the Cup he said This Cup is the new Testament in my bloud which is shed for you and for many for the remission of Sins Where first the Cup is put for the Wine contained in the Cup or else if the words be literally taken so as to signifie a substantial change it is not of the Wine but of the Cup and that not into the bloud of Christ but into the new Testament or new Covenant in his bloud Besides that his bloud is said then to be shied and his body to be broken which was not till his Passion which followed the institution and first celebration of this Sacrament But that there is no necessity to understand our Saviour's words in the sense of Transubstantiation I will take the plain concession of a great number of the most learned Writers of the Church of Rome in this Controversie (a) de Euch. l. 3. c. 23. Bellarmine (b) in 3. dis 49. Qu. 75. Sect. 2. Suarez and (c) in 3. part disp 180. Qu. 75. art 2. c. 15. Vasquez do acknowledge Scotus the great Schoolman to have said that this Doctrine cannot be evidently proved from Scripture And Bellarmine grants this not to be improbable and Suarez and Vasquez acknowledge (d) in Sent. l. 4. dist 11. Qu. 1. n. 15. Durandus to have said as much (e) in 4. Sent. Q 5. Quodl 4. Q. 3. Ocham another famous Schoolman says expresly that the Doctrine which holds the substance of the Bread and Wine to remain after consecration is neither repugnant to Reason nor to Scripture (f) in 4. Sent. Q. 6. art 2. Petrus ab Alliaco Cardinal of Cambray says plainly that the Doctrine of the Substance of Bread and Wine remaining after Consecration is more easie and free from absurdity more rational and no ways repugnant to the authority of Scripture nay more that for the other Doctrine viz. of Transubstantiation there is no evidence in Scripture (g) in canon Miss Lect. 40. Gabriel Biel another great Schoolman and Divine of their Church freely declares that as to any thing express'd in the Canon of the Scriptures a wan may believe that the substance of Bread and Wine doth remain after Consecration and therefore he resolves the belief of Transubstantiation into some other Revelation besides Scripture which he supposeth the Church had about it Cardinal (h) in Aquin 3. part Qu. 75. art 1. Cajetan confesseth that the Gospel doth no where express that the Bread is changed into the Body of Christ that we have this from the authority of the Church nay he goes farther that there is nothing in the Gospel which enforceth any man to understand these words of Christ this is my body in a proper and not in a metaphorical sense but the Church having understood them in a proper sense they are to be so explained Which words in the Roman Edition of Cajetan are expunged by order of Pope (i) Aegid Conink de Sacram Q. 75. art 1. n. 13. Pius V. Cardinal (k) de Sacram l. 2. c. 3. Contarenus and (l) Loc. Theolog. l. 3. c. 3. Melchior Canus one of the best and most judicious Writers that Church ever had reckon this Doctrine among those which are not so expresly found in Scripture I will add but one more of great authority in the Church and a reputed Martyr (m) contra captiv Babylon c. 10. n. 2. Fisher Bishop of Rochester who ingenuously confesseth that in the words of the Institution there is not one word from whence the true presence of the flesh and bloud of Christ in our Mass can be proved So that we need not much contend that this Doctrine hath no certain foundation in Scripture when this is so fully and frankly acknowledged by our Adversaries themselves Secondly If there be no necessity of understanding our Saviour's words in the sense of Transubstantiation I am sure there is a great deal of reason to understand them otherwise Whether we consider the like expressions in Scripture as where our Saviour says he is the door and the true Vine which the Church of Rome would mightily have triumph'd in had it been said this is my true body And so likewise where the Church is said to be Christ's body and the Rock which followed the Israelites to be Christ 1 Cor. 10.4 They drank of that Rock which followed them and that rock was Christ All which and innumerable more like expressions in Scripture every man understands in a figurative and not in a strictly literal
That a great part of the Laws of Religion do thwart the natural inclinations of men which may reasonably be supposed to be from God So that God seems to have set our nature and our duty at variance to have given us appetites and inclinations one way and Laws another which if it were true must needs render the practice of Religion very grievous and uneasie The force of this Objection is very smartly expressed in those celebrated Verses of a Noble Poet of our own which are so frequently in the mouths of many who are thought to bear no good will to Religion O wearisome condition of Humanity Born under one Law to another bound Vainly begot and yet forbidden Vanity Created sick commanded to be sound If Nature did not take delight in blood She would have made more easie ways to good So that this Objection would sain charge the sins of men upon God first upon account of the evil inclinations of our Nature and then of the contrariety of our duty to those inclinations And from the beginning man hath always been apt to lay the blame of his faults where it can least lye upon goodness and perfection it self The very first sin that ever man was guilty of he endeavoured to throw upon God The woman whom thou gavest me saith Adam she gave me of the tree and I did eat And his posterity are still apt to excuse themselves the same way But to return a particular answer to this Objection 1. We will acknowledge so much of it as is true That there is a great degeneracy and corruption of humane Nature from what it was originally framed when it came out of God's hands of which the Scripture gives us this account that it was occasioned by the voluntary transgression of a plain and easy Command given by God to our first Parents And this weakness contracted by the fall of our first Parents naturally descends upon us their Posterity and visibly discovers it self in our inclinations to evil and impotence to that which is good And of this the heathen Philosophers from the light of nature and their own experience and observation of themselves and others were very sensible that humane Nature was very much declined from its primitive rectitude and sunk into a weak and drooping and sickly State which they called a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the moulting of the wings of the soul But yet they were so just and reasonable as not to charge this upon God but upon some corruption and impurity contracted by the Soul in a former State before its union with the Body For the descent of the Soul into these gross earthly Bodies they looked upon as partly the punishment of faults committed in a former State and partly as the opportunity of a new tryal in order to its purgation and recovery And this was the best account they were able to give of this matter without the Light of Divine Revelation So that the degeneracy of humane Nature is universally acknowledged and God acquitted from being the cause of it But however the posterity of Adam do all partake of the weakness contracted by his fall and do still labour under the miseries and inconveniences of it But then this degeneracy is not total For though our faculties be much weakned and disordered yet they are not destroyed nor wholly perverted Our natural Judgment and Conscience doth still direct to us what is good and what we ought to do and the impressions of the natural Law as to the great lines of our duty are still legible upon our hearts So that the Law written in God's Word is not contrary to the Law written upon our hearts And therefore it is not truly said that we are born under one Law and bound to another But the great disorder is that our infeririour faculties our sensitive appetite and passions are broke loose and have got head of our Reason and are upon all occasions apt to rebel I against it but our Judgment still dictates the very same things which the Law of God doth enjoyn It is likewise very visible that the sad effects of this degeneracy do not appear equally and alike in all whether from the better or worse temper of our Bodies or from some other more secret cause I shall not determine because I know not But that there is a difference is evident for though a proneness to evil and some seeds of it be in all yet we may plainly discover in many very early and forward inclinations to some kinds of vertue and goodness which being cultivated by Education may under the ordinary influence of God's grace be carried on with great case to great perfection And there are others who are not so strongly bent to that which is evil but that by good instruction and example in their tender years they may be swayed the other way and without great difficulty formed to goodness There are some indeed which is the hardest case in whom there do very early appear strong propensions and inclinations to evil especially to some particular kinds of vice But the case of these is not desperate though greater attention and care and a much more prudent management is required in the education of such persons to correct their evil tempers and by degrees to bend their inclinations the right way and if the seeds of piety and vertue be but carefully sown at first very much may be done by this means even in the most depraved Natures towards the altering and changing of them however to the checking and controuling of their vicious inclinations And if these persons when they come to riper years would pursue these advantages of education and take some pains with themselves and earnestly seek the assistance of God's grace I doubt not but even these persons by degrees might at last get the mastery of their unhappy tempers For next to the Being and perfections of God and the immortality of our own Souls there is no Principle of Religion that I do more firmly believe than this that God hath that love for men that if we do heartily beg his assistance and be not wanting to our selves he will afford it to every one of us in proportion to our need of it that he is always before hand with us and prevents every man with the gracious offers of his help And I doubt not but many very perverse Natures have thus been reclaimed For God who is the Lover of Souls as the Son of Sirach calls him though he may put some men under more difficult circumstances of becoming good than others yet he leaves no man under a fatal necessity of being wicked and perishing everlastingly He tenderly considers every man's case and circumstances and it is we that pull destruction upon our selves with the works of our own hands But as sure as God is good and just no man in the world is ruined for want of having sufficient help and aid afforded to him by God for his recovery
key of knowledge and shutting the Kingdom of Heaven against Men That is doing what in them lies to render it impossible for men to be saved For this he denounceth a terrible Woe against the Teachers of the Jewish Church Though they did not proceed so far as to deprive men of the use of the H. Scriptures but only of the right knowledge and understanding of them This alone is a horrible impiety to lead men into a false sense and interpretation of Scripture but much greater to forbid them the reading of it This is to stop knowledge at the very Fountain-head and not only to lead men into Errour but to take away from them all possibility of rectifying their mistakes And can there be a greater sacrilege than to rob men of the word of God the best means in the world of acquainting them with the will of God and their duty and the way to eternal happiness To keep the people in Ignorance of that which is necessary to save them is to judge them unworthy of eternal life and to declare it do's not belong to them and maliciously to contrive the eternal ruine and destruction of their Souls To lock up the Scriptures and the service of God from the people in an unknown tongue what is this but in effect to forbid men to know God and to serve him to render them incapable of knowing what is the good and acceptable will of God of joyning in his worship or performing any part of it or receiving any benefit or edification from it And what is if this be not to shut the Kingdom of Heaven against men This is so outragious a cruelty to the souls of men that it is not to be excused upon any pretence whatsoever This is to take the surest and most effectual way in the world to destroy those for whom Christ dyed and directly to thwart the great design of God our Saviour who would have all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth Men may misâ—â—â—ry with their knowledge but they are sure to perish for want of it The best things in the world have their inconveniences aâ—â—â—ding them and are liable to be aâ—used but surely men are not to be ruâ—â—â—d and damned for fear of abusing their knowledge or for the prevention of any other inconvenience whatsoever Besides this is to cross the very end of the Scriptures and the design of God in inspiring men to write them Can any man think that God should send this great light of his Word into the world for the Priests to hide it under a bushel and not rather that it should be set up to the greatest advantage for the enlightening of the world St. Paul tells us Rom. 15. 4. That whatsoever things were written were written for our learning that we through patience and comfort of the Scriptures might have hope And 2 Tim. 3.16 That all Scripture is given by inspiration of God and is prositable for doctrine for reproof for correction for instruction in righteousness And if the Scriptures were written for these ends can any man have the face to pretend that they do not concern the people as well as their teachers Nay St. Paul expresly tells the Churâ—â— of Rome that they were written for their learning however it happens that they are not now permitted to make use of them Are the Scriptures so usefull and profitable for doctrine for reproof for instruction in righteousness and why may they not be used by the people for those ends for which they were given 'T is true indeed they are fit for the most knowing and learned and sufficient to make the man of God perfect and throughly furnished to every good work as the Apostle there tells us But do's this exclude their being profitable also to the people who may reasonably be presumed to stand much more in need of all means and helps of instruction than their Teachers And though there be many difficulties and obscurities in the Scriptures enough to exercise the skill and wit of the learned yet are they not therefore either useless or dangerous to the People The ancient Fathers of the Church were of another mind St. Chrysostome tells us that Whatever things are necessary are manifest in the Scriptures And St. Austin that all things are plain in the Scripture which concern faith and a good life and that those things which are necessary to the Salvation of men are not so hard to be come at but that as to those things which the Scripture plainly contains it speaks without disguise like a familiar friend to the heart of the learned and unlearned And upon these and such like considerations the Fathers did every where in their Orations Homilies charge and exhort the people to be conversant in the holy Scriptures to reade them daily and diligently and attentively And I challenge our Adversaries to shew me where any of the ancient Fathers do discourage the people from reading the Scriptures much less forbid them so to do So that they who do it now have no Cloak for their sin And they who pretend so confidently to Antiquity in other cases are by the evidence of truth forced to acknowledge that it is against them in this Though they have ten thousand Schoolmen on their side yet have they not one Father not the least pretence of Scripture or rag of antiquity to cover their nakedness in this point With great reason then does our Saviour denounce so heavy a Woe againd such teachers Of old in the like case God by his Prophet severely threatens the Priests of the Jewish Church for not instructing the people in the knowledge of God Hosea 4.6 My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge because thou hast rejected knowledge I will also reject thee thou shalt be no more a Priest to me seeing thou hast forgotten the Law of thy God I will also forget thy Children God you see lays the ruine of so many Souls at their doors and will require their blood at their hands So many as perish for want of knowledge and eternally miscarry by being deprived of the necessary means of Salvation their destruction shall be charged upon those who have taken away the key of knowledge and shut the kingdom of heaven against men And it is just with God to punish such persons not only as the occasion but as the Authours of their ruine For who can judge otherwise but that they who deprive men of the necessary means to any end do purposely design to hinder them of attaining that end And whatever may be pretended in this case to deprive men of the holy Scriptures and to keep them ignorant of the service of God and yet while they do so to make a shew of an earnest desire of their Salvation is just such a mockery as if one of you that is a master should tell his prentice how much you desire he should thrive in the world and be a rich
Exhortations of Scripture which are likewise read to the people in an unknown tongue Are these directed to God or to the people only And are they not designed by God for their instruction and read either to that purpose or to none And is it possible to instruct men by what they do not understand This is a new and wonderfull way of teaching by concealing from the people the things which they should learn Is it not all one as to all purposes of edification as if the Scriptures were not read or any thing else in the place of them as they many times do their Legends which the wiser sort among them do not believe when they read them For all things are alike to them that understand none as all things are of a colour in the dark Ignorance knows no difference of things it is only knowledge that can distinguish 3. They say that some do at least in some measure understand the particular prayers If they do that is no thanks to them It is by accident if they are more knowing than the rest and more than the Church either desires or intends For if they desired it they might order their service so as every man might understand it 4. They say that it is convenient that God should be served and worshipped in the same Language all the world over Convenient for whom For God or for the People Not for God surely For he understands all other Languages as well as Latin and for any thing we know to the contrary likes them as well And certainly it cannot be so convenient for the People because they generally understand no Language but their own and it is very inconvenient they should not understand what they do in the service of God But perhaps they mean that it is convenient for the Roman Church to have it so because this will look like an argument that they are the Catholick or universal Church when the Language which was originally theirs shall be the universal Language in which all Nations shall serve God and by this means also they may bring all Nations to be of their Religion and yet make them never the wiser and this is a very great convenience because knowledge is a troublesome thing and ignorance very quiet and peaceable rendring men fit to be governed and unfit to dispute II. As to their depriving the people of the Scriptures the summ of what they say may be reduced to these three Heads 1. That the Church can give leave to men to read the Scriptures But this not without great trouble and difficulty there must be a Licence for it under the hand of the Bishop or Inquisitor by the advice of the Priest or Confessor concerning the fitness of the Person that desires this privilege And we may be sure they will think none fit but those of whom they have the greatest confidence and security And whoever presumes to do it otherwise is to be denied absolution which is as much as in them lies to damn men for presuming to read the Word of God without their leave And whatever they may allow here in England where they hold their people upon more slippery terms yet this privilege is very rarely granted where they are in full possession of their power and have the people perfectly under their Yoke 2. They tell us they instruct the people otherwise This indeed were something if they did it to purpose but generally they do it very sparingly and slightly Their Sermons are commonly made up of feigned stories and miracles of Saints and exhortations to the worship of them and especially of the blessed Virgin and of their Images and Relicks And for the truth of this I appeal to the innumerable Volumes of their Sermons and Postils in print which I suppose are none of their worst I am sure Erasmus says that in his time in several Countries the people did scarce once in half a year hear a profitable Sermon to exhort them to true piety Indeed they allow the people some Catechisms and Manuals of devotion and yet in many of them they have the conscience and the confidence to steal away the second Commandment in the face of the eighth But to bring the matter to a point if those helps of instruction are agreeable to the Scriptures why are they so afraid the people should read the Scriptures if they are not why do they deceive and delude them 3. They say that people are apt to wrest the Scriptures to their own destruction and that the promiscuous use of them hath been the great occasion of Heresies It cannot be denyed to be the condition of the very best things in the world that they are liable to be abused health and light and liberty as well as knowledge But must all these be therefore taken away This very inconvenience of peoples wresting the Scriptures to their own ruine St. Peter takes notice of in his days but he do's not therefore forbid men the reading of them as his more prudent Successours have done since Suppose the reading of the Scriptures hath been the occasion of Heresies were there ever more than in the first Ages of Christianity and yet neither the Apostles nor their Successours ever prescribed this remedy But are they in earnest must not men know the truth for sear of falling into Errour Because men may possibly miss their way at noon-day must they never travel but in the night when they are sure to lose it And when all is done this is not true that Heresies have sprung from this cause They have generally been broached by the learned from whom the Scriptures neither were nor could be concealed And for this I appeal to the History and Experience of all Ages I am well assured the ancient Fathers were of another mind St. Chrysostome says if men would be conversant in the Scriptures and attend to them they would not only not fall into errours themselves but rescue those that are deceived And that the Scriptures would instruct men both in right opinions and a good life And St. Hierome more expresly to our purpose That infinite evils arise from the Ignorance of the Scriptures and that from that cause the most part of Heresies have come But if what they say were true is not this to lay the blame of all the ancient Heresies upon the ill management of things by our Saviour and his Apostles and the holy Fathers of the Church for so many Ages and their imprudent dispensing of the Scriptures to the people This indeed is to charge the matter home and yet this consequence is unavoidable For the Church of Rome cannot justifie the piety and prudence of their present practices without accusing all these But the thing which they mainly rely upon as to both these practices is this That though these things were otherwise in the Apostles time and in the Antient Church yet the Church hath power to alter them according to the exigence and circumstances of