bathes enervate and enfeeble the body and minde He was both an enemie to his countrey and a betrayer of his trust and a contemner of the good laws and a subverter of the peoples liberties and immunities Scriptural Examples of Polysyndeton 1 Cor. 13.1 2 3. Though I speak with the tongues of men and Angels and have not charity I am become as sounding brass or a tinckling cymbal and though I have the gift of prophesie and understand all mysteries and all knowledge yea if I had all faith so that I could remove mountains and had not love I were nothing Act. 1.13 Where abode both Peter and James and John and Andrew c. Gâ—l 4.10 Ye observe dayes and months and times and years The like examples you have in Rom. 8.38 39. Pâ—al 18.2 c. PLEONASMVS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 redundantia superfluity derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pleonazo redundo to abound superfluously A figure whereby some superfluous word is added in a sentence to signifie emphatically the vehemency and earnestnesse of the speaker and the certainty of the matter spoken Vocibus exuperat Pleonasmus emphasin auget Auribus his audivi oculis vidi ore loquutus Cic. Accipies igitur hoc parvum opusculum Vbi gentium quo terrarum abiit Teâ— Te interea loci cognovi Nilo amnâ— vectus Teâ— Egâ— hominem callidiorem vidi nâ—minem quam Phormionem English Examples I heard it with these ears I saw it with these eyes I spake the words with my own mouth Scriptural Examples of Pleonasmus The God of all grace out of the fountain of his rich mercy oft uses this manner of speaking thereby to condescend to the weaknesse of our capacities clear up things to our understandings and beat them as it were into our dull apprehension as Deut. 13.4 Ye shall walk after the Lord and fear him and keep his commandments and obey his voyce and you shall serve him and cleave unto him Deut. 33.6 O foolish people and unwise c. Prov. 27.2 Let another man praise thee and not thine own mouth a stranger and not thine own lips 1 Joh. 1.1 We have seen with our eyes c. So Joh. 1.3.6.33 34 35. These Pleonastical inculcations are not vain but serve to work things the better upon our hard hearts The Scripture is often exegetical what it speaks darkly in one place it explains in another PARELCON 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 protractio protraction or prolonging derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 parelco potraho to protract or prolong A figure when a syllable or whole word is added to another in the end of it Syllabicum adjectum sit vocis fine Parelcon Quipote numnam etiamnum ehodum tu Sosia adesdum PARENTHESIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 interpositio interposition or an inserting between derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 parentithemi insero interjicio to interpose or cast between Parenthesis is a form of speech or a clause comprehended within another sentence which though it give some strength may very well be left out and yet the speech perfect or the sense sound Herein are two rules observable viz. 1. Let it neither be long nor frequent because then it will render the sentence obscure 2. Let it be very seldome that one Parenthesis be inserted within another Membrum interjecto sermone Parenthesis auget Credo equidem nec vana fides genus esse Deorum Horat. Caetera de genere hoc adeo sunt multa loquacem Delassare valent Fabium English Examples Sometimes a Parenthesis makes your discourse more graceful and intelligible as Tell me ingenuously if there be any ingenuity in you whether c. That what his wit could conceive and his wit can conceive as far as the limits of reason stretch was all directed to the setting forth of his friend c. And indeed all Parentheses are in extreams either graces or foyls to a speech If they be long they seem interruptions and therefore at the end of them must be a retreat to the matter called Antanaclasis in which figure you shall find examples of such Parentheses as require a retreat to the matter A Parenthesis is often put in when the speaker supposing that the hearer may demand a reason of or make an objection to what he saith pâ—evenâ—eth him by an interposition expressed before the sentence be all ended so that hereby it may appear that a Parenthesis serves to confirm the saying by the inteâ—position of a reason and to confute the objection by the timely prevention of an answer Also where the sentence may seem dark or doubtful it puts in a short annotation or exposition to give light and to resolve the doubt Scriptural Examples of Parenthesis 2 Cor. 11.23 Are they Ministers of Christ I speak as a fool I am more c. Isa. 7.23 At thâ—t time all vineyards though there were a thousand vines in one and sold for a thousand silverlings shall be turned into bryars and thorns EVOCATIO Evocation or calling forth Evocation is a figure of construction and is when the Nominative Case to a Verb of the third Person is set before a Verb of the first or second Person which draws and as it were calls it away to its own impropriety or When as the first or second Person doth immediately call unto it self the third they do both become the first or second Person Personam ad primam revocatur sive secundam Tertia Qui legis hac Populus superamur ab uno Ego pauper laboro tu dives ludis Where note that the Verb must agree with the Person calling as may yet further appear viz. Ego tuae deliciae istúc veniam Magna pars studiosorum amoenitates quaerimus A great part of us students doe seek pleasures PARATHESIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 appositio apposition or a putting of one thing to another derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 paratithemi appono to put or adde unto Apposition is a continued or immediate Conjunction of two Substantives of the same case by the one whereof the other is declared as Vrbs Roma the City Rome And it may be of many Substantives as Maâ—cus Tullius Cicero Apposition is a figure of Construction which the Ancients called Interpretation or Declaration whereby one Noune Substantive is for Declaration and distinction sake added unto another in the same case as Flumen Rhenus the flood Rhenus Et Casu Substantiva apponuntur eodem Turba molesta proci Mons Taurus Fons Aganippe This figure is made for a threefold consideration viz. 1. For the restraining of a generality as Animal equus a living creature an horse 2. For the removing of Equivocation as Taurus Mons Asiae Lupum piscem non vidit Italia 3. For the attribution of some property as Erasmus vir exactissimo judicio Erasmus a man of a most exact judgment Nierus â—dolescens insigni formâ Nireus a stripling of an excellent beauty A Scriptural Example of Parathesis John
or from the praeposition 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cata contra against and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 chresis usus use It is a form of speech whereby the speaker or writer wanting a pâ—oper word borroweth the next or the likest to the thing that he would signifie It is an improper kinde of speech somewhat more desperate than a Metaphor and is the expressing of one matter by the name of another which is incompatible with and sometimes clean contraâ—y to it and is when the change of speeâ—h is hard strange and unwonted or It is the abuse of a Trope when words are too faâ— wrested from their native signification or when one word is abusively put for another for lack of the proper word Duâ—ior impropâ—iae est Catachresis abusio vocis Vir gregis ultorem promisi pulchra minatus Vir gregis ipse caper deerravit i. e. Dux gregis Capitis nives i e. Cani capilli Speraâ—e doloâ—em i e. timeâ—e dolorem Facies simillima Lauro nam facies propriè hominis est English Examples of Catachresis A voice beautiful to his ears He threatens me a good turn I promised him an executioner I gave order to some servants of mine whom I thought as apt for such Charities as my self to lead him out into a forrest and kill him where Charity is used or rather abused for Cruelty They build a horse by Pallas are divine here the Poet traduceth that to a beast which is proper to the making of a house And as he said that mislik'd a picture with a crooked nose The elbow of his nose is disproportionable By the license of this figure we give names to many things which lack names as when we say The water runs which is improper for to run is proper to those creatures which have feet and not unto water By this form also we attribute hornes to a snail and feet to a stool and so likewise to many other things which lack their proper names Scriptural Examples of Catachresis A Caution Note that though this Trope be to be found in divers places of Scripture yet not as if the Scripture abused words but because those words which are Catachestical depart a little from the usual custome of figurative speaking and are spoken or hang together more roughly or hardly as Heb. 11.5 Enoch was translated that he should not see death Hos. 4.8 They eat up the sins of my people Deut. 32.14 The blood of the grape didst thou drink i. e. the juice of the grape Prov. 30.15 By this form of speech Solomon nameth the two daughters of the horseleech Psal. 137.5 Let my right hand forget her cunning here is forgetting applyed to the hand which is proper to the minde Jer. 46.10 The sword shall devour here to devour the property of a living creature with teeth is Catachrestically applied in the sword Lev. 26.30 And I will cutt down your Images and cast your carkasses upon the carkasses of your Idols c. here pieces of Images are called carkasses Exod. 23.19 Thou shalt not seeth a Kid in his Mothers milk Thus in Psal. 6.8 Prayers and tears are said to have a voice the like of tears in Psal. 39.12 The Lord hath heard the voice of my weeping Isa. 64.1 Oh that thou wouldst rent the heavens c. The Prophet here speaks of God after the manner of men if a man weâ—e in heaven and should descend he having a body of grosse substance must divide and rend the heavens but God being a most pure Spirit passeth through all things without any dividing or rending yet is there in these divine condescensions of speech a singular excellency Rev. 1.12 And I turned to see the voice c. So Exod. 20.22 Ye have seen that I have talked c. i. e. ye have heard the Lord speak See Exod. 5.21 c. MEtalepsis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Transumptio participatio Participation or a taking from one another derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 metalambano transumo aut particeps sum to take of or partake with another Metalepsis is a forme of speech whereby the Oratour or speaker in one word expressed signifieth another word or thing removed from it by certain degrees Or It is the cloathing of a Trope with excellency or the multiplying of a Trope in one word to wit first when by one improper word another is signified then by that improper word perhaps another and so one after another till it comes to the proper word a mean or middle degree which affords a passing over or change intervening It is the continuation of a Trope in one word through the succession of significations This Trope is a kinde of Metonymie signifying by the Effect a Cause far off by an effect nigh at hand and it teaches the understanding to drive down to the bottome of the sense and instructs the eye of the wit to discern a meaning afar off for which properly it may be aptly compared to an high prospect which presents to the view of the beholder an object remote by leading the eye from one mark to another by a lineal direction till it discerns the object inquired Transcendit mediis gradibus Metalepsis ad altum Hinc movet 1 Euphrates bellum Mirabar 2 aristas 1 Euphrates pro Mesopotamia per Meton Adjuncti Mesopotamia pro Orientalibus per Synecdochen membri 2. Aristas pro spicis per Synecdochen Membri Spica pro segete per Synecdochen iâ—em Membri Seges pro aestate quo anni tempore in agris luxuriatur per Metonymiam subjecti pro Adjuncto aestas pro anno rursum per Synechdochen Membri Invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam i. e. Invadunt Trojanos somno vinoque sepultos Vrbem pro Troja per Synecdochen Generis Troja pro Trojanis per Metonymiam Subjecti English Examples of Metalepsis Virgil by ears of corn signifieth summers by a Metonymie of the subject and by summers years by a Synecdoche of the part They invade and enter the City drowned in sleep and wine i e they invade Troy or the Trojans buried in sleep and wine Scriptural Examples Lam. 4.4 The tongue of the sucking childe cleaveth to the roof of his mouth for very thirst c. Here by the extreme thirst of the sucking babes the Prophet signifies the mothers barren and dry beasts and by the dry beasts the extreme hunger and famine and by the famine the wofull affliction and great misery of the people Mat. 21.10 All the City was moved where the City is put for Jerusalem the general word comprehending the particular by a Synecdoche Generis and Jerusalem for its inhabitants by a Metonymie of the subject Mal. 4.2 The Sun of righteousnesse shall arise with healing in his wings Where wings are put for beams by a Catachrestical Metaphor And beams for comfort and refreshing by a Metaphor See Esth. 2.16 Exod. 27.20 HYperbole 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Superlatio Exuperatio
Imprimatur Joh. Hall R. P. D. Episc. Lond. Ã Sac Domest 25 th August 1664. The Mysterie OF RHETORIQUE UNVEIL'D Wherein above 130 The TROPES and FIGURES are severally derived from the Greek into English together with lively Definitions and Variety Of Latin English Scriptural Examples Pertinent to each of them apart Conducing very much to the right understanding of the Sense of the Letter of the Scripture the want whereof occasions many dangerous Errors this day Eminently delightful and profitable for young Scholars and others of all sorts enabling them to discern and imitate the Elegancy in any Author they read c. By JOHN SMITH Gent. Ut hominis decus est ingenium Sic ingenii lumen est Eloquentia Cic. London Printed by E. Cotes for George Eversden at the Mayden-head in St. Pauls-Church-yard 1665. To the Right Worshipful Sir Martin Noell Knight Honoured Sir THE good Affection you bear unto all kinds of polite Literature accompanied with your genuine Inclination thereunto and in particular to Elocution together with those manifold Obligements which your Noble Self and Worthy Stock viz. Mr. Edward Noell and James Noell of Tottenham in the County of Middlesex Esq have accumulated upon me doe incite and encourage me to employ that breath which I would have spent in Expressions of Gratitude and Observance to beg your Worship to increase the Causes of it and doe thereupon beseech you to accept the tender of my Duty in this small Present to grant that your Protection and the Author your Pardon with favourable Permission to style himself Your Worships faithful Humble Servitour JOHN SMITH The Author to the Reader Courteous Reader WEre it absolutely necessary for him that would write of Eloquence to be perfectly eloquent I would easily confesse myself too rash in this enterprise But having seen often those treat knowingly of painting that never held Pencil and Cicero remarking that Aratus by the common consent of learned men wrote excellently of the Heavens and Stars though he was no noted Astronomer I 'm encourag'd to say why then may not I too discourse of Eloquence without being an Oratour Galen that great Master of Physick who wrote so learnedly of every part of that Science was little seen in the Practick Nor are those that discourse best of the embattailing Armies and differencing Military functions alwayes the best Warriers or the most daring The like may happen in this Subject that he who is able to set down the rules and laws which ought to be observed in speech or style may notwithstanding find himself defective in the application and so may be said to give that to others which he hath not himself But this Treatise indeed may not so properly be termed a Direction to the Art of Rhetorique as a Key to unlock and lay open those abstruse difficulties which the Tropes and Figures have hitherto not only been masked with but lock'd up under I mean from such at least as are altogether unacquainted with the Greek tongue and have not directed their studies to that subject Object But it may be you will say there were several books extant before that much illustrate the Tropes and Figures of Rhetorique Answ. It is very true that many learned Worthies have done exceeding well herein yet to use the expression of one of them That a child upon a Gyant shoulders can see further then the Gyant So I having the help of thâ—ir labours and of other Books have by Divine assistance without ostentation be it mentioned used a more distinct and easie method throughout the whole current of my Discourse then any other upon this Subject yet extant whereby matters of high and excellent sublimity are bowed down to the weakest capacities I render the English of each Trope and Figure likewise the English of the words from whence they are derived whether from the Greek or Latin then a brief definition and lively character and representation of each Trope and Figure then choyse Latin and English Examples pertinent to each of them as also a brief and plain explanation of the terms used in Rhetorique with an Alphabetical Table for the ready finding each of the Tropes and Figures Lastly For that the holy Scripture is not barren of but abounds with tropes and figures of all sorts as containing the most excellent and sublimest eloquence and is like a pleasant garden bedecked with flowers or a fruitful field full of precious treasures I apprehended it a work worthy the undertaking to dig into those sacred Minerals for the better finding out the Metaphors Metonymies Synecdoches c. which lie hid there and have given Scriptural Examples pertinent to each of the Tropes and Figures For the bare reading of the Scripture without searching into its heavenly mysteries and meaning is like the coming into a Treasury wherein we see many costly things folded up and some ends appearing out but when they be all unfolded then doth their glory more affect us for the present yea and leave in us a deep impression of their excellency Besides the ignorance of Rhetorique is one ground yea and a great one of many dangerous Errors this day as upon perusal of the Scriptural Examples of Synecdoche Metonymie c. will manifestly appear where you have not only bare instances but divers Texts cleared and explained for though the Spirit of the Lord be indeed that Golden Key that opens the sealed mysteries of the Book of Truth and inspires the soul with the understanding of the hidden wisdom therein and those men whose understandings are not opened by him who hath the Key of David be they never so learned yet by reason of the blindnesse of their hearts seeing they see not and hearing they understand not the wonders in Gods law yet all Science and particularly Rhetorique where it is reduced to a blessed subordination and conformity to the teachings of the Spirit of Truth is a good gift of God proceeding from the Father of lights and very conducent to the unfolding and right understanding of the Figurative and Tropical Elegancies of that blessed Book which abounds with the most excellent and divinest eloquence And herein we must beware that we take not those things literally which are to be understood spiritually that we go not out to a figurative acceptation of any place of Scripture where we have not a sufficient reason grounded upon some word of truth why the proper sense or signification of the words may not be adhered unto for we must never leave off the proper sense unlesse the coherence of the Text the Analogie of faith or some other place of Scripture require a figurative Exposition And it is very dangerous to make figures where the Scripture makes none or to make the scope and sense bleed with straining it too hard Origen would sometimes take that literally which ought to be understood mystically and thus mistaking that place Matth. 19.12 And there be Eunuches
capacity or understanding induces or leads into a figure and by an apt limilitude agrees with some other clear sense or signification of Scripture A Figure is twofold viz. 1. Figura dictionis 2. Figura sententiae 1. A garnishing of speech in words 2. A garnishing of the frame of speech in a sentence Whereof the former belongs to the matter and as it were to the body of speech but the latter to the form and as it were to the soul that is to the sentence The garnishing of speech in words is where the elegancy lies in the placing of one word as While the minde is inslaved to vanity vanity will sowre the Conversation A figure of a word is twofold viz. 1. In the Dimension or measuring of sounds or words 2. In the Repetition of sounds or words A figure in Dimension is that sweet and pleasant number of sounds or words in a sentence The Figure Metaplasmus Transformation and all its kindes being largely described hereafter are figures in Dimension of this there are four kindes viz. In striking out two viz. Synaloepha a mingling of vowels Ecthlipsis a striking out of vowels In adding to and taking from six Figures viz. Prosthesis apposition Aphaeresis a taking away Epenthesis interposition Syncope contraction Paragoge production Apocope a cutting off In dividing and shortning two viz. Diaeâ—esis division Synerisis a shortning In changing there are five Figures viz. Tmesis section or a dividing Metathesis transposition Antithesis opposition Diastole extension or stretching forth Systole correption or shortning Secondly A Figure of a word in repetition of sounds of words in a sentence If in the same word it is Epizenxis If in diverse it is Anadiplosis If in the beginnings of sentences Anaphora If in the endings it is Epistrophe If in beginnings and endings Symploce If in the begining and end of a sentence Epanalepsis If repeated backward Epanados If a little unlike and of divers originals and descents it is Paronomasia And if of the same original it is Polyptoton See the Table for each Figure There are likewise other figures of a word viz. Climax Antanaclasis Antithesis Ploee Paregmenon Syroeceiosis Oxymoron Synthesis Hendiadys Hypallage Hyperbaton Ellipsis Pleonasmus Asyndeton Polysyndeton Hysterologia Zeugma Hellenismus Antiptosis Secondly Garnishing of the frame of speech in a sentence called Figura Sententiae is a figure which for the forcible moving of affections doth after a sort beautifie the sense and very meaning if a sentence because it carries with it a certain manly majesty which far surpasses the soft delicacy of the former Figures they being as it were effeminate and musical these virile and majestical It is when the ornament lies in the whole sentence or where the elegancy is diffused through the structure of one or more sentences as Isa. 1.2 Hear Oh heavens hearken oh earth I have nourished and brought up children and they have rebelled against me The Figures of a Sentence are called pathetical or such as move affection and passion and are these viz. Ecphonesis Epiphonema Parrhesia Epanorthosis Aposiopesis Apostrophe Periphrasis Diatyposis Horismos Paradiastole Parechesis Erotesis Parenthesis Parathesis Synonymia Hytotyposis Metabasis A Figure of a sentence is ether in thought and musing by the Greeks called in Logismo or in questioning and answering called in Dialogismo Figures of a sentence in Logismo are Apostrophe and Prosopoeopia Logismus is when a sentence is made or fashioned without conference Those are figures in Dialogismo or in questioning and answering when a sentence is made or fashioned in conference which consists in question and answer Of which kinds are Aporia Anacoenosis Prolepsis Hypophora Epitrope Synchoresis Tropes and Figures say the learned are the vertues of speech and style as Barbarisms and Solecisms are the vices There is no other Trope more frequent excellent and beautiful than a Methapor because that which is the light and star of speech and tends to richnesse majesty perspicuity and pleasantnesse is a similitude brief and contracted into one word I shall therefore according to the learned Farnaby begin with a Methapor MEtaphora gr 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Translatio translation or a removing over derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 metapherò transfero to translate It is the artificial Translation of a word from the proper signification to another not proper but yet nigh and alike Or it is a Translation of words from one species tâ— another Oâ— the friendly borrowing of a word to expresse a thing with more light and better note though not so directly and properly as the natural name of the things meant would signifie It is a Trope when we expresse our selves by a word of a like signification to that which we mean or when the property of one thing is translated to another as Gen. 6.6 God is said to râ—pent where the property of man is translated to the omnipotent and omniscient God A Metaphor is pleasant for that is enriches our knowledge with two things at once with the Truth and a similitude And there is nothing in the whole universe from whence the simile may not be taken Dat propriae similem translata Methapora vocem Laeta seges Gemmant vites Duo fulmina belli Iugenii flumen Mens ferrea Classis habenas Princeps caput Reipublicae Virgilius Poetarum sol Invidiae flamma Fulmen orationis Flos nobilitatis Expolire orationem Amicitiam dissuere Si sic loqui liceat Si verbis audacia detur Vivis coloribus virum depinxi Two necessary Rules to be observed viz. 1. A Metaphor ought not to be so far fetcht as that the similitude may not easily appear 2. It ought to be drawn from the noblest things as the Poets do that choose rather to say rosie-fingerd then red-finger'd Aurora as appears by the first English Example where 't is thought unfit to stoop to any Metaphor lower then the Heaven English Examples of a Metaphor The skie of your vertue overcast with sorrow You are the most excellent star that shines in the bright Element of beauty The wounds of grief flowers of Oratory Drops of dew are pearls Flowers in medows are stars The murmuring of the waters is musick To divorce the fair marriage of the head and body where besides the cutting off of the head we understand the conjunction of the head and body to resemble marriage To keep love close prisoner which is to conceal love There came through Cheapside a whole fleet of Coaches for a great number Scriptural Examples 1 King 10.4 The Queen of Sheba saw the wisdome of Solomon here saw Metaphoricically signifies proved and understood Hagg. 1.9 You looked for much and lo it came to little here to look for signifieth to hope for Jer. 8.15 The neighing of horses is heard from Dan that is foreseen by the Prophet Eccles. 1.8 The eye is not satisfied with seeing nor the ear filled with hearing we are in
for the losse of day When the darknesse ariseth in the East and stars begin to appear when labourers forsake the fields birds betake themselves to their night-boughs and when the silence of all creatures is increased through the desire of rest When all weary creatures take their sweet slumber when cares are slackned and hearts forget their labours c. When the Sun visits the face of the earth with the warming and enlivening influence of his beams when fountains and streams wax clear pastures green when the flowers of the field with the trees blossomes do present their beauty to the eyes of the beholder c. When trees are widowed of their leaves By the like observation of circumstances are all other descriptions of tiâ—e EVPHEMISMVS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bona dictionis mutatio seu favorabilis locutio a good change of a word or a fair kind of speech derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 eâ— bene well or pleasingly and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 phemi dico to speak or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 euphemeo faveo linguâ aut bona verba dico to favour in â—peech or to give pleasing woâ—d's It is a fair kind of speech or a modest way of expressing ones mind A figuâ—e whereby in Scripture you shall finde a fair name put on a foul vice and a word of a good and bad signification interpreted to the better part and it is also when things which would offend a most modest and chast ear are vailed with Periphrasis or circumlocution Thus in Deut. 22.9 To sanctifie is put for to defile Thus incest and adultery is sometimes exprest by a modest term of uncovering the nakednesse this you have in Lev. 18.6 20 11 17. Ezek. 22.10 Thus the vessel wherein nature eases it self is for seemlinesse vailed with the Periphrasis a vâ—ssel wherein is no pleasure and this in Jer. 22.28 Hos. 8.8 Thus in Prov. 5.20 Solomon most seemly observes the modesty of speech where he saith Let her breasts alwaies satisfie thee why shouldest thou embrace the bosome of a stranger Thus urine is vailed with a Circumlocution water of the feet PARRHESIA 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Licentia loquendi libertas audacia liberty or boldnesse of speaking derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pan and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 rhesis license or liberty A figure when we speak freely and boldly concerning things displeasing and obnoxious to envy especially when fear seemed to hinder it or When in any case we shew our confidence for the present our fearfulnesse for the future or our ability to confute a false accusation or as other say It is either when we boldly acknowledge and defend a fault not proved against us or when we venturously and confidently upbraid and rebuke others for their faults In which form of speech it being to Superiors such an asswaging may elegantly be used to wit May I with your leave speak freely what I think Or a modest insinuation made by shewing the necessity of freedom of speech in that behalf Vide quam non reformidem quantà possum voce contendam tantum abest ut tuae sententiae subscribam ut in publico hoc consessu decedere non reformidem Ecce adeo non curo iram vestram English Examples You may suppose me proud and inconstant but my sincerity shall out-dare all their calumnies It is contrary to the known rules of Justice to condem any man as you have without hearing him first whom you condemn Scriptural Examples of Parrhesia Job 32.21 22. Let me not I pray you accept any mans person neither let me give flattering titles unto man for I know not to give flattering titles in so doing my Maker would soon take me away Elihu having in the 18 19 20 verses made his apology or insinuation doâ—h here declare his purpose of free speech and adds his reason in vers 22. Gal. 1.10 For doe I now perswade men or God or doe I seek to please men for if I yet pleased men I should not be the servant of Christ. Psal. 46.2 3. Therefore will not we fear though the earth be removed and though the Mountains be carryed into the midst of the Sea though the waters thereof roar and be troubled c. HEBRAISM or an imitation of the Hebrews in phrase or construction It is when the construction proper to the Hebrew tongue is used in another language The Hebrews doe often in stead of an Epithet put the Substantive in the Genitive case as Men of mercy for merciful men A land of desolation for a desolate land A man of desires for a man very desirable and lovely in Dan. 9.23 The son of perdition i. e. one ordained unto condemnation as John 17.12 2 Thes. 2 3. The man of sin there is a great emphasis in it it is as much as if the Apostle had said a very sinful man a man made up of wickednesse being as it were sin it self in the abstract This is an Hebraism very frequent in Scripture hence in Isa. 53 3. Christ is called a man of sorrows i. e a man even compacted and compounded of all kinds and degrees of sorrows The Hebrews doe also often use the Imperative Mood for the Future Tense to shew the certainty of a thing as Amos 5 6. Seek the Lord and live i. e. ye shall certainly live So Deut. 32.49 50. The Lord bids Moses goe up to Mount Nebo and dye there i. e. thou shalt certainly die there And contrarily they sometimes put the Future Tense for the Imperative Mood as Exod. 20. Thou shalt not kill steal c. for doe not kill steal c. Mal. 2.7 The Priests lips shall preserve knowledge for let the Priests lips preserve knowledge When the Hebrews would expresse an excellent or glorious thing they oâ—ten joyn the name of God with it as Gen. 23.6 Abraham is called a Prince of God Exod. 3.1 4 7. Horeb is called the Mountain of God that is a most high and excellent Mountain Psal. 46.4 The City of God i. e. a glorious City If among the Hebrews is a note of swearing as Heb. 3.11 Therefore I sware in wrath if they shall enter into my rest i. e. they shall never enter into my rest The like in 1 Sam. 14.45 APODIOXIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Rejectio expulsio rejection or an expelling derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 apodioco Rejicio expello to reject or expell A figure when any argument or objection is with indignation rejected as extreamly absurd impettinent false and by no means to be admitted of A Latin Example Sed de Lucullo alio dicam loco ità dicam ut neque vera laus ei detracta oratione meâ neque falsa affixa esse videatur English Examples Cicero for Milo What should Milo hate Clodius the flower of his glory And would any wise man ever have so said were not ignorance the cause of this opinion folly could not be the
matter Since we heard of c. Gen. 2.8 to 15. verse And the Lord God planted a garden Eastward in Eden and there he put the man whom he had made for out of the ground made the Lord God to grow every tree pleasant to the sight c. the Digression here begins at the 9. and ends with the 14 verse then in the 15. verse you have the return unto the matter in hand in these words Then the Lord God took the man and put him into the Garden of Eden c. See 1 Cor. 1.13 Ephes. 3.1 Gen. 38. the whole chapter PARECHESIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 allusio allusion or a resembling of one thing to another derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 parecheo sono assimilis sum to resemble or allude unto Parechesis is a figure when we bring in something of anothers to another intent then his own or When the allusion of words is to be searched after in another language or speech then in that wherein the Author wrote Latin Examples Quod Orator de caecitate de ignorantia dico vultus perpetua nocte coopertus non concipit nefas ad quod ducibus oculis pervenitur tua quo Nero senecae in me merita dum vita suppetit aeterna erunt De bonorum societate dicere licet quod Ovidius de Jovis sui habitaculo lib. 1. Metam Hic locus est quem si verbis audacia detur Haud timeam magni dixisse palatia coeli English Examples I may say of flatterers as Tacitus of Courtiers They speak more readily with the Princes fortune then himself We may say of Providence as Ovid of the Sun It sees all things and by it all things on earth are govern'd I may say of an ill conscience as Socrates of a wandering traveller It is no wonder if it be out of temper when it hath it's self for its companion Scriptural Examples of Parechâ—sis Matth. 11.17 We have piped unto you and ye have not danced c. John 10.1 He that entreth not in by the door into the sheepfold but climbeth up another way he is a thief and a robber 1 Cor. 1.23 But we preach Christ crucified unto the Jews even a stumbling block and unto the Graecians foolishnesse but unto c. See Gen. 48.14 c. John 1.5 GNOME 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sententia a Sentence derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 gnoo nosco to know A Sentence is some excellent profitable and remarkable saying it is a pearle in a discourse Gnome is a figure when we bring in a sentence or such a remarkable saying of anothers to the same purpose with the Author he being not named Latine Examples Fit ex malè agendo consuetudo deinde natura Ita vivendum est cum hominibus tanquam Deus videat sic loquendum cum deo tanquam homines audiant Civitatis anima sunt leges English Examples Where ever the Sun shines is a wise mans countrey The rich mans bounty is the poor mans Exchequer Error and Repentance are the companions of rashnesse The covetous man wants as well that which he hath as that which he hath not Unlawful desires are punished after the effect of enjoying but impossible desires are punished in the desire it self Scriptural Examples of Gnome Sentences are by Solomon in Prov. 1.2 called words of wisdom and understanding Prov. 10.19 In the multitude of words there wanteth not sin but he that refraineth his lips is wise Vers. 5. He that gathereth in Summer is a wise son but he that sleepeth in harvest is a son that causeth shame See Eccles. 12.11 and divers other places of the Scripture PAREGMENON 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 derivatum deductum a derivative or derived from this word is a particle of the preterpefect tense passive of the verb 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 parago deduco derivo to derive or take from A figure when words whereof one is derived of another are conjoyned Latin Examples Is domum miser cujus miseriam nobilitas locupletavit Ingenioque faves ingeniose tuo English Examples Marvel not at that which is so little marvellous A discreet discretion Sometimes there is a double Paregmenon in one sentence as He wished rather to die a present death then to live in the misery of life The humble soul is established by humility Scriptural Examples of Paregmenon Dan. 2.21 He giveth wisdome unto the wise c. Rom. 9.32 For they stumbled at that stumbling stone 1 Cor. 15.47 The first man was of the earth earthy the second is the Lord from heaven heavenly Prov. 11.15 He that hateth suretyship is sure See 1 Cor. 1.19 Prov. 11.17 25 c. MIMESIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 imitatio Imitation derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mimeomai imitor to imitate or resemble It is an Imitation or a using of the language of others which is usual in the Scriptures as In Psal. 2 3. David uses the language of rebellious rulers Let us break their bands and cast away their cords from us So in 1 Cor. 15.32 Paul uses the words of Epicures What advantages it me if the dead rise not let us eat and drink for to morrow we shall die Thus the Prophet Isaiah speaks in the language of the profane rulers in Jerusalem who made a mock at Gods Word and threats Isa. 28.15 We have made a Covenant with death and with hell are we at agreement we have made lies our refuge and under a falshood have we hid our selves The like in Micah 3.11 c. MYCTERISMUS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Subsannatio irrisio a disdainful gibe or scoffe derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mycterizo subsanno naso suspendo to mock or scoffe with bending of the brows or with blowing the nose at one or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 aeiro erigo suspendo to lift up or hang up and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mycter nasus the nose It is a privy kind of mock or scoff yet not so privy but that it may well be perceived It is near to a Sarcasm but that is more manifest this more privy that more easie and this more hard And sometimes is a figure when in shew of disdainful contempt of a person or thing we fling up our nose Thus when a certain man that was bald had spightfully râ—yled against Diogenes after a little pawse Diogenes answered him thus My friend further I have done thee no harm but this I must say to thee I do much commend the haiâ—s that are fallen from thy head for I suppose they were wise in that they made haste to leave the company of so foolish a skull To one that demanded of Demonax the Philosopher if Philosophers did use to eat sweet Cakes Demonax made this answer Dost thou think saith he that Bees gather their hony for fools only Luke 16.14 Thus the Pharisees derided Christ they did not simply contemn him but they shewed their contempt of him by their gestures ANAMNEâ—IS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉
and wonderful Restauration laid open in a Sermon on 2 Sam. 19.14 by Henry Newcom A Sermon preached at the Collegiate Church at Manchester on the Coronation day by Richard Horriâ—k Warden of the said Colledge The Sinners Hope as his priviledge and duty in his worst condition stated cleared and improved by Henry Newcom M. A. and one of the Ministers of the Gospel at Manchester Grace the truth and growth and different degrees thereof being the substance of 〈◊〉 Sermons preached by Christopher Love late Minister of Laurence Jury London to which is added a Funeral Sermon being the last Sermon he ever preached King James Apology for the Oath of Allegiance and Supremacy against the two Breves of Pope Paulus Quintus and the Letter of Cardinal Bellarmine to G. Blackwell the Arch-Priest * The English Examples are most of them streams from Sir Phillip Sidnyes fountain * Note that Rhetorique sets forward the end of the discourse to wit to affect the heart with the sense of the matter in hand as Eccl. 1.2 Vanity of vanities saith the Preacher vanity of vanities all is vanity where we may see that it is no vanity to teach the vanity of the creatures in Rhetorical elegancies Luke 24.45 Isa. 29.11 12. Rev. 3.7 Eph. 4.18 Luke 8.10 * Mat. 16.26 27. This is my body c. take heed you take not the sign for that whereof it is but a sign VVhere there is a sentence in Scripture which hath a Tropical word we may nâ—t think the whole place figurative as Matth. 26.28 this is my blood which is shed for many c. * The like in Joh. 1.10.4.35 4.13 14 A Trope is an inâ—â—â—uâ—ent of Elocution whâ—ch adorns out Speech Metonymie Irony Metaphor Synecdoche Catachresis Hyperbile Meâ—alepsis Litotes Allegoâ—ie A Figure A note in the garnishing of speech in words and in garnishing the frame of speech in a sentence 1. Kinde 2. Kâ—nde 5. Kinde 4. Kinde By the Table may he found each Figure and where they are opened illustrated and exemplified Figura Sententiae * Esteum nomen aut verbum ex propâ—io loco in â—â—m transfertur in quo aut proprium d est 〈◊〉 slaâ—um propâ—io melius est Farnaby Farnaby Met. Efficientis Met materiae Met. Instrument Met Essecli Met. Subjecti 〈◊〉 Adjuncti Met. Anâ—ecedenâ—is Met. Consequontis Met. Connext Met. Finis * See the explication of the Termes Met. Formae Farnaby Synâ—c Numeri See pag. 43. * In exercitu militum virtus quam maxime juvat Synecd Numeri See p. 36. * 〈…〉 that 〈…〉 and â—is sons daughters when it appear by the 15 17. verses that he had but an only daughter by name Dinah and one of his sons daughters * Cum nomen aut verbum universale restringitur ad partem vel aliquid saliem speciale quod per accusativum effertur Farnaby Farnaby Farnaby * Vir gregis i.e. Caper Est autem haec in Metalepsi natura ut inter quod transfertur sit medius quidam gradus nihil ipse significans sed praebens transitum quem Tropum magis affectamus ut habere videamur quà m ut ullo in loco desideremus Farnaby Virg. Aenoid Virg. Aenoid * Alicujus ougendi minuendive causa superat veritatem Farnaby The Glory of the odl Testament Farnaby * Negatio contrarii auget vim affirmationis Farnâ—by Farnâ—by Farnaby Farnaby Farnaby Farnâ—by * Quod in 〈◊〉 dentes nudanâ—ur carne Farnâ—by Farnaby Note that he that will understand proverbs must mark their opposition Prov. 21.17 Farnaby a ☽ b ☉ Farnaby Farnaby Farnaby Farnaby See Homoâ—teleuton Farnaby Farnaby Farnaby * Cumter eadem recurrimus verba inverso ordine relegentes When we return back again by the same words reading again the words in a clean contrary order Farnaby Terence Farnaby * Thus it is a Retreat at the end of a Parenthesis Farnaby Farnaby In Symplece a Sâ—e Patiopâ—ta b See Chronographia Farnaby c Sâ—e Diatyposis See Psal. 37.35 36. a It argues a Paralogism of the consequent Farnaby Farnaby Cicero Farnaby Farnaby Farnaby Cicero Cicero for Archia Farnaby * This is called a figure of speech between two Farnaby Farnaby * Hereunto is Synchoresis of kin Farnaby * It is a kind of a Climux Farnaby Terence * This form of speech Solomon in Prov. 14 2â— uses 〈…〉 hâ—â— affirmation Do they not erre that devise evill Farnaby * This is fâ—equently usuâ—l in an Enthymema Farnaby * It is a kind of Exclamation Farnaby * Epanorthosis and Aposiopesis are kinds of Revocation Farnaby This is also a kind of Revocation Farnaby Virgil. Farnaby Ciceâ—o * Of this kind are Mimesis and Dialegismus Farnaby This Exsornation hath some affinitie with Prosopopoeia Farnaby * This figure adorneth and garnisheth speech as a rich wardrobe wherein are many and sundry changes of garments to adorn one and the same person Farnaby A Synonymie of wordâ— A Synonymie of sentences Farnaby Farnaby Farnaby * Whatsoever may be more briefly signified is with eloquence more amply manifested is a Periphâ—asis Farâ—aby * See it further in pag. 5. Farnaby Farnaby Farnaby Farnaby Farnaby Farnaby Farnaby Farnaby Farnaby * It is somewhat like unto Aposiopesis Farnaby Farnaby Cicero against Cataline Farnaby Farnaby * Articulus hath been accounted among the Ancient Rhet. a figure but now Asyndeton supplies its place Farnaby Farnaby Farnaby Farnaby * Iâ— is an immediate Reduction of the third person either to the first or second Farnaby Farnaby Farnaby b Trabeate the Vocat for traheatus the Nominative The No. for the Genitive The Dat. for Accul Abl. for Dat. Edm Spencer ch 13. * Achilles Farnaby Farnaby Farnaby Enal Gen. a Pro qui mihi charior sum Enal Numeri Enal Modi Enal Pers. Enal Temporum Enal of the Number Enal of the Gend Enal of the Tense Enal of the Pers. Farnaby Farnaby Farnaby Farnaby Farnaby See Epistrophe An Epigmatical Parable The morning The evening Midnight The Spr. Autumn See Antiphrosis Sentences This Exornation is of kin to Aetiologia