the Fire thus kindled quickly went out for want of Fewel I mean there was none ever after that avowed these Heretical Doctrines only a Spanish Arian who condemn'd to die was notwithstanding suffered to linger out his life in Newgate where he ended the same Indeed such burning of Heretics much startled common People pitying all in pain and prone to asperse Iustice it self with Cruelty because of the novelty and hideousness of the Punishment And the Purblind Eyes of Vulgar Judgments looked only on what was next to them the Suffering it self which they beheld with compassion not minding the demerit of the guilt which deserved the same Besides such being unable to distinguish betwixt Constancy and Obstinacy were ready to entertain good thoughts even of the Opinions of those Heretics who sealed them so manfully with their Blood Wherefore King James politicly preferr'd that Heretics hereafter tho' condemn'd should silently and privately waste themselves away in the Prison rather than to grace them and amuse others with the solemnity of a public Execution which in Popular Judgment usurped the Honor of a Persecution Thus he But to return The only proper Method then in case Religious Perswasions have taken Root and are so largely diffus'd among the People that they cannot be eradicated but by Barbarous Cruelty and with extream scandal as by Massacres and Assassinates I say the only proper Method in this Case is that which is Lenitive the method of Toleration and Indulgence but with due Regulations For in this Method altho' Recusants are permitted to continue such still as to the Church yet they cannot but become entirely the Friends of the State which by giving them such Reasonable Satisfaction do's as well deprive them of just occasions of complaint as take away from the Multitude all occasions of Compassion and Pity And in this state of things should any Recusants be still contriving and intriguing it will be manifest to all that it is not Conscience but a Lust of Power and Rule that Acts them the very suspition of which will lose them the People so that they may be punish'd by the Hand of Justice not only without Murmur but even with general Applause Tho' many will hear them that say We preach our selves your Servants for Christs sake but few will indure such as shall say but in effect We Preach our selves your Lords and you our Servants for our own sakes It may be added that Restraint doth whet the Appetite and therefore that Indulgence and Liberty will abate it Men will not care so much to hear Recusants when they are not restrain'd from hearing them Prudential Reasons for Repealing the Penal Laws against the Roman-Catholics particularly 1. FIRST that his Majesty having profess'd himself of the Roman-Catholic Perswasion it is but a just expectation not only in those of his own Profession but in all the World that he should procure a Legal Freedom of Exercise for that Religion which should he be unable to effect with the Consent of his People in Parliament it would much obscure and eclipse the Glory of his Character abroad it being impossible that he should appear as a King of Great Figure to the World abroad if he shall appear to make as then he will but a little one at home Whereas it is for the Interest and Safety as well as for the Honor of the Kingdom that the King should make as Great and as Illustrious a Figure abroad as is possible seeing the Strength and Power of the Kingdom the Reputation of which is its Safety appears not to the World but in the Greatness of the King and in His Power with His People 2. A Continuation of the Penal Laws against Roman-Catholics when the King professes Himself to be One must needs have a particular Ill Reflection upon Him even in other Respects For who can think or say of Catholics that they are so Criminal and Ill a sort of Men and of Principles so very Bad that the utmost Severity against them is but little enough but withal he must abate of Regard and Veneration for the King who acknowledges Himself a Roman-Catholic which how it can consist with that Proportion of Duty Love and Allegiance that we owe unto Him as our Sovereign Lord is too hard a Point for me to conceive 3. I am very confident that many Examples if any can't be given in All History of Governments in which the Prince was of a Religion the Exercise whereof Himself did punish in His Subjects by His Laws and Judges and indeed it cannot be but a Solecism in State to admit it For that a King should punish in others what yet He publicly avows and owns and approves in Himself is very odd and a Self-condemnation I know the Case of Sigismond the Third King of Poland and King of Sweden but I suppose it will not be urg'd as an Instance against me Prudential Reasons for Tolerating other Recusants as well as and together with the Roman-Catholics 1. NOt to give a Toleration and Indulgence unto Protestant Recusants when it is given to Roman-Catholics if at any time it shall be given would make the Toleration of These how Just soever to become Invidious and a Subject of Clamor and general Scandal and so a Matter of Disquiet and Trouble to the Government 2. Ay! And the Roman-Catholics cannot hope to hold and enjoy a Toleration that should be giv'n them by Act of Parliament if other Recusants be not also joyn'd with them therein longer than they may be sure of a Toleration without such an Act only by the Royal Prerogative and Clemency Whereas if the Toleration is General and All Recusants as well the Protestant as Roman-Catholic equally comprehended in the Grant thereof in one Act and upon one Bottom a Consideration of the Quality the Number and the Interests of the Parties so joyn'd together in the Liberty will secure the Possession of it in Future For then it will not be Wisdom to go about to disturb it 3. Trade is the Interest of England and Liberty of Conscience the Interest of Trade it being beyond Dispute to all considering Men that the Body of the Industrious Trading Part of the Nation are either themselves Dissenters or Favourers of those that are such And it is as evident that Trade which before lay ev'n gasping for Life since His Majesties Gracious Intentions are known to lean towards Liberty of Conscience and that He has Extended His Dispensations from the Penal Laws in Matters of Religion is Recover'd to a wonder and grown Brisk and Quick and that too so much to general satisfaction that we hear no more Now as Before the Idle Stories of Prophecies Prodigies Complaints and Murmurs those certain Symptoms of a Diseas'd and Crazy State but All is Quiet and Still 4. It is for the Interest of those that do Profess themselves the true Sons of the Church of England as by Law establish'd if really they are Lovers of the Reformation more than of their Passions and Humors that All Recusants as well the Protestant as the Roman-Catholic should be Equal Sharers in the Grant of Liberty if any is made For seeing it is impossible that these two should agree but in things in which their Interest joyns them and as impossible that it should be the Interest of either one of these any more than it can be the Kingdoms to suffer the other to get uppermost one of them will always Ballance the other and consequently both must be contented with Liberty without aspiring to Power and Rule And thus the Church will always remain undisturbed as well as the State 5. But if the Church of England will have security in the Possession of the Establishment they have or may have by Law upon their own Bottom without the Assistance of Ballancing and Policy to support it they must resolve to enlarge that Bottom which indeed is their true Interest by parting with things to them indifferent but not indifferent to others For if some Men resolve to be always stiff and inflexible and not to condescend in the least to any Abatements for the Love of Peace and of Unity one may adventure to foretel without pretending to Prophecy that sooner or later they will find themselves in his Folly who rather than cast the worst of the Loading Over-board to save the Ship will sink with it 6. To conclude It is certainly for the Interest of the Royal Family as well as for the Kingdoms Interest that such a Settlement should be well deliberated and be surely establish'd as to the Business of Religion that whether the Crown hereafter shall descend on the Head of a Roman-Catholic or of a Protestant for it may again as has already sometimes descend upon the one and sometimes upon the other that That Descent should make no Change and Alteration in the Law or the State of Things in the Government Preventive Wisdom is the best Wisdom and such a Settlement will Prevent Convulsions and Difficulties which else on every Demise of the Crown the State will be subject unto But such a Settlement I doubt can never be effected without Resolving that the Religion already Establish'd shall be the Religion of the State and that those who dissent from it shall yet have Toleration and Indulgence but under due Regulations and Qualifications For my own part I admire the World is so fond of Uniformity in the Externals of Religion that in most things else prefers Convenience before It. The World it self is Elemented of Contraries diversly proportion'd and the Variety in it is of the Being and for the Beauty and the Ornament of it FINIS
PRUDENTIAL REASONS FOR REPEALING THE PENAL LAWS AGAINST All Recusants And for a General Toleration Penn'd by a Protestant Person of Quality Published by Authority LONDON Printed for Matthew Turner at the Lamb in High Holborn 1687. READER YOu will admire perhaps at first the Confidence of this Person who never was of the Council be sure nor is of the Parliament that he should make so bold as to endeavour to shew the Interests of All Parties and ev'n those of the King and of the Country But you will have cause to cease your Admiration if you consider that the Interests of the Parties do not lie so deep under ground as is thought and that if Men do not see them it is not because they Cannot but because they Will not not because the Object is Hid but because their Eyes with which they must see it are mop't in Passions and Prejudices The Author pretends to see no more than every body else may provided that he will wipe his Eyes and be as impartial and as unprejudic'd as He. As for the King whom God long preserve Thanks be to God he has a clearer Prospect of His own and of His Kingdoms Interest in the Matters debated than Any His Royal Predecessors had and He pursues it too with that Conduct and that Vigor which corresponds with the Miracles that preserv'd the Crown for Him and also Him both for the Crown and for a Glory greater than that of wearing Crowns to wit to be the Restorer of Religion to Liberty and Freedom of Exercise Prudential Reasons for Repealing the Penal Laws against All Recusants and for a General Toleration 1. CHristian Religion and Civil Government are things so different as in their Originals so in their Natures and ordain'd for Ends so different the Former being Divine and Spiritual and ordain'd to be a Means to Mens Eternal Felicity the Latter Human and Secular and appointed for their Temporal Welfare that in themselves and absolutely taken they are nothing a Kin and of no Relation one to another Wherefore Civil Government as such cannot be oblig'd to concern it self in the Business of Religion or to Incorporate Any any further than as Politic and Secular Respects do ingage it that is any further than as a Concernment of Religion may become a matter of State and be for the Quiet Safety Strength and Support and so do's make for the Ends and the Interest of the Government Now it is for the Interest Quiet Strength and Safety of every Government to give as much Contentment and to make it self as easie as is possible unto all its Subjects but especially in matters of Conscience which as they have the greatest Ascendent over the Minds of Men so the Gratifications and Displeasures that have reference to these of all others do most deeply affect them And therefore it is against the Interest the Quiet the Strength and the Safety of Government to espouse Religion in any Mode thereof so as to establish it by Law any further or in any other manner than as may consist with the general liking and give Content unto all in Reason for Reason at last will Rule and over-rule both Passions and Prejudices StateBigottry in any Religion cannot be for the Interest of Government 2. But to circumscribe my self within a nearer compass All the Sanguinary and Burthensome Laws relating to Religion that from time to time have been enacted by our English Parliaments against either Popish or other Recusants They were all made in a Passion of State and only to humour the Times as might be prov'd by Induction of all the Particulars And therefore as things of that Production always have so even these have something in them of Violent Inequitable and Extravagant and of unfit and inconvenient at least for times of Peace and Tranquility So that to repeal them must needs be an Act of Moderation Clemency and Justice and of Politic Prudence and Wisdom 3. Besides the Penal Laws did never answer the Ends and Designs for which they were intended but instead of securing good Order Quiet Peace and Tranquility to the Government they too often prov'd a matter of Embroylment and Disturbance unto it and have been the Handles which upon all occasions Ambitious Factious Discontented Men have taken hold of and have used to wind about the People and make a Property of them to serve their ill Designs and Intentions 1. The Penal Laws never answered or effected their Ends. Queen Elizabeth on several Occasions in several Parliaments gave Life and Birth to Laws of extream severity not only against the Roman Catholic but also the Puritan Recusant but against both to little effect for notwithstanding all that severity Popery was not extirpated and Nonconformity grew and spread it is true the less observedly but not the less dangerously for that it grew in secret and that it was not observed King James succeeding Queen Elizabeth would needs be her Successor as to her Methods of Prudence as well as to her Crown and in the same Method was met with the same success Papists were more sharpned and Puritans spred more the Severities of the Law increasing only the number of Enemies without establishing the Quiet Repose and Peace of the Government When Laws are Enemies to any Men to be sure say they what they will and swear what they will those Men will be Enemies to the Laws Ay! the very Being of the Penal Laws without a perpetual Execution of them do's make Enemies For Men will always hate what they always fear and the Laws if in Being are always feared because if they do not strike always yet they may strike and no body knows how soon they will Which minds me of the second Point 2. That the Penal Laws have often ministred matter of Disturbance and Imbroylment to the Government to evidence which we need not to go back to far remote and distant times but may keep within our own Horizon and Ken and yet have Examples enough and plain enough When King Charles the First for certain Reasons of State had remitted the execution of the severity of the Laws against Roman Catholics and for other Reasons permitted some severities to be used by the Clergy for the suppressing of Puritans occasion is taken hence for making Complaints upon both Hands to wit of the Non-execution of the Laws against the Roman-Catholics and of a too severe Execution against Puritans Popery the Cry is is favored and True-Protestant Religion under pretence of Puritanism and Non-Conformity is discouraged and even undermin'd At last out comes the Popish Royal Favorite and on comes War and Confusion 3. To come nearer yet When Charles the Second after a long experience of the Unfitness and Inefficacy of forcible Courses for setling the Repose of State the which he had wisely observed found Cause to emit his Gracious Declaration of Liberty and Indulgence to quiet the Minds of his Subjects that he might have Peace at home while
he was making War abroad Presently the Alarm is sounded the Church is in danger an Inundation of Fanatics worse than that of the Gothes and Vandals is like to run over all and Currat Lex is the word and this too by Men that would be thought to valew themselves on the Doctrin of Non-resistance Again when by Intercession of Parliament and from other Considerations he was induc'd to Revoke his Declaration from which moment he might have dated the beginning of all the Stirs and all the Imbroylments that followed in a little Time the Fanatics being sufficiently mortify'd up goes another Cry God wot of the Growth of Popery in which without doubt the Fanatics did heartily joyn both out of a sense of Revenge and from that of their Interest After this came Plots upon Plots and Difficulty upon Difficulty to the certain Danger and almost as certain Ruin and Destruction of the Government Of such advantage are the Penal Laws to the Safety Quiet and Repose of the State Indeed while these are in being there can never want Pretexts upon one hand or the other Quiet a movendi to make Complaints of as either of too much severity if they are executed or else of too much remisness if they are not Away then with these two-handed Tools of Contention and Faction 4. I may add That Severities especially in Matters of Religion are so contrary to the Complexion and Temper of our Nation which both by Nature and by the Frame of our Government in the Fundamental Constitutions of it are much more mild and gentle than most others That the very Authors and Promoters of the sanguinary and burthensom Laws in a little time and when the Heat was over grew weary and remiss themselves in executing of them Fuller tells us in his Ecclesiastical History cent 16. That when these Statutes he speaks particularly of that in the Twenty third of Elizabeth against Jesuits c. were first in the State and Magisteriality thereof they were severely put in practise on such Offenders as they first lighted on But some years after the Queen and her Judges grew Remiss in the Execution thereof witness the only confining of many of ' them to Wisbich Castle And in King James's Days this Dormant Law against Jesuits only awaked some once in four or five years to shew the World that it was not dead and then fairly fell asleep again being very sparingly put in execution against some Notorious Offenders Thus he 5. And if we consider this Subject in a larger Circle and speculate upon it exactly the Prudentialness of what I have propos'd and have hitherto argued will appear the brighter Opinions then and Practices in matters of Religion are either Plausible and Popular or of a nature not so apt to take with the People If Opinions and Practices are not plausible and popular but of a Nature unapt to take with the People in that case there is no need of Laws to suppress them because no danger of them they will expire of themselves Laws against them will but give them Credit and Reputation and perpetuate their Memory to despise and neglect is to extinguish and stifle them It is true when Opinions and Practices are plausible and popular are well nick'd and are apt to infect and take with the People but yet have not as yet infected them and spread among them all things being as yet still and quiet in that Case the Quickest and Severest Remedies seem the Best because they eradicate And thus while the Reformation was circumscribed in the Breast of one only Luther if Friar Hogostrate's Counsel indeed an Achitophel's of applying Chains and Fire and Flame as the only proper Remedy had been follow'd That Course 't is very probable would have for ever prevented it But God had better things in Reserve And this Method even Queen Elizabeth follow'd as to the Dutch Anabaptists that came over hither She Burnt two and Banish'd all the rest that would not Recant Which Proceeding according to the Rules of Policy was certainly good but how Equitable it was and how Christian I leave to others to judge But after that Opinions and Practices have gotten Roots in the Minds of Men that they have spread among the People and are entertain'd with Applause so that there are some Persons who think it to be a Concern of Salvation to them to Propagate and others that think it no less a Concern of theirs to Receive them in this Case and this is Ours the Severity of Laws if executed and Laws without Execution are Scare-crows seen and despised do's only hinder the Open Profession but not the Belief and Secret Practice may Repel the Humors and make them eager and virulent and consequently encrease the Danger but do's not Expel or Alter them Thus the Body Politic becomes replenish'd with Malignities and then any jogging and stirring of State endangers it whereof one day our neighbour Kingdom of France may have a dangerous Experience And certainly even at this time some of our own Church who lately proceeded to so great Extremities against Dissenters and thought by that Proceeding to have got an absolute Victory begin to fear it and should His Majesty please to grant His Indulgence by Proclamation and under the Seal I believe they would Find it a great Truth That Severity and Persecution may make Conformists but not Converts However the Observation is not new The burning of Men and Women like Torches in Queen Mary's Days tho' it had this Effect that it produc'd an universal external Conformity to the Roman-Catholic Rites yet seeing those Fires did only heat the Humors of the Men they did not burn without Illuminating their Minds no sooner was Occasion presented as by the Descent of the Crown on Queen Elizabeth it was not long after but the Ineffectualness Folly and Weakness of that Proceeding appeared for the People no more than the Clergy generally speaking were now no longer what they seem'd before Again the Condemnation of Udal and Execution of Barrow and others who were hang'd as Felons for Non-conformity in Queen Elizabeth's Time had no better Effect as the Consequence shew'd for notwithstanding that Severity Puritanism grew in Her Time as Protestantism did in Queen Mary's and possibly the faster for that Severity Of this King James the First was fully convinc'd at last by the burning of Legate and Weightman for the Writ de Haeretico comburendo has done jobs for others more than once as well as for Roman-Catholics he finding by that experiment of Fire Ordeal the truth of this Observation That severe Executions in matters of Religion even when the Opinions are but speculative and not apt to take do ordinarily more hurt than good The Observation Fuller has made of the success of those Executions in King James's time deserves that we should put our Finger upon it God may seem says he in his Ecclesiast History Cent. 17. Sect. 4. well pleas'd with this seasonable severity for