the Emperour and all his Court. At length in August following the peace was concluded at Passau the Landgrave of Hesse was enlarged liberty of Conscience granted to all the banished Ministers recalled and the Interim was abolished THE HISTORY OF THE Council of TRENT BOOK V. JULIUS III. THE Pope finding himself eased of a Burthen that had lain heavy upon him by the breaking up of the Council resolved with himself to keep out of the Briars The Pope has enough of Councils neither does the Emperour care for them and not to run into such straits again Nevertheless to perswade the world that he was concerned at that Rupture or rather to convince them what a useless thing a Council was he himself undertook the Reformation of the Church and for that end appointed a numerous Congregation of Cardinals but this as all the other designs of Reformation presently vanished it produced nothing but a great many Debates so that within a few Months it was wholly laid aside Nor was there any more talk of reassembling the Council which was at this time interrupted for almost ten Years Charles the V. who had been the great stickler for the Convocation of the Council had not now the same interests to prompt him his main design was the greatness of his Family and he had made it his business to render the Empire hereditary as the Kingdom of Spain and his other Dominions were He thought to have accomplished his ends by depressing the Protestant Princes and the Pope and that the Council of Trent was the fittest instrument for that purpose And indeed this Emperour had got so great an Ascendant over the minds of all of his Family that he could perswade them to any thing even contrary to their own interests his Brother Ferdinand was King of the Romans and by consequence apparent Emperour and he had prevailed with him that the Empire should be shared betwixt him and his Son Philip as the Antonins had done heretofore Mary Queen of Hungary their Sister who was wholly at Charles his Devotion for reasons perhaps not fit to be named had perswaded Ferdinand to admit of that partnership but Maximilian Ferdinand's Son perceiving that by that design he was like to be frustrated of the hopes of succeeding his Father in the Empire defeated all the intrigues So that the Prospects of Charles being at an end with his hopes the Council was no more in his thoughts and Julius cared far less for it than he It is true the Rupture of the Council and the peace of Passau had quite exstinguished the Pope's hopes of ever seeing the revolted Germans reduced again to the obedience of the holy See But to comfort himself for the loss of the Germans he drew from a remote Corner of the World I know not what a kind of subjects who submitted themselves to the Authority of his See Sultacan who call'd himself Patriarch of the People which inhabit betwixt Euphrates and the Indies comes to Rome to render homage to the Pope The same course had been taken by Pope Eugenius IV. who whilst they were undermining the Foundations of his Dominions in the Council of Basil on the other hand fed his vanity and underpropt his tottering Dignity by the vain homages of the Greeks who in the Council of Florence came to submit to him and by a counterfeit Pomp of pretended Armenians who desired instruction from him this is a kind of Comedy that takes mightily at Rome Paul III. during his Pontificate had also with great Solemnity and Ceremonies received the homages of one Stephen who had taken the name of Patriarch of Armenia the greater and who came to Rome attended by an Archbishop and two Bishops upon design of recognising the Pope for head of the Church and now under Julius a certain man named Simon Sultacan who called himself Patriarch of all the People that inhabit betwixt the River Euphrates and the Indies came to demand the Confirmation of his Patriarchship from the Pope as from the Vicar of Jesus Christ The Pope made him a Bishop and then gave him the Patriarchal Pall that happy accident was loudly proclaimed abroad and the great encrease that the holy See received by the submission of so many People who owned its Authority was made a matter of great triumph but to these Apparitions of Grandure there succeeded somewhat more substantial for the Glory of the See of Rome year 1553 Edward VI. King of England died the sixth of July 1553. His Father Henry VIII had shaken off the Yoke of the Pope's Power without any innovation in Religion Edward King of England dies his Sister Mary succeeds to him and restores the Catholick Religion 1553. And Edward under the Regence of the Duke of Sommerset had compleated what his Father began and introduced a Reformation into the Church of England But he lived not long enough to establish and confirm that great Work by his last Will he had disinherited his two Sisters Mary and Elizabeth the Daughters of his Father Henry the former Daughter of Catharine of Aragon who was divorced and the second Daughter of Anne Bullen whom Henry had caused to be beheaded He had appointed the Lady Jane Gray his Cosin and Daughter to a Sister of Henry to be Heir of the Crown Jane was proclaimed Queen but her Reign was of short continuance and cost her her Life Mary was advanced to the Crown both by the Privilege of her Birth and by the Will of her Father who had appointed that if Edward should die without Children Mary should succeed and that Elizabeth should succeed to Mary Mary being in the Throne pretended at first that she would alter nothing in Religion though she professed herself to be a Catholick but great hopes were conceived at Rome that this Queen might be usefull in reducing that Kingdom to its ancient Obedience And therefore Julius presently named Cardinal Pool for the Legation of England But the Cardinal durst not undertake the Journey without great Circumspection because he had been banished the Kingdom and degraded of his honour and therefore he wrote to the Queen and negotiated his return by Giovanni Francisco Commendone and having received a favourable answer he set out on his Journey The Parliament of England being called declared the Marriage of Henry VIII with Catharine of Aragon the Queens Mother valid and by consequence pronounced the Divorce unlawfull And the Acts made in the Reign of Edward were Repealed and Religion reinstated in the same condition it was in when Henry died The confirmation of the Marriage of Henry was a great step towards an accommodation with Rome seeing the Marriage of Henry and Catharine could not be declared lawfull without admitting the Dispensation of Julius II. who had dispensed with Henry to Marry his Brother's Widow So that the Parliament by that procedure owned that the Pope has Power to dispence with the Laws of God and by consequence acknowledged him Head of the
Conspiracy of Amboise p. 283 A Council denied to the Emperour unless upon conditions which the Protestants would not accept p. 36 But afterwards granted upon conditions that are rejected by the Protestants p. 37 Called but in vain at Mantua and Vicenza p. 42 46 And then at Trent p. 52 Where with ten Bishops that were arrived the Congregation began to handle Preliminaries p. 65 The form of the Council of Trent and what had been that of ancient Councils p. 71 A Debate concerning the Title of the Council p. 74 About the Order p. 77 About the Seal to be used for Letters p. 78 To amuse the Council the Creed is published p. 79 But three moderate Divines at the Council p. 116 The Council is puzzled in forming Decrees and essays by their ambiguity to give all content p. 133 It is transported to Bologna under pretext of bad Air at Trent p. 166 And divided part of the Prelates removing to Bologna and part staying at Trent p. 167 c. It is opened again at Trent for the second Convocation p. 192 And suspended because of the War of Germany p. 245 The Pope has enough of Councils neither does the Emperour care for them p. 249 The Council opened again at Trent under Pope Pius IV. p. 311 It begins with the Books to be prohibited and the Indices Expurgatorii p. 313 It is publickly said that the Council is not the Council of the Vniversal Church but of the Pope p. 357 The Bishops complain that the Council is taken up about trifles p. 386 Some Bishops apparently ill satisfied with the Infallibility of the Council p. 393 A Letter from the Emperour to the Pope and Council about the Disorders of the Council p. 490 The Council ill satisfied with the Peace of Orleans that the King of France had made with the Huguenots p. 499 The Legates seek out means of concluding the Council speedily and the Count de Luna opposes it p. 441 New troubles are started p. 551 The Council precipitates to its end the Spaniards oppose it p. 572 Confirmation of the Council demanded of the Pope but all are not of that mind p. 575 The Council is confirmed by a Bull of Pius IV. p. 588 Croisades their Original p. 3 The Cup demanded by the French p. 304 And by the Germans about which the Divines give their Opinions p. 347 Both join in that point p. 355 The restoring of it to the Germans is moved p. 380 It is referred to the Pope p. 385 Cruelties practised in several Kingdoms against Protestants p. 256 D. DAnes Ambassadour of France comes to the Council and makes a long Harangue p. 106 Decrees made with a great deal of difficulty and affected Ambiguity to give all content p. 133 The Decrees concerning Penance opposed by the Divines p. 221 The Decree about the Reformation of Princes cause great Trouble v. Legates An abstract of that Decree p. 560 Degradations their Original and Progress p. 212 Diet of Nuremberg where the hundred Grievances were presented p. 17 Diet of Ratisbonne where a Decree past against Luther p. 18 Diet of Spire where Attempts were made to divide the Protestants p. 29 Diet of Ausburg where the Protestants present their Confessions and depart without accommodation though attempted p. 32 Another Diet as Spire where the Emperour gives a new Edict of Liberty till the next Council p. 54 Another at Ausburg where the Protestants promise to submit to the Council p. 171 There the Emperour makes the Interim and a Decree of Reformation p. 176 A Third Diet at Ausburg for composing the troubles of Religion p. 257 Where an Edict of Liberty is made which offends the Pope p. 261 A Diet at Naumburg in Saxony p. 293 Daily Distributions p. 332 Dominico à Soto and Luigi di Catanea both Jacobins and Thomists differ about the Point of Grace p. 128 E. EDict of Wormes against Luther p. 9. Edict of January in favour of the Protestants made at St. Germains en Laye p. 312 Edward King of England dies and Mary his Sister succeeds to him who restores the Catholick Religion p. 252 The Electorate of Saxony transferred to the Branch of Maurice p. 171 The Electour of Brandenburg sends his Ambassadours to the Council p. 215 Elizabeth Queen of England succeeds Mary her Sister and re-establishes the Reformation p. 274 Emperour v. Charles V. England during the Reign of Henry VIII shakes off the Pope's Authority without any innovation in Religion p. 39 The Catholick Religion is maintained there by Queen Mary 〈◊〉 the death of Edward her Brother to whom she succeeded p. 252 Episcopacy and Vehement Contests about the Point p. 413 c. 422 c. 435 c. 448. and elsewhere The Eucharist serves for matter to be treated in the tenth Session p. 170 Exemptions granted by the Pope in prejudice of Ordinaries p. 138 ExtremeVnction and Penance handled in the fourteenth Session p. 218 F. FArnese v. Paul III. and Octavio Farnese Du Ferrier Ambassadour of France learned in Antiquity p. 356 He speaks in Congregation after the Cardinal of Lorrain and his Speech nettles the Council p. 442 Another Speech of his after the reading of the French King's Letters in Council which acquainted the Fathers with his Victory over the Protestants p. 476 He protests against the Decree of the Reformation of Princes and makes a Speech which pricks the Prelates to the quick p. 561 Francis I. absolved by Pope Clement VII from the Oaths which he had taken in Prison p. 21 He dies p. 167 Francis II. dies and Katherine of Medicis his Mother assembles the States at Orleans p. 291 The French present their Memoires containing thirty four Demands p. 460 Frederick Electour of Saxony is made Prisoner wounded and condemned to death by the Emperour Charles V. p. 169 Can neither be moved by Prayers nor threats p. 171 Frederick Nauseus Bishop of Vienna sent to the Council with Paolo Gregoriani Bishop of Zagabria in Sclavonia by the King of the Romans p. 198 Free will handled in the VI. Session p. 125 G. GIacomo Cocco Archbishop of Corsou is of the mind that no opinion which could be interpreted in a sound sense should be condemned p. 133 Grace serves for matter to the Council in the VI. Session p. 113 Catarino's opinion about works that precede Grace p. 118 A Dispute about the Preparations to Grace and the Merit of Congruity p. 119 A Debate about the certainty that one may have of being in the State of Grace p. 123 The Thomists are divided about the matter of Grace â—il â—a p. 128 The hundred Grievances proposed to the Pope at the Diet of Nuremberg p. 17 The Grisons recall Thomas Planta Bishop of Coire p. 220 Gropper a Divine and Lawyer votes for the abolition of Episcopal Jurisdiction and Ecclesiastick Tribunals p. 210 He is refuted by Baptista Castello Promooter of the Council about the Subject of immediate appeal to the Pope p. 211 H. HEnry VIII King of
been able to stir up so many people all would again return into the Bosome of the Church from which they had fallen off Next year was employed in negotiating an accommodation betwixt the Catholick and Protestant parties wherein the Elector of Mentz and the Palatine endeavoured all that lay in their power But the Emperour finding that such tentatives for healing of Religion would never succeed persisted in his thoughts of calling a Council He wanted a pretext for using of Force and hoped to find one in a Council because the Protestants would be obliged to submit to it and if they year 1533 refused he would have law on his side to force them He therefore sent to Rome to represent to the Pope and College of Cardinals the necessity of calling a Council without any delay The Emperour presses a Council and not obtaining it makes his first Edict in favour of Protestants This demand was seconded by the Ambassador of the King of France and though the Pope was resolved not to grant yet durst he not flatly refuse it He therefore consented to it but under conditions that rendred the thing impossible for he purposed the holding of a Council at Bologna Piacenza or in some other Town of the Ecclesiastick State well foreseeing that the Germans would never agree to that He also declared that none but Bishops and Abbots should have a decisive Vote which was not the free Council that the Germans so urgently desired The Emperour perceiving that nothing was to be expected on that side at length resolved to restore Peace to Germany which he did by the Edict of Nuremberg dated July 23 1532. whereby he gave full liberty to all States Princes Towns and private Persons to enjoy and live in the Religion that they had chosen without molesting of others and without being molested by any till the sitting of the next Council which the Pope should be solicited to call within six months and open within a year This was the first Edict of toleration that the Protestants obtained in Germany which extremely netled the Court of Rome Things however were husht up and after all they found that the Emperour was not so much to be blamed For the Protestants obstinately refused to make head against Solyman who with a formidable Army was coming to powr in upon Austria unless that indulgence were granted them So that the fear of the Turks whom Charles had to doe with was the sole cause of his moderation A second interview betwixt the Pope and the Emperour the Pope refuses a Council but after grants it on conditions which the Protestants refuse to accept So soon as that War was ended and the Turks driven out of Austria the Emperour renewed his design of concluding the affairs of Religion in Germany He made a journey into Italy and had a second interview with the Pope at Bologna In this interview they had a fresh conference about the necessity of holding a Council the Pope persisted to oppose it and if at any time he seemed to condescend yet stood he firm that the Council should be held upon the conditions he had proposed Charles who had no other interest in the affair than that of his Authority which he desired to settle by obliging the Germans to live under the same Laws was not very much troubled upon what conditions a Council were held provided the Lutherans accepted them They therefore agreed betwixt themselves to send Ambassadors to the Elector of Saxony to incline him to accept of the conditions proposed by the Pope The Elector desires leave to communicate the affairs to the Assembly of Protestants which was to be held at Smalcalde the 23 of June the same year And indeed he did so but the Assembly rejected the Pope's propositions and persisted in demanding a free Council to be held in Germany where every one might have freedom to speak their minds and wherein judgment should be pronounced according to the word of Go without any respect had to the Authority of the Pope Traditions or Canons Their Answer was long and argumentative of which Copies were sent to the Pope and the Emperour and afterwards Printed with the Pope's propositions The Pope dissatisfied with the Emperour enters into a league with the King of France This interveiw of the Pope and Emperour did not all contribute to the cementing of their friendship for they began to entertain Jealousies one of another the Pope could not relish those reiterated instances that the Emperour made to him for calling a Council to which he had an incurable aversion But above all that which most increased their misunderstanding was the Judgment given by the Emperour upon the debate which the Pope had with the Duke of Ferrara concerning the Towns of Rheggio and Modena Both parties agreed to refer that affair to the determination of the Emperour that as Umpire he might give Sentence therein The Emperour pronounced against the Pope and confirmed the Duke of Ferrara in the possession of those two Towns So that the Pope being ill satisfied with the Emperour took a resolution of entring into a strict alliance with the King of France and at the same time to raise the Grandure of his Family he Married Catharine of Medicis his Neice to Henry second Son to that King and for the accomplishment and confirmation of the Treaty the Pope gave the King of France an interveiw at Marseilles Amongst other things that past at that interveiw the Pope required of the King that he would use his interest with the Protestants of Germany and especially with the Landgrave of Hesse to take them off from demanding a Council or that they should demand it on conditions more easie for the Court of Rome The King attempted it but could not succeed however the Landgrave of Hesse yielded in some things and consented that the Council might not be held in Germany provided the place of its meeting were out of Italy and in a Town where the Council might be free The King himself proposed to the Pope the Town of Geneva an dundertook to get the Protestants to accept of it This proposal seemed strange to the Pope who perceived that the King of France was no fit Agent to transact matters according to the intentions of the Court of Rome and therefore they thanked him for the pains he had taken and desired him to proceed no farther so that a stop was put to that Negotiation in the beginning of the year 1534. year 1534 Henry King of England shakes off the Pope's authority without any innovation in Religion The same year the Court of Rome had the trouble to see one of the most considerable Members of the Roman Church fall off from it whilst they endeavoured to recover Germany they lose England Henry VIII had Married Catharine Infanta of Spain Aunt by the Mother to the Emperour Charles V. This Princess by a former Marriage had been Wife to Prince Arthur elder Brother
more dallying It was not enough that he had made himself Head of the Church of England but he also rased and burnt the Bones of St. Thomas of Canterbury who was killed in the year 1171. and died a Martyr for the Authority of the Pope He cut off the head of Fisher Bishop of Rochester without respect to the dignity of the Cardinalship with which the Pope had honoured him during his imprisonment as a reward for his vigorous maintaining the interests of the Court of Rome against the attempts of Henry In a word the Pope looking on him as a sinner hardened in impenitence thundered a terrible Bull against him which had been framed in the year 1535. By that Bull he deprived him of his dominions and his adherents of all their Estates He absolved the English and all other his Subjects from their obedience to him prohibited all strangers to have any commerce with that Kingdom and charged all Christian people to rise in arms against him and his dominions bestowing them as a prey upon him that first could conquer them This Bull though more terrible than any that the Predecessours of Paul had ever thundered yet wrought no effect and hindered not but that the Emperour the King of France and other Catholick Princes made Leagues and Alliances with Henry King of England year 1539 An amicable Conference is appointed betwixt the Catholicks and Protestants of Germany Next year which was the year 1539. the affairs of Religion threatned new trouble in Germany because the Catholick Princes had made a League amongst themselves at Nuremberg as the Protestants had made another at Smalcalde which obliged the Emperour and States of the Empire to hold a Diet at Frankfort In this assembly after long debates it was resolved that an amicable conference should be appointed betwixt the Doctours of both parties to try if it were possible to find a mean to satisfie both Nuremberg was pitcht upon for the place of the conference and the opening of it appointed to be the first of August So soon as the news of this was brought to Rome The Pope was startled at it as being done without his Authority and as being a prejudicating of the Council which he had promised not to expect from it the decision of controversies So that he immediately dispatched the Bishop of Monte Pulciano to the Emperour in Spain to perswade him to annull the Decrees of the Diet of Frankfort and to put a stop to that conference But the Emperour thought it not fit to doe any thing nor to declare himself against the conference of Nuremberg he foresaw a storm coming from France and had the Turk likewise to deal with and therefore he resolved at any rate to satisfie the Protestants Nevertheless that conference was not held because the Emperour had other affairs that more nearly concerned him The Emperess died and Ghent with part of the low Countreys revolted so that being taken up with other matters he had no time to mind this But being obliged to goe into Flanders to settle these troubles his brother Ferdinand went thither to wait on him where both together agreed to grant that conference Cardinal Farnese a young man of twenty years of age seconded by the Counsels of Marcello Cervino who was afterward Pope with great vigour opposed it and endeavoured to ward that blow by promising a Council which should speedily be convened he solicited the Emperour to make use of his arms rather than of conferences which could not succeed and which struck at the Pope's Authority The Emperour and Ferdinand continued firm in their resolutions and the Diet was called at Haguenaw where all the Princes were invited to year 1541 appear in person Many Lutheran Ministers and Catholick Doctours came but the Diet was spent in idle Janglings about Preliminaries and seeing heats began to arise the Conference was put off till October the 28th to be held in the City of Wormes A Conference at Wormes which has as little success as the rest where the Pope's Nuncio's if they pleased might be present The Emperour confirmed that Decree condescended to the time and place and sent thither as his Commissioner Granvelle who carried with him his Son that was afterwards Bishop of Arras and Cardinal Thomas Campeggio Bishop of Feltre came thither in quality of the Peope's Nuncio but this Conference lasted but three days Eckius spoke for the Catholicks and Melancthon for the Protestants the subject of their Dispute being about Original Sin But whilst the Pope seemed to give way to the Conference by the presence of his Nuncio who was there at the same time by his Nuncio resident at the Emperour's Court he endeavoured to break it up This Nuncio represented to the Emperour that it could not but engender a Schism make all Germany Lutheran and ruine both the authority of the Pope and Emperour These Reasons or rather some private interests obliged the Emperour to break up the Conference He recalled Granvelle and adjourned the Diet to Ratisbonne The opening of this Diet was in the month of March next year after The Emperour was there in person and for a famous Dispute that happened named the Disputants himself for the Catholicks John Eckius Julius Fluggius and John Groper for the Protestants Melancthon Bucer and John Pistorius the Electour for the Protestants and Granvelle for the Emperour were Moderatours of the Conference Cardinal Contarini who had the reputation of a learned and wise man was there as the Pope's Legate Upon some points they came to an agreement as upon Justification the merit of Works Free-will Original Sin the Scripture c. but in many others nothing could be agreed upon as the Power of the Church the Sacrament of Penance Single Life the Eucharist and the Hierarchy not to name many considerable points that were not medled with The result of the Conference was communicated to the Diet which the Legate pleaded ought to be sent to the Pope for his judgment and approbation and promised a General Council to prevent the holding of a National Synod This Legate did set about the making of some Reformation in the Clergy but that essay was fruitless as all the former had been At length the Emperour made the Edict of the Diet date July the 28th whereby he referred the decision of the Affair either to a General or National Council of Germany or else to another Diet of the Empire In the interim he charged the Protestants to make no Innovation to keep to the Points that had been agreed upon and that none should presume either by perswasion or violence to draw off any from the Roman Catholick Religion But in the mean time by particular and private Grants he allowed all a free exercise of Religion so true it is that the most zealous Princes in appearance have no other Religion but Interest However they were pretty well satisfied at Rome that these Conferences had no effect but Cardinal Contarini was
to Henry Arthur being dead the Father with a dispensation from Pope Julius II. gave her to his second Son by whom she had onely one Daughter alive called Mary Henry who passionately desired to have Male issue sought to Divorce her under colour of invalidity in the dispensation This afforded matter for a long and tedious process which depended from the year 1528. to 1534. In the beginning of this year 1534 affair the Pope being in War with the Emperour gave orders to Cardinal Campeggio his Legate in England so to manage the Trial that the procedures might run in favour of Henry thereby vex Charles V. but a reconciliation being pieced up betwixt the Pope and the Emperour the case of the Divorce betwixt Henry and Catharine changed countenance because the Pope intended to oblige Charles by favouring his Aunt This change provoked Henry so that he prohibited all his Subjects to pay any Peter-pence to the Receivers and the Pope by and Evocation brought the Trial to Rome where the business went very slowly on Henry who could no longer indure these delays published his Divorce with Catharine of Spain and in the year 1535. Married Anne Bullen Sometime after News whether true or false was brought to Rome that there had been a Comedy Acted before the King of England wherein the whole Court of Rome the Pope and Cardinals had been shamefully expos'd and turned into ridicule This was News indeed that over-heated the spleen of all those who thought themselves concerned and set them on revenge which made them out-run the constable in pronouncing Sentence the 24. of March whereby the Marriage of Henry and Catharine was declared good and valid and upon that account Henry ordained to adhere to her and in case of refusal that he should ipso facto be Excommunicated Henry on the other hand took the alarm as hot as they when he had seen this Sentence Well said he let the Pope be Bishop of Rome and for my part I 'll be Master within my own Kingdom And so he was as good as his word for he issued out a Proclamation wherein he declared himself head of the Church of England prohibited the paying of Peter-pence to the Pope's Receivers and got this Declaration confirmed by Act of Parliament though in all other things he retained the Roman Religion and afterwards published severe Proclamations against the Doctrine of Luther In Germany the State of affairs was nothing better they began to take up Arms for King Ferdinand had seised the Dutchy of Wittenberg from Prince Ulrich and the Landgrave of Hesse had by Force of Arms retaken and restored it to its lawfull Master The Emperour who feared that things might not stop here was in good earnest angry with the Pope for starting so many difficulties to obstruct the holding of a Council and thereupon wrote expostulatory Letters to Rome But within a few days after the receipt of these Letters Clement fell sick of a Distemper that carried him out of the world about the end of September 1534. PAUL III. Pope Clement dies Paul III. succeeds him Cardinal Farnese succeeded to him and was chosen the same day the Conclave was shut up At first he took the name of Honorius V. but at his Inauguration he quitted that and took the name of Paul III. He wanted not Vertue though the character he went under was of a reserved and slye man Besides all his other qualities he was consummated in the knowledge of affairs having been Cardinal under six Popes and all along employed in important Negotiations he was also chief of the Cardinals as being Dean of the Sacred College which advantages did not a little facilitate his year 1537 The Pope in the beginning of his Pontificate gave some signs of his intentions to reform the Church but little came on 't Also in the year 1536. Fruitless attempts of Paul III. for the reformation of the Court of Rome he made a Bull for a Reformation and named Cardinals to act in it This also was without effect In fine well perceiving that he would be accused of having made all these steps without any design of touching the abuses of the Court of Rome for his own Justification he resolved to renew his design of reformation He named four Cardinals and five Prelates to whom he gave commission to make an exact collection of all the abuses that deserved amendment They observed four and twenty abuses in the administration of Ecclesiastick affairs and four in the Government of Rome of which they gave the Pope a particular account These articles were examined in a Consistory but Nicolas Schomberg a Jacobin Cardinal of Santo Sixto withstood that reformation and having made use of the same reasons which Francis Soderini Cardinal of Volterre had used in the time of Adrian he had the same success that is to say he took the Pope off from all these designs of Reformation year 1538 The Pope calls a Council in the Town of Vicenza where the Legates goe but no body appears So that Paul III. having now no other affair to mind but that of a Council published a new Bull for convocating it in the City of Vicenza under the Dominion of the Venetians and that the Prelates might have time to repair to the place he appointed the first of May 1538 for the opening of the Assembly Henry King of England who slipt to occasion of exercising his pen against Rome wrote against that Bull as well as against the former and made the same declarations as he had done before protesting year 1538 that he no more owned the Assembly at Vicenza for a true Council than he had done that which was to have been held at Mantua the Legates in the mean time went to Vicenza to make the overture of the Council on the day prefixt And the Pope An interview of the Pope Emperour and K. of France being at Nice where the Emperour and the King of France were come to see him and to confer about means of restoring peace to their subjects endeavoured to perswade them to send their Prelates to Vicenza but both desired time to consult their Bishops about the matter So that the Legates who were to preside in the Council to wit Campeggio Simmonetto and Alexander stayed three Months at Vicenza expecting the Prelates who never came of this they gave the Pope an account who was fain to recall them by a Bull dated July 28. 1538. and to defer the opening of the Council till Easter following This was the year wherein Paul III. The Pope thunders a Bull of Excommunication against Henry VIII King of England losing all patience towards Henry King of England let fly a Bull of Excommunication against him The Pope had entertained hopes of reclaiming him by patience and besides that he was loath to let that thunder go out of his hands which men were grown now almost proof against But Henry proceeded so incorrigibly that there was now no
Church A motion was made of Marrying the Queen who was already forty years old and three Matches were proposed Cardinal Pool who was of the Bloud Royal the Lord Courtenay Cozin to Henry VIII and Philip Prince of Spain Mary chose Philip and the Emperour fearing lest Cardinal Pool who had been his Son's Competitor might by his presence cross his Marriage with Mary did all he could not make him delay his Journey and not being able to perswade him sent Don Diego de Mendoza to stop him in the Palatinate by Force and Authority The Cardinal complained of this as of an action that did violate the Majesty of the holy See and an affront done to the Pope and his Legates So that Charles having detained him sometime was forced to give him his liberty and sent him to Brussels But he found a means to amuse him in Brabant under colour of engaging him in a negotiation of Peace betwixt the King of France and himself untill the Marriage was accomplished In the beginning of the year 1554. The Emperour sent four Ambassadours into England for concluding the Treaty betwixt the Queen of England his Son and himself Mary in the mean while who with much prudence went gradually on in the re-establishment of Religion made new Proclamations restored the use of the Latin Tongue in Divine Service renounced the Supremacy in the Church gave it back to the Pope and so annulled the Acts of her Father The matter was brought before the Parliament where it met with opposition amongst the Lords because of the Church Lands possessed by the Nobles which they must be obliged to give back again So that the Pope's Supremacy past not at that time Prince Philip that he might not seem inferiour to Mary in Dignity took the Title of King of Naples and consummated his Marriage at London the twenty fifth of July being St. James his day the Patron of Spain The Parliament met again in the month of November following and Cardinal Pool was therein restored to all his rights and honours Two Members of Parliament were sent to bring him over into England and he arrived at London the twenty third of November with the Silver Cross carried before him Being brought into the House of Lords where the King and Queen were present he made a Speech to that Illustrious Assembly thanking them for the favour they had done him in restoring him to his Honours and Countrey He earnestly exhorted them to return again to the obedience of the holy See wherein he prevailed and the Ceremony of Reconciliation was performed the last day of November for the Authority of the King and Queen had obliged all the dissatisfied Members to silence which silence was taken as a consent The Queen caused a Petition to be framed wherein the Parliament begg'd Pardon of the Pope for having withdrawn themselves from under his obedience This Petition was presented to the King and Queen who rising immediately from their Chairs of State went to the Legate and besought him to grant the Parliament the Pardon which they begg'd The Legate standing up and all the Members of Parliament kneeling before him made a Speech concerning the Joy that the repentance of sinners causes in Heaven and then having prayed over them he gave them absolution The Members rose up and the whole Parliament went in body to the Church where Te Deum was Sung Next day three Ambassadours were named to goe render homage to the Pope in name of the whole Nation and this success caused so great Joy at Rome that the Pope proclaimed a Jubile the twenty fourth of December to render thanks to God for so great a blessing The Parliament of England sitting till the middle of the next year Philip and Mary got all the Ancient Laws against Here-ticks to be revived All Acts to the contrary year 1554 made in the time of Henry and his Son Edward were Repealed and afterward the rigour of the Laws that were now again in force was put in execution against the Protestants One hundred threescore and sixteen persons of Quality besides inferiour people were by Mary's Order that year put to death amongst whom Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury and the rest of the Bishops who had been the Authors of the Reformation were burnt It was put to their choice either to dye or to recant but none of them would save their Lives by a Recantation This persecution extended to the very Graves and the ashes of the dead the bodies of Bucer and Paulus Fagius who had been dead some four years were taken up and burnt So that the Protestants went to pot in all places for at the same time Henry the II. caused a great many of the reformed Religion to be burnt in France not so much out of Zeal as to satisfie the insatiable avarice of Diana of Poictiers Dutchess of Valentinois his Mistress to whom he had given the forfeitures of all that should be condemned for Heresie On the other hand Ferdinand King of the Romans published an Edict whereby he strictly charged all his Subjects not to make any innovation in matters of Religion and banished above two hundred Ministers out of Bohemia Several of his most considerable Nobility prayed him that he would at least permit the use of the Cup but he refused it and caused a Catechism to be made according to which all School masters should instruct their Scholars But this Edict did not altogether please the Pope who complained that a Prince should have undertaken to make a Formulary of Faith year 1555 The same year being 1555. a Diet was called at Ausbourg for composing the troubles of Religion Ferdinand made a long Speech in it 1555. A Diet at Ausbourg during which the Pope dies wherein he reckoned up the mischiefs that had been occasioned in Germany by those controversies in Religion and the horrid corruption of manners that these debates had drawn after them Divers means were proposed for taking up these differences and amongst others a conference of the learned of both sides but the Pope who had an aversion to any thing that bore the name of conference approved not that expedient he caused Cardinal Morone his Legate in Germany to represent to the Diet that all conferences ought to be avoided and that the onely way to put an end to controversies was that which was taken in England to wit to return again to the obedience of the holy See But Cardinal Morone was not long at Ausbourg before he heard of the death of Julius which happened in February 1555. He therefore returned to Rome to assist at the Election of a new Pope and found the business done before he came MARCEL II. Marcello Cervino Cardinal of Santa Croce was created Pope on the eighth of April 1555. It is observed as a thing singular in him that he would not change his name as others do This custome of changing of names upon promotion to the Papacy came from the Germans whose names
are somewhat rough and unpleasant Those of that Nation who had been chosen Popes made choice of Latin names that at least by their names they might not sound harsh in the year 1555 ears of the Romans Afterward they made a mystery of that change and the Cardinals who are chosen to fill the holy See would thereby signifie that they have renounced all their former Characters that they may become new men Cardinal Santa Croce would not change his name that he might give all to understand that he had been the same man in the Cardinalship as he intended to be in the Papacy He had gained the reputation of a grave and severe man and of a high and steady Soul but he lived not long enough to give a proof of what he could doe So soon as he was exalted to the Pontifical Chair he laid a design of calling the Council again for setling the affairs of Religion and that the Council might be happy in its proceedings he thought it his own duty to begin with a thorough Reformation of the Clergy and Court of Rome which had been often proposed by his Predecessours but never heartily meant by most of them All his designs perished with him for he died of an Apoplexie the last day of the same Month of April So that he filled the Chair but two and twenty days PAUL IV. Paul IV. chosen He was of the House of the Caraffa's The twenty third of May following the Cardinals chose Giovanni Pietro Caraffa who took the name of Paul IV. They made him take an Oath that he should convene the Council within two years and that he should not for the first two years of his Pontificate create more than four Cardinals because the sacred College was very numerous and full The Character of his temper hitherto made him a man of a severity that was somewhat morose and rough He had been a Theatin Monk year 1555 and when advanced to the Purple had still retained the austerity of his Profession so that that Election allarmed all those who dreaded a Reformation As he was a man who had always affected a great austerity of life and was besides haughty to the highest degree so it was feared that if once he set upon a design of Reforming the Court of Rome he would bring it about what ever came on 't but they were soon rid of all these fears for he presently laid aside that affected severity of life He still retained a morose humour This Pope was proud and insolent to the highest degree which being joyned to an insupportable haughtiness he became the most proud and insolent man living Never was there Pope of Rome that carried it with greater Pomp and Grandure The Steward of his house having asked him how he intended to be served for the future like a great Prince answered he He would be crowned with greater Pomp than any of his Predecessours and affected never to appear abroad but in great State and Splendour The English Ambassadours who came to render homage to the holy See arrived just upon the day of his Exaltation which he took as a good presage The Ambassadours falling down at his feet begg'd pardon for the whole Kingdom The Pope took them up granted them what they desired and without being solicited erected Ireland into a Kingdom in favour of the King and Queen This was a very surprizing Act and no body understood the mystery of it nor could any imagine what he drove at in giving the name of Kingdom to an Island which the Kings of England peaceably possest under that Title But that was a fetch of Roman Policy Henry VIII after his separation from the Church of Rome had erected Ireland into a Kingdom and had left it to Edward under that Title Now the Pope pretending to have the onely right of disposing of Crowns and erecting States into Kingdoms had a design to oblige Queen Mary to quit the Title of Queen of Ireland but perceiving very well that that would prove too hard a task he thought it better without saying any thing and as being ignorant of what Henry had done to erect that Countrey into a Kingdom that so Mary might enjoy the Title of it as holding it of the Pope and not deriving it from her Father Moreover with an imperious Air and full of Authority he told the Ambassadours that the Revenues and Church Lands must forthwith be restored to the Clergy and the Tribute of St. Peter be setled again as formerly Queen Mary endeavoured to give the Pope satisfaction as to that but she could not prevail because most of the great men of the Nation were in actual and hereditary possession of the Revenues of the Church and could not be brought to part from them So that all that she could doe was to restore what she her self possessed and what had been annexed to the Crown The Diet at Ausbourg makes an Edict of Liberty which offends the Pope Whilst matters went in this manner at Rome and in England the Diet at Ausbourg which began in February last was still continued The Germans devised several means for putting an end to the controversies about Religion but seeing they were not likely to take effect they were forced to settle a Peace by making all the Princes within their own Territories supreme in matters of Religion The Protestants moved that it might be permitted to Bishops and Abbots to change their Religion without losing their Dignities and Revenues but that did not pass The Catholicks on the other hand urged that those States which had accepted the Interim some seven years before should not have the liberty of returning again to the Confession of Ausbourg but at length they yielded and so all the States enjoyed full liberty of Conscience nay and the Lutherans were maintained in the possession of the Church-Revenues which they had already allotted for the entertainment of their Ministers and Schools Pope Paul the most haughty and passionate man living fell into a furious rage against this Edict of Liberty He publickly threatned the Emperour and Ferdinand King of the Romans that he would make them repent the injury they had done to the holy See He exhorted them to recall those Edicts wherein if they failed he threatned to proceed against them with as severe Censures as he intended to use against the Lutherans he said that all the misfortunes that had befallen Charles proceeded from the wrath of God against him because of his indifference and that he had not vigorously bestirred himself in reducing Germany to the obedience of the holy See which he might have done In this manner and with such kind of Discourse he entertained the Emperour's Ambassadour and the Cardinal of Ausbourg He observed the same Character with all other Ambassadours telling them often that he was above all Princes that he expected not that any of them should treat with him as his equal that he could alter and take away Kingdoms
England writes against Luther p. 9. Shakes off the Pope's Authority without any innovation in Religion p. 39 Is excommunicated by Pope Paul III. p. 47 Henry II. King of France succeeds to Francis I. p. 167 He clashes with the Pope and sends not his Prelates to the Council p. 193 Causes Amiot his Ambassadour to protest against the Council p. 198 Then publishes a Manifesto against the Pope p. 200 Does all that lies in his Power to ruine the Protestants in his Kingdom p. 278 His death p. 279 Herman Archbishop of Cologne is excommunicated by the Pope and obliged to resign his Archbishoprick p. 90 Of the Hierarchy of the Church p. 405 I. IAmes Lainez General of the Jesuits creates no small trouble to the Council about Precedence p. 377 His Speech against the Divine Right of Episcopacy and what it produced p. 426 Another Discourse of his in favour of the Court of Rome p. 529 The Imperialists leave the City of Rome p. 28 Indices Expurgatorii and their Original p. 313 The Inquisition setled at Naples and causes a great Sedition p. 170 The Intention of the Priest in administring the Sacraments according to the Judgment of Ambrosio Cararino p. 151 The Interim made by the Emperour at the Diet of Ausburg p. 176 Much opposition made to the Establishment of it p. 179 Interviews betwixt the Emperour and the Pope the first the second 37. the third p. 44 An Interview of the Pope Emperour and King of France p. 47 A fourth Interview betwixt the Pope and the Emperour p. 52 A fifth p. 53 Julius II. Excommunicated Lewis XII King of France p. 2 He dies ibid. Julius III. formerly named John Maria di Monte succeeds to Paul III. p. 182 He clashes with the King of France p. 193 Sends into France Ascamo della Corna his Nephew to hinder the King from protecting the Duke of Parma and from calling a national Council p. 195 At one dash creates fourteen Italian Cardinals p. 232 His Death and Successour p. 257 The Jurisdiction of Bishops is the matter as to Reformation for the thirteenth Session p. 201 The Jurisdiction of the Tribunals of the Church their Original and Progress p. 206 Gropper votes for its abolition p. 210 Divers Regulations concerning Episcopal Jurisdiction p. 225 Justification and Imputed Righteousness p. 121 K. KAtherine of Medicis Queen Regent of France assembles the States at Orleans p. 291 Her designs for Reformation p. 299 and 312 L. LAinez v. James Lainez The Landgrave of Hesse attempts an Agreement betwixt Luther and Zuinglius but without Success p. 30 Is made Prisoner by the Emperour p. 169 The Legates complain that there appeared Division in the very Session and pretend to enter upon business p. 76 Oppose the beginning with Reformation p. 78 Make a Translation of the Council upon Pretext of bad Air. p. 164 Propose the Decree of the Reformation of Princes and the Ambassadours oppose it p. 546 The more they press the mater the greater noise it makes p. 553 The Protestation of the French Ambassadours against that Decree p. 556 The Legates press the Conclusion of the Council p. 572 Leo. X. created Pope and his Character p. 2 Causes Indulgences to be published in Germany by the advice of Cardinal Santiquatro and gives a great part of the profit of them to his Sister p. 3 Publishes a Bull for the Indulgences p. 6 Thunders a Bull against Luther and his Doctrine p. 7 Lewis XII King of France excommunicated by Pope Julius II. p. 2 Forms a Party against Julius II. and gets the Cardinals to assemble at Pisa for Election of another Pope ibid. Lewis d'Avila sent by the Emperour to Rome to solicite the Re-establishment of the Council p. 183 Luigi di Catanea and Dominico à Soto differ about the Point of Grace p. 128 Luther publishes Theses against the Doctrine of Indulgences which are answered by other Theses set out by John setzel a Jacobin who caused the Theses of Luther to he burnt p. 5 He is cited to appear at Ausburg before Cardinal Cajetan p. 6 Has two Conferences with the Cardinal without success and appeals to a Council ibid. He burns the Pope's Bull and Book of Decretals p. 8 Is cited to Wormes before the Emperour Charles V. ibid. But would neither recant nor condemn his Doctrine p. 9 An Edict past against him at Wormes ibid. Confirmed by a Decree at Ratisbonne p. 18 Abstracts are made of Lutheran Writings p. 145 M. THE Malecontents pass a severe censure vpon the Decrees of the Council p. 141 Mantua chosen by Paul III. for the place of holding the Council p. 44 The Cardinal of Mantua Legate dies at Trent p. 486 Marcello II. created Pope will not change his Name according to the Custom of other Popes and whence what Custom hath arisen p. 257 His Character and death that happened by an Apoplexy two and twenty days after his Exaltation p. 258 Marriage is reduced to eight Articles p. 473 Decrees and Canons are formed concerning that matter p. 544 Clandestine Marriages occasion fresh Debates p. 548 Mary succeeds her Brother Edward to the Crown of England and restores the Catholick Religion p. 252 She is rigorous against the Protestants p. 256 Her death p. 274 Marinier a Carmelite is not of opinion that Traditions should be made a Point of Faith p. 83 Will have the Name of Justifying Faith onely giv'n to that which works by Charity p. 117 Defends with Ambrosio Catarino the opinion that one may be certain of being in the State of Grace p. 123 Mass v. Sacrifice Maurice invested by the Emperour in the Electorate of Saxony whereof his Cousin Frederick had been dispossessed p. 171 Takes up Arms for the Liberty of Germany and of Religion p. 243 Maximilian King of Bohemia and of the Romans suspected of Lutheranism p. 286 Melancthon named with Bucer and Pistorius to speak for the Protestants p. 50 Is one of twelve who were opposed to a like number of Catholick Doctours in the Conference of Wormes p. 273 Mendicant Friars raise a great Debate upon occasion of Preaching and the Pulpits which they had seized p. 91 Misunderstanding betwixt the Pope and the Council and amongst the Fathers of the Council themselves p. 337 Morone Cardinal Legate in Spain under Julius III. p. 257 Is appointed first President of the Council by Pius IV. p. 489 Comes to Trent and went to the Emperour at Inspruck p. 448 Returns to the Council p. 506 N. NAvagiero Cardinal named Legate for presiding in the Council arrives at Trent with orders to endeavour a strict Reformation p. 502 Naumburg a Town of upper Saxony where the Protestant Princes held an Assembly p. 293 Nuncio's ill received by the Protestants in Germany p. 244 Nuremberg the Place of the Diet where the Hundred Grievances were presented p. 17 O. OCtavio Farnese Duke of Parma General of the Pope's Forces p. 111 Offerings and Oblations in what manner they may be permitted p. 154 Opinions about