mead_n about_o it_o quick_o draw_v thither_o faustus_n socinus_n cousin_n german_n to_o lelius_n with_o several_a other_o hereupon_o several_a book_n be_v publish_a and_o spread_v over_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o the_o chief_n not_o only_o of_o catholic_n but_o also_o of_o lutheran_n and_o calvinist_n embrace_v the_o opinion_n of_o socinus_n draw_v every_o day_n great_a number_n to_o their_o party_n whereupon_o the_o republic_n for_o fear_n lest_o the_o spark_n already_o kindle_v shall_v set_v the_o whole_a nation_n in_o flame_n and_o lest_o the_o plague_n which_o have_v infect_v many_o of_o the_o member_n shall_v at_o length_n destroy_v the_o whole_a body_n by_o the_o incitement_n of_o the_o bishop_n and_o several_a other_o religious_a order_n oblige_v the_o king_n augustus_n to_o banish_v lismaninus_n the_o queen_n confessor_n out_o of_o the_o court_n and_o induce_v he_o to_o issue_v forth_o the_o follow_a edict_n against_o the_o grow_v heresy_n in_o poland_n the_o edict_n of_o king_n sigismond_n against_o the_o socinian_o whereas_o all_o humane_a thing_n be_v altogether_o vain_a and_o unprofitable_a unless_o govern_v by_o the_o law_n of_o god_n and_o establish_v by_o the_o integrity_n and_o union_n of_o religion_n therefore_o we_o sigismond_n augustus_n by_o the_o grace_n of_o god_n king_n of_o poland_n do_v publish_v and_o declare_v to_o all_o and_o every_o person_n that_o be_v or_o may_v be_v concern_v that_o we_o be_v inform_v by_o our_o counsellor_n of_o church_n and_o state_n that_o several_a heresy_n be_v every_o where_o hatch_v within_o our_o kingdom_n and_o that_o not_o only_o new_a doctrine_n and_o ceremony_n be_v introduce_v but_o also_o that_o several_a of_o our_o unthinking_a subject_n do_v open_o profess_v and_o instruct_v the_o same_o we_o follow_v the_o example_n of_o our_o predecessor_n who_o chief_a care_n and_o study_n be_v to_o propagate_v and_o protect_v the_o christian_a faith_n and_o to_o cut_v off_o all_o occasion_n of_o quarrel_n among_o our_o subject_n and_o of_o disturbance_n in_o the_o state_n which_o always_o attend_v dissension_n in_o religion_n and_o think_v this_o to_o be_v the_o proper_a duty_n of_o christian_a king_n and_o prince_n do_v by_o these_o our_o letter_n patent_n testify_v and_o promise_v that_o we_o out_o of_o respect_n to_o the_o christian_a religion_n and_o out_o of_o love_n to_o the_o holy_a church_n will_v profess_v and_o maintain_v to_o the_o utmost_a of_o our_o power_n within_o all_o our_o dominion_n the_o truth_n and_o sincerity_n of_o the_o ecclesiastical_a doctrine_n and_o of_o the_o christian_n catholic_n and_o apostolic_a faith_n as_o it_o be_v profess_v by_o the_o holy_a church_n of_o rome_n and_o as_o it_o have_v be_v receive_v and_o profess_v constant_o by_o our_o predecessor_n as_o for_o the_o enemy_n thereof_o as_o well_o pagan_n who_o be_v the_o profess_v enemy_n of_o christianity_n as_o heretic_n who_o under_o the_o pretence_n of_o be_v christian_n and_o by_o a_o false_a interpretation_n of_o scripture_n destroy_v christianity_n and_o show_v themselves_o to_o be_v alienate_v from_o the_o faith_n and_o the_o religion_n once_o deliver_v by_o the_o apostle_n and_o hitherto_o profess_v by_o the_o roman_n catholic_n church_n these_o we_o shall_v take_v care_n to_o suppress_v and_o to_o banish_v out_o of_o our_o kingdom_n nor_o will_v we_o ever_o admit_v into_o our_o royal_a council_n and_o senate_n nor_o bestow_v any_o place_n of_o honour_n or_o trust_v on_o any_o who_o be_v taint_v with_o heresy_n provide_v we_o be_v satisfy_v of_o it_o if_o any_o shall_v be_v accuse_v before_o we_o we_o will_v take_v care_n by_o the_o divine_a assistance_n that_o the_o statute_n of_o our_o realm_n shall_v with_o the_o utmost_a diligence_n be_v put_v in_o execution_n against_o they_o that_o so_o they_o may_v be_v for_o ever_o brand_v stigmatise_v and_o banish_v their_o country_n unless_o they_o shall_v desire_v to_o be_v reconcile_v to_o their_o holy_a mother_n the_o church_n the_o ecclesiastic_n together_o with_o their_o law_n immunity_n and_o privilege_n both_o public_a and_o private_a we_o will_v defend_v maintain_v and_o protect_v to_o the_o utmost_a of_o our_o power_n to_o all_o our_o officer_n and_o governor_n we_o give_v it_o strict_o in_o charge_n and_o command_v they_o under_o the_o penalty_n of_o our_o severe_a displeasure_n that_o they_o be_v not_o negligent_a or_o remiss_a in_o prosecute_a and_o apprehend_v such_o offender_n whereas_o on_o the_o contrary_a if_o any_o of_o they_o shall_v be_v charge_v before_o we_o with_o be_v false_a to_o his_o trust_n and_o to_o our_o command_n he_o shall_v be_v bring_v to_o condign_a punishment_n for_o the_o due_a performance_n of_o all_o the_o premise_n we_o have_v engage_v our_o word_n to_o the_o reverend_a father_n in_o christ_n nicolas_n ziergowski_n lord_n archbishop_n of_o gnezna_n and_o to_o other_o of_o his_o bishop_n and_o our_o counsellor_n and_o by_o the_o oath_n of_o our_o royal_a trust_n take_v to_o our_o subject_n at_o our_o coronation_n we_o design_v the_o whole_a shall_v be_v faithful_o put_v in_o execution_n in_o testimony_n whereof_o we_o have_v issue_v forth_o these_o our_o letter_n patent_n date_v at_o cracow_n in_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 1550._o and_o in_o the_o second_o year_n of_o our_o reign_n this_o edict_n or_o rather_o manifesto_n of_o king_n augustus_n be_v interpret_v by_o the_o nobility_n to_o be_v direct_o opposite_a to_o their_o interest_n whereupon_o several_a of_o the_o chief_a among_o they_o begin_v to_o stir_v up_o commotion_n and_o rise_v in_o arms._n and_o the_o hatred_n of_o the_o romish_a ecclesiastic_n against_o the_o socinian_o increase_v every_o day_n more_o and_o more_o hence_o spring_v many_o murder_n constant_a feud_n between_o the_o noble_n and_o abundance_n of_o bloodshed_n throughout_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n the_o state_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o foreign_a war_n can_v not_o then_o prevent_v these_o great_a disorder_n but_o partly_o fear_v a_o civil_a war_n and_o partly_o trust_v to_o the_o vigilance_n and_o pastoral_n care_n of_o the_o ecclesiastic_n for_o the_o present_a forbear_v put_v in_o execution_n the_o severe_a law_n of_o jagello_n against_o heretic_n but_o at_o last_o they_o work_v their_o own_o ruin_n for_o be_v by_o degree_n divide_v into_o the_o faction_n of_o servetus_n and_o samosatanus_fw-la they_o too_o far_o trespass_v on_o that_o indulgence_n the_o state_n allow_v they_o several_a statue_n of_o our_o saviour_n upon_o the_o cross_n be_v break_v by_o the_o student_n of_o racovia_n and_o several_a blasphemy_n be_v utter_v in_o their_o book_n against_o christ_n and_o for_o these_o thing_n be_v severe_o check_v by_o the_o decree_n and_o edict_n of_o john_n casimire_n and_o king_n john_n iii_o all_o those_o who_o will_v not_o embrace_v the_o roman_a faith_n be_v to_o depart_v the_o kingdom_n within_o two_o or_o three_o year_n since_o those_o decree_n of_o the_o king_n and_o republic_n against_o the_o socinian_o be_v still_o in_o force_n it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o insert_v they_o here_o and_o they_o be_v as_o follow_v john_n casimire_n by_o the_o grace_n of_o god_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n etc._n etc._n though_o the_o be_v and_o propogation_n of_o the_o arian_n or_o as_o some_o call_v it_o the_o socinian_n heresy_n in_o our_o dominion_n have_v be_v always_o prohibit_v by_o we_o yet_o because_o the_o aforesaid_a sect_n which_o rob_v the_o son_n of_o god_n of_o his_o praeeternity_n have_v by_o a_o strange_a misfortune_n fatal_a to_o the_o state_n begin_v to_o spread_v itself_o for_o a_o long_a time_n in_o our_o dominion_n as_o well_o of_o poland_n as_o of_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n we_o therefore_o reassume_v and_o leave_v in_o its_o full_a force_n the_o statute_n of_o jagello_n our_o predecessor_n enact_v against_o they_o do_v by_o the_o consent_n of_o all_o order_n enact_v concern_v heretic_n that_o if_o any_o such_o shall_v dare_v to_o confess_v propagate_v or_o preach_v the_o say_a arian_n heresy_n or_o to_o protect_v and_o countenance_v it_o or_o its_o promoter_n within_o our_o dominion_n of_o poland_n the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n and_o the_o province_n thereunto_o annex_v and_o shall_v be_v thereof_o lawful_o convict_v every_o such_o person_n shall_v forthwith_o according_a to_o the_o intent_n of_o the_o aforesaid_a statute_n be_v behead_v by_o our_o captain_n and_o their_o officer_n upon_o forfeiture_n of_o their_o commission_n for_o the_o neglect_n but_o whereas_o we_o be_v willing_a to_o extend_v our_o clemency_n as_o far_o as_o can_v be_v if_o any_o one_o refuse_v to_o renounce_v his_o heresy_n we_o do_v hereby_o grant_v he_o the_o space_n of_o three_o year_n for_o the_o sell_v off_o his_o good_n his_o estate_n and_o get_v in_o his_o debt_n in_o which_o time_n no_o assembly_n of_o the_o aforesaid_a sect_n shall_v be_v hold_v nor_o shall_v they_o undertake_v any_o public_a
hundred_o thousand_o livre_n all_o this_o provide_v he_o may_v marry_v hedwige_n and_o be_v elect_v king_n of_o poland_n these_o advantageous_a proposal_n be_v hearken_v to_o and_o grant_v and_o according_o he_o be_v elect_a king_n by_o these_o mean_v lithuania_n be_v in_o time_n unite_v to_o poland_n and_o from_o a_o hereditaty_a state_n be_v become_v a_o part_n of_o a_o elective_a republic_n which_o change_n some_o of_o the_o king_n of_o the_o race_n of_o jagello_n do_v not_o altogether_o approve_v nor_o can_v it_o be_v say_v that_o it_o be_v full_o effect_v till_o the_o extinction_n of_o that_o family_n for_o be_v unwilling_a to_o deprive_v their_o heir_n of_o a_o hereditary_a right_n by_o submit_v to_o make_v lithuania_n elective_a they_o still_o delay_v the_o confirmation_n of_o the_o convention_n allege_v that_o the_o nobility_n and_o people_n of_o lithuania_n will_v never_o suffer_v it_o lest_o by_o such_o a_o union_n they_o shall_v lose_v their_o ancient_a degree_n and_o dignity_n thing_n remain_v in_o this_o condition_n while_o there_o be_v prince_n of_o that_o family_n to_o be_v elect_v at_o last_o the_o lithuanian_n perceive_v that_o it_o be_v extinct_a as_o to_o male_n after_o the_o death_n of_o king_n sigismond_n augustus_n and_o be_v afraid_a of_o eruption_n from_o their_o encroach_a neighbour_n the_o muscovite_n they_o consent_v to_o a_o union_n the_o example_n of_o stephen_n batori_n verify_v also_o what_o we_o have_v already_o say_v of_o the_o regard_n which_o the_o pole_n have_v to_o the_o royal_a family_n in_o point_n of_o election_n for_o that_o prince_n be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n only_o upon_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v marry_v the_o princess_n anne_n sister_n to_o sigismond_n augustus_n who_o die_v without_o issue_n and_o be_v the_o last_o of_o the_o family_n of_o the_o jagellone_n i_o must_v own_o that_o there_o be_v several_a reason_n which_o concur_v to_o cause_v the_o polander_n to_o impose_v that_o condition_n on_o stephen_n batori_fw-la for_o thus_o they_o do_v not_o only_o express_v their_o respect_n to_o the_o jagellonian_a family_n but_o avoid_v the_o expense_n which_o they_o must_v otherwise_o have_v be_v at_o for_o the_o maintain_n of_o two_o princess_n but_o that_o which_o engage_v they_o the_o rather_o to_o act_v thus_o be_v the_o abdication_n of_o henry_n of_o valds_n king_n of_o poland_n who_o have_v refuse_v to_o marry_v she_o for_o that_o prince_n have_v receive_v the_o news_n of_o the_o death_n of_o charles_n ix_o his_o brother_n private_o leave_v poland_n the_o 18_o of_o june_n 1574_o and_o return_v to_o france_n after_o he_o have_v be_v crown_v at_o cracow_n the_o 24_o of_o february_n and_o have_v remain_v five_o month_n with_o the_o republic_n the_o polander_n therefore_o believe_v that_o they_o will_v thus_o more_o strong_o bind_v stephen_n batori_fw-la to_o their_o interest_n oblige_v he_o to_o marry_v the_o princess_n anne_n though_o she_o be_v somewhat_o elderly_a but_o this_o prove_v of_o a_o very_a unhappy_a consequence_n for_o all_o the_o church_n of_o sweden_n for_o stephen_n battori_n die_v afterward_o at_o iroane_n on_o the_o 12_o of_o december_n 1586_o without_o leave_v any_o issue_n the_o republic_n still_o have_v a_o regard_n to_o the_o family_n of_o the_o jagellone_n choose_v sigismond_n the_o three_o the_o son_n of_o john_n king_n of_o sweden_n and_o of_o catharine_n sister_n to_o sigismond_n augustus_n and_o thus_o nephew_n to_o queen_n anne_n stephen_n battoris_n widow_n by_o reason_n of_o which_o election_n sigismond_n be_v oblige_v to_o make_v poland_n the_o place_n of_o his_o residence_n leave_v the_o government_n of_o sweden_n to_o his_o uncle_n the_o duke_n of_o sudermania_n who_o afterward_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o kingdom_n where_o he_o abolish_v the_o roman_a religion_n and_o establish_v the_o lutheran_n which_o he_o public_o profess_v what_o i_o have_v say_v of_o the_o polander_n as_o to_o their_o prefer_v the_o offspring_n of_o their_o king_n before_o other_o be_v so_o true_a that_o from_o the_o begin_n of_o their_o acknowledge_v a_o regal_a state_n even_o at_o a_o time_n when_o they_o be_v all_o stranger_n to_o the_o christian_a religion_n they_o choose_v venda_n to_o be_v their_o queen_n be_v the_o only_a person_n that_o be_v leave_v of_o the_o line_n of_o cracus_n their_o third_n king_n long_o after_o this_o lewis_z king_n of_o poland_n and_o hungary_n have_v choose_v for_o his_o successor_n sigismond_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n who_o have_v wed_v his_o elder_a daughter_n the_o republic_n meet_v at_o radom_n in_o the_o year_n 1312_o and_o the_o diet_n past_o a_o constitution_n whereby_o sigismond_n be_v exclude_v however_o declare_v at_o the_o same_o time_n that_o there_o shall_v be_v a_o due_a regard_n have_v to_o the_o princess_n his_o wife_n the_o great_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n give_v afterward_o their_o vote_n for_o ziemowitz_n duke_n of_o masovia_n upon_o condition_n he_o will_v wed_v hedwige_n who_o be_v king_n lewis_n daughter_n but_o queen_n elizabeth_n her_o mother_n will_v not_o consent_v that_o her_o daughter_n shall_v marry_v so_o inconsiderable_a a_o prince_n as_o be_v the_o duke_n of_o masovia_n though_o he_o be_v of_o the_o royal_a house_n of_o casimir_n the_o great_a i_o have_v say_v that_o the_o polander_n have_v not_o only_o some_o consideration_n for_o all_o those_o of_o the_o royal_a family_n but_o that_o they_o have_v also_o a_o great_a regard_n to_o the_o widow_n of_o their_o king_n it_o be_v for_o this_o reason_n that_o they_o oblige_v king_n john_n casimir_n to_o marry_v queen_n maria_n aloisia_n the_o widow_n of_o vladislaus_n the_o four_o his_o brother_n who_o die_v without_o issue_n this_o will_v further_o appear_v by_o the_o proposal_n that_o be_v make_v to_o queen_n eleonor_n of_o austria_n the_o widow_n of_o king_n michael_n during_o the_o diet_n of_o election_n in_o the_o year_n 1674._o for_o the_o pole_n insist_v upon_o that_o queen_n marry_v the_o prince_n of_o newburg_n for_o who_o the_o french_a use_v their_o interest_n insomuch_o that_o on_o the_o 18_o of_o may_n four_o bishop_n come_v to_o that_o queen_n and_o assure_v she_o that_o provide_v she_o will_v consent_v to_o wed_v that_o prince_n he_o will_v certain_o be_v elect_v and_o that_o by_o this_o mean_v the_o mind_n of_o all_o the_o different_a party_n will_v be_v reunite_v but_o queen_n eleonor_n who_o be_v the_o emperor_n sister_n and_o who_o then_o do_v nothing_o but_o by_o the_o advice_n of_o chancellor_n patz_n and_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o minister_n of_o the_o court_n of_o vienna_n make_v they_o no_o other_o answer_n but_o that_o she_o have_v some_o friend_n in_o the_o diet_n who_o will_v take_v care_n of_o her_o interest_n a_o draw_v trezebsckâ—_n bishop_n of_o cracow_n be_v one_o of_o the_o four_o that_o be_v depute_v on_o that_o account_n to_o the_o queen_n and_o afterward_o to_o chancellor_n patz_n who_o as_o i_o have_v say_v be_v her_o chief_a councillor_n but_o that_o chancellor_n who_o have_v a_o mind_n the_o election_n shall_v fall_v on_o prince_n charles_n of_o lorraine_n who_o the_o emperor_n do_v very_o earnest_o recommend_v make_v answer_v that_o he_o will_v have_v no_o other_o but_o the_o prince_n of_o lorraine_n and_o not_o the_o prince_n of_o newburg_n the_o event_n soon_o convince_v he_o of_o his_o error_n and_o make_v he_o know_v that_o he_o have_v take_v wrong_a measure_n and_o not_o understand_v his_o true_a interest_n for_o as_o he_o have_v govern_v king_n michael_n and_o still_o have_v a_o absolute_a sway_n over_o the_o mind_n of_o the_o queen_n he_o may_v easy_o have_v govern_v also_o the_o prince_n of_o newburgh_n who_o be_v young_a and_o who_o his_o queen_n may_v have_v incline_v as_o she_o will_v have_v think_v fit_a the_o chancellor_n batz_n be_v so_o positive_a in_o his_o opinion_n that_o it_o be_v a_o very_a difficult_a matter_n to_o make_v he_o alter_v it_o he_o be_v a_o man_n of_o his_o word_n and_o when_o ever_o he_o have_v engage_v it_o to_o any_o body_n he_o be_v sure_a to_o keep_v it_o inviolable_o his_o own_o interest_n not_o be_v able_a to_o make_v he_o recant_v and_o indeed_o the_o conference_n which_o he_o have_v with_o the_o prince_n of_o newburgh_n ambassador_n at_o belveder_n whither_o i_o keep_v he_o company_n make_v it_o plain_o appear_v that_o his_o own_o interest_n alone_o be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o make_v he_o alter_v his_o measure_n for_o i_o understand_v afterward_o from_o he_o that_o considerable_a offer_n have_v be_v make_v he_o and_o that_o it_o have_v be_v represent_v to_o he_o what_o advantage_n the_o election_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o newburgh_n will_v bring_v to_o all_o his_o family_n but_o all_o this_o do_v not_o in_o the_o least_o affect_v he_o and_o so_o that_o conference_n be_v to_o no_o purpose_n neither_o for_o he_o nor_o for_o the_o prince_n of_o newburgh_n
year_n 1386._o by_o the_o duke_n de_fw-fr jagillon_n who_o embrace_v the_o christian_a religion_n that_o he_o may_v marry_v hedwige_n daughter_n to_o lewis_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o hungary_n and_o who_o with_o his_o religion_n change_v also_o his_o name_n and_o be_v call_v viadislaus_n for_o the_o polander_n be_v christian_n long_o before_o have_v receive_v the_o faith_n of_o christ_n ann_n 964_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o miecislans_n i._n who_o after_o he_o have_v divorce_v seven_o pagan_a wife_n be_v convert_v and_o marry_v the_o daughter_n of_o boleslaus_n king_n of_o bohemiae_n who_o be_v a_o christian_n these_o two_o estate_n be_v contiguous_a to_o one-another_o and_o be_v now_o but_o one_o body_n be_v unite_v in_o the_o same_o interest_n under_o the_o government_n of_o the_o same_o king_n and_o in_o the_o profession_n of_o the_o same_o religion_n especial_o since_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o grodeck_n on_o the_o river_n bug_n between_o the_o polander_n and_o the_o lithuanian_n in_o the_o year_n 1413._o where_o the_o union_n be_v renew_v and_o where_o it_o be_v conclude_v that_o for_o the_o future_a they_o shall_v have_v the_o same_o law_n and_o privilege_n and_o that_o the_o king_n shall_v be_v elect_v by_o the_o joint_a consent_n of_o the_o nobility_n of_o the_o two_o estate_n which_o be_v ratify_v and_o sign_v by_o all_o the_o senator_n of_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n nevertheless_o they_o be_v govern_v by_o distinct_a officer_n each_o of_o they_o have_v a_o grand_a marshal_n and_o a_o petty_a or_o sub-marshal_n who_o they_o call_v the_o marshal_n of_o the_o court_n a_o chancellor_n vicechancellor_n and_o treasurer_n who_o be_v all_o senator_n those_o of_o the_o crown_n for_o poland_n and_o those_o of_o the_o duchy_n for_o lithuania_n and_o be_v equal_a in_o dignity_n and_o power_n only_o those_o of_o the_o crown_n take_v place_n of_o those_o of_o the_o duchy_n the_o office_n of_o the_o grand_a marshal_n be_v to_o keep_v the_o peace_n and_o prevent_v tumult_n or_o disturbance_n both_o in_o the_o diet_n and_o in_o the_o king_n household_n to_o punish_v offender_n even_o with_o death_n and_o without_o appeal_n from_o his_o judgement_n except_o in_o case_n of_o great_a importance_n which_o may_v be_v bring_v before_o the_o king_n he_o have_v also_o power_n to_o command_v silence_n to_o give_v leave_n to_o speak_v to_o introduce_v ambassador_n to_o appoint_v they_o their_o lodging_n and_o to_o fix_v the_o price_n of_o all_o commodity_n and_o merchandize_n this_o last_o branch_n of_o his_o authority_n be_v extreme_o advantageous_a to_o he_o for_o the_o merchant_n give_v he_o very_o considerable_a present_n that_o they_o may_v have_v leave_n to_o sell_v their_o good_n at_o exorbitant_a rate_n the_o chancellor_n and_o the_o vicechancellor_n of_o the_o crown_n be_v choose_v by_o turn_n out_o of_o the_o clergy_n and_o laity_n but_o those_o of_o the_o duchy_n be_v always_o layman_n the_o chancellor_n and_o the_o vicechancellor_n make_v use_v of_o the_o same_o seal_n and_o either_o of_o they_o may_v be_v use_v indifferent_o for_o they_o have_v both_o a_o equal_a authority_n only_o the_o latter_a give_v place_n to_o the_o former_a and_o never_o give_v judgement_n but_o in_o his_o absence_n the_o chancellor_n by_o his_o office_n be_v the_o judge_n of_o all_o civil_a affair_n and_o matter_n relate_v to_o the_o king_n revenue_n it_o be_v also_o his_o duty_n to_o take_v care_n that_o nothing_o be_v do_v contrary_a to_o the_o law_n or_o injurious_a to_o the_o liberty_n of_o the_o people_n and_o that_o the_o intrigue_n of_o foreigner_n may_v not_o be_v prejudicial_a to_o the_o republic_n the_o authority_n of_o the_o chancellor_n and_o vicechancellor_n be_v so_o great_a that_o in_o several_a case_n they_o may_v affix_v their_o seal_n without_o the_o king_n order_n and_o refuse_v to_o seal_v such_o thing_n for_o he_o as_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o state_n it_o be_v the_o office_n of_o the_o chancellor_n or_o in_o his_o absence_n of_o the_o vicechancellor_n to_o answer_v all_o the_o harangue_n that_o be_v make_v to_o the_o king_n by_o ambassador_n and_o he_o of_o the_o two_o who_o be_v a_o clergyman_n have_v power_n over_o the_o secretary_n priest_n and_o preacher_n of_o the_o court_n and_o over_o the_o ceremony_n of_o the_o church_n the_o treasurer_n be_v proper_o the_o keeper_n of_o the_o public_a treasure_n which_o be_v bring_v to_o he_o by_o four_o other_o officer_n who_o keep_v a_o exact_a account_n of_o it_o and_o be_v oblige_v to_o give_v one_o copy_n to_o the_o king_n and_o another_o to_o the_o treasurer_n his_o office_n empower_n he_o to_o prevent_v the_o waste_n or_o embezel_v of_o the_o revenue_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o of_o those_o which_o be_v appoint_v for_o maintain_v the_o king_n table_n and_o therefore_o he_o ought_v to_o sign_v all_o the_o contract_v the_o king_n make_v which_o otherwise_o will_v be_v void_a he_o ought_v also_o to_o take_v care_n that_o the_o republic_n do_v not_o sustain_v any_o damage_n by_o the_o contract_n that_o be_v make_v for_o the_o coin_n of_o new_a money_n when_o the_o treasurer_n be_v call_v to_o a_o account_n the_o general_n diet_n order_v a_o committee_n of_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o person_n to_o examine_v his_o account_n and_o to_o give_v he_o a_o acquittance_n without_o which_o the_o republic_n may_v still_o call_v he_o to_o a_o account_n for_o the_o administration_n of_o his_o employment_n and_o therefore_o since_o this_o acquittance_n be_v of_o such_o vast_a importance_n to_o the_o grand_a treasurer_n great_a interest_n be_v always_o make_v about_o the_o nomination_n of_o the_o commissioner_n that_o be_v appoint_v to_o examine_v his_o account_n because_o he_o be_v oblige_v not_o only_o to_o entertain_v the_o commissioner_n but_o also_o to_o give_v they_o considerable_a present_n to_o obtain_v his_o discharge_n the_o petty_a or_o sub-marshal_n or_o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o court_n who_o be_v the_o last_o of_o the_o five_o officer_n that_o be_v member_n of_o the_o senate_n execute_v the_o office_n of_o the_o grand_a marshal_n in_o his_o absence_n and_o in_o case_n of_o the_o death_n or_o demise_n of_o that_o officer_n he_o succeed_v in_o course_n as_o the_o vice_n chancellor_n be_v in_o such_o case_n promote_v to_o the_o dignity_n of_o the_o chancellor_n so_o that_o before_o a_o man_n can_v be_v grand_a marshal_n or_o chancellor_n he_o must_v first_o be_v petty_a marshal_n or_o vice_n chancellor_n chap._n ii_o of_o the_o division_n of_o poland_n into_o province_n the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n former_o contain_v fifteen_o great_a province_n which_o the_o king_n retain_v still_o in_o his_o title_n as_o king_n of_o poland_n duke_n of_o lithuania_n russia_n prussia_n massovia_n samogitia_n livonia_n volhinia_n kiovia_n podolia_n podlassia_n smolensko_n siâ—eria_n and_o czerniechovia_n but_o at_o present_a there_o be_v no_o more_o than_o nine_o province_n subject_a to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n viz._n great_a and_o little_a poland_n the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n russia_n prussia_n massovia_n samogitia_n upper_a volhinia_n and_o podlassia_n or_o podlachia_n great_a poland_n be_v so_o call_v because_o lechus_n first_o king_n of_o the_o polander_n settle_v his_o residence_n at_o gnesna_n in_o this_o province_n it_o be_v also_o call_v lower_n poland_n and_o posnania_n be_v the_o principal_a city_n this_o province_n contain_v eight_o palatinate_n viz._n posnâ—â—â—_n kalisch_n lencici_n breast_n inowlocz_n siradiae_n kawa_n and_o ploosko_fw-mi it_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o north_n with_o prussia_n on_o the_o south_n with_o little_a poland_n on_o the_o east_n with_o massovia_n and_o on_o the_o west_n with_o silesia_n and_o the_o new_a marquisate_n of_o brandâ—nburg_n the_o river_n warta_n run_v through_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o province_n little_a poland_n which_o be_v also_o call_v upper_a poland_n contain_v three_o 〈◊〉_d cracow_n saâ—domir_n and_o lublin_n it_o border_n with_o massovia_n and_o great_a poland_n on_o the_o north_n mount_v crapat_v on_o the_o south_n black_a russia_n on_o the_o east_n and_o silesia_n on_o the_o west_n and_o the_o river_n vistula_n run_v through_o it_o the_o city_n of_o cracow_n be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o this_o province_n and_o of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n the_o starosta_n of_o cracow_n be_v not_o only_a governor_n of_o the_o castle_n but_o also_o the_o defender_n of_o the_o peace_n and_o of_o the_o public_a tranquillity_n which_o entitle_v he_o to_o a_o large_a jurisdiction_n both_o over_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o town_n and_o the_o gentry_n as_o for_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n though_o jagillon_n begin_v to_o unite_v it_o to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n anno_fw-la 1386_o and_o though_o that_o union_n be_v afterward_o renew_v in_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o grodeck_n between_o the_o polander_n and_o the_o lithuanian_n in_o 1413_o yet_o it_o still_o retain_v its_o own_o duke_n and_o
be_v only_o the_o royal_a prussia_n that_o ought_v to_o be_v reckon_v a_o province_n of_o poland_n and_o even_o though_o it_o belong_v to_o the_o republic_n it_o be_v govern_v by_o its_o own_o law_n and_o enjoy_v particular_a privilege_n they_o have_v a_o peculiar_a treasury_n and_o a_o treasurer_n and_o when_o the_o king_n summon_v the_o arrierban_n the_o nobility_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o go_v beyond_o the_o frontier_n of_o the_o kingdom_n this_o province_n be_v divide_v into_o three_o palatinate_n culm_n marienburg_n and_o pomerania_n it_o be_v chief_a city_n be_v thorn_n upon_o the_o vistula_n elbing_n a_o league_n from_o frischlaff_n and_o dantzic_n which_o be_v the_o most_o considerable_a of_o they_o all_o and_o the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o palatinate_n of_o pomerania_n which_o comprehend_v all_o the_o country_n westward_o of_o the_o vistula_n to_o the_o confine_n of_o germany_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o prussia_n the_o wave_n of_o the_o sea_n cast_v amber_n upon_o the_o shore_n which_o the_o fisherman_n take_v up_o in_o net_n it_o be_v soft_a at_o first_o but_o soon_o after_o grow_v so_o hard_a that_o it_o may_v be_v turn_v or_o engrave_v and_o cut_v into_o all_o sort_n of_o figure_n it_o be_v also_o find_v in_o certain_a great_a lake_n in_o the_o same_o province_n especial_o in_o the_o bishopric_n of_o warmia_n there_o be_v also_o many_o lake_n that_o abound_v with_o fish_n almost_o in_o every_o part_n of_o the_o country_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o marienburg_n there_o be_v the_o lake_n of_o drausen_n which_o send_v forth_o the_o river_n elbing_n that_o discharge_v itself_o in_o the_o frischaff_n which_o be_v a_o bay_n or_o gulf_n of_o the_o baltic_a sea_n about_o twenty_o league_n in_o length_n and_o two_o in_o breadth_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o pomerania_n there_o be_v a_o lake_n betwixt_o konicz_n and_o schochaw_n which_o be_v seven_o league_n long_o and_o five_o broad_a and_o be_v the_o head_n of_o the_o river_n bro_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o vâ—stula_n about_o four_o league_n above_o culm_n there_o be_v also_o three_o other_o almost_o as_o large_a as_o the_o former_a in_o the_o same_o palatinate_n near_o the_o city_n of_o dantzic_n and_o both_o the_o palatinate_n of_o culm_n and_o the_o bishopric_n of_o warmia_n be_v so_o full_a of_o lake_n that_o it_o will_v be_v almost_o a_o endless_a labour_n to_o mention_v every_o one_o of_o they_o particular_o massovia_n have_v prussia_n on_o the_o north_n little_a poland_n on_o the_o south_n podlassia_n on_o the_o east_n and_o great_a poland_n on_o the_o west_n the_o vistula_n and_o the_o bugg_n be_v the_o principal_a river_n that_o water_n it_o this_o province_n begin_v to_o be_v unite_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n by_o ziemowit_n who_o be_v prince_n thereof_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o casimir_n the_o great_a but_o the_o union_n be_v not_o full_o perfect_v till_o the_o death_n of_o the_o duke_n john_n and_o stanislaus_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismond_n i._o anno_fw-la 1526._o it_o contain_v only_o one_o palatinate_n which_o former_o take_v its_o name_n from_o the_o town_n of_o czersk_n but_o be_v now_o call_v after_o the_o name_n of_o the_o province_n samogitia_n or_o samojedia_n which_o be_v a_o dependency_n of_o the_o duchy_n of_o lithuania_n be_v border_v by_o courland_n on_o the_o north_n the_o river_n niemen_n on_o the_o south_n lithuania_n on_o the_o east_n and_o the_o baltic_a sea_n on_o the_o west_n the_o christian_a religion_n be_v introduce_v into_o this_o country_n anno_fw-la 1413_o by_o the_o pious_a care_n of_o king_n jagellon_n who_o take_v the_o pain_n to_o instruct_v those_o people_n himself_o because_o they_o can_v not_o understand_v the_o polish_v priest_n the_o chief_a town_n in_o samogitia_n be_v rosienia_n on_o the_o river_n dubissa_n and_o miednich_n there_o be_v no_o palatinate_n here_o but_o the_o province_n be_v divide_v into_o several_a starosty_n or_o government_n of_o castle_n and_o the_o first_o starosta_n be_v a_o senator_n since_o courland_n depend_v upon_o poland_n and_o be_v the_o frontier_n of_o samogitia_n it_o will_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o give_v a_o short_a account_n of_o it_o here_o it_o be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n courland_n and_o semigallia_n the_o river_n dzwina_n separate_v it_o from_o livonia_n on_o the_o north_n it_o be_v bound_v with_o samogitia_n on_o the_o south_n lithuania_n on_o the_o east_n and_o the_o baltic_a sea_n on_o the_o west_n this_o country_n have_v be_v subject_a to_o a_o prince_n who_o be_v a_o vassal_n and_o feudatory_a of_o poland_n since_o the_o year_n 1561_o that_o godfrey_n ketlâ—r_n great_a master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n knight_n in_o livonia_n have_v voluntary_o resign_v his_o office_n put_v all_o livonia_n with_o the_o town_n of_o riga_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o province_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o nicholas_n radziwill_n in_o the_o name_n of_o sigismond_n augustus_n who_o give_v he_o courland_n and_o semigallis_n which_o be_v then_o reckon_v part_n of_o liuâ—ia_n on_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v remain_v a_o vassal_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n the_o city_n of_o mittauw_n in_o sâ—â—â—â—â—ita_n be_v at_o present_a the_o metropolis_n of_o that_o little_a state_n and_o the_o residence_n of_o the_o duke_n upper_a volhinia_n reach_v from_o polesia_n on_o the_o north_n to_o upper_a pâ—dâ—ia_n on_o the_o south_n and_o from_o low_a volbinia_n on_o the_o east_n to_o black_a russia_n on_o the_o west_n it_o be_v chief_a city_n be_v lucko_n or_o lusuck_n or_o luceowia_fw-la on_o the_o river_n stir_v and_o kremienice_n which_o be_v situate_v upon_o a_o eminence_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n izwa_fw-mi about_o eight_o league_n from_o luceowia_fw-la towards_o the_o south_n the_o province_n of_o podlachia_n which_o be_v unite_v to_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1569_o be_v bound_v by_o lithuania_n towards_o the_o east_n and_o massovia_n towards_o the_o west_n it_o be_v ten_o league_n broad_a and_o thirty_o league_n long_o it_o be_v chief_a city_n be_v augustow_v and_o biclsk_v which_o give_v name_n to_o a_o palatinate_n chap._n iii_o of_o the_o state_n of_o poland_n with_o respect_n to_o its_o neighbour_n and_o of_o the_o various_a success_n of_o the_o war_n in_o which_o it_o have_v be_v engage_v with_o '_o they_o poland_n reach_v heretofore_o from_o the_o black_a sea_n to_o the_o baltic_a and_o from_o 〈◊〉_d to_o hungary_n but_o as_o all_o the_o state_n in_o the_o world_n be_v subject_a to_o great_a and_o frequent_a revolution_n poland_n have_v have_v its_o share_n in_o the_o general_a calamity_n and_o be_v at_o present_a confine_v within_o much_o narrow_a bound_n for_o it_o may_v be_v observe_v in_o general_a that_o every_o republic_n be_v look_v upon_o by_o its_o neighbour_n as_o a_o country_n which_o they_o have_v a_o kind_n of_o right_a to_o invade_v and_o the_o same_o remark_n may_v in_o a_o peculiar_a manner_n be_v apply_v to_o poland_n both_o with_o respect_n to_o the_o manner_n and_o constitution_n of_o its_o government_n and_o the_o insatiable_a ambition_n of_o all_o its_o neighbour_n of_o which_o the_o turk_n tartar_n and_o moscovite_n be_v most_o formidable_a it_o be_v long_a since_o the_o turk_n dismember_a valachia_n and_o moldavia_n from_o this_o kingdom_n and_o afterward_o the_o cossack_n be_v oppress_v by_o the_o nobility_n and_o restrain_v from_o their_o wont_a piracy_n on_o the_o black_a sea_n resolve_v to_o shake_v off_o a_o yoke_n which_o they_o can_v no_o long_o bear_v and_o by_o that_o mean_n give_v the_o turk_n a_o opportunity_n to_o invade_v vbrania_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n michael_n and_o to_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o caminiec_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o upper_a podolia_n and_o the_o only_a place_n of_o strength_n which_o the_o polander_n have_v upon_o that_o frontier_n that_o fatal_a war_n continue_v after_o the_o death_n of_o k._n michael_n and_o disturb_v the_o reign_n of_o his_o successor_n john_n iii_n till_o the_o polander_n be_v at_o last_o constrain_v to_o make_v a_o peace_n at_o zurawno_n in_o pokutia_n for_o the_o army_n of_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n be_v so_o numerous_a and_o formidable_a that_o year_n that_o it_o consist_v of_o above_o 180000_o effective_a man_n and_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n that_o of_o the_o polander_n be_v so_o weak_a that_o they_o can_v not_o bring_v above_o 12000_o man_n into_o the_o field_n because_o they_o be_v deprive_v of_o the_o assistance_n of_o a_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o force_n of_o lithuania_n who_o be_v draw_v together_o near_o leopold_n under_o prince_n michael_n of_o radziwill_n their_o general_n but_o can_v not_o join_v the_o grand_a army_n because_o the_o infidel_n have_v block_v up_o all_o the_o avenue_n to_o the_o camp_n so_o that_o the_o general_n be_v oblige_v to_o continue_v at_o leopold_n with_o the_o marquis_n de_fw-fr bethune_n and_o the_o l._n hide_v ambassador_n from_o the_o k._n
this_o place_n he_o find_v the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n join_v together_o who_o he_o attack_v and_o fight_v for_o three_o day_n together_o during_o which_o time_n the_o battle_n be_v very_o obstinate_a on_o both_o side_n but_o at_o last_o the_o polish_v army_n obtain_v a_o entire_a victory_n over_o the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n and_o put_v chemelnski_n and_o the_o cham_n who_o command_v in_o person_n to_o flight_n this_o deseat_n oblige_v chemelnski_n to_o make_v a_o peace_n with_o poland_n which_o be_v conclude_v sept._n 28._o 1651_o but_o last_v not_o long_o for_o soon_o after_o the_o cossack_n be_v enrage_v by_o the_o insolency_n of_o the_o polish_v nobility_n and_o fear_v to_o fall_v again_o into_o their_o ancient_a bondage_n attack_v the_o army_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o total_o rout_v it_o i_o observe_v before_o that_o chemelnski_n have_v always_o the_o policy_n to_o enter_v into_o a_o alliance_n with_o such_o prince_n who_o be_v best_a able_a to_o support_v he_o in_o pursuance_n of_o this_o maxim_n as_o soon_o as_o he_o understand_v that_o the_o tartar_n have_v make_v a_o peace_n with_o poland_n not_o dare_v to_o rely_v upon_o his_o own_o single_a strength_n he_o put_v himself_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o muscovite_n in_o the_o year_n 1654._o and_o make_v a_o league_n with_o they_o which_o cost_v the_o polander_n the_o city_n of_o smolensko_n which_o the_o muscovite_n take_v the_o same_o year_n chemelnski_n die_v anno_fw-la 1658_o the_o cossack_n choose_v one_o vihowski_n for_o their_o general_n and_o threaten_v that_o they_o will_v put_v themselves_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o turk_n or_o the_o d._n of_o muscovy_n if_o the_o republic_n will_v not_o grant_v all_o that_o they_o demand_v upon_o which_o king_n john_n casimir_n consider_v that_o it_o will_v be_v equal_o disadvantageous_a to_o his_o kingdom_n whether_o they_o submit_v to_o the_o duke_n of_o muscovy_n or_o the_o turk_n conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o they_o by_o which_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o all_o their_o captain_n shall_v be_v gentleman_n of_o poland_n that_o vihowski_n their_o general_n shall_v be_v palatin_a of_o kiowia_fw-la that_o the_o bishop_n of_o the_o greek_a religion_n shall_v be_v admit_v to_o the_o chief_a office_n and_o that_o the_o metropolitan_a of_o kiowia_fw-la shall_v have_v the_o rank_n of_o a_o senator_n beside_o the_o starostie_a of_o lubomliana_n be_v give_v to_o vihowski_n and_o that_o of_o bobrois_fw-mi to_o nieczaio_n on_o condition_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v they_o as_o fief_n of_o the_o republic_n these_o condition_n be_v afterward_o ratify_v by_o the_o diet_n and_o by_o this_o mean_v the_o cossack_n captain_n from_o miserable_a peasant_n of_o russia_n as_o they_o be_v by_o their_o birth_n be_v advance_v to_o the_o dignity_n of_o polish_v nobleman_n i_o have_v already_o observe_v that_o the_o revolt_n of_o the_o cossack_n be_v partly_o occasion_v by_o the_o tyranny_n of_o the_o polish_v gentleman_n for_o they_o be_v their_o lord_n and_o have_v power_n of_o life_n and_o death_n over_o they_o as_o they_o have_v still_o in_o poland_n over_o all_o their_o peasant_n those_o of_o vkrania_n not_o be_v able_a to_o support_v their_o insolency_n begin_v to_o revolt_v and_o by_o degree_n expel_v all_o the_o nobility_n there_o be_v several_a great_a lord_n who_o by_o this_o revolution_n lose_v above_o 100000_o crown_n a_o year_n among_o who_o be_v the_o above_o mention_v prince_n visnovieski_n who_o son_n i_o have_v see_v in_o poland_n so_o poor_a that_o he_o have_v only_o a_o yearly_a pension_n of_o six_o thousand_o livre_n which_o queen_n mary_n lovise_n allow_v he_o to_o subsist_v upon_o but_o fortune_n afterward_o raise_v he_o to_o the_o throne_n upon_o the_o abdication_n of_o king_n casimir_n as_o i_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o observe_v in_o its_o proper_a place_n that_o fatal_a revolt_n of_o the_o cossack_n which_o begin_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismond_n iii_n augment_v by_o degree_n under_o the_o follow_a king_n not_o only_o deprive_v many_o polish_v gentleman_n of_o their_o estate_n and_o give_v the_o tartar_n occasion_n to_o carry_v away_o above_o a_o million_o of_o person_n into_o slavery_n but_o be_v also_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o the_o christian_a religion_n throughout_o vkrania_n for_o it_o may_v be_v reasonable_o suppose_v that_o the_o turk_n endeavour_v to_o settle_v mahometism_n in_o that_o country_n in_o imitation_n of_o all_o conqueror_n who_o the_o letter_n to_o secure_v the_o fidelity_n of_o the_o people_n who_o they_o subdue_v force_v they_o to_o receive_v their_o religion_n as_o the_o most_o effectual_a way_n to_o keep_v they_o in_o obedience_n to_o their_o new_a master_n and_o even_o though_o the_o turk_n shall_v not_o endeavour_v to_o settle_v mahometism_n in_o all_o their_o conquest_n it_o will_v at_o last_o become_v the_o modish_a religion_n since_o it_o be_v usual_a for_o people_n to_o take_v the_o language_n and_o religion_n of_o a_o prince_n who_o favour_n they_o be_v desirous_a to_o procure_v the_o cossack_n have_v under_o several_a general_n maintain_v a_o war_n against_o the_o polander_n who_o perpetual_o labour_v to_o reduce_v they_o they_o be_v at_o last_o oblige_v to_o call_v in_o the_o turk_n and_o to_o put_v themselves_o under_o their_o protection_n thus_o be_v those_o infidel_n admit_v into_o vkrania_n and_o easy_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o the_o city_n of_o caminiec_n which_o they_o find_v destitute_a of_o all_o sort_n of_o provision_n nevertheless_o they_o take_v it_o by_o capitulation_n but_o they_o be_v so_o far_o from_o observe_v the_o article_n they_o have_v grant_v by_o which_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v to_o continue_v still_o in_o the_o profession_n of_o their_o ancient_a religion_n that_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o be_v master_n of_o the_o place_n they_o carry_v away_o into_o slavery_n all_o the_o people_n of_o that_o unhappy_a city_n and_o leave_v no_o mark_n of_o its_o have_v be_v once_o inhabit_v by_o christian_n but_o only_o the_o cathedral_n church_n which_o they_o have_v also_o turn_v to_o a_o mosque_n these_o be_v the_o fatal_a consequence_n of_o the_o insupportable_a tyranny_n of_o the_o gentleman_n of_o poland_n and_o of_o their_o unjustifiable_a cruelty_n to_o their_o subject_n but_o long_o before_o the_o turk_n invade_v poland_n they_o look_v upon_o vkrania_n as_o a_o country_n which_o they_o resolve_v to_o conquer_v at_o any_o rate_n and_o which_o they_o may_v easy_o subdue_v if_o the_o cossack_n shall_v be_v oblige_v to_o desire_v their_o protection_n beside_o they_o be_v willing_a to_o take_v hold_n of_o so_o favourable_a a_o opportunity_n to_o deliver_v themselves_o from_o such_o cruel_a and_o formidable_a enemy_n who_o have_v so_o often_o harass_v they_o by_o their_o piracy_n on_o the_o black_a sea_n they_o have_v make_v peace_n with_o the_o emperor_n and_o consequent_o be_v not_o oblige_v to_o keep_v a_o army_n in_o hungary_n and_o after_o the_o abdication_n of_o king_n john_n casimir_n who_o be_v a_o valiant_a prince_n the_o people_n have_v choose_v a_o peaceable_a king_n in_o his_o place_n they_o consider_v also_o that_o the_o revolt_n of_o the_o cossack_n give_v they_o a_o free_a passage_n into_o a_o pleasant_a and_o fertile_a country_n such_o as_o vkrania_n certain_o be_v and_o invite_v they_o to_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o caminiec_n which_o be_v the_o key_n of_o that_o province_n for_o that_o city_n which_o be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o upper_a podolia_n be_v fortify_v by_o nature_n be_v situate_v on_o a_o rock_n environ_v by_o a_o very_a deep_a broad_a and_o sleep_v ditch_n which_o be_v fill_v with_o water_n by_o the_o river_n smotrzy_n which_o almost_o quite_o surround_v the_o city_n so_o that_o it_o leave_v only_o a_o narrow_a passage_n into_o it_o and_o it_o be_v that_o entry_n only_o which_o be_v fortify_v by_o art_n all_o the_o rest_n be_v sufficient_o defend_v by_o nature_n nevertheless_o it_o must_v be_v acknowledge_v that_o the_o hill_n that_o be_v beyond_o the_o ditch_n be_v high_a than_o the_o city_n the_o garrison_n in_o a_o siege_n may_v be_v very_o much_o incommode_v with_o artillery_n but_o it_o be_v not_o such_o a_o inconveniency_n as_o this_o that_o can_v oblige_v a_o place_n of_o strength_n to_o surrender_v nor_o will_v it_o ever_o be_v reduce_v by_o so_o distant_a a_o attack_z and_o after_o all_o the_o city_n of_o caminiec_n will_v never_o be_v retake_v by_o the_o polander_n unless_o the_o port_n be_v one_o day_n reduce_v as_o low_a as_o poland_n be_v when_o the_o turk_n take_v it_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n michael_n the_o polander_n be_v so_o firm_o persuade_v of_o the_o impossibility_n of_o reduce_v that_o place_n and_o of_o the_o difficulty_n of_o put_v a_o end_n to_o the_o war_n with_o the_o grand_a signior_n that_o they_o make_v a_o shameful_a peace_n with_o he_o and_o oblige_v themselves_o to_o pay_v he_o a_o yearly_a tribute_n
with_o the_o turk_n themselves_o and_o at_o last_o make_v they_o lose_v all_o vkrania_n and_o the_o dutchy_n of_o smolensko_n and_o siberia_n it_o be_v their_o real_a interest_n not_o only_o to_o suffer_v the_o cossack_n to_o make_v perpetual_a incursion_n upon_o the_o turk_n but_o even_o to_o assist_v they_o in_o their_o expedition_n for_o by_o this_o mean_n they_o may_v have_v keep_v the_o cossack_n who_o have_v serve_v they_o so_o well_o in_o the_o war_n against_o osman_n in_o subjection_n to_o they_o and_o consequent_o the_o polander_n may_v have_v be_v still_o master_n of_o so_o many_o fine_a province_n which_o they_o have_v lose_v when_o all_o the_o nobility_n of_o poland_n be_v assemble_v together_o they_o make_v a_o very_a considerable_a body_n and_o not_o one_o of_o their_o neighbour_n can_v resist_v they_o if_o they_o know_v their_o own_o strength_n and_o can_v submit_v to_o regular_a discipline_n and_o to_o the_o command_n of_o a_o general_n but_o beside_o that_o it_o be_v the_o interest_n of_o the_o king_n never_o to_o assemble_v so_o great_a and_o so_o formidable_a a_o body_n the_o polander_n have_v also_o this_o privilege_n that_o they_o can_v be_v keep_v together_o above_o six_o week_n so_o that_o if_o during_o that_o time_n the_o king_n can_v bring_v they_o to_o a_o battle_n with_o their_o enemy_n they_o may_v return_v home_o without_o ask_v his_o leave_n and_o consequent_o if_o their_o enemy_n have_v never_o so_o little_a experience_n in_o the_o art_n of_o war_n they_o may_v safe_o protract_v the_o time_n or_o retire_v till_o the_o impetuous_a torrent_n be_v over_o and_o afterward_o renew_v the_o assault_n without_o fear_n and_o with_o a_o certain_a prospect_n of_o success_n that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o interest_n of_o a_o king_n of_o poland_n to_o assemble_v the_o polish_v nobility_n in_o one_o place_n may_v be_v evident_o demonstrate_v by_o the_o follow_a instance_n when_o sigismond_n ii_o summon_v they_o to_o appear_v near_o leopold_n to_o oppose_v the_o moldavian_n they_o be_v just_o ready_a to_o revolt_n against_o he_o the_o senator_n complain_v that_o their_o privilege_n have_v be_v violate_v and_o refuse_v to_o march_v against_o the_o enemy_n till_o they_o be_v re-establish_v this_o example_n alone_o which_o may_v be_v confirm_v by_o many_o other_o be_v a_o convince_a proof_n that_o the_o convocation_n of_o all_o the_o nobility_n be_v both_o a_o dangerous_a and_o ineffectual_a remedy_n against_o the_o distemper_n of_o the_o state_n the_o polish_v nobility_n have_v another_o privilege_n which_o appear_v unjust_a or_o at_o least_o seem_v to_o encourage_v their_o insolence_n for_o a_o polish_v gentleman_n can_v be_v arrest_v for_o any_o crime_n whatsoever_o unless_o he_o be_v first_o convict_v by_o justice_n nisi_fw-la jure_fw-la victus_fw-la so_o that_o he_o must_v be_v first_o cite_v to_o appear_v at_o the_o tribunal_n where_o he_o be_v to_o be_v try_v if_o he_o do_v not_o appear_v he_o must_v be_v declare_v contumacious_a and_o if_o he_o appear_v and_o be_v convict_v he_o be_v arrest_v and_o imprison_v in_o order_n to_o be_v afterward_o indged_a according_o to_o the_o law_n and_o the_o heinousness_n of_o his_o crime_n so_o that_o it_o may_v be_v reasonable_o suppose_v that_o he_o who_o know_v himself_o guilty_a and_o fear_n to_o be_v cast_v will_v not_o run_v the_o hazard_n of_o be_v convict_v but_o will_v rather_o choose_v to_o suffer_v himself_o to_o be_v condemn_v for_o contumacy_n than_o to_o venture_v the_o lose_n of_o his_o head_n nevertheless_o there_o be_v some_o example_n which_o seem_v to_o contradict_v this_o privilege_n that_o a_o gentleman_n can_v be_v arrest_v nisi_fw-la jure_fw-la victus_fw-la and_o i_o myself_o have_v see_v a_o instance_n of_o it_o in_o the_o person_n of_o those_o who_o assassinate_v gonczenski_n the_o petty_a general_n of_o the_o army_n of_o lithuania_n the_o criminal_n be_v without_o any_o formality_n carry_v prisoner_n to_o elbing_n and_o afterward_o condemn_v by_o the_o general_n diet_v hold_v at_o warsaw_n in_o the_o year_n 1654._o to_o be_v behead_v in_o the_o marketplace_n but_o it_o must_v be_v confess_v that_o their_o crime_n be_v so_o enormous_a that_o in_o such_o a_o case_n the_o nobility_n can_v not_o in_o justice_n refuse_v to_o wave_v their_o privilege_n for_o those_o wretch_n take_v that_o gentleman_n in_o the_o nighttime_n out_o of_o his_o bed_n from_o his_o wife_n at_o vitna_n and_o have_v put_v he_o in_o a_o coach_n with_o a_o confessor_n who_o they_o bring_v along_o with_o they_o they_o carry_v he_o out_o of_o the_o city_n and_o oblige_v he_o immediate_o to_o make_v his_o confession_n after_o which_o they_o shoot_v he_o dead_a the_o polish_v gentleman_n have_v another_o privilege_n that_o no_o soldier_n or_o officer_n of_o the_o army_n can_v be_v quarter_v upon_o they_o and_o any_o officer_n who_o shall_v attempt_v to_o do_v it_o will_v be_v cite_v before_o the_o first_o general_n diet_n where_o he_o will_v be_v condemn_v to_o death_n or_o mark_v with_o infamy_n that_o be_v the_o criminal_a will_v be_v declare_v uncapable_a of_o have_v a_o vote_n or_o of_o possess_v any_o office_n or_o employment_n a_o example_n of_o which_o i_o shall_v relate_v which_o happen_v at_o warsaw_n may_v 17._o 1674_o in_o the_o diet_n of_o the_o election_n of_o john_n the_o iiid_n and_o which_o contribute_v not_o a_o little_a to_o his_o election_n the_o son_n of_o the_o palatin_n of_o smolensko_n go_v to_o lodge_n in_o the_o house_n of_o vicznowieski_n by_o the_o order_n as_o it_o be_v give_v out_o of_o the_o great_a general_n patz_n palatin_n of_o vilna_n the_o marshal_n who_o be_v judge_n of_o those_o enormity_n condemn_v that_o palatin_n to_o the_o punishment_n prescribe_v be_v the_o law_n two_o day_n before_o the_o conclusion_n of_o the_o diet_n thus_o he_o be_v deprive_v of_o a_o right_n to_o vote_n which_o be_v a_o very_a considerable_a mortification_n to_o chancellor_n patz_n his_o cousin_n who_o place_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o confidence_n in_o he_o as_o a_o declare_a enemy_n to_o the_o marshal_n sobieski_n and_o all_o the_o french_a party_n and_o consequent_o a_o zealous_a promoter_n of_o the_o faction_n of_o lorraine_n and_o austria_n the_o constitution_n that_o secure_v the_o polish_v gentry_n from_o be_v arrest_v till_o they_o be_v legal_o convict_v be_v certain_o a_o grievance_n to_o the_o nation_n and_o seem_v to_o subvert_v the_o common_a maxim_n of_o justice_n but_o they_o have_v another_o privilege_n that_o be_v equal_o destructive_a of_o civil_a society_n and_o inconsistent_a with_o the_o principle_n of_o the_o christian_a religion_n for_o every_o gentleman_n in_o poland_n be_v by_o law_n the_o absolute_a and_o despotic_a master_n of_o the_o peasant_n that_o live_v in_o his_o territory_n and_o may_v put_v they_o to_o death_n when_o he_o please_v when_o a_o stranger_n be_v surprise_v at_o such_o a_o heathenish_a custom_n and_o take_v the_o liberty_n to_o ask_v they_o how_o christian_n can_v assume_v a_o privilege_n so_o contrary_a to_o the_o spirit_n of_o their_o religion_n and_o how_o the_o law_n which_o be_v a_o gift_n of_o god_n can_v establish_v a_o 〈◊〉_d so_o opposite_a to_o the_o law_n of_o god_n himself_o they_o usual_o reply_v that_o though_o they_o have_v such_o a_o power_n they_o never_o make_v use_n of_o it_o no_o more_o than_o we_o and_o other_o christian_n use_v the_o power_n we_o have_v to_o kill_v our_o horse_n add_v that_o the_o peasant_n serve_v they_o in_o stead_n of_o beast_n but_o beside_o that_o the_o comparison_n be_v not_o very_o human_a and_o much_o less_o christian_a it_o happen_v sometime_o that_o the_o gentleman_n kill_v their_o peasant_n either_o when_o they_o be_v drink_v or_o irritate_v by_o some_o brutal_a passion_n to_o which_o young_a man_n be_v oftentimes_o subject_a for_o the_o wife_n and_o daughter_n of_o these_o miserable_a wretch_n be_v force_v and_o carry_v away_o without_o dare_v to_o resist_v their_o insolent_a ravisher_n and_o this_o be_v so_o common_a among_o the_o persant_n that_o few_o of_o they_o scruple_n to_o choose_v a_o bride_n that_o have_v lose_v her_o virginity_n chap._n xii_o of_o the_o officer_n who_o be_v not_o senator_n i_o must_v in_o the_o next_o place_n give_v a_o account_n of_o those_o officer_n who_o have_v not_o a_o place_n in_o the_o senate_n of_o these_o there_o be_v three_o sort_n viz._n some_o be_v officer_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o of_o the_o whole_a duchy_n some_o of_o the_o court_n and_o other_o of_o palatinat_n and_o starosty_n there_o be_v a_o great_a secretary_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o another_o of_o the_o duchy_n who_o both_o have_v a_o privilege_n to_o enter_v into_o the_o privy-council_n and_o to_o know_v all_o that_o the_o chancellor_n and_o vice-chancellour_n do_v in_o the_o chancery_n so_o that_o the_o office_n of_o great_a secretary_n be_v as_o it_o be_v a_o step_n by_o
and_o make_v it_o the_o place_n of_o his_o residence_n after_o the_o death_n of_o lechus_n the_o government_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v commit_v to_o twelve_o palatine_n cracus_n 700._o an._n d._n 700._o he_o build_v cracow_n and_o transfer_v the_o court_n or_o residence_n of_o the_o prince_n from_o gnesna_n to_o that_o city_n lechus_n ii_o he_o assassinate_v his_o father_n cracus_n in_o a_o wood_n and_o give_v out_o that_o he_o be_v tear_v in_o piece_n by_o a_o bear_n queen_n venda_fw-la 750._o an._n d._n 750._o a_o princess_n equal_o famous_a for_o her_o beauty_n and_o valour_n after_o her_o death_n the_o kingdom_n be_v again_o govern_v by_o twelve_o palatine_n primislaus_n or_o lescus_n i._n 760._o an._n d._n 760._o a_o person_n of_o mean_a birth_n but_o of_o extraordinary_a courage_n and_o wisdom_n he_o be_v make_v prince_n or_o duke_n of_o poland_n with_o the_o unanimous_a consent_n of_o all_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o nation_n in_o consideration_n of_o the_o important_a service_n he_o have_v do_v to_o his_o country_n and_o particular_o in_o the_o war_n against_o the_o huns._n lesco_n ii_o surname_v the_o black_n 804._o an._n d._n 804._o he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v assist_v attila_n in_o his_o war_n against_o the_o roman_n lesco_n iii_o 810._o an._n d._n 810._o the_o son_n and_o successor_n of_o lesco_n ii_o he_o be_v also_o a_o enemy_n to_o the_o roman_n popiel_n i._n 815._o an._n d._n 815._o a_o debauch_a and_o effeminate_a prince_n popiel_n ii_o 830._o an._n d._n 830._o succeed_v his_o father_n and_o imitate_v his_o example_n he_o be_v eat_v up_o by_o mouse_n piastus_n 842._o an._n d._n 842._o he_o be_v advance_v from_o the_o blow_n to_o the_o throne_n in_o consideration_n of_o his_o justice_n and_o integrity_n semovitus_fw-la or_o ziemonitus_fw-la 861._o an._n d._n 861._o he_o defeat_v the_o vandal_n and_o conquer_a several_a country_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o the_o balthic_n sea_n lesco_n iu._n 892._o an._n d._n 892._o he_o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o all_o his_o neighbour_n semislaus_n or_o ziemomistus_fw-la 913._o an._n d._n 913._o he_o maintain_v the_o peace_n which_o his_o predecessor_n have_v establish_v mesco_fw-it or_o miecislaus_fw-la 964._o an._n d._n 964._o he_o be_v bear_v blind_a but_o receive_v his_o sight_n during_o his_o father_n life_n who_o upon_o this_o occasion_n consult_v those_o who_o pretend_v to_o foretell_v thing_n to_o come_v be_v inform_v that_o his_o son_n shall_v be_v remarkable_a for_o piety_n he_o be_v the_o first_o duke_n or_o prince_n of_o poland_n who_o embrace_v the_o christian_a religion_n boleslaus_n i._o surname_v chrobri_n 999._o an._n d._n 999._o he_o lay_v aside_o the_o title_n of_o duke_n with_o which_o his_o predecessor_n have_v content_v themselves_o and_o be_v solemn_o style_v king_n of_o poland_n and_o friend_n and_o ally_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n by_o otho_n iii_o an._n 1001._o he_o subdue_v the_o bohemian_o moravian_o silesian_n prussian_n and_o pomeranian_o mesco_fw-it or_o miecislaus_fw-la ii_o 1025._o an._n d._n 1025._o a_o lazy_a and_o effeminate_a prince_n under_o his_o reign_n the_o bohemian_o and_o moravian_o revolt_a from_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n casimir_n i._n 1041._o an._n d._n 1041._o he_o be_v dethrone_v and_o force_v to_o enter_v into_o a_o cloister_n but_o afterward_o raise_v a_o army_n and_o defeat_v the_o tyrant_n who_o have_v usurp_v the_o crown_n boleslaus_n ii_o surname_v the_o bold_a 1059._o an._n d._n 1059._o he_o defeat_v the_o huns_n and_o other_o scythian_a nation_n and_o subdue_v moravia_n but_o notwithstanding_o all_o the_o glory_n of_o his_o victory_n his_o memory_n be_v infamous_a in_o history_n he_o fall_v in_o love_n with_o a_o mare_n and_o barbarous_o murder_v the_o bishop_n stanislaus_n who_o reprove_v he_o for_o his_o brutish_a and_o unnatural_a lust_n and_o for_o these_o detestable_a crime_n both_o he_o and_o his_o successor_n be_v deprive_v of_o the_o regal_a dignity_n he_o be_v expel_v out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o tear_v in_o piece_n by_o dog_n vladislaus_n i._o surname_v hermannus_n 1082._o an._n d._n 1082._o a_o warlike_a and_o just_a prince_n boleslaus_n iii_o surname_v crivoustus_n 1103._o an._n d._n 1103._o he_o assist_v the_o hungarian_n against_o the_o roman_n and_o be_v very_o powerful_a at_o sea_n vladislaus_n ii_o 1146._o an._n d._n 1146._o he_o endeavour_v to_o oppress_v his_o brother_n but_o be_v at_o last_o defeat_v and_o expel_v out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n boleslaus_n iv_o surname_v crispus_n 1146._o an._n d._n 1146._o he_o make_v war_n with_o the_o emperor_n frederick_n barbarossa_n miecislaus_fw-la iii_o surname_v the_o age_a 1174._o an._n d._n 1174._o he_o be_v depose_v for_o oppress_v the_o people_n with_o exorbitant_a imposition_n casimit_n ii_o 1178._o an._n d._n 1178._o succeed_v his_o brother_n abrogate_v the_o unjust_a law_n that_o be_v establish_v by_o his_o predecessor_n and_o free_v the_o people_n from_o tyrannical_a imposition_n lesco_n v._o surname_v the_o white_a 1195._o an._n d._n 1195._o he_o be_v attack_v by_o this_o uncle_n miecislaus_fw-la the_o age_a and_o defend_v himself_o with_o various_a success_n till_o he_o be_v at_o last_o surprise_v as_o he_o be_v bathe_v himself_o and_o thrust_v through_o with_o a_o spear_n during_o the_o turbulent_a reign_n of_o this_o prince_n the_o country_n be_v miserable_o harass_v and_o the_o sovereign_a power_n be_v for_o some_o time_n assume_v by_o miecislaus_fw-la and_o afterward_o by_o vladislaus_n lasconogus_n boleslaus_n v._o surname_v the_o chaste_a 1226._o an._n d._n 1226._o in_o his_o time_n the_o tartar_n make_v a_o terrible_a havoc_n in_o poland_n lesco_n vi_o surname_v the_o black_n 1279._o an._n d._n 1279._o he_o be_v assist_v by_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n against_o conrade_n who_o have_v besiege_v cracow_n premislaus_n ii_o 1295._o an._n d._n 1295._o he_o reassume_v the_o regal_a title_n by_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o be_v crown_v by_o james_n archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n he_o undertake_v a_o expedition_n against_o the_o bohemian_o but_o be_v surprise_v and_o kill_v in_o his_o camp_n in_o the_o first_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n wenceslaus_n 1296._o an._n d._n 1296._o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n obtain_v the_o crown_n of_o poland_n he_o defeat_v the_o hungarian_n and_o fight_v against_o the_o emperor_n albert._n vladislaus_n iii_o surname_v locticus_n 1305._o an._n d._n 1305._o he_o be_v assist_v in_o his_o war_n by_o the_o lithuanian_n casimit_n iii_o surname_v the_o great_a 1333._o an._n d._n 1333._o a_o just_a and_o peaceful_a prince_n he_o free_v the_o kingdom_n from_o robber_n who_o during_o the_o late_a disorder_n have_v make_v the_o way_n unpassable_a and_o establish_v new_a law_n to_o suppress_v the_o insolence_n of_o the_o soldier_n he_o entertain_v four_o king_n at_o a_o splendid_a feast_n viz._n the_o king_n of_o hungary_n cyprus_n denmark_n and_o of_o the_o roman_n and_o give_v his_o niece_n in_o marriage_n to_o the_o last_o lewis_n 1370._o an._n d._n 1370._o king_n of_o hungary_n be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n he_o rout_v the_o lithuanian_n in_o a_o memorable_a battle_n vladislaus_n iu._n or_o ii_o call_v jagello_n 1386._o an._n d._n 1386._o this_o prince_n who_o be_v duke_n of_o lithuania_n and_o a_o pagan_a marry_v hedwige_v the_o daughter_n of_o king_n lewis_n and_o embrace_v the_o christian_a religion_n he_o unite_v the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n and_o extirpated_a paganism_n out_o of_o that_o country_n he_o obtain_v a_o great_a victory_n over_o the_o teutonic_n knight_n in_o prussia_n vladislaus_n v._o or_o iii_o 1434._o an._n d._n 1434._o he_o be_v choose_v king_n of_o hungary_n and_o be_v kill_v by_o the_o turk_n in_o the_o battle_n of_o varna_n casimit_n iv_o surname_v the_o great_a 1447._o an._n d._n 1447._o he_o take_v several_a town_n from_o the_o teutonick_n knight_n john_n albert._n 1492._o an._n d._n 1492._o he_o die_v as_o he_o be_v make_v preparation_n for_o a_o war_n against_o the_o turk_n alexander_n 1501._o an._n d._n 1501._o this_o prince_n be_v successful_a in_o his_o war_n against_o the_o moscovite_n and_o tartar_n sigismond_n i._n 1507._o an._n d._n 1507._o he_o defeat_v the_o muscovite_n tartar_n and_o hungarian_n and_o subdue_v prussia_n sigismond_n ii_o surname_v augustus_n 1548._o an._n d._n 1548._o this_o be_v the_o last_o king_n of_o the_o race_n of_o vladislaus_n jagellon_n henry_n of_o valois_n 1574._o an._n d._n 1574._o he_o be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n by_o the_o intrigue_n of_o the_o french_a and_o four_o month_n after_o his_o accession_n to_o the_o crown_n retire_v private_o from_o poland_n upon_o the_o news_n of_o the_o death_n of_o his_o brother_n charles_n ix_o who_o he_o succeed_v in_o france_n stephen_n bathori_n prince_n of_o transilvania_n 1576._o an._n d._n 1576._o a_o wise_a brave_a and_o victorious_a prince_n his_o virtue_n be_v celebrate_v at_o his_o death_n in_o the_o follow_a elegy_n in_o