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religion_n christian_a church_n profess_v 3,448 5 8.0722 4 false
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ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A27045 The successive visibility of the church of which the Protestants are the soundest members I. defended against the opposition of Mr. William Johnson, II. proved by many arguments / by Richard Baxter ; whereunto is added 1. an account of my judgement to Mr. J. how far hereticks are or are not in the church, 2. Mr. Js. explication of the most used terms, with my queries thereupon, and his answer and my reply, 3. an appendix about successive ordination, 4. letters between me and T.S., a papist, with a narrative of the success. Baxter, Richard, 1615-1691.; Johnson, William, 1583-1663. 1660 (1660) Wing B1418; ESTC R17445 166,900 438

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party_n the_o most_o visible_a catholic_n church_n be_v they_o who_o yet_o have_v no_o part_n in_o it_o because_o they_o be_v not_o christian_n as_o deny_v that_o which_o be_v essential_a to_o christ_n the_o object_n of_o the_o christian_a faith_n and_o therefore_o none_o of_o the_o church_n and_o therefore_o though_o most_o visible_a and_o numerous_a yet_o not_o the_o visible_a church_n and_o the_o church_n which_o to_o other_o be_v as_o wheat_n hide_v in_o this_o chaff_n or_o rather_o a_o few_o ear_n among_o so_o many_o rares_fw-la be_v yet_o visible_a to_o itself_o in_o its_o truth_n of_o faith_n and_o visible_a to_o its_o enemy_n in_o its_o profession_n and_o assembly_n though_o in_o number_n far_o below_o they_o so_o also_o in_o some_o place_n it_o may_v be_v latent_fw-la through_o persecution_n &_o the_o paucity_n of_o believer_n when_o in_o other_o place_n it_o be_v more_o patent_n and_o its_o degree_n of_o soundness_n be_v various_a be_v according_o various_o visible_a one_o part_n may_v be_v real_o and_o visible_o more_o strong_a and_o another_o more_o weak_a in_o the_o faith_n one_o part_n much_o more_o corrupt_a than_o other_o and_o other_o part_n retain_v their_o purity_n and_o the_o same_o country_n increase_n or_o decrease_v in_o that_o purity_n as_o be_v apparent_a in_o the_o case_n of_o the_o church_n of_o galatia_n corinth_n the_o seven_o asian_a church_n rev._n 2._o and_o 3._o etc._n etc._n last_o note_n that_o it_o be_v only_o that_o part_n of_o the_o church_n which_o be_v on_o earth_n who_o visibility_n we_o assert_v though_o that_o in_o heaven_n be_v also_o a_o true_a part_n of_o the_o body_n of_o christ._n nor_o be_v it_o in_o the_o same_o individual_n that_o the_o church_n continue_v visible_a but_o in_o successive_a matter_n so_o much_o for_o explication_n of_o the_o term_n thes._n the_o church_n of_o which_o the_o protestant_n be_v member_n have_v be_v visible_a ever_o since_o the_o day_n of_o christ_n on_o earth_n arg._n 1._o the_o body_n 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show_v you_o the_o unreasonableness_n of_o it_o beyond_o all_o reasonable_a contradiction_n you_o next_o inquire_v whether_o we_o account_v rome_n and_o we_o one_o congregation_n of_o christian_n i_o answer_v the_o roman_a church_n have_v two_o head_n and_o we_o but_o one_o and_o that_o be_v the_o difference_n they_o be_v christian_n and_o so_o one_o church_n as_o unite_v in_o christ_n with_o we_o and_o all_o other_o true_a christian_n if_o any_o so_o hold_v their_o papacy_n and_o other_o error_n as_o effective_o and_o practical_o to_o destroy_v their_o christianity_n those_o be_v not_o christian_n and_o so_o not_o of_o the_o same_o church_n as_o we_o but_o those_o that_o do_v not_o so_o but_o be_v so_o papist_n as_o yet_o to_o be_v true_o and_o practical_o christian_n be_v and_o shall_v be_v of_o the_o same_o church_n with_o we_o whether_o they_o will_v or_o not_o and_o your_o modest_a stile_n make_v i_o hope_v that_o you_o and_o i_o be_v of_o one_o church_n though_o you_o never_o 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protestant_n be_v chief_a member_n be_v clear_o prove_v and_o the_o papist_n exception_n against_o it_o confute_v london_n print_v in_o the_o year_n 1660._o qu._n whether_o the_o church_n of_o which_o the_o protestant_n be_v member_n have_v be_v visible_a ever_o since_o the_o day_n of_o christ_n on_o earth_n aff._n the_o term_n explain_v 1._o the_o church_n sometime_o signify_v a_o particular_a congregation_n actual_o meet_v or_o associate_v for_o such_o personal_a meeting_n for_o communion_n in_o god_n worship_n 2._o sometime_o it_o signify_v a_o association_n of_o church_n and_o that_o either_o of_o sewer_n or_o of_o more_o as_o they_o have_v opportunity_n of_o communion_n or_o correspondency_n by_o their_o pastor_n and_o also_o the_o assembly_n of_o the_o pastor_n of_o the_o particular_a church_n so_o associate_v scripture_n use_v it_o in_o the_o first_o sense_n and_o late_a custom_n whether_o scripture_n also_o i_o omit_v in_o the_o late_a 3._o both_o scripture_n and_o custom_n 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sumantur_fw-la exempla_fw-la &_o quaedam_fw-la certarum_fw-la sententiarum_fw-la testimonia_fw-la dubitationem_fw-la de_fw-la incertis_fw-la auferant_fw-la you_o see_v here_o that_o the_o scripture_n as_o sufficient_a to_o faith_n and_o manner_n to_o be_v read_v by_o all_o that_o fear_n god_n and_o can_v read_v and_o the_o hard_a place_n to_o be_v expound_v by_o the_o plain_a be_v the_o ancient_a rule_n of_o faith_n and_o religion_n and_o this_o be_v the_o religion_n of_o protestant_n aug._n lib._n 3._o c._n 6._o contra_fw-la light_v petiliani_fw-la pag._n 127._o proinde_fw-la sive_fw-la de_fw-la christo_fw-la sive_fw-la de_fw-la ejus_fw-la ecclesia_fw-la sive_fw-la de_fw-la quacunque_fw-la alia_fw-la re_fw-la quae_fw-la pertinet_fw-la ad_fw-la fidem_fw-la vitamque_fw-la nostram_fw-la non_fw-la dicam_fw-la nos_fw-la nequaquam_fw-la comparandi_fw-la ●i_fw-la qui_fw-la dixit_fw-la licet_fw-la si_fw-la nos_fw-la sed_fw-la omnino_fw-la quod_fw-la secutus_fw-la adjecit_fw-la si_fw-la 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it_o concern_v we_o to_o keep_v out_o friar_n and_o jesuit_n from_o the_o land_n as_o much_o if_o we_o know_v how_o as_o to_o keep_v out_o the_o devil_n for_o they_o tell_v we_o 1._o that_o we_o must_v believe_v the_o pope_n sovereignty_n against_o the_o tradition_n and_o judgement_n of_o most_o of_o the_o catholic_n church_n 2._o and_o we_o must_v believe_v ourselves_o to_o be_v void_a of_o charity_n because_o no_o papist_n contrary_a to_o our_o internal_a sense_n and_o knowledge_n 3._o and_o we_o must_v believe_v that_o bread_n be_v not_o bread_n and_o wine_n be_v not_o wine_n contrary_a to_o the_o common_a sense_n of_o all_o sound_a man_n and_o if_o we_o will_v not_o thus_o renounce_v the_o church_n vote_n tradition_n our_o certain_a knowledge_n reason_n and_o all_o our_o sense_n we_o must_v be_v damn_v where_o as_o before_o this_o doctrine_n be_v bring_v we_o we_o may_v have_v be_v save_v as_o have_v in_o the_o scripture_n all_o thing_n necessary_a to_o the_o salvation_n of_o all_o 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apostle_n and_o this_o be_v but_o to_o know_v their_o doctrine_n deliver_v in_o that_o first_o age_n which_o we_o appeal_v to_o and_o after_o he_o express_o say_v ad_fw-la hanc_fw-la it_z aque_fw-la formam_fw-la provocabantur_fw-la ab_fw-la illis_fw-la ecclesiis_fw-la quae_fw-la licet_fw-la nullum_fw-la ex_fw-la apostolis_n vel_fw-la apost●licus_fw-la auctorem_fw-la suum_fw-la proferant_fw-la ut_fw-la multo_fw-la posteriores_fw-la quae_fw-la denique_fw-la quotidie_fw-la institutum_fw-la tamen_fw-la in_o eadem_fw-la fidem_fw-la conspirantes_fw-la non_fw-la minus_fw-la apostolicae_fw-la deputantur_fw-la pro_fw-la consanguinitate_fw-la doctrinae_fw-la the_o apostle_n doctrine_n will_v prove_v a_o apostolical_a church_n when_o ever_o plant_v and_o c._n 38._o he_o draw_v they_o from_o dispute_v from_o the_o scripture_n because_o they_o own_v not_o the_o true_a scripture_n but_o corrupt_v it_o and_o charge_v the_o catholic_n with_o corruption_n sicut_fw-la illis_fw-la non_fw-la potuit_fw-la 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man_n before_o he_o be_v sick_a how_o can_v there_o be_v a_o church_n protest_v against_o a_o universal_a vicar_n of_o christ_n before_o any_o claim_v that_o vicarship_n 2._o and_o when_o the_o vicarship_n be_v usurp_v those_o million_o abroad_o and_o even_o within_o the_o roman_a territory_n that_o let_v the_o pretend_a vicar_n talk_v and_o follow_v their_o own_o business_n and_o never_o consent_v to_o his_o usurpation_n be_v of_o the_o very_a same_o religion_n with_o those_o that_o open_o protest_v against_o he_o and_o so_o be_v those_o that_o never_o hear_v of_o his_o usurpation_n object_n but_o at_o least_o say_v they_o you_o must_v prove_v a_o church_n that_o have_v be_v without_o the_o universal_a vicar_n negative_o though_o not_o against_o he_o positive_o answ._n 1._o in_o all_o reason_n he_o that_o affirm_v must_v prove_v it_o be_v not_o incumbent_n on_o we_o to_o prove_v the_o negative_a that_o the_o church_n have_v not_o such_o a_o roman_a head_n but_o they_o must_v prove_v that_o it_o have_v object_n but_o they_o have_v possession_n and_o therefore_o you_o that_o will_v dispossess_v they_o must_v disprove_v their_o title_n ans._n 1._o this_o be_v nothing_o to_o most_o of_o the_o catholic_a church_n where_o they_o have_v no_o possession_n therefore_o with_o they_o they_o confess_v themselves_o oblige_v to_o the_o proof_n 2._o this_o be_v a_o mere_a fallacious_a diversion_n for_o we_o be_v not_o now_o upon_o the_o question_n of_o their_o title_n but_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n and_o history_n we_o make_v good_a the_o negative_a that_o they_o have_v no_o title_n from_o the_o law_n of_o christ_n himself_n and_o so_o will_v not_o dispossess_v they_o without_o disprove_v their_o pretend_a title_n but_o when_o the_o question_n be_v de_fw-fr facto_fw-la whether_o they_o have_v ever_o have_v that_o possession_n from_o the_o apostle_n day_n they_o that_o affirm_v must_v prove_v when_o we_o have_v disable_v their_o title_n from_o the_o law_n 2._o but_o what_o must_v we_o prove_v that_o all_o the_o church_n have_v be_v guiltless_a of_o the_o papal_a usurpation_n or_o only_o some_o in_o every_o age_n of_o all_o its_o no_o more_o necessary_a to_o we_o then_o to_o prove_v that_o there_o have_v be_v no_o heresy_n since_o the_o apostle_n if_o a_o piece_n of_o the_o church_n may_v turn_v heretic_n or_o but_o schismatic_n as_o the_o novatian_o and_o african_a donatist_n why_o may_v not_o another_o piece_n turn_n papist_n 3._o what_o will_v you_o say_v to_o a_o man_n that_o know_v not_o a_o protestant_n nor_o a_o papist_n or_o believe_v only_a christianity_n itself_o and_o meddle_v not_o with_o the_o pope_n any_o further_a than_o to_o say_v i_o believe_v not_o in_o he_o jesus_n i_o know_v and_o the_o apostle_n and_o scripture_n and_o christianity_n i_o know_v but_o the_o pope_n i_o know_v not_o and_o suppose_v he_o never_o subscribe_v to_o the_o augustane_n english_a or_o any_o such_o confession_n but_o only_o to_o the_o scripture_n and_o the_o apostle_n and_o nicene_n and_o other_o ancient_a creed_n by_o what_o show_n of_o justice_n can_v you_o require_v this_o man_n to_o prove_v that_o there_o have_v be_v no_o pope_n in_o every_o age_n 4._o the_o foundation_n of_o all_o our_o controversy_n be_v doctrinal_a whether_o the_o papal_a sovereignty_n be_v essential_a to_o the_o church_n or_o necessary_a to_o our_o membership_n we_o deny_v it_o you_o affirm_v it_o if_o it_o be_v not_o essential_a it_o be_v enough_o to_o we_o to_o prove_v that_o which_o be_v essential_a to_o have_v be_v successive_a we_o be_v not_o bind_v in_o order_n to_o the_o proof_n of_o our_o church_n itself_o to_o prove_v the_o succession_n of_o every_o thing_n that_o make_v but_o to_o its_o better_a be_v yet_o profess_v that_o we_o do_v it_o not_o as_o necessary_a to_o our_o main_a cause_n we_o shall_v ex_fw-la abundanti_fw-la prove_v the_o negative_a that_o the_o catholic_a church_n have_v not_o always_o own_v the_o papal_a sovereignty_n and_o so_o that_o there_o have_v be_v man_n that_o be_v not_o only_a christian_n but_o as_o we_o christian_n without_o popery_n and_o against_o it_o and_o so_o shall_v both_o prove_v our_o thesis_n and_o overthrow_v they_o arg._n 4._o if_o there_o have_v be_v since_o the_o day_n of_o christ_n a_o christian_a church_n that_o be_v not_o subject_a to_o the_o roman_a pope_n as_o the_o vicar_n of_o christ_n and_o universal_a head_n and_o governor_n of_o the_o church_n then_o the_o church_n of_o which_o the_o protestant_n be_v member_n have_v be_v visible_a both_o in_o its_o be_v and_o its_o freedom_n from_o popery_n but_o the_o antecedent_n be_v true_a therefore_o so_o be_v the_o consequent_a i_o shall_v prove_v the_o antecedent_n and_o therein_o the_o visibility_n of_o our_o church_n and_o the_o nonexistence_n in_o those_o time_n of_o the_o papacy_n arg._n 1._o my_o first_o argument_n shall_v be_v from_o the_o general_a council_n of_o chalcedon_n if_o the_o privilege_n of_o the_o roman_a sea_n be_v give_v to_o it_o by_o the_o bishop_n consequent_o because_o of_o the_o empire_n of_o that_o city_n and_o therefore_o equal_a privilege_n after_o give_v to_o constantinople_n on_o the_o same_o
from_o we_o be_v but_o the_o opinion_n of_o a_o faction_n among_o they_o before_o luther_n and_o that_o the_o western_a church_n before_o luther_n be_v protestant_n even_o in_o those_o particular_a controversy_n though_o this_o be_v a_o thing_n that_o we_o need_v not_o prove_v and_o as_o dr._n potter_n tell_v they_o pag._n 68_o the_o roman_a doctor_n do_v not_o full_o and_o absolute_o agree_v in_o any_o one_o point_n among_o themselves_o but_o only_o in_o such_o point_n wherein_o they_o agree_v with_o we_o in_o the_o other_o dispute_v between_o we_o they_o differ_v one_o from_o another_o as_o much_o almost_o as_o they_o differ_v from_o we_o he_o appeal_v for_o this_o to_o bellarmine_n tome_n though_o i_o can_v undertake_v to_o make_v this_o good_a in_o every_o point_n yet_o that_o proper_a popery_n be_v hold_v but_o by_o a_o faction_n in_o the_o western_a church_n even_o at_o its_o height_n before_o luther_n be_v easy_o make_v good_a he_o that_o read_v but_o the_o writer_n before_o luther_n and_o in_o history_n note_v the_o desire_n of_o emperor_n king_n and_o university_n and_o bishop_n for_o reformation_n of_o the_o thing_n that_o we_o have_v reform_v may_v soon_o see_v this_o to_o be_v very_o true_a it_o be_v avitas_fw-la leges_fw-la &_o consuetudines_fw-la angliae_fw-la as_o rog._n hoved●n_n and_o matth._n paris_n in_o h._n 2._o show_n that_o the_o pope_n here_o damn_v and_o anathematise_v all_o that_o favour_a and_o observe_v they_o o_o tender_a father_n even_o to_o king_n o_o enemy_n of_o novelty_n the_o german_a history_n collect_v by_o reuberus_n pistorus_fw-la freherus_fw-la and_o goldastus_n show_v it_o as_o plain_a as_o day_n light_n that_o a_o papal_a faction_n by_o fury_n and_o turbulence_n keep_v under_o the_o far_o great_a part_n of_o the_o church_n by_o force_n that_o indeed_o dissent_v from_o they_o even_o from_o hildebrand_n day_n till_o luther_n or_o near_o say_v the_o apologia_fw-la henrici_fw-la 4._o imperat._v in_o m._n fr●heri_fw-la tom._n 1._o p._n 178._o behold_v pope_n hildebrand_n bishop_n when_o doubtless_o they_o be_v murderer_n of_o soul_n and_o body_n such_o as_o deserve_o be_v call_v the_o synagogue_n of_o satan_n yet_o they_o write_v that_o on_o his_o and_o on_o their_o side_n or_o party_n be_v the_o holy_a mother_n church_n when_o the_o catholic_n that_o be_v the_o universal_a church_n be_v not_o in_o the_o schism_n of_o any_o side_n or_o party_n but_o in_o the_o universality_n of_o the_o faithful_a agree_v together_o by_o the_o spirit_n of_o peace_n and_o charity_n and_o p._n 179._o see_v how_o this_o minister_n of_o the_o devil_n be_v beside_o himself_o and_o will_v draw_v we_o with_o he_o into_o the_o ditch_n of_o perdition_n that_o write_v that_o god_n holy_a priesthood_n be_v with_o only_o 13._o or_o few_o more_o bishop_n of_o hildebrand_n and_o that_o the_o priesthood_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n through_o the_o world_n be_v separate_v from_o the_o church_n of_o god_n when_o certain_o not_o only_o the_o testimony_n of_o gregory_n and_o innocent_n but_o the_o judgement_n of_o all_o the_o holy_a father_n agree_v with_o that_o of_o cyprian_a that_o he_o be_v a_o alien_n profane_a a_o enemy_n that_o he_o can_v have_v god_n for_o his_o father_n that_o hold_v not_o the_o unity_n of_o the_o church_n which_o he_o after_o describe_v to_o have_v one_o priesthood_n et_fw-fr p._n 181._o but_o some_o that_o go_v out_o from_o we_o say_v and_o write_v that_o they_o defend_v the_o party_n of_o their_o gregory_n not_o the_o whole_a which_o be_v christ_n which_o be_v the_o catholic_n church_n of_o christ._n and_o p._n 180._o but_o our_o adversary_n that_o go_v from_o we_o not_o we_o from_o they_o use_v thus_o to_o commend_v themselves_o we_o be_v the_o catholic_n we_o be_v in_o the_o unity_n of_o the_o church_n so_o the_o writer_n call_v they_o catholic_n and_o we_o that_o hold_v the_o faith_n of_o the_o holy_a father_n that_o consent_n with_o all_o good_a man_n that_o love_n peace_n and_o brotherhood_n us_o he_o call_v schismatic_n and_o heretic_n and_o excommunicate_a because_o we_o resist_v not_o the_o king_n and_o p._n 181._o isidore_n say_v etym._n l._n 8._o the_o church_n be_v call_v catholic_n because_o it_o be_v not_o as_o the_o conventicle_n of_o heretic_n confine_v in_o certain_a country_n but_o diffuse_v through_o the_o whole_a world_n therefore_o they_o have_v not_o the_o catholic_n faith_n that_o be_v in_o a_o part_n and_o not_o in_o the_o whole_a which_o christ_n have_v redeem_v and_o must_v reign_v with_o christ._n they_o that_o confess_v in_o the_o creed_n that_o they_o believe_v the_o holy_a catholic_n church_n and_o be_v divide_v into_o party_n hold_v not_o the_o unity_n of_o the_o church_n which_o unity_n believer_n be_v of_o one_o heart_n and_o one_o soul_n proper_o belong_v to_o the_o catholic_n church_n so_o this_o apol._n one_o objection_n i_o must_v here_o remove_v which_o be_v all_o and_o n●thing_n viz._n that_o the_o armenian_n greek_n georgian_n abassine_n and_o many_o other_o here_o name_v differ_v from_o protestant_n in_o many_o point_n of_o faith_n and_o therefore_o they_o can_v be_v of_o the_o same_o church_n ans._n 1._o they_o differ_v in_o nothing_o essential_a to_o our_o church_n or_o religion_n nor_o near_o the_o essence_n 2._o protestant_n differ_v in_o some_o lesser_a point_n and_o yet_o you_o call_v they_o all_o protestant_n yourselves_o 3._o i_o prove_v undeniable_o from_o your_o own_o pen_n that_o man_n differ_v in_o matter_n of_o faith_n be_v all_o take_v to_o be_v of_o your_o church_n and_o so_o of_o one_o church_n and_o therefore_o you_o contradict_v yourselves_o in_o make_v all_o point_n of_o faith_n to_o be_v essential_o of_o the_o christian_a religion_n or_o church_n 1._o the_o council_n of_o basil_n and_o constance_n differ_v the_o fide_fw-la with_o the_o pop●_n and_o the_o council_n of_o lateran_n and_o florence_n they_o express_o affirm_v their_o doctrine_n to_o be_v de_fw-fr fide_fw-la that_o the_o council_n be_v above_o the_o pope_n and_o may_v depose_v he_o etc._n etc._n and_o the_o contrary_a heresy_n and_o pighius_fw-la hierarch_n eccles._n lib._n 6._o say_v that_o these_o council_n go_v against_o the_o undoubted_a faith_n and_o judgement_n of_o the_o orthodox_n church_n itself_o 2._o their_o saint_n tho._n aquinas_n and_o most_o of_o their_o doctor_n with_o he_o differ_v from_o the_o second_o council_n of_o nice_a in_o hold_v the_o cross_n and_o image_n of_o christ_n to_o be_v worship_v with_o latria_n which_o that_o council_n determine_v against_o see_v more_o argument_n in_o my_o key_n for_o cath._n p._n 127_o 128._o and_o after_o i_o will_v now_o add_v a_o testimony_n sufficient_a to_o silence_v papist_n in_o this_o point_n and_o that_o be_v the_o determination_n of_o the_o theological_a faculty_n of_o paris_n under_o their_o great_a seal_n against_o one_o johan._n de_fw-la montesono_fw-it ordinis_fw-la praedic_fw-la as_o you_o may_v find_v it_o after_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o error_n reject_v by_o that_o university_n in_o the_o end_n of_o lombard_n print_v at_o paris_n 1557._o pag._n 426._o their_o 3._o conclusion_n be_v that_o saint_n thom._n aquin._n doctrine_n be_v not_o so_o approve_v by_o the_o church_n as_o that_o we_o must_v believe_v that_o it_o be_v in_o no_o part_n of_o it_o erroneous_a de_fw-fr fide_fw-la in_o matter_n of_o faith_n or_o heretical_a they_o prove_v it_o because_o it_o have_v many_o contradiction_n even_o in_o matter_n of_o faith_n and_o therefore_o they_o ought_v not_o to_o believe_v it_o not_o heretical_a here_o fol._n 426_o 427._o they_o give_v six_o example_n of_o his_o contradiction_n and_o therefore_o they_o conclude_v that_o though_o he_o be_v no_o heretic_n because_o not_o pertinacious_a yet_o they_o ought_v not_o to_o believe_v that_o his_o doctrine_n be_v in_o no_o part_n heretical_a or_o erroneous_a in_o the_o faith_n they_o further_o argue_v thus_o if_o we_o must_v believe_v his_o doctrine_n not_o heretical_a etc._n etc._n this_o shall_v be_v chief_o because_o it_o be_v approve_v by_o the_o church_n but_o there_o be_v some_o doctrine_n much_o more_o approve_a by_o the_o church_n than_o the_o doctrine_n of_o s._n tho._n which_o yet_o be_v in_o some_o part_n of_o it_o heretical_a or_o erroneous_a in_o the_o faith_n therefore_o the_o minor_a they_o prove_v by_o many_o example_n the_o first_o be_v of_o peter_n doctrine_n gal._n 2._o i_o own_v not_o this_o by_o cite_v it_o the_o second_o be_v of_o cyprian_a the_o three_o of_o hierom_n and_o they_o add_v that_o the_o same_o may_v be_v say_v of_o augustine_n and_o many_o more_o approve_a doctor_n the_o four_o example_n be_v lombard_n himself_o who_o they_o say_v have_v somewhat_o erroneous_a in_o the_o faith_n the_o five_o be_v gratian_n who_o have_v he_o pertinacious_o adhere_v to_o his_o doctrine_n they_o say_v have_v be_v a_o manifest_a heretic_n and_o say_v they_o some_o say_v the_o
●irst_n sense_n be_v either_o speak_v of_o one_o that_o profess_v the_o rest_n deny_v some_o one_o or_o more_o essential_a article_n of_o the_o faith_n or_o part_n of_o christianity_n or_o one_o that_o only_o deny_v not_o what_o be_v necessary_a to_o the_o be_v but_o to_o the_o integrality_n or_o sober_a and_o better-being_a of_o a_o christian._n 3._o heretic_n be_v either_o convict_v and_o condemn_v or_o such_o as_o never_o be_v try_v and_o judge_v 4._o heretic_n condemn_v be_v either_o condemn_v by_o their_o proper_a pastor_n or_o by_o other_o 5._o if_o by_o other_o either_o by_o usurper_n or_o by_o mere_a equal_a neighbour_n consociate_v pastor_n 6._o they_o be_v condemn_v either_o just_o cl●ve_n non_fw-la errante_fw-la or_o unjust_o cleave_v errante_fw-la 7._o they_o be_v either_o judge_v to_o be_v material_o as_o to_o the_o quality_n of_o their_o error_n heretic_n or_o also_o formal_o as_o obstinate_a impenitent_a and_o habitual_o state_v heretic_n upon_o these_o necessary_a distinction_n i_o answer_v your_o question_n in_o these_o proposition_n prop._n 1._o as_o the_o word_n heretic_n signify_v schismatic_n as_o such_o so_o heretic_n with_o draw_v from_o some_o part_n of_o the_o universal_a church_n only_o may_v yet_o be_v part_n of_o the_o who●e_n even_o with_o those_o part_n from_o which_o they_o separate_v if_o they_o say_v you_o be_v no_o part_n and_o therefore_o we_o disow_v you_o and_o will_v have_v no_o communion_n with_o you_o this_o make_v neither_o cease_v to_o be_v part_n and_o while_n both_o own_o the_o head_n and_o the_o body_n as_o such_o they_o have_v a_o union_n in_o tertio_fw-la and_o so_o a_o communion_n in_o the_o principal_a respect_n while_o they_o peevish_o disclaim_v it_o in_o other_o respect_n beside_o that_o the_o local_a or_o particular_a communion_n be_v it_o that_o be_v proper_a to_o member_n of_o a_o particular_a church_n and_o therefore_o the_o renounce_v it_o only_o separate_v he_o from_o that_o church_n but_o it_o be_v the_o general_a communion_n that_o belong_v to_o we_o as_o member_n of_o the_o church_n universal_a which_o may_v be_v still_o continue_v but_o shall_v any_o renounce_v the_o body_n of_o christ_n as_o such_o and_o separate_z not_o from_o this_o or_o that_o church_n but_o from_o the_o whole_a or_o from_o the_o church_n universal_a as_o such_o this_o man_n will_v be_v no_o member_n of_o the_o church_n prop._n 2._o as_o the_o word_n heretic_n be_v take_v for_o one_o that_o deny_v any_o thing_n essential_a to_o christianity_n so_o a_o heretic_n if_o latent_fw-la be_v out_o of_o the_o church_n deo_fw-la judice_fw-la as_o to_o the_o invisible_a part_n or_o soul_n of_o the_o church_n as_o bellarmine_n call_v it_o as_o a_o latent_fw-la infidel_n be_v but_o he_o may_v be_v if_o latent_fw-la in_o the_o outward_a communion_n or_o as_o bellarmine_n call_v he_o a_o dead_a member_n that_o proper_o be_v none_o as_o the_o straw_n and_o chaff_n be_v in_o the_o cornfield_n prop._n 3._o such_o a_o heretic_n convict_v and_o judge_v by_o the_o pastor_n of_o that_o particular_a church_n of_o which_o he_o be_v a_o subject-member_n be_v according_o to_o be_v avoid_v and_o in_o foro_fw-la illius_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la be_v so_o far_o cast_v out_o of_o that_o church_n as_o the_o sentence_n import_v prop._n 4._o such_o a_o heretic_n if_o he_o be_v a_o pastor_n of_o one_o church_n and_o be_v convict_v and_o condemn_v by_o the_o consociate_n coequal_a pastor_n of_o the_o neighbour_n church_n be_v according_o cast_v out_o from_o communion_n of_o all_o the_o church_n of_o which_o they_o be_v pastor_n prop._n 5._o so_o far_o as_o any_o christian_n through_o the_o world_n have_v sufficient_a proof_n or_o cognisance_n of_o the_o say_a conviction_n and_o condemnation_n they_o be_v all_o bind_v according_o to_o esteem_v the_o condemn_a heretic_n and_o avoid_v he_o prop_n 6._o if_o heresy_n be_v take_v for_o the_o obstinate_a impenitent_a resist_a or_o reject_v of_o any_o point_n of_o faith_n that_o be_v of_o divine_a revelation_n which_o be_v make_v so_o plain_a to_o the_o person_n that_o nothing_o but_o a_o wicked_a will_n can_v cause_v such_o resistance_n or_o rejection_n such_o person_n be_v just_o convict_v and_o condemn_v as_o aforesaid_a be_v to_o be_v take_v as_o person_n condemn_v for_o obstinacy_n and_o impenitency_n in_o any_o other_o sin_n and_o be_v out_o of_o the_o church_n as_o far_o as_o a_o man_n condemn_v for_o impenitency_n in_o drunkenness_n or_o fornication_n be_v prop._n 7._o heresy_n take_v in_o this_o soft_a sense_n for_o the_o denial_n of_o a_o truth_n of_o divine_a revelation_n not_o essential_a to_o the_o christian_a religion_n or_o necessary_a to_o the_o be_v of_o a_o christian_a exclude_v no_o man_n from_o the_o church_n of_o itself_o unless_o they_o be_v legal_o convict_v of_o wicked_a impenitency_n and_o obstinacy_n in_o defend_v it_o prop._n 8._o a_o sentence_n pass_v in_o alieno_fw-la foro_fw-la by_o a_o usurper_n that_o have_v no_o true_a authority_n thereto_o prove_v no_o man_n a_o heretic_n prop._n 9_o a_o sentence_n pass_v by_o a_o authorize_v pastor_n or_o by_o many_o if_o it_o be_v notorious_o unjust_a cleave_v errante_fw-la prove_v no_o man_n a_o heretic_n or_o out_o of_o the_o universal_a church_n prop._n 10._o a_o sentence_n pass_v by_o one_o church_n or_o many_o consociate_n bind_v none_o to_o take_v the_o condemn_a person_n to_o be_v a_o heretic_n and_o out_o of_o the_o universal_a church_n but_o those_o that_o have_v sufficient_a notice_n of_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o judge_n and_o validity_n of_o the_o evidence_n or_o a_o ground_n of_o violent_a presumption_n as_o it_o be_v call_v that_o the_o sentence_n be_v just_a prop._n 11._o he_o that_o be_v sentence_v a_o heretic_n or_o impenitent_a by_o the_o pastor_n of_o some_o church_n and_o acquit_v by_o the_o equally-authorized_n pastor_n of_o other_o church_n be_v not_o eo_fw-la nomine_fw-la to_o be_v condemn_v or_o acquit_v by_o a_o three_o church_n but_o use_v as_o the_o evidence_n require_v prop._n 12._o there_o be_v a_o actual_a excommunication_n pro_fw-la medelâ_fw-la and_o pro_fw-la tempore_fw-la due_a for_o a_o actual_a wilful_a defence_n of_o error_n or_o for_o other_o wilful_a sin_n which_o stated_o put_v not_o a_o man_n out_o of_o the_o church_n as_o there_o be_v a_o excommunication_n à_fw-fr statu_fw-la &_o relatione_fw-la which_o be_v due_a for_o state_v habitual_a or_o obstinate_a impenitency_n in_o that_o or_o other_o great_a or_o know_a sin_n have_v thus_o distinct_o tell_v you_o my_o judgement_n how_o far_o heretic_n be_v or_o be_v not_o in_o or_o out_o of_o the_o universal_a church_n i_o add_v in_o order_n to_o the_o application_n 1._o that_o this_o whole_a debate_n be_v nothing_o to_o the_o great_a difference_n between_o you_o and_o we_o it_o be_v not_o the_o fide_fw-la in_o your_o own_o account_n but_o a_o dogma_fw-la theologicum_fw-la which_o you_o differ_v about_o among_o yourselves_o bellarmine_n tell_v you_o alphonsus_n a_o castro_n maintain_v that_o heretic_n be_v in_o the_o church_n the_o eccles._n l._n 3._o c._n 4._o and_o he_o himself_o say_v that_o haeretici_fw-la pertinent_a ad_fw-la ecclesiam_fw-la ut_fw-la oves_fw-la ad_fw-la ovile_a unde_fw-la confugerunt_fw-la ibid._n c._n 4._o so_o that_o they_o be_v oves_fw-la still_o and_o if_o it_o be_v but_o ovile_a particular_a veluti_fw-la romanum_fw-la that_o they_o fly_v from_o and_o not_o the_o universal_a that_o prove_v they_o not_o out_o of_o the_o universal_a church_n and_o bellarmine_n say_v of_o the_o catechumen_n &_o excommunicatis_fw-la that_o they_o be_v de_fw-fr anima_fw-la et_fw-la si_fw-la non_fw-la de_fw-fr corpore_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la ib._n c._n 2._o and_o may_v be_v save_v cap._n 6._o and_o the_o anima_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la be_v not_o incorporate_v in_o the_o world_n without_o all_o that_o have_v that_o soul_n be_v of_o that_o church_n which_o christ_n that_o animate_v his_o member_n be_v the_o head_n of_o which_o make_v melchior_n canus_n fatente_fw-la bellarmino_fw-la de_fw-fr eccl._n l._n 3._o c._n 3._o confess_v the_o be_v of_o that_o which_o indeed_o be_v the_o true_a catholic_a church_n say_v of_o the_o unbaptised_a believer_n that_o sunt_fw-la de_fw-fr ecclesia_fw-la quae_fw-la comprehendit_fw-la omnes_fw-la fideles_fw-la ab_fw-la abel_n usque_fw-la ad_fw-la consummationem_fw-la mundi_fw-la 2._o many_o pope_n have_v be_v condemn_v for_o heretic_n even_o by_o general_a council_n as_o not_o only_a henorius_fw-la by_o two_o or_o three_o but_o eugenius_n by_o the_o council_n of_o basil_n when_o yet_o he_o keep_v his_o place_n and_o the_o rest_n come_v in_o as_o his_o successor_n and_o your_o writer_n frequent_o confess_v that_o a_o pope_n may_v be_v a_o heretic_n as_o pope_n adrian_n himself_o affirm_v now_o if_o these_o be_v not_o of_o the_o church_n than_o they_o be_v not_o head_n of_o the_o church_n and_o then_o be_v essential_a part_n of_o your_o church_n it_o follow_v that_o your_o church_n be_v heretical_a
the_o successive_a visibility_n of_o the_o church_n of_o which_o the_o protestant_n be_v the_o sound_a member_n i._o defend_v against_o the_o opposition_n of_o mr._n william_n johnson_n ii_o prove_v by_o many_o argument_n by_o richard_n baxter_n whereto_o be_v add_v 1._o a_o account_n of_o my_o judgement_n to_o mr._n j._n how_o far_o heretic_n be_v or_o be_v not_o in_o the_o church_n 2._o mr._n js._n explication_n of_o the_o most_o use_a term_n with_o my_o quere_n thereupon_o and_o his_o answer_n and_o my_o reply_n 3._o a_o appendix_n about_o successive_a ordination_n 4._o letter_n between_o i_o and_o t._n s._n a_o papist_n with_o a_o narrative_a of_o the_o success_n london_n print_v by_o r._n w._n for_o nevil_n simmons_n bookseller_n in_o kederminster_n and_o be_v to_o be_v sell_v by_o francis_n titan_n at_o the_o three_o dagger_n in_o fleetstreet_n 1660._o the_o preface_n reader_n if_o thou_o meet_v i_o at_o the_o threshold_n with_o a_o what_o need_v any_o more_o against_o popery_n than_o be_v write_v i_o must_v answer_v thou_o no_o need_n if_o all_o that_o be_v already_o write_v be_v improve_v nor_o be_v there_o need_v of_o any_o write_n if_o man_n will_v not_o renounce_v their_o common_a sense_n we_o can_v hope_v or_o pretend_v by_o any_o write_n to_o bring_v any_o controversy_n to_o a_o plain_a better_a issue_n then_o to_o resolve_v it_o by_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o common_a sense_n of_o all_o the_o world_n and_o yet_o this_o do_v not_o end_v the_o controversy_n between_o we_o and_o the_o papist_n whether_o bread_n be_v bread_n and_o wine_n be_v wine_n when_o they_o be_v see_v feel_v taste_v etc._n etc._n but_o some_o write_n be_v useful_a to_o awake_a man_n to_o the_o use_n of_o reason_n and_o to_o help_v they_o to_o improve_v their_o other_o help_n and_o as_o seneca_n say_v multum_fw-la egerunt_fw-la qui_fw-la ante_fw-la nos_fw-la suerunt_fw-la sed_fw-la non_fw-la peregerunt_fw-la suscipiendi_fw-la tamen_fw-la sunt_fw-la tho_o i_o think_v i_o have_v say_v enough_o before_o in_o three_o or_o four_o former_a write_n yet_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o question_n here_o debate_v and_o the_o common_a use_n that_o be_v make_v of_o it_o by_o the_o papist_n have_v persuade_v i_o that_o this_o also_o will_v be_v useful_a to_o the_o church_n and_o i_o must_v confess_v the_o moderation_n and_o ingenuity_n of_o the_o gentleman_n that_o i_o contend_v with_o do_v not_o only_o tempt_v i_o into_o the_o undertake_n at_o the_o first_o but_o also_o do_v incline_v my_o thought_n to_o a_o publication_n there_o be_v here_o no_o stink_a breath_n to_o annoy_v and_o drive_v away_o the_o reader_n i_o have_v learn_v by_o experience_n that_o its_o only_o prudent_a charitable_a self-denying_a humble_a man_n that_o be_v fit_a to_o be_v engage_v in_o controversy_n we_o bring_v fire_n to_o gunpowder_n when_o we_o deal_v with_o proud_a malignant_a wretch_n such_o as_o i_o have_v late_o have_v to_o do_v with_o that_o have_v soul_n so_o forsake_v and_o conscience_n so_o sear_v as_o that_o they_o seem_v to_o make_v malicious_a lie_n their_o glory_n and_o delight_n some_o think_v that_o the_o contend_v with_o such_o be_v a_o needful_a though_o a_o unsavoury_a work_n i_o confess_v a_o liar_n be_v not_o to_o be_v encourage_v nor_o our_o just_a reputation_n to_o be_v prodigal_o cast_v away_o or_o contemptuous_o neglect_v duo_o sunt_fw-la necessaria_fw-la say_v augustine_n conscientia_fw-la &_o fama_fw-la conscientia_fw-la propter_fw-la deum_fw-la fama_fw-la propter_fw-la proximum_fw-la but_o for_o our_o self_n god_n approbation_n be_v enough_o and_o for_o other_o if_o duty_n satisfy_v they_o not_o contend_v will_v not_o bacchae_n bacchanti_fw-la si_fw-la velis_fw-la adversarier_fw-la exit_fw-la insana_fw-la insaniorem_fw-la facies_fw-la feriet_fw-la saepius_fw-la say_v plaut_n if_o truth_n make_v blind_v man_n our_o enemy_n and_o the_o performance_n of_o our_o duty_n be_v our_o great_a crime_n and_o no_o purgation_n be_v leave_v we_o but_o by_o become_v erroneous_a or_o ungodly_a it_o be_v not_o worth_a our_o labour_n to_o word_n it_o with_o such_o man_n pride_n and_o malice_n harken_v not_o to_o reason_n apology_n will_v not_o cure_v the_o envy_n of_o a_o cain_n or_o the_o pride_n of_o a_o diotrephes_n or_o the_o hypocrisy_n and_o persecute_v fury_n of_o a_o pharisee_fw-mi but_o as_o august_n conscientiam_fw-la malam_fw-la laudantis_fw-la praeconium_fw-la non_fw-la sanat_fw-la ne●_n bonam_fw-la vulnerat_fw-la convitium_fw-la praise_n heal_v not_o a_o ill_a conscience_n and_o reproach_n can_v wound_v a_o good_a one_o conscience_n respect_v a_o high_a tribunal_n can_v a_o calumniator_n be_v believe_v it_o be_v a_o small_a thing_n to_o be_v judgee_v by_o man_n and_o conscia_fw-la mens_fw-la recti_fw-la famae_fw-la n●e●dacia_fw-la ridet_fw-la but_o when_o they_o make_v themselves_o the_o object_n of_o the_o common_a compassion_n or_o derision_n they_o spare_v i_o the_o labour_n of_o a_o confutation_n it_o be_v enough_o to_o say_v with_o the_o philosopher_n ego_fw-la sic_fw-la vivam_fw-la ut_fw-la nemo_fw-la illi_fw-la credat_fw-la i_o will_v so_o live_v that_o no_o man_n shall_v believe_v he_o when_o they_o themselves_o will_v so_o lie_v that_o no_o man_n or_o next_z to_o none_o shall_v believe_v they_o it_o be_v a_o far_o more_o necessary_a and_o profitable_a employment_n to_o oppose_v our_o sin_n then_o our_o accuser_n and_o to_o see_v that_o we_o be_v blameless_a then_o that_o we_o be_v so_o repute_v and_o to_o escape_v the_o temptation_n of_o satan_n rather_o than_o the_o calumny_n of_o his_o instrument_n it_o be_v better_o this_o wind_n offend_v our_o ear_n than_o guilt_n shall_v wound_v our_o heart_n penalty_n be_v heavy_a than_o injurious_a persecution_n because_o of_o its_o relation_n to_o guilt_n but_o culpability_n itself_o be_v worse_o than_o both_o poena_n potest_fw-la demie_fw-fr culpa_fw-la perennis_fw-la erit_fw-la mors_fw-la faciet_fw-la certe_fw-la ne_fw-la sim_fw-la cum_fw-la venerit_fw-la exul_fw-la ne_fw-fr non_fw-fr peccarem_fw-la mors_fw-la quoque_fw-la non_fw-la faciet_fw-la and_o even_o when_o god_n have_v full_o pardon_v we_o litura_fw-la tamen_fw-la extat_fw-la a_o soul_n that_o know_v the_o evil_a of_o sin_n and_o see_v by_o faith_n the_o dreadful_a majesty_n and_o the_o judgement_n to_o which_o he_o must_v stand_v or_o fall_v be_v take_v up_o with_o great_a care_n than_o the_o defence_n of_o his_o reputation_n with_o man_n except_o as_o god_n honour_n or_o the_o good_a of_o soul_n may_v be_v concern_v in_o it_o another_o thing_n that_o encourage_v i_o to_o this_o engagement_n be_v that_o my_o antagonist_n seem_v exceed_v desirous_a of_o a_o close_a syllogistical_a way_n of_o argue_v which_o put_v i_o in_o hope_n of_o a_o speedy_a and_o better_a issue_n then_o with_o wordy_a wander_a sophister_n i_o can_v expect_v i_o never_o like_v either_o the_o feast_n that_o consist_v of_o sauce_n and_o ceremony_n with_o little_a meat_n or_o the_o bawl_a rook_n that_o will_v not_o receive_v a_o bit_n without_o a_o troublesome_a noise_n sed_fw-la tacitus_fw-la pasci_fw-la si_fw-la posset_n corvus_fw-la haberet_fw-la plus_fw-fr depis_fw-la &_o rixa_fw-la multo_fw-la minus_fw-la invidiaeque_fw-la nor_o the_o prodigal_a covetousness_n that_o turn_v the_o cock_n when_o none_o require_v it_o and_o pluck_v up_o the_o floodgate_n and_o set_v the_o mill_n a_o go_v when_o there_o be_v no_o grist_n &_o omne_fw-la vult_fw-la dicere_fw-la &_o nihil_fw-la audire_fw-la when_o word_n be_v too_o cheap_a it_o either_o prove_v they_o worthless_a or_o make_v they_o so_o esteem_v the_o sentence_n of_o a_o orator_n and_o the_o very_a syllable_n of_o a_o disputant_n shall_v be_v short_a there_o shall_v be_v no_o more_o dish_n than_o be_v necessary_a for_o the_o meat_n nor_o no_o more_o straw_n than_o be_v necessary_a to_o sustain_v the_o grain_n frugality_n of_o speech_n and_o sermonem_fw-la habere_fw-la rebus_fw-la parem_fw-la do_v show_n and_o make_v our_o speech_n valuable_a truth_n will_v be_v adorn_v but_o not_o cover_v attend_v but_o not_o crowd_v proclaim_v but_o not_o bury_v in_o a_o heap_n of_o word_n argument_n be_v like_o money_n that_o be_v valuable_a according_a to_o the_o metal_n and_o the_o weight_n and_o not_o according_a to_o the_o number_n of_o piece_n or_o curiosity_n of_o the_o stamp_n and_o a_o three_o thing_n that_o make_v i_o the_o willing_a to_o this_o task_n be_v that_o the_o assault_n of_o juggler_n that_o think_v to_o catch_v i_o under_o the_o name_n and_o mask_n of_o seeker_n behmenist_n and_o such_o other_o sect_n have_v possess_v i_o with_o so_o much_o indignation_n and_o distaste_n that_o i_o be_v glad_a to_o meet_v with_o a_o barefaced_a papist_n that_o be_v not_o ashamed_a of_o his_o religion_n but_o will_v profess_v himself_o to_o be_v what_o he_o be_v i_o can_v never_o hear_v that_o the_o papist_n win_v so_o many_o and_o so_o considerable_a person_n this_o threescore_o year_n by_o open_a deal_n as_o i_o have_v cause_n to_o think_v they_o have_v win_v by_o fraud_n under_o
and_o unchurch_v with_o they_o but_o if_o these_o pope_n may_v be_v in_o the_o church_n and_o head_n of_o you_o while_o heretic_n than_o so_o may_v other_o 3._o it_o be_v common_o say_v by_o other_o of_o you_o as_o well_o as_o bellarmine_n that_o the_o council_n be_v misinform_v about_o honorius_n and_o the_o pope_n that_o consent_v to_o those_o council_n and_o so_o that_o he_o be_v not_o a_o heretic_n nor_o out_o of_o the_o church_n also_o that_o a_o pope_n may_v err_v in_o matter_n of_o fact_n and_o unjust_o excommunicate_v if_o so_o a_o pope_n and_o council_n may_v err_v about_o another_o as_o well_o as_o about_o honorius_n or_o other_o pope_n and_o therefore_o their_o sentence_n be_v no_o proof_n that_o such_o be_v out_o of_o the_o church_n no_o more_o than_o that_o he_o and_o eugenius_n be_v out_o 4._o as_o the_o pope_n and_o his_o synod_n condemn_v the_o greek_a so_o the_o greek_n condemn_v and_o excommunicate_v you_o as_o former_o the_o patriarch_n of_o constantinople_n and_o the_o pope_n have_v excommunicate_v each_o other_o i_o be_o therefore_o no_o more_o bind_v to_o take_v they_o for_o excommunicate_a person_n than_o you_o they_o have_v as_o much_o authority_n over_o you_o as_o you_o over_o they_o and_o their_o witness_n be_v to_o we_o as_o credible_a as_o you_o 5._o the_o abassine_n armenian_n greek_n etc._n etc._n be_v not_o prove_v to_o deny_v any_o essential_a point_n of_o the_o christian_a religion_n or_o which_o be_v necessary_a to_o the_o be_v of_o a_o christian_a or_o church_n 6._o nor_o be_v they_o prove_v to_o be_v wilful_a obstinate_a and_o impenitent_a in_o defend_v any_o error_n with_o a_o wicked_a mind_n and_o so_o to_o be_v formal_o heretic_n in_o your_o own_o sense_n 7._o they_o be_v large_a nation_n and_o million_o of_o soul_n and_o their_o pastor_n numerous_a so_o that_o its_o impossible_a they_o shall_v be_v all_o legal_o by_o you_o convict_v they_o never_o speak_v for_o themselves_o nor_o be_v witness_n hear_v against_o they_o 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