to plead for the Empire before the Pope and returns re infecta p. 216 The Fourteenth BOOK Chap. I. THE King of Morocco passes over into spain The War with the Moors The Christians twice defeated Death of Prince Ferdinand the Heir of Castile Troubles in Navarre betwixt the Natives and the French p. 217 Chap. II. Three Popes die in one Year Prince Sancho of Castile contrives to Vsurp that Crown from his Nephews The Death of Jayme King of Aragon and of Alonso of Portugal Peter succeeds the first and Denis the latter p. 218 Chap. III. The Practices of Prince Sancho He Rebels against his Father The King of Morocco comes to aid King Alonso returns home leaving 1000 Horse to serve under him King Alonso disinherits and curses his Son Prince Sancho p. 221 Chap. IV. The Conspiracy of John Prochita in Sicily against the French and slaughter of them call'd the Sicilian Vespers Kings of France and Aragon at War about Sicily Castile and Aragon under an Interdict at the same time p. 222 Chap. V. The Death of Alonso King of Castile The beginning of the Reign of King Sancho IV. The defeat of the French Fleet on the Coast of Italy Albarazin taken by the King of Aragon p. 224 Chap. VI. The French Invade Catalonia take Girona and retire back to France with loss The King of Morocco Besieges Xeres and is repuls'd The Death of the four Kings of France Aragon Naples and Morocco p. 226 Chap. VII The Kings of Castile and Portugal meet D. Lope de Haro flies to Navarre A Treaty in order to release the two Princes of Castile Charles Prince of Salerno set at liberty France and Castile joyn against Aragon Denis King of Portugal 's Issue p. 228 Chap. VIII Troubles in Castile The rightful Heirs to that Crown before Prisoners in Aragon set at liberty Wars on that account betwixt the two Crowns Badajoz Mutinies and is reduc'd An Interview betwixt the Kings of France and Castile p. 230 Chap. IX The Revolt of D. John Nun̄ez de Lara The Death of the King of Aragon His Brother Jayme Succeeds him Matches betwixt the three Kings of Spain Defeat of the Moors at Sea Original of the Dukes of Medina Sidonia p 232 Chap. X. Alcala de Henares made an Vniversity Tarifa Besieg'd by the Moors A brave Action of the Governour Sancho King of Castile dies Ferdinand IV. succeeds Peace betwixt France and Aragon p. 234 The Fifteenth BOOK Chap. I. NEW Troubles and Wars in Castile where Prince Henry takes the Government from the Queen Prince John Proclaimed King of Leon and Galicia Castile invaded by the Moors Portugueses and Aragonians p. 236 Chap. II. Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal setled by means of the double Alliances betwixt those Princes The Progress of the Wars in Sicily The Jubilee first Instituted Bilbao built and Prince John reconcil'd to the King p. 238 Chap. III. Of Raymundus Lullus and the Master of Calatrava The Marriage of King Ferdinand Peace concluded betwixt the Kings of Sicily and Naples A Synod of Bishops Troubles in Castile Pope Boniface dies Benedict XI succeeds him p. 240 Chap. IV. The Differences betwixt the Kings of Castile and Aragon reconcil'd After which they joyn in league against the Moors but to no considerable effect Death of Roger Lauria the great Admiral of Aragon and Divisions among the Moors p. 241 Chap. V. The King of Granada depos'd The King of Castile 's Sister Marry'd to the Duke of Britany The Extirpation of the Knights Templers The Death of Ferdinand IV. King of Castile p. 244 Chap. VI. The beginning of the Reign of Alonso XI King of Castile The many Confusions in that Kingdom by reason of his Infancy The Moors of Granada expell their King The Turks their Original and Growth p. 246 Chap. VII The Actions of the Catalonians in Greece The War in Andaluzia Death of Luis Hutin King of France Philip the Long succeeds him John XX. chosen Pope Defeat of the Moors by Prince Peter of Castile p. 248 Chap. VIII Institution of two new Orders of Knighthood in Aragon and Portugal Peter and John Princes of Castile kill'd by the Moors The Government of that Kingdom in Confusion A great Overthrow given the Navarrois by the Biscainers p. 249 Chap. IX King Alonso XI of Castile takes upon him the Government The Conquest of Sardinia by the Aragonians The Death of King Denis of Portugal His Son Alonso succeeds him Jayme II. King of Aragon is succeeded by his Son Alonso IV. p. 251 Chap. X. The Wars betwixt the Christians and Infidels Rebellions in Castile Aragon Castile and Portugal joyn in League The King and Queen of Navarre come into that Country and return again to France p. 253 The Sixteenth BOOK Chap. I. THE King of Granada goes into Africk Abomelique passes over into Spain The War with the Moors A Truce concluded Alonso de la Cerda rightful King of Castile submits to King Alonso the Possessor p. 256 Chap. II. The Moors of Granada murder Mahomet their King Wars among all the Christian Kings of Spain Alonso King of Aragon dies Fresh Rebellions in Castile The Portuguese Fleet beaten by the Castilians p. 257 Chap. III. The Death of Frederick King of Sicily A Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal The Death of Abomelique and defeat of his Army Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon A Synod at Barcelona p. 259 Chap. IV. A new Invasion of Spain by Albohacen King of Morocco with 470000 Moors he Besieges Tarifa is there routed with the loss of 200000 Men by the Kings of Castile and Portugal Three defeats of the Infidels at Sea p. 261 Chap. V. The Siege and Surrender of Algezira The Infidels attempt to murder King Alonso of Castile The Earls of Derby and Salisbury come to his assistance out of England and the Earl of Faux out of France Robert King of Naples dies p. 263 Chap. VI. The King of Aragon Conquers Majorca and all its Dominions Great Troubles in Aragon The Rebels suppress'd An Vniversal Plague The Knights of Calatrava at variance at length reconcil'd p. 265 Chap. VII The Siege of Gibraltar the King dies and the Siege is rais'd King Peter succeeds him The Lady Ellenor de Guzman kill'd Some Nobles Rebel and are subdu'd Biscay annexed to the Crown of Castile Interviews of Kings p. 267 Chap. VIII Embassadors sent by King Peter into France to obtain for his Wife Blanch Daughter to the Duke of Bourbon who is brought into Spain and Marry'd to the King but he being before in Love with the Lady Mary de Padilla slights and forsakes his Queen p. 269 Chap. IX King Peter of Castile removes his Officers punishes some Rebels and reduces several Towns The War of Sardinia where Diseases rageing in the Aragonian Army that King claps up a dishonourable Peace and returns to Aragon p. 270 Chap. X. The Nobility of Castile particularly the King's Bastard Brothers in Rebellion they treat with the King without success the
Zaragoâ—a He settles the Kingdom Besieges and takes the Earl of Urgel who aspir'd to the Grown p. 333 Chap. III. The Christian Princes all Combine with the Emperor to put an end to the Schism in the Church In order to it King Ferdinand of Aragon has a Conference with Pope Benedict The Council of Constance The two Popes John and Gregory Abdicate p. 335 Chap. IV. The Portugueses pass over into Africk and take Ceuta All endeavours us'd to move Pope Benedict to resign the Papacy prove vain Ferdinand King of Aragon 's Death The Council of Constance puts an end to the Schism in the Church p. 337 Chap. V. The Death of the Queen of Castile Marriages of Princes Prince Henry of Aragon seizes the King of Castile Tumults in that Kingdom Strange Prodigies Many Colleges built in Castile p. 339 Chap. VI. Original of the Portuguese Discoveries King Alonso of Aragon adopted Heir to the Crown of Naples The King of Castile escapes from his Confinement and suppresses many of the Rebels D. Alvaro de Luna made an Earl p. 341 Chap. VII The Death of the Moorish King of Granada A Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal The Interest of the Aragonians decays at Naples The Death of the pretended Pope Benedict p. 343 Chap. VIII The pretended Pope Benedict dying another is supported by the King of Aragon who plunders Marseilles prepares to make War upon Castile but comes to an Accommodation yet loses all his Interest at Naples p. 344 Chap. IX The Death of King Charles of Navarre King John Proclaim'd D. Alvaro de Luna Banish'd the Court of Castile Villanous Practices of the Nobility The King of Granada depos'd p. 347 Chap. X. D. Alvaro de Luna returns to Court greater in the Kings favour than ever The banish'd King of Granada restor'd Some Affairs of France and final end of the Schism in the Church p. 348 The Twenty First BOOK Chap. I. THE War betwixt Aragon and Navarre on the one side and Castile on the other The King of Navarre Crown'd John King of Castile breaks into Aragon with a powerful Army and does much harm there p. 351 Chap. II. Actions of the Aragonians against Castile Several Assemblies of the Cortes The Estates of the Princes of Aragon in Castile Confiscated A Truce concluded with that Crown for 5 Years War with the Moors p. 353 Chap. III. The Death of Pope Martin V. Eugenius IV. succeeds him The Moors of Granada overthrown in Battle Peace concluded with Portugal A Truce with the Moors Prince Peter of Aragon made Prisoner p. 354 Chap. IV. The declining posture of the Aragonians at Naples Yet that King is again invited thither and adopted anew by the Queen He agrees with Castile King John of Portugal dies Edward succeeds p. 356 Chap. V. The Council of Basil The Affairs of Naples And Death of the Duke of Anjou and Queen of Naples The Nobility of that Kingdom incline to favour the Aragonians The Pope expell'd Rome and restor'd p. 358 Chap. VI. Mighty Inundations throughout Spain A great Victory over the Moors The further Actions of the Aragonians at Naples The Kings of Aragon and Navarre taken by the Genoeses and set at liberty by the Duke of Milan p. 360 Chap. VII The Affairs of Italy after the King of Aragon was releas'd Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Aragon The Prince of Castile Marries the Princess of Navarre The Portugues loss in Africk p. 362 Chap. VIII The State of Spain and of the Catholick Church under great apprehensions of Troubles Actions of the Argonians at Naples King Edward of Portugal dies The Rebellion in Castile p. 364 Chap. IX The King of Castile and the Rebels agree The Rebellion breaks out again The King taken Prisoner Blanch Queen of Navarre dies Her Son Charles succeeds The Council at Basil deposes Pope Eugenius and choses Felix p. 365 Chap. X. The Progress of the Aragonians in Naples That City taken by them New Disorders in Spain The Archbishop of Toledo dies Of some Men famous for Learning p. 368 The Twenty Second BOOK Chap. I. THE success of the Aragonians in Italy The Rebellion in Castile The Death of the Queens of Portugal and Castile The Battle of Olmedo and Death of Prince Henry of Aragon p. 369 Chap. II. The Marriage of Ferdinand Bastard Son to the King of Aragon and appointed Heir to the Kingdom of Naples Mahomet King of Granada depos'd D. Alvaro de Luna chosen Master of the Order of Santiago p. 371 Chap. III. Disorders continue in Spain The Florentine War Pope Eugenius dies Nicholas V. succeeds him The Breach betwixt Castile and Aragon continu'd Several Noblemen of Castile apprehended Others fly p. 373 Chap. IV. The Earl of Benavente escaping raises new Tumults The Affairs of Portugal The Mutiny of Toledo Fresh Tumults among the Nobility of Castile The Mutiniers of Toledo punish'd p. 374 Chap. V. The Mutiny of Segovia The Affairs of the Crown of Aragon The Civil War in Navarre The Factions of the Agramonteses and Biamonteses there The Emperor Frederick Marries Ellenor Sister to the King of Portugal The Moors twice defeated by the Christians p. 376 Chap. VI. D. Alvaro de Luna the King of Castile 's great Favourite's Character and fatal end Mamet the Turk takes Constantinople Mahomet King of Granada depos'd Cruzadoes coin'd in Portugal p. 378 Chap. VII The Designs and Death of King John of Castile Discoveries of the Portugueses along the Coast of Africk Prince Henry Proclaim'd King of Castile Peace concluded betwixt Castile Aragon and Navarre The Character of Henry the new King of Castile p. 380 Chap VIII The great League made in Italy The Death of Pope Nicholas Calixtus succeeds him War of Granada King Henry of Castile Marries Joanna Sister to the King of Portugal Earthquakes in Italy p. 382 Chap. IX The Prince of Viana flies to Naples The Kings of Castile and Navarre meet and conclude a Peace The War with the Moors The Death of Alonso King of Aragon His Character and Will John King of Navarre Inherits the Crown of Aragon p. 384 Chap. X. The new War at Naples upon the Death of King Alonso and Succession of his Bastard Son Ferdinand Pope Calixtus dies Pius II. succeeds him Alcazar on the Coast of Africk taken by the King of Portugal Prodigies in Spain p. 386 The Twenty Third BOOK Chap. I. THE Council of Mantua Beginnings of Tumults in Castile War at Naples betwixt the Aragonians and House of Anjou Scanderberg Prince of Epirus comes to the assistance of Ferdinand King of Naples p. 401 Chap. II. War renew'd with the Moors of Granada The Prince of Viana Imprison'd and Releas'd His Death The Rebellion of Catalonia also in Navarre The Kings of France and Castile meet p. 402 Chap. III. The Catalonians send for Peter Constable of Portugal and Proclaim him Earl of Barcelona The Kings of Castile and Portugal meet The Rebellion in Castile D. Beltran de la Cueva great Favourite to King
young This was his lawful Issue By D. Teresa Egidia Vidaura he had D. Jayme Lord of Exerica and Peter Lord of Ayerve both whom at his Death he declared Legitimate and appointed to succeed in Case Queen Violante's Children left no Heirs By another Woman of the House of Antillon he had Fernan Sanchez who we said above was killed by his Brother By Berengaria Fernandez he had another Son called Peter Fernandez to whom he gave the House of Ixar From them all are descended Noble Families in the Kingdom of Aragon It is remarkable that after his four Sons which he declared Legitimate he appointed the Heirs Male of his Daughters Violante Constance and Elizabeth to succeed excluding the Mothers themselves and all other Women from ever inheriting the Crown of Aragon He charg'd his Son to expel all the Moors the Kingdom as being a People never to be trusted Prince Peter tho' his Father were dead took not immediately the name of King but stil'd himself Heir of the Kingdom till such time as he was crown'd at Zaragoça which was on the 16th of November after the Troubles of Valencia were appeas'd The Queen also was Crown'd and the Nobility took an Oath to Prince Alonso the new King's Son as Heir apparent of the Crown To D. Jayme the late King 's younger Son were given the Islands of Majorca and Minorca with the Title of King as his Father had order'd He had also the Earldom of Rusillon and Mompellier in France This Prince had Three Sons Sancho Ferdinand and Philip. The Division of the Kingdom caus'd disgusts between the two Brothers which at length broke out into open War D. Jayme complain'd that the Kingdom of Valencia had been taken from him and he left a Homager to his Brother thus his Ambition push'd him on to his Ruin and he never gave over till stripp'd of all his Dominions Navarre was nothing quieter than the rest of Spain Philip King of France having taken upon him the Charge of that Kingdom resolv'd to go thither in Person with a sufficient Army to compose those Distractions The Weather was unseasonable the Pyrenean Mountains cover'd with Snow and great want of Provisions Which difficulties caus'd him to return Home himself yet he sent forward Charles Earl of Arras with the most and best of the Army This was a Person of great Authority as being Uncle to Queen Joanna and therefore his presence was of great use The contrary Faction being worsted by the French near a Town call'd Reniega retir'd to that quarter of Pamplona call'd Maverreria the French still pursuing and pressing upon them Therefore Garcia de Almoravides the head of those People with all his Friends and Kindred in the Dark Night got through the Enemies Centinels and fled out of the Kingdom Some of them setled in Cerdagne where their Posterity remains to this Day Pamplona was taken and fired Such as remain'd terrify'd with this Punishment submitted themselves others that were fled being summon'd to appear and answer for themselves upon contempt were in absence attainted of High Treason The French General having quieted the Kingdom went into Castile and was nobly entertained by King Alonso with whom being somewhat familiar the King said He wanted not intelligence from the French Court of such as were near about that King and revealed his Secrets This whether true or false brought Broquiol the French King's Chamberlain into suspicion which was increas'd by Letters of his to King Alonso written in Cyphers intercepted by his Enemies and at last cost him his Head Da. Violante Queen of Castile seeing her Grand-children slighted and Prince Sancho prefer'd before them and not thinking her self safe resolv'd to fly and to that purpose perswaded her Brother the King of Aragon to come to the Monastery of Huerta upon pretence of visiting him there With the Queen were her Grand-children and all together went into Aragon King Alonso when he understood her design indeavour'd to prevent it but too late No misfortune could have troubled him more than this did therefore he vented his Passion upon those he thought had any hand in the Queens departure He caus'd his Brother Prince Frederick and Simon Ruiz de Haro Lord of Cameros to be apprehended The Court was full of discord and many favour'd the King's Grand-children Simon Ruyz was burnt at Trevizo by Prince Sancho his Order he also caus'd Prince Fredrick's Head to be cut off which drew on him much hatred especially for that they were executed without being try'd Embassadors pass'd between the Two Kings He of Castile demanded his Wife should be sent back and the Election of D. Sancho allow'd The King of Aragon excus'd himself saying that Business was not yet fully determin'd and that all Persons found protection in his Kingdom much more a Sister These differences were so heightn'd that it was thought the King of Aragon would have made War upon Castile had not the Moors of Valencia rebell'd and taken Montesa relying upon the King of Morocco But those Tumults were quell'd sooner than was expected for the Moors seeing no Succours came from Africk delivered up to the King Montesa and many other Castles they had in the Month of August 1277. Now King Alonso was come from Burgos to Sevil and thence sent a great Force to Besiege Algezira by Sea and Land Prince Peter the King's Son undertook to subdue that City but he return'd with Shame having lost many Men and our Fleet being ill mann'd was destroy'd by the King of Morocco Our Army dispers'd Some say the King of Morocco then built another Algezira not far from the former The Body of King Jayme of Aragon was deposited near the high Altar of the Cathedral Church of Valencia and thence in the Summer translated to the Monastery of Poblete Both the Kings of Castile and France were equally concern'd about the departure of Qu. Violante he of Castile fearing lest the Children should be carryed into France where they were sure of Protection and he of France lest they should fall into the Hands of their Uncle where their Lives were in danger or at least their Liberty was certainly lost Solemn Embassies were sent from both Princes upon this Score to the King of Aragon who at length resolv'd that Queen Violante should return to her Husband and that the Two Princes should remain in Aragon where they were secur'd in the Castle of Xativa This resolution troubled the Lady Blanch their Mother seeing them depriv'd of Liberty where she expected they should have been protected Hereupon she went away to Aragon and not obtaining any thing of that King pass'd over into France to perswade the King her Brother to make War upon Castile and Aragon unless they comply'd with her reasonable demands The Kingdom of Navarre which the French then possess'd lying so opportunely to infest Castile and Aragon mov'd that King and Prince Sancho to appoint a Conference at a place between Requena and
to return into France by Land about Autumn dismiss'd many hir'd Ships they had iâ— the 〈◊〉 Roses to 〈…〉 Charges Mean while Roger Lauria Admiral of Aragon having takeâ— the 〈◊〉 in the 〈◊〉 Part of Italy came with great speed to relieve the King of Aragon being come upon the Coast of Spain he fell upon the French Fleet then out of Port consisting of few Ships and those unprovided and so easily overthrew them John Scoâ—us the French â—dmiral was 〈…〉 with 15 Galleys 12 others fled to the Port of Roses whence they had 〈◊〉 Their 〈…〉 burnt not only them but the very Town such was their Consteâ—nation and fled to the Camp whither they carry'd the News of their Defeat The King of France finding all things more Difficult than he had expected and much griev'd with Sickness repair'd 〈…〉 and leaving a strong Garrison in it march'd with the remainder of his Army towards Roussillon On the Pyrenâ—an Mountains the whole Army was in great Danger the Aragonians having secur'd all the Passes in hopes to take the King of France who by reason of his Indisposition was carry'd upon Men's Shoulders Great loss was sustain'd much Baggage lost and what was worst of all the King fatigu'd with the Journey dâ—'d at Peâ—pignan on the 6th of 〈◊〉 His Body as he had order'd was carry'd to the Church of â—â— Denis near Pariâ—s His Son Philip the Fair or the Beautiful succeeded him being before that King of Navarre Upon the Departure of the French all the â—had taken was recover'd by the 〈◊〉 Besides Prince Alonso sâ—nt over by his Father to that effect took all the Island of Majorca in 〈…〉 that the King of it had joyn'd with the French 〈…〉 his own Brother The King of 〈◊〉 design'd to pursue his good Fortune and had new Design◠〈…〉 to strengthen himself when Death put a Period to all his Resolutions He dy'd at 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 8th Day of November in the Prime of his Age being but 〈…〉 Six Years old 〈…〉 the height of his Glory He was call'd the Great for that 〈…〉 Sicily to his Dominions and for his other memorable Exploits He was an 〈…〉 being of â—â— only Presence Presence of large Stature a generous Spirit well skill'd at all Weapons especially in wielding a Pole-Ax He had a particular Way of â—â—ining Peoples Affections with Good Words Courtesey and Liberality He leâ—t no other Reflection on himself but his lying under an Excommunication till the end of his Life the Thoughts whereof often perplexed him and particularly at the Hour of his Death He was resolv'd of that Scruple in the last Agâ—ny by the Arch-Bishop of Tarragona having exacted to Oath from him that he would for the future be obedient to the Church His Body was Buried in the Monastery of Santa Cruz which is near that Place His Children went D. Alonso the Eldest whom in his Will he appointed Heir of his Kingdoms without making particular mention of Sicily then Jayme 〈◊〉 Peter Elizabeth and the 〈◊〉 Constance all Born of Queen Constance his Wife Arnaldus de Vallanova a most famous 〈◊〉 of those times was with the King when he dy'd This Man and all his Works were afterwards condemn'd by the Inquisitions Tostatus affirms he attempted with Humour 〈◊〉 and other 〈◊〉 to form a Man and that tho' it took not effect he went a great way towards it 〈…〉 is not our Business to argue the Truth of this Assertion CHAP. VII The King of Castile and Portugal meet D. Lope de Haro flies to Navarre A Treaty in order to release the two Princes of Castile Charles Prince of Salerno set at Liberty France and Castile joyn against Aragon Denis King of Portugal his Issue THis Year unfortunate in the Death of so many Princes was in some measure bless'd with the Birth of Prince Ferdinand Son to the King of Castile and born at Sevil while his Father was gone to Badajoz to appease some Troubles that were in those Parts The Care of his Education was committed to Hernan â—once â—â— Leon a Man of great Note and Zamora was appointed for his Residence as being a Place 〈…〉 and Pleasant Moreover the following Year which was 1286 in the Cortes or Parliament he was sworn Heir to the Crownâ— which was his Father's chiefest Caâ—e both in respect he fear'd his Nephews as also because his Marriage with the Queen was illegal upon account of Consanguinity He endeavour'd to obtain a Dispensation but could never Prevail with the Popes the King of France always opposing it in favour of the two excluded Princes his near Kinsmen King Sancho labour'd by all means to gain his Good Will and to that purpose sent the same Embassadors who went to him the Year 〈◊〉 and were the Bishop of Calaherra and Abbot of Valludoliâ— Philip the 〈◊〉 King of France was Crown'd at Rheimes on the 6th of January In Sicily Prince Jayme as soon as he neard of the Death of his Father took upon him the Title of King of Sicily and Prince of Apulia and 〈◊〉 as being possess'd of a good Part of the Kingdom of Napâ—â—â— and hoping in a short time to be Master of all that remain'd Yet all places were well fortify'd and provided to oppose the Siciliaâ—â— though the Valour and Industry â—â— Robert Earl of Arras to whom the King of France after the Death of King Charles had committed the Care of the Kingdom of Naples 〈◊〉 the III. King of Aragon being sometime taken up in fitting out a Fleet to invade Majorca and Minorca as was left him in Charge by his Father delay'd his Coronation â—â— the 14th of 〈◊〉 being Easter Sunday He was crown'd at Zaragaca by the Bishop of 〈◊〉 the See of Tarragona whose that Honour was being then vacant and took the usual Oath to preserve the Liberties of the People The Expences of the Royal Family were retrench'd and at the Cortes or Parliament held at Huesca the King granted that Valencia sometime before annex'd to the Crown of Aragon should be govern'd according to the Law◠〈…〉 that Kingdom Gonçalo Archbishop of Toledo a Person of great Esteem with the King here him company to S. Sebastian in order to a Conference between him and the King of France but they met not However the Arch-Bishop was sent by King Sancho and the Duke of Burgundy by him of France to Bayonne where a Treaty of Peace was earnestly labour'd upon The French would give Ear to no Proposals unless King Sancho would put away his Wife to whom he was illegally Married by reason of their Consanguinity and Marry one of the King of France his Sisters which were 〈…〉 after Wife to Edward King of England and Blanch Marry'd to the Duke of Austria King Sancho would hot be perswaded to putaway a Virtuous Wife by whom he had a Son and â— Daughter so the Treaty broke off and he return'd to the Queen to Vitoria The King was highly affended at the
She now dy'd of Grief because he refus'd her Her Body was bury'd among the Kings at S. Denis The King her Husband made himself odious by persecuting the Kindred of those who had been against him Aragon besides the Wars this Year suffer'd by Famine which was somewhat abated by bringing Corn from Africk and did some good by forcing the Enemy to depart the Kingdom Jayme King of Naples who marched into Castile with his Army to look for Provisions dy'd there at the beginning of the Year 1375. His Sister Elizabeth who was with him led the Army back into France there she resign'd all her Claims against the House of Aragon to Luis the King of France his Brother which caus'd new Troubles Now the Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon was concluded on the 12th of April the Conditions were That the Lady Ellenor before promis'd to Prince John should be marry'd to him her Dower 200000 Florins lent by the Araganian to King Henry at the beginning of the Civil Wars That Molina should be restored to Castile and That the Aragonian should pay 12000 Florins towards the Charge of the War This Agreement was celebrated with great Joy in both Kingdoms This Year was Fortunate to all Christendom as well as Spain because Pope Gregory the XIth return'd to Rome after the Popes his Predecessors had resided 70 Years at Avignon Bertran Claquin having for his good Service got the Earldom of Longueville in France ◠sold his Lands in Spain to King Henry for 260000 Doubles At Soria on the 27th of May Prince Charles of Navarre marry'd Ellenor King Henry's Daughter and on the 19th of June Prince John his Son took to Wife Ellenor Daughter to the King of Aragon News was now brought that D. Ferdinand de Castro who the last Year fled to Portugal was dead in England Also that Ferdinand de Tovar Admiral of Castile had done much harm along the Coasts of that Island From Soria King Henry went to Burgos He design'd to assist the French with all his Power against the English His Son Alonso Earl of Gijon to avoid marrying Elizabeth Daughter to the King of Portugal fled into France but was soon brought back by his Father At the end of this Year dy'd D. Gomez Manrique Arch-bishop of Toledo The Chapter having chosen two to succeed him the Decision of the Controversy was left to the Pope who allow'd of neither of them but gave that Dignity to Peter Tenorio then Bishop of Coimbra About this time dy'd some Men of Note of Navarre Particularly D. Roderick Vrriz a Man of a great Estate and Interest was by the King's Command apprehended and Beheaded in Pamplona at the latter end of March 1376. Some private Correspondence he held with the King of Castile was the cause of his Death It was Reported he intended to betray the Castles of Tudela and Caparroso but it is not likely they should so soon design to disturb the Peace D. Bernard Folcaut Bishop of Pamplona dy'd on the 7th of July in Banishment at Agnani in Italy D. Martin Calva a most learned Man was chosen to succeed him Frederick King of Sicily departed this Life at Messina on the 26th of July His Daughter the Lady Mary was left sole Heiress of that Kingdom and the Dutchies of Athens and Neopatria which produc'd Differences betwixt several Princes aspiring to marry her This also administred to the Aragonians a fair Opportunity of enlarging their Dominions The End of the Seventeenth Book THE History of SPAIN The Eighteenth BOOK CHAP. I. The Wars of Navarre Matches of some of King Henry's Children The Schism in the Church caus'd by the Election of the Two Popes Urban and Clement The death of King Henry of Castile and of Mahomet the Moorish King of Granada SPAIN now enjoy'd a perfect Peace all its Kings being Ally'd by Marriages and grown weary of the long Wars With the Moors there was a Truce The Duke of Lancaster ingag'd in the Wars of France could not apply himself to the Conquest of Castile King Henry having thus put an End to all the Wars apply'd himself to the Civil Government and reformation of many Abuses crept in by the liberty of the Times Only Aragon was under the Apprehensions of a War for Luis Duke of Anjou to whom Jayme Prince of Majorca had made over his Title to that Kingdom began now to set up his Pretensions The King of Aragon assembled the Cortes at Monçon where new Impositions were laid upon the Jews and Moors only for none would be allow'd upon the Christians yet they offer'd to defend the Country at their own Charge Great Preparations were made for that War It is reported that 40 Galleys were fitted out on the Coast of France and 4000 Men at Arms gather'd and it was fear'd in Aragon that peace being concluded with the English as was expected the Pope interposing all the Power of France would fall upon that Kingdom Besides a Matter of small Moment had like to have produc'd another War D. John Ramirez de Arellano returning from Rome through Aragon at Barcelona was challeng'd and call'd Traitor in the King's presence by the Viscount de Rota for that he had entic'd D. Jayme Prince of Majorca to invade Aragon The Challenge was accepted and the time fix'd for fighting 90 Days after King Henry labour'd to prevent the Combat but the King of Aragon favouring the Viscount they could not agree The King of Castile hereupon said They should Fight but he would send 3000 Horse to see Justice done which was as good as declaring War This mov'd the Aragonian to desist A Treaty of Peace was set afoot at Bruges in Flanders first and in the Year 1377 at Bologne in Picardy betwixt the English and French the Embassadors of Castile being present in Order to have their King Comprehended but nothing was concluded The Death of the Prince of Wales and his Father King Edward the IIId broke all their Measures Richard the King's Grandchild and Son to the Black Prince succeeded King Edward The Duke of Burgundy after the Treaty broke up came into Spain to pay a Vow he had made to visit the Body of the Apostle S. James in Galicia In his return Home he was nobly entertain'd by King Henry at Segovia The rest of the Summer the King spent at Leon and the Winter at Sevil. All the Warlike Preparations made in France fell upon the King of Navarre's Dominions Charles Peter and Mary Princes of Navarre were in France With Charles went Baldwin who was Governour of several strong holds in Normandy and Jaques de la Rue his Favourite who had Orders to propose to the English that the King would make War upon France if they would give him the Dutchy of Guienne to be held in Feof of them The French having intelligence of this Design secur'd Rue put him to the rack and he confessing was executed at Paris Baldwin was commanded to deliver up
banish'd This Resolution appear'd very hard on his side to the King of Castile but it was natural for Prince John to favour his Brother besides that the King of Aragon would hear of no Conditions without the Prisoner were releas'd which made the King of Castile and his Nobles to condescend CHAP. IX The Death of King Charles of Navarre King John proclaim'd D. Alvaro de Luna banish'd the Court of Castile Villanous Practices of the Nobility The King of Granada deposed UPon Saturday the 8th of September being the Feast of the Nativity of our Blessed Lady dy'd Charles the Noble King of Navarre at Olite of a sudden fit that seiz'd him and no remedy could be found for it His Body was bury'd with great Pomp in the Cathedral of Pamplona His Daughter Blanch was with him at his Death and had been not long before deliver'd of a Daughter called also Blanch who prov'd very Unfortunate As soon as her Father was dead she sent her Husband the Royal Standard in token of his Accession to the Crown and he was proclaim'd King of Navarre in the Camp Some blamed this Action as Precipitate and said they ought first to have taken the usual Oath of preserving the Liberties of the People The News of Prince Henry's being set at Liberty reach'd his Brothers in a day and half it being so order'd that the Beacons should be fir'd whereof there is a great number in Castile Hereupon the Forces of Aragon return'd to Taraçona and in November following were dismiss'd Prince John went as far as Agreda to meet his Brother Henry and conduct him to the King of Aragon It was a joyful Day for the three Brothers not only for the Liberty Prince Henry had obtain'd but because it was a sort of Victory to have reduc'd Castile to Complyance About the same time at Valencia on the 29th of November dy'd D. Alonso the younger Duke of Gandia without Issue His Dominion of Ribagorca was given to Prince John at this time King of Navarre D. Henry de Guzman Earl of Niebla after many Disputes was parted from his Wife the Lady Violante Daughter to Martin King of Sicily to the great Regret of her Bastard Brother D. Frederick Earl of Luna It griev'd him to see his Sister so wrong'd without any fault committed on her Side only for the extravagant Amours of her Husband and therefore endeavour'd to gain the Affections of the Nobility of Castile hoping that way to secure his Revenge Prince Henry's Liberty reduc'd the Affairs of Castile to a worse Condition than they were in before Till this time the Kingdom was divided into three Factions that of D. Alvaro de Luna and those of the two Princes John and Henry of Aragon The rest of the Nobility according to every Man's Inclination adher'd to some one of these Parties Now the two Princes being reconcil'd the three Factions were reduc'd to two Most of the Nobility conspir'd against D. Alvaro It griev'd them to see him and a few Creatures of his ingross all the King's Favour and Envy push'd them on to contrive his Ruin But he relying on his Prince's Favour with whom he had been Familiar from his tender Years despis'd them all insomuch that it was given out and great Men affirm'd he had the Boldness to make Love to the Queen but this could never be prov'd and it is to be believ'd that many things were wrongfully lay'd to his Charge through the Envy of his Adversaries This Conspiracy was first begun against him at Taraçona when the three Brothers of Aragon met It was brought to Perfection the following Year 1426. The King of Castile kept his Christmas and new Year at Segovia and John the New King of Navarre at Medina del Campo with his Mother having not long before met the King of Castile at Roa Prince Henry was gone to Ocan̄a being forbid coming to Court or intermedling with the Government The King of Aragon resided at Valencia at such time as the Lady Constance Daughter to the Constable Ruy Lopez Davalos was marry'd to Luis Massa a noble and rich Youth the King paying the greatest part of her Portion This Prince was so generous he not only supported the Father but afterwards when he recover'd Naples gave great Possesseions to his Son D. In̄igo Davalos and to his Grandson call'd D. In̄igo de Guevara The Queen Dowager of Aragon with her Daughter the Princess Ellenor went to Valencia at the Request of the King her Son but soon return'd to Medina del Campo She was unwilling by her long Absence to offend the King of Castile who had now sent the Earl of Vrgel from Castrotaraf whither he had been remov'd from the Castle of Madrid into the Kingdom of Valencia supposing he might be useful in Aragon by reason of the Troubles that threaten'd Castile He was put into the Castle of Xativa where he ended his Days and tedious Imprisonment At Toro the Cortes met where it was propos'd to Retrench the King's Expences because they exceeded the Revenue Therefore the Guards that consisted of 1000 Horse were reduc'd to 100 and D. Alvaro de Luna made their Captain which increas'd his Power and the Envy conceiv'd against him At this same time dy'd John de Mendoça Steward of the Houshould and Alonso Enriguez the Admiral fell sick of a Disease that carry'd him off three Years after their Employments were given to their Sons The great Men by Letter that their Meeting might not cause Suspition associated themselves The chief of them were the Masters of the Orders of Calatrava and Alcantara Peter Velasco Lord Chamberlain the King of Navarre and his Brother Prince Henry They took a solemn Oath to stand by one another and with regard to the King's Majesty use all means that the Publick might not suffer by evil Counsellors This Association was concluded about the beginning of November at the Hermitage of Orçilla in the Territory of Medina del Campo From Toro the King of Castile went to Zamora at the beginning of the Year 1427. Prince Henry of Aragon tho forbid the Court mov'd from Ocan̄a towards Old Castile with a great Retinue well Arm'd The King was gone to Simancas and the Princes of Aragon with the Competitors stay'd at Valladolid Such of the Nobility as were not in the Association stood Neuters His People being divided the King was Weak and Naked besides his natural inclination to Ease A Petition was presented by the Conspirators representing what they found fault with in the King's Family and the Crimes of D. Alvaro de Luna Having consider'd this Affair Judges were appointed to regulate it most of them were in the Association viz. the Admiral the Master of Calatrava Peter Manrique and Ferdinand de Robles who tho of mean Extraction was very Rich and High Treasurer These were Commission'd to examine into the Crimes imputed to D. Alvaro de Luna and to them was joyn'd the Abbot of St. Benedict
Earl of Benavente nay the Prince of Castile and Queen had a hand in this Practice F. Lope Barrientos Bishop of Avila mov'd by the Wrong done the King and desiring to restore D. Alvaro discour'd John de Pacheco seriously upon the Point and they resolv'd to try whether some of the Nobles had Courage enough to oppose the Princes of Aragon To the end their Designs might be the better conceal'd they advis'd the Prince who was of Council with them to go from Tordesillas to Segovia upon pretence of Hunting Thence they sent Letters to D. Alvaro giving him an Account of what they had done At the same time the Earls of Haro and Ledesma meeting at Curiel had consulted about setting the King at Liberty which oblig'd the Prince to return to Tordesillas to see what could be done But the Princes of Aragon prevented their Designs and forc'd them to fly whence ensu'd new Troubles The King of Navarre was marry'd at Lobaton on the 1st of September 1444 and Prince Henry at Cordova where he was fixing the Interest of his Party James Valera was sent Embassador into France to obtain Liberty for the Earl of Armagnac secur'd by the Dauphin and for Martin Son to D. Alonso Earl of Gijon He was accus'd of holding Correspondence with the English and set at Liberty upon Condition that if ever he was found faulty he should forfeit the Towns of Ribadeo and Cangas in Asturias Besides the King of Castile oblig'd himself in such Case to make War with the Forces of Biscay that bordered on his Dominions At the same time some dealt with Henry Prince of Castile about destroying of D. Alvaro and others about restoring him Bishop Barrientos and John Pacheco thought fit to dispatch before they were discover'd and to that purpose held the King of Navarre in hand as if they design'd to joyn with him Mean while Prince Henry return'd to Segovia and thence sollicited the Earls of Haro Plasencia and Castaneda to unite their Forces with his Besides them the Earl of Alva the Archbishop of Toledo and Lord of Hita took party with them This done thinking themselves strong enough for the Princes of Aragon by the Prince's Order they all went to Avila They had 1500 Horse and D. Alvaro de Luna came to them Their greatest want was of Mony Thence they went to Burgos where the other Nobles their Associates were The Aragonians sent the King to the Town of Portillo with the Earl of Castro to guard him and the King of Navarre gather'd 2000 Horse With this Force he march'd towards the Confederate Nobles who daily grew stronger and near Pampliega in the Territory of Burgos the two Parties drew up Some Religious Persons endeavour'd to compose Differences but a light Skirmish that happen'd drew them to a Battle which was parted by the Night The King of Navarre finding himself too weak retir'd in the dark to Palencia a strong City Another Misfortune was added to this which was that the King of Castile under colour of Hunting made his escape to his Son His Liberty chang'd the Face of Affairs The King of Navarre went to his Kingdom to raise Forces and carry on what he had begun all the other great Men of his Faction went each to his own Lands Thus the Towns belonging to the Princes of Aragon fell into the Hands of the King particularly Medina del Campo Arevalo Olmedo Roa and Aranda Prince Henry of Aragon return'd to his Town of Ocana in Andaluzia Henry Prince of Castile and D. Alvaro march'd after him but he fled to the Kingdom of Murcia there Alonso Faxardo Lieutenant of that Kingdom receiv'd him into the strong City of Lorca he being a favourer of that Party This was about the end of the Year On the 5th of July the same Year dy'd Ferdinand Uncle to the King of Portugal at Fez where he was bury'd Two years after his Body was translated to Aljubarrota his Father's Burial place The Portugueses account him a Saint and say he never had to do with Women nor ever told a Lye Castile seemed to be in a better Condition since the Princes of Aragon were expelled but still a War was fear'd The Cortes met at Medina del Campo and order'd some Mony for the War but not enough Thither came the Prince of Castile and D. Alvaro de Luna after they had taken from Prince Henry several Towns belonging to him as Master of the Order of Santiago Warlike Preparations were made The King of Navarre made an Incursion into the Kingdom of Toledo with 400 Horse and 600 Foot by the way of Atiença in which he had a Garrison This Number tho small was formidable because some of the People were for him and others stood Neuters so he easily made himself Master of Torija Alcala de Henares and other places The King of Castile gathering what Force he had march'd to Espinar to wait there till other Troops joyn'd him Soon after this on the 18th of February 1445 dy'd Queen Ellenor of Portugal at Toledo and a few days after Mary Queen of Castile follow'd her ending her days at Villacastin near Segovia It was suspected they were poison'd because both dy'd so near the same time and suddenly also because Queen Mary's Body was full of Spots This Report was the easier credited because they lived a loose Life From Espinar the King went to Madrid and soon after to Alcala being invited thither by the Inhabitants The King of Navarre lay with his Forces thereabouts and being joyn'd by his Brother Henry was now 1500 Horse strong With this Body he kept himself in the Mountains of Old Alcala resolving not to fight without the Advantage of Ground he being too weak in Numbers Thence he sent Ferrer de Lanuza Justice of Aragon to his Brother the King of Aragon to desire him since the War of Naples was ended to come into Spain either to attend the War or compose the Differences The King of Castile also sent to complain to him of his Brothers There was no Action at Alcala and the Princes of Aragon by the way of Tablada hasted away to Arevalo The King of Castile follow'd close at their Heels so that both came the same day to Arevalo The King of Navarre took Olmedo by force and put to Death the loyal Party that had shut the Gates upon him About half a League from Olmedo near the Mills call'd de los Abades the King of Castile intrench'd with 2000 Horse and the like Number of Foot There his Son Henry D. Alvaro John Pacheco In̄igo Lopez de Mendoça the Earl of Alva and Bishop Barrientos joyn'd him On the other side the Admiral the Earl of Benavente the Brothers Peter Ferdinand and James Quin̄ones the Earl of Castro and John de Tovar brought a 1000 Horse to the Aragonians By the Contrivance of Bishop Barrientos a treaty was set on Foot to amuse the Rebels till the Master of Alcantara joyn'd the King He being
the Nobility of Castile should have a Conference and chiefly that the Prince of Castile should joyn with the Malecontents This they durst attempt because Prince Hemy had then possessed himself of Toledo in opposition to his Father Those who had raised the Tumult were for submitting to the King they were apprehended in the Cathedral where they took Sanctuary The two mutinous Canons were sent to the close Prison at Santor caz their Lives being spared in regard they were Churchmen Mark Garcia and Ferdinand de Avila were dragged about the Streets and after much ill usage as they deserved put to Death Mean while the Moors there being no body to oppose them ravaged all the Frontiers of Andaluzia on that side next to them They took much Booty and came up to the very Walls of Jaen and Sevil. So great was the Confidence of the Moorish King that he assured him of Navarre that he would not doubt of taking Cordova provided he would make a Diversion on the side of Aragon The King of Navarre returned thanks for that offer but the putting it in Execution was delay'd for some time On the 26th of July many Nobles of Castile met at Corun̄a near Soria Some will have it that Henry Prince of Castile was in this Assembly They complained of D. Alvaro de Luna who was the cause that many Noblemen lived in Banishment and others in Prison and therefore encouraged one another to stand together It was resolved that every one should gather the greatest Force he could till the middle of August and joyn Prince Henry Yet tho they met at the time appointed near Pen̄afiel in Old Castile many Noblemen slunk away without regard to their Ingagements Every one suspected the other but above all they were jealous of Prince Henry because he was very uncertain in his Humour and no less of the King of Navarre who had much Business to mind of his own at home and in France This King had a Castle in Guienne called Maulisson delivered to him by the English and had given Charge of it to his Constable This Castle the Earl of Faux besieged with 12000 Foot and 3000 Horse entrenching his Army and battering the Walls The King of Navarre repaired thither with what Forces he could gather in haste and encamping near the Enemy they had an Interview in which nothing was concluded the Earl affirming he could not depart without taking the Castle having promised it to the King of France Hereupon the King of Navarre returning to Spain the besieged were obliged to surrender only upon Liberty for the Garrison to march whither they pleased The delay of the King of Navarre and slowness of the Nobility gave time to reconcile Prince Henry to his Father The Agreement being well advanced both dismissed their Forces the King stayed in Old Castile and the Prince returned to Toledo where he was received with all manner of Expressions of Joy There at length Peter Sarmiento designing to deliver up the City to the King and putting no end to his Robberies and Extortions was deprived of the Government of the City and Castle at the beginning of the Year 1450. He complained and put the Prince in mind of his Promise nevertheless he was forced to depart the City carrying with him 200 Horses and Mules loaden with Riches he had plundered The People was not permitted to take any thing from him he having the Prince's Pass Yet he was robbed of part by the way and the rest when he came to Gumiel was seized by the King's Order Sarmiento himself fled to Navarre and having obtained Pardon of his Crimes lived Miserably the rest of his Days at Bastida a Town in the Territory of Rioja that place alone being left him of all his Possessions His Confederates were more severely punished They were taken in several Places and put to Death with exquisite Torments The Punishment seemed cruel but it was designed to terrify others from committing the like Violence and Extravagances for the future and to warn those that were in Power not to make use of it to the Destruction of those committed to their Charge CHAP. V. The mutiny of Segovia The Affairs of the Crown of Aragon The Civil War in Navarre The Factions of the Agramonteses and Biamonteses there The Emperor Frederick marries Ellenor Sister to the King of Portugal The Moors twice defeated by the Christians SCarce was the Mutiny at Toledo quelled when another broke out at Segovia whither the Prince was gone Peter Portocarrero who began to be great with the Prince accused John Pacheco Marques of Villena of a Crime for which he ought to be apprehended The Bishop of Cuenca John de Silva the King's Standard-bearer and the Marshal Pelayo de Ribera attested the same thing They all advised the Prince to make him an Example and it was resolved to secure him It was not easy to do it by reason of his great Power and also that he having notice of the Prince's Displeasure made himself strong in a quarter of the City Lest much Blood should be shed in forcing him he was permitted to go away to Turuegano a Town of his own There to gain Peter Portocarrero he gave him to Wife Beatrix his Bastard Daughter and with her the Town of Medellin in Estremadura near Guadiana Thus his Enemies were weakened and the Prince began to be appeased The War with the Aragonians continu'd but not very hot Bordalva a Castle on the Frontiers of Aragon was taken and lost again The King of Aragon was worse looked upon as being the chief contriver of all the Troubles and an Opportunity was now offered of being revenged on him Many advised the Prince of Viana to take upon him the Crown and Government since his Father had no Right to it and this was the beginning of great Disorders The King of Navarre was at Zar agoca where the Coxtes of Aragon met in Summer They limited the Power of the Deputy Justices of Aragon and decreed that all Goods upon which there depended any Law-suit should be deposited in the Hands of an Officer appointed for that purpose that the Judges having such Goods in their Power might not delay deciding of Causes The King of Aragon sent Embassadors to exhort the Princes of Spain to Peace resolving if there were War to stand by his Brother and Subjects In all other respects he seemed to have forgot Spain taken up with the Pleasures of Italy having gained much Reputation and enjoying Peace the Fruit of his great Labours The Grecian Emperor oppressed by the Turks sent Embassadors to him to desire his assistance against them The same did Demetrius Paleologus Prince of Attica and Peloponnesus or Morea Brother to the Emperor Constantine offering him great Territories when the War was ended Aranitus Earl of Epirus or Albania did the like But above all we must not omit the Embassy sent by George Castriot commonly called Scanderbeg the Turks having given him
His Death 185 Alonso the 3d King of Aragon Crown'd 226 Dies 333 Alonso the 4th King of Aragon 253 Dies 259 Alonso the 5th King of Aragon adopted Heir of Naples 143 Besieges the Queen of Naples in her Palace 344 Supports an Anti-Pope 345 Again invited to Naples 357 Dies at Naples Ibid Alonso the First King of Portugal his Birth 155 He governs as Earl of Portugal 156 Actions of his 169 Gives the Moors a great overthrow 169 Marries 169 His further Success 172 Title of King confirm'd on him by the Pope 172 Taken by King Ferdinand of Leon and set at liberty 182 Besieg'd by the Moors and deliver'd by the King of Leon. 183 Vanquishes the Moors 183 Dies 184 Alonso the 2d King of Portugal 188 At War with his Sisters 195 His unjust Proceedings Fol. 213 p. 2 His Death 220 Alonso the 3d King of Portugal Dies 276 Alonso the 4th King of Portugal 252 Alonso the 5th King of Portugal Proclaimed King of Castile being contracted to the Rightful Heiress 424 Passes over into Africk and thence into France 428 Resolves to go in Pilgrimage to Jerusalem and resigns his Crown to his Son 431 Dies 437 Alonso King of Naples abdicates 467 Alonso Prince of Portugal his Death 455 Alonso de la Cerda the Rightful Heir of Castile submits to Alonso King in Possession 256 Alonso de Albuquerque his Actions in India 560 Alora taken from the Moors Pag. 446 Alva Duke enters Navarre 549 Alvaro de Luna who he was 327 Becomes the great Favourite 340 Made an Earl 342 Banish'd the Court. 348 Returns to Court 349 Chosen Master of the Order of Santiago 372 His Character and fatal End 378 Amalaricus his Reign His Death 75 Anintosities against Prince Ferdinand of Castile 328 Ancinting of Kings first used in Spain 161 Antequira taken by Storm 331 The Castle surrendred 331 Antient Inscriptions 36 Antioch in danger of-Destruction 66 Apparitions in the Air and other Prodigies 357 Application for uniting the Church 335 Aragon left without Heirs 325 Divided about the Succession 332 Aragonians rout the Mallorquines 205 Destroy the French Fleet. 227 Successful in Italy 229 Successful against the Moors 180 Invade Castile 353 Decline at Naples 356 Gain two Victories at Sea 225 Arcadius and Honorius 66 Archbishop of Toledo chosen 151 Chancellour of Castile 194 Arrested by the King 311 Archbishop of Santiago flies to Portugal 317 Archduke comes into Spain 489 He and his Princess sworn Heirs of Aragon 492 Returns to Flanders 492 Concludes a Peace betwixt Spain and France 496 Archimbaud Earl of Faux his Death and Issue 334 Argantonius his great Age. 11 Argonauts in Spain 8 Arian Heresie 61 Armengaud Earl of Urgel slain 183 Arms of Aragon 174 Of Toledo 168 Of Navarre Articles betwixt Aragon and Navarre Fol. 216. p. 2 Betwixt France and Castile 230 Betwixt King Peter of Castile and the Prince of Wales 284 Betwixt Castile and Portugal 298 Asdrubal succeeds Hamilcar 18 His Death 19 Asdrubal the 2d and Mago routed and 37000 of their Men killed 26 Asdrubal Barchinus routed by Scipio 28 Asdrubal the Son of Gisgo entirely defeated by Scipio 28 Asinius Pollio and M. Lepidus Govern Spain 48 Asturians forced to submit 50 Ataultus and Sigericus Kings of the Goths murder'd 69 Athanagildus ascends the Throne 77 Unfortunate Marriages of his two Sisters 77 Atilius 34 Atlas expels Hesperus and reigns 7 Attempts of the Infidels to murder the King of Castile 264 Attila King of the Huns in France defeated by the Romans Francs and Goths and 180000 of his Men slain 71 Aubigni defeated and taken 497 Aucupa governs Spain 106 Augustus set up in the Place of Julius Caesar 48 Becomes sole Lord of the World Comes into Spain 49 Returns to Rome 50 His Death 51 Aurelius Antoninus and Antoninus Verus Reign 19 years 56 Aurelius Commodus Reigns 12 years and 8 months 56 Aurelius Probus reigns 5 years and 8 months 59 Aurelius Carus reigns 2 years 59 Aurelius King of Oviedo during his Reign does nothing honourable 108 Aza or Adham Governs Spain 104 Azamor in Africk submits to the Portugueses 448 Is taken by the Porugueses 556 B. Babel built Pag. 1 Bacchus builds Nebrixa 8 Bada Wife to Recaredus 79 Badajoz mutinies 312 Taken by the Portugueses 318 Baeca taken 171 Baleares Islands 11 Balbinus and Pupienus reign not out a Year 58 Banish'd King of Granada restor'd Barbarous Action of a Roman 41 Treachery 129 Barbarosla besieges Bugia in vain 562 Barcelona Earidome hereditary 119 Its Earls 122 Taken by the Moors 128 Surrendred to the King of Aragon 417 Battel that lasted 8 days 98 Undecided 177 De la Higuera or of the Fig-Tree 355 Of Olmedo 371 Of Cirinola 497 Of Salado 262 Of Munda 47 Of Najara 253 Of Ravenna 548 Of Blavio vid. Memorable Of Collejares 323 Of Aljubarrota 303 Of Cannas 23 Baucius Capetus General of the Spaniards 12 Chosen a 2d Time against the Carthaginians 13 Beltran de la Cueva Favourite to King Henry the 2d of Castile Created a Duke 406 Benedict the 11th Pope 241 Benedict the 13th Chosen Pope 316 Forsaken 327 Disown'd in Aragon 328 Dies 344 Berengaria Heiress to the Crown of Castile resigns her Right to her Son Ferdinand 199 Berenguel or Berengarius Earl of Barcelona 134 Berenguel Earl of Barcelona his Actions 140 Bergamo and Bressa return to the Obedience of the Venetians 546 Bermudo King of Leon succeeds Mauregatus 108 Bermudo the 2d King of Leon 127 His Death Wives and Issue 130 Bermudo the 3d King of Leon. 134 His good Government 135 Bernard first Archbishop of Toledo when recover'd from the Moors 151 Sets out for the Holy Land Is sent back by the Pope 157 His Death 165 Bernard de Cabrera cruelly put to Death 283 Bilbao City built 112 Biscay rebels 116 United to the Crown of Castile 260 Biscainers and Navarrois at War 251 Biscainers invade the Canary Islands 113 Bishop murder'd 412 Blanch and Berengaria Sisters to King Henry of Castile 199 Blanch Queen of Aragon dies 244 Blanch Daughter to the Duke of Bourbon Contracted to King Peter of Castile 269 Dies 279 Bloody Battel betwixt the Spaniards and Moors 13 Rain 172 Mutiny at Lisbon 519 Boabdil the Moorish King flies to Cordova 446 Bolonia its Siege 560 Rais'd Boniface Pope dies 322 Bravery of a Woman Fol. 208. p. 2 Bresta taken by the Viceroy 552 Broils among the Suevians 73 In Navarre and Biscay 384 Bruneclulda by the French call'd Brunchault 77 Mariana deceiv'd concerning her life 77 Bugia and other Places in Barbary taken by the Spaniards 537 Burgundians who they were 67 C. Caesar in Spain the first time His 2d Coming 44 Kills 36000 Spaniards in Gaul Returns into Spain and expels Pompey's Party 45 Returns again into Spain Reduces Cordova 47 Returns to Rome Is murder'd in the Senate 48 Caius Catinius 32 Calamities of Princes 510 Calatrava taken and given to the Knights Templers 166 Defended by two Monks
of Navarre ingages in the Holy-War Peace for some time Ferdinand King of Castile Marries 1239. Two Eclypses Bravery of a Woman Several Towns taken from the Moors Salamanca made an University 1240. 20000 Moors overthrown The Kingdom of Murcia delivered up by the Moors King of Aragon Leagues with 3 Princes against the King of France 1241. A Defeat of the Christians The Christians succesful 1242. 1243. Jaen City described Besieged Surrendred 1243. Discord in Aragon and Catalonia King Sancho of Portugal expelled the Kingdom by his Rebellious Subjects General Council at Lyons King Sancho of Portugal dyes at Toledo Martin de Freitas was the Name of this loyal Governour Ferdinand of Castile prepares to Besiege Sevil. 1245. 1246. Carmona Besieged and other Towns taken The Moors vanquished in a Sea Fight The Kingdom of Aragon under an Interdict Description of Sevil. This measure I believe is mistaken as to height Sevil Besieged 1247. Carmona surrendred to the Christians 1248. Accommodation betwixt Castile and Leon. Besiegers reinforced Bridge of Sevil broken Sevil and its Dependencies delivered up King Luis of France sends Presents to the Church of Toledo undertakes the Conquest of the Holy Land 1249. 1250. Discord among the Aragonians His good Ordinances Alonso the 10th succeeds to the Crown of Castile 1253. Theobald King of Navarre dies Theobald the second King of Navarre Moors Banished Valencia 1254. Queen Violante proves with Child and prevents being divorced from the King 1255. K. Alonso chosen Emperor by part of the Electors and Richard Duke of Cornwal by the other 1256. Contests about the Imperial Crown K. Alonso's qualities Towns in Andaluzia taken Differences betwixt Castile and Aragon compos'd 1256. Sancho K. of Portugal dies at Toledo in Exile 1258. Kings of France and Aragon meet and are reconciled Death of the Prince and Queen of Aragon Theobald King of Navarre Marries Unjust proceeding of Alonso K. of Portugal Portugal under an Interdict Embassy to the K. of Castile from the Soldan of Aegypt 1260. 1261. Succession of Sicily King of Aragon Marries his Son to the Daughter of the King of Sicily 1262. The Family of the Merines obtains the Empire of Africk Moorish Kings in Spain Revolt Moors begin the War Cuidad Real built 1263. Towns recover'd by the Christians 1264. Troubles in Aragon 1265. The Kings of Castue and Aragon invade the Moors 1266. Murcia taken by the Aragonians Charles Brother to the King of France Crown'd King of Sicily Christian Nobles persuade the Infidels to Revolt Empress of Constantinople in Spain 1268. Wars in Italy A new debate in Aragon Jayme King of Aragon at Toledo Preaching among the Tartars Embassy from Tartary 1269. Jayme King of Aragon imbarks for the Holy-Land English French in the Holy-Land Expedition 1270. Theobald King of Navarre dies Portugal made independent of Castile Nobility of Castile conspire against their King Progress of the Rebellion in Castile 1272. Disorders in Aragon Henry King of Navarre Alonso K. of Castile aspires to the Empire 1273. Rodulphus of Ausburg chosen Emperor 1274. Henry K. of Navarre dies Joanna his Daughter Queen Nobles of Castile reconcil'd to King Alonso Articles betwixt Aragon Navarre Progress of King Alonso of Castile 1275. King Alonso of Castile meets the Pope in France King Alonso returns home The Emperour of Morocco called into Spain A vast multitude of Infidels Land in Spain Overthrow of the Christians 1275. A second defeat Prince Ferainand of Castile dies Affairs of Navarre Death of 4 Popes Pr. Sancho aspires to Usurp the Crown from his Nephews Slaughter of the Aragonians Jayme I.K. of Aragon dies His Issue Peter Crown'd King of Aragon Troubles of Navar. Navarre brought under by the French Violante Queen of Castile with her Grand-children slies to Aragon 1277 The true Heirs of Castile imprison'd Commotions in Catalonia Alonso King of Portugal his death Denis succeeds to the Crown of Portugal 1280 Prince Sancho his Practices to gain the Affections of the People 1281 League betwixt Castile and Aragon Rebellion of Prince Sancho against his Father 1282 King Denis of Portugal Marries S. Elizabeth The Cortes summon'd by the King and Prince follow the latter King of Morocco comes to assist King Alonso King Alonso disinherits and curses his Son Sancho Conspiracy against the French in Sicily Pope Martin and the King of Aragon at variance Massacre of the French called the Scicilian Vespers Mecina besieg'd by the French A challenge betwixt the Kings of France and Aragon 1283 The Cortes meet in the Kingdom of Aragon Rebellion in Castile Interdict in Castile and Aragon at one time The enmity betwixt K. Alonso of Castile and his Son Sancho increases 1284. King Alonso of Castile dies Sancho Usurps the Crown of Castile The Aragonians gain two Victories at Sea Albarazin taken by the King of Aragon The King of Aragon seeks Aid against the French 1285. Charles King of Naples dies The French Army enters Catalonia Girona Besieg'd by the French Xeres besieg'd by the Moors and the Siege raised Peace with the Moores Girona taken be the French Aragonian destroy the French Fleet Philip the Fair King of France Death of the King of Aragon Birth of Ferdinand Prince of Castile 1286 Alonso the III. King of Aragon crown'd D. Lope and Haro favourite to King Sancho of Castile Aragonians successful in Italy The rightful Princes of Castile Prisoners Charles Prince of Salerno made King of Apulia and Sicily Articles betwixt France and Castile King Denis of Portugal his Issue Seeds of discord in Castile D. Lope de Haro kill'd at Court The rightful Princes of Castile released War betwixt Castile and Aragon Mutiny at Badajoz 1290 Interview of the Kings of France and Castile D. John Nunnez de Lara revolts from Castile D. John reconcil'd to King Sancho again ready to fly from him 1291. Peace betwixt France and Aragod Death of Alonso the 3d King of Aragon Jayme Crowned King of Aragon A League betwixt Castile and Aragon 1292. Moors vanquished at Sea Endeavours of Accommodation betwixt France and Aragon 1293. Alcala de Henares made an University Tarifa besieg'd by the Moors 1295. King Sancho of Castile dyes Ferdinand the IVth King Pope Celestine the V. Abdicates France and Aragon make Peace Rebellion in Castile Pr. Henry governs Castile 1296 Confederation against Castile Pr. John Proclaimed King of Leon and Galicia Murcia taken by the Aragonians Tarifa again Besieged K. of Portugal invades Castile 1297 The Cortes of Castile raise Mony K. Jayme of Aragon proclaimd K. of Sardinia and Corsica 1298. Castile and Portugal reconcil'd War in Sicily Siracusa in vain besieg by the Aragonians Ferderick K. of Sicily beaten at Sea 1299 1300 Jubile first instituted City Bilbao built 1301 Pr. John reconciled to the K. Raymundus Lullus Garcia Lopez The Master of Calatrava depos'd Marriage of King Ferdinand of Castile 1302. A Synod at Toledo Peace betwixt Sicily and Naples More Troubles in Castile 1303. Pope Boniface dies Benedict
Alonso of Portugal takes the Title of King His Wars with the Moors War betwixt the Christian Princes and Peace concluded Baeça and Almeria taken by the King of Castile and Lisbon by him of Portugal p. 169 The Eleventh BOOK Chap. I. THE coming into Spain of the Moors call'd Almohades The Death of D. Garcia King of Navarre by a fall from his Horse his Son Sancho succeeds him King Alonso and his Daughter both Marry'd Many Places taken from the Moors p. 171 Chap. II. King Luis the Younger of France comes into Spain Alonso of Castile and Leon call'd the Emperor dies His Sons Sancho and Ferdinand inherit the Crowns of Castile and Leon. Original of the Knights of Calatrava p. 174 Chap. III. The Death of Sancho King of Castile The great Commotions that ensu'd The Death of Raymund Prince of Aragon his Issue Alonso his eldest Son succeeds in his Dominions p. 176 Chap. IV. Alonso the young King of Castile takes upon him the Government recovers most of his Dominions joyns in League with the Aragonian and Marries Ellenor the Daughter to Henry II. King of England Some Actions of Ferdinand King of Leon. p. 178 Chap. V. The League made against Peter Ruiz de Açagra The Original of the Knights of Santiago The taking of Cuenca by the Christians Increase of the Knights of Santiago or S. James the Apostle Several Places in Navarre taken by the Castilians p. 180 Chap. VI. Rebellion in the Kingdom of Leon suppress'd Alonso King of Portugal taken by Ferdinard of Leon and set at liberty Being Besieg'd in Santarem by the Moors is reliev'd by him He Vanquishes the Infidels Actions of his Son Sancho p. 182 Chap. VII The Death of the Kings of Leon and Portugal Alliances betwixt the Kings of Spain The Defeat of the Christians at Alarcos Sancho the Wise King of Navarre dies Sancho I. King of Portugal Alonso IX of Leon. p. 183 Chap. VIII King Alonso of Aragon dies and his Son Peter succeeds him The King of Leon Divorc'd Castilians and Aragonians over-run Navarre Alonso King of Castile 's two Daughters Marry'd to the Kings of England and Leon. Plague and Famine in Spain p. 186 Chap. IX The Marriage of the King of Aragon and Death of some Persons of Note Peace concluded and Alliance betwixt all the Christian Kings of Spain The beginning of the War with the Moors A vast Multitude of Foreigners comes to the Assistance of the Christian Kings of Spain p. 187 Chap. X. The further Progress of the Christian Army which obtains a most signal Victory over the Infidels of whom 200000 are slain and this call'd the Battle of Navas de Tolosa Many Towns taken after this Success p. 189 The Twelfth BOOK Chap. I. THE Original and Growth of the Heresie of the Albigenses which spread all over France and some part of Spain Preaching against them unsuccessful War is resolv'd upon p. 191 Chap. II. The Death of Peter King of Aragon and of Alonso King of Castile Simon Earl of Montfort General of the Catholicks Overthrows the Hereticks and takes the Towns they had possessed themselves of p. 193 Chap. III. Disorders in Castile and Aragon under the two Infant Kings Sancho King of Navarre altogether decripid The Lateran General Council Honours done there to the Archbishop of Toledo p. 195 Chap. IV. The Family of Lara take the Government of Castile into their Hands They commit many Insolencies and oppress the Nobility Young King Henry Marry'd and Divorc'd The King of Aragon escapes from his Keepers p. 197 Chap. V. Great Disorders in Castile rais'd by the Family of Lara Young King Henry kill'd by the fall of a Tile Ferdinand Prince of Leon succeeds his Mother Berengaria renouncing her Right Orders of S. Dominick S. Francis and La Merced Instituted p. 198 Chap. VI. The Marriages of two Kings Ferdinand of Castile and Jayme of Aragon King Ferdinand quells many Commotions Death of the Kings of France and Portugal p. 200 Chap. VII King Ferdinand of Castile 's great Success against the Moors King Jayme of Aragon seiz'd by some Rebellious Nobles makes his escapes and commences War against the Rebels p. 202 Chap. VIII The War with the Moors renew'd The Island of Majorca Conquer'd by the Aragonians The Popes Legate disanuls the Marriage of King Jayme on account of Consanguinity Raymund Earl of Toulouze a Heretick reduc'd p. 204 Chap. IX Alonso King of Leon defeats the Moors takes Merida and Badajoz and dies Crowns of Castile and Leon united under Ferdinand Sancho King of Navarre dies Theobald succeeds him Interviews of several Kings p. 205 Chap. X. The beginning progress and end of the War against Cordova with the Conquest of that Noble City p. 206 Chap. XI A Moorish King Baptiz'd Description of Valencia its Siege and Surrender to the King of Aragon who is wounded before it Theobald King of Navarre goes with others to the Holy-War p. 207 The Thirteenth BOOK Chap. I. THE taking of many Towns by the Christians The Kingdom of Murcia surrendred to King Ferdinand His Marriage Salamanca made an Vniversity 20000 Moors defeated by the Christians p. 208 Chap. II. A defeat of the Christians who recover and are successful take Jaen and many other Places The King of Granada made Tributary King Sancho II. of Portugal expell'd by his Rebellious Subjects p. 209 Chap. III. The beginning of the War against Sevil. Aragon under a General Interdict The Siege and Surrender of Sevil. Carmona and several other Places p. 210 Chap. IV. S. Luis King of France sends Presents to the Church of Toledo and makes an unfortunate Expedition to the Holy-Land Aragon embroyl'd King Ferdinand of Castile after gaining much from the Moors dies p. 211 Chap. V. The beginning of the Reign of King Alonso he is chosen Emperor by part of the Electors and Richard Duke of Cornwal by the rest Theobald I. King of Navarre dies his Son Theobald II. succeeds him p. 212 Chap. VI. Aragon and Castile at variance and reconcil'd Sancho King of Portugal dies in Exile Death of the Queen and Prince of Aragon Portugal under an Interdict Marriages of the King of of Navarre and Prince of Aragon p. 213 Chap. VII The Family of the Merines obtains the Empire of Africk The War against the Moors renew'd in Spain Cuidad Rodrigo built Troubles in Aragon The City Murcia taken and the King of Granada made Tributary p. 214 Chap. VIII The Kingdom of the Normans in Sicily extinguish'd by the French The Empress of Constantinople comes into Spain and Jayme King of Aragon to Toledo p. 215 Chap. IX The King of Aragon 's Expedition for the Holy-Land The Kings of France and Navarre and the eldest Son of the King of England move upon the same Enterprize The Nobles of Castile revolt Troubles in Aragon p. 216 Chap. X. Rodulphus of Ausburg chosen Emperor Henry King of Navarre dies His Daughter Joanna Inherits Alonso King of Castile agrees with his Nobles then goes into France
Queen Mother joyns them the King gets the better and Executes many of them p. 272 The Seventeenth BOOK Chap. I. THE beginning of the War in Aragon many Rebellious Nobles in Castile put to Death The War betwixt Castile and Aragon carry'd on by Sea and Land p. 275 Chap. II. The Kings of Castile and Aragon both call the Moors to their assistance The War is carry'd on vigorously on both sides The Castilians treacherous to their King He punishes many of them The Computation of Time in Aragon altered p. 277 Chap. III. The Death of Queen Blanch and D. Maria de Padilla Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon The War with the Moors and Death of their King The King of Aragon 's Daughter Marry'd to the King of Sicily p. 278 Chap. IV. Castile and Navarre joyn in League The War is carry'd on successfully against Aragon by King Peter of Castile who declares the Lady Mary de Padilla to have been his lawful Wife The Death of John King of France and Constance Queen of Aragon p. 281 Chap. V. Count Henry Proclaim'd King of Castile King Peter expell'd the Kingdom Refus'd Entertainment in Portugal gathers a Fleet in Galicia and flyes into France to the Protection of the English p. 282 Chap. VI. The War betwixt France Navarre and Aragon King Peter of Castile supported by the English in France is brought into Spain by the Prince of Wales with an Army Overthrows Henry the Vsurper and recovers his Kingdom p. 284 Chap. VII King Peter Excommunicated and Absolv'd Count Henry returns into Spain is again receiv'd by many Places Toledo opposes him and is Besieg'd King Peter comes to its relief is overthrown betray'd to and murder'd by Henry the Bastard p. 286 Chap. VIII Several Foreign Princes pretenders to the Crown of Castile War with Aragon Portugal and Granada Affairs of Aragon Sardinia and Navarre The League betwixt Portugal and Aragon p. 288 Chap. IX The Siege of Carmona The King of Portugal Marries the Lady Ellenor de Meneses Peace betwixt Castile Portugal and Navarre p. 289 Chap. X. Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Aragon Several Matches of Princes French and Spaniards Besiege Bayonne in vain The Papal Chair restored to Rome Death of Frederick King of Sicily p. 292 The Eighteenth BOOK Chap. I. THE Wars of Navarre Matches of some of King Henry 's Children The Schism in the Church caused by the Election of the two Popes Urban and Clement The Death of the King of Castile and of Mahomet the Moorish King of Granada p. 294 Chap. II. King John succeeds his Father in the Throne of Castile Charles King of France dies Charles VI. succeeds him Pope Clement own'd in Spain thro' the French Interest p. 296. Chap. III. Charles Duke of Durazzo Crown'd King of Naples The War with Portugal Peace concluded The King of Portugal dies Actions of the Aragonians and Catalonians in Greece and of the former in Sardinia p. 297 Chap. IV. Portugal full of Divisions about the Succession to the Crown King John of Castile having been Proclaim'd at Lisbon enters that Kingdom has many places deliver'd to him Besieges Lisbon but is forced to raise the Siege and return to Castile p. 299 Chap. V. John the Bastard Master of Avis Proclaim'd King of Portugal King John of Castile sends his Fleet then enters Portugal himself with an Army The famous Battle of Aljubarrota and rout of the Castilians p. 301 Chap. VI. The Portugueses make an Inroad into Castile and defeat a Body of Castilians The Duke of Lancaster lands at Corun̄a and takes several Towns The Death of the Kings of Naples Aragon and Navarre p. 303 Chap. VII Peace concluded with the English The Heir of Castile in imitation of the Prince of Wales in England is created Prince of Asturias A Truce with Portugal and the Moors King John of Castile kill'd by a Fall from his Horse p. 304 Chap. VIII John King of Aragon upon complaint of his Subjects complies with their demands Irruptions of the French into Aragon Henry III. Proclaim'd King of Castile The Form of Government appointed there during his Minority p. 307 Chap. IX The Contentions betwixt the Nobility of Castile about the Government They agree on a Settlement then alter it The Affairs of the Moors at Granada War renew'd with Portugal King Charles VI. of France runs distracted p. 308 Chap. X. The Divisions among the Nobility of Castile continue A Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal for 15 Years The Nobility at length pacify'd Sicily brought under the Aragonian Yoke p. 310 The Nineteenth BOOK Chap. I. KIng Henry takes upon him the Government The Cortes at Madrid Discontents among the Nobility The Death of the Master of Alcantara The Biscainers invade the Canary-Islands The Plague at Madrid p. 313 Chap. II. Another Rebellion in Castile quell'd by the King Pope Clement dies and Benedict XIII is Elected which continues the Schism The strange Death of John King of Aragon p. 315 Chap. III. The Queen of Navarre returns to her Husband The Earl of Faux invades Aragon The War betwixt Castile and Portugal renew'd Joseph King of Granada dies Mahomet his second Son Vsurps The Turks come over into Europe p. 317 Chap. IV. Two Franciscans Preaching to the Moors of Granada suffer Martyrdom The Truce with Portugal renew'd Two great Plagues in Spain and France The Year of Jubilee 1400. p. 319 Chap. V. The Death of the Queen of Sicily Of Tamerlan and Bajazet Pope Benedict again receiv'd in Castile The King of Castile has a Son born Pope Boniface dies Innocent VIII chosen at Rome p. 321 Chap. VI. Great Tumults in Aragon appeas'd by the Cortes A Battle betwixt the Castilians and the Moors The Cortes of Castile meet at Toledo and King Henry dies there A Notable Action of his p. 322 Chap. VII The Crown offer'd to Prince Ferdinand be refuses it John II. Proclaim'd King of Castile The Death of the Queen of Aragon The War of Granada Several Places taken by the Christians who also obtain a Victory at Sea p. 324 Chap. VIII The Murder of the Duke of Orleans by him of Burgundy The War carry'd on with the Moors and a Truce concluded Original of D. Alvaro de Luna Continuation of the Schism p. 326 Chap. IX The Death of Martin King of Sicily Several Pretenders to the Crown of Aragon Their several Claims Martin King of Aragon prefers that of his Nephew Prince Ferdinand of Castile tho' unjust p. 328 Chap. X. The Moors having done much harm in the Christian Territories Prince Ferdinand marches against them defeats them and takes Antequera and other Places Martin King of Aragon dies A Love Adventure p. 329 The Twentieth BOOK Chap. I. THE State of Christendom Nine Judges appointed in Aragon to decide the dispute about the Succession Arguments us'd by each of the Candidates The Government of King John of Portugal p. 332 Chap. II. Ferdinand Prince of Castile declar'd King of Aragon by the Judges and afterwards Proclaim'd at
Henry of Castile Created a Duke p. 404 Chap. IV. Proceedings and Defeat of the Rebels in Catalonia Death of Ismael King of Granada Progress of the Rebellion in Castile and most Villanous Action of the Rebels who Proclaim Prince Alonso King The King and they Disband p. 406 Chap. V. Peter Constable of Portugal dies The Rebels in Catalonia chose the Duke of Anjou for their King The Battle of Olmedo The Death of the Queen of Aragon and Prince Alonso of Castile The King recovers Toledo The Rebels of Castile affront the Pope's Legate and are Excommunicated p. 408 Chap. VI. John Duke of Lorrain supports and heads the Rebels in Catalonia for his Father Ferdinand Prince of Aragon declar'd King of Sicily The Crown of Castile offer'd to the Princess Elizabeth she refuses it Peace betwixt the King and Nobles p. 410 Chap. VII The Marriage of Ferdinand King of Sicily with the Princess Elizabeth of Castile and of the Duke of Guienne with the Princess Joanna who is sworn Heiress of Castile Differences betwixt the Knights of Alcantara and their Master and Troubles in Biscay The Portugueses take Arzila and Tangier in Africk p. 412 Chap. VIII The Tumults and Confusions in Aragon Sardinia and Navarre The King of Castile labours to reduce his Rebels Pope Paul II. dies Sixtus IV. chosen King Alonso of Portugal takes Arzila and Tangier in Africk p. 414 Chap. IX Catalonia reduc'd Charles Duke of Guienne dies Cardinal Borgia the Pope's Legate comes into Spain Interview of the Kings of Castile and Portugal The Master of Santiago strengthens himself against his Enemies Barcelona surrendred to the King of Aragon p. 416 Chap. X. The Pope's Legate's Practices against King Henry of Castile Massacre of the Jews Signal Loyalty of Peter de Peralta Traiterous Practices of Elizabeth Sister to King Henry of Castile A Synod at Aranda p. 417 The Twenty Fourth BOOK Chap. I. THE Princess Elizabeth pretends to be reconcil'd to her Brother and openly aspires to the Crown upon his Indisposition D. John Pacheco Master of Santiago dies Differences betwixt the French and Aragonians King Ferdinand goes to Barcelona Jews Massacred in Sicily Ferdinand and Elizabeth Proclaim'd King and Queen of Castile The King of Portugal undertakes the Protection of the Princess Joanna his Niece p. 420 Chap. II. The Death of Henry King of Castile Ferdinand and Elizabeth Vsurps the Crown of Castile from Joanna the Rightful Heiress and are Proclaim'd King and Queen The King of Portugal undertakes the Protection of the Rightful Heiress his Niece p. 422 Chap. III. The King of Portugal calls himself King of Castile and is assisted by many of the Nobility being contracted to Joanna the Rightful Heiress He takes several Places in Castile The French make Peace with England and engage to assist Portugal against Ferdinand p. 424 Chap. IV. Prince John of Portugal comes into Castile with Forces to his Father's assistance The Battle of Toro betwixt King Ferdinand and him of Portugal The latter defeated The Castilian Nobility forsake him and he returns home p. 426 Chap. V. The Tumults of Navarre The King of Portugal 's Zoyage into France Toro recover'd by the Castiliano from the Portugueses Several other Places retaken Charles the Bold Duke of Burgundy and Galcazzo Duke of Milan murdred p. 428 Chap. VI. King Ferdinand possesses himself of the Mastership of Santiago in trust which has ever since continued in the Kings of Spain War with the Moors of Andaluzia The King of Portugal after having Abdicated his Crown returns home and is restor'd by his Son p. 429 Chap. VII Sardinia entirely reduc'd The Birth of John Prince of Castile The Inquisition first setled in Spain Peace concluded betwixt France and Castile The Death of King John of Aragon p. 431 Chap. VIII Ellenor Queen of Navarre The Troubles of that Kingdom and her Death The Countess of Medellin raises Tumults in Castile Portugueses overthrown by the Castilians Heretical Opinions started and condemned in Spain King Ferdinand goes into Aragon p. 434 Chap. IX Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Portugal The Turks get footing in Italy and are again expell'd King Alonso of Portugal dies Henry the late King of Castile 's Grants vacated by the Cortes Prince John Son to King Ferdinand Sworn Heir of Castile p. 435 Chap. X. Francis King of Navarre comes out of France is Crowned and soon after dies A Conspiracy against the King of Portugal punished and the Conspirators punished Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal ratified Luis XI King of France dies p. 437 The Twenty Fifth BOOK Chap. I. THE beginning of the War with Granada King Albahazen surprizes Zahara Alhama taken from the Infidels and in vain besieged by them again p. 440 Chap. II. Preparations for carrying on the War against the Moors Loxa in vain besieged and that War laid aside for some time Some Tumults in Galicia A great slaughter of Christians on the Mountains of Malaga p. 441 Chap. III. The Moors defeated and Boabdill their King taken and afterwards released The Affairs of Navarre Pope Sixtus dies Innocent VIII succeeds him Marquess del Gasto and Pescara from whom descended p. 444 Chap. IV. Alora and other Places taken from the Moors Albohardil Vsurps the Crown of Granada and defeats the Earl of Cabra The Rebellion in Naples Birth of the Princess Katherine of Castile afterwards Wife to Henry VIII King of England p. 446 Chap. V. The Tumults in Aragon and Catalonia Several Towns taken from the Moors A Sedition in Galicia King Albohardil attacks the Castle called Albayzin in Granada and is repulsed Azamor on the Coast of Africk delivered to the Portugueses p. 448 Chap. VI. King Ferdinand takes Malaga and other Places from the Moors Albohardil King of Granada having been defeated by the Christians is expelled by his Subjects and Boabdil Proclaimed King Mighty Discoveries made by the Portugueses in the East p. 450 Chap. VII Tumults in Aragon the Cities Associate there The War with the Moors renewed and several Places taken from them which they with the same facility recover Maximilian King of the Romans aims to Marry the Princess Elizabeth of Castile p. 452 Chap. VIII The Masterships of all the Military Orders in Spain annexed to the Crown for ever Three Cities and other Places taken from the Moors Elizabeth Princess of Castile Married to Alonso Prince of Portugal His and his Father's Death p. 453 Chap. IX The War with the Moors now effectually renewed The Description of the City of Granada King Ferdinand lays Siege to it and Builds a Town for his Army to Quarter in during the Siege to shew his Resolution not to depart without being Master of that City p. 456 Chap. X. A mighty Mutiny raised in Granada by a Phanatick Moor. The City surrendred to King Ferdinand The Character of King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth Their Triumphal Entry into Granada and Vniversal Joy for their Success p. 457 The Twenty Sixth BOOK Chap. I. THE Affairs of Britany The
Jews expelled Spain Pope Innocent VIII dies Alexander VI. succeeds him Navarre pacified Roussillon and Cerdagne restored to King Ferdinand p. 460 Chap. II Discoveries and Conquests of the Spaniards in the West-Indies Controversies arise betwixt the Crowns of Spain and Portugal concerning their Discoveries Roussillon and Cerdagne restored to King Ferdinand p. 461 Chap. III. Palma one of the Canary-Islands Conquered The Mastership of the three Military Orders annexed to the Crown of Castile The Original of the Neapolitan War The Death of Ferdinand King of Naples p. 464 Chap. IV. The French invade the Kingdom of Naples An Account of Luis Sforcia Duke of Milan The French King at Rome Alonso King of Naples Abdicates The French possess themselves of the Kingdom of Naples p. 465 Chap. V. The League against the French carried on with wonderfull secrecy The French King returns home The Venetians overthrown by the French King Ferdinand of Naples successful against them and recovers that Noble City p. 468 Chap. VI The Death of John II. King of Portugal The French quite expell'd the Kingdom of Naples Ferdinand King of Spain honoured by the Pope with the Title of Catholick King The posture of Affairs in Portugal under Emanuel the new King p. 469 Chap. VII The Death of Ferdinand King of Naples The Emperor passes into Italy The Popes Forces defeated by the Ursini The Death of the Duke of Gandia The Marriage of Prince John of Spain Proposals concerning setling the Kingdom of Naples p. 472 Chap. VIII Progress of the Portugueses Discoveries in the East Peter Covillam and Alonso de Paira sent to India by Land Vasca de Gama sent to discover India by Sea with four Ships His Voyage till he came to Calicut p. 474 Chap. IX A short but particular Account of India what happened to Vasco de Gama at Calicut His bold Enterprize there and a Relation of his return to Portugal p. 476 Chap. X. An Account of the Navigation of Vasco de Gama and of all the Coasts of Africk as they lay in his way Of the Island of Zocotora and of all the Coast of Asia as far as China and the Method observed by the Portugueses in Sailing thither p. 478 The Twenty Seventh BOOK Chap. I. THE Death of the Prince of Castile Of Charles VIII King of France Matches of two Daughters of Spain The Prince of Salerno expelled Naples France and Spain agree Hierom Savonorola burnt at Florence p. 480 Chap. II. The King of Portugal sworn Heir to the Crown of Castile Elizabeth his Queen delivered of a Son dies The Duke of Milan expelled his Dominions Vniversity of Alcala founded Rebellion of the Mountain Moors p. 481 Chap. III. The Birth of the Emperor Charles V. The French possess themselves of the State of Milan and take the Duke and his Brother the Cardinal The great Year of Jubelee 1500. The League betwixt France and Spain Cefalonia taken from the Turks p. 484 Chap. IV. King Ferdinand 's double dealing The Princess Mary of Castile Marry'd to the King of Portugal The French and Spaniards jointly subdue the Kingdom of Naples Actions of the Great Captain p. 486 Chap. V. The French and Spaniards fall at variance about divideing their Conquest The Description of the Kingdom of Naples Frederick King of Naples puts himself into the French King's hands French perish by Pestilence and stress of Weather The coming of the Arch-Duke into Spain p. 488 Chap. VI. Further Actions of the Great Captain at Naples The Duke of Calabria contrary to Articles sent into Spain The French and Spanish Generals consult their Kings and have a Conference to adjust Differences in the division of Naples The beginning of the War betwixt them p. 490 Chap. VII The Arch-Duke of Austria and Princess his Wife sworn Heirs of Aragon He goes away for Flanders The Spaniards offer Battle to the French several small Actions betwixt them The Spaniards decline in Calabria are defeated p. 492 Chap VIII Great Booty taken by the Spaniards as also the Sieur de la Palisse A Combat betwixt 13 French and as many Italians Several losses of the French The Marques del Gasto comes over to the Spaniards p. 494 Chap. IX The Peace concluded by the Arch-Duke with France It takes no effect Succours from Spain arrive at Naples The Lord Aubigni defeated and taken p. 496 Chap. X. The Battle of Cirinola and great overthrow of the French Almost all the Kingdom of Naples subdued by the Great Captain His Reception into that Noble City p. 497 The Twenty Eight BOOK Chap. I. THE Siege of Gaeta The Death of Pope Alexander VI. Pius III. chosen Practices of the Spaniards The French invade Roussillion p. 501 Chap. II. The French Besiege Saulses or as the Spaniards call it Salsas The Siege raised Nineteen Sail of Infidels destroyed Pope Pius III. dies Julius II. chosen The French Army marches thro' Italy Two Defeats given them p. 502 Chap. III. The City Gaeta surrendred A Truce betwixt France and Spain The Prefect of Rome submits to Spain The Nobility of Naples swear Allegiance to Spain and several Cities of Italy sue for its Protection Truce for 3 years betwixt France and Spain p. 505 Chap. VI. Perfidiousness of Duke Valentine who is as perfidiously sent into Spain by the Great Captain contrary to his Promise and he ill represented to the King Projects of Peace betwixt France and Spain come to nothing p. 507 Chap. V. The League betwixt the Emperor the Arch-Duke and King of France The League against the Venetians The Death of King Frederick of Naples and Queen Elizabeth of Castile Contention about the Government of Castile betwixt King Ferdinand and King Philip. Treaties with France p. 509 Chap. VI. King Ferdinand becomes odious to his People The posture of Affairs in Italy The Emperor and King Philip of Castile Ratifie the Peace with France King Ferdinand agrees with the French King p. 511 Chap. VII Mazalquivir in Africk taken from the Moors The Nobility of Spain divided for and against King Philip. The Agreement made betwixt the two Kings Ferdinand and Philip The latter in England p. 513 Chap. VIII The Affairs of Portugal A bloody Mutiny at Lisbon King Ferdinand Marries Queen Germana King Philip comes into Spain and declares against the Treaty with King Ferdinand Death of Christopher Columbus p. 515 Chap. IX The Spaniards and Flemings at variance upon their first Meeting King Ferdinand raises Forces pretending to rescue his Daughter Many forsake him and he is forced to quit Castile An Interview of the two Kings p. 517 Chap. X. The two Kings of Spain agree and join in League Joanna King Philip 's Queen Distracted thro' Jealousie Troubles in Castile King Ferdinand and his Queen go to Zaragoca Jealeusie started against the Great Captain King Philip dies p. 519 The Twenty Ninth BOOK Chap. I. THE Settlement made by the Nobility of Castile after the Death of King Philip. The Catholick King goes over to Naples His Reception
in that City No settlement in the Government of Castile Amidst their Confusions Duke Valentine makes his escape p. 522 Chap. II. Queen Joanna departs from Burgos Is wholly incapable of having any part in the Government The Affairs of Naples Queen Joanna brought to Bed of a Daughter at Torquemada Great Disorders in Castile p. 524 Chap. III. The Death of Duke Valentine and Troubles in Navarre The Treaty betwixt the Emperor and King Ferdinand The Great Captain courted to Command the Venetian and Pope's Forces King Ferdinand settles the Affairs of Naples p. 526 Chap. IV. The King of France enters Italy with an Army to reduce Genoa has an Interview with King Ferdinand who returns to Castile The Spaniards defeated in Africk The Emperor offended at King Ferdinand p. 528 Chap. V. The Designs of bringing Prince Charles into Spain King Ferdinand in Andaluzia to settle that Country Penon in Africk taken by the Spaniards The Portugueses loosers at Azamor in that part of the World yet relieve Arzila p. 530 Chap. VI. Discovery of Conspiracies in Spain The Soldan 's Fleet worsted in India Death of Henry VII of England Henry VIII succeeds him p. 532 Chap. VII The Cardinal of Spain takes Oran in Africk The War against the Venetians and their losses They recover Padua and other places p. 534 Chap. VIII The accord betwixt the Emperor and King Ferdinand Bugia and Tripoly in Barbary taken by the Spaniards and Goa in India by the Portugueses p. 536 Chap. IX The War in Italy The Pope grants the Investiture of the Kingdom of Naples to King Ferdinand D. Garcia de Toledo defeated and kill'd at Gelves p. 538 Chap. X. Some Cardinals revolt from the Pope Bolonia taken by the French The revolted Cardinals Summon a General Council p. 540 The Thirtieth BOOK Chap. I. AFFAIRS of India The Pope Summons a Council to meet at S. John Lateran The League betwixt the Pope King of Aragon and the Venetians The War in Italy p. 543 Chap. II. The Siege of Bologna The King and Queen of Navarre Excommunicated The Venetians recover Bergamo and Bressa and are overthrown by the French p. 545 Chap. III. The famous Battle of Ravenna That City surrendred to the French Scandalous Proceedings of the Mutinous Cardinals and opening of the Lateran Council p. 547 Chap. IV. The War in Navarre King Ferdinand possesses himself of that Kingdom The Affairs of Italy The Great Captain stopp'd from going thither p. 549 Chap. V. The Siege of Pamplona The Viceroy of Naples takes the City Bressa Duke Maximilian Sforcia recovers Milan King Ferdinand falls Sick p. 551 Chap. VI. Pope Julius dies Leo X. succeeds him The Truce betwixt Spain and France The War in Navarre and Revolutions at Genoa p. 553 Chap. VII The defeat given the French by the Swisse near Novara The Viceroy vanquishes the Venetians near Vincenza Actions of the English and Portugueses Venice Canonaded p. 555 Chap. VIII The Death of the Queen of France Truce betwixt France and Spain prolong'd The Affairs of Portugal p. 557 Chap. IX The Kingdom of Navarre united to that of Castile The Affairs of the Portugueses in India Their defeat on the Coast of Africk p. 559 Chap. X. The King of France recovers Milan The Swiss overthrown Death of the Great Captain and of Ferdinand King of Spain p. 561 THE HISTORY OF SPAIN The First BOOK CHAP. I. Of the first Peopling of Spain by Tubal of the Fruitfulness of the Soil its Situation and Circumference and of its principal Mountains and Rivers TVbal the Son of Japheth was the first Man that Peopled Spain after the Flood Many grave Authors testify that he planted several Colonies in this part of the World and governed Spain with Piety and Justice The motive of his coming was this In the Year 131. according to the best computation after the Deluge the Sons of Adam having at the instigation of the haughty Nimrod attempted to build the famous Tower of Babel in contempt of God's Omnipotence were dispersed and scattered over the Face of the Earth One Language being before common to all through the just Judgment of the Almighty there arose among them such a Confusion of Tongues that not able longer to converse or understand one another they were obliged to part Companies and spread abroad into several Countries The World was divided among the three Sons of Noah after this manner To Shem was allotted all Asia beyond Euphrates Eastward as also the Country of Syria and Palestine To Ham was assigned from Babylon Westward the three Arabia's Egypt and all Africk The Portion of Japheth and his Posterity was that part of Asia which lies North of the Mountains Taurus and Amanus and all Europe The Earth being thus divided the Children of Japheth setled themselves in several Provinces and Tubal who was his Fifth Son was sent to the farthest Regions Westward that is to Spain where he founded the Spanish Monarchy which continues to this time This is that Empire which in all Ages has afforded Men Famous both in Peace and War which has been blessed with Plenty and Prosperity and which has always furnished extraordinary matter to imploy the greatest Pens and yet it has ever wanted Writers to celebrate the great actions and heroick atchievements performed by its People This defect has given many the boldness to write Romances and Poetical Fictions rather than true Histories and has moved me with that little Learning and small talent I have attained to attempt this great Work rather for the sake of truth than in hopes of any honour or reward which I expect not from Man nor can any be proportioned to the labour of this Undertaking I will not fill a Volume with Preambles but fall to the real matter I have in hand and in order thereunto it will be convenient in the first place to give some account of the Soil and Product of Spain of its Situation Extent Division Mountains and Rivers as also of the Language and Customs of the Inhabitants The Country of Spain is no way inferiour to any of the best in the World either in regard of the Climate or of the Plenty of all things necessary for Life which it abundantly produces or of the great quantity of Gold and Silver and other Metals and precious Stones which are found in it It is not scorched with the violent heat of the Sun as Africk nor so subject to stormy Winds Frost and Damps as France but being seated between both enjoys a greater temperature than either so that the heat of the Summer and Winter Frosts and Rain renderit so fruitful that it not only abundantly supplies the Natives but also furnishes other Countries its Product being whatever is necessary for the support of human Life and satisfaction of Man's Pride and Ambition The Fruit is most delicious to the tast the Vines exuberant and the Wines generous The Plenty of Corn Honey Oyl Cattle Sugar and Silk is extraordinary but the quantity
desperately not so much for any hopes of Victory as to revenge their own Deaths They were all killed and with them their Tutor Salido the Heads being sent to Cordova afforded a pleasant Spectacle to the King but a sad one to their Father to whom tho' wounded and disfigured they were shown This misfortune moving the King to Compassion he freely dismiss'd Gonzalo Gustio Mudarra begoten on the King's Sister being 14 Years of Age was by her sent to his Father and afterwards revenged the Death of his Brothers killing Ruy Velasquez Da. Lumbra his Wife the cause of all these mischiefs was stoned to Death and burnt Mudarra by revenging his Brothers gained the Love of his Mother-in-Law and all the Family to that degree that he inherited his Fathers Estate Besides Da. Sancha adopted him after this strange yet remarkable Manner The same day he was Baptized and Knighted by the Earl Garci Sanchez his Mother-in-Law resolving to adopt him put over him the Sleeve of a very large Smock and his Head coming out at the top of it she Kissed him and thus he was received into the Family and looked upon as her Son Ordon̄o was Son of Mudarra his Grandson was James Ordon̄ez de Lara he that fought the Sons of Arias Gonzala who defended their Country from the infamy of having killed King Sancho slain by Vellido Dolphos as shall be related in its place This James Ordon̄ez was Father to Earl Peter well known for the Love Queen Vrraca showed him and Grandfather to Amalaricus de Lara Lord of Molina from whom is descended the Family of Manriquez and even that of the Kings of Portugal by the Mother's side for Mafalda Daughter of Amalaricus was Marryed to D. Alonso the first of the name and first King of Portugal tho' some will have it that Mafalda was of the House of Savoy But more shall be said of this hereafter The Tomb of Mudarra is to be seen in the Cloister of the Monastery of S. Peter de Arlanza That Monastery and the other of S. Millan de la Cogulla are at Variance about which of them has the seven Brothers Spain was now at Peace after so many Combustions and there rather wanted the Power than the will to raise new ones This quiet lasted till the 7th Year after the Death of the seven Brothers which was the Year of our Lord 993. when the Moors wasted the Country of Portugal and breaking a new into Galicia again took and burnt the City Compostella Nor had they spared the Apostles Sepulcher but that a sudden Light which appeared over it terrifyed them The Bells as a Trophy of their Victory they caused to be carryed on the Backs of Christians to Cordova where for many Years they served instead of Lamps in the Mosque Divine Vengeance pursued them many dyed of the Flux many of the Plague and many at the hands of the Christians the King keeping close in their rear and doing them great harm Few returned home One of them was Mahomet the General This same Year dyed D. Garcia King of Navarre his Son Garci Sanchez called the Trembler as was said before succeeded him He Reigned 7 Years was very Famous for many Victories obtained Liberal or rather Prodigal which drained his Treasures and obliged him to lay new Taxes In the Monastery of S. Millan̄ there are Grants of this King let every one judge what credit is to be given to them In them 't is specified that he had a Brother called Gonzalo and that he with his Mother Vrraca had the Kingdom of Aragon which if true either that Dominion lasted not long or he dying without Issue it fell again to his Brother King Bermudo joyful with his success against the Moors began to consider that if the Forces of the Christians were united it were easie to gain upon the Infidels and keep them under Hereupon he sent Embassadors to the King of Navarre and Earl of Castile to invite them laying aside all Animosities to enter into a League with him for the common Good Those Princes readily agreed to such advantageous Proposals and a powerful Army was formed of the three Nations The King of Navarre came not in Person being as is supposed busie in setling his new acquired Kingdom King Bermudo tho' Sick of the Gout was carried in a Litter and with the Earl of Castile moved towards the Moors of whom they were informed that having raised new Forces and plunder'd great part of Galicia they now marched towards Castile Near a Town called Calacanaçor on the Frontiers of Castile and Leon the two Armies met and came to a Battle which was obstinately fought till Night parted them without discerning which side had the better only that the Moors marched away in silence by Night which show'd they had got the worst of it Besides it was more like a Flight than Retreat for they left much of their Baggage in the Camp and for haste droped no less along the way they marched It is said this misfortune went so much to the heart of the Moorish General Mahomet that he dy'd in the Valley of Begalcorax refusing to take any Sustenance in the Year of our Lord 998. This Man managed the Government of the Moors 25 Years for his King who minded nothing but his ease He was a Man of great Courage an Enemy to Idleness and entred the Territories of the Christians 52 several times coming off very often Victorious The same day the Battle was fought at Calacanaçor one in the Habit of a Fisherman was seen at Cordova on the Bank of the River Guadalquivir singing in Arabick and Spanish Metre At Calacanacor Almanzor lost the drum It was believ'd the Devil in Humane Shape proclaimed their Defeat because the People of Cordova endeavouring to lay hold of him he vanished like a Shadow The dead General 's Body was carried to Medinaçeli CHAP. VII The Death of King Bermudo the Gouty and beginning of the Reign of D. Alonso the Fifth King of Leon. Many Troubles among the Moors The Earl of Castile slain by the Infidels AFter the Death of Mahomet his Son Abdelmelic took upon him the Government of that Kingdom the same Year his Father dy'd and continued in that command 6 Years and 8 Months From this time forward the Kingdom of the Moors which had been supported by the Valour of Mahomet began visibly to decline Civil Discord the Bane of all Empires and bad Government were the cause of its decay Abdelmelic who was more inclinable to Peace than War took little notice of the first Eruptions of those Tumults which ought to have been suppressed in their first rise True it is immediately after his Father's Death he entred the Teritories of the Christians spreading a great Terror and threw down to the Ground all that had been built since the City Leon was last destroyed Yet the beginning of this War was more successful to the Moors than the end for
Earl applyed himself to the care of Religion and the civil Government In the first place being desirous to reform the depraved manners of those times he provided that justice should be impartially administred to all and to this effect established new Laws Next with great Penalties and using the utmost severity he freed the Kingdom from Robbers Thus he gained the affections of his People and seemed to flourish under a setled Peace No Prosperity is lasting D. Sancho King of Navarre led by Ambition disturbed his quiet D. Bermudo had no Issue Male and therefore the Crown must of Course fall to his Sister Da. Sancha The Subjects feared by her means a Forreigner might be brought to Reign over them Both the King and People sought some remedy against this danger that Threatned The King of Navarre being sensible of it gathered a powerful Army and entred the Kingdom of D. Bermudo doing great harm He possessed himself of all the Country beyond the River Cea and by his success it was likely he would subdue all the Dominions of the Kingdom of Leon. D. Bermudo warned by these losses with the consent of the Nobility who were more inclinable to Peace than War thought best to agree the difference upon these Conditions That Da. Sancha should be Marryed to D. Ferdinand the King of Navarre's second Son that she should receive in Dower for the present all that had been taken during the War and he declared Heiress of the Kingdom These were Terms disadvantageous to the Crown of Leon but produced a firm Peace betwixt the Christians in Spain and almost all they possessed fell into the Hands of one Family Moreover it was remarkable that at the same time both the Dominious of Castile and Leon fell to Women and consequently into the hands of Strangers a thing odious to all People but that had several times before hap'ned to the Crown of Leon. It is not our task to decide whether it be safe or otherwise Some Nations have never allowed of Women to inherit CHAP. X. The remaining part of the Reign of Sancho the Greater King of Navarre Wicked Contrivance of his Sons against their Mother He settles Religious Affairs Rebuilds Palencia and is Murdered KIng Sancho began to be in Years when he got for himself the Sovereignty of Castile and made way for his Son Ferdinand to obtain the Crown of Leon. The Renowned Actions he performed did not only purchase him the name of the Greater but the Stile commonly given him of Emperor of Spain a Custom of all People to flatter their Princes with mighty Titles He setled his Court at Najara as being on the Frontiers of Castile and Navarre and there so managed the Civil Government as never to neglect carrying on the War Therefore taking the advantage of the Discord that reigned among the Moors he marched against them well furnished with old Soldiers and stores of Provisions and wasted all their Lands even as far as Cordova whither he advanced without meeting any opposition But at the same time that he was striking a Terror into his Enemy plundering the Country and taking Towns and Castles a Disaster that fell out in his Family called him home which was thus When he went to the War he particularly recommended to the Queen a Horse of great value he had In those days the Spaniards valued no thing so much as their Horses and Arms. D. Garcia the King 's eldest Son asked that Horse of the Queen and she was about granting his request but that Peter Sesse the Master of the Horse told her the King would be offended at it D. Garcia in a rage for being deny'd either that he believed the words of Peter Sesse had too much force with the Queen or only mov'd with the desire of revenge resolved to accuse his Mother of Adultery He carried it not on rashly but with deliberation and cunning drew his Brother Ferdinand to be of his side At first D. Ferdinand thought that too wicked an undertaking yet afterwards so far consented as to swear he would stand Neuter without inclining to either Party The King was much surprized when he heard of D. Garcia's accusing his Mother and thereupon returned home On the one side the Queen 's known Vertue and Integrity pleaded for her and on the other he could not be persuaded his Son could have taken such a matter in hand without sufficient Grounds D. Ferdinand being asked his Opinion made the Case the more suspicious by his doubtful Answer In fine the Queen was secured in the Castle of Najara and it was thought fit to have this Business debated by the Nobility The Result was that unless the Queen could find one to Combat in defence of her Honour she should be burnt The King had a Bastard Son called Ramiro by a Noble Woman of Navarre some call her Vrraca others Caya He taking compassion on the Queen and having discovered the Falshood of D. Garcia challenged him as was then used among the Spaniards and went out to Combat in defence of the Queens Honour Whatever Party should prove Victorious it was a great Misfortune to the King But God in the utmost extremity prevented the mischief for a Holy Man by his Persuasions reduced the two Brothers to confess their Crime and casting themselves at the King's Feet to beg his Pardon The King having reproached them with the hainousness of their Guilt turned them over to receive their doom from the Queen to whom alone he gave the power of passing Judgment on so hainous a Fact She overcome by the intreaties of the Nobility and submission of her Sons pardoned them upon condition D. Ramiro for his Loyalty and good Service should have the Kingdom of Aragon secured to him The defect in his Birth being sufficiently made amends for by his Valour and Vertue D. Garcia the eldest Son was hereby cut off the Inheritance due to him from his Mother King Sancho consented to all that the Queen had ordain'd Some Authors scruple the truth of this Relation and say the Kingdoms were divided by the last Will of D. Sancho whose Example was afterwards followed by his Son D. Ferdinand who also divided his Kingdoms among his Children It is hard to determine who is in the right but indeed that Story about the Queen has the air of a Romance It is also said of D. Garcia that either to obtain Pardon for that Fault or upon account of some Vow he went to Rome to visit the Holy Places there King Sancho after all these Troubles were over gave his mind to Religion At that time the Monastery of Cluni in Burgundy was famous for having reformed the Rules of S. Benedict Thence he caused Monks to come to instruct the Monasteries of S. Salvador de Leyte that of On̄a and of S. John de la Pen̄a and to reduce them to the rigour of their Foundation Besides finding that Lay-men had thro' the confusions of the times
possessed themselves of the Revenues of several Churches he caused them to be all restored To the Monks of the Monastery of St. Salvador de Leyte he gave the Privilege of choosing the Bishop of Pamplona as appears by his Grant bearing date in the Year 1032. The continual Incursions of the Moors had caused the Seat of the Bishoprick of Pamplona to be removed from that City to the Monastery of Leyte as the securer place being seated on the top of the Pyrenean Mountains Now Peace being established thro' the Valour of King Sancho a Synod was held at Pamplona at the request of Sancho Abbot of Leyte and Bishop of that City in order to restore the See thither For the present it was deferred but agreed to in the time of his Successor D. Peter de Roda. In his last days the King caused the City Palentia to be Rebuilt The occasion that moved him it to as related by some if ever there was any such was in this manner That City during the Wars was totally ruined so that nothing remained but some old Walls and a Church dedicated to S. Antholin Thither the King being a Hunting pursued a wild Boor which took shelter in the very Church by the Altar and the King lifting his Arm to strike in that Holy Place found it became on a sudden numb'd and without motion Whereupon invoking the Saint the use of his Limb was again restored and the King as an acknowledgement of the relief received caused the Town and Church to be rebuilt making it an Episcopal See Methinks I am writing Fables or Romances but many of this nature are recounted in the Chronicles of Spain which I will neither Condemn nor approve of let the Reader judge of them as he shall think most agreeable to reason Let us conclude with this King who by his great Actions both in Peace and War gain'd to himself immortal Renown and large Dominions to his Posterity His Life was glorious but his Death unfortunate for on the way to Oviedo whither he was going to visit the Bodies of the Saints that make that place famous he was treacherously murdered by Assassines that way-laid him Who the Contrivers of that base Action were is not known nor perhaps was it then It is suspected some one of the Princes that envy'd his greatness was the cause of taking him off His Body was Buryed at Oviedo with Royal Solemnity Some Years after his Son D. Ferdinand King of Castile caused him to be translated to Leon and Interr'd in the Church of S. Isidorus where upon his Sepulcher is this Inscription Here lieth Sancho King of the Pyrenean Mountains and of Toulouse a Catholick Prince that stood by the Church He was killed on the 18th of October 1035. To his Children he left great cause of Debates and much unhappiness to his Kingdoms by dividing them as he did without any occasion Commonly the Subjects pay for the Sins and Extravagancies of their Princes THE History of SPAIN The Ninth BOOK CHAP. I. The Posture of Affairs in Spain Actions of D. Berenguel Earl of Barcelona Kingdoms of the Moors Wars betwixt the Kings of Castile and Leon. Ferdinand Crowned King of Leon. THE mighty Wars that hap'ned in Spain the great Calamities and Desolation thereof and the irreconcilable Enmities betwixt near Relations and even Brothers may be a sufficient warning to Sovereigns not to divide their Dominions especially when their Limits are but narrow It is a certain Maxim that Sovereignty admits of no Fellowship and Ambition is not curbed by any ties tho' never so Sacred Hence may be inferred how much King 's err who misled by Fatherly Affection rend their Kingdoms to raise many Monarchies to their Children D. Sancho King of Castile and Navarre whose Life was related in the last Book has left us an example of that fatal Policy The Christian Dominions then well extended in Spain were for the most part reduced under one head as if Heaven had purposely contrived it for the Extirpation of the Moors who thro' their own distractions were evidently tending to ruin But this King by dividing his Dominions caused that Opportunity to be lost We now enter upon more variety of matter and consequently shall not be so concise as hitherto Therefore in the first place it will be requisite to lay down the posture the Affairs of Spain were in after the Death of King Sancho He divided his Kingdoms among his Sons in this manner D. Garcia the eldest had Navarre and the Dominion of Biscay with all the Country that lies betwixt the City Najara and Mountains Doca D. Ferdinand the second Son during his Father and Mother's Life was put in possession of Castile the Title of Earl thereof being changed into that of King To D. Gonzalo the youngest of the legitimate Sons was given Sobrarve and Ribagorça with the Castles of Loharri and S. Emeterius D. Ramiro the Bastard Son had the Kingdom of Aragon given him by his Father saving some Castles which were adjudged to his Brother D. Garcia They all Stiled themselves Kings and assumed Regal Honours whence ensued dangerous and bloody Wars Each looking back upon his Father's Grandeur aspir'd to equal it and repined that his Dominions should be confined to such a narrow compass At the same time D. Bermudo Brother-in-law to Ferdinand King of Castile Reigned at Leon. Under the Crown of Leon were comprehended the Provinces of Galicia and Portugal and part of old Castile as far as the River Pisuerga D. Ramon called the old Earl of Barcelona dy'd the same Year as D. Sancho which was of Grace 1035. D. Berenguel Borello his Son succeeded him who tho' little in Body was not inferior in Valour to any of his Ancestors He recovered from the Moors by force of Arms Manresa a place called Prados del Rey Galafre Tarragona Cervera and other neighbouring Towns Besides he subdued several Moors who possessed Lands thereabout and obliged them to pay him Tribute He had two Wives called Ramalduri and Almadi The first brought him two Sons D. Peter and D. Berenguel the second had only D. Ramon Berenguel commonly nick-named Cabeca de Estopa that is Flaxen Head from the colour and softness of his Hair This was the posture of the Affairs of the Christians in Spain The Moors as was said above had as many Kingdoms as capital Cities Nevertheless the Kingdom of Cordova as the ancientest was still the most considerable as to extent of Territory but weak thro' intestine Broils The next was that of Sevil then Toledo Zaragoça Huesca and several other inferior Kings who might easily have been over-run had the Christians been united That Discord which hap'ned betwixt the Princes tho' near Relations and Brothers prevented the Execution of so holy an Undertaking D. Garcia King of Navarre at the time of his Father's death was gone to Rome to visit the Churches of St. Peter and Paul D. Ramiro his Brother thought good
of Triumph administring Justice and levying Money in order to carry on the War the next Year against those Moors who lived along the Banks of Ebro in great security being grown rich in Cattle they had taken from the Christians That Conquest more properly appertained to the Crowns of Navarre and Aragon but they being at War among themselves had not leisure to think of any other business D. Ramiro had encreased his Dominions with the addition of Sobrarve and Ribagorça which fell to him by the death of his Brother D. Gonzalo Some Authors will have it that D. Gonzalo dy'd before his Father others say he was treacherously killed by one Ramonette of Gascogne who way-laid him near the Bridge of Montelus as he returned from Hunting Certain it is his Body was buryed in the Church of S. Victorianus King Ramiro being thus encreased in strength made War upon him of Navarre who with-held from him part of his Kingdom of Aragon He was inferior in strength but besides being a very expert Soldier he had Succours from France being Married to Gisberga or as others call her Hermesenda Daughter to Bernard Roger Earl of Bigorre by his Wife Garsenda By this Gisberga or Hermesenda the King had D. Ramiro D. Sancho D. Garcia and D. Sancha Married to the Earl of Toulouse and D. Teresa Wife to Beltran Earl of Provence Illegitimate he had a Son called D. Sancho to whom he gave Ayvar Xabier Latres and Ribagorça all which he dying without Issue returned to the Crown of Aragon D. Ramiro's Arms were Azure a Cross Argent afterwards changed by his Successors as shall be told in its place Let us return to King Ferdinand who entring the Country of the Moors took Santistevan de Gormaz Vadoregio Aguilar and Valerancia now called Berlanga then destroyed the Territory of Taraçona and wasted the Country as far as Medina Celi throwing down all the Beacons used by the Moors to raise the People against the Christians Thence he turned back and passing the Mountains entred the Kingdom of Toledo ravaging all about Salamanca Vzeda Guadalajara Alcala and even as far as Madrid Almenon King of Toledo moved by these losses and fearing greater bought a Peace of King Ferdinand for a great Sum of Money The same was done by the Kings of Zaragoça Portugal and Sevil and they promised to pay Tribute yearly to the great Honour of the Christians and Shame of the Moors who were now subject to those they had not long before Lorded it over These were special Blessings of God for the good Lives the Christians then led following the example of their King whereby many Moors were Converted and the Bodies of Saints held even by them in great Veneration CHAP. III. S. Isidorus his Body translated to Leon. Conversion of two Moorish Princesses Garcia King of Navarre kill'd by his Brother Ferdinand Ramiro King of Aragon recovers his Dominions THere was a Church Dedicated to St. John Baptist the ancient burial place of the Kings of Leon much decay'd by reason of the Wars and with Age. D. Sancha the Queen perswaded her Husband to repair it and Order'd himself and Posterity to be there Inter'd The more to increase the Peoples Devotion towards this Church the King thought good to enrich it with the Bodies of some Saints and therefore made War upon the King of Sevil to obtain that of S. Justa which that Prince was willing to give to purchase Peace but the People Mutinying at such time as it should have been carryed away those that were sent for it in place of it took the Body of S. Isidorus formerly Bishop of that City This holy Body was Conducted in great state to Leon and there plac'd in the Church of St. John Baptist which from thence forward lost that name and was call'd of St. Isidorus In the Year 1050. was held a Synod at Coyança now Valencia in the Country of Oviedo at which were present the King Queen Nobility and Nine Bishops About the same time two Daughters of Moorish Kings were Converted and Baptized the one was Casilda Daughter to Almenon King of Toledo the other Zaida Daughter to Benabet of Sevil. The Cause of their Conversion was thus Casilda was very Compassionate and us'd to relieve the Captive Christians which much offended her Father who met her one day carrying meat to them and asking what it was she said They were Roses and uncovering found the Meat Converted into those Flowers This Miracle mov'd her to embrace Christianity and soon after being sick she was advis'd to Bath her self in St. Vincent's Lake which is in the Territory of Briviesca where she soon recover'd her Health was Baptiz'd and continu'd in the same place the rest of her days leading a very holy Life insomuch that she is reckoned in the number of Saints Zaida either by her Example or some other motive was inclin'd to become a Christian and St. Isidorus appear'd to her in a Dream perswading her to put in Execution so good a purpose She acquainted her Father with it and he being unwilling to oppose her yet fearing to displease the People if he consented agreed with D. Alonso King Ferdinand's Son that he should force her away from a place where he would leave her which was accordingly perform'd and she carryed to Leon there instructed and baptiz'd Some say she was call'd Elizabeth others Mary so many affirm she was after Marry'd to D. Alonso when he was King of Castile yet Pelagius Bishop of Oviedo says she was not his Wife but Mistress These contradictions and many other that occur in this History are hard to be reconcil'd In the Year of Grace 1053. D. Garcia King of Navarre was kill'd in the Wars being a Couragious and Wise Prince no less a Souldier than a General Those Seeds of Discord that some Years before had been sow'd between the Brothers now grew up to the ruin of D. Garcia D. Ferdinand pretended a right to the Territory of Briviesca and part of Rioja On the other side D. Garcia complain'd that wrong had been done him in the division of the Kingdom and pleaded right of Inheritance against his Father's Will D. Garcia fell sick at Najara D. Ferdinand coming to visit him he resolv'd to secure him but D. Ferdinand having notice of his design fled D. Garcia to take off the hatred conceiv'd against him for that falshood seem'd much concern'd that his Brother should suspect him and hearing he was sick at Burgos went thither to visit him This satisfy'd not D. Ferdinand for he seiz'd his Brother and sent him with a Guard to the Castle of Ceya He corrupting his Keepers fled to Navarre with a resolution to take revenge Having gather'd all his own and the Forces of the Moors his Confederates he entred Castile and after passing the Mountains Doca committed great havock King Ferdinand was not idle but mov'd with an Army of Experienc'd Souldiers towards his Brother They
Dissolute Richard Cardinal and Abbot of S. Victor of Marseilles was the Legate who in the Year 1076. called a Council of all the Bishops in Spain to Burgos In this Council it was ordained that the Roman Ministry should be in force which I believe to be the forbiding of Priests to Marry Here also as had been done before in Aragon the Gothick Breviary and Missal were abolished and the Roman ordered to be used Thus much as to Ecclesiastical Affairs Roderick Diaz was now sent into Andaluzia to oblige the Moorish Kings of Cordova and Sevil to pay the usual Tribute The Kings of Granada and Sevil were at War and the former had the better by reason some Christians served under him Roderick Diaz endeavoured to bring them to an Accommodation but he of Granada refusing was overthrown and forced to accept of the Conditions offered at first In fine Peace was established betwixt those Moors and the Christian Army returned loaded with Booty and carrying home the Tribute they had received For the many Victories he gained the Soldiers and People called Roderick Diaz Cid Campeador which is as much as Lord of the Field This raised the envy of the Nobility and Gentry who used all means to lessen and destroy him This was the easier to perform because the King was before offended at him and a new occasion of reflecting on him offered it self The Moors of Andaluzia had Revolted and the King went in Person to subdue them At the same time a number of Infidels out of Aragon broke into Castile wasting the Territory of Santistevan de Gormaz Roderick Diaz who lived retired upon his Estate knowing the King was then absent with the Forces of the Kingdom gathered what Men he could and therewith not only expelled the Moors but pursuing them entred the Kingdom of Toledo without stopping till he came in sight of that City destroying all the Country taking a great Booty and 7000 Slaves Men Women and Children His Enemies represented this to the King as a breach of the Peace with the King of Toledo and said there was no reason to suffer a Mad-man to commit daily Extravagancies This Affair being debated among the Nobility it was resolved he should be Banished and only 9 days given him to depart the Kingdom He not daring to stand this shock recommended his Wife and Children to the care of the Abbot of S. Peter de CardenÌ„a a Monastery he had a particular Devotion for and then set out with a good Retinue resolving not to be idle during his Exile but to do all the harm he could to the Moors The number of those that went with him was not great but they were chosen Men with them he entred the Kingdom of Toledo and going along up the River Henares pierced into that part of Aragon where is Alhama and the River Xalon that Waters much of the Country being drawn out in small Chanels He took from the Moors the strong Castle of Alcozer seated on a Hill and thence infested all the neighbouring Country having defeated two Captains sent by the King of Valencia to oppose him The Booty he took was extraordinary rich of which he sent 30 Horses led by as many Moors and 30 Scymiters of a Present to King Alonso who received it with great signs of Satisfaction All the People extolled his goodness and merit comparing him to the Heroes Antiquity has so much boasted of King Alonso gave a courteous Answer to the Messengers that brought the Present but would not recall their Master lest the Moors should be offended if he forgave him so soon but leave was given to all those who desired it to follow and serve under him This was not done only to oblige him but to rid the Country of many troublesome People who being bred in Arms knew not how to be idle Tho' these things happened in several Years we have put them together for the ease of the Memory Let us now turn back to the Year 1076. D. Sancho King of Navarre had a Brother called D. Ramon these tho' Sons of one Father and Mother differed much in Nature and Inclinations D. Ramon was Turbulent without regard of Justice and many like himself followed him with whose assistance he aimed at the Crown The King was very Religious and had by his Queen D. Placencia a young Son called D. Ramiro some Authors say he had two other Sons D. Ramon stiled the King's Bounty Prodigality and finding him old and his Sons in their Infancy with the help of his Friends seized on some Strong-Holds in order to carry on his wicked Designs The King endeavoured to reclaim him but seeing all fair means were of no force caused him to be Impeached and absent as he was to be declared a publick Enemy and Condemned to Death Thus they became open Enemies and each sought the Death of the other Wicked Men are generally more cautious and designing whereas the Just relying on a good Conscience are more open The King being in the Town of Rhoda the Traytor surpriz'd and murder'd him there D. Ramiro the eldest Son of the Deceased fled for Protection to Roderick Diaz the two others to D. Alonso King of Castile The Nobility of the Kingdom meeting resolved not to submit to the Murderer but because the Princes were young and absent offered the Crown to D. Sancho King of Aragon Cousin-German to the Deceased He lost no time but embracing the offer secured the greatest part of the Kingdom That part â—â—ich is about Bribiesca and Rioja submitted to Alonso King of Castile who pretended a better Right to Navarre in regard that D. Ramiro Father to the King of Aragon was a Bastard Particularly the City Najara was Surrendred to him where in the Church of S. Mary the Royal were buried the Bodies of the dead King and his Wife The King of Aragon rather than break with him of Castile agreed to pay a certain acknowledgment yearly for Navarre as appears by ancient Records of D. Sancho and D. Peter The Murderer seeing how the new King was received and having lost all hopes of being able to oppose him fled to Zaragoça where the Moorish King gave him a House and certain Lands to support the remainder of his miserable Life CHAP. VIII The Death of Almenon King of Toledo and of D. Ramon Earl of Barcelona The Conquests of the Normans in Italy The Conquest of Toledo resolved upon Ramon Earl of Barcelona Murdered IN the Year of Grace 1077. dy'd two famous Princes These were Almenon King of Toledo and D. Ramon Earl of Barcelona Sirnam'd the Old which was the most remarkable thing that happened that Year Hissem Son to the late King succeeded his Father in the Throne of Toledo and during the short time of his Reign which was but one Year kept up the Amity betwixt King Alonso of Castile and himself as he had been charged by his Father After the death of Hissem Reigned his
afar because the Country about it is barren being Sandy and Stony there is also much scarcity of Springs and it rains but seldom it being very remote from the Sea and the highest Land in Spain Only along the Meadows through which Tagus runs the Land is Fruitful and Pleasant At the same time the Conquest of Toledo was undertaken Roderick Diaz continued the War in Aragon with great success taking several strong holds from the Moors and wanted nothing to perfect his happiness but to be restored to his Prince's favour which he much desired It fell out very opportunely that in the Year 1080. the Moors of Andaluzia fell at variance for that a Man of note among them had seized the Castle of Grados Adofir the rightful Owner had recourse to King Alonso for Assistance to recover his Castle The King finding it advantageous to himself granted the Moors request sent a Body of Troops before and followed with a greater Force in Person but the Enemy being subtle protracted the War so that the King feared Slipping the Season of going to Toledo This moved him to send for Roderick Diaz who was then in Aragon and to whom he gave that Command having received him with great affection and the more to oblige him ordained that for the future no Gentleman should be obliged to go into Banishment under Thirty days warning whereas before they had but Nine The King marched to Toledo and Roderick Diaz put an end to the War in Andaluzia recovering the Castle of Grados and taking the Moor that had seized it whom he sent to the King Thus much in Andaluzia this Year The next which was 1081. D. Garcia the King's Brother departed this Life having caused his Veins to be opened in the Prison where he was kept so highly did he resent the loss of his Kingdom and Liberty His Body was carryed to the City Leon and there honourably buryed in the Church of St. Isidorus his two Sisters many Bishops and Nobles attending the Solemnity He dyed ten Years after he had been a Prisoner and fifteen after his first Accession to the Crown Roderick Diaz having settled Andaluzia returned to the War in Aragon where in Battle he overthrew the Moorish King of Denia and D. Sancho King of Aragon who assisted him This Victory was so considerable that King Alonso sent for him did him much honour and gave to Him and his Heirs the Three Towns of Briviesca Berlanga and Arcejona Alfagio the Moorish King having recruited his Forces after the defeat entred Castile wasting the Country as far as Consuegra Tho' King Alonso was then busy before Toledo he â—â—eedily marched to oppose the Infidel Both Armies met a great number of Moors was slash and their King escaped by flight to a Castle The joy of this Victory was much allayed by the unfortunate Death of James Rodriguez de Bivar Son to Roderick Diaz a Youth of great hopes who began to follow his Father's Footsteps His Body was buryed in the Monastery of St. Peter de CardenÌ„a where his Tomb is still to be seen Alfagio the Moor tho' twice defeated gave not over but still gathering a fresh Army broke into Castile without stopping till he came to Medina del Campo Alvaryanez Minaya a brave Man related to Roderick Diaz met and defeated him the Third time This hap'ned in the Year of our Lord 1082 at which time D. Ramon Earl of Barcelona was basely Murdered near a Town called Percha betwixt Ostalric and Girond His Brother Berenguel was the contriver of his Death and was therefore so hated by the People that he went away to the holy War and at Jerusalem is said to have lost his Speech and there Dyed His Body was buryed in the Cathedral of Girona His Son D. Ramon Arnaldo succeeded him being not full a Year old but famous for the time he enjoy'd that Principality for the greatness of his Actions inferior to none of his Predecessors and for that he enlarged his Dominions not only by the addition of Besalu and Vrgel which for want of Heirs devolved to him as Feifs of the Earldom of Barcelona but also by Marrying D. Aldonça whom others call Dulcis Daughter and Heiress of Gilbert Earl of Provence with whom he had that large Province in Dower By her he had two Sons D. Ramon and D. Berenguel and three Daughters one called D. Berenguela or Berengaria Marry'd to D. Alonso stiled the Emperor The Names of the others are not known but both were Marry'd in France This Prince was long at variance and held War against Alonso Earl of Toulouse and after much contention they agreed among themselves to adopt one another's Families so that whichsoever was first Extinct the other should Inherit But this hap'ned long after the time we are now writing of Let us return to the War of Toledo CHAP. IX The famous City Toledo closely Besieged and Surrendred Many other Places taken King Alonso stiles himself Emperor THE continual waste the Christians made in the Country about Toledo burning plundering and driving all before them had reduc'd the Moors of that City to great streights The Christian Inhabitants ceased not to press King Alonso to sit down before it promising they would soon open the Gates to him That lasting War had exhausted the Subjects yet the King's resolution overcame all difficulties Great Levies were made and all things provided with a full design never to desist till the City were taken It is naturally strong and so seated that there was a necessity of dividing the Army into several Bodies and consequently a greater Force was requisite It is a matter of great consequence to have the good Will of neighbouring Princes as appeared in this War for besides the King 's own Subjects of Castile Leon Biscay Galicia and Asturias Sancho King of Aragon and Navarre brought a good Body of Men to the Siege Supplies also came from Italy and Germany and the French as being nearer came in greater numbers Because the latter served well in this War and upon other occasions great Privileges were granted to such of them as would stay in Spain whence as I suppose such as are free from Taxes are among us called Franc. Of all these Nations was formed a mighty Army which marched without delay towards Toledo full of hopes of speedy success The Moorish King made all the necessary Preparations to endure a Siege but most of all rely'd on the natural Strength of the Place encompassed with high and craggy Rocks thro' which the River Iagus in a wonderful manner breaks his way and runs almost round the City except on the North side where is a steep and difficult ascent defended by two strong Walls one above the other To Besiege this Place the Army was divided into seven Brigades which took up all the Avenues so that no Relief could be carried in The King with the best of the Army Encamp'd and Entrench'd himself
all necessary Preparations gathering Arms Horses Provisions and Money Not only the Laity but the Clergy were obliged to take up Arms old and now Soldiers raised and Supplies sollicited from abroad Many Strangers moved by the great danger Spain was in and desiring to serve in that War came over especially out of France Among these Raymund Earl of Burgundy and his Kinsman Henry who was Born at Besançon was of the House of Lorrain and in process of time the Founder of the Kingdom of Portugal Besides these there came Raymund Earl of Toulouse With them came a good number of Brave and Experienced French Soldiers D. Sancho King of Aragon was not wanting he tho' very ancient yet had the Vivacity and Courage of Youth and was an excellent Commander having gain'd Experience in the continual Wars he had with the Moors All these Forces made up so great an Army that they resolved to invade the Enemies Country They entred Andaluzia plundring and wasting all where-ever they came It was no time for the Moors to be idle both Armies came in sight of one another near a Town called Alagueto but Joseph finding himself inferior to the Christians shunn'd sighting His retreat was more like to a disorderly Flight for he lost great part of the Baggage King Alonso thought it better to content himself with the Honour gained than to tempt Fortune besides that his Army being composed of so many different Nations could not long hold together Thus he returned home his Army loaded with Spoils and pleased with their Success After this for some time the Almoravides attempted nothing farther for Joseph was forced to repair to Africk to setle his new acquired Kingdom Mean while King Alonso slept not expecting the War would soon break out again Therefore he resolved to strengthen himself with fresh Allies abroad In the first place he gave three of his Daughters in Marriage to those three Lords that came to his assistance out of France Raymund Earl of Toulouse Marry'd D. Elvira Henry of Lorrain D. Teresa both Illigitimate Raymund of Burgundy had D. Vrraca got in Wedlock This Prince is said to have rebuilt Salamanca by the King's Order Moreover Sancha the King's Daughter was Marry'd to Earl Roderick From him some will have the Noble Family of Giron to be descended To Henry was given in Dower all that had been recovered from the Moors in Portugal with the Title of Earl yet as a Subject of Castile to be obliged to come to the Parliament and serve in the Wars This was the Original of the new Kingdom of Portugal which stile it afterwards assumed and continued in the Line of this Prince above 400 Years Raymund of Burgundy had the Government of Galicia with the Title of Earl then usually given to the Governors of Provinces yet the best of his Portion was the hopes of succeeding in the Throne if Sancha the King's Son dy'd The Earl of Toulouse received his Portion in Money and Jewels but no Lands in Spain because he resolved to return to France where he had large Possessions of his own There are Authors who write that the City of Lisbon was taken by King Alonso in the Year 1093. but this is doubtful for it was often taken from the Moors and lost again till some time after this it was gain'd by the Christians and has ever since remained in their hands Much about this time began the Holy-War in the East carried on by most of the Christian Princes for recovery of the Holy-Land Peter a Hermit who Travel'd into Palestine was the first Promoter of it for he making his Observations there discoursed Simon Bishop of Jerusalem about it and having received Letters from him moved the same thing to the Pope Vrban who then sate in S. Peter's-Chair ordered a Council of Bishops to meet at Clermont in France to promote the carrying on of this War and the mean while by his Legates stirred up all the Princes of Christendom to share in so Glorious an Undertaking His Endeavours prov'd so successful that all Countries sounded of nothing but Warlike Preparations most Princes aimed to signalize themselves by showing their Zeal in so Pious a War and Thousands of private Persons voluntarily Enrolled themselves to serve upon their own cost But we must not stray too far into Affairs so Foreign Let us return to what hap'ned in Spain CHAP. II. The great Actions of D. Sancho Ramirez King of Aragon He is killed at the Siege of Huesca his Sons continue the Siege Rout a great Army of Moors and Christians that come to raise it and take the Place IN the Year 1094. was Born D. Alonso Son to Henry of Lorrain and his Wife Teresa who by his Valour made the Name of Portugal famous extended his Dominions and was the first of those Princes that assumed the Title of King which he maintained in opposition to the Kings of Castile The same Year was unhappy for the unfortunate death of D. Sancho I. King of Aragon who merited the esteem of his Subjects not only for having governed and maintained his Kingdom as well as any of his Ancestors but for enlarging and extending its Limits He was the first that came down from the high Mountains where his Predecessors maintained themselves by the natural strength of those Places into the Plains where he took many Cities and Towns He had continual Wars with the Moorish Kings of Balaguer Lerida Monçon Barbastro and Fraga and obliged them to pay him Tribute Then after a long and tedious Siege took Barbastro a Noble City on the Banks of the River Vero in a delightful Country Tho' the strength of the Walls was great yet the King's constancy and indefatigable Labour of his Men overcame all Difficulties so that it was entred by Assault and Plundered From that time Barbastro was annexed to the Bishoprick of Rhoda At this Siege Armengaud Earl of Vrgel was slain and thence called Armengaud of Barbastro He being the King's Father-in-law and Father to his Queen Felicia his death was revenged with great slaughter of the Townsmen Bolea a Town on the Borders of Navarre upon the River Cinga after a long resistance was taken from the Moors So also Monçon a strong Town in that Territory with many other Towns and Castles too tedious to rehearse Estela then a small Town in Navarre now a famous City was built at this time King Sancho having a design upon Zaragoça raised a Castle called Castellar five Leagues beyond that City on the Banks of the River Ebro to bridle the Moors and waste the Country about in which that Garrison was so successful that the City was often reduced to such want as if it had been besieged In that part of the Country where were formerly the Vascetani was built the Town of Luna remarkable for nothing more than for being the Original of the Noble Family of that Name in Aragon The King who was much given
Listed themselves and wore the Cross then the Mark of being engaged in that War Among the rest Bernard Archbishop of Toledo having setled the Government of that Church and Constituted 30 Canons and as many Half-Canons taking up the Cross departed towards the Holy Land No sooner was he gone but the Canons he had appointed met and chose another Archbishop Expelling those that opposed this unlawful Proceeding D. Bernard understanding what had been done returned to Toledo and Expelling all that had a hand in that Disorder put Monks of the Monastery of Sahagun in their places This done he sets forward again and being come to Rome was obliged by the Pope to return home againe as believing his Presence was necessary at Toledo being a place but lately recovered and unsetled He absolved him of the Vow he had made to go to the Holy-Land upon condition he should lay out the Money he had designed for that Expedition in Rebuilding of Tarragona a City then newly taken from the Moors by the Earl of Barcelona In the time of the Romans it was a Noble City and the Seat of their Empire in Spain since reduced to a small number of poor Houses D. Bernard Repaired it and Translated Berengarius Bishop of Vique thither with the Dignity of Archbishop Yet the new Archbishop forgeting this Favour afterwards contended with Bernard about the Right of the Primacy Pope Vrban put an end to the strife assigning the Supremacy of all Spain to Bernard and his Successors Bernard the Archbishop in his way thro' France brought along with him many Learned and Pious Men into Spain who were afterwards promoted to great Dignities Among them also came Burdinus not worthy to be named among them for he afterwards made himself Anti-pope and caused a Schism in the Church as shall be hinted in its place Roderick Diaz Sirnamed Cid or the Lord was not idle all this while but having obtain'd leave of the King who was busie in Andaluzia with a choice Band of his own Forces fell upon the Moors that dwelt upon the Borders of Aragon and Castile All the Moorish Princes strove to gain his Friendship The first he agreed withal was the Lord of Albarrazin Then he went to visit the King of Zaragoça who received him with great signs of Affection hoping with his assistance to make himself Master of Valencia This City is seated where formerly were the Editani near the Sea in a very pleasant Country and has always been a place of great Trade and very Rich. Hiaya he that had been King of Toledo was then in possession of it having inherited it of his Father Almenon to whom it belonged The Lord of Denia Xativa and Tortosa laid close Siege to it The King of Zaragoça thought to raise himself upon the Ruins of others for the Besieged having sent to him for Relief he hoped under that colour to subdue both them and the Besiegers He agreed with Roderick Diaz and both marched thither The Lord of Denja knowing himself inferior to them made Peace with Valencia and raised the Siege Nevertheless the King of Zaragoça would have possessed himself of Valencia had not Roderick Diaz opposed him for that it was under the Protection of the King his Master Hereupon that King returned home Roderick Diaz under colour of assisting the King of Valencia made his own advantage obliging all the Moors thereabouts to pay him Tribute with which and the Booty he maintained the charge of the War King Hiaya before grown odious to his Subjects encreased their hatred by being a Friend to the Christians so that they called in the Almoravides then grown Powerful who killed Hiaya and gave the Sovereignty of the City to Abenaxa the Contriver of that Revolution Roderick Diaz desiring to punish their Treachery and rejoycing that an opportunity was offered him of taking that Noble City resolved to lay Siege to it Valencia was well stored with Provisions Warlike Ammunition a good Garison and a great number of resolute Citizens yet his Constancy overcame all those Difficulties He laid close Siege to it which lasted a long time till the Besieged wanting Provisions and seeing no hopes of relief Surrendred Not so satisfied tho' it seemed a rashness he resolved to maintain that City and in order to it made one Hierome a Companion of the Archbishop of Toledo Bishop of it Moreover he brought thither his Wife and Daughters whom as was said above he had left in the Custody of the Abbot of S. Peter of Carden̄a To the King for that he had favoured his designs he sent a Present of 200 choice Horses with as many Scymiters hanging at the Saddles Such was the posture of Roderick Diaz's Affairs when two young Lords called Earls of Carrion their Names James and Ferdinand Men of great Birth but mean degenerate Souls having obtained the King's Recommendation Marry'd his two Daughters at Valencia It hap'ned soon after that a Lion breaking lose they both hid themselves in an undecent place and at another time in a Skirmish with the Moors they fled These things made them grow contemptible to their Father-in-law who Reproached them and they study'd Revenge Suero their Uncle who ought to have given them better advice heightned their malice Having resolved upon the Villany they were to act they prepared to return home Their Father-in-law having accompanied them part of the way returned to Valencia and they prosecuted their Journey till they came to a Wood on the Frontiers of Castile after they had passed the River Duero There sending away most of their Retinue they took the two Ladies into the Wood and having strip'd them naked whipped them till they lay for dead wallowing in their blood In this manner they were found by Ordonius sent after them by their Father who suspected some ill design He carried them to the next Village where they were dressed and taken care of This Villainous Act brought upon the Husbands the hatred of all Men. Roderick Diaz seeking revenge had recourse to the King at such time as a general Assembly of the States or Parliament was held at Toledo Judges were appointed to determine what was to be done the chief whereof was Raymund of Burgundy the King's Son-in-law After a full hearing it was decreed that those two Lords should restore all that they had received with their Wives and that they and their Uncle Suero should Combat with three others appointed on his part by Roderick Diaz Three Men of note whose Names were Bermudo Antolin and Gustio undertook his Quarrel The young Lords endeavoured to evade the Combat by gaining time so Roderick Diaz went away to Valencia and they to their Estate But the King not satisfied obliged them to fight at Carrion where they were all three overcome Roderick Diaz's two Daughters were Marry'd again D. Elvira to D. Ramiro Son to D. Sancho Garcia King of Navarre who was killed by his Brother Raymund as was said above D.
Sol to D. Peter Son to the King of Aragon of the same Name both which sent to demand them in Marriage D. Ramiro had by D. Elvira Garci Ramirez who was afterwards King of Navarre D. Peter dy'd before his Father and left no Issue Two several times King Bucar who came out of Africk was overthrown in sight of Valencia by Roderick Diaz and his Forces who kept that City as long as he lived which was five Years after the taking of it He was near his Death when the same Bucar came again before the City and perceiving it could not be maintained after his Death ordered in his Will that they should all in a Body quit the place and return to Castile The Moors believing it was a powerful Army that designed to give them Battle drew off Those Christians marched without ceasing till they came to Castile and Valencia being left without any Garison fell again into the hands of the Moors They that came from Valencia brought with them the Body of Roderick Diaz which was Bury'd with great Magnificence in the Monastery of S. Peter of Carden̄a near Burgos K. Alonso and Roderick Diaz's two Sons-in-law being present Many look upon most of this Relation as Fabulous and I write more than I believe because I would not wholly omit what others affirm In the Church of S. Peter of Carden̄a are to be seen five Tombs that of Roderick Diaz that of his Wife and those of his Son and Daughters Perhaps they are only empty Monuments such as are called Cenotaphia erected in Honour of such People The Death of Roderick Diaz de Bivar was a great loss to the Christians for his extraordinary Valour Conduct and Prosperity Authors do not agree about the Year in which it hap'ned the most likely Opinion is that it was in the Year of our Lord 1093. About this time Pope Vrban translated the Bishoprick of Iria to Compostella at the request of Dalmachius who was the first Bishop of that City and made it independant of the See of Braga King Alonso tho' very ancient never neglected the Affairs of War but made several Incursions into Andaluzia which was the more easie to be done for that Joseph the Moor was returned into Africk This gave the Christians some time of breathing which the King made use of to encrease the Religious Worship He built a Monastery of Benedictines at Toledo of the Invocation of S. Servandus and S. German others say he only repaired it Besides he erected two Monasteries of Nuns the one Dedicated to S. Peter the other to S. Dominick of Silos At Burgos without the Walls he Founded another Convent now called S. John of Burgos The Year following which was 1099. was remarkable for the Death of Pope Vrban and the taking of Jerusalem by the Christians Cardinal Raynerius who had been Legate in Spain a Person of great Worth and Experience succeeded Vrban by the Name of Pasqualis II. He in the time of his Papacy granted a Privilege to the Church of S James the Apostle that after the manner of the Church of Rome it might have seven Canons Cardinals and that the Bishops of that See might use the Pall an Ornament betokening greater Authority than that of common Bishops The next ensuing Year which was 1100. proved no less pleasing to the Christians by reason of the Death of Joseph who was Sovereign of all the Moors in Spain during the space of 12 Years and of those in Africk about 32 than it was at last unfortunate for the untimely end of D. Sancho Prince of Castile which will be seen in the next Chapter CHAP. IV. The Death of Sancho Prince of Castile and of the two Kings Peter the first of Aragon and Alonso VI. of Castile The Moorish King of Zaragoza Of two Holy Men. D. Garcia Earl of Cabra was Tutor to D. Sancho King Alonso's Son and the Heir Apparent of the Crown but Death snatched him away and with him the great hopes had been conceived of his Virtues Hali Successor to Joseph desiring to Commence his Reign with some memorable Action passed over into Spain with a powerful Army and having encreased it there entred the Kingdom of Toledo wasting all the Country till he came in sight of the City King Alonso by reason of his great Age and Sickness could not go out in Person to oppose him He gave the command of his Army to the Earl D. Garcia and for the greater Honour sent his Son D. Sancho tho' very young with him Near Veles the two Armies met and engaged In the heat of the Fight the Prince was struck down D. Garcia covered him with his Shield and with his Sword kept off the Moors that assailed him on all sides Long he kept them at a distance till being weakned by many wounds he fell down dead upon him he defended This disaster made the Infidels Victorious It is needless to relate how grievous this loss was to the King he asked what might be the reason of being so often overthrown by the Moors and a wise Man answered That the Soldiers were debauched with Ease and Luxury which made them unfit for Service Hereupon the King ordered all incentives of Luxury to be taken away and among the rest caused the Baths then much used in Spain after the manner of the Moors to be destroy'd Some hope remained in D. Alonso the King's Grandchild by D. Vrraca his Daughter but he was very Young and a Womans Government seem'd not seasonable The continual good Fortune of the King of Aragon diminished the Joy of the Moors for their success in Castile Of late the Infidels went down the wind in Aragon for the Christians had taken from them the Castle of Calasanz the Town of Pertusa on the River Canadre and the City Barbastro whither the Bishoprick of Rhoda was Translated Now the Aragonians bent all their Strength against the City Zaragoça which the Almoravides had possessed themselves of having expelled the ancient Kings These that follow were the Kings that had Reigned in that City The first was Mudir then Hiaya next Almudafar after him began another Race in Zulema to whom succeeded Hamas then Joseph then Almazazin then Abdelmelich and then Hamas Sirnamed Almuçacayto whom the Almoravides deprived of the Kingdom At this time in France Atho who after the Death of Raymund Earl of Barcelona Father of Arnaldus had Usurped the Sovereignty of the City Carcassonne where he had been Governour was expelled the place by the Inhabitants and it restored to its Lawful Prince in the Year 1102. This same Year Armengaud Earl of Vrgel was slain by the Moors in the Island of Majorca whither he went to show his Valour and was therefore called Balearicus Armengaud was Marry'd to a Daughter of Peranzules a great Man in Castile and Lord of Valladolid By her he left a young Son during whose Minority the Grandfather governed and
which proved his ruin for the People generally exclaimed against him and from that time forward his Fortune changed After ransacking the Kingdom of Toledo the Aragonians marched to Besiege the City Astorga having received intelligence that the Queen resolved to make her last effort on that side Martin Mun̄o coming to the King of Aragon with 300 Horse fell into an Ambush where most of his Men being killed and the rest put to flight he was himself taken King Alonso finding himself weakned by this loss the many Men that had dy'd and the Garrisons he had placed retired to Carrion confiding in the strength of that place There he was besieged by the Enemy for some time till the Abbot Clusensis sent by the Pope to compose those differences came and obtained of the Queen a Truce for some time and soon after prevailed to have the Siege raised The Soldiers of Castile being raw and undisciplined could not be long kept together After this the Aragonians bent their Forces against the Lands belonging to the House of Lara On the other side the Queen after a long Siege recovered the Castle of Burgos Peter Earl of Lara thinking to Marry the Queen carryed himself like a King at which many were offended and his Name and the Queen's were publickly in Lampoons and Ballads At length he was secured and put in Prison by Gutierre Fernandez de Castro but escaped and fled to Barcelona He was the Son of that James Ordon̄ez who charged the City Zamora with Treason and upon that account fought the three Sons of Arias Gonzalo After this Prince Alonso was Proclaimed King of Castile His Mother D. Vrraca fortified herself in the Castle of Leon but he besieging it they agreed that she should resign the Crown to him and have revenues assigned her for her maintenance It is impossible exactly to reconcile the times when all these things hap'ned Authors varying so much even in this that is no considerable Antiquity It is not known in what Year Queen Vrraca dy'd the most say she lived about 17 Years after her Father Certain it is she was very Lewd Some say she dy'd in Child-Bed at the Castle of Saldan̄a others that she burst at the Church Door of Leon having taken away the Treasure of St. Isidorus Grave Authors affirm that the Earl of Candespina had a Son by her called Fernan Hurtado which signifies stollen because he was a Bastard and that the Noble Family of that Name in Spain descends from him They also say that Peter Earl of Lara had to do with her CHAP. VI. The Wars of Majorca and Zaragoca The Schism of Burdinus Peace Concluded betwixt the Crowns of Castile and Aragon The Original of the Kingdom of Portugal WHilst what was said in the last Chapter hap'ned in Castile the Moors of Majorca and Zaragoça were beset by the Power of several Nations Conspiring against them Gilbert Earl of Provence and Aimillan in France dying his Dominions fell to his only Daughter called Dulcis Raymund Berengarius Earl of Barcelona Husband to the said Dulcis a Prince Powerful as well in his own Dominions as the great Addition of his Wife 's resolv'd with the United Forces of his Subjects to possess himself of the Islands of Majorca and Minorca from whence the Moors infested the Coast of Spain and France It was requisite to gather a great Fleet. He got together all he could of his own which was the beginning of the great Power the Catalonians had afterwards by Sea But his Fleet not being sufficient for this undertaking he went himself to Genoa and Pisa Cities at that time Powerful by Sea and prevailed with those People to joyn with him in the Expedition At the time appointed the Catalonians and Genoeses joyned and passed over to the Islands The War proved tedious and difficult for the Moors misdoubting their own strength would not hazard a Battle but taking up all the Provisions in the Country kept the passes of the Mountains and Fortified themselves in the Towns and Castles The resolution of the Christians overcame all difficulties and the chief City of Majorca was taken by Assault in the Year of our Lord 1115. Here dyed Raimund Bishop of Baroelona to whom succeeded Oldegarius who soon after was Translated to the Archbishoprick of Tarragona After the taking of the City the rest seemed easie when on a sudden News was brought that the Moors Landing on the Coast of Barcelona had struck a general Terror into all the Country and besieged the City The Earl was forced to go over to the Continent leaving the Genoeses charge to secure the Islands At his first approach the Infidels raised the Siege he pursued and overthrew them near Mortorel This Action was Tumultuary and disorderly the Battles not being formed Two Accidents concurred to lessen the joy of this Victory One was that the Genoeses Bribed by the Moors went away and quitted the Islands as the Writers of Catalonia affirm for in the Histories of Genoa there is no mention of this Expedition The other was the loss of the City Carcassone in France Atho as was said before possess'd himself of that City and ruling Tyrannically was expelled by the Citizens who returned to their Lawful Sovereign the Earl of Barcelona With the assistance of William Earl of Poitiers Atho recovered the City Roger Atho's Eldest Son caused all the Townsmen to deliver their Arms and that done ordered them to be put to the Sword Many that escaped fled to Barcelona At their instance the Earl Raimund Arnaud Berengarius entred France with an Army Some Religious Persons interposing the matter was adjusted in this manner That Atho should possess the City but to hold it of the Earl of Barcelona whereas he had promised to hold of the Earl of Poitiers This William of Poitiers was a Man that only studyed to enlarge his Dominions tho' never so wrongfully So when Raimund Earl of Toulouze was gone to the Holy-Land he seized upon all the Possessions of that Prince Bertran the Son of Raymund returning from the Holy-Land where his Father was killed and he had got the Lordship of Tripoli found no hopes of doing any good upon the Earl of Poitiers He began to Treat with the Neighbouring Princes about recovering his Patrimony but to no effect and therefore had recourse to D. Alonso King of Aragon who received him with Marks of Affection at Barbastro Here it was agreed that the Earl of Toulouze should do Homage to the King of Aragon for his Dominions in France in case he was restored to them by his means This was done in the Year 1116. but it came to nothing for the Earl was not restored he of Poitiers being very powerful and the Forces of Aragon at that time divided against Castile and the Moors Yet some Years after D. Alonso Jordan Brother to Bertrand was taken out of the Castle of Toulouze where he had been kept Prisoner and the
Conditions That all the Country betwixt Villorado and Calahorra should remain to the Crown of Aragon that King pleading a Right to it as a Dependance of the Kingdom of Navarre That in Biscay the King of Aragon should possess Guipuscoa and Alava Provinces not long before taken by King Alonso VI. from the Crown of Navarre That the King of Aragon should withdraw his Garisons from all other Cities and Castles belonging to Castile and particularly from Toledo I know not which of these Princes deserves the greatest Commendation both of them gave a great example of Moderation He of Aragon in parting with what he had in possession and he of Castile in quitting his Title to part that he might obtain the so much desired Peace After this Agreement which was in the Year 1122 some Authors say later these two Kings continued in real Amity as if they had been Brothers or Father and Son All things being thus setled between the Christians they bent their Force against the Moors The King of Aragon broke in upon that side which is encompassed by the Rivers Cinga and Segre where the Town of Alcolea which had been taken by the Moors was Recovered Thence he advanced into the Kingdom of Valencia and passing the River Xucar entred the Territory of Murcia where he attempted the City Alcaraz but was repulsed Rising thence he turned into Andaluzia where all places submitted to pay Tribute provided the Country might not be wasted Near a Town called Arenzon he came to a Battle with the King of Cordova and ten other great Men of the Moors and overthrew them in the Year of our Lord 1123. The following Year he took Medina Celi a Town seated on a Hill betwixt the Confines of the Celtiberi and Carpetani In this manner succeeded the Affairs of Aragon On the other side the King of Castile entred the Province of Estremadura There he recovered the City Coria which had been lost after the death of King Alonso Grandfather of him then Reigning Thence the Army over-ran all the Country that lies between the Rivers Guadiana and Tagus carrying away great numbers of Men and Cattle and then they returned home loaden with Booty These beginnings gained the King much Reputation and gave proof of his Vertues He bore great Affection to S. Bernard then Abbot of Claravalle by whose Advice he erected many Monasteries of Cistercians most of which still flourish in that part of Spain and enjoy great Revenues At first these Religious Men professing the Contempt of the World were satisfied with little Soon after many bountifully heaping Charity upon them they grew Rich. Besides these Foundations the King very liberally encreased the Revenues of several Churches and Monasteries He obtain'd of his Uncle the Pope the erecting of the City Zamora into a Bishoprick At the same time and at the King's instance the Church of S. James the Apostle was made an Archiepiscopal See the Privileges of the City of Merida then in the hands of the Moors being translated thither Twelve Bishopricks were assigned to the Province of this new Metropolitan which were Salamanca Avila Zamora Cuidad Rodrigo Coria Badajoz Lugo Astorga Orense MondonÌ„edo Tuy and Placencia some time after This was about the Year of our Lord 1124. That same Year dy'd Pope Calixtus and Honorious II. succeeded him The following Year Alonso Earl of Toulouze and the Earl of Barcelona made War upon each other in France the former pretending a Title to the Earldom of Provence possessed by the latter in Right of his Wife After much strife it was agreed between them that Argence and Belicadre two Towns about which the chief dispute lay with that part of Provenee which lies between the Rivers Durence and Liserre should remain to the Earl of Toulouse all the other part and Avignon a City on the River Rhosne was adjudged to the Earl of Barcelona Moreover they reciprocally Adopted one another that if either dy'd without Issue the other might be his Heir A new Kingdom began at this time to be erected in that part of Spain â—ow called Portugal small in extent as to time the last that took that Title in Spain yet in great Exploits fortunate and renowned for Valour since they not only drove the Moors out of all that Country but in process of time with extraordinary bravery discovered ways to the unknown parts of the World and conquered many Kingdoms and Provinces in Asia and Africk This Province of Portugal lies along the Western Ocean from North to South between the Rivers Guadiana and MinÌ„o above 100 Leagues in length the breadth where most is about 30 Leagues the least 20. It is divided into three parts on this side and beyond Tagus or Cistagana and Transtagana and that between the Rivers Duero and MinÌ„o or Interamnensis which is the most Fruitful and where stands the City Braga On the one side of Tagus is Lisbon and on the other Ebora all three Archiepiscopal Sees For the most part the Country is dry and barren the People ambitious of Honour and Brave A small part of this Province which the Kings of Castile had taken from the Moors was given to Henry of Lorrain in Dower with his Wife Teresa Bastard Daughter to Alonso VI. By her he had D. Alonso D. Elvira and D. Sancha Henry after he had these Children went to the Holy-Land to assist Baldwin King of Jerusalem but returned without doing any thing of note At his return he treated with Bernard Archbishop of Toledo and Primate of all Spain about restoring the Cities of Braga Viseo Coimbra Lamego and Porto to their ancient Authority and placing Bishops in them Henry dy'd at Astorga a City of Galicia whither he went to compose the Differences betwixt Castile and Aragon His Body was bury'd at Braga in a small Chappel for the Grandeur or rather Madness of erecting costly Tombs now in use was not then brought up After his Death D. Teresa his Wife had no more regard to her Reputation than her Sister D. Vrraca She Marry'd Fernan Paez Earl of Trastamard a Match much below her if not altogether Unlawful as being Clandestine She is said besides to have had too much Familiarity with D. Bermudo Brother to the Earl and that nevertheless she Marry'd him to her Daughter D. Elvira Her other Daughter D. Sancha was Wife to Ferdinand de Meneses Perhaps some of these things might be maliciously imputed to this Princess Yet certain it is that Ferdinand Paez was very intimate with the Countess and governed all things absolutly according to his own will He made War and Ruled in time of Peace without taking any notice of his Son-in-law In his tender Years D. Alonso was forced to bear with this Affront and wink at the disgrace of his Family but afterwards many in hatred of his Mother's vicious Life adhering to him he resolved to take up Arms. His Father-in-law was not backward Both levied Forces and
Aragon resigns and his Son-in-Law Raimund Earl of Barcelona assumes the Crown THese Elections brought great troubles upon the Kingdoms of Aragon and Navarre and the more for that D. Garcia was weak and D. Ramiro old The King of Castile pretended to have a better right than either of them as being descended from D. Sancho the Greater of Navarre and he had the greatest Power on which King's ground their chiefest right As for the Military Orders appointed by the late King to inherit no Body took notice of them That he might not seem careless in seeking his advantage the King of Castile entred the Territory of Rioja and recover'd all that his Father-in-law King Alonso of Aragon had taken from him by force at first and afterwards upon Capitulation Then he laid Siege to Victoria in Biscay but could not carry it tho' he had all the Towns about Thus the River Ebro came to part the Dominions of Castile and Navarre Many great Men as well as of the Clergy as Laity follow'd and assisted the King who had no sooner regain'd Rioja and Biscay but he bent his Force against Aragon so effectually that by the Month of December he was possess'd of all that part of the Kingdom which lies on this side Ebro King Ramiro being wholly unprovided and not well assur'd of the Affections of his People retir'd to Sobrarve hoping the natural strength of that Country might protect him till Fortune chang'd or some Composition could be made Oldegarius Archbishop of Taragona went betwixt both Parties labouring to bring them to an Accommodation but his endavours seemed Fruitless neither Competitor contenting himself with part as aspiring to the whole Garcia King of Navarre being resolved to condescend to some Agreement upon safe Conduct given him came to Castile where in a General Assembly or Parliament at which were present King Alonso of Castile Berengaria his Queen Sancha his Sister and Garcia King of Navarre besides a great number of Nobles it was resolved that the King of Castile should take the Title of Emperor Accordingly on Whit-Sunday in the Year 1135. as an Author then living writes and it appears by the Acts of that Assembly he was Crowned in the City of Leon by the Hands of the Archbishop of Toledo the King of Navarre standing on his right Hand and the Bishop of Leon on his Left Our Historians say Pope Innocent II. consented to this Act but it is scarce credible he would do that Affront to the Emperor of the Romans After this the new Emperor was again Crowned at Toledo These two Coronations gave occasion to the dispute there is about the place where that Ceremony was performed An Author then living says he was Crown'd three times in imitation of the German Emperors first at Toledo then at Leon and lastly at Compestella with a Crown of Gold The other Kings of Spain before this assum'd the Title only this preserv'd it and is call'd Alonso the Emperor Besides it is manifest that from his time the City Toledo began to use the Arms it still retains which are An Emperor in his Robes on a Throne the Globe in his left Hand and a naked Sword in his Right The Arms of that City before were first two Stars and after that a Lion rampant Hence also it took the stile of the Imperial City As soon as the new Emperor had taken upon him that Title he nam'd his two Sons Kings Sancho the eldest of Castile and Ferdinand the youngest of Leon. The Nobility and Clergy labour'd to compose the differences above-mention'd No good could be wrought upon Aragon therefore the two Kings of Castile and Navarre had another Conference at Paradilla on the River Ebro Here it was agreed that D. Garcia should possess Navarre and all that part of Aragon that had been Conquered but should do Fealty and Homage to the Crown of Castile for the same and also that both Kings should joyn their Forces against him of Aragon Thus the Argonians and Navarrois were intangled in War till some Bishops interposing they appointed three Arbitrators on each side by whom it was decreed That the Bounds of Navarre and Aragon should be the same they had been in the time of D. Sancho the Greater but that the King of Navarre should hold his Dominions of the Crown of Aragon which was the same thing he had promised to Castile So little did they regard Promises To ratifie this Contract the two Kings met at Pamplona but he of Aragon being inform'd the Navarrois design'd to kill him fled and thus the Breach was made wider than at first D. Ramiro for his great Age and Weakness being grown contemptible to the Commonalty as well as the Nobility in revenge call'd together all the great Men to Huesca upon pretence of Consulting with them about weighty Affairs and there put to Death 15 of the chief of them in the Year 1136. Many things are reported of his Insufficiency scarce credible but there is no doubt he was not fit for such a troublesome Government He himself at length growing weary of so many cares and resolving to ease himself of them having now a Daughter call'd Petronilla declar'd his intention at that meeting at Huesca and admonish'd all there present that their chief study ought to be to establish Friendship with D. Alonso the Emperor without thinking of any revenge against the Navarrois Raymund Earl of Barcelona was the chief Instrument in concerting matters betwixt Castile and Aragon as being Ally'd to both those Princes and having some intimation that he should Marry the Princess Petronilla and be declar'd King of Aragon At Alagon a Town three Leagues above Zaragoça on the River Ebro the two Kings met and agreed that Zaragoça should be restored to the Crown of Aragon Calatayud Alagon and the rest on this side Ebro should remain to Castile King Ramiro's Daughter was given as an Hostage for performance of Articles but they could not agree about her Marrying D. Sancho the Emperor's eldest Son for that she was promised to the Earl of Barcelona So far were both Parties from having any regard to their Alliances made with Navarre that they Articl'd to joyn their Forces against that King He having notice of it and being a Man of great Spirit provided to meet that Storm and durst not only make good his own but endeavour'd to enlarge the narrow bounds of his Dominions He Marry'd Margaret Daughter of Rotron Earl of Perche and had the City Tudela with her in Dower The Records of those times mention that he Reign'd over Pamplona Najara Alava Biscay and Guipuscoa He was supported by the French Luis their King looking upon it as a thing Honourble to protect this new Prince The Armies of Castile and Navarre encamp'd near and Towns of Galur and Cortes but came not to a Battle both sides being unwilling to hazard all for this is more likely than that they forbore in respect
Forces but by the way at the Wood of Cazlona in Sierra Morena the Emperor fell sick and near the Town of Fresneda he dyed in a Tent on the 21th of August he lived 51 Years 5 Months and 21 Days was King 35 Years and had the Title of Emperor 22 Years and a half A Prince worthy of a longer Life Pious in his Youth Brave and Modest in his riper Years always a pattern of Virtue and Famous to Posterity for his zeal to the Christian Religion He had three Wives Berengaria Beatrix and Rica The second had no Children the last was Mother of Sancha Berengaria brought him Sancho and Ferdinand his Successors also Elizabeth and Beatrix Besides these Alonso and another Ferdinand who dy'd Young and was bury'd in a Monastery of Nuns of the invocation of S. Clement built by his Father with this Inscription on his Tomb Here lies the most Illustrious D. Ferdinand Son to the Emperor D. Alonso who built this Monastery he laid him here to Honour it Sancho and Ferdinand the Emperor's Sons divided his Dominions as he had Ordered Ferdinand had the Kingdom of Leon and Galicia Sancho the Elder Castile with all it Dependencies Both were good and virtuous Princes Sancho was best beloved as being the more affable and dying soon was called the Desired Ferdinand was jealous and gave ear to Court-Flatterers therefore before his Father's Funeral Rites were perform'd he repaired to Leon to take possession of his Kingdom On the contrary Sancho understanding his death made hast to Frensneda and thence conducted him with all the Nobility to Toledo where he was buryed with great Pomp in the Cathedral of that City Sancho King of Navarre for his Learning Age and Exploits called the Wise saying hold of this opportunity over ran all the Lands of Castile as far as Burgos and with the same celerity return'd into his own Country The Moors finding those places they had lost forsaken by the New King easily recovered them It was requisite to check both those Enemies but it was thought fit first to move against Navarre It hap'ned that Ponze Earl of Minerva one of the chief among the Nobility of Leon being wronged by King Ferdinand fled to Castile He being a Person of known Valour and Conduct was favourably received by King Sancho and appointed General of the Expedition against Navarre Having taken charge of the Army by the way of Briviesca he entred the Territory of Rioja and incamped in a plain called Valpiedra near the Town of Ban̄ares where both Parties Ordered their Battles D. Lope de Haro led the Van of the Navarrois D. Ladron de Guevara the Rear and the King the Main Body The Castillians being the more numerous and resolute were not backward At the first charge the Castillians gave way but recovering themselves put the Navarrois to flight but made no great slaughter most saving themselves in the Neighbouring Castles and Towns Supplies coming up now out of France the King adventured a second time to fight in the same place but with no better success Many of the Nobles being taken were generously Treated by D. Ponze and afterwards set at Liberty After this Victory he returned to Burgos where the King having commended and rewarded the Soldiers above all honoured D. Ponze and that to such a degree that he marched as far as the Monastery of Sahagun resolving to make War upon his Brother if he did not condescend to restore him to his Possessions King Ferdinand perceiving the danger he was in came to his Brother unarmed where all differences were agreed and he promised not only to restore D. Ponze but to bestow fresh honours upon him Besides he offered to do Homage to his Brother which King Sancho with great courtesy refused to accept of Calatrava a Town seated on the Banks of Guadiana not far from Almagro when taken from the Moors was given to the Knights Templers but they understanding the Infidels made great preparations to Besiege it and despairing of holding out restored it to the King No Body would undertake to defend it only two Cistercian Monks who came to Court upon business offered themselves These were Raymund Abbot of Fitero near the River Pisuerga and his Companion James Velazquez who having been a Soldier was become a Religious but still had a great Spirit and perswaded the Abbot to undertake the maintaining of that place This offer was very grateful to the King and to John Archbishop of Toledo who were before much concerned for the danger which threatned that place The Archbishop because Calatrava belonged to his Diocess advanced a sum of Money and in his Sermons stirred up the People to contribute towards the defence of that Town either by adventuring their Persons or laying out their Money since they were all concerned in the preservation of it as being the Bulwark of the Christian Borders which once lost ruin and desolation would soon come upon every particular Man's Estate This was at the beginning of the Year 1158. The King freely gave the Town of Calatrava to the Order of the Cistercians for ever Fame which commonly surpasses truth is of great moment in all Worldly affairs as it appeared now for the Moors hearing of the mighty preparations that were making to defend that City came not before it This was the Original of the Knights of Calatrava for many Soldiers followed the Abbot and took the habit he gave them Being returned to Toledo he brought a great number of Cattle from his Monastery and from the Neighbourhood about 20000 people to whom he gave the Lands about Calatrava which before lay wast for want of Inhabitants Thus the Town was secured against any danger Abbot Raymund dy'd some Years after at Ciruelas a Village where he was also buried and is honoured as a Saint Thence in the Year 1471. he was translated to our Lady of Mount Sion a Monastery of Bernardines near Toledo James Velazquez lived many years after and dy'd in the Monastery of S. Peter at Gumiel where he is buried From this beginning the Military Order of Calatrava rose to the greatness it is now arrived at Pope Alexander III. confirmed it by his Bull in the Year 1164 The Convent at first setled in Calatrava was thence removed to Ciruelos then to Buxeda to Corcoles Salvatierra and lastly to Covos There are other lesser Convents of the Order in other places but that is the Principal This Order in process of time grew rich and had the Lordship of many Towns for their good Services and thro' the Bounty of Kings Formerly the Revenues of such Towns were given to old Knights of that Order for their Maintenance during their own Lives only and not for their Heirs Now they serve only to support the Prodigality of Courtiers Thus for the most part good Institutions are perverted CHAP. III. The Death of Sancho King of Castile The great Commotions that ensued The Death of Raymund Prince of
or were taken by force and Toledo it self did not escape for it appears that City submitted to King Ferdinand so that a very small part remain'd to the young King On the other side the King of Navarre thinking this a good opportunity to recover his losses having first made Peace with Aragon broke into the Dominions of Castile and possess'd himself of Logron̄o Entren̄a Briviesca and other Towns Thus all the Country was filled with confusion Whilst Castile was thus rent with intestine Divisions the Moors of Andaluzia enjoy'd perfect Peace Only the Forces of Portugal and Aragon kept them in aw Raymund Prince of Aragon was in great renown for his perpetual good Fortune which was such that Lope the Moorish King of Murcia was subject to him and in France he had taken above 30 Strong-Holds and the Town of Trencataye which he destroy'd from the Family of Beauce who invaded Provence The Emperor Frederick who had favoured his Enemies sought his Friendship and a League was concluded betwixt them Raymund had brought out of Castile Rica the Widow of the Emperor Alonso and his Daughter Sancha contracted to his own Son At the instance of the Emperor Frederick it was agreed that Rica who was his Kinswoman should Marry Raymund Berengarius Earl of Provence who thereupon should possess all the said Earldom of Provence and the City Arles with its Territory To ratifie this Agreement it was resolv'd both Raymunds should meet the Emperor at Turin on the first of August in the Year 1162. On the way thither at S. Dalmacius a Town at the foot of the Alps Raymund Prince of Aragon fell sick and dy'd the 6th day of the same Month. Notwithstanding his Death Raymund Earl of Provence obtained of the Emperor all he desired Prince Raymund's Body was brought to his Country and buried in the Monastery of Ripoli as he had ordered Cortes or a Parliament being held at Huesca Raymund's last Will left by word of Mouth was repeated whereby he declared his Son Raymund his Successor who took possession of his Father's Principality by the name of Alonso To Peter his second Son he left Cerdagne Carcassonne and Narbonne Sancho the youngest was to succeed Peter in case he died without Heirs He made no mention of his Daughter Dulcis who was after Queen of Portugal nor of his Bastard Son Berengarius who was Bishop of Taraçona and Lerida and Abbot of Montaragon The King's Minority he being but 11 years old gave an opportunity to turbulent Spirits to raise Commotions An Impostor now openly affirmed he was King Alonso who as has been said was killed 28 years before at the Battle of Fraga He said he had been till then in Asia serving against the Infidels in the Holy-Land His Age and Features but most of all the Love the Multitude has for Novelties gained him some Reputation Great mischiefs might have ensued had not the Impostor been taken at Zaragoça and put to Death in the very beginning of the Tumult In the Year 1163. the Assembly of States or Parliament of Aragon was held at Barcelona The Queen Petronilla by the advice of the Nobility resigned over the Crown of Aragon to her Son then 13 years of Age. Raymund Earl of Provence who had some time governed Catalonia for his Cousin returned home and died in the Year 1166. King Alonso receiving the News at Girona by advice of the Nobility called himself Marquess of Provence for they pretended by the Emperor's Grant that Country was not only given to the late Earl of Provence but to Raymund Prince of Aragon and his Heirs which occasioned Wars in France CHAP. IV. Alonso the young King of Castile takes upon him the Government recovers most of his Dominions joins in League with the Aragonian and Marries Ellenor Daughter to Henry II. King of England Some Actions of Ferdinand King of Leon. IN Castile the People growing weary of the King of Leon invited their young King Alonso to take upon him the Government promising all would declare for him These invitations and the persuasions of the Nobility prevailed and he resolved to depart from Avila and visit the principal places of the Kingdom This was in the Year 1168. as some write I rather believe two years sooner by the computation of time for when his Father died he was 4 years of age and at this time 11. He was not deceived for many Cities received him with Joy and furnished all Necessaries for him and his Retinue which at first consisted of only a few Nobles and a Guard of 150 Horse furnished by the City Avila This was a small Force to recover so many Places as the King of Leon held with strong Garisons The King encouraged by Success resolved to try Toledo but feared Ferdinand Ruiz de Castro who held it would not be prevailed upon to deliver that City Stephen Illan a Citizen of note had built the Church of S. Romanus in the highest part of the City and adjoyning to it a Tower which served as well for Strength as an Ornament He was an Enemy to Ferdinand de Castro and therefore getting privately out of the City he conveyed the King disguised into the Tower Then setting up the Royal Standard he gave notice the King was there whereupon the Citizens running to Arms Ferdinand de Castro fled to Huete a Town then very strong as lying upon the Frontiers exposed to the Moors The People of Toledo as well those who had been against admitting the King as the most Loyal expressed great Joy and nothing resounded but God save the King Stephen Illan for his good Service was much honoured and made Governour of the City After his death the Citizens caused his Picture on Horse-back to be drawn on the Roof of the Cathedral behind the High Altar where it is still to be seen The King entred Toledo upon Friday the 26th of August On Michaelmass-day following died John Archbishop of Toledo when he had governed that Church with much applause 16 years Cerebrunus or Cenebrunus succeeded him a Man grateful to King Alonso having taught him the first Rudiments of Learning He had been Arch-deacon of Toledo and Bishop of Siguença and it is thought was a Frenchman The King after securing Toledo at the instigation of Manrique Earl of Lara his General marched against Ferdinand de Castro who refused not to meet him being supported by the People of Huete that stood firm to him Two Leagues from that Town at a place called Garcinaharro they came to a Battle Ferdinand de Castro fought in a disguise D. Manrique with all his might charged a Gentleman that was armed like a General and killed him believing it had been Ferdinand but was himself soon after slain by one of the said Ferdinand's Followers The General being killed the King's Forces were put to flight Nun̄o Brother to Manrique understanding the deceit used by Ferdinand de Castro laid Treachery to his charge
and challenged him as was then usual but some Persons of Piety interposing the business was mitigated yet the hatred betwixt those two Families could not be rooted out Many Towns and Places of strength adhered to Ferdinand de Castro therefore the King forbore for the present contending with him and bending his Force another way recovered many places that were not Garrisoned It was thought convenient to try the Castle of Zurita seated on a Hill at the foot whereof runs the River Tagus Lope Arenas held it as Lieutenant to Ferdinand de Castro Being summoned he excused himself saying The King was not yet at the age appointed by his Father's Will and that he was but Lieutenant and could not surrender without leave of his Lord. No hopes remaining of a surrender it was resolved to use force D. Lope de Haro came from the farthest part of Biscay to serve at that Siege Provisions growing scarce the Besieged resolved to use Fraud and therefore upon pretence of Capitulating getting D. Nun̄o and Suero de Lara into the Castle kept them Prisoners believing the King to save them would raise the Siege There was one Dominick in the Camp who had deserted from the Castle this Man offer'd for a Reward to make them Masters of the Fort. Upon promise of what he demanded he wounded one Peter Ruiz who was consenting to it and flying was admitted into the Castle and to the Favour of the Lieutenant whose Servant he had been He watched his opportunity and kill'd the Lieutenant whereupon the Castle was immediately Surrendred The King caused Dominick's Eyes to be put out as an example of Treachery yet allowed him a Maintenance which was afterwards taken away and he put to Death for that he boasted of his wickedness The Army was dismissed and D. Lope de Haro much commended return'd home having refused Presents that were offer'd him because the King's Treasury was exhausted This Gentleman is said to have built the Town of Haro not far from the River Ebro The King went to Toledo whither he had summon'd the General Assembly call'd Cortes or Parliament and there it was consulted how to settle the Kingdom and recover those places that would not submit This Year was remarkable for great Rains and Floods particularly at Toledo the River Tagus swelled till it came to the Church of S. Isidorus The following Year on the 8th of February there was an Earthquake in that City a thing not usual and therefore thought to presage more Troubles Ferdinand King of Leon had Marry'd Vrraca the Daughter of Alonso King of Portugal by whom he had Alonso who succeeded him notwithstanding he was Divorc'd from the Queen on account of Consanguinity This Divorce produc'd enmity betwixt the Kings and much harm was done on both sides King Ferdinand was busie repairing the Towns ruin'd by the Wars and building others By the advice of a Banish'd Portugues he built Cuidad Rodrigo on the Borders of Portugal to be a check to those People Hence arose Disgusts which ended in open Enmity King Ferdinand tho' Affable and Courteous was Brave and Resolute and feared not at once to engage both the Kings of Castile and Portugal King Alonso of Castile in the beginning of the Year 1170. held the Cortes or Parliament at Burgos where it was Enacted That since he was at the age of 15 appointed by his Father's Will for delivering all Cities Towns and Castles into his Hands there should be War declared against all such as withheld any from him not excepting King Ferdinand who still was possess'd of a considerable part of the Kingdom That War many difficulties intervening was deferr'd for some time The great Men lest they should be reputed Traitors now no excuse was left obeyed Among the first was Ferdinand de Castro who fearing his Enemies and the King's Displeasure renouncing his Country as the Custom was then went over to the Moors whence he ceased not to do harm upon the Lands of the Christians It was also proposed in the Cortes or Parliament to set on foot a Treaty of Marriage between the King and the Lady Ellenor Daughter to Henry II. King of England and Duke of Normandy and Aquitain After this Alonso King of Aragon had an Interview with his Cousin the King of Castile at Sahagun where a League was concluded between them Thence the two Kings about the beginning of July went to Zaragoça From thence an Embassy was sent to treat about the King's Marriage Cerebrunus Archbishop of Toledo was Principal of the Embassy with him went Raymund Bishop of Palencia and other Prelates and Noblemen At Bourdeaux the Treaty was concluded whence the Lady came into Spain attended not only by those that went for her but by Bernard Bishop of that City and many other Persons of Note Mean while the Kings of Castile and Aragon had made a League Offensive and Defensive against all Princes except the King of England in respect to the Marriage in hand For the more security Cautionary Towns were given on both sides the King of Aragon had Najara and Biguerra he of Castile Ariza and Daroca The Bride being come to Taraçona there the Nuptials were Celebrated with great Pomp in the Month of September The King of Aragon gave her Her Joynter was a great part of Castile Burgos Medina del Campo and many other Towns and half of all that should be taken from the Moors For the King ravished with the beauty of his Bride endeavour'd to exceed all his Predecessors in Liberality Lope the Moorish King of Murcia was doubtless in League with the King of Castile for I find he went to Toledo about this time King Alonso of Aragon was about making War upon him on account that he refused to pay the Tribute he paid to his Father but they agreed and he consented to pay upon Condition King Alonso should not uphold the Maçemutes his Enemies All the Solemnities being perform'd at Taraçona the two Christian Kings parted and publick Rejoicings were again Celebrated at Burgos After that the Troop of Avila which till then had attended the King was dismiss'd Great Privileges were granted to the City Avila for its Fidelity to the King in the worst of times Then the King and Queen set out for Toledo At the same time the King of Aragon with the consent of the Bishop of Rhoda had the Head of Valerius Bishop of Zaragoça translated to that City from Rhoda where it had been till then Garsendis Princess of Bearn by the Death of her Father and Brother did Homage to the King of Aragon and confirmed the contract made that she should not Marry without his leave Some are of Opinion she was Marry'd to William of Moncada a Nobleman and Seneschal of Catalonia of which there is no proof and therefore I thought better to leave it dubious than attempt to decide it on either side CHAP. V. The League made against Peter Ruiz de Azagra
concluded betwixt those two Crowns Thus much concerning the Original of this Order of Knighthood I know some will have King Alonso the Chast and others King Ramiro to be the Founders of it long belong this time but they have no grounds for it In France after much trouble Peace was concluded betwixt the King of Aragon and Earl of Toulouze who was dissatisfied for that the King obstructed the Marriage of his Son with the Daughter of the late Earl of Provence The King gave him 3000 Marks of Silver to quit his pretensions and his Son Married the Sister of Trencavelle Viscount of Carcassonne her name was Beatrix Hugo Great Master of the Templers was very instrumental in making this Accommodation Castile after a long Oppression began now through the Valour of its King D. Alonso to lift up its head At the same time the power of the Moors declined The Almohades wholly taken up with the affairs of Africk had not leasure to mind Spain Besides Aven Jacob Successor to Abdelmon tho' of sufficient Valour yet equalled not his Father in good Fortune The King of Castile being now at Age resolved not to let slip so good an opportunity of inlargeing his Territories Having therefore taken his revenge on Navarre and Leon he consulted with the King of Aragon about carrying on the War against the Moors and it was determined to begin by the Conquest of Cuenca This City was built by the Moors on a high and Craggy Hill shut up on two sides by the Rivers Xucar and Huecar so that it is naturally impregnable The ascent is difficult the Streets narrow so steep that Horses cannot go in many of them In those days it had no Spring nor Wells at present Water has been brought to it from other Hills so that it was easie to keep the Town from Water but not practicable to assault it by reason of the Cragginess of the Ground Great preparations were made in both Kingdoms and many Captains of note and Prelates attended the Kings in this Expedition Among them Peter de Açagrd being now reconciled to the Kings was the first that took his Post before the City The Siege was begun with the Year and there being no Possibility of Battering or Assaulting the Town lasted long the Moors defending themselves in hopes of relief Provisions grew as scarce in the Camp as in the Town and they lived only upon plunder Besides there was no Money to pay the Soldiers and invite Vivandiers These difficulties moved the King of Castile to go to Burgos to raise Money The Cortes or Parliament being Assembled it was proposed that not only the Commonalty but Nobility and Gentry who used to be free from Taxes should pay to the King five Maravedies of Gold a Head for that the populace was before wasted with Taxes This advice was given by D. James de Haro Lord of Biscay whose Sister was Marryed to the King of Leon and brought him two Sons Sancho and Garcia Peter Earl of Lara opposed it and a great number of Nobility joyning him left the Assembly resolving to maintain their Priviledges by force of Arms. The King moved by this danger gave over that Tax It was agreed among the Nobles to make an Annual Feast to Peter of Lara and his Successors in Memory of this Mutinous exploit Whilst these debates were at Burgos the Siege having lasted Nine Months Cuenca was at last taken in the Month of September 1177. This same Year was Fortunate to Navarre in the Birth of Ferdinand of whom the Fruitful Queen Beatrix was delivered after she had brought Sancho Raymund Berengaria Teresa and Blanch. For the greater honour of the City Cuenca it was by consent of the Pope made a Bishoprick the Priviledges of Valera an Episcopal See in the time of the Goths being translated thither To the Citizens was granted the Priviledge of sending Representatives to the Cortes or Parliament In reward of their good Service the Aragonians were freed from the Homage they ow'd to Castile A League was concluded betwixt the two Kings against all Princes except him of Leon who was exempted in respect to his Kindred After Cuenca the War continuing Alarcon a place of no less strength was taken Also the Town of Iniesta better known for its Salt-Pits the Salt whereof is like Transparent Stone than for the goodness of the soil The Knights of St. James that they might be nearer the Moors were Ordered to settle their Monastery at Vcles whence King Ferdinand of Leon repenting what he had done would have had them return to their first Habitation After much debate it was agreed that Four Priests of that Order should be sent to Leon who should still be Subject to the Monastery of Vcles which they afterwards refused and Pope Vrban I. Ordered the Monasteries should be independent of one another only subject to the great Master of the Order Not long after these Knights were admitted to Portugal and had large Possessions given them They for many Years obey'd the Great Master of the Order till King Denis assigning them a Head of their own withdrew them from any dependance on Castile Tho' these things fell out in several Years they are put together to ease the Memory Let us return to the series of the History The King of Castile now built the City Plasencia on the Borders of his Kingdom and made it a Bishoprick The Walls of Toledo were repaired and the Town of Alarcos rebuilt All this hap'ned in the Year of our Lord 1178. At the same time Alonso King of Aragon upon the death of Giraldus Earl of Russillon who dy'd without Issue seized upon that Earldom and from thence forward stiled himself King of Aragon Earl of Barcelona and Russillon and Marquess of Provence On the 20th of March 1179. he set out from Perpignan towards Cazola where he was to have an interview with the King of Castile Here it was agreed that Valencia Xativa Denia and their Dependancies should belong to the Conquest of Aragon All the other Towns in the Kingdom of Murcia were assigned to Castile They also made a League against Sancho King of Navarre to his great loss for the Castillians took from him the Towns of Briviesca Cerezo Logron̄o and all that lies between the Mountains Doca and Calahorra To these Roderick the Archbishop adds Navarrete Thence the Army of Castile marched towards Leon where they plundered and wasted all the Country The King of Leon being too weak to defend himself Sollicited him of Aragon putting him in mind this was a breach of the Confederacy made at Cuenca There only wanted a pretence for the Kingdom of Aragon to break with Castile therefore he sent to demand Restitution of Hariza and its Castle and in case of refusal to declare War Great were the Apprehensions of a Bloody War yet the King of Castile's modesty prevented it for he restored Hariza and forbore carrying on the War
before Santarem King Alonso tho' very Aged and Lame since his hurt at Badajoz in so much that he could not ride having assembled all the Force of his Kingdom marched to Santarem He charged the Moors in the Front and his Son Sallying out of Town upon the rear they were easily put to flight Great Slaughter was made The Moorish King Mortally wounded endeavouring to pass the River Tagus which is there deep and rapid was drown'd This Victory was obtained in the Year 1184. Abenjozeph Brother to Abenjacob succeeded him in the Empire of Africk and Spain CHAP. VII The Death of the Kings of Leon and Portugal Alliances betwixt the Kings of Spain The defeat of the Christians at Alarcos Sancho the Wise King of Navarre dies Sancho the first King of Portugal Alonso the Ninth of Leon. THE Death of Armengaud Earl of Vrgel somewhat abated the joy all Spain conceived for the Victory of the Portugueses over the Moors He was Son of Armengaud of Castile Earl of Barcelona Marryed to a Sister of the King of Aragon and had not only great Dominions in Catalonia and Aragon but was also Lord of Valladolid in Castile as being great Grandson to Peranzules before spoken off This Prince to advance the Christian Cause with his own Forces broke into the Territory of Valencia and after some successful Exploits was killed in an Ambush laid by the Moors near the Town of Requena Others will have it that he was slain by the Castilians but that is not so probable He left a Son of his own Name who inherited his Dominions On the other side the King of Navarre entred Castile plundering all the Country as far as Atapuerca where the Abbot of S. Peter de Carden̄a met him with the Standard of Roderick Diaz Sirnam'd Cid begging he would restore the Booty The King not only condescended to his Request but accompanied that Standard back to the place whence it was brought These things hap'ned in the Year 1185. At the same time the King of Portugal and his Son went to Coimbra and thence to Porto where the Marriage betwixt Teresa the King's Daughter and Philip Earl of Flanders was Celebrated the Flemings call her Maud. After the Solemnity they return'd to Coimbra there the King worn out with Age and Diseases dy'd on the 6th of December being 91 years old His Body as he had ordered was bury'd in a mean Tomb in the Church of Santa Cruz built by him and thence remov'd by King Emanuel to a stately Sepulchre of Marble He was a Man accomplish'd in all manner of Virtue the Founder and Conqueror of the Kingdom of Portugal His Zeal for Religion appears by the many Churches and Monasteries he Founded in Lisbon Ebora and other places His Queen Malfada was not inferior to him in Piety and perform'd many like Acts of Christian Generosity Spain enjoy'd Peace after the late Agreement among the Christian Princes and Death of Abenjacob the Moorish King Peter Ruiz de Açagra Lord of Albarazin was willing to assist the Christian Kings in their Wars but would not be Subject to any of them and therefore stiled himself the Vassal of S. Mary The strength of his City and the Emulation of the Kings each striving to draw him to himself secur'd his Possession In the Year 1186. in January the Kings of Castile and Aragon meeting at Agreda by mutual consent Banish'd out of their Dominions all the Kindred of the said Peter de Açagra that were of his party No more was done at that time At the beginning of the Year following Gaston Viscount of Bearn did Homage to the King of Aragon at Huesca as his Predecessors had done This Year was unfortunate for the taking of Jerusalem Baldwin King of that City and the Great Master of the Templers by Saladin In Castile King Alonso regulated the Order of Calatrava In the Year 1188. dy'd Frederick King of Leon at Benavente having Reign'd 31 Years and was bury'd in the Royal Chappel at Santiago He was judg'd more fit for War than Peace immoderate in the desire of Ruling but brave and generous Martin a Priest of Leon at that time writ many Books and is said to have attain'd all his Learning in a Vision in which S. Isidorus appear'd to him and gave him a Book to eat whereas before he was very Ignorant Sancho succeeded King Alonso of Portugal and Alonso IX his Father Ferdinand in the Kingdom of Leon. Upon the Death of his Father Alonso turn'd back being then on his way to Portugal whither he was going only to shun his Mother-in-law who accounted him a Bastard and could not endure that he should take place of her Children Hence arose continual Disgusts and tho' the new King allowed her the Joynter setled by his Father yet at last she was oblig'd to retire to Najara where she spent the remainder of her Days In the Monastery of S. Mary Royal in that City are the Tombs of that Lady and her Brothers D. Lope Bishop of Segovia and D. Martin de Haro Alonso King of Leon was twice Marry'd first with Teresa Daughter of King Sancho of Portugal by whom he had three Children Sancha Ferdinand who dy'd young and Dulcis then being Divorc'd by reason of Consanguinity he Marry'd Berengaria Daughter to Alonso King of Castile his Cousin-german Sancho the first of the Name King of Portugal call'd the Peopler and the Fat was Marry'd to Aldonça Dulcis Sister to the King of Aragon By her he had many Children which were Alonso the eldest Ferdinand Peter and Henry who dy'd young and 5 Daughters Teresa Malfada Sancha Blanch and Berengaria After the Death of the Queen he had many Children by two Mistresses by the first call'd Johanna he had Vrraca and Martin by the other whose Name was Mary Teresa Egidius Constance and Roderick Teresa was Marry'd to Alonso Tello who Founded the Town of Albuquerque Alonso King of Castile by one Wife had eleven Children whereof Blanch was the happiest for that being Marry'd to Luis VIII King of France she was Mother to S. Luis After Blanch follow'd Berengaria Sancho Vrraca and Ferdinand born in the Year 1189. then Malfada and Constance then two or three Sisters whose Names are not known and lastly Ellenor and Henry the youngest who came to succeed his Father as shall be shown in its place The King of Castile was the greatest Potentate in Spain and consequently terrible to the others which mov'd them to joyn in a League Offensive and Defensive They endeavour'd to draw the King of Leon into this Confederacy but he was more inclinable to his Cousin the King of Castile and therefore as soon as setled in the possession of his Kingdom he went of his own accord to Carrion where the Cortes or Parliament of Castile was held in the Year 1188. There he was Knighted by the King and kissed his Hand a Submission misbecoming the Regal
Authority Conrad Son to the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa who was going a Pilgrimage and Raymund Earl of Toulouze were present at that Assembly and Knighted by the King according to the Custom of Spain A Match was also agreed upon betwixt Conrade and Berengaria the King's Daughter but at last it took no effect The Kings of Aragon and Navarre in the Month of September 1190. had a Conference at Borgia and there concluded a League against Castile Afterwards Leon and Portugal were drawn into the Confederacy at Huesca where the Embassadors of those two Crowns met the King of Aragon There to the former Articles it was added that none of those Princes should make Peace or Truce or declare War without the consent of the others The Treaty was signed in May 1191. This same Year Pope Clement III. departed this Life at Rome and Celestin III. succeeded him Gonzalo Archbishop of Toledo dy'd in August the same Year In his time King Alonso gave the Towns of Talamanca and Esquivias to that Church Martin Lopez for his extraordinary Actions and Generosity call'd the Great succeeded him This same Year the River Tagus was Frozen at Toledo a thing very rare in that Temperate Climate James Lopez de Haro Lord of Biscay the greatest among the Nobility of Castile and Governour of Briviesca Najara and Soria perswaded the King to assemble the Cortes or Parliament at Carrion in the Year 1192. for carrying on the War against the Moors Least the Kings of Leon and Navarre with whom Castile was at Variance should take any advantage while the King was employ'd against the Infidels a Peace was concluded with those Princes Then Martin Archbishop of Toledo was Ordered to Commence the War as a prelude to what follow'd In Aragon the Earl of Vrgel who since his Father's death had been out of the Kingdom upon account of the Enmity betwixt him and Ponce de Cabrera a Powerful Man now at length came and submitted himself to the King Gaston Earl of Bearne Marry'd a Daughter of Bernard Earl of Cominges and with her had in Dower the Lordship of Bigorre in Feof of the King of Aragon Berengarius Bishop of Tarragona was kill'd on the 16th of February 1194. by Michael de Moncada as is reported but the cause of their Enmity is not known On the 17th of June following dy'd at Pamplona Sancho King of Navarre for his more than Ordinary Learning Sirnamed the Wise His Body was bury'd with great Pomp in the Cathedral of that City He Reign'd 43 Years 7 Months and 6 Days By his Wife Sancha Aunt to the King of Castile he left Ferdinand Ramiro Berengaria Teresa Blanch and the eldest of them all that succeeded him was Sancho VIII King of Navarre who for the greatness of his Spirit and Warlike actions obtained the Title of the Strong He was also called The Confin'd for that towards his end he was long shut up in the Castle of Tudela by reason of a Cancer he had and would suffer no Body to see him There remain many Footsteps of his Magnificence and particularly he turned the Channel of the River Erbo to bring it to Tudela and built a Bridge over it He founded two Monasteries of Cistercians called Fitero and Oliva and a Church of the invocation of St. Mary at Roncesvalles for himself and his Successors to be Bury'd His Wife was Clemencia Daughter to Raymund IV. Earl of Toulouze by her he had Ferdinand who dy'd before his Father of a fall he had from his Horse in hunting and was bury'd in the Church of S. Mary at Tudela At the time of D. Sancho's Accession to the Crown all Spain was under the apprehension of a Bloody War Martin Archbishop of Toledo had broke into Andaluzia and made great havock putting all the Country to fire and Sword and no Body attempting to oppose him returned with a rich Booty The Moors incensed at this loss gathered all their Forces and Abenjoseph Mazemute Miramamolin of Africk came into Spain with a vast Multitude of Men for not only the Almohades but the Arabs and Ethiopians follow'd him This Inundation pass'd over Sierra Morena and incamped near Alarcos a Town built not long before by the Christians King Alonso was no ways daunted but having sent to the Kings of Leon and Navarre for aid advanced to Alarcos and pitch'd his Camp near the Enemy whose Multitude fill'd all those Hills and Plains Some advised to wait the coming of the two Kings others more hot would not give them any share in the honour of that Action The worst advice took place both Armies drew out and a Battle was fought near Alarcos upon Wednesday the 19th of June 1195. Great Bravery was shown on both sides but the Multitude of the Enemy prevailed our Army was put to flight great Numbers slain and among them Martin Martinez Great Master of Calatrava Some say Martin Archbishop of Toledo was in this fight James de Haro the Principal Promoter of this War behav'd himself ill and withdrew at the beginnig of the Battle to Alarcos either despairing of success or as some will have it being disgusted with the King for comparing the Gentry of Andaluzia to the Nobility of Castile in Bravery The Moors after the Victory not only took Alarcos but entred the Kingdom of Toledo as far as Yevenes which is Six Leagues from that City and then turned back In our days there remain only some ruins of Alarcos and a Church of Our Lady held in great Veneration it is supposed the Infidels destroyed that place This misfortune was deem'd a judgment of God on the King for that Neglecting his Wife he was fallen in Love with a Jewish Woman whom the Nobility in scorn caused to be killed The King being in a rage for the loss of her an Angel appeared to him in the same form he had one painted and with threats oblig'd him to give over that fondness In the Church of Illescas on the right hand of the High-Altar is a Chapel called the Angel with an Inscription signifying that to be the place where the Angel appear'd to King Alonso the Good so he is stiled The Kings of Leon and Navarre hearing of the disaster befallen at Alarcos drew back their Forces He of Leon visited King Alonso but he of Navarre returned without so much as Saluting him which affront the King of Castile highly resented and resolved to take revenge not only of the Moors but of the Navarrois CHAP. VIII King Alonso of Aragon dies and his Son Peter succeeds him The King of Leon divorc'd Castilians and Aragonians over-run Navarre Alonso King of Castile 's two Daughters Marry'd to the Kings of England and Leon. Plague and Famine in Spain THE following Year being 1196. dyed King Alonso of Aragon the second of the Spanish Kings in Power in Valour inferior to none He breath'd his last at Perpignan at a time his Kingdom enjoy'd Plenty and
Biscay and in return would immediately adopt him his Son and Successor King Jayme accepted of the Adoption which was there instantly perform'd and for the better colour it was reciprocal so that whoever dy'd first the other was his Heir On the 4th of April this Contract was sign'd such of the Nobility of both Kingdoms as were present Confirming it Besides the Navarrois lent the Aragonian a great Sum of Money towards the charge of the War and had some Towns given him in pawn for the same News being brought that the King of Tunez was equipping a great Fleet to recover Majorca King Jayme was forced to make short and return to Zaragoça At this time dy'd the Lady Aurembiasse and appointed her Husband her Heir whence ensu'd new Troubles for D. Ponce de Cabrera would not quit the old Pretensions of his Family The King prevented the mischiefs that might have follow'd giving the Earldom to the new Pretender except the City Balaguer which he kept himself and to the Prince he gave the Command of the Island Majorca for Life This done he sail'd over to Majorca and understanding the King of Tunez could not come that Year return'd home King Ferdinand being taken up in setling his new Kingdom gave the Charge of carrying on the War against the Moors to Roderick Archbishop of Toledo and for his encouragement assign'd him the Town of Quesada if he could retake it from the Infidels who of late had possessed themselves of it As soon as Summer came on the Archbishop having spoiled all the Country and burnt the Corn on the Ground took not only Quesa and Caçorla but also Cuenca Chelis Niebla and other Towns of less Note thereabouts This was the Original of the Government of Caçorla which for many Years was in the hands of the Archbishops of Toledo who appointed a Lieutenant to act there in their Name Quesada being again taken by the Moors and recovered by King Ferdinand remain'd in Propriety to the Kings of Castile About this time John King of Jerusalem having lost most of his Kingdom went into Italy He was by birth a Frenchman and now solicited the Christian Princes to assist him in recovering his Dominions In the mean time he Marry'd his only Daughter Violante to the Emperor Frederick II. who for that reason took the Title of King of Jerusalem from him his Successors the Kings of Sicily had it and so it was continu'd in the Kings of Aragon and of Spain successively After this Marriage King John came into Spain and landed at Barcelona in the Year 1232. was nobly entertain'd by the King of Aragon the same by King Ferdinand in his way to Santiago whither he was going to pay his Vows At his return he Married Berengaria the Daughter of the King of Castile then went back into Italy hoping with the Succours of Christendom to conquer the Holy-Land but the Success answered not his expectation The Annals of Toledo say his coming into Spain was eight Years before this time Having lost all hopes of regaining his Kingdom by the Pope's Command he took upon him the charge of the Empire of Constantinople during the Minority of the Emperor Baldwin who in Recompence for his good Services afterwards Marry'd Mary his Daughter by the Lady Berengaria In Castile the Soldiers of the Military Orders joyning with the Bishop of Plasencia took from the Moors the Town of Truxillo in Estremadura on the 25th of January King Jayme went over the third time to Majorca and Conquer'd the Island Minorca Yvica one of the Pituissae was subdu'd the following Year 1234. by and at the Charge of William Bishop of Tarragona and therefore that Island was added to his Bishoprick This Year on the 7th of April dy'd at Tudela King Sancho of Navarre His Body was bury'd at our Lady of Roncesvalles a Monastery of Canon Regulars built by him As soon as he was dead the Navarrois sent for Theobald Earl of Champagne as being the next of the Blood and Crown'd him in May at Pamplona An Author writes that the King of Aragon winked at it perhaps out of scruple of Conscience as having no Right but the War he made afterwards shows it was rather the necessity of the times that made him lie still for the present till he was in a better condition to pursue his Pretensions tho' there seem'd to be little hopes because the People bore him no Affection He was besides taken up with the thoughts of Marrying Violanto Daughter to the King of Hungary which King Ferdinand labour'd to hinder hoping to reconcile him to his Aunt Ellenor from whom he was Divorc'd some Years before Embassadors had passed betwixt them upon this subject but nothing being concluded the two Kings had a meeting at Huerta on the Borders of both Kingdoms upon the 17th day of September Nothing was done as to the main Business for strong reasons the Aragonian urged But besides the Towns she had before he gave to Queen Ellenor Heriza to live in and condescended that for her satisfaction her Son might stay with her till he grew bigger This Lady spent her Time and Revenue in Pious Works Particularly near Almaçan at her own cost she founded a Monastery of Premostratenses an Order not long before instituted by Humbertus a Native of Lorrain The Name of Premostratenses these Religious took from the first Monastery they had which was built in the Wood of Premostre CHAP. X. The beginning progress and end of the War against Cordova with the Conquest of that noble City AFter the interview between the two Kings of Castile and Aragon they both return'd to the War against the Moors The Aragonians incourag'd by their Success in Majorca and offended at Zaen who after Usurping the Crown of Valencia had entred the Territories of Aragon burning and destroying many Towns and Villages as far as Amposta and Tortosa were resolv'd to invade Valencia The Castilians advanc'd still in Andaluzia The distractions that were among the Infidels promis'd success to the Christians for they were at that time divided into the Factions of Almohades Almoravides Benamarines and Benadalodes Such Confusion was among them that tho' no Body had lent a hand to pull it down their Kingdom must have fallen of it self In Catalonia the Tax called Bovaticum was again rais'd Many Incursions were made into the Territories of the Moors particularly D. Blasco de Alagon took from them the strong Town of Morella It somewhat offended the King that any private Person should commence that War before him therefore he took that Town from D. Blasco and in lieu of it gave him the Town of Sastago This is the original of the Earls of Sastago a Noble Family in that Kingdom After the taking of Morella another Town called Burriana having held out a Siege of two Months surrendred to the King upon promise of Life and Liberty 7000. Men and Women march'd out of the place This
to reduce the Aragonians to submit to the Jurisdiction of the See of Toledo The Prelates of that Country in a Provincial Synod held at Valencia had Decreed that the Archbishop of Toledo should not have his Cross carry'd before him in that Province and Interdicted any Town that should permit him to do it D. Roderick happening to be there continu'd to have his Cross carry'd as usual for which D. Peter de Alvalete the chief Fomenter of that Contention declar'd him Excommunicate They had recourse to Pope Gregory IX who gave Judgment in favour of Toledo Yet the Aragonians not submitting D. Roderick now undertook this Journey to secure his Prerogative He dy'd in France being upon his way home His Body was brought into Spain and bury'd at Huerta a Monastery of Benardine Monks on the Borders of Aragon Near to the High Altar is to be seen his Sepulchre with an Inscription in unpolish'd Latin suitable to that time to this effect Birth Navarre gave Castile me bred and Paris taught Huerta my Bones receiv'd my Soul Heaven sought His Body dy'd but the fame of his Vertue will last for ever John II. of that Name by some called of Medina succeeded him in the Archbishoprick About the same time dy'd Raymund Earl of Provence leaving four Daughters Margaret Marry'd to S. Luis King of France Ellenor to Henry King of England Sancha to Richard the Brother of the said Henry and Beatrix to Charles Earl of Anjou This Earl tho' his Wife was the youngest by the assistance of King Luis and consent of that People inherited the Dominions of his Father-in-law Mean while King Ferdinand staid at Cordova resolving to lay close Siege to Sevil. He sent Raymund Boniface a Native of Burgos and well versed in Maritime Affairs to fit out a Fleet in Biscay that Country being stor'd with Wood and the People good Sea-men Whilst the Fleet was providing the King laid Siege to Carmona in the Year 1246. or thereabouts The Town was well Fortified had a strong Garison and plenty of Provisions for which reasons it could not be entred yet it submitted to pay down a great Sum of Money and a Yearly Tribute for the future Constantina Reyna Lora Cantillana and Guillena were all taken some by Assault others surrendred Reyna was given to the Knights of Santiago Constantina to the Council of the City Cordova and Lora to the Knights of S. John All things succeeded prosperously only it was fear'd lest the King of Aragon should be some hindrance to the Affairs of Castile for that King was displeased with Prince Alonso upon pretence that he did not keep within the Limits assign'd by agreement to the Conquest of each Crown It was fear'd this might come to a Breach and therefore some Persons employ'd to adjust these Matters sought means to reconcile all differences Nothing appear'd more effectual than a Match betwixt Prince Alonso and Violante King Jayme's Daughter which might be advantagious to both Kingdoms This was no sooner proposed than agreed to by both Parties and the Marriage was Celebrated with all Magnificence at Valladolid in the Month of November King Ferdinand was not present at the Solemnity being wholly bent upon the Siege of Sevil for now Raymund Boniface with a Fleet of 13 Sail had Coasted about by Cape Finisterre and lay before the Mouth of the River Guadalquivir where he Vanquisht the Enemies Navy The Moors of Tangier and Ceuta fitted out a Fleet of 20 Ships and Galleys for the Relief of Sevil and meeting with our Squadron there ensu'd a desperate Fight Those Africans were experienced Seamen and being so much superior in number would not give way to the Biscainers who with the lightness of their Vessels had the advantage to shun the Enemy when there was occasion and to lay them Aboard when they found it for their purpose Three Ships of the Moors were taken two sunk one burnt and the rest fled Aragon was now under an Interdict and all the Churches shut up The occasion was that the King in his Youth had familiarity with D. Teresa Vidaura who now challenged him for her Husband before the Pope pleading a Verbal Contract She having no Witness Sentence was given against her After this the Bishop of Girona to whom some say the King had revealed the secret acquainted the Pope with it upon which the Pope was inclinable to call the Cause over again This being known to the King in a rage he sent for the Bishop and caused his Tongue to be cut out If the Bishop revealed a secret told him in Confession he well deserv'd that Punishment As soon as Pope Innocent who then held the Council at Lions as has been said heard what had been done he laid an Interdict on the Kingdom and Excommunicated the King Hereupon the King submitting begg'd Absolution which was granted and the Pennance imposed on him that he should finish the Monastery of Benifacianum begun 20 Years before in the Mountains of Tortosa and assign it Revenues to the yearly value of 200 Marks of Silver also 600 Marks yearly to the Hospital at Valencia and that he should erect a Chapellany in the Cathedral of Girona where Prayers should be perpetually offered up for himself and Successors This account is taken out of the Records of the Monastery Benifacianum and tho' most Authors make no mention of it I would not wholly omit it The Reader may give credit to it as he thinks the thing deserves In the utmost part of Spain towards the West stands the City of Sevil the Metropolis of Andaluzia and for Riches may be reckoned among the Chiefest in Europe It s strength consists not only in the Walls but the number of Inhabitants its beauty in the numerous stately Buildings and splendour of the People Betwixt this City which is on the left hand and a Suburb called Triana on the right runs the River Guadalquivir hem'd in with high Keys and carrying water enough for Ships of great burden which renders it commodious for the Trade of the Ocean and Mediterranean A Bridge of Wood built upon Boats joyns the Suburb to the City In the City is the old Palace inhabited by the ancient Kings in the Suburb facing the East is another stately Royal House Near the River stands a Tower for the excellency of its Workmanship commonly call'd the Golden Tower Near the Cathedral is another Tower of Brick exceeding all the others being 60 Yards in breadth and four times that height upon it another little Tower now White-washed and Painted with sundry Figures wonderfully beauteous It would be too tedious to relate all that is great and extraordinary in this City There were in it at this time 24000 Families divided into 28 Parishes The first and chiefest is S. Mary and is the Cathedral none in Spain compares with it for greatness It is a common saying of the Churches of Spain that of Toledo is Rich that of Salamanca Strong
that of Leon Beautiful and that of Sevil Great The Revenue of the Church is 30000 Ducats the Archbishops 120000 the Canons and other Dignities proportionably The Country is plain pleasant and fruitful A great part is planted with Olive-trees which produce large and pleasant Fruit thence sent to other parts It has so great a Trade and the Farmers are so numerous and rich that in the time of the Moors in Olive-Orchards call'd Axarase there were 100000 Cottages and Oil-Mills which number tho' it seem incredulous we have the Authority of King Alonso the Wise's History to testifie it The concourse of Strangers is greater than could be imagin'd especially since the Trade with the West-Indies All these things stirr'd up King Ferdinand to undertake the Conquest of so important a place Axatafe King of Sevil was not unprovided but gather'd Forces not only of his own but out of Africk and laid in great stores of Arms and Provisions All things being plentifully provided for the carrying on a long Siege King Ferdinand mov'd from Alcala Guadayra where he had spent some time and sate down before Sevil on the 25th of August in the Year 1247. The King himself Encamp'd on the Bank of the River below the City by the Fields of Tablada D. Pelayo Perez Correa Master of Santiago took his post on the other side the River in a Village called Aznalfarache to oppose Abenjafon King of Niebla who was possessed of all the Towns in that Neighbourhood Many Sallies were made by the Moors to obstruct carrying on the Works but no consiedrable Action hap'ned It was the chief care to guard all the Avenues as well the River as the Land and the Soldiers ceased not to plunder all the Country Carmona streightned with these losses surrendred Nothing was omitted by the Besieged that might endamage the Christians especially they attempted several times with Artificial Fire-works to burn our Fleet but the great Vigilance of the Admiral Boniface disappointed all their designs D. Pelayo Correa Master of Santiago and D. Lorenco Suarez did great service during the Siege Above all things incredible are related of Garci Perez Vargas of Toledo and being such they are not worthy to have a place here Mean while Prince Alonso the King's Son being invited to it by the Townsmen design'd to possess himself of Xativa in the Kingdom of Valencia and did actually take Enguerra a dependance of Xativa The King of Aragon justly provok'd by these Proceedings took Villena and 6 other Towns in the Limits of Castile having Brib'd the Governours Besides at the beginning of the Year 1248. he took from the Moors a Town called Bugerra in the same Territory These Misunderstandings seem'd to threaten greater and worse Consequences therefore Prince Alonso who was inclin'd to Moderation resolv'd upon a Conference with the King of Aragon and accordingly they met at Almizra a Town belonging to that King There by the Mediation of the Queen of Aragon and D. James de Haro with other great Men all matters were adjusted the Towns wrongfully taken restor'd on both sides and the Limits and Conquests of each Party assign'd By this Contract Almansa Sarasulla and the River Cabriolo were allotted to Murcia to Valencia Biara Saxona Alarca and Finestrato All things being setled the Princes parted King Jayme laid Siege to Xativa and had it surrendred to him towards the end of the Summer This City stands in a pleasant Country near the Mouth of the River Xucar Prince Alonso and D. James de Haro made hast to the Siege of Sevil. Alhamar also King of Sevil joyn'd King Ferdinand with a good Body of Men and that so opportunely that the Christian Soldiers weary of so tedious a Siege were about abandoning the Camp Sickness that began to spread among them greatly discourag'd them Winter was spent and no great advance made King Ferdinand himself tired with so many difficulties was dubious whether to raise or continue the Siege The Besieged in a Sally having burnt our Engines and overturn'd the Works now scoffed at our Men from the Walls Nevertheless the Siege was continued with so much the more resolution because fresh Supplies came daily into the Camp Thither repaired the Bishops D. John Arias of Santiago but falling Sick made no stay D. Garcia of Cordova D. Sancho of Coria also the Masters of Calatrava and the Princes Frederick and Henry besides a great number of Nobles It was hard by reason of the greatness of the City to secure all the Avenues tho' they were strictly watched Boniface the Admiral desiring to destroy the Bridge provided two great Ships which with the Flood and a strong Westerly Wind with full Sails so violently bore upon it that the Chains which held the Boats could not withstand the force of the shock Thus the Bridge was cut off on the 3d of May to the great Joy of the Army Flush'd with this Success the Soldiers on a sudden gave an onset on all sides labouring to make a Breach with all sorts of Instruments so resolutely that the Besieged were in great danger Their resolution and the strength of the Walls overcame the labour of the Christians Provisions beginning to fail and no hopes of Relief appearing the Citizens at first in Whispers began to talk of a Surrender soon after it became the publick Discourse and at last they demanded a Parly The Commissioners sent out to treat were for submitting to any Conditions except delivering the City and the King would hearken to nothing less than a Surrender Whilst the Treaty lasted a Truce was concluded upon At first they offer'd to pay the same they had always done to the Miramamolines This offer being rejected they proposed to deliver the third part and then half the City to be separated from the rest by a Wall over and above those Revenues King Ferdinand admitting of no Proposal less than the surrender of the City at last they came to this Conclusion That the Moorish King with all the Inhabitants carrying all their Goods might freely depart whither they pleased That excepting Sanlucar Aznalfarache and Niebla all other Towns and Castles depending on Sevil should be delivered up A Month was allow'd for performance of Articles The Castle was presently deliver'd up and on the 27th of November 100000 Moors Men Women and Children marched out of the City Some went over into Africk the rest were dispersed into other Towns and Cities in Spain This Siege lasted 16 Months during which time the Camp was like a City all things being there plentifully sold in Shops regularly disposed and Smiths Carpenters and other necessary Trades continually working On the 22d of December the King in great State entred the City and heard Mass in the Cathedral which to that purpose had been Blessed by Gutierre late Elect Archbishop of Toledo in the place of John who dy'd on the 23d of July Raymund de Losana was chosen Archbishop of the new City Sevil
succeeds him KIng Alonso the Tenth of the Name as was of right succeeded his Father Ferdinand His Reign for the strange variety of Revolutions that happen'd prov'd much more wonderful than glorious For what can be more admirable than to see a Prince bred in War and so Learned that few private Persons could compare with him reduc'd to that Unfortunate State he could neither obtain the Empire offer'd him by Strangers nor secure the Kingdom left him by his Father but to be reduc'd almost to the state of a private Man He sully'd the Title of the Wise purchas'd by his Learning by not knowing how to foresee and prevent the Calamities that fell upon him At Sevil where he was when his Father dy'd he was Proclaim'd King His first action was to renew the League with the King of Granada and he remitted him the sixth part of the Tribute he us'd to pay This was done in respect to his good Services and to encourage him to continue faithful That Prince was so great an admirer of King Ferdinand that tho' a Moor he sent Yearly 100 Wax Torches to Sevil for that Kings Anniversary There was great scarcity of Money to relieve which want it was thought fit that instead of Pepiones a Coin so call'd that was made of pure Metal there should Burgaleses be us'd which were base and full of allay This was no relief to the King's wants for all things grew dear and he was forc'd to raise the Salaries of all Officers But the People were much more inrag'd when another sort of Money was invented call'd Black because it had much Copper 15 pieces of this Money were worth a Crown one Burgales was worth two Pepiones This Method of raising Money has often been found very prejudicial and soon made King Alonso odious to his Subjects King Alonso was troubled for the Barrenness of his Queen Violante Flatterers advis'd there might be a Divorce obtain'd and the King was easy to be perswaded He sent to conclude a Match with Christina Daughter to the King of Denmark and she was brought into Spain King Jayme of Aragon indeavour'd by fair means to alter this resolution but those failing had recourse to Arms. Thus the War broke out incursions were made on both sides and the Frontiers plunder'd Theobald King of Navarre dy'd now on the 8th of July 1253. As he was worthy of praise for his zeal towards the Holy Land so he was Blameable for invading the rights of the Church on which account it is said that Kingdom was for the space of three Years under a general Interdict After that time was expir'd Peter Remigius or Gaçoliz Bishop of Pamplona who had been Banished was reconciled to the King and return'd to his Church Theobald was honourable for other good qualities and especially for his Learning He had Three Wives by the first who was Daughter to the Earl of Lorrain he had no Children Being Divorc'd from her by the Pope's Command he Marry'd Sibila Daughter to Philip Earl of Flanders by whom he had Blanch Marry'd to John Duke of Britanny called the Red. By his third Wife the Daughter of Archimbaud Earl of Faux he had Theobald Henry and Ellenor Theobald succeeded his Father being then not 15 Years of Age but of an Excellent temper and promising hopes Queen Marguerite his Mother fearing Alonso King of Castile being eas'd of the War with the Moors would again set up his pretensions to that Crown had recourse to the King of Aragon with him she had a Conference at Tudela in August and they concluded a League Offensive and Defensive It was also agreed that Theobald should Marry one of King Jayme's Daughters and that neither of them should be given to any of the King of Castile's Brothers without the consent of Queen Marguerite However the King of Aragon sav'd to himself his pretensions to that Crown on account of the adoption of King Sancho That this League might be the firmer they had it confirmed by the Pope It aim'd directly at Castile The apprehensions of a War caus'd the King of Aragon and his Son to be reconcil'd Thus I find that Alonso the eldest Son confirm'd under an Oath what his Father had given to Peter and Jayme the two Younger Brothers A new War ensued Alasarcho a designing Moor promis'd to deliver up the Castle of Reguara King Jayme being a forward Prince easily gave credit to him and was on the way with a small handful of Men. He had fallen into the snare and been taken but that he had intelligence of the design The Moor thus disappointed perswaded those of Valencia to revolt thither the King hasted and it was debated to expel all the Infidels Interest sway'd the Nobility to oppose this advice but the Prelate and Commonalty prevail'd so the Moors were Commanded to depart Valencia and all its Territory within a time prefixt They tho' 60000. strong and in Arms obey'd and dispersed themselves into the Country of Murzia and Granada A considerable number also setled in that part now called La Mancha de Aragon formerly Montaragon of a Town of that Name At that time it was not Tilled nor Improved at present yields Corn that supplies many Places Ferdinand Brother to King Alonso made a considerable profit of the Moors for being Governour of Villena through which they were to pass he obliged every one to pay a Crown of Gold These affairs hindred the King of Aragon from falling upon Castile and this delay proved fortunate At the same time that Christina after her long Voyage came to Toledo which was in the Year 1254. it appeared that the Queen was with Child The King moved at so unexpected an accident changed his hatred into Love and those who before perswaded a Divorce now pleaded for the Queen Such is the Custom of Flatterers Philip the King's Brother notwithstanding he was Abbot of Valladolid and Elect Archbishop of Sevil renounced the Priestly Function and with the King's consent Marry'd Christina who dy'd soon after Queen Violantes Barreness was chang'd into Fruitfulness and she bore many Children These were Berengaria Beatrix Ferdinand called de la Cerda that is of the Hair because of long Hair that grew on his back Sancho Peter John James Elizabeth and Ellenor By a Woman of mean Extraction the King had Alonso Fernandez by D. Mayor Daughter to Peter de Guzman he had Beatrix both Illegitimate In the following Year 1255. Edward the Eldest Son of Henry King of England came into Spain the cause of his coming is not known unless it were on account of Christina who was his Cousin-german He was honourably received by the King at Burgos and by him Knighted according to the Custom of those times Honours directed to appease the Fierce Youth King Alonso had not the same Character in all parts In Spain he was hated by his Subjects and not much beloved by the Neighbouring Princes Abroad the Fame of
Learning gained him renown This moved the Electoral Princes of Germany after the Death of the Emperor William to choose him his Successor But they did not all consent for the Archbishops of Cologne and Mentz and the Count Palatine Elected Richard Duke of Cornwal Brother to Henry King of England This Election was made on the 6th of January in the Year 1256 some say two Years later The Archbishop of Treves and Duke of Saxony looking upon the other as invallid on the last day of March following made choice of King Alonso Embassadors were sent to them both and both took the Title of Emperors but Richard had so much the advantage that he immediately went over into Germany and was Crowned the first time at Aquisgran by the Archbishop of Cologne King Alonso was hindred by his Domestick troubles and forced to put off his departure This delay gave time to his party to cool in their Affections and the other to strengthen it self Richard seemed to have the better Title being chosen within the Year after the Death of his Predecessor and on the day appointed for the Election and also for that within the space of another Year he was Crowned at Aquisgran by the Archbishop of Cologne and seated in the Chair of Charlemaigne in token of possession Besides the Princes and Governours did him Homage All these Circumstances pleaded for Richard's right whereas King Alonso had performed none of the usual Ceremonies Both the Elector Palatine and King of Bohemia who are the Umpires when there is any thing depending had declared for Richard On the other side King Alonso pleaded that he was Elected according to Custom within the City Walls That the Archbishop of Cologne and the Palatine came with great Military Power as it were to force the others and had made a Separate Election without the Town That the Princes in the City had waited so long to reduce them to observe Order and at length the Archbishop of Treves with the Duke of Saxony who had also the Marques of Bradenburgh's Voice had Elected King Alonso the King of Bohemia's Embassador joining with them Besides these formal reasons they exprobrated Crimes to each other one side said The Archbishop of Treves was Excommunicated for oppressing his Subjects with Taxes The other objected he of Cologne had Wounded the Pope's Legate and stricken a Bishop and that the Elector Palatine abused the Churchmen and in the late Confusions had joyned with the Emperor against the Pope King Alonso being far off was detained by many troubles at home besides that he was naturally unconstant and hoped by some Artifice to put an end to that debate Richard was hindred by the Wars at that time betwixt England and France and dy'd the 6th Year after he took the Title of Emperor The end of this contest shall be told in its place CHAP. VI. Aragon and Castile at variance and reconcil'd Sancho King of Portugal dies in Exile Death of the Queen and Prince of Aragon Portugal under an Interdict Marriages of the King of Navarre and Prince of Aragon KING Alonso was naturally Mild had a great Spirit sought Glory rather than Pleasure addicted himself to Learning yet was very inconstant and covetous which drew upon him the hatred of the People and he neglected to gain the Love of the Nobility To shun idleness the ground of all intestine troubles he invaded Andaluzia his Army divided into several Bodies the better to recover divers places the Moors still possessed He in Person took Xeres his Brother Henry Arcos and Nebrixa a Town near the mouth of the River Guadalquivir D. Nun̄o de Lara was appointed Governour of Xerez Now might the Moors have been expell'd all that Country had not another War called away the King Theobald the second King of Navarre being come to Age with the assistance of the King of Aragon with whom he had renewed the League before made resolved to invade Castile pretending that Guipuscoa Alava Rioja and Briviesca belonged to his Crown and had been wrongfully taken from his Predecessors Many Nobles of Castile went over to Aragon and Navarre having first by a publick instrument renounced their Country which was the Custom used then not to be thought Traytors These stirred up and incensed that Young Prince Among them the chief was James de Haro who soon dy'd at Ban̄ares whether he went to be Cur'd Yet his Son Lope de Haro with a great retinue went to Estela where the King of Aragon then was The same did Prince Henry being much disgusted with his Brother These Princes made a League among themselves The People of Castile tho' they had not declared were of the same Opinion They were offended at the baseness of the Coin which caused all things to grow dear and the King having set rates upon all things there ensued a great scarcity because those who had stocks would not sell at that rate King Alonso understanding his danger began to Treat of some Accommodation with the King of Aragon who was not averse to it being again tho' old entangled in the Love of D. Teresa Vidaura to such a degree that he seemed infatuated At Soria the two Kings met and concluded a Peace in the Year 1256. At the same time Marguerite Mother of Theobald King of Navarre dy'd in Champagne whether she went to settle the affairs of that Earldom She was buryed in the Monastery of Claravelle then Famous for the Sanctity of its Monks The following Year dy'd at Toledo Sancho Capelo King of Portugal as Garibay in his History relates but Duarte Nun̄ez will have his Death to have happen'd in the Year 1246. His Brother Alonso who had Governed the Kingdom Thirteen Years only as Regent now took the Title of King He had by Beatrix Daughter to the King of Castile Denis his eldest Son Alonso Earl of Portalegre Blanch who lies bury'd at Huelgas where she was long Abbess and Constance who dy'd Young At this time Henry the King's Brother stirred up both the Moors and Christians at Nebrixa whether he was withdrawn to Rebellion D. Nun̄o de Lara having notice of it repaired thither from Sevil and Prince Henry not being able to oppose him fled by Sea to Valencia The King of Aragon at first received him favourably but for fear of infringing the Treaty concluded with his Brother obliged him to take his flight into Africk Thence after four Years spent at Tun̄ez he went over poor and miserable into France and so into Italy desiring to make War on his Brother if any Prince would support him The King of Aragon having setled Valencia passed over to Mompellier designing to meet the King of France On the 11th of May in the Year 1258. they met at Carbolio and were perfectly reconciled both parties freely resigning what had been before taken on either side Catalonia and Barcelona were also declared wholly independent of the Crown of France for till that
was very bloody Conradin and Frederick had their Heads cut off at Naples a hard Judgment upon such great Princes At this time another Debate arose in Aragon Gerard de Cabrera pretending to the Earldom of Vrgel pleading that his Brother Alonso's Children were not Legitimate Raymund Folch their Uncle by the Mother's side and other Men of Note supported them King Jayme seem'd to espouse Gerard's quarrel and that the more for that he had made over his Right to the King as not able to carry it off himself The King of Granada prepar'd to make War upon Guadix and Malaga and was offended that King Alonso contrary to what had been agreed did underhand support them D. Nun̄o de Lara and D. Lope de Haro being disoblig'd by the King blew the Coals They promis'd the Moor if he would take up Arms not only they but many other Men of Note would go over to him There was some rumour spread abroad of these Practices but there wanted Witnesses to prove the Fact This mov'd the King to go into Andaluzia This Year the King chang'd the Name of the Village call'd S. Peter de Ariznoa in Guipuscoa into that of Vergara and made it a Market-Town The Affairs of Andaluzia being setled and Winter coming on King Alonso return'd to Toledo to entertain his Father-in-law the King of Aragon who came to be present at the first Mass of his Son D. Sancho the Archbishop which was to be Celebrated on Christmass-day D. Sancho accordingly said Mass that day the two Kings of Castile and Aragon the Queen and Prince Ferdinand being present King Jayme of Aragon staid but 8 days at Toledo being resolv'd tho' very old to go over to the War in the Holy-Land inflam'd with the desire of restoring the ancient Glory of the Christians in those parts A great and valiant Prince worthy to have succeded better than he did in that Expedition CHAP. IX The King of Aragon 's Expedition for the Holy-Land The Kings of France and Navarre and the eldest Son of the King of England move upon the same Enterprize The Nobles of Castile Revolt Troublesin Aragon THE Affairs of the Christians in the Holy-Land were reduc'd to the last extremity Now unexpectedly a fair opportunity of restoring their losses offer'd it self and stirred up at one-time England France and Spain to take Arms. Whilst Pope Innocent IV. held the General Council at Lyons in France he sent four Preachers of the Holy Order of S. Dominick among the Tartars to try whether that Barbarous People could be reduc'd to embrace Christianity Those Preachers were so successful as to gain Reputation among the Barbarians who began to show some affection towards the Christian Religion These People had now Invaded that part of Syria which was under the Saracens and the great Cham their King sent Embassadors to invite most Princes of Europe to share in that Conquest Particularly he sent Embassadors to the King of Aragon with John Alaricus of Perpegnan whom the King on account of an Embassy receiv'd before had sent into Tartary The Tartar Embassadors staid ar Barcelona Alaricus went to Toledo where in an Assembly of the Nobles he gave an account of his Embassy King Jayme resolv'd to go in Person to that War without regard to his great Age or the Intreaties of King Alonso and Queen Violante King Alonso seeing he was not to be disswaded promis'd him 100000 Ducats towards the Charge of the War Some Nobles of Castile offer'd to bear him Company and among them the Master of the Knights of Santiago and D. Gonçalo Pereyra Grand Prior of S. John From Toledo he went to Valencia where he gave Audience to the Tartars and also to another Embassador from the Emperor Paleologus who promis'd to furnish Provisions and all other Necessaries After all things were in readiness at the request of Queen Violante his Daughter he went as far as Huerta and there took his leave of her his Sons and Grandchildren On the 4th of September in the Year 1269. he set sail with a Fleet of 30 great Ships and some Galleys The Season was not fit for such Expeditions In three days they had sight of Minorca where a violent Storm dispers'd the whole Fleet which was drove to several Ports The King was put in at Marseilles and thence remov'd to the Gulph of Agde Some Ships and among 'em that in which went Fernan Sanchez the King's Son weather'd the Storm and arriv'd at Acre in the Holy-Land After refreshing himself at Montpelier the King now repenting that he had undertaken that Expedition return'd to Catalonia In Castile King Alonso with Edward Son and Heir to the King of England went as far as Logrono to meet his Daughter-in-law who was coming out of France thro' Navarre to her Husband This Marriage was Solemniz'd with greater Splendour than was ever seen before for there were present at it Jayme King of Aragon Grandfather to the Bridegroom Peter his eldest Son Philip eldest Son to the King of France Edward Son and Heir to the King of England the King of Granada King Alonso his Brothers Sons and Uncle Alonso Lord of Molina A great number of French Italian and Spanish Nobility was there and among them William Marques of Montseratte who Jovius says was Son-in-law to King Ferdinand Sancho Archbishop of Toledo was also present some say he Marry'd them This Match was contriv'd that the King of France might quit the Pretensions he had to Castile as being the Son of Blanch eldest Sister to King Henry After the Solemnity King Alonso accompany'd the King af Aragon as far as Tarraçona The English and French went further than the Aragonians in the Expedition of the Holy-Land but without much Success Edward eldest Son to the King of England with a good Fleet arriv'd at Ptolemais and escap'd himself the danger of the Assassins S. Luis King of France set Sail from Marseilles on the first of March 1270. Theobald King of Navarre having committed the Government to his Brother Henry accompany'd S. Luis After a Storm they landed at Tunez Invested the Town overthrew the Infidels twice in the Field and continu'd the Siege the space of 6 Months The great heat caus'd the Plague whereof vast numbers dy'd and among them Prince John the King's Son and lastly the King himself on the 28th of August Charles King of Sicily landing at this Juncture the Besieg'd agreed to pay him 40000 Ducats a Year and then the Army went over into Sicily Theobald King of Navarre dy'd there in the City Trapana on the 5th of December The Body of S. Luis was carry'd to S. Denis near Paris that of the King of Navarre to Champagne Queen Elizabeth his Wife dy'd on the 25th of April the Year following at Hiere in Provence Let us return to Castile King Alonso at this time was perplex'd with many cares The ambition of taking upon him the Empire of Germany had
not ceas'd His Nobles were Mutinous and there was a report that the Moors of Africk made greater Preparations against Spain than they had ever done before Yet Peter Martinez the Admiral the last Year had taken Cadiz from the Moors by surprize There was some difficulty in maintaining that Island and therefore it was restor'd to the King of Morocco whose it was before by that means to oblige him King Alonso of Portugal sent his Son Denis then but 8 years old to his Grandfather the King of Castile to obtain of him that Portugal might be independant he quitting his Claim to any Homage from that Crown This was propos'd in an Assembly of the Nobility and oppos'd by none but D. Nun̄o Gonzalez de Lara the chief of the Malecontents Nevertheless the King carry'd it and Portugal was made Independant D. Nun̄o worse offended than before conspir'd against the King with D. Lope de Haro and Prince Philip the King's Brother Finding themselves too weak to carry on a Rebellion they sollicited Prince Henry who then govern'd Navarre to joyn with them but he excus'd himself with the absence of the King his Brother Being disappointed there those great Men sollicited the Kings of Portugal and Granada and even the Emperor of Morocco to joyn with them in making War upon Castile King Alonso was a Man of great sence but more fit for a Scholler than a King for whilst he Study'd the Heavens and Stars he lost the Earth and his Kingdom Understanding what was in hand by the information of Fernan Perez whom the Conspirators endeavour'd to engage to their Party he was much surpriz'd and apply'd his Thoughts to prevent the Mischiefs that threatned To this effect from Murcia where he then was he sent Henry de Arana his Embassador to endeavour some Accommodation with those Nobles who had then assembled themselves at Palencia to prepare for War He with the Queen went to Valencia to Confer with the King of Aragon That Prince like a wise Man having forseen the Storm that threatned Castile had at Burgos advis'd King Alonso not to proceed in making himself odious to his Subjects and that if he could not reconcile the Nobility he should gain the Commonalty and Prelates with whose assistance he might baffle all the designs of the others At this Conference nothing of moment was done King Alonso nevertheless was forc'd the next Year to return to Alicant to see the King his Father-in-law and desire he would withhold the Nobles of Aragon from joyning with the Rebels of Castile as they intended to do He also ask'd his advice for that the King of Granada made War upon Guadix and Malaga which Affair he ought first to take in hand King Jayme advis'd to observe the Treaty made with the Moors but that avail'd nothing for the King of Granada invited by the Rebels entred the Christian Territories burning and destroying all before him A Body of African Horse sent by Jacob Abenjoseph King of Morocco followed him Hereupon King Alonso orders his Son Ferdinand then at Sevil with all the Force he could make to oppose the Moors He himself went to Burgos to try if there were any means left to reduce the Rebels In that City the Cortes or Parliament met all those Mutiniers being summoned upon security of their Persons and for their greater safety the Hospital Royal without the City was appointed for that Assembly After several Conferences they were further from any Accommodation than before Their Passions swel'd to that height that many renouncing their Allegiance went away to Granada in the Year 1272. D. Nun̄o de Lara D. Lope de Haro and Prince Philip were the chief of the Conspirators Next to these Ferdinand de Castro Lope de Mendoça Giles de Roa Roderick de Saldan̄a besides a vast number of inferior Persons At their departure they burnt Towns and wasted the Country in token of their malice The King made hast to Toledo thence to Almagro and despairing of reducing the Rebels endeavoured to appease the King of Granada It this did not succeed he resolved to make War upon him with the greatest Force he could gather Whilst these things were acting in Castile Philip King of France Son to S. Luis added Poitiers and Toulouze to his Crown by Inheritance Not long after he expelled Roger Bernard Earl of Faux because he would not stand to Judgment This had like to have caus'd a War betwixt France and Aragon because that Earldom was a Feof of the latter The wisdom of King Jayme prevented it for he persuaded the Earl to submit himself to the King of France and so the dispute ended There were some apprehensions of Troubles within the Kingdom Peter the King 's eldest Son being offended at Ferdinand Sanchez his Bastard Brother for that in his return from the Holy-Land he had been nobly entertain'd by Charles King of Sicily and he suspected they had contriv'd something prejudicial to the Kingdom Ferdinand was at Burriana thither Peter came with a number of Soldiers and Ransack'd the whole House Mean while Ferdinand and his Wife Aldonça made their escape From this beginning greater Troubles arose the Nobility being divided between the two Brothers with such heat that Ferdinand's Party doubted not to raise War against the King himself All the Effect was that the Viscount of Cardona and other great Men lost their Estates Ferdinand Sanchez being taken by his Brother in the Castle of Pomar was Strangled and cast into the River Cinga The Head being taken off the other Conspirators were soon subdued But the Death of Fernan Sanchez hap'ned three Years later He left a young Son from whom the Family of Castro in Aragon descends To Roger Lauria King Jayme gave an Estate in Valencia because he had accompany'd his Daughter-in-law from the furthest parts of Italy This Gentleman proved a great Commander especially by Sea A Truce was concluded for many Years with Henry now King of Navarre his Brother Theobald dying without Issue The King of Aragon pretended a Right to Navarre but finding his own Subjects inclinable to Rebel thought good to agree with the Foreigners lest they should joyn with his People against him CHAP. X. Rodulphus of Ausburg chosen Emperor Henry King of Navarre dies his Daughter Joanna Inherits Alonso King of Castile agrees with his Nobles then goes into France to plead for the Empire before the Pope and returns re infecta KIng Alonso ardently desired to go over into Germany to take possession of the Empire and the more for that Richard his Competitor being dead the Electors were about choosing another This moved him to prepare for that Journey The wiser sort said it were better to settle the Kingdom at home Vain Men advised to carry an Army to subdue all that should oppose him in Germany Being resolved upon this Expedition he determined at any rate to Compound with the Moors of Granada and his own Nobles Mean while
Alhamar King of Granada died at the beginning of the Year 1273. He was a Man of Courage and Conduct Some differences arose about the Succession but that Party prevail'd with which the Outlaws of Castile joyned and Mahomet Miralmutio Leminio eldest Son to the Deceas'd was Proclaimed King Tho' this Prince was naturally an Enemy to Christians and many advised him to War yet because he was not well setled in his Kingdom King Alonso hop'd to conclude a Peace Besides several of the Revolted Nobles began to slacken in their Demands particularly Ferdinand de Castro and Roderick de Saldan̄a upon a safe-conduct came to the Cortes held at Avila At the same time in Germany they proceeded to an Election and Rodulphus Earl of Ausburg was by the unanimous consent of the Electors chosen Emperor All the Opposition King Alonso's Embassadors then at Francfort could make availed nothing The Cortes at Avila being broken up King Alonso went to Requena to consult with the King his Father-in-law about the carrying on the War against the Moors There he was seized with a dangerous Sickness and because nothing succeeded to his Mind thought good to try whether a Peace could be concluded by the means of the Queen and D. Sancho the Archbishop They two went immediately to Cordova to set the Treaty on foot To Pope Gregory X. the King sent Aymarus a Dominican and Ferdinand de Zamora his Chancellor who before the Pope pleaded the Illegality of Rodulphus's Election Ferdinand Bishop of Oviedo was sent to the Electors upon the same Errand All these Embassies took no effect But in the following Year 1274. the Pope holding a General Council at Lyons Fredulus was sent with the Legantine Power into Spain and Orders to offer King Alonso the tenth of the Ecclesiastical Revenues for carrying on the War against the Moors provided he would give over his vain pretensions to the Empire and not disturb the Peace of the Church Mean while King Henry of Navarre overgrown with Fat died at Pamplona on the 22d of July By his Wife Joanna Daughter to Robert Earl of Artois the Brother of S. Luis he left one only Daughter called like her Mother Joanna who succeeded him in the Kingdom tho' but three years of Age. This was the original of new Troubles and the cause that the Kingdom of Navarre was annexed to France Fredulus his Embassy was not ungrateful to King Alonso who answered he would entirely refer himself to the Pope Whereupon his Holiness in open Consistory confirmed the Election of Rodulphus and wrote accordingly to all Christian Princes He also ordered Rodulphus to prepare to go into Italy in order to be Crowned King Jayme tho' old went to the Council at Lyons and returned thence dissatisfied with the Pope because he refused to Crown him unless he would pay the Tribute agreed by his Father King Peter as has been said before Mean while the King of Granada and Rebellious Nobles of Castile by the Queen's Mediation were reconciled to King Alonso All their Demands were granted to the Nobles The King of Granada was ordered to pay 300000 Maravedies of Gold yearly and a great Sum of ready Money Besides because King Alonso had taken Guadix and Malaga into his Protection a Truce for a Year was concluded between them and the King of Granada Gonzalo Ruys de Atiença was then a great Man and the King's Favourite who had a great hand in this Accommodation The King of Granada and the Nobles with Prince Ferdinand set out from Cordova and were kindly received by King Alonso at Sevil. Things being thus setled the Army of Castile under the Command of Prince Ferdinand and by his Father's order moved towards Navarre to Conquer that Kingdom King Jayme having made over his Title to that Kingdom to his eldest Son Peter sent him to gain the good will of the People of Navarre who naturally were more inclinable to the Aragonians than the Castillians Neither the Policy of Aragon nor the Arms of Castile prevailed for the Queen retired into France with her Daughter under the Protection of that King Prince Ferdinand attacked Viana and being repulsed took Mendavia and other small Towns All things proved more difficult than had been expected notwithstanding no Army appeared to oppose him and the Nobility of that Kingdom was divided into several Factions Most inclinable to the Aragonians but chiefly Armengaud Bishop of Pamplona and Pero Sanchez de Montagudo Governour of the Kingdom Peter Prince of Aragon came as far as Sos a Town on the Borders of both Kingdoms there he pleaded his Title to the Crown or at least demanded 70000 Marks of Silver which King Theobald not long before had agreed to pay A Treaty being set on foot the Nobility proposed a Match betwixt the young Lady Heiress of the Crown and Prince Peter who was to have the Kingdom in Dower with her In case that Match should be disappointed they engaged to pay the Prince 200000 Marks towards the charge of the War they were to make with joynt Forces against Castile in case that King persisted to molest them These Articles were agreed on at Olite in November King Alonso being resolved to take a Journey into France held the Cortes or Parliament at Toledo that all things being setled he might set forwards The Government of the Kingdom he left to his Son Ferdinand to several Noblemen he gave Posts of Honour and made D. Nun̄o de Lara General of the Frontiers against the Moors The Cortes breaking up the King and Queen their younger Children and Emanuel the King's Brother about the end of the Year set forwards Their Journeys were short by reason of the greatness of the Retinue They went to Valencia then to Tortosa then to Tarragona where King Jayme waited to entertain them They kept Christmass at Barcelona and there began the Year 1275. Both Kings were present at the Funeral of F. Raymund de Pen̄afuerte a Dominican and Person of singular Piety This same Year died D. Pelayo Perez Correa Master of the Knights of Santiago very Aged and Famous for his great Exploits His Body was Buried at Talavera in the Church of S. James the Apostle which is in the Suburb as the People of that Town affirm Others say at S. Mary de Tudia a Church built by him at the foot of Sierra Morena in memory of a great Victory obtained there by him over the Moors Which was so remarkable that the People gave out the Sun had stood as at Joshua's Command They also say that Church at first was called of Tentudia from the words the Master said to the Mother of God which were Sen̄ora Ten Tu Dia that is to say Lady hold thy Day Fear makes one Hour look like many and many things are feigned or fancied in danger which never hap'ned King Jayme no way approved of his Son-in-law King Alonso's Journey and endeavoured all he could to dissuade him
his Sword saying There was no Reason such Men should fall out about that Dog The Arch-Bishop's Head and left Hand were cut off This Disaster was so much the more to be lamented for that the Enemy in that Fight might have been utterly overthrown had the Christians expected till D. Lope de Haro could joyn them for he coming up soon after with only his own Forces oblig'd the Moors to retire but could not totally defeat them because Night came on The Body Head and Hand of the Arch-Bishop being ransom'd at a great rate were bury'd in the Royal Chappel of Toledo where lay Alonso the Emperour and his Son Sancho Ferdinand Abbot of Covarrubias succeeded in the Archbishoprick and he having after six Months resign'd it because the Pope would not confirm his Election the Pope made choice of D. Gonzalo the second of the Name who had been Bishop of Cuenca first and then of Burgos He is said to have been a Cardinal and dyed in the Year 1299. This unhappy Year we now write of was yet more remarkable for the Death of Prince Ferdinand He dyed at Villareal where he had appointed the Rendezvous of all the Forces His Body was bury'd at Huelgas and his Death caus'd no less Grief at present than it afterwards produc'd Troubles his Brother Sancho pretending the Crown of Right appertain'd to him as second Son to King Alonso then Living notwithstanding Prince Ferdinand by his Wife the Lady Blanch left two Sons call'd Alonso and Ferdinand whom at the time of his Death he recommended to D. John de Lara eldest Son to D. NunÌ„o de Lara Prince Sancho being a Youth of good Conduct made Head against the Moors and put a stop to their proceedings He garison'd all strong Places and avoided giving Battle by that means gaining time for the fury of the Infidels to spend it self The Moors of Valencia encouraged by the success of the others and despising King Jayme who was grown old revolted notwithstanding Prince Peter was upon the Borders of Murcia wasting the Lands of Almeria with a good Body of Men. Navarre was no better setled at that time Philip King of France having contracted Joanna the Heiress of Navarre to his Son Philip who succeeded him and was called the Fair made Stephen de Belmarc a French-Man Viceroy of Navarre taking that Imployment from Peter de Montagudo A stranger had not sufficient Authority to quell the Tumults that then were in the Kingdom and Peter de Montagudo offended that he had been removed from that Post joyning with Garcia Almoravides who had always favour'd the Castilians they both headed the Mutineers Within the City Pamplona the Two Factions came to Blows Such was their cruelty that they burnt the Ripe-Corn and dash'd out the Brains of Children but the French had the worst of it Peter de Montagudo inclining afterwards to the French Party either for the sake of Peace or some other Cause was kill'd by his own People A Man unworthy that hard Fate for his many Virtues CHAP. II. Three Popes Dye in one year Prince Sancho of Castile contrives to Vsurp that Crown from his Nephews The Death of Jayme King of Aragon and of Alonso of Portugal Peter succeeds the first and Denis the latter THE following Year 1276 was remarkable for the death of Three Popes which were Gregory the Xth Innocent the Vth and Adrian the Vth. Innocent held it but Five Months and Two Days and Aâ—rian only Thirty Seven Days John the One and Twentieth succeeded him he was born at Lisbon and a great Scholar as appears by his Writings In the Ninth Month of his Pontificate he was kill'd at Viterbo by the fall of the Roof of the Room where he was Nicholas the III. was his Successor At this same time in Castile were sowed the Seeds of a Civil War which prov'd lasting and destructive Prince Sancho us'd all means to gain the affections of the Nobility and People which the King his Father had utterly lost His Journey into France had increas'd their Discontent The People was desirous of Novelties and the Nobles were well dispos'd to Rebel D. Lope de Haro a Man in great power was reconcil'd at Cordova to Prince Sancho A Truce was concluded with the Moors for two Years This done the King of Morocco pass'd over into Africk Prince Sancho with great speed went to Toledo upon pretence of visiting his Father then newly return'd from France His chief Design was to have the Succession settled upon himself with the consent of the King and Nobility D. Lope de Haro undertook to propose this Affair which highly displeas'd King Alonso both for that they urg'd the Succession whilst he was yet living and because he thought it a great wrong to exclude his Grand-children However by the Advice of his Brother Prince Emanuel then a great Friend to Prince Sancho it was resolv'd the Cortes or Parliament should meet at Segovia to determine this Affair Their Judgment was given in behalf of Prince Sancho in which doubtless regard was had to the Peace of the Kingdom which he would otherwise never have ceas'd to disturb In Aragon King Jayme us'd all his Endeavours to quell the Moors by Policy or if that fail'd to apply Force To this purpose he March'd through Valencia and in several Rencounters sometimes the one sometimes the other Party had the better Whilst the King was at Xativa his Forces were so intirely cut off at Luxen that from that Day which was Tuesday the People began to account Tuesday an unlucky Day Garci Ruiz de Açagra Son to Peter de Açagra Lord of Albarazin was slain in that Fight and the Head-Commendary of the Knights Templers taken The King griev'd at this loss and being very much broken with continual Labour left the Charge of the War to his Son Prince Poter and was carry'd away sick to Algezira a Town in Valencia There being given over by the Physicians he resign'd up the Kingdom to his Son giving him much wholesome Advice Then he put on the Habit of S. Bernard intending to spend what remain'd of Life in the Monastery of Poplete where he would also be buryed His Sickness gave him not so much Leisure he dy'd at Valenica on the 27th of July His Fame will be immortal not only for his great war-like Exploits but also for his Piety since Authors assirm that he built 1000 Churches I suppose he caus'd most of them to be Consecrated having taken them from the Moors For Martial Affairs he may be compar'd to the most renowned antient Commanders having fought Thirty pitched Battles with the Moors and been Victorious in them all whereby he obtained the Name of Conquerour He reigned Sixty Three Years and somewhat blemish'd his Good Name by his Incontinency By Queen Violante he had Peter Jayme Sancho the Arch-Bishop Elizabeth Queen of France Violante Queen of Castile Constance marryed to Prince Emanuel and Mary and Elenor who dyed
Bun̄ol There they met on the Fourteenth of Sept. 1272 and laying aside all former Animosities concluded a League After the conference the King of Aragon went away to Catalonia then in an Uproar caus'd by the Nobility Armengaud de Cabrera Son to Alvaro de Cabrera to whom the King not long before had given the Earldom of Vrgel was the great incendiary The King besieg'd Balaguer the chief City of that Earldom and in it took Armengaud himself and his Uncle Roger Bernard and some other Lords whom he long kept Prisoners especially the Earl of Faux who had Rebell'd several times Thus the Troubles of Catalonia ended Prince Sancho of Castile went to Badajoz whither his Father was gone from Sevil to endeavour to make Peace between his Grandson Denis King of Portugal and Alonso that Kings Brother whom he labour'd by Force to deprive of the Possessions his Father had left him King Alonso of Portugal Father to Denis dyed at Lisbon the beginning of this same year He Liv'd 70 years Reigned 32. and was buried in the Monastery of S. Dominick Built by himself in that City Prince Sancho having seen his Father was sent away to make New Levies throughout the whole Kingdom in order to March against the King of Granada who was then taken up in Building the Palace of that City call'd Alhambra an excellent Structure which cost much Mony that King being no less skill'd in Works of that Nature than in Military Affairs What pretence there was for this War I know not but suppose he was not included in the late Treaty made with the King of Morocco Denis the King of Portugal either that he confided not in his Grandfather or fearing he was more inclinable to his Brother tho he came as far as Yelves which is but Three Leagues from Badajoz on a sudden turn'd back and went away King Alonso in a great Rage to be so disappointed return'd to Sevil. At this time Conrade Lança Admiral of Aragon with a Fleet of Ten Galleys scour'd the Coasts of Africk particularly of Tunez and Tremezen because they refus'd to pay the Tribute agreed upon some years before A certain Author affirms this Expedition was undertaken to restore Mirabusar Expell'd his Kingdom of Tunez by his Brother All agree a great Booty was taken by the Aragonians and that at the Streights of Gibraltar they defeated Ten Galleys of the King of Morocco Taking some and Sinking others The King of Aragon at Valencia where he commonly resided gave a Grant of the Lordship of Segorve to his Bastard Son D. Jayme about the Month of November CHAP. III. The Practices of Prince Sancho He Rebels against his Father The King of Morocco comes to Aid King Alonso Returns home leaving a Thousand Horse to serve under him King Alonso Disinherits and Curses his Son Prince Sancho IN Castile the Affection the People bore Prince Sancho daily increas'd and many believ'd when he was once well rid of his Nephews he would ease his Father of the Burden of the Crown His Father suspected nothing less than such a Design Prince Sancho in the Spring of the Year 1280. March'd with the Army he had rais'd to the Frontiers about Jaen and being there Recruited with Forces sent by his Father from Sevil entred the Territories of Granada where he Burnt all the Country as far as that City and then return'd with a great number of Cattle and Captives to Cordova and thence bore his Father Company to Sevil. This Success endear'd him more to the People which was what he chiefly aim'd at to secure the Succession to the Crown Philip K. of France sent Embassadors to demand that his Nephews should be set at liberty and deliver'd up to him and in case fair means would not prevail to threaten War Nothing being concluded it was agreed the Three Kings upon sufficient Security given should meet and commune together All the Kings set forward but they met not for Prince Sancho cunningly broke off that Interview fearing his Father who was inclinable to his Grandchildren might conclude something that might be prejudicial to him However it was agreed that Charles Prince of Taranto Son to the King of Sicily should carry the messages between the Kings yet all came to nothing Prince Sanoho undermining their Designs The French only ask'd that Prince Alonso should have the City Jaen given him with the Title of King and to hold of the Crown of Castile After this Disappointment the Kings of Aragon and France met about the same Affair and with the same success only the King of France took an Oath he would resign the Lordship of Mompellier to which he had pretended a Right to Jayme King of Majorca Prince Sancho was extreamly pleas'd that he had disappointed all the Designs of those Kings yet fear'd his Fathers Love towards those Children and there wanted not some who incensed King Alonso against his Son Therefore the Prince resolv'd to strengthen himself with Foreign Aids and to that purpose procur'd an Interview between his Father the King of Aragon and himself at a Town call'd Campillo between Agreda and Taraçona on the 27th of March 1281. At this Conference a League offensive and defensive was established between the two Kings upon penalty of 20000 pound weight of Silver to him that first broke it Palaçuela Teresa Xera and Ayola were now given to the King of Aragon and in lieu of them to Prince Emanuel the King's Brother whose those Places were Escalona was given This is what was publickly acted In private they concluded with jont Forces to invade Navarre and agreed what part each was to have when Conquer'd Prince Sancho obtain'd that the young Princes his Nephews should be secur'd in the Castle of Xativa and the more to oblige the King of Aragon he promised after his Fathers Death to yield him up all the Kingdom of Navarre and to give him in Castile the Town of Requena with all its Dependencies which lies on the Borders of Valencia towards Murcia He valu'd not what promises he made to secure his Power D. John Nun̄ez de Lara a powerful Man was then Lord of Albaracin having Marry'd the Daughter and Heiress of D. Alvaro de Açagra the Son of Peter Rodriguez de Açagra both Lords of that City Thence he made inroads into both the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon carrying away much Booty and gave Protection to all those that fled to him on account of any Crimes whatsoever Particularly D. Lope Diaz de Haro a mighty Lord being offended at King Alonso and Prince Sancho for the Death of Prince Frederick and the Lord of Cameros was retir'd thither The King of Aragon and Prince Sancho consulted at Taraçona about taking that City and expelling D. John de Lara King Alonso went to Burgos to Celebrate the Neptials of his two Sons Peter and John Peter marry'd a Daughter of the Lord of Narbonne and John the Daughter of the Earl of
of that Place he made Incursions upon the Frontiers of Aragon The other was to appease the Nobility of Aragon and Catalonia who were then Mutinous and stirr'd up the People to Rebellion upon the usual Pretences of Liberty and Property To this effect the Cortes or Parliament met first at Taraçona then at Zaragoça and lastly at Barcelona where the King gave Orders for the Redressing all Grievances and so the People were pacified The War he had in hand with the French made him condescend lest whilst he was busie in Sicily or Italy the Aragonians should Revolt Besides he was perplex'd for that the Pope had not only Excommunicated but Deposed him of his Fathers Dominions and given the Conquest thereof to Charles de Valois the King of France his younger Son No less Troubles were at the same time in Castile caus'd by the Discord between King Alonso and his Son The greater number follow'd Prince Sancho King Alonso being forsaken by his own People had again recourse to Strangers and brought the King of Morocco the second time into Spain giving out it was against the King of Granada who was in League with the Prince This Expedition produc'd nothing remarkable because both Christians and Moors were better provided than had been expected and the King of Granada having put strong Garrisons into all his Towns would not hazard a Battel and so the King of Morocco return'd into Africk without doing any thing remarkable This Design failing King Alonso solicited the King of France to make War upon his Son and at the same time to have the Zeal of Religion make for him accus'd his Son before the Pope of Disobedience Impiety and Ingratitude in usurping his Crown before he was Dead The Pope gave Ear to this Complaint and Excommunicated all those that adher'd to Prince Sancho He also appointed Judges to hear both Parties and they laid an Interdict upon all Towns that were for the Prince so that at one time both in Castile and Aragon tho for different reasons the Churches were shut up yet the Rebellion continu'd the Prince threatning Death to the Popes Commissioners if they fell into his hands However the dread of Ecclesiastical Censures caus'd many to fall off from him Among the first his Brothers Peter and John began to take Compassion on their Father which Prince Sancho understanding he detain'd his Brother Peter with the promise of the Kingdom of Murcia but John withdrew privately and through Portugal got away to his Father at Sevil. Many Towns repenting their Disloyalty sought how to obtain the King's Pardon and clear themselves of the Excommunication they lay under and having obtain'd both presently submitted themselves Agreda and Trevin̄o were of this number Many Men of Note as D. John Nun̄ez de Lara D. John Alonso de Haro and Prince James joyn'd the Army of Philip King of France then marching to the Assistance of King Alonso and with him entred Castile plundering all the Country as far as Toledo without meeting any Opposition CHAP. V. The Death of Alonso King of Castile The beginning of the Reign of King Sancho the IVth The Defeat of the French Fleet on the Coast of Italy Albarazin taken by the King of Aragon KIng Philip of France had a Son of the same Name distinguish'd by the Title of the Fair who this same year others say the next Marry'd Joanna Queen of Navarre with whom he had that Kingdom This Prince now began to plead the Rights of his Predecessors and by that means sought to extend the Borders of his Kingdom which his Design was not a little forwarded by the Discord at that time in Castile Prince Sancho did as much as could be in such a Time of Confusion He quell'd the City Toro which was about Revolting and went out to meet D. John Nun̄ez de Lara who wasted the Territories of Calahorra Osma and Siguença and made him retire with more speed than he came After this it was agreed the Father and Son should have a Conference in order to which King Alonso came as far as Constantina and Prince Sancho to Guadalcanal Great hopes were conceiv'd of an amicable Accommodation yet by the perswasion of some of the Princes Familiars who hated his Father or rather because many hop'd to make their Advantage of the Publick Calamities They met not but the King return'd to Sevil and the Prince to Salamanca By Consent of both Parties Beatrix Queen Dowager of Portugal and the Prince his Wife Mary who was then deliver'd of a Daughter met at Toro and labour'd all that might be for an Accommodation but to no Effect for the Enmity daily increas'd and with it the Misery of the Kingdom This was the Posture of Affairs when King Alonso dy'd at Sevil some say on the 5th some the 21st Day of April without doubt it was in the Year 1284. In his Will sign'd the foregoing November he appoints D. Alonso first and then Ferdinand his grand-Children to succeed him and in Case they dye without Issue then Philip King of France to be next Heir as descended from the King 's of Castile being Grandson to Queen Blanch and Great Grandson to King Alonso who won the Battle of Navas He made no mention of his Sons and Brothers in hatred to Prince Sancho but hop'd to bring the Power of France upon him Yet at the Hour of Death at the suit of his Son Prince John he bequeath'd to him Sevil and Badajoz and to his Brother James the Kingdom of Murcia with the Title of Kings but so as to hold of the Crown of Castile He order'd his Heart should be bury'd on Mount Calvary and his Body in Sevil or Murcia but it was not perform'd for the Heart and Bowels are at Murcia and the Body at Sevil. He was a great and wise King had he made use of his Knowledge to his own Advantage and had he not blemish'd his good Qualities with Avarice and overmuch Severity It was he who first ordain'd that all Contracts and publick Instruments should be writ in Spanish and caus'd the Holy Bible to be Translated So that the Latin being no more us'd produc'd a profound Ignorance as well in the Clergy as Laiety King Alonso being Dead tho' his Son Sancho's Title was not good yet he succeeded him without any Opposition He was at that Time at Avila scarce recover'd of a Sickness in which he had been almost given over by the Physicians at Salamanca and strength of Youth help'd the Medicines to take Effect Here he took upon him the Title of King which he had forbore during his Father's Life The Title of the Brave he gain'd by his great Spirit and Actions till then more Successful than Honourable for glorious Titles are generally obtain'd by the favour of Fortune rather than by Merit He was doubtless Bold Subtle and Industrious in all his Undertakings His Reign lasted 11 Years and a few Days his Memory defac'd with
Abbot of Valladalid for that it was he who started that Discourse and consulted with the Queen how to be reveng'd They thought fit to call him to Aâ—â—ount for the administration of the Royal Revenue which he had Charge of and the Business was committed to the Arch-Bishop of Toledo King Sancho went away to Santiago in 〈◊〉 and by the way in the Monasterâ— of Sahagun finding that the Bonca of King Alonso the VIth and his two Queens Elizabeth and Mary were meanly laterred he â—â—us'd them to be put into decent Tombs with 〈…〉 Being return'd to Valladâ—lid he honour'd D. Lope Diaz de Haro â—â—rd of Biscay to whom chiefly he 〈…〉 Crown with the place of Lord Steward of his Household and his Standard heaâ—ery Besides he made him Governour of many Forth and on the 1st of January gave him the Title of an Earl all these Honours in remainder to his son James Lopez de Haro 〈…〉 de Haro Brother to D. Lope was made General of 〈…〉 Thus that Family increas'd Riches and Power and D. Lope became the King 's Favouriâ—â— all Things were govern'd according to his Will in so much that the other Nobles complain'd he tyranniz'd in the Name of King Sancho Paticularly the People of Leon and Gâ—â—cia found fault that he bestow'd all 〈…〉 upon his own Creatures D. Lope great yâ—t more Hanghty having marry'd his Daughter Mary to Prince John and endeavour'd to have the King put away his Queen that he might Marry his Consin Gulielma Daughter to â—astâ—n Earl 〈…〉 This was not at all pleasing to the King who had now by the Queen another Son call'd Alonso and therefore sought an Opportunity to â—ake off D. Lope yet fearing some Rebellion kept him close about his Person in the same Hâ—â—â—ur whilst he visited the Kingdom of Toledo and went to 〈◊〉 The Design of this burney was to 〈◊〉 the People of Galicia who had revolted and put a stop to the incursions of the 〈…〉 Prince Alonso the King of Portugal's Brother and D. Alvar NunÌ„oz de Lara Son to D. John de Lara a restless Man and us'd to live upon Rapine Prince Alonso was possess'd of the 〈◊〉 of Pertalegâ—â— and Roncaâ— on the Frontiers of Castile and Portugal 〈◊〉 Lope de Haro was lest to reduce the Rebels of Galicia The affair of Portugal was 〈◊〉 of between that King and him of Castile and they agreeing with joynt Forces laid Siege to Ronca destroy'd all the Country and oblig'd it to surrender The two Kings being together at this Siege the Portuguese advis'd the Castilian to take D. Alvar NunÌ„ez de Lara into Favour that his Greatness might serve as a check to D. Lope de Haro which was done accordingly D. Lope diving into that Design upon pretence of visiting his Cousin the Viscount of Bearne withdrew into Navarre The Navarrois were of themselves inclinable to make War against Castile and therefore upon his coming took up Arms. Clement Luna a Frenchman was then Viceroy of Navarre Many Incursions were made by the Navarrois as well into Castile as Aragon but nothing of Note was done except taking the Town of Salvatierra from the later The Aragonians made War into Italy with better success Roger Lauria a brave Commander and famous for his late Victories surpriz'd a mighty Fleet of the Enemy near Naples and after a sharp Dispute obtain'd a compleat Victory taking 42 Sale and 5000 Prisoners among which were many of Note Most of them were ransom'd only Guido de Montfort was not releas'd the Kings of England and Aragon being his 〈…〉 Enemies because this Man was Great Grand-son to Simon Earl of Montfort who as has been said overthrew and kill'd Peter King of Aragon in the War of Toulouze And Simon Grand-son to the other Simon took Richard Brother to King Henry of England Prisoner Guido also cruelly Murder'd Henry the Son of that Richard the Emperour in the Cathedral of Viterbo at Man in Revenge for his Father kill'd in Battle by Edward King of England The French and English Historians affirm 〈◊〉 Guido was deliver'd up to the King of England A Sicilian Writer of that Age positively says he 〈…〉 Sicily of a Disease which could not be cur'd without having to do with a Woman which he absolutely refus'd because he would not wrong his Wife Margueriâ—e who after his Death behav'd not her self so well as she ought to have done The Aragonians were now at Peace and famous for their Riches Strength and the memorable Action they had perform'd Only the King of Majorca â—â—â—ested the Coast of â—â—â—alonia but â—â— nothing Remarkable Alonso King of Aragon was renowned and had the Ballance of Peace and War in his Hands keeping the two rightful Princes of Castile Prisoners in Aragon and him of Salerâ—o in Sicily These Princes growing weary of their Confinement inclin'd to admit of any 〈…〉 so they might be enlarg'd and great Kings interceded for them Many 〈…〉 sent from France and Castile upon that Affair but the Authority of Edward King of England was of most Weight because the Aragonian sought to Marry his Daughter Ellâ—â—or â—â—ose Kings resolv'd to meet at the City Oloron in the Province of Bearne and there 〈…〉 of the King of England it was agreed that the Prince of Salerno should be set at Liberty within a Year upon these Conditions That the Kingdom of Sicily should remain to D. Jayme That he should prevail with the Pope to give his consent and take 〈…〉 censures under which the Kingdom of Aragon lay That he should Pay 30000 Marks of Silver That Charles of Valcis should quit his Pretensions to the Crown of Aragon given him by Pope Martin And that if all this were not perfor 〈◊〉 within the Term of three Years that Prince should return in Prison and in the mean while should give his Three Sons Robert Charles and Luis and Sixty Men of Note of 〈…〉 as Hostages Charles Prince of 〈◊〉 being set at liberty went over into France and thence into Tuscany and after having appeas'd the Tumults rais'd by the 〈◊〉 in Rodâ— was at last by Pope 〈◊〉 the IV th declared King of Apulia and Sicily and accordingly 〈…〉 Pope pretended the late Agreement was invalid being made without his Consent that Kingdom being an antient Fleâ— of the Church This highly perplexed the King of Aragon and the Wordâ— for that he understand that Sancho King of Castile was 〈…〉 to break 〈◊〉 him and joyn with the King of France the Queen and Arch-Bishop of Toledo favouring the French and many others oppos'd He â—â— many Troubles ensu'd and D. Lope de Haro dying â—â— shall be related but Friends and 〈…〉 fled to Aragon and were the 〈◊〉 of new Wars This 〈…〉 speedily with the French The Embassadors of both Kings and the Popes 〈…〉 at the â—â—ity Lyons in French and â—here they agreed Thâ—â— King Sancho should give to D. Alonso de la Cerda the Kingdom of Mâ—â—câ—â— upon Condition he
should not assume the Title of King of Castile and â—â—ould hold that Crown of him and do him 〈◊〉 for it That if D. Alonso dy'd without 〈◊〉 his Brother Ferdinand should 〈…〉 That the King of Castile should send â—000 Horse to the Assistance of the King of France to make War upon Aragon but give 〈◊〉 Army free passage through his Dominions if there was Occasion That the Two Princes then Prisoners being by the Two Kings set at Liberty should be deliver'd to the King of France This Agreement was so displeasing to Blanch the Mother of â—â—â— Princes that leaving her Brother she went away to Portugal She labour'd with a 〈◊〉 Spirit to get assistance against 〈◊〉 but the Success answer'd not the Pains she took Denis King of Portugal having 〈◊〉 the Moors his Dominions â—njoy'd perfect Peace and would by no 〈◊〉 be perswaded to hazard his own Quiet for the good of others This King had good natural Parts and who happy in a numerous â—â—ue By his Queen Elizabeth he had Two Daughters Elizabeth and Constance and one Son called Alonso who 〈◊〉 him By other Women he had Alonso de Albuquerque from whom descends a Noble Family in Portugal Peter given to 〈◊〉 as appears by a Book he wrote of the Nobility of Spain 〈◊〉 and Ferdinand 〈◊〉 two Daughters one marry'd to D. John de la Cerda the other to 〈◊〉 CHAP. VIII Troubles in Castile The rightful Heirs to that Crown before Prisoners in Aragon set at liberty Wars on that account betwixt those two Crowns Badajoz Mâ—tinies and is reduc'd An Interview betwixt the Kings of France and Castile CAstile was at peace with the Moors Amity being establish'd with the King of Granada and a Truce with the King of Morocco A Civil War was fear'd by all Men. These Troubles were occasion'd by the Death of D. Lope de Haro kill'd in the Court and even in the King's presence in this manner D. Alvar NunÌ„ez de Lara dying soon after he was reconcil'd to the King his Competitor D. Lope de Haro return'd to Court hoping to recover his former Favour But no sooner was D. Alvar dead than D. John his Brother was rais'd to the same degree of Esteem to the great satisfaction of the People and no less Grief of D. Lope de Haro who so highly resented it as to complain to the King himself Prince John D. Lope's Son in Law 〈…〉 Incursions far as Guidad 〈◊〉 The King complain'd thereof to D. Lope who had the Boldness to say 〈…〉 by his Consent and added that if the King went to Valladolid his Son in-Law would come to â—igules a Town 〈◊〉 that 〈◊〉 which was threatning of him The King tho inrag'd at this Affront dissâ—â—â—'d it at present and going to Valladolid spoke with D. John his Brother â—o those Troubles â—â—as'd for some time From Valladolid the King 〈◊〉 to Roa thence to 〈◊〉 then to Soria and then set forward towards Taragona to meet the King of Aragon and treat about delivering the Two Princes his Nephews This Meeting of the Two Kings was prevented by the Policy of D. Lope de Haro who pass'd betwixt them and made Proposals to each of them which the other never thought of His Design was by 〈◊〉 of these two Princes to pull down King Sancho from whom he was wholly 〈◊〉 Therefore nothing being concluded King Sancho return'd to Alfaro a Town or 〈◊〉 on the Borders Beacon and Navarre Prince John and D. Lope de Haro came thither to attend him without a sufficient Retinue to guard them There were 〈◊〉 at that 〈…〉 Arch-Bishop at Toledo the Bishops of Plasencia Callahorra Osma and Tuy besides the 〈…〉 Lord 〈…〉 and the Abbot of Valladolid all summon'd to a Council Prince 〈◊〉 and D. Lope being come into the Kings Presence he commanded them immediately to deliver up all the 〈◊〉 they held of the King and they excusing themselves he order'd them to be apprehended D. Lope 〈◊〉 Hand on his Sword and wrapping his Cloak about his Arm call'd the King Tyrant gave him much more opprobrious Language and stepp'd forwards to kill him All that were by 〈◊〉 and falling upon him first out off his Right Hand and soon made an end of him Prince John after wounding some of the King's Servant seeing his Father in Law Dead fled to the Queen's Chamber who stood before him to stop the King that follow'd with his drawn Sword and by her intreaties sav'd his life However he was put in Prison to stand Tryal for his Offences It would be tedious to relate all the particulars of this Treason and the Confusion in the Royal Family These Heads being taken off all Tumults ceased for the present and the Example terrifyed others from attempting just then to Rebel But when the Terror was somewhat abated that Action of the King 's began to be openly censur'd The Friends and Kindred of those two great Men withdrew from Court and many got out of the Kingdom Thus a mighty Storm seem'd to threaten and therefore the King as was said made hast to conclude the League with France Joanna Wife to the late D. Lope de Haro Daughter to D. Alonso Lord of Molina all clad in Mourning went to see the Queen her Sister at Santo Domingo de la Calçada where the Court then was and prevail'd so far with her Tears and the Queens intercession that the King was appeased and granted her Son should not be depriv'd of his Lord-ship of Biscay as had been design'd the Town of Haro and Castle of TrevinÌ„o being already seiz'd Moreover the Queen promis'd her Sister that if her Son would be quiet and submit himself to the King he should be restor'd to his Father's Honours The Lady Joanna like an unconstant Woman thinking this proceeded from Fear incens'd her Son against the King and perswaded him to cast off his Allegiance and go over to Aragon Mary Wife to Prince John then a Prisoner fled to Navarre and with her many of her Friends but others better advis'd stay'd to see the Event of Things Gaston Viscount of Bearne came speedily to Aragon resolving to hazard his Person and Estate in defence of his Kindred At the Request of all these Nobles the King of Aragon releas'd the Two Brothers Princes of Castile and the more to incense King Sancho in the Month of September at Jaca saluted Alonso the eldest King of Castile and Leon. This was the Foundation of new Wars which presently broke out between Castile and Aragon The Commonalty of Castile were for a Change the Gentry for the most part stood by King Sancho He about that time went to Vitoria in the Province of Alava and there the Queen was deliver'd of a Son who was call'd Henry This Journey was undertaken in order to meet the King of France at Bayonne as had been agreed and to subdue Biscay This War prov'd more difficult than was expected by reason of the natural Strength of
the Country want of Provisions and the Resolution of that People Some Hopes there had been of gaining D. James de Haro Brother to D. Lope by the means of Ruy Perez Ponce Master of Calatrava and the Lord-ship of Biscay was partly offer'd him but he chose rather to retire into Aragon resolving to stand by his Nephew All things were disposed for a Rupture when D. James de Haro Son to D. Lope dy'd very fortunately for King Sancho His Death caus'd the Affections of his Followers to cool and all Biscay which till then held out to submit to the Valour of James Lopez de Salzedo a Man in great esteem to whom that Affair was committed King Sancho having settled Biscay and put off the Interview with the King of France left his Brother Prince John Prisoner in the Castle of Burgos whence he was remov'd to Curiel and he himself being perplexed in Mind about the War with Aragon went to Sabugal a Town on the Frontiers of Portugal There he concluded a League with that King against the Aragonians and the out-Laws of Castile who prepar'd for War under Colour of restoring D. Alonso de la Cerda who stil'd himself King of Castile to his Grand-father's Kingdom These Things concluded King Sancho March'd with all the Forces he could gather to meet the Aragonians at Almaçan The Two Armies met in the Month of April 1289 but nothing remarkable was done Only Moron was taken by the Aragonians and Almaçan Besieg'd On the other side King Sancho entring the Frontiers of Aragon destroy'd all the open Country and burnt many Towns D. James Lopez de Haro in the same manner wasted all the Territory of Cuenca and Huete and defeated a Party of the Enemy near Pajaron killing Redorick de Sotomayor Commander of the Castilians D. James sent the Colours taken to the City Tiruel One Misfortune still follow'd upon the Neck of another and the Innocent People suffer'd for these Quarrels of the great Ones Most Cities sided with King Sancho but at Badajoz there happen'd a great Tumult That City of old was divided into Two Factions the Bejarani and the Portugueses The Bejarani being expell'd the City by their Enemies apply'd themselves to the King for Redress he order'd they should be restor'd but the Portugueses obey'd not Hereupon the Bejarani having gather'd a good Force kill'd many of their Adversaries and forc'd the rest to quit the Place This done they fortify'd themselves in the upper Part of the City and proclaim'd D. Alonso de la Cerda King King Sancho highly offended hereat laid Siege to the Town which presently surrender'd having Articled only for Life Contrary to Agreement 4000 Men and Women were put to the Sword The same happen'd to Talavera a considerable Town in the Kingdom of Toldo upon the same Account 400 of the principal Inhabitants were publickly Quarter'd at the Gate which for that Reason was ever since call'd the Gate of Quarters This the Inhabitants have by Tradition tho no Author makes mention of it These Two Towns serv'd for an Example to all others The following Year 1290 it was again agreed the Kings of France and Castile should meet They both accordingly came on the Day appointed to Bayonne The chief Points agreed upon at this Interview were That the King of France should desist giving any farther Protection to the two Princes of Castile That he should renounce all Claim and Title to that Crown as Great Grandson to Queen Blanch. And that both Kings should make War upon Aragon At the same time Tolosa Segura and Villafranca which began to be Rebuilt in Biscay in the time of King Alonso were now finish'd by King Sancho as appears by publick Instruments sign'd at Vitoria and Valladolid whither the King went from Bayonne The King of Aragon finding himself too weak to make Head against France Castile and Italy inclin'd to Peace notwithstanding Charles King of Naples did not perform his Promise at which the King of England who had procur'd his Liberty was highly offended All Parties had recourse to the Pope laying their Case before him He answer'd he would send Legates who having heard them all should endeavour to reconcile these Differences Benedict Colona and Gerard de Parma two Cardinals were sent into France to this Purpose Mean while Charles King of Naples and the King of Aragon upon Security given on both Sides met at Junquera a Town in Catalonia There they concluded a Truce for some Months whilst the Cardinals could settle a Peace which both earnestly desir'd King Charles that he might recover Sicily and the Aragonian to take off that long Interdict under which his Kingdom lay and put an end to the War with France that he might be at Leisure to bend his Force against Castile CHAP. IX The revolt of D. John Nunnez de Lara The Death of the King of Aragon His Brother Jâ—â—me succeeds him Matches betwixt the three Kings of Spain Defeat of the Moors at Sea Original of the Dukes of Medina Sidonia D. John NunÌ„ez de Lara began again to incline to take part with the Aragonians either out of his natural Inconstancy or because some Overtures were made of restoring Albarazin to him King Sancho understanding of what Consequence his stay or departure might be did all he could to oblige him and therefore made him General of the Frontiers of Aragon and bestow'd other Favours upon him All prov'd ineffectual and the more for that at Burgos where the Court then was Letters were brought him intimating some Design against his Person whether true or false is not known D. John who was naturally jealous gave Credit to those Letters and withdrawing from Court went away nastily through Navarre to Aragon notwithstanding the Queen us'd means to stop him and the King himself went after him as far as Valladolid As soon as D. John had joyn'd the other Conspirators he enter'd Castile and did all the harm he could as far as Cuenca and Alarcon A Body of King Sancho's Forces coming to oppose him was defeated and many Colours taken after which he forc'd the Town of Moya and return'd to Valencia with a great Number of Prisoners and Cattle From thence the King of Aragon D. James de Haro and D. John de Lara made an Incursion by the way of Molina Signença Berlanga and Almaçan and destroy'd all the Country without meeting any Opposition King Sancho endeavour'd to put a stop to this Mischief but an Ague kept him in such a Condition he could neither Act nor give the necessary Orders insomuch that he was given over by the Doctors The Queen who was lately deliver'd of a Prince call'd Peter tho' not perfectly recover'd set out to see the King Her Presence was comfortable to him and produc'd good Effect She reduc'd D. John de Lara who now repented his Change being disappointed of recovering Albarazin It was agreed that Elizabeth Daughter to the Lady Blanch and the Queen's Brother
Shout calmly said I thought the Enemy had entred the City and so return'd to Dinner with his Wife without the least sign of Concern The Moors desparing of Success since they could not move the Governour by the Death of his only Son return'd into Africk Besides they restor'd the City of Algezira to the King of Granada to the great Satisfaction of the Christians who fear'd that might serve as an Inlet to the African Moors About this time Prince Henry the King's Uncle who had been long a Prisoner at Naples arriv'd in Spain was received with much Joy by the King and they both went together from Burgos into Biscay to oppose D. James de Haro who with Assistance out of Aragon endeavour'd to recover that Province Having expell'd him the Country they return'd to Valladolid and thence to Alcalà de Henares There the King receiv'd the News of what had happen'd at Tarifa whereupon in the Month of January 1295. the King wrote a Letter to Alonso Perez de Gusman extolling his Loyalty and Bravery comparing him to Abraham in Sacrificing his Son giving him the Title of the Good to be annex'd to his Sirname and inviting him to Court The Original Letter is preserv'd to this Day by the Dukes of Medina Sidonia Three Months after on the 25th of April the King dy'd at Toledo He fell Sick at Alcala and was carry'd on Mens Shoulders to Toledo to see if change of Air would contribute to his Recovery but nothing avail'd He Reigned 11 Years and 4 Days was Resolute Wise Subtle and not a little Cruel He appointed his Son Ferdinand the 4th of the Name to Succeed him and the Queen to govern during his Minority notwithstanding she was not his Lawful Wife by reason of Consanguinity there being no Dispensation granted them Next to the Queen D. John de Lara had all the Power which was done to oblige him and prevent Troubles The King's Body was bury'd in the Royal Chappel of the Cathedral In the time of King Sancho two famous Civilians flourish'd who were William Galvan̄ in Aragon and Garcia Hispanus in Castile At this time Boniface the VIII sat in the Chair of S. Peter being Successor to Pope Celestile the V. he who being brought from the Desert and appointed to govern the Church after 6 Months Abdicated the Papacy an Example extoll'd and admir'd by many but imitated by none Therefore the more was his Successor to blame who brought him back when he was returning to his Solitude and cast him into Prison where he dy'd a Year and half after and was Canonized by Pope Clement the Vth. Boniface this same Year also Canonized Luis King of France Now by the Industry of Pope Boniface who was a great Scholar and States-man that was brought to pass which had been labour'd for so many Years in Vain which was the Peace betwixt France and Aragon To effect this there met at Agnanl the Pope Charles King of Naples and the Embassadors of France and Aragon Men of the first Quality The Conditions were these viz. That the King of Aragon marry Blanch the Daughter of the King of Naples That her Portion be 70000 Pound weight of Silver That Sicily and all the Aragonians are possess'd of in Calabria be restor'd to the See of Rome That if the Sicilians shall refuse to submit the King of Aragon be oblig'd to furnish such a Number of Troops as shall be appointed by Arbitrators towards subduing of them That Charles of Valois renounce the Title he pretends to have to the Kingdom of Aragon That the Pope absolve all that lye under any Ecclesiastical Censures upon account of these Differences That the Hostages be set at Liberty At the Instance of the Pope and King of France it was granted the King of Majorca should be restor'd to his Kingdom This is what was spoken in Publick In Private the Pope gave a hint of delivering the Islands of Sardinia and Corsica to the King of Aragon as lying Opportunely for him being near to Spain There is still a Bull of Pope Boniface extant to this effect dated the 27th of June The News of this Treaty being spread Abroad fill'd all Christendom with Joy Only the Sicilians were griev'd at it for they look'd upon it as the greatest of Misfortunes to return under the Subjection of the French Prince Frederick to whom his Brother at his Departure had left the Government of the Island and with him Roger Lauria John Prochita and Manfredus Lança all Men of great Note went to attend the Pope at Rome by his Order because they were concern'd at the late Agreement The Pope promis'd to marry Prince Frederick to Catharine Daughter to Philip and Grandchild of Baldwin the Emperor of Constantinople and offer'd the Empire of Greece which he hop'd to regain as a Portion provided he would not oppose what had been Capitulated The Offer was not contemptible had the Effect been suitable to the Promise After the Sicilians had with repeated Instances implor'd the Assistance of the King of Aragon without any Success in a general Assembly held at Palermo they proclaim'd Prince Frederick King Nevertheless his Brother King Jayme marry'd his new Bride at Villabeltran in October The Lady Elizabeth to whom he was before contraction was sent back to Castile He also publish'd a Proclamation commanding all the Aragoniant that were in Sicily to return Home Thus those Troubles were compos'd Peace was restor'd to Aragon and Sicily was not quite lost against which a great Storm was gathering Navarre was quiet under the Dominion of France Hugo de Constens Marshal of Champagne a Frenchman was Viceroy Honours and Employments were indifferently given to the Natives and Frenchmen which somewhat mitigated the dislike of those People since tho they were govern'd by Strangers they did not take to themselves all Employments of Profit and Trust The End of the Fourteenth Book THE History of SPAIN The Fifteenth BOOK CHAP. I. New Troubles and Wars in Castile where Prince Henry takes the Government from the Queen Prince John Proclaim'd King of Leon and Galicia Castile invaded by the Moors Portugueses and Aragonians THE Affairs of Castile were now in a very unsetl'd posture the Nobility being divided each striving to exert his Authority according to his Power and the Commons in Confusion gaping after Novelties Robberies Murders and all sorts of Crimes were committed The Queen was slighted by reason of her Sex and the King was not regarded because of his Age notwithstanding he had been proclaim'd the day after his Father's Death with all the Solemnity usual in like cases The Queen immediately caus'd the Excise upon Provisions to be taken off This Excise had irritated the People against her Husband King Sancho and now oblig'd them being taken off so that they continu'd firm to their Prince All the Neighbouring Princes were in a readiness to make their Advantage of the King's Minority D. John Nun̄ez de Lara
tho he had an Obligation laid upon him to continue Loyal favour'd the Enemy Prince Henry grown Peevish by his long Imprisonment and us'd to Evil Practices studied how to get the Government into his Hands and look'd upon it as an Affront that the late King had made no mention of him in his Will He first held Private Cabals at Berlanga then beginning to act more openly many Towns declar'd for him and particularly the Royal City Burgos The Cortes or Parliament Assembled at Valladolid where the Nobility declar'd so much in Favour of Prince Henry that tho' the King and Queen 〈◊〉 thither they would not admit them into the City till it was late and they had left their Retinue behind Here it was resolv'd that Prince Henry should govern the Kingdom and the Queen have the Education of the King to whom nevertheless they all again took the Oath of Allegiance King Sancho by his Will left the Lordship of Biscay as gain'd in War to his Son Prince Henry James Lopez de Haro broke into that Province by the way of Navarre and made himself Master of all Places except Balmaseda and Ordun̄a The Two Brothers of the House of Lara laying aside their Enmity with the House of Haro joyn'd with him in Hatred to Prince Henry who they could not endure should Govern the Kingdom contrary to the King's Will which nam'd one of them Prince John the King's Uncle who had stay'd till then in Africk came into the Kingdom of Granada aiming at the 〈◊〉 of Castile thinking he had a better Title than his Brother King Sancho for that the present King Ferdinand was not Born in lawful Wedlock It was wonderful to see how many Revolted upon this account which gave him an opportunity of seizing Alcantara and other Places on the Borders of Portugal King Denis of Portugal was so earnest for him that at the time the Cortes were held at Valladolid he sent to declare against Castile A great Storm threatned on that side but no less was on the other for at Bordalva in the Territory of Hariza the King of Aragon and D. Alonso de Cerda who stiled himself King of Castile and Leon met There on the 21th of January 1296 they agreed upon the following Articles That they joyn their Forces in order to restore D. Alonso to his Grandfathers Kingdom That the Kingdom of Murcia be given to the King of Aragon The Kingdom of Leon Galicia and Sevil to Prince John Cuenca Alarcon Moya and Can̄ete to Prince Peter of Aragon for his Service as General of that Expedition In this League were included Queen Violante Grandmother to D. Alonso the King of France Portugal and Granada and soon after D. John de Lara in hopes of recovering 〈…〉 On the other side through the Queens Industry D. James de Haro was reconcil'd the King and all the Estate of D. John de Lara who was gone to the Aragonians added his Lordship of Biscay By these means other Great Men were gain'd particularly D. John Alonso de Haro giving him Cameros which he had a Right to The Army of Aragon under the Command of D. Alonso de la Cerda and Prince Peter of Aragon entred Castile in April at Baltanas Prince John and D. John Nun̄z de Lara joyn'd them They march'd without any lett as far as the City Leon formerly great and rich then poor and unprovided and therefore was easily surrendred the sooner for that some Citizens held Correspondence with the Enemy There Prince John was proclaim'd King of Leon Galicia and Sevil. Soon after D. Alonso de la Cerda was in the same manner proclaim'd King of Castile at Sahagun Thence they march'd and laid Siege to Mayorga which is Five Leagues from Sadagun the Town being Strong and well Garrison'd defended it self bravely and the Siege lasted till August Mean while the Cortes or Parliament was summoned to meet at Valladolid The first that appear'd was Prince Henry who as soon as he alighted without changing his Riding Apparel went to the Queen then at Mass in the Castle After the usual Reverence with a feign'd Sorrow he laid before her the Danger of the Kingdom and urg'd how little Defence there was in a Woman a Child and an Old Man Then advis'd her to Marry the Prince of Aragon by whom she might be Protected and the Crown defended The Queen put him away with signs of Displeasure affirming She would rely on God and not use any dishonourable Means for her Preservation Thus Prince Henry's Design fell to the Ground About 4000 Horse were levy'd but Prince Henry could not be prevail'd upon to March with them and raise the Siege of Mayorga excusing himself with the War in Andaluzia Yet they March'd to Zamora to settle that Place then wavering in it's Duty to the King The length of the Siege allay'd the Fury of the Besiegers and the Heat of the Weather together with the Want of all Necessaries caus'd much Sickness among them These things and the Death of their General Prince Peter of Aragon oblig'd them to return home much weaker than they set out At their first entring Castile they consisted of 1000 Men at Arms and 50000 Souldiers The King of Aragon at the same time had better Success in Murcia for he took the City of that Name and all other Places about it except the Towns of Lorca Alcala and Mula which held out for King Ferdinand In all these Dangers and Troubles Prince Henry who govern'd Castile acted nothing for either side but seem'd to stand Neuter so that he oblig'd not the Enemy and drew on himself the Hatred of all Men who laid the Blame of all the Loss sustain'd to his Charge The Queen wink'd at these Practices of the Prince but some Men of Note did not spare to upbraid him therewith The Chief of these was Alonso Perez de Gusman who bravely defended the Frontiers of Andaluzia and more than any oppos'd the Designs of Prince Henry With a Body of Men he gather'd the Prince march'd to Andaluzia lest he should be thought altogether Idle and in a Skirmish he had with the Moors near Arjona was defeated and in great danger of being taken his Reins being Cut so that he could not guide his Horse Alonso Perez de Gusman in that danger furnish'd him with another Horse on which he escap'd After this Rencounter a Treaty of Peace was propos'd to the Moors The King of Granada demanded Tarifa offering in lieu of it 22 Castles 20000 Crowns in ready mony and to advance the usual Tribute of Four Years Prince Henry approv'd of these Conditions because of the present Necessities and want of Mony Alonso Perez de Gusman violently oppos'd it This difference was heighten'd to such a degree that the Moors being joyn'd by some Christians laid Siege to that City Alonso de Gusman had not a sufficient Force his Men deserted and those were his Enemies who ought to have protected him In
this Condition he resolv'd to have recourse to Foreigners The King of Portugal was a declar'd Enemy of Castile therefore he resolv'd to try whether the King of Aragon would relieve him To this purpose he wrote to him begging his Assistance and pondering how great a Service it was to Christendom and how much Honour would redound to him by so Noble an Action The King of Aragon answer'd extolling his Loyalty but as to Relief said he could send none for that he had but just before concluded a Peace with the Moors and could not in Honour break his word Another War broke out at the same time from Portugal That King march'd with his Army as far as Salamanca Prince John King Ferdinand's Uncle and D. John NunÌ„ez de Lara joyn'd him after the Aragonian Army return'd home Having consulted what was best to be done it was thought expedient to Besiege Valladolid where King Ferdinand was With this Resolution they advanc'd to Simancas within Two Leagues of that City There many Gentlemen deserted the Portuguese Camp looking upon it as a shameful thing that a King should be Besieg'd by his Subjects The King of Portugal fearing lest the rest should do the same and securing the Passes he might find it difficult to return home besides Winter drawing on march'd hastily to Medina del Campo and thence to Portugal dismissing his Army The Forces the Queen had prepared for this War went by her Order to Besiege the Town of Paredes Nothing was done there for that Prince Henry with the Forces he had gather'd in Castile and the Kingdom of Toledo prevented their Design He pretended it was not proper to disturb the Cortes or Parliament then Sitting by bringing the War so near to them but in truth he was disgusted with the King and favour'd his Enemies The Queen dissembled and endeavour'd to gain him by Favours giving him at that same time the Towns of Santislevaâ— de Gormaz and 〈…〉 By the same means she drew to her D. John NunÌ„ez de Lara tho' no Confidence â—ould be reposed in him for he would have gone over to the Aragonians had they given him the Town of Albarazin The Cortes were held at Valladolid in the beginning of the year 1297. and there being great scarcity of Mony all Places promis'd to furnish a great Sum which they afterwards perform'd At the same time by the Valour of John Alonso de Haro the Navarrois were put to Flight who had surpriz'd part of the Town of Najara designing to recover those Parts they had old Pretensions to and particularly the Territory of Rioja D. Jayme King of Aragon at Rome whither he was call'd by the Pope was Proclaim'd King of Sardinia and Corsica Thither went from Sicily Constance his Mother Violante his Sister Roger Lauria the Admiral and John Prochita A Match was concluded betwixt the Lady Violante and Robert Duke of Calabria Heir to the Kingdom of Naples The Nuptials were perform'd with great State Pope Boniface himself officiating King Frederick prepar'd to defend the Kingdom which had been given him by so general a Consent of the People War was declar'd against him as the disturber of the Peace of Christendom and his Brother the King of Aragon appointed Generalissimo All things being thus order'd the King of Aragon return'd home to prepare for the War Rogor Lauria was sent to Naples to serve that King Queen Constance and John Prochita weary of so many Troubles and pitying the unfortunate State of Sicily stay'd at Rome Some say they both dy'd there but most Authors agree she ended her days Five Years after at Barcelona and was buried in the Monastery of St. Francis where there is a Tomb to this day with an Inscription and her Name CHAP. II. Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal setled by the means of double Allyances betwixt those Princes The Progress of the Wars in Sicily The Jubilee first instituted Bilbao Built and Prince John reconcil'd to the King THE King of Aragon being return'd home the Towns of Lerida Vlia Filera and Salvatierra were restored to the Crown of Navarre in pursuance of the Articles made at Agnani not fulfill'd till then Alonso Ronco a Frenchman was Viceroy of Navarre in the year 1298. The City Albarazin was taken from the King of Aragon's Bastard Brother and restor'd to D. John de Lara on pretence of doing him Justice but indeed to draw over that powerful Man D. John took the Oath of Fidelity to the King at Valencia on the 7th day of April This the King of Aragon did to strengthen himself to invade at once Castile and Sicily Attempts too great for his Power The King of Sicily forsaken on all sides was most exposed to Ruin He of Castile was reconcil'd to the King of Portugal by the means of two Matches that were concluded The one was betwixt King Ferdinand and Constance the Daughter of King Denis tho' she was under Age. They were Contracted with great Solemnity at Alcaniz a Town on the Borders of Portugal and the Publick Joy was the greater for that Blanch King Ferdinand's Sister was Marry'd to Prince Alonso Son and Heir to King Denis tho' but eight years Old which was the other Match The Bride was deliver'd to her Father-in-Law and carry'd to Portugal So eager were the Castilians upon securing of Peace that tho' nothing was given in Dower by the Portuguesse with his Daughter King Ferdinand with his Sister gave the Towns of Olivença Conguela and Campo de Moya which was no small disgrace to Castile but the necessity of the Times excus'd it All the King of Portugal did was to send 300 chosen Horse under the Command of D. John de Albuquerque to serve the King of Castile against Prince John his Uncle who stil'd himself King of Leon but all this came to nothing and those Horse return'd to Portugal as they came D. Alonso de la Cerda on the other side had taken Almazan and other Towns upon the Frontiers of Aragon and Garrison'd them Siguença was Attack'd by D. John de Lura but defended by the Valour of the Citizens The Conspirators wanted Mony and therefore lest Provisions and the Souldiers Pay should fail they Coin'd Some but of base Allay Denis King of Portugal at the Request of his Son-in-law brought a good Body of Men to his Assistance by the way of Cuidad Rodrigo but being more inclinable to Peace than that Time would bear he return'd to Portugal dissatisfy'd The reason of his disgust was that he would have the Province of Galicia given to Prince John who call'd himself King and to his Heirs and that he should keep the City Leon during his Life The Queen and Nobility of Castile would not consent to those Conditions as dishonourable and prejudicial Upon the King of Portugal's Return some Nobles of Castile whom Fear before aw'd began to Revolt But the great Wisdom of the Queen pacify'd them giving every one as much as
all the Thirds of Ecclesiastical Profits which the Kings Alonso Sancho and Ferdinand had receiv'd without leave till then and gave them to her for three Years longer The Nobility was dissatisfy'd with the Queen Mother and the Princes John and Henry the King's Uncles with D. John Son to Prince Emanuel D. John de Lara D. James de Haro and other great Ones endeavour'd to estrange the King from her To this Effect they call'd the Abbot of Santander who was Chancellor and Treasurer to account for the Revenue because he was preferr'd by the Queen but he being clear'd with Honour that Design fell to the Ground Philip King of France at the beginning of the Year 1303. sent Embassadors to demand those Towns the Navarrois pretended to belong to them but they obtain'd nothing The King of Aragon made Overtures of Peace which were also rejected He offer'd to restore all the Kingdom of Murcia if they would only deliver Alicant to him The Queen lik'd not the Proposal She remov'd D. John de Lara who began to be great with the King and made Prince Henry Lord Steward but he held it not long and these beginnings produc'd Jealousies betwixt the King and his Mother and disorders among the Nobility Prince John and D. John de Lara laying aside their former Grudges had great Power over the King Prince Henry D. John Son to Prince Emanuel and D. James de Haro could not endure to see the Queen Mother slighted for that they ow'd her Obligations This disgust had such Effect that they sent for D. Alonso de la Cerda in order to agree with him Gonzalo Ruiz was sent to Almazan to set this Affair afoot and perswade the Aragonians to march into Castile Whilst these things were in Agitation in Castile Pope Boniface was made Prisoner in the City Agnani by a Party of 300 Horse that broke in upon him being rais'd by the Cardinals of the House of Colonna whom he had depos'd and not without consent of the King of France whom he Excommunicated Three days after the Citizens of Agnani rescu'd him from the Conspirators and he return'd to Rome where he dy'd of a Disease caus'd by Grief conceiv'd for this Affront on the 12th day of October and the 35th after his Imprisonment Nicholas General of the Dominicans was in the next Conclave chosen Pope and took the Name of Benedict the XIth CHAP. IV. The Differences betwixt the Kings of Castile and Aragon reconcil'd After which they joyn in League against the Moors but to no consider able Effect Death of Roger Lauria the great Admiral of Aragon and Divisions among the Moors SPain weary'd out with long Troubles enjoy'd some Peace but there rather wanted Power than Will to disturb it The Differences betwixt the Princes were great and it was requisite to compose them Castile and Aragon were at Variance about the Kingdom of Murcia D. Alonso de la Cerda Itil'd himself King of Castile but had no Power The King of Granada invaded the Territories of the Crown of Aragon and took Bedmar a Town not far from Baeca Prince John the King's Uncle and the Family of Haro were Enemies the former pretending to the Lordship of Biscay in right of his Wife and hoping to prevail by his Interest with the King The Family of Haro for the same reason was Discontented and ready to take up Arms. King Ferdinand earnestly desir'd to put an end to all these Contentions to this purpose he sent Prince John his Uncle Embassador to the King of Aragon whose Power and Authority was then great In the Month of March 1304 at Calatayud after much debate it was agreed that Arbitrators should be chosen to whom the whole Affair should be referr'd and a Truce was concluded till Judgment should be given Time and Place were also appointed for the Kings to meet mean while King Ferdinand being careful for Andaluzia set out from Burges and in April came to Badajoz to meet his Father in Law the King of Portugal of whom he expected to recover certain Towns pawn'd to him during his Minority This enterview produc'd Discontents and nothing was done but only that the Portugues sent his Son in Law some Mony with which he went away for Andaluzia No Action happen'd but a Peace was concluded the Moor promising to pay the same Tribute his Father had done and so both Armies broke up Prince Henry dy'd about this time very Aged at Roa and was bury'd in the Monastery of S. Francis at Valladolid He was ever of a restless Spirit and ambitious of Command His Death was pleasing to all the Kingdom for they fear'd he would disturb the Peace that was afoot and because he left no Issue his Estate was divided among several Noblemen the best part falling to D. John de Lara who held the first Place in the King's Favour In pursuance of the Agreement at Calatayud Denis King of Portugal was chosen Arbitrator to decide the Differences betwixt Castile and Aragon and for his Associates Prince John for the former and D. Ximeno de Luna Bishop of Zaragoça for the latter Kingdom The two Kings met at Torrellas a Town on the Frontiers of Aragon where the Judges decreed that the River Segura should part the Dominions of Castile and Aragon which was what the Aragonian had strugl'd for Judgment was given on the 8th of August and the next day the three Kings met at Campillo and ratify'd the Decree Thence they went to Agreda and so to Taraçona and were receiv'd with great Joy for besides the 3 Kings there were as many Queens the Mother and Consort of Castile and Elizabeth of Portugal famous for Sanctity besides Elizabeth Sister to King Ferdinand who had been Contracted to the Aragonian The Retinue was great especially that of the Portugues who brought with him out of Portugal 1000 Horse and by the Way would never lye in Towns but in Tents set up in the Fields As to the Pretentions of the two Brothers Cerdas the Kings of Aragon and Portugal as Judges decited that D. Alonso should no longer take the Title of King but restore all the Towns he had been and that Alva Bejar Valdecerneja Gibraleon Sarria and some other Towns should be setl'd upon him A small recompence for so many Kingdoms This Judgment was so grievous to D. Alonso that he would not appear but went away heartily cursing the Kings It remain'd only to adjust Matters betwixt Prince John and D. James de Haro Therefore as soon as the Conference was dissolv'd King Ferdinand summon'd D. James to appear at Medina del Campo where the Cortes were to meet Judges were appointed to hear their Pretentions and determine the Cause but D. James fearing the King favour'd his Adversary withdrew After the Cortes broke up Judgment was given in favour of Prince John but the Execution of it deferr'd in hopes some means might be found of adjusting that Matter This was the Posture of
Affairs in Castile in the Year 1305. On the 17th of January dy'd Roger Lauria the famous Admiral of Aragon who gain'd Sicily for King Peter perform'd many brave Exploits by himself and those Kings did none without him His Body was bury'd in the Monastery of Santa Cruz near unto the Tomâ— of King Peter On the 6th of April dy'd Joanna Queen of Navarre at Paris and was bury'd in the Monastery of S. Francis Luis call'd Huttin succeeded his Mother in the Kingdom of Navarre and afterwards his Father in that of France The Queen left two other Sons Philip the Long and Charles the Fair who all came to be Kings of France and Navarre She left also two Daughters one dy'd Young the other call'd Elizabeth was marry'd to Edward King of England and was the beautifullest Lady of her Time Benedict sat in the Papal Chair but 8 Months and 6 Days And he dying it was vacant 10 Months and 28 Days After long Debates betwixt the French and Italian Cardinals Clement the Vth. was chosen and proclaim'd on the 5th of June He was before Arch-Bishop of Bourdeaux and is said to have promis'd many scandalous Things to the King of France before he would permit him to pass towards Rome He was Crown'd on the 11th of November at which time a Wall falling as the Procession was going did much mischief and struck the Tyara off his Head out of which a great Carbuncle was lost which Things were look'd upon as ill Omens and the rest of his life was not unlike to this beginning but those Things do not belong to this History At the same time troubles began again to break out in Spain D. John NunÌ„ez de Lara declin'd in the King's Favour who took from him the Office of Lord Steward and confer'd it on D. Lope Son to D. James de Haro on pretence that D. John de Lara being General of the Frontiers could not serve both places but in reality to oblige the Family of Haro and divide it from that of Lara Those Families understanding the Design knit their Interests the closer together and seem'd to threaten a Rebellion Alonso Perez de Guzman and the Queen interpoâ—'d and restoring each of those Gentlemen their Honours pacify'd them Besides the dispute betwixt Prince John and the House of Haro was reconcil'd upon these Conditions That D. James de Haro during his Life should possess the Lordship of Biscay and after his Death it should fall to Prince John That Orduna and Balmaseda should be Intail'd â—â—on D. John D. James his Son and his Heirs and in lieu of what he was to lose Miranda de Ebro and Villalva de Losa were given him All Men rejoyc'd to see these Differences compos'd except D. John de Lara who in a rage that he had not been consulted in the Affair of D. James de Haro and studying to make his Advantage of the publick Calamities renouncing his Oath of Fidelity withdrew with his Followers to Tordehumos a strong Pâ—ace where he hoped to be able to withstand the King whom he had hainously offended The King's Forces laid Siege to that Place but many favouring D. John it was protracted to a long time Some Overtures of Accommodation were made and because the King would not harken to them his Army broke up of it self and disbanded Among others Prince John favour'd D. John de Lara and the Business was carry'd to such a beight that the King was forc'd to Pardon him only taking from him the Towns of Moya and Canete the Gift of King Sancho Nor was the Peace lasting for both those Gentlemen imagining the King had a Design to take away their Lives openly rebell'd again Prince John was soon appeas'd but it was not so easy to reduce D. John de Lara D. Alonso de la Cerda forsaken of all Men and seeing no Hopes of obtaining the Crown sent Martin Ruiz to take possession of the Towns assign'd him by the Arbitrators and was ever after call'd D. Alonso the Disinherited The Moors of Granada about this time began to Mutiny for that their King was blind and his Brother-in-Law the Lord of Malaga govern'd the State with the same Grandeur as if he had been another King The Nobility were not wanting to incense the Commons Among them Aborrabes a Gentleman descended from the Kings of Morocco seiz'd Almeria and call'd himself King of that place Most of the People favour'd Mahomet Azar the King's Brother and were for putting the Crown upon his Head Aborrabes was expell'd Almeria by the contrary Faction and he designing to seize upon Ceuta a City on the Coast of Africk belonging to the Kingdom of Granada thought to obtain Aid of the Christians This seem'd a good opportunity to drive the Moors quite out of Spain and in order to it the Two Kings of Castile and Aragon met at the Monastery of Huerta upon the Borders of both Kingdoms at the beginning of the Year 1309. There and at Monreal whither they remov'd it was agreed First to pacify D. Alonso de la Cerda somewhat mollifying the Decree of the Arbitrators lest whilst they were busie in the War with the Moors he should raise Tumults in Castile Next to make War upon the Moors with two Armies and at once besiege Almeria and Algezira Besides it was resolv'd Prince Jayme the King of Aragon's Son should Marry Ellenor the Sister of King Ferdinand her Dower to be the sixth part of what was gain'd in War and particularly the City Almeria After the Interview broke up great preparations were made King Ferdinand went away to Toledo to see the Body of his Father King Sancho translated to a stately Tomb built by the Queen This King was naturally meer and merciful and of Body comely and well shap'd He advis'd a Gentleman to whom he had given the Government of Galicia not to put to death some Men of Note that had rais'd Rebellion in that Country but to send them to him which prov'd very advantagious for they to blot out the shame of their Crimes did extraordinary Service against the Moors The Army march'd into Andaluzia and the Castilians laid Siege to Algezira on the 27th of June About the middle of the next Month the King of Aragon set down before Almeria Gilbert Viscoune Castelnovo with part of the Aragonian-Fleet sail'd to Ceuta in Africk and took it The Plunder was given to the Souldiers the City to Aborrabe as had been agreed The Moors of Granada with all their Forces march'd to relieve Almeria but were so bravely receiv'd by the Aragonians that after a sharp Dispute they fled and a great Slaughter was made tho the Woods which were near sav'd many Whilst the Aragonians were busy in the Pursuit the Besieged fallying entred their Works but the Christians returning Victorious soon drove them back into the City On the 15th of October 40000 Moors again assauited the Aragonians in their Works and met with the
of October 1306. They were all put to the Rack where some through excess of Pain said any thing they would have them yet many dy'd with Resolution The Great Master of the Order James de Mola as he was led to be Burnt being proms'd his Life if he would confess openly protested the Innocency of his Order declaring he had falsly charged them with those Crimes at the instigation of the Pope and King of France for which he beg'd Forgiveness of God Many others did the like The following Year Pope Clement by his Bulls appointed the Arch-Bishop of Toledo and Santiago with other Prelates Judges over the Knights Templers in Castile the Bishops of Valencia and Zaragoça for Aragon and so in all other parts of Spain and throughout Christendom They had all Orders after examining the Case to give Sentence in the Provincal Synods In Aragon those Knights stood upon their Defence in several strong Places but particularly at Monçon yet the King's Forces coming upon them they were all taken In Castile the King summon'd them to appear before the Arch-Bishop of Toledo and at the same time caus'd them to be apprehended and their Estates to be put into the Hands of the Bishops till such time as they were try'd A Synod met at Salamanca where after a full Hearing the Templers were acquitted Yet the final Determination was referred to the Pope whose Decree superseded the Opinions of all those Prelates and the whole Order was abolish'd By virtue of this Decree King Ferdinand seiz'd upon all they possess'd as well in Lands as Goods In Galicia they had the Towns of Ponferrada and Faro In Lean Balduerna Tavara Almansa Alcanizes In Estremadura Valencia Alconita Xeres de Badajoz Fregenal Nertobriga Capilla and Caracuel In Andaluzia Palma In old Castile Villalpando In the Territory of Murcia Caravaca and Alconchel In the Kingdom of Toledo Montalvan Besides S. Pedro de la Zarça Burguillos and many other Towns and Houses too tedious to repeat They are said to have had Twelve Monasteries in Spain They were summon'd before the Arch-Bishop of Toledo in the Year 1310. In a Synod held at Munster in Germany the Templers were declared innocent At last the Council of Vienne was open'd upon the 16th of October 1311. Here it was decreed that Pope Boniface should not be condemn'd Some Discourse there was about renewing the War in the Holy Land but to no effect As to the Knights Templers it was ordain'd their Order should be totally abolish'd their Goods to be given to the Knights of S. John who had then taken the Island of Rhodes Only Spain allow'd not of that Decree by reason of the War with the Moors which it was thought would prove dangerous All the World was astonish'd at the Ruin of the Templers Castile was full of Joy for the Birth of Prince Alonso of whom the Queen was delivered on the 3d of August and he soon after succeeded his Father Ferdinand The Joy was the greater because the Queen had never before been with Child and was thought to be Barren A Match was agreed betwixt Prince Peter King Ferdinand's Brother and Mary Daughter to the King of Aragon The two Kings met at Calatayud with a great Court and there the Marriage was celebrated with extraordinary Pomp. Ellenor the Sister of King Ferdinand before contracted to Prince Jayme the King of Aragon's Son was now marry'd and deliver'd to her Father in Law Some Discourse there was about carrying on the War against the Moors in the Spring There was a Difference betwixt the Kings of Castile and Portugal about the Towns of Mora and Serpa near Cape S. Vincent which had been deliver'd to the Portugues contrary to Equity during King Ferdinand's Minority The King of Aragon was chosen Umpire in this Difference This done Prince John the King of Aragon's Brother was sent into Portugal about that Affair King Ferdinand went to Valladolid where he assembl'd the Cortes or Parliament and demanded Mony for carrying on the War which was readily granted in hopes of driving the Infidels quite out of Spain Prince Peter the King's Brother being made General in the Spring of the Year 1312. march'd and lay'd Siege to Alcaudete which as was before said the Moors had taken The King follow'd to Martos there a very strange Accident happen'd Two Brothers Peter and John Carvajal were apprehended for the Murder of a Gentleman of the Family of Benavides kill'd at Palencia Many had been troubled for this Fact but it could not be prov'd upon any Body Lastly these two Gentlemen were condemn'd for it without being sufficiently Convicted or Confessing They were adjudg'd to be cast headlong off from a Rock and no Intercession could mitigate the King for he was inexorable As they were led to Execution they call'd God to witness their Innocency and appeal'd to his Tribunal before which they summon'd the King to appear within 30 Days These Words at first look'd upon as Vain were afterwards much Reflected on The King little regarding them went away to the Camp before Alcaudete there a violent Sickness forc'd him to return to Jaen not withstanding the Moors were upon surrendring His Disease increas'd so that he could not attend any Business and one day being somewhat Joyful with the News brought him that the Moors had surrendred he retir'd after Dinner to Sleep and was found Dead His Death was upon a Thursday the 7th of September He was taken off in the Flower of his Youth at the Age of 24 Years and 9 Months when he began to know somewhat of Happiness He Reign'd 17 Years 4 Months and 19 Days and was the Fourth of the Name Some said excessive Eating and Drinking caus'd his Death others that it was a Judgment for that he dy'd exactly the 30th Day after he was Summon'd For this reason he was call'd King Ferdinand the Summon'd His Body was deposited at Cordova because by reason of the great Heat of the Weather it could not then be carry'd to Sevil or Toledo the Burial Places of the King It was the more confidently believ'd he dy'd in pursuance of the Summons because the same happen'd at the same time to the Pope and King of France who were also cited by several Knights Templers as they were led to Execution What the King of Aragon decreed as to the Difference betwixt Castile and Portugal is not known but it was visible he favour'd the Portugues and King Ferdinand dying he still kept those Towns which remain to that Kingdom to this Day CHAP. VI. The beginning of the Reign of Alonso the XIth King of Castile The many Confusions in that Kingdom by reason of his Infancy The Moors of Granada expel their King The Turks their Original and Growth GReat Troubles ensu'd upon the Death of King Ferdinand because the new King was but a Year and 26 Days old As soon as the King dy'd Prince Alonso his Son was proclaim'd by the
means of Prince Peter his Uncle who came to Jaen as soon as Alcaudete was taken and by this Loyal Action gain'd the Love and Applause of all the People The young King was at Avila Vataza a Noble Lady Grandaughter to Theodorus Lascarus Emperor of Greece who came from Portugal with Queen Constancy was appointed his Governess She afterwards return'd to Portugal dy'd there and lyes Bury'd in the Cathedral of Coimbra as appears by the Inscription on her Tomb. Queen Mary the King's Grandmother liv'd a retir'd Life at Valladolid Queen Constance who had follow'd the King her Husband was at Martos overwhelm'd with Sorrow Prince John was gone to Valencia and D. John de Lara to Portugal both in Disgrace with King Ferdinand Every Body strugl'd to have a share in the Government chiefly D. Alonso Lord of Molina the Queen's Brother Prince Philip his Uncle and D. John Manuel labour'd hard but underhand and modestly Prince John and Prince Peter Uncle and Nephew aspir'd more openly Prince Peter being the nearest of kin to the King and most in the Favour of the People stood fairest Prince John was of riper Yeas but restless and inconstant so that he seem'd to be born only to embroil Kingdoms Prince Peter had charge of the Affairs of Andaluzia and concluded a Peace with the Moors which was convenient for both Parties for the Prince could not follow the War being taken up with his Pretensions at Court and among the Moors Farraquin Lord of Malaga sought to revenge the Murder of the late King Queen Constance and Prince Peter having conferr'd together resolv'd to go to Avila where the King was hoping the Townsmen would not oppose them or If they should to prevail by Force On the other side Prince John King Ferdinand's Uncle and D. John de Lara joyn'd in a League the likeness of their Inclinations and their common Danger made them Unite They labour'd to draw Queen Mary to their Party giving her hopes she should have the Education of her Grandson D. John de Lara came first to Avila but could not lay hold of the King for D. Sancho the Bishop convey'd him into the Cathedral and there made himself strong and defended him Next came Queen Constance and Prince Peter but the same thing happen'd to them Means of Accommodation were propos'd and it was agreed the King should be deliver'd to none but such as the Cortes or Parliament should appoint and the Citizens of Avila made an Association in order to see this perform'd D. John de Lara gave this Advice hoping to exclude Prince Peter The Cortes met at Palencia in the beginning of Spring where much Bribery was us'd The better sort were for Queen Mary and her Son Prince Peter Others preferr'd Prince John and Queen Constance who was subtilly drawn away by the adverse Party from Prince Peter Hence sprang new Fumults and Confusions Prince Peter confiding in his own Power and the Affections of the People as also hoping for Aid from Abroad agreed with D. John Manuel upon Condition that if he obtain'd his Ends he would give him the Government of the Kingdoms of Toledo and Murcia At the beginning of the Year 1313. he met his Father in Law the King of Aragon at Calatayud to whom he urg'd how much he was oblig'd to favour his Pretentions and prevent a War which might otherwise ensue Therefore by Consent of both Michael Arbe was sent Embassador to Portugal to try whether that King could prevail with the Mutineers to desist from their Pretensions and leave the Government of the Kingdom to Prince Peter allowing Queen Constance the Charge of Educating the King The People of Avila were not zealous for either Party but at last joyn'd with Prince Peter and Queen Mary his Mother yet upon Condition they should not carry the King out of the City At this Time Azar King of Granada was forc'd to retire to the Alhambra a strong Pallace in the highest part of the City because Ismael the Son of Farraquin had caus'd the Townsmen to Rebel against him Prince Peter who was then at Sevil march'd thither to relieve that King who was his Friend and Ally but came too late for he had already agreed to quit the Fitle and Authority of a King and remain content with only the City Guadin seated in the pleasant Plains of the antient Turduli Tho' the Prince could not Relieve he endeavour'd to Revenge him for he took from the Moors a strong Castle near Granada call'd Rute and made great spoil throughout the Country Azor had Reign'd Four Years and seven Months when he was deposed Ismael his Competitor and Nephew being the Son of Farraquen and his Sister succeeded him The taking of Rute gain'd Prince Peter great Reputation for that in three days he did that which several Kings had attempted in vain but the War was not carryed on because of the intestine Divisions The Cortes met in the Monastery of Sahagun to endeavour to compose those Differences Whilst they were sitting Queen Constance departed this Life for Grief that her Son was kept from her and that she was reduc'd to such Poverty that all her Jewels would not pay her Debts as she her self declar'd at her Death The Queens Death made things easier to be compos'd for Prince John having lost that support apply'd himself to Queen Mary and Prince Peter They agreed that the Queen should have the Breeding up of the King and the Princes should joyntly govern the Kingdom each in that Part which had Voted for him in the Cortes or Parliament held not long before at Palencia The King was carry'd to Toro a healthy and pleasant Place but the main design was to get him out of Avila and revenge the Affronts receiv'd of that People It was now the year 1314. when New Tumults broke out in the Kingdom of Toledo and all manner of Crimes were committed In order to settle a better Form of Government the Cortes met at Burgos where it was enacted that the supream Authority and management of Affairs should be in the Council of State That the said Council should attend the King and Queen where-ever they went That the two Princes should determine all smaller Affairs but have no power to alienate the Revenues of the Crown nor to appoint another in their stead in case any of them or the Queen should dye At the same time dyed Three Persons of great Note Peter the Queens Brother D. Tello his Son and D. John de Lara Lord Steward That Place was given to D. Alonso Prince John's Son D. John de Lara had a Sister marry'd to D. Ferdinand de la Cerda of whom was Born Blachs and D. John de Lara who took that Sirname because he inherited the Estate of the Family This in Castile In Aragon the King in November sent his Daughter Elizabeth to Germany she being Contracted to Frederick Duke of Austria who was now chosen King of the Romans
Robert King of Naples his mortal Enemy who secur'd them at Aversa There they were till both dy'd with hard Usage Prince Ferdinand of Majorca was not kept to strictly and was soon after releas'd At Mecina he marry'd Elizabeth the Grandchild of Luis the last Prince of the Morea a Frenchman who dy'd not long before without leaving any Heir-male After the Departure of the French from the Levant those Catalonians that remain'd there destroy'd all wherever they went Gualter de Brena Duke of Athens being then at War entertain'd them and they soon mutiny'd kill'd him and plunder'd the City but reserv'd the Title of Duke for Frederick King of Sicily in hopes he would relieve them King Frederick accepted of the Title and sent Governours and Officers under whom the War was continu'd with various Success This Dukedom he left to his younger Son William and he to his Brother John then succeeded Frederick his Son who dying without Issue that Title fell to Frederick King of Sicily Great Grandson to him that first sent the Catalonians to Greece Hence the Kings of Aragon as Kings of Sicily stil'd themselves Dukes of Athens and Neopatria Luis Hutin King of France dying on the 5th of June 1315. Philip the Long his Brother succeeded him Joanna his Daughter being excluded by the Salique Law But she could not be excluded from the Crown of Navarre because her Grandmother not many Years before had inhenâ—â—'d that Crown Pope Clement dying at Avignon the See of Rome was Vacant two Years and four Months through the Divisions among the French and Italian Cardinals at last John the XXth was chosen on the 7th of August 1316. He made Zaragoça an Arch-Bishoprick to whose Jurisdiction he subjected Pamplona Calahorra Huesca and Tarraçona all which and Zaragoça it self were before Subordinate to Tarragona In Castile things were very much unsetled and yet they made War upon the Moors Azar not brooking his Fall contrary to Agreement assum'd the Title of King and being of himself too weak us'd the Assistance of the Christians It was not fit to let slip so good an Opportunity of extirpating the Moors Prince Peter was appointed General against them both because of his Age and because he had many Friends among the Infidels As also because his Uncle Prince John was then afflicted with the Death of his eldest Son D. Alonso who dy'd at Morales near Toro and was bury'd at Leon. About this Time Prince Ferdinand of Majorca dy'd in the Morea whither he went to recover his Wife's Dominions His Body was brought to Spain and bury'd at Perpignan He left a Son call'd D. Jayme Prince Peter in Andaluzia provided a great Convoy for Guadix which suffer'd want and the Enemy lying in the way he March'd with it himself Near Alaten a great Number of Moorish Horse commanded by Ozmin a brave Souldier met him After a sharp Ingagement the Moors were put to Flight 1500 of them kill'd and among them 40 of the Noblest of Granada Guadix was reliev'd and two Forts call'd Gambil and Algabardos taken This Success which ought to have gain'd him the Love of all Men rais'd Emulation and many sought his Ruin whom his Uncle Prince John incens'd It was propos'd the Governours should deliver up some Towns of their own for Security that they would Govern uprightly This Business was mov'd in the Cortes at Burgos first and then at Carrion where Prince Peter to his great Honour comply'd with all their Demands Mony was wanting and the People would not hear of Taxes therefore upon Suit made to him the Pope granted the Tenth of Ecclesiastical Revenues for the War and the Cruzade to all that serv'd upon their own Cost Besides the Country rais'd some Mony Thus our Army being increas'd wasted all the Country as far as the Walls of Granada the Moors refusing to hazard a Battle The Infidels designing to besiege Gibraltar it was provided with all Necessaries so they desisted and at the same time the Castle of Belmes was taken from them It was now the Year 1316 in which Rocaberti Arch-Bishop of Tarragona dying the Chapter elected Prince John the King of Aragon's 3d Son but the Pope could never be brought to confirm the Election Therefore they were forc'd to proceed to a new Choice which fell upon D. Ximeno de Luna Arch-Bishop of Zaragoça D. Peter de Luna succeeded him in that See and Prince John was made Abbot of Montaragon vacant by the Promotion of D. Peter to the Archbishoprick CHAP. VIII Institution of two new Orders of Knighthood in Aragon and Portugal Peter and John Princes of Castile kill'd by the Moors The Government of that Kingdom in Confusion A great Overthrow given the Navarrois by the Biscainers IN the Year 1317 the King of Aragon obtain'd leave of the Pope to institute a new Order of Knighthood out of the Ruins of the Templers That they should be of the Cistercian Order subject to that of Calatrava but to have a particular Master of their own Their Badge was a plain Red Cross on a White Cloak Their principal Seat Montesa whence they took their Name They did as good Service against the Moors who infested the Coasts of Valencia as any other Order Soon after in Portugal by Permission of the same Pope was instituted another Order call'd of Christ the chiefest in that Kingdom Their Badge a Red Cross with a white Twist in the middle To them also were given the Lands of the Templers their chief Seat is at Tomar The Portugueses had long enjoy'd Peace which was now disturb'd by Civil Discord Prince Alonso was displeas'd with his Father the true Cause was Ambition and the desire of â—â—igning before his Time but he pretended his Bastard Brother Alonzo Sanchez had too much Power and more Interest with the King than was reasonable Many forsook the King and follow'd the Prince who seiz'd upon the Cities of Coimbra and Porto The King endeavour'd to appease him by fair means and us'd all possible Methods to prevent a War Mean while in Aragon dy'd Queen Mary Sister to the King of Cyprus whence she came the Year before and was marry'd to the King of Aragon The Marriage was Celebrated at Girona and she was bury'd at Tortosa where she ended her Days in the Year 1318. The following Year 1319 was Remarkable for two extraordinary Accidents One the unfortunate Death of the two Princes John and Peter The other the voluntary Resignation made by D. Jayme Heir to the Crown of Aragon Prince John envy'd the Honour and Esteem his Competitor Prince Peter acquir'd and Prince Peter was a Man would take no wrong It was fear'd these Differences might break out into open Hostilities for Prince John under colour of the War with the Moors had rais'd great Forces in Old Castile The Queen made up these Breaches at Valladolid where the Cortes thaâ—â— sat and it was agreed both Princes should Command severally
against the Moors and eaâ—â—â—â— have the payment of his own Army In this Assembly the Archbishop of Santiago in the Pope's Name propos'd the business of D. Alonso de la Cerda threatning to proceed to Ecclesiastical Censures if he were not satisfy'd D. Alonso now demanded those Towns which he refus'd when offer'd him The Nobility excus'd themselves saying it was against the Oath they had taken to lessen any thing of the King's Patrimony during his Minority All that could be obtain'd was that Ferdinand D. Alonso's younger Brother should be made Lord Steward of the Houshold The Queen went to Cuidad Rodrigo to reconcile her Son-in-Law Prince Alonso to his Father but all in vain The two Princes John and Peter went several ways to Andaluzia Ismael King of Granada to obtain Succours out of Africk gave the King of Morocco Algezira and Ronda with all their Dependencies Prince Peter took Tiscar a strong and populous Town Mahomet Andon whose the Town was surrender'd the Castle Prince John extravagantly ambitious of Honour resolv'd to march up to the Walls of Granada a rash design considering the great Heat of the Season At Alcaudete the two Princes joyn'd their Forces which consisted of 9000 Horse and a great number of Foot They march'd into the Enemies Country destroying all before them Prince John led the Van and Prince Peter brought up the Reer They took the Town of Alora but being in great haste did not make themselves Masters of the Castle On a Saturday being the Eve of Midsummer-day they appear'd in sight of Granada and rested there the next day The 3d day perceiving what Difficulties surrounded them they began to retire Prince Peter in the Van and Prince John in the Reer with the Baggage The Moors hearing of their Retreat Sally'd out of Granada to the number of 5000 Horse and a multitude of Foot under the Command of Ozmin Their design was only to stick upon our Reer without hazarding a Battel In the Heat of the day our Men were far from the River and wanted Water Hereupon the Moors charg'd them with great Fury and hideous Cries Prince Peter hearing the Noise Fac'd about to succour those that Fought The Soldiers were dispers'd and Fainting with the Heat whom the Prince endeavouring to encourage and bring on opprest with Labour and the Fury of the scorching Sun he fainted away and dy'd without any assistance The same befell Prince John who yet sensless liv'd till Night This News being spread abroad the Soldiers drew themselves into a Close Body and the Moors having plunder'd the Baggage retir'd Night sav'd many of the Christians The Bodies of the Princes were bury'd at Burgos Prince John left a Son of the same Name call'd also One-ey'd because he was really so His Inclinations were no better than his Presence Mary Wife to Prince Peter was deliver'd at Cordova of a Daughter call'd Blanch the Education of whom and the Care of her Estate Garcilasso de la Vega a great Friend of her Fathers took upon him New Troubles ensu'd in Castile upon the Death of the Princes every one striving to have the greatest share in the Government At the same time Aragon was disturb'd upon a very extraordinary occasion D. Jayme the King's eldest Son had resolv'd to renounce and resign his Right and Title to the Inheritance of that Crown His Father us'd all possible Arguments to disswade him but all to no purpose Therefore on the 23th of November before the Cortes or Parliament then assembled at Tarragona he made a publick act of Resignation That done he took the Habit of Calatrava and soon after that of Montesa The Lady Ellenor who had been Contracted to him was sent back a Maid into Castile His loose manner of Life was a sufficient proof that it was not Virtue but weakness and inconstancy that mov'd him to refuse a Kingdom D. Alonso his second Brother succeeded in the Title to the Crown and had at â—â—â—t time by his Wife the Lady Teresa a young Son call'd Peter born the 7th Month. This Ladys Portion was the Earldom of Vrgel left her by her great Uncle Armengaud Brother to her Grandmother The Moors incourag'd by their last Success took Huescar Orles and Galera Towns belonging to the Knights of Santiago Besides they made themselves Masters of Martos a very strong place where they spar'd neither Sex nor Age some Christians sav'd themselves upon a Rock near the Town and in the Castle Castile was full of Confusion caus'd by the many Competitors to the Government Queen Mary according to what had been agree'd some years before pretended it belong'd to her alone and sent her Letters to all Places exhorting the People to stick by her Being a Womâ—â— she was look'd upon as too weak to undergo so great a Burthen and many strove to raise themselves to the supream Power Among these the chief was Prince Philip the King's Uncle D. John Manuel and the other D. John who had but one Eye and was Lord of Biscay all powerful Men of the Blood Royal These were all put into Power not by publick Consent but in part as every ones Interest lay Several Assemblies of Provinces were held the result was that Andaluzia chose Prince Philip for their Governour The Kingdom of Toledo and Estremadura elected D. John Manuel most part of old Castile stood by D. John Lord of Biscay These things were not lasting but at every foot the Governours were chang'd as the Peoples Minds alter'd which caus'd an unspeakable Confusion D. Ferdinand de la Cerda had no great Interest and was suspected by all Men he resolv'd to joyn with D. John the Lord of Biscay This was the condition of Castile in the Year 1320. The same Year Prince John the King of Aragon's third Son was consecrated Arch-Bishop of Toledo at Lerida Queen Mary was somewhat jealous of that Prince but the Pope by his Letters assur'd her he would do all things in her Favour The new Arch-Bishop had great Disputes with the Prelates of that Kingdom about carrying his Cross through their Diocesses and he persisting to do so the Arch-Bishop of Zaragoça excommunicated him and shut up all the Churches This he did relying on a Decree of the Prelates of that Kingdom by which they declare any Bishop excommunicate that shall carry his Cross in the Diocess of another The King of Aragon was highly offended at it and wrote to the Pope Letters full of Passion and Threats and had perhaps gone farther but that he was disswaded by his Friends The Pope's Answer was Ambiguous for he blam'd the Arch-Bishop of Zaragoça yet order'd him of Toledo to be absolv'd of the Excommunication lest it might have been just The new Prelate being come to Toledo behav'd himself in such manner towards D. John Manuel who was marry'd to his elder Sister Constance that all Apprehensions of his favouring him ceas'd He would by no means suffer him to receive the King's
a mistake in the Numbers CHAP. X. The Wars betwixt the Christians and Infidels Rebellions in Castile Aragon Castile and Portugal joyn in League The King and Queen of Navarre come into that Country and return again to France AT the same time in Castile great Preparations were made for the War with the Moors The Moorish King 's tender Years and the Distractions among the Infidels offer'd a good Opportunity of making some considerable Advantage Besides that a Son of Ozmin call'd Abraham the Drunkard because he drank much Wine had deserted to the Christians With him came a good Body of Men. King Alonso went to Sevil and from thence made Incursions wasting the Enemy's Country He took from them Olivera Pruna and Ayamonte Thus the Summer was spent and Winter coming on the Souldiers return'd Rich with Plunder to Quarter in Sevil. D. Alonso Jofre the Admiral brought thither the News to the King that he had defeated 24 Galleys of the Moors taken 3 and sunk 4. Some of these belong'd to Granada the rest were of Asrick Above 1200 Moors were kill'd and taken Embassadors were sent to Treat about the King's Marriage D. John Manuel seeing the King resolv'd to put away his Daughter publickly renouncing his Allegiance joyn'd in League with the Kings of Aragon and Granada Besides he made Inroads from Chinchill and Almansa two strong Places wasting all the Country At the same time the King at Sevil gave the Title of Earl of Trastamara Lemos and Sarria to Alvar Nun̄ez Osorio his great Favourite an Honour had not been given in Castile for many Years past The Ceremony was very odd Three Sops were put into a Cup of Wine and set before them the King and Earl complimented one another three Times about taking the first at last the King took one and the Earl another The Earl was allow'd in the Camp to keep a Kitchin apart for his Company and in the Army to have Colours with his own Devise and Coat of Arms. His Patent being sign'd and read all that were present cry'd Let the Earl Live This was the manner of creating an Earl in those Days At Cordova the King caus'd John Ponce to be Beheaded for that he had not obey'd his Orders in restoring the Castle of Cabra to the Knights of Santiago from whom he took it during the late Troubles besides he was accus'd as a Seditious Person Many Citizens of Cordova suffer'd the same Punishment for the same or other like Crimes Garcilasso de la Vega was murder'd at Soria in the Church at Mass by the contrivance of the Nobility The King was much concern'd and had sent him not long before from Sevil to thwart the Designs of D. John Manuel Escalona a small Town in the Kingdom of Toledo mutiny'd and was for joyning with the Rebels In Castile there were Uproars particularly Toro Zamora and Valladolid had reyolted The chief Contriver of this Rebellion was Hernan Rodriguez de Balboa Grand Prior of the Order of S. John His Pretence was the Greatness of the new Earl Alvar Osorio and Joseph the Jew The King lay'd Siege to Escalona but hearing the News of Castile was forc'd to quit it He came to Valladolid where they would not admit him unless he cast off the Earl Osorio which was accordingly done This Affront was so hainously resented by Osorio that he Rebell'd and joyn'd with D. John Manuel which prov'd his utter Ruin Ramiro Flores de Guzman counterfeiting he fled from the King gain'd his Friendship and finding an Opportunity stabb'd him The King presently seiz'd all his Lands and Treasure and declar'd him a Traytor no body appearing upon Summons to Vindicate him Joseph the Jew was protected by his Meanness and general Contempt of that Nation The King was married at Cuidad Rodrigo where with him of Portugal he contriv'd to draw away the King of Aragon from the Interest of D. John Manuel To this purpose they offer'd him Ellenor the King of Castile's Sister in Marriage which he accepted of and the Lady was sent into Aragon his first Wife Teresa being dead before D. John the Patriach and Arch-bishop of Tarragona went as far as Alfaro to meet her The Ceremony was perform'd at Taraçona the King of Castile being present with him of Aragon this was at the beginning of the Year 1329. To make this League the firmer Blanch the Daughter of Prince Peter who was kill'd by the Moors was contracted to Peter the King of Portugal's eldest Son The Three Kings agreed with Joynt Forces to make War upon the Moors till they had totally driven them out of Spain Also that none of them should shelter or protect the Rebels to any of the other D. John Manuel having thus lost the Protection of Aragon to make the best Interest he could marry'd the Daughter of Ferdinand de la Cerda D. John de Lara likewise marry'd Mary the Daughter of D. John Lord of Biscay hoping with their Joynt Forces to recover that Province which the King had taken from that Lady D. John de Lara and D. John Manuel were in open Rebellion others consented underhand as D. Peter de Castro and D. John Alonso de Albuquerque Son to Hernan Sanchez and Grandson to King Denis of Portugal The greatest of all was D. John de Haro Lord of Cameros Great part of the Kingdom follow'd these Rebellious Noblemen This Year the new King and Queen of Navarre came to Pamplona and were receiv'd upon these Conditions That no Mony should be coin'd during the Term of 12 Years because if was then usual to Stamp base Metal That Foreigners should not be put into places of Trust That it should not be in their Power to sell or change the Kingdom or alienate the Revenue That their first Son as soon as he came to Age should be King and take upon him the Government and his Father Philip should allow 100000 Crowns for his Expences The King and Queen swore to the Performance of these Articles and were thereupon Crown'd in the Cathedral on the 5th of March Great Joy was express'd by all sorts of People for that the Kingdom was restored to Princes of their own after it had been 55 Years subject to Foreigners These Princes had 3 Sons Charles Philip and Luis who had all great Possessions and as many Daughters Joanna Mary and Blanch who also were well Marry'd At this time the Flemmings were in Rebellion and had imprison'd Luis their Earl who getting loose was by them besieg'd in Gant whence he fled to the King of France for Protection That King sent Embassadors to Flanders but they proving unsuccessful he had recourse to Arms. Many Princes went to that War and among them Philip King of Navarre The two Armies met near Cassel After some Skirmishes one day in August in the heat of the Day the Flemmings surpriz'd the French Camp gain'd their Works and came to the King's Tent killing many before they could defend themselves The
Gentleman of great Note who had been Governour of Granada and had no hand in this Treason set up Joseph Bulhugia Brother to the deceas'd which displeas'd many because there was another Brother Elder than he call'd Ferrachen Thus the Moors were in confusion D. Gonçalo and Ferdinand de Aguilar two Brothers Lords of Montilla and Aguilar went over to the New King being disoblig'd by their own Incursions were made upon the Borders and the Truce lately concluded violated More mischief had ensu'd but that Abomelique was call'd into Africk by his Father to serve against Tremeçen He being gone a Truce was again concluded in the beginning of the year 1334. with the New King for four years yet so that the Moors were freed from the Tribute they used to pay the King of Castile being wholly bent upon subduing his Rebels At this time the Lady Ellenor de Guzman the King's Mistriss was brought to Bed of two Sons at a Birth which were Henry and Fredrick of whom we shall have much occasion to speak In the Spring the King return'd to Castile was at Segovia and thence went to Valladolid The Rebellious Nobles not being able to maintain a War were hard press'd and most of the Towns belonging to them taken the greatest part of Biscay submitting to the King to whom they swore Fidelity under an Old Tree at Guernica as is their Custom Some few Places impregnable by Nature still held out for D. John de Lara D. John de Haro was beheaded as a Traytor in his own Town of Agoncillo and his Estate Confiscate except the Town of Cameros given to his Brothers D. Alvaro and D. Alonso that so Noble a Family might not wholly perish The Governour of the Castle of Iscar shut the Gates against the King and being taken lost his Head for the same About the end of August the Queen was deliver'd of a Son at Burgos who was call'd Peter and his Brother Ferdinand dying came to be King of Castile By the Lady Ellenor the King had another Son call'd Ferdinand In Aragon two Brothers of that King dy'd one after another one was D. Jayme Master of the Knights of Montesa who had renounc'd his Right to the Crown and D. John Archbishop of Tarragona in whose place Arnaldus Cascomes Bishop of Lerida succeeded The King of Aragon by reason of his indisposition committed the whole care of the Government to his eldest Son Prince Peter Queen Ellenor who govern'd the King through her importunity obtain'd of him several Towns for her Sons Ferdinand and John to the prejudice of Prince Peter and as was said contrary to the King's Oath who had sworn not to alienate any thing belonging to the Crown This was the ground of great Hatred betwixt the Mother and Son-in-Law which caus'd many Tumults in the Kingdom The Queen had a meeting with her Brother of Castile and he promis'd to support her as did D. John de Exerica and his Brother Peter who were both of her Party At the beginning of the year 1335 D. John Manuel terrify'd by the example of D. John de Haro and D. John de Lara was reconcil'd to the King to the great Joy of all People for which there were publick Sports and particularly a notable Turnament But this Joy was not lasting for the King of Portugal was resolv'd to put away his Wife Blanch and Marry the Lady Constance and ratheâ— hazard a War than not have his Will The King of Aragon's Eldest Son was contracted to Mary Daughter to the King of Navarre she â—eing preferr'd before her Sister Joanna the Elder to inherit the Crown in case that King dy'd without Issue Male. Henry Viceroy of Navarre contriv'd these Affairs which were very displeasing to the King of Castile against whom they seem'd to be levell'd for the Prince of Aragon made this League with Navarre in hatred to his Mother-in-Law The Navarrois surpriz'd the Monastery of Fitero appertaining to Castile Complaint being made to the King of Aragon he answer'd by reason of his Indisposition he could not govern his Son Thus the War broke out Martin Portocarrero was sent with a great Army into Navarre They came to a Battel near Tudela which was very Bloody but the Navarrois were defeated and a great number of them drowned in the River Ebro D. Michael Zapata the Aragonian General was absent fortifying Fitero but appear'd on the Neighbouring Hills when the Battel was almost over His coming caus'd the Navarrois to Raily and the Battel was renew'd yet the Aragonians tho' they came in fresh were put to Flight and their General taken by the Castillians The Slaughter was not so great as expected because the Castilians were tir'd and Night drew on besides that the Enemy differ'd not in Language which sav'd many On the other side the Biscayners under their General Lope de LescanÌ„o having destroy'd all the Territory of Pamplona took the Castle of Vnsa Thus the Insolency of the Navarrois was check'd At that time the King of Castile lay sick of an Ague at Palencia and taking Compassion of the Navarrois order'd his General to March out of that Country who brought with him Prince Peter of Aragon's Royal Standard Gaston Earl of Faux march'd to the Assistance of Navarre and their Forces being joyn'd they laid Siege to LogronÌ„o the chief City on the Frontiers The Neighbouring People and Inhabitants of that Place gave the Enemy Battel but were defeated and forc'd to retire into the City Ruy Diaz de Gaoâ—â—â— â—â—â—mander and a Native of LogronÌ„o with only three Soldiers made good a Bridge against the whole Army of the Enemy left they should enter the Town together with the Citizens He was kill'd his Companions came off and defended the Town for the Navarrois finding great opposition rais'd the Siege and return'd home John Archbishop of Reimes going on Pilgrimage to Santiago at this time in his way made a Peace betwixt these two Crowns Three Embassies came at once to the King of Castile from the Kings Edward of England Philip of France and Alboacen of Morocco The last sent Rich Presents and desir'd to have the Truce renew'd The English offer'd a Wife for Prince Peter which was refus'd by reason of his tender Age. This in the Year 1335. Soon after at the beginning of the following Year D. Alonso King of Aragon dy'd at Barcelona He was a just merciful and religious Prince and was therefore call'd the Pious He was more Fortunate during his Father's Reign than his own and that by reason of his continual Indisposition To D. Jayme his youngest Son by his first Wife he left the Earldom of Vrgel and Prince Peter was Heir to the Crown To his Sons by the 2d Wife he left other Possessions as has been said above Queen Ellenor fearing her Son in Law went away to Albarazin being a place of great Strength and near the Frontiers of Castile D. John and Peter de Exerica follow'd
her A Storm threatened Castile from Portugal and no great Confidence could be repos'd in the Loyalty of D. John Manuel and D. John de Lara the former was much troubl'd at the delays of the Marriage with Portugal but fear'd to stir in it without the King's leave lest he should seize his great Patrimony in Castile D. Peter Fernandez de Castro and D. John Alonso de Albuquerque openly rebell'd and solicited the King of Portugal to make War in Castile The King took several places belonging to D. John de Lara and besieg'd him in the City Lerma all possible Means were us'd to enter the Place or bring the Townsmen to deliver up D. John but they stood firm to him D. John Manuel in order to relieve the Place went to Pen̄afiel a Town of his own and narrowly escap'd being taken by the King D. John Albuquerque submitted himself The King of Portugal sent Embassadors to perswade him of Castile to raise the Siege but they did nothing and their King assembling his Forces lay'd Siege to Badajoz Alonso de Sousa sent by him with a Party to plunder the Country was routed and many of his Men kill'd and taken which mov'd the Portugues to raise the Siege and return home Lerma having lost all Hopes of Relief was surrender'd Nevertheless D. John de Lara was restor'd to the King's Favour and to all his Estate in Biscay Only Lerma was Dismantled as a Punishment for its Rebellion This year the King of Morocco added the Kingdom of Tremeçen to his Dominions having overthrown and kill'd that King which rais'd the Hopes of the Moors and was a new Terror to the Christians The King of Castile labour'd in vain to gain his Nobles by fair means He kept his Christmas in the Year 1337. at Valladolid There he made D. John de Lara his Standard-Bearer and pardon'd D. John Manuel a false Man who Treated with both the Kings of Castile and Aragon at once that he might always have one to fly to The Enmity betwixt the King of Aragon and his Mother in Law continu'd and tho he was Solicited by an Embassador to an Accommodation he only gave fair Words The King of Castile met his Sister at Ayllon and there at her Request order'd D. James de Haro to make an Incursion into Aragon with the Forces of Soria Molina Cuenca and that Neighbourhood Queen Ellenor went to meet the King at Madrid he having appointed a great Rendezvouz of his Forces at Badajoz in order to make War upon Portugal Now was Born to the King by the Lady Ellenor another Son call'd D. Tello By the way of Badajoz the Castilians broke furiously into Portugal and Harrass'd all the Country but the King falling Sick of a Fever at Olivença was oblig'd in June to return to Sevil. About the same time Godfrey Admiral of Castile having scour'd all the Coast not far from Lisbon fought the Portugues Fleet commanded by Pecanus a Genoese At first the Portugueses had the best and took two Castilian Galleys but their Admiral being soon after taken and his Flag lower'd the Enemy was soon put to Flight 6 of their Galleys sunk and 8 taken with their Admiral and his Son Charles This Victory was so great that the King himself went out to meet the Admiral at his Return to Sevil The Arch-Bishop of Reims Embassador from the King of France and the Great Master of Rhodes from the Pope were here endeavouring to conclude a Peace but effected nothing and the King of Castile being recover'd broke into Portugal again through Algarve where formerly were the Turdetani whilst the Portugues with whom his Subjects were highly offended made the War upon Galicia The King of Castile having met no Army of the Enemy in Autumn return'd to Sevil. CHAP. III. The Death of Frederick King of Sicily A Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal The Death of Abomelique and defeat of his Army Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon A Synod at Barcelona ON the 25th of June 1337 dy'd Frederick King of Sicily of a great Age and Famous for the War he long maintain'd against Powerful Princes He lies bury'd at Catanea His Son Peter succeeded him in the Throne The Dukedoms of Athens and Neopatria he left to his 2d Son William and other Legacies to his 3d Son John His four Daughters he totally excluded from inheriting the Crown contrary to what had before and was afterwards us'd in that Kingdom D. Ximeno de Luna Arch-bishop of Toledo dy'd on the 16th of November and was bury'd in his own Cathedral Giles Alvarez de Cuenca otherwise call'd Albornoz at the Instance of the King was chosen to succeed him This Prelate was Famous for his Learning Piety and Virtue Being created Cardinal he was very Serviceable to the Popes He founded a College at Bolonia in Lombardy for 4 Chaplains and 30 Students all Spaniards Besides he left to the Chapter of Toledo the Town of Paracuellos with an Obligation of paying a Pension to the Church of Villaviciosa built by himself The Arch-bishop of Reimes and Great Master of Rhodes went from place to place exhorting the Kings of Spain to Peace It was agreed he of Castile should go to Merida to Treat there a Truce was concluded for one Year in the beginning of that which was of our Lord 1338 but no Peace could be Established Great Preparations for War were now making in Spain and it was much labour'd to settle a General Peace in the Country because Fame which always is greater than Truth spread it abroad that Albohaçen King of Morocco design'd to land in Valencia with an innumerable Multitude bringing over their Wives and Children in order to settle in Spain The King of Aragon entertain'd the English Embassadors who came to settle Peace with Ambiguous yet fair Words On the 20th of July he marry'd Mary Daughter to the King of Navarre having deferred it so long by reason she was not of Age. An Embassy was sent to the Pope begging he would order the Tenths of Ecclesiastical Revenues granted for carrying on the War against the Moors to be paid according to the full Value because they were worth little as they were in the Ancient Records This in Aragon The King of Castile was gone to Burgos to hold the Cortes or Parliament where Laws were established to regulate Excess in Dyet and Cloathing Godfrey Tenorio the Admiral was sent to the Streights to obstruct the Passage of the Moors From Burgos at the Request of his Sister the King went to Cuenca and with him D. John de Lara and D. John Manuel who were now reconcil'd to him Thither came D. Peter de Açagra from the King of Aragon to propose an Allyance against the Moors and offer the 3d part of the Fleet that should be requisite to hinder their Passage The Castillian answer'd that the Friendship of the Aragonian would be very grateful to him when he had given Satisfaction to his
Martinez de Leiva went Embassador to the Pope and obtain'd the Croizade for all those that serv'd three Months at their own Expence To oblige the King of Portugal he of Castile consented that the Lady Constance Daughter to D. John Manuel should be sent to Portugal and marry'd to Prince Peter which was accordingly perform'd at Ebora Her Portion 300000 Ducats Besides Mary Queen of Castile went by the King her Husband's Order to Portugal to intreat the King her Father to joyn his Forces with those of Castile against the common Enemy Her Father promis'd to go in Person and immediately sent 12 Galleys commanded by the Admiral Peeano who was now releas'd The two Kings of Castile and Portugal had a Meeting at Jurumen̄a a Town on the Banks of the River Guadiana and parted good Friends laying aside all former Grudges Forces from all Parts march'd to Sevil and still they were hasten'd because News was brought that Alboacen and the King of Granada had lay'd Siege to Tarifa They sat down before it on the 23d of September and batter'd it furiously applying great Wooden Towers to the Walls for the more Terror Tho the Garrison was numerous it was fear'd they could not long hold out and therefore the King still gave them fresh assurances of Relief and provided for it with all possible Diligence The King being come back to Sevil and the King of Portugal soon following him with 1000 Horse more valuable for their Bravery than Number they both instantly set forward from Sevil where the Rendezvouz was resolving to relieve the Town or hazard a Battle for it The Number of the Christians was not to compare with that of the Moors for they had but 14000 Horse and 25000 Foot yet with that Force they march'd to Tarifa The Moorish Kings understanding the Resolution of our Army Burnt their Engines and possess'd themselves of certain Hills near their Camp They intrench'd not believing the Victory secure Our Army being come to a Village call'd La Pen̄a del Ciervo there discover'd the Enemy and held a Council of War Here it was resolv'd that at Midnight 1000 Horse and 4000 Foot should be put into Tarifa who when they saw the Armies ingag'd were to sally and flank the Infidels upon the Hills the rest of the Army was order'd to refresh themselves and be ready for the Fight at break of day Great Joy was among the Christians that Night they offer'd up their Vows to Heaven and swore to stand by one another and never to return Home unless Victorious At break of Day the Kings and others by their Example receiv'd the Holy Communion and then the Army was drawn out D. John de Lara D. John Manuel and the Master of Santiago commanded the Van D. Gonzalo de Aguilar the Rear and D. Pero Nun̄ez a Reserve of Foot The main Body was headed by the Two Kings and with them the Arch-Bishop of Toledo and many Prelates and Nobles A French Gentleman call'd Jugo by the Popes appointment carry'd the Standard of the Croizade and all the Souldiers wore a red Cross on their Breasts in Token they fought for the Faith The King of Portugal undertook to charge him of Granada and had with him besides his own People the Masters of Calatrava and Alcantara The King of Castile just as the Armies were ready to fall on encourag'd his Men and then the Signal being given they mov'd towards the Enemy Betwixt the two Armies was a River call'd Salado which not far from thence falls into the Sea from this River the Battle took Name and was ever called of Salado Whoever first pass'd seem'd to have gain'd some Advantage therefore the Moorish King sent 2000 Horse to guard the Passage Mean while he not doubting of the Victory Rode among his Battalions exhorting and animating them D. John de Lara and D. John Manuel were the first of the Christians that came to the River and made a Stand which caus'd many to believe they acted treacherously The Two Brothers Gonzalo and Garcia Lasso passing over a small Bridge were the first that ingaged They were in great danger being overpower'd by Numbers when Alvar Perez de Guzman reliev'd them and then all the rest follow'd The King of Portugal march'd on the left along the Hills he of Castile taking a Circuit by the Shore fell furiously on the Enemy Both Sides rent the Skies with hideous Cries and being come to Handy-strokes stood their Ground without giving way the Generals causing the Standards to be advanc'd where the greatest Danger was Certain Bands of Christians through By-ways got to the Enemies Camp which they plunder'd having slain those that were left to Guard it They that Fought understanding what had happen'd were dismay'd and soon after fled A mighty Slaughter of them was made 200000 are said to have been kill'd and a great Number taken Only 20 Christians are reported to have perish'd which seems absolutely incredible Those Soldiers that belong'd to the Fleet did no Service for all the Aragonians remain'd aboard Navarre sent no Succour that King being taken up in the Wars of France Reginald Poncius a French-man govern'd that Kingdom The Arch-Bishop of Toledo never stirr'd from the King of Castile's Side during the Battle and hinder'd him from casting himself desperately among the Enemy being almost forsaken by his Men. This Battle was fought in the Year of Grace 1340. Authors vary about the Day but I look upon the most certain Account to be that it was upon a Munday the 30th of October as it is set down in the Kalendar of the Church of Toledo where according to antient Custom a Thanksgiving Day is kept on this account The routed Moors fled to Algezira and thence fearing a Siege the King of Granada withdrew to Marbella Albohacen to Gibraltar and that same Night sail'd over into Africk fearing lest his Son Abderhaman hearing of his defeat should rebell against him In this Fight Fatima Daughter to the King of Tunez Albahacen's chief Wife and three other of his Wives as also his Son Abohamar were taken Two other Sons of his were kill'd In the Moorish Camp vast Riches were found of all sorts but particulary so much Gold and Silver that it caus'd the value of Mony to fall in Spain and all Commodities to rise Our Victorious Kings return'd at Night to the Camp those that pursu'd the Enemy came back tir'd with killing and such as lov'd profit more than Honour loaden with Plunder Next day they furnish'd Tarifa with all Necessaries and order'd the Breaches to be repair'd It had been expedient in that consternation of the Moors to besiege Algezira but the Army being unprovided for a Siege Provisions growing scarce and Winter drawing on they return'd to Sevil. There they were receiv'd in Triumph and great Rejoycing was throughout all Spain with publick Thanksgivings The King of Portugal of all the Booty took only some Horse-Furniture and Cimiters to keep as a Trophey of
fitted out The King of Aragon landed in Majorca where the Islanders had assembled 300 Horse and 15000 Foot but all Raw undisciplin'd Souldiers They were easily overthrown and their King fled to the City Poncia and thence desparing of better Fortune over to the Continent Those People being before well affected to the Aragonian soon took the Oath of Fidelity to him and he return'd to Barcelona leaving Arnaldus de Eril Viceroy of the Islands Russillon and Cerdagne on the Borders of Spain were Infested and some Towns there taken belonging to the King of Majorca A Cardinal was now sent by the Pope as his Legate to reconcile these Kings his coming the approach of Winter and want of Engines to batter Walls made the War cease for sometime but his Embassy took no further Effect In the Month of April 1344 the War was renew'd with more Fury than at first all the open Country destroy'd and the places of Strength taken Some perswaded the King of Majorca to put himself into the Power of the Aragonian Others more fierce said it was better to dye than trust him Nothing was left the King of Majorca but the Town of Perpignan therefore he sent by D. Peter de Exerica to acquaint the King of Aragon he would put himself into his Power upon promise of Life and Liberty Having receiv'd that Promise in July he came from Perpignan to Elna where the Camp of Aragon then was Being come before the King of Aragon he kiss'd his Hand and with Submissive Words begg'd pardon The Aragonian receiv'd him with feign'd Friendship and promis Forgiveness but his Actions were not answerable to his Words Soon after in an Assembly of Nobility at Barcelona he depriv'd him of the regal Title and asign'd him some Estate to live upon Finding himself deceiv'd the King of Majorca fled into France designing to renew the War and seeing there was little help in the Pope cast himself wholly upon the King of France to whom he sold the Lordship of Montpellier for 100000 Crowns in Gold The War was again Commenc'd in the Island Cerdagne and Russillon which prov'd fatal to him for he was 5 years after overthrown and kill'd in a Battle in Majorca by the Aragonians His Body was deposited in Valencia his Sons and Nephews liv'd Poor and in Bannishment The same year that Algezira was taken and the King of Majorca depos'd there was a mighty Earthquake at Lisbon which shook all the Buildings and threw down the Steeple of the Cathedral and was look'd upon as an Omen of ensuing Misfortunes Constance the Daughter of D. John Manuel and Wife of Prince Peter of Portugal dy'd in the year 1345. Her Death was the less grievous to him because he was in Love with the Lady Agnes de Castro and kept her in as great State as his Wife The Lady Constance left two Sons Ferdinand and Mary After the War with the Moors was ended the King of Castile labour'd to punnish the Disorders that had happen'd in that turbulent Time and to perswade the Kingdom of Toledo and Andaluzia to grant him the same Duty on Merchandize as Burgos and Leon had done In Aragon new Troubles began to break out for the King endeavour'd by all means to increase the Grandeur of the Crown by recalling many Grants of his Predecessors and oblig'd his Brother D. Jayme to quit the place of Vicar General of the Kingdom In the year 1346 dy'd the Queen of Aragon a most virtuous Lady She was bury'd at Valencia To the intent the King might have Issue male a Match was presently propos'd with the Lady Eillenor Daughter to the King of Portugal Ferdinand the Aragonian's Brother thought to marry that Lady but the King prevail'd chiefly by the assistance of D. John Manuel whose Son Ferdinand marry'd Joanna cousin German to the King of Aragon The Nobility and Commous of Aragon rebell'd upon pretence that Wrong had been done to D. Jayme the King's Brother and that several publick Acts were made in the Name of the Lady Constance as Heiress of the Crown Ximeno de Vrrea Peter Coronel Blase de Alagon and D. Lope de Luna were appointed Conservators of the Liberties of the People D. Jayme Earl of Vrgel was châ—â—en for their chief His Brothers Ferdinand and John were call'd out of Castile The King assembl'd the Cortes at Zaragoça and to please thâ—â—eople restor'd the Vicarship to his Brother D. Jayme and declar'd him heir of the Crown Thus all People were pleas'd but D. Jayme soon dying their Joy expir'd The King went to Barceloâ—â— whither he had order'd his Queen to be conducted from Portugal and here it was the Earl of Vrgel dy'd about the end of the Year 1347. His Brothers Ferdinand and 〈◊〉 â—â—aded the Mutinâ—ers being assisted by the King of Castile with 800 Horse The King of Aragon was marry'd without any Pomp by reason of the publick Sorrow for the death of D. Jayme as also because of the Troubles of the Kingdom The Two Brothers Ferdinand and John who had been in Castile to consult with their Mother and the King their Uncle headed the Rebels being assisted with 800 Horse from Castile Ferdinand went 〈◊〉 to Valencia and John to Zaragoça Their Mother resided at Cuenca and Requena Fernan Perez Portocarrero was sent from Castile and MunÌ„on Lopez de Tauste from Aragon to reconcile the Brothers of that Crown and procure that no Aid might be given to the Rebels Alvar Garcia de Albornoz was allow'd to raise 600 Horse in Castile to serve the King of Aragon who put himself into the Hands of the Rebels at Valencia Here the People Mutinying assaulted the Palace and the King was forc'd to ride out among them and grant that D. Ferdinand should be Vicar of the Kingdom and Heir to the Crown excluding the King's Daughters After the King's departure D. Lope de Luna who was reconcil'd to the King was very severe towards 〈◊〉 Conspirator He encamp'd about Daroca Prince Ferdinand march'd against him with 15000 Horse and Fooâ— they came to a Battle in which the Rebels were routed 〈…〉 Prince Ferdinand himself taken but Alvar Garcia de Albornoz who was intrusted to 〈◊〉 him suffer'd him to make his escape into Castile The King to reward D. Lope created him Earl of Luna a thing not much us'd in Aragon After this Victory all submitted to the King Yet Prince Ferdinand was again declar'd Heir and the Power of the High Justice of Aragon was increas'd that the King might not oppress the People This in Aragon in the Year 1348. This Year a destructive Plague spread it self first in the East then into Italy Sicily Majorca and Spain where no City escap'd it and the Mortality was so great that only in the City Zaragoça in October 100 dyed in one day The infection was so great that nobody would look to the Sick or bury the Dead Ellenor the new Queen of Aragon dy'd
â—own was well providâ—â— strongly fortify'd and had a good Garrison As soon as the Town was invested all 〈◊〉 Country about was laid Waste and presently the Walls began to be batter'd The Siege lasted long notwithstanding the Townsmen abated of their Heat seeing no hope of Sucâ—â—â—r yet the Garison held out resolutely During the Siege the Embassadors sent by the 〈◊〉 of Castile to establish Peace and desire Succours of the King of Aragon return'd to the Camp and with them Bernard de Cabrera a Man of great Parts and therefore brought to the Court by the King of Aragon from his retirement â—nd employ'd in the most important Affairs of the Government He came to the Camp on the â—0th of August and establish'd a League betwixt the two Kings upon these Conditions That Queen Ellenor and her Children shall peaceably enjoy all that was given them by her Husband and their Father That the King of Castile shall not give them any assistance if they raise Commotions in the Kingdom After this the King of Aragon sent 400 Cross-bow-Men and 10 Galleys under the command of Raymund Villano Joanna Queen of Navarre who after the Death of her Husband Philip resided in France at the Town of Conflans seated at the meeting of the Rivers Seyne and Oyse dy'd on the 5th of October and was buried in the Church of St. Denis near her Father King Luis Hutin She was a most virtuous Lady and had a numerous Issue Charles her Son succeeded her at the Age of 17. She had two lesser Sons Philip and Luis he who had the Seignory of Durazzâ— in Dower and these Daughters Joanna Mary Blâ—â—â—h and Agnes who were all marry'd to great Men the first to the Lord of Roanâ— the 2d to the King of Aragon the 3d to Philip de Valois King of France and the last to the Earl of Faux Mossen John de Conflans a Frenchman was now Vicerâ—y of Navarre Let us return to the Siege of Gibraltar The Moors of Granada always laid Ambushes about the Christian Camâ—â—â—nd pick'd up all Straglers The besieg'd made often Sallies and did some Execution But what was worst a violent Plague rag'd in the Army and great Numbers dy'd Most Men and particularly D. John de Lara and D. Ferdinand Manuel who had succeeded his Father in the Lordship of Villena were for raising the Siege These things somwhat mov'd the King â—et his Resolution prevail'd unfortunately to him for the Infection seiz'd him and he dy'd on the 26th of March 1350. This was the first year in which Pope Clement allow'd the Jubilee to be gain'd every 50th year which before was every Century It was also remarkable for the Death of Philip King of France His Son John succeeded him This was the end of King Alonso the XIth of Castile in the 38th year of his Age and 't is thought had he liv'd longer he would have drove the Moors out of Spain He might have been compar'd to the best of Princes had he not â—â—emish'd his Virtâ—es by much Inconstancy His Severity in executing Justice gain'd him the Name of The Vpright Immediately upon his Death the Siege was rais'd His Body was carry'd to Sevil and bury'd in the Royal Chappel In the Reign of his Son Henry he was Translated to Cordova as he had order'd it in his Will D. Giles de Albornoz Archbishop of Toledo was created a Cardinal by Pope Clement on the 18th of December Laurence de Padilla says this was the Cause why he quitted the Archbishoprick for in those Days two such Dignities were incompatible and that D. Gonçalo the IVth succeeded him and govern'd that Church but 3 Years Mighty Troubles and Confusions follow'd in Castile Most Men lay all the blame on the new King and therefore call him The Cruel 〈◊〉 Authors attribute it to the Pride and Ambition of the Nobility who 〈◊〉 the King to make 〈◊〉 â—ere Examples As soon as King Alonso dy'd his lawful Son Peter was proclaim'd King 〈◊〉 the Camp tho he was but 15 years of Age and then at Sevil with his Mother His Age was unfit for Government but his forward Wit promis'd well He was fair of Complexion had an agreeable Face with much Majesty a great Heart for difficult Attempts and would undergo any Labour He lov'd 〈◊〉 king above other Sporst and was rigid in Administring Justice Among these Virtues some Vices began to appear as Pride and Passion in his Youth afterwards he added Avarice and Incontinency These natural Imperfections were increas'd by the ill Government of his Tutor D. John de Albuquerque who gave him his Will in all things and by that means rose to the great Favour he had with him The new King had these Bastard Brothers Henry Earl of Trastamara Frederick Master of Santiago Ferdinand Lord of Ledesina and Tello Lord of Aguilar these the Sons of the Lady Ellenor de Guzman Besides these the Lady Joanna marry'd to Ferdinand and Philip de Castro Sancho John and Peter for another Peter and Sancho dy'd Young These Bastard Brothers had not much Confidence in the King who was wholly govern'd by his Mother Queen Mary The Lady Ellenor de Guzman fâ—â—ring the Queen Dowager set out from the Camp with the dead King's Body but by the way changing her Resolution left it and went to Medina Sidonia a strong Town of her own Here she was some time dubious what to do but at last resolv'd to put her self upon the King's Goodness Having fix'd this Resolution she went away to Sevil her Sons and other great Men of her Kindred went to Algezira and other strong Places The King yielding to his Mother's Passion the Lady Ellenor was cast into Prison Her Son Henry being expell'd Algezira upon a safe Conduct came to the King and hastily concluded a Match with the Lady Joanna Sister to D. Ferdinand Manuel to be 〈◊〉 Condition to oppose the King The King fell so desperately Sick that he was given over by all the Physicians Every one named a Successor according to his Fancy but the King soon recovering this only serv'd to discover the Inclinations of the People D. John de Lara envious of the great Power of D. Alonso de Albuquerque went away for Castile designing to raise a Rebellion which was easy because of his great Possessions in that Country His Designs were prevented by Death which took him away at Burgos on the 28th of November His Body was bury'd in the Monastery of St. Paul of the Dominiâ—ans in that City He left a 〈◊〉 NunÌ„o de Lara but two years Old Almost at the same time dy'd his Brother in Law D. Ferdinand Manuel leaving only a Daughter call'd Blanch. The Death of these two great Men was very pleasing to D. Alonso de Albuquerque who hop'd they being remov'd to be absolute without Controul The King upon the first News set out from Sevil hoping to seize upon their Estates and gave by the way some Signs of his
Severity D. Frederick his Bastard Brother met him at Ellerena and was receiv'd with exterior Tokens of Affection but it appear'd afterwards they were Counterfeit At the same time he order'd D. Alonso de Olmedo to put to Death the Lady Ellenor de Guzman then a Prisoner at Talavera in the Kingdom of Toledo This Town being part of the Queen's Dower was from that time call'd Talavera de la Râ—yna Garcilasso de la Vega was kill'd in the Palace at Burgos his chief Crime was the Affection he bore to D. John de Lara Garcilasso was Lieutenant of Castile Garci Manrique succeeded him in that Post It was consulted how the King might get the young Child D. Nuno de Lara Lord of Biscay into his Power But D. Mencia who had the Care of him fled with him into Biscay hoping that People would defend him The King pursu'd and they narrowly escap'd but the Child soon dying he easily subdu'd all that Lordship and annex'd Biscay Lerma and Lara with other Places to the Crown having before secur'd Joanna and Elizabeth Sisters to the Child deceas'd These things were acted in the year of Grace 1351. Great rejoycing was 〈◊〉 in Aragon for the Birth of Prince John which put an end to the strife there had been about the Succession Bernard de Cabrâ—ra was appointed his Tutor and the young Prince was created Duke of Girona From this time forward the eldest Son to the King of Aragon was always Duke of Girona Both the Kings of Castile and Aragon endeavour'd to make a 〈◊〉 with Charles King of Navarre who the year before was Crown'd at Pamplona This King thought it convenient to entertain both those Kings with fair promises Yet at the request of the Castilian he came to Burgos where they both labour'd to out-do one another in Civility and Gallantry Being almost of the same Age and Natural Inclinations they became great Friends This King Charles was by some call'd the Wicked by others the Cruel because 〈◊〉 punish'd with severity a Mutiny that was rais'd at his first Accession to the Crown After some days spent in Mirth at Burgos the King of Castile went away to hold the â—â—rtes or Parliament at Burgos and King Charles returned to â—amplona Thence desiring to be gone into France his Native Country he first went to Moblanco in Aragon to meet that King There two Marriages were propos'd one for King Charles with the Sister to the King of Sicily and the other with Blanch Widow of Philip King of France but nothing was concluded because he hop'd to Marry Joanna the King of France's Daughter CHAP. VIII Embassadors sent by King 〈◊〉 of Castile into France to obtain for his Wife Blanch Daughter to the Duke of Bourbon who is brought into Spain and Marry'd to the King but he being before in â—ove with the Lady Mary de Padilla slights and forsakes his Queen SOme Towns in Old Castile had an antient inmemorial Privilege of chusing their Lords and were therefore call'd Behâ—trias from the Greek word Hetera signifying a Company D. Alonso de Albuquerque in the Cortes labour'd that it should be establish'd for the future the King should appoint those Lords but it could not be obtain'd The next thing propos'd was to Marry the King and to that purpose John de Roelaâ— Bishop of Burgos and Alvor Garcia de Albâ—rnoz a Gentleman of Cuenca were sent Embassadors into France to ask one of the six Daughters of the Duke of Bourbon the most powerful Prince of the Blood Royal in France which they should most approve of for the King The Duke having shew'd them his Daughters they made choice of the Lady Blanch and she was Contracted to the King by Proxy This Lady was bless'd with all Perfections of Soul and Body but unfortunate in her Marriage which ought to have been the Complement of all her Felicity Henry Earl of Trastamara after the Death of his Mother and Gareilasso fled out of Asturias to Portugal fearing the King whom he was not able to oppose The King of Portugal taking compassion on the Earl and fearing leâ—t any misfortune might befall his Grandson the King of Castile his People being incens'd against him met him at Câ—idad Rodrigo There he perswaded him to pardon Count Henry In the beginning of the year 1352. Discontents began to break out in Andaluzia Asturias and Murcia D. Alonso Fernandez Coronel a powerful Man in Andaluzia was possess'd of Aguilar by the King's Gift and had long been at 〈◊〉 with Bernaâ—â—de Cabrera about that Town He was â—ealous of the King for that during his sickness at Seviâ— he had let fall some words signifying that D. John de Lara ought to succeed him which the King heinously resented This Gentleman confiding in the Strength of Aguilar stor'd his other Towns and made an Alliance with other mutinous Nobles He rais'd Men and ask'd Aid of Foreign Princes Particularly he sent D. John de la Cerda Son to Lewis and his Son in Law to the Moors Neither the King of Granada nor the Africanâ— would give him any Succour but it is said he serv'd Albohacen in a Battel in which he overthrew his Father Albohacen Thence he return'd to Portugal and there continu'd in Banishment His Wife the Lady Mary Coronel not able to endure the absence of her Husband or resist her unchast desires rather than yield to them is said to have put burning Coals into that Part which molested her The King of Castile having taken several Towns in Andaluzia prepar'd to Besiege Aguilar when News was brought him that Count Henry had Rebell'd at Gijon in Asturias and his Brother D. Tello committed many Outrages making Incursions from Montagudo on the Frontiers of Aragon This oblig'd him to March to Asturias where Gijon surrender'd upon promise of Pardon for themselves and Count Henry who lurk'd in the Mountains In this march it was that the King fell in Love with Da. Maria de Padilla a young Maid that was bred in the House of D. Alonso de Albuquerque Their familiarity began at Sahagun which prov'd Fatal to the King and Kingdom John de Hinestrola the Ladies Uncle was the manager of the unhappy Bargain The King march'd to Montagudo and took it with several other Towns for D. Tello had abandon'd it and was fled to Aragon The two Kings of Aragon being so near one another set onfoot a Treaty of Peace they met not themselves but their Embassadors D. Alonso de Albuquerque and Bernard de Gabrera concluded a Peace at Taraçona A League offensive and defensive was establish'd and they agreed the one should pardon D. Tello and the other D. Ferdinand de Aragon Then â—ing Peter return'd into Andaluzia and after a Siege of four Months took Aguilar in February 1853. D. Alonso Coronel being taken was Executed as a Traytor with Five of his Companions The Town was dismantled and the King pardon'd the multitude On the 25th of the same
Portugal who at that time was at Ebora celâ—â—ratinâ— the Marriage of 〈◊〉 his Grandchild with Ferdinand Prince of Aragâ—â—â— â—â—eâ—e the Embassadoâ—â—â—eâ—an◠〈…〉 D. Alonso de Albuquerque should be deliver'd up 〈…〉 â—ccoâ—nt of the 〈…〉 had thâ— management of D. Alonso answer'd hâ—â—as ready to account in 〈…〉 and â—â—â—lleng'd any body that should lay any Disloyalty to his Chargâ—â— Thâ—s 〈…〉 were dismist The King's Bastard Brothers made an Association with D. Aloâ—â—â— dâ—â—â—â—â—querque aâ—d otheâ—â—obles and would have drawn in the Prince oâ— Portugal 〈◊〉 him the Crowâ—â—â— Castile but the King of Portugal was offended at the 〈◊〉 and so the design â—eâ—â— â—ow the King oâ— Castile committed a Crime not excusabâ—â— if the rest of his Life â—â—â—re such Dâ— â—oanna de Castro Widow to the late D. James de 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with 〈…〉 The King fell in Love with her and knowing he 〈…〉 â—â—â—ain her 〈…〉 â—â—fer'd to Marry her To this purpose he undertook to prove he 〈…〉 beâ—â—re and putting it to the Judgment of the Bishops of Avila and Salaâ—â—â—â—â— they declar'd he was no â—ays ty'd to the first Marriage As soon as this was declar'd 〈…〉 â—hâ—râ— the King was the â—â—â—â—tials were perform'd in hast Having obtain'd his desires he wâ—â— soon weary â—t is â—â—â—â—rted he stay'd with her but one Night and then left her upon pretence that the Nobâ—â—â—ty Revolted and he must put a stop to their Proceedings Dâ— Joâ—nna de Castro withdrew to Dâ—â—â—as where she cover'd her Disgrace with the Title of Queen and had a Son call'd D. â—â—hn at present her Comfort and afterwards the Scorn of 〈…〉 Whilst the Rebellion was contâ—â—â—ing at Castroxeriz in Old Castile Elizabeth second Dâ—â—â—â—â—er â—â— D. John NunÌ„ez de Lara was marry'd to D. John Prince of Aragon and had with her the Lordship of Biscay taken from D. Tello the King's Bastard Brother who had it in Râ—â—ht of his Wife being â—â—e eldest Sister and lost it for Conspiring against the King Da. Maria 〈…〉 was now dellyer'd of a Daughter call'd Constance afterwards marry'd in Englaâ—â— â—â—â—he Dukâ— of Lancaster Still other Nobles joyn'd in the Association particularly D. Ferâ—â—â—â— de Castâ—â—â— to revenge the Affront put upon his Sister by the King The same was done by the Cities of Toledo Cordova Jaen Cuencâ—â— and Talavera and lastly the Princes of Aragon Queen Mary and Queen Ellenor favour'd the Rebels and thus way was made to a bloody Civil War which long harassed Spain Let us leave the Troubles of Castile a while to speak of the other Provinces of Spain Joseph Bulhagix King of Granada having Reign'd 21 years was murder'd this year by his Subjects Mahomet Lagus Uncle to Joseph and chief Contriver of the Treason usurp'd the Kingdom and held it as long as he liv'd tho' incumber'd with many Contentions and Broils This same year the King of Aragon founded an University at Huesca This was done at such a time as all that Kingdom resounded with Warlike Preparations for the Island of Sardinia The Aragâ—nians as was said in its place had conquer'd that Island but the People were given to change The Family of the Orias of Genoa were possess'd of some Towns in Sardinia These relying on the Affections of the People and the Assistance of Genoa attempted to expel the Aragonians The pretence they made use of was that the Aragonians had taken from them Sacer and Caller two strong Towns War being declar'd they took Alguer and laid Siege to Sacer but could not enter it for the Townsmen bravely defended it till the King of Aragon sent his Fleet to their Relief which for some time supported the War with various event The Venetians always Enemies to the Genoeses made a League with the King of Aragon against them Three years before this we now write of the Fleets of Aragon and Venice near Peâ—a which is a League from Constantinople and was then subject to the State of Genoa fought the Genoese Fleet tho' the Sea was at that time rough and took 23 of their Galleys many were also drove ashore Twelve Galleys of Aragon and their General Ponce de Santapan were also lost Yet both Parties pretended to the Victory The Popes Clement Innocent labour'd to reconcile these Nations but all in vain Marianus Judge of Arborea an antient Prince of Sardinia and a Powerful Man sided with the Genoeses and joyn'd Mathew Doria their chief Thus they soon possess'd themselves of all the Island except the two Towns of Sacer and Caller which always continu'd firm to the Aragonians The dangerous Posture of their Affairs being known in Aragon a Fleet was fitted out consisting of a 100 Sail among which 55 were Galleys In it were 1000 Men at Arms 500 light Horse and about 12000 Foot all of known bravery Great stores of Provisions were also laid up and many Souldiers and Persons or Note came to serve the King of Aragon out of England Germany and Navarre All the Nobility of Aragon strove to go upon this Expedition and Bernard de Gabrera was Admiral of the Fleet which Rendezvous'd at Roses and set sail thence about the middle of June Prince Peter the King's Uncle was left to govern the Kingdom They had a good Voyage in 8 Days arriv'd at Sardinia anker'd within three Miles of Alguer and landed the Army Presently the Army March'd towards the City and Bernard de Cabrera follow'd with the Fleet. The â—ing at the Head of his Men and shun'd no Danger to encourage them About Forty Genoese Galleys appear'd in the Sea rather to shew their Swiftness than Valour The Lord of Arborea incamped in sight of the Aragonians with 2000 Horse and 15000 Foot but durst not give Battle because they were raw undisciplin'd Men. Whilst the Aragonians batter'd the Town the Weather being had and the Country unhealthy the Aragonian Army sicken'd and the King himself was diseas'd wherepon a Treaty was set afoot Peace was concluded upon dishonourable Conditions for the King of Aragon which were that the Judge of Arborea and Mathew Doria should be pardon'd and keep what they had Besides the King 〈◊〉 the former several Towns in Gallura a Province of that Island Thus 〈…〉 stead of Punishment the Enemies grew more fierce Alguer was deliver 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 the Inhabitants had leave to depart and many old Catalonian Souldiers setled there The Queen who was there present being earnest to return Home and several Noble Men dying caus'd this Treaty to be hastily concluded in November Yet the King stay'd Seven Months longer in Sardinia settl'd the Island punish'd some Offenders reducing the Judge of Arborea and Mathew Doria who again were about to revolt Olfo Prochita being left Viceroy there the Fleet return'd to Aragon having perform'd little for so great Preparations CHAP. X. The Nobility of Castile and particularly the King's Bastard Brothers in Rebellion they treat with the King without success the Queen Mother joyns them the King gets the better and
Rojas two Men of Note Some others he imprison'd John Fernandez de Hinestrosa was let out of Prison at Toro up-upon parole that he would return if he did not appease the King but he broke his Word Henry and Frederick the King's Bastard-brothers seiz'd the City Toledo rob'd all the Jews and murder'd about 1000 of them but the King coming upon them before they were provided to make resistance they were forc'd to fly for their lives The King reveng'd himself upon the Town executing some Gentlemen and Twenty two of the Commonalty Among those condemn'd was a Goldsmith Eighty Years of Age a Son of his of Eighteen Years old offer'd to die for him and the King accepted of the Exchange Peter Gomez Barroso Bishop of Siguença was imprison'd for favouring the Towns-men and Queen Blanch sent to the Castle of Siguença Toledo being subdu'd the King went about to reduce the other Cities Cuenca shut the Gates against him and being a strong place he would not use Violence D. Sancho another Bastard-brother of the Kings was bred there under the care of Alvar Garcia de Albornoz who fled with him into Aragon Toro was besieged within it were the Queen Mother D. Henry D. Frederick D. Peter Estevanez Carpintero who call'd himself Master of Calatrava with the best Forces of the Association During the Siege Da. Maria de Padilla was delivered at Tordisillas of a third Daughter call'd Elizabth D. John de Padilla Master of Santiago was kill'd in a Skirmish with a party of Rebels The King would not bestow that Honour leaving it as a Bait to attract D. Frederik to his Service Pope Innocent sent the Cardinal of Bolonia to compose the Differences but he effected nothing only obtaining that Bishop Peter Gomez Barroso should be released Count Henry fled from Toro to Galicia D. Frederick went over to the King Lastly on the 5th of January 1356 one of the Towns-men who had the Guard of a Gate gave the King entrance The King being Master of the City caus'd Peter Estevanez Carpintero Ruy Gonzalez de CastanÌ„eda and other great Men to be put to death in the Queen's presence She fainted away at the sight and coming to her self loudly curs'd the King her Son and soon after with his leave went away into Portugal where she liv'd as lendly as she had done before There having an Intrigue with D. Martin Tello a Portugues Gentleman she was poison'd by the King her Brother Some say it was by her Father King Alonso the IVth The King of Castile went to Tordesillas and there had a Turneament for Joy of his success Next Morning he caus'd two of D. Fredericks Followers to be put to death which terrify'd their Master but no harm was done him This Year there was a great Earth-quake which did most harm to the Maritmie Towns At Sevil the Iron Apples that were upon the Steeple fell down and the Chappel-Royal newly finish'd by King Alonso at Lisbon was destroy'd This was look'd upon as Ominous and Processions were made to appease the divine Wrath. After the taking of Toro Count Henry fled into Biscay to his Brother Tello who made his Party Good and twice defeated the King's Forces Thence he went by Sea to Rochel in France At the same time the King of France surpris'd and made Prisoner him of Navarre as he was at a Feast with the Dauphin at Roan in Normandy He was accus'd of Treason for favouring the English being a Subject to France Thus the Spaniards residing in France were divided Count Henry receiv'd Pay of the King of France and Philip the King of Navarre's Brother joyn'd withe English in Normandy The Earl of Faux did the same offended at the wrong done to that King his Brother-in-Law Thus great Revolutions and Bloody Wars threaten'd France and Spain at the same time The End of the Sixteenth Book THE History of SPAIN The Seventeenth BOOK CHAP. I. The beginning of the War in Aragon Many Rebellious Nobles in Castile put to Death The War between Castile and Aragon carried on by Sea and Land VVE shall now write of a War betwixt two Kingdoms Ally'd by several Marriages A War bloody and destructive which consum'd many Noble Persons and lastly him that began it giving a new Race of Kings to Castile and restoring Peace The motives of this War consider'd singly and apart were inconsiderable but concurring all together made a mighty Flood of Discontents Both the Kings of Castile and Aragon were Princes of high Spirits alike in Conditions and harshness of Nature yet he of Castile as the younger was hottest The Aragonian complain'd that the Castilian countenanc'd his Brothers in raising Seditions in his Kingdom and was offended that his Brother Ferdinand had put Castilian Garrisons into his Forts of Alicant and Orihuela The King of Castile was incens'd for that the Galleys of Aragon had taken certain Ships laden with Corn at the mouth of Guadalquivir which made the want there was before more grievous besides that the Out-laws of Castile were protected in Aragon and also that the Aragonian Knights of Calatrava and Santiago would not obey their Masters in Castile Another new Complaint was added to all these which was That the King having reduc'd Castile went to Sevil and thence for his Diversion in a Galley to â—ee the Fishery at Almadravas near S. Lucar Two Ships lay then at Anchor in that Port Ten Galleys of Aragon bound to the Assistance of the French against the English Coasting that way spy'd those two Ships and carry'd them away before the King's Face This was a hainous Affront and Gutierre de Toledo was sent to demand satisfaction The Aragonian Commander answer'd that those Ships belong'd to Genoeses with whom they were then at War and might therefore lawfully be made Prize Having receiv'd this positive Answer from the Admiral the King of Castile sent Giles Velazquez de Segovia Embassador into Aragon to demand Restitution of the Ships taken and that the Commander of the Galleys should be deliver'd up to him At that time the King of Aragon was fitting out a Fleet at Barcelona to subdue the Rebels of Sardinia and therefore return'd a favourable Answer saying He would give Satisfaction to the King of Castile would banish his Fugitive Subjects out of Aragon and punish the Admiral at his Return But as for the Knights of Santiago and Calatrava that they being Religious Men he would stand by whatsoever the Pope should decree in that case Giles Velazquez was not satisfy'd with this Answer and therefore in his King's Name declar'd War The King of Aragon reply'd he thought there was no sufficient ground for a War and therefore would not commence it but did not doubt if invaded to repulse it Thus the War broke out Many Catalonian Merchants resided at Sevil in a moment they were all secur'd and their Effects seiz'd upon Both Kingdoms made Preparations and endeavour'd to obtain Foreign Aids Particularly Luis Brother to
the King of Navarre then a Prisoner in France was solicited by both Parties but he would declare for neither tho he rather inclin'd to the Aragonian Incursions were made three several ways into the Kingdom of Valencia Prince Ferdinand of Aragon hoping that Kingdom would rebel but he was deceiv'd for they were terrify'd with Punishment Thus the War was carry'd on at the end of August with great Desolation of the Country Near the same time was the memorable Battle of Poitiers in France in which the whole power of that Kingdom was discomfited by a small Number of English the King of France and his younger Son Philip taken and a great number of Nobility slain That famous Battel was fought on the 19th of September 1356. Upon occasion of this defeat the King of Navarre broke Prison and getting to Paris headed the People against the Dauphin There in a great Assembly he complain'd of the Wrongs done him and pleaded his right to the Crown as Grand-Son to King Luis Hutin whereas the King of England was Son to the Lady Elizabeth that King's Sister This had been a ground of new Confusions but that the King of Navarre wanted Power However he prevail'd so far as to have all that was his own restor'd to him with an addition of the Lordships of Mascon and Bigorre Yet he could not obtain the Earldoms of Champagne Brie and Burgundy to which he pretended to have right Heny Earl of Trastamara escaping from that Fight fled to the King of Aragon being invited by him This was the first step he rose towards obtaining the Crown of Castile It was agree'd betwixt the King of Aragon and him That Count Henry should renounce his Country and take an Oath of Fidelity to the Aragonian and that the King should give him pay for 600 Horse and as many Foot who were to serve under him At the beginning of the Year 1357 the War went on with various Success on the Frontiers of Castile and Aragon The Arigonians took Alicant the Castilians Embite and Bordalva Chief Commanders for the King of Aragon were Count Henry D. Peter de Exerica and Count Lope Ferdnandez de Luna For the King of Castile D. Frederick Master of Santiago the two Princes of Aragon and D. John de la Cerda Those of Aragon serv'd their Master with greater Fidelity than those Castile who at last were all drawn over by the Enemy D. John de la Cerda and Alvar Perez de Gusman were the first that deserted the King of Castile remembring the death of D. Alonso Coronel whose Daughters they had marry'd and who was kill'd by the King's Order as also fearing the King had a Mind to Da. Aldonça Wife to Alvar Perez They fled to Andaluzia hoping to raise a Rebellion there At this time the King of Castile laid Siege to a Castle on the Borders of Castile and Aragon call'd Tebat or as others write Silamo there he receiv'd the News that those Gentlemen were fled into Andaluzia He pursu'd them a while but finding it impossible to overtake them return'd to the War with more fury than before He took some Towns of small Note and with the same Violence enter'd Taraçona a noble City near Navarre on the 9th of March. The Citizens seeing the upper part of the Town lost surrender'd upon promise of Life and Goods and were suffer'd to depart to Tudela It was said this City was lost through the Cowardise of the Governour Michael de Guerrea who not knowing how to answer it withdrew with his Family to Navarre The King peopled the Town with Castillian Souldiers dividing the Houses and Lands among them This City being lost the King of Aragon thought not himself safe in Zaragoça especially for that at the same time D. John de la Cerda was defeated and kill'd by the Forces of the Council of Sevil commanded by D. John Ponce de Leon Lord of Marchena and Gilos Bocanegra the Admiral From France came the Earl of Faux with many Gentlemen of Note to serve the King of Aragon His Enemy the Lord La Brie came with a number of Lances to King Peter Pope Innocent's Legate the Cardinal of Bolonia sent to that purpose labour'd much to bring them to Peace and at last obtained a Truce for 15 Months Mean while Bernard de Cabrera and John Fernandez de Hinestrosa were appointed Commissioners the first for Aragon the other for Castile to treat All Places taken on both sides were deliver'd in Trust to the Cardinal Legate who excommunicated him that should offer to break the Truce This Agreement was made on the 18th of May. This Month dy'd Alonso the IIId King of Portugal Aged 77 Years and a Half He reign'd 31 Years 5 Months and 20 Days and was buried by his Queen Beatrix in the Cathedral of that City His Son Peter call'd the Cruel succeeded him About a Month before he had a Son born to him of Da. Teresa Gallego whom he kept after his Father caus'd the Lady Agnes de Castro to be put to death She was graceful but had no other good quality her Son was call'd John to whom Heaven had reserv'd the Crown of Portugal as shall appear in its Place The Truce concluded betwixt the Crowns of Castile and Aragon the Aragonian deliver'd up to the Legate the Places he had taken being but few but King Peter could never be induc'd to draw the Souldiers out of Taraçona to whom he had given Houses there He went away to Sevil to settle Andaluzia and set out a Fleet to infest the Coast of Aragon for he neither expected nor desir'd Peace At Sevil he was so taken with the Lady Aldonça Coronel that he made no account of Da. Maria de Padilla The Legate offended at his course of Life excommunicated him and laid an Interdict upon all Castile This was an extravagant Action of the Legate therefore the Pope call'd him out of Spain All was contriv'd by the King of Aragon to make King Peter odious Another Displeasure befel him The Lady Joanna Wife to Count Henry was convey'd into Aragon to her Husband by Peter Carillo a Servant of his which cut off all hope of Peace The other Brothers Frederick and Tello were willing to rebel but fear'd they could have nothing in Aragon equivalent to the Estates they must leave in Castile Prince Ferdinand of Aragon kept the Town of Jumilla taken from the Aragonians he dealing underhand with Bernard de Cabrera went over to the King of Aragon upon conditition to be made Vicar of the Kingdom and have all his Estate restor'd The Revolt of Count Henry and Prince Ferdinand as it was the Life of Aragon so it prov'd fatal to their Brothers as shall be seen here after Mathew Doria dying in Sardinia advanc'd the King of Aragons Interest for tho Marianus of Arborea was not quiet his Power alone was inconsiderable Luis of Naples was possess'd of the greatest part of Sicily Frederick
call'd the Simple who two Years before succeeded his Brother Luis was Young and Weak as well in Judgment as Forces and preserv'd the Title of King in the City Catanea The Power of the French daily increasing he was so dismay'd that he freely made over all his Dominions of Sicily Athens and Neopatria to his Sister Ellenor Wife to the King of Aragon to whom he sent a publick Instrument of this donation to oblige him to send Forces to his Aid but the Aragonian had his Hands so full at Home that he could not relieve his Brother-in-Law The Affairs of Sicily reduc'd to this miserable Condition were up-held by the Valour of D. 〈◊〉 de Aragon Earl of Mistreta and Lord Justice of Sicily who overthrew the Enemy in Battel punish'd some Rebels and redu'd others CHAP. II. The Kings of Castile and Aragon both call the Moors to their assistance The War is carry'd on vigorously on both sides The Castilians treacherous to their King He punishes many of them The computation of time in Aragon alter'd REvenge carry'd the King 's of Castile and Aragon headlong to their Ruin and so blinded them that they call'd the Moors to their assistance The King of Granada sent a Body of Horse to the Service of Castile as was agreed betwixt them The King of Aragon call'd over the King of Morocco Pope Innocent by Letter grievously complain'd of this Action but in vain The Nobles of Castile were wrought upon by the Aragonians and forsook their Prince The first was Prince Ferdinand of Aragon as was said above Yet Jumilla by him betray'd was retaken at the beginning of the Year 1358 by D. Frederick Master of Santiago This done he went away to the King then at Sevil who caus'd him to be put to death in his presence by his Guards understanding he dealt underhand with the Aragonians From Sevil the King went with great speed to Biscay designing the same Fate for the other Brother D. Tello who suspecting it fled by Sea into France and thence into Aragon D. Tello being gone Prince John of Aragon begg'd of the King he would put him into Possession of the Lordship of Biscay to which he had right by his Wife the Lady Elizabeth Daughter to D. John Nun̄ez de Lara The King knowing he was associated with the rebellious Peers caus'd him to be slain by his Guards in his presence and his Body to be thrown out at a Window and say'd to some Biscayners that look'd on Behold him that would have been your Lord. His Body was carry'd to Burgos there cast into the River and never after seen Queen Ellenor that Prince's Mother and the Lady Elizabeth his Wife were sent Prisoners from Roa to the Castle of Castroxeriz Six Heads of Men of Note were brought to him to Burgos from several Places He had resolv'd to execute others at Valladolid but was prevented by the Incursions Count Henry and Prince Ferdinand made into his Territories the former wasted all the Country of Campos Soria and Almaçan the other the Kingdom of Murcia From Osma the King went to Burgos to provide against these Irruptions Thence he sent to complain to the King of Aragon that he had broke the Truce That King answer'd the Truce had been broken in retaking Jumilla and calleng'd him to decide the Quarrel with 20 50 or 100 Men of a side King Peter made small account of his Challenge but sent D. Gutierre Gomez de Toledo lately made great Prior of St. John to secure the Kingdom of Murcia others had other Commands given them He himself went away to Sevil where he had fitted 12 Galleys which were joyn'd by 6 from Genoa with which he design'd to scour the Coast of Valencia and attempt the Maritime Towns These Galleys took the Town of Guardamar belonging to Prince Ferdinand but were prevented from taking the Castle by a suddain Storm in which they all perish'd except two that were out at Sea This loss no way discourag'd the King who burnt the Town and march'd away to Murcia Thence he sent his Favourite Martin Yanez to Sevil to equip another Fleet and he having gather'd an Army from all parts march'd away to Almaçan and thence into the Enemies Country where he took several Towns Winter drawing on he return'd to Sevil resolving to fit out a great Fleet to which purpose the King of Portugal his Uncle sent him Ten Galleys and he of Granada Three This Year was remarkable for the Birth of the Lady Ellenor Daughter to Peter King of Aragon and of D. John Son to Count Henry whom Heaven had decreed should be marry'd together and inherit the Crown of Castile This Year also it was ordain'd in the Cortes of Valencia that the computation of Years should no longer be taken from the Era of Cesar but from the Birth of Christ At the beginning of the Year 1359 the King of Aragon laid Siege to the strong Town of Medina Celi but it being well defended return'd to Zaragoça without any Success The King of Castile being on the way to relieve Medina Celi understood the Cardinal of Bolonia the Pope's Legate was arriv'd at Almaçan In that place the Legate had Audience and earnestly exhorted the King in the Pope's Name to incline to Peace with the Christians and employ his Arms against the Infidels The King answer'd he had been already impos'd upon by the King of Aragon under pretence of Peace and therefore was resolv'd to give no more Ear to it unless the Aragoman would banish the out-Laws of Castile restore the Towns wrongfully taken during his Grand-fathers Minority and pay 500000 Florins for the Charge of War With this Answer the Legate went to the King of Aragon who excus'd himself and laid the blame upon his Enemy as is usual The time was spent in Messages to and fro and yet not so much as a truce could be concluded All hopes of Peace being laid aside the King of Castile at Almaçan declar'd Prince Ferdinand and the two Brothers Count Henry and D. Tello Traytors Queen Ellenor was put to death in Prison and soon after the Lady Joanna de Lara Her Sister the Lady Elizabeth was sent with Qu. Blanch from the Castle of Siguença to Xerez de la Frontera This done the King imbarqu'd aboard a Fleet of 41 Galleys and 80 Ships so well stord and carrying so powerful an Army that they were provided for any great Enterprize By the way he took a mighty Venetian Garack only because it resisted it was carry'd to Cathagena and all its rich Lading secur'd The Fleet sail'd to Guardumar and took both the Town and Castle by Storm Alicant was abandoned by the Aragonians D. Gutierre de Toledo was left with a good Force to secure the Towns taken The King with the rest of the Fleet sail'd to Tortosa at the Mouth of the River Ebro There the Legate came aboard his Galley and again made some Overtures of Peace but in
equipp'd to the Assistance of the King of Tremecen his Ally They met 5 Galleys of Castile which took and carry'd them to Sevil there many of them with their Commander Mathew Merzero were put to Death by the King's Order Samuel Levi a Jew was the King's Treasurer and had the diposal of all the Revenue whereby he gather'd great Riches which now prov'd his Ruin He was accus'd of many Frauds and being put to the Wrack dy'd upon it The King seiz'd upon his Estate valu'd at 400000 Ducats others say more besides Moveables and Jewels At the end of this Year Mahomet Lagus was expell'd his Kingdom by his own Subjects Mahomet Aben Alhamar was set up in his Place and from the Colour of his Hair and Beard call'd the Red. They said the Crowa appertain'd to him as being descended of the Antient Kings of Granada Hence ensu'd new Wars for the King of Castile was a Friend to him that was depos'd who fled to Ronda a Town belonging to the King of Morocco The King of Castile resolv'd to stand by his old Friend On the other side the new King to strengthen himself sought the Friendship of the Aragonian which and calling King Abohanen out of Africk cost him his Life At the end of this Year the Lady Constance Daughter to the King of Aragon was sent into Sicily to be marry'd to King Frederick Olfo Prochita Governour of the Island Sardinia commanded the Fleet that carry'd her The Marriage was celebrated on the 11th of April 1361 at Catanea From that time the Affairs of the Island began to be more Successful the Neopolitans being vanquish'd and expell'd the Kingdom Of this Queen was born the Lady Mary who was afterwards Queen of Aragon and had in Dower the Kingdom of Sicily At length by the Industry of the Cardinal Legate Peace was concluded in Castile yet so that none thought it would be lasting The Articles were That all Places taken on both Sides should be restor'd and that the Out-laws of Castile should be expell'd Aragon provided the King pardon'd them On the 18th of May the Peace was Proclaim'd at Deza where the King of Castile was then encamp'd This Peace was forwarded by the fear of the War the King of Granada then made upon Castile For the greater security it was agreed that cautionary Towns on both sides should be put into the Hands of King Charles of Navarre who was then coming out of France into Spain very Joyful for that his Queen had brought him a Son call'd Charles Mean while his Brother Prince Luis Govern'd the Kingdom Peace concluded the King of Aragon went away to Zaragoça and he of Castile to Sevil Count Henry and his Brothers into France hoping to renew the War Many Nobles of Castile were ready to take up Arms upon pretence of protecting Queen Blanch which heightned the King's hatred towards her It was said he caus'd her to be Poison'd in the Prison where he kept her She was doubtless the most unfortunate Queen of Spain There is a report that the King being a Hunting near Medina Sidonia there met him a Shepherd of a terrible Aspect threatning him if he had not Compassion of Queen Blanch and that the King sending presently to see whether it was not some body employ'd by her she was found at Prayers and closely Guarded The Shepherd being releas'd out of Prison was never after seen Doubtless were this a Vision he had never been put into Prison The Lady Elizabeth de Lara Daughter to D. John de Lara was also Poison'd in Prison at Xerez An Historian who stiles himself head Caterer to Queen Ellenor of Castile in certain Commentaries he writ upon what happen'd in his Time says Queen Blanch dy'd at Vren̄a near the City Toro in old Castile This uncertainty as to the Place of her Death makes it appear the manner of it is not so certain tho the Malice of Authors who all humour'd the Success of Henry the Bastard caus'd all Crimes to be laid to his Predecessor Peter because he was Unfortunate The publick Grief for so many Calamities was somewhat asswag'd by the Death of Da. Maria de Padilla who ended her Days at Sevil in July A Woman laying aside her Incontinency in all other Respects worthy to be a Queen Her Funeral-Rites were perform'd throughout the Kingdom with the same Magnificence as if she had been Queen She was bury'd in the Monastery of S. Mary de Estudilla which she built in old Castile The Body of Queen Blanch was deposited in the Cathedral of Tudela by some French Gentlemen who came to the Assistance of Count Henry in order to carry it into France In the Monastery of Dominican Nuns at Toledo there are 3 Tombs one of the Lady Teresa by whom King Peter had a Daughter called Mary who was many Years Prioress in that Monastery and lies in the 2d Tomb. In the 3d are D. Sancho and D. James Sons of King Peter by the Lady Elizabeth At this time the King of Portugal solemnly declar'd in Lisbon that the Children he had by the Lady Agnez de Castro were born in lawful Wedlock and as such capable of inheriting the Crown and as Witnesses of his Marriage he produc'd Giles Bishop of Guardia and Stephen Lovata his Master of the Robes The King and Witnesses made Oath of the Truth of their Assertion in the Presence of all the Nobility and of John Alonso Tello the year before created Earl of Barcelos and was the first that obtain'd that Honour in Portugal Mean while the War of Granada was carry'd on with great Heat The Forces of Castile ravag'd the Territories of the Moors and laid Siege to Antequera formerly call'd Syngilia a strong and well Garrison'd Town whence they were Repuls'd Having wasted the Plain of Granada they return'd Home without performing any memorable Action Soon after 600 Moorish Horse and 2000 Foot broke into the Lieutenancy of Caçorla and took a great Booty of Cattle The Gentry of Jaen and the Neighbouring Places assembling recovered the Prey killing many of the Enemy and putting the rest to Flight A more dangerous War was expected from France which the Cardinal Legate endeavour'd to prevent and to that effect spent the Summer at Pamplona He labour'd to perswade King Peter to pardon the Out-laws of Castile and reverse their Attainder of Treason The King would not hear of it therefore the Cardinal at the Solicitation of the King of Aragon took upon him to declare their Attainder Void This provok'd the King of Castile who resolv'd to take Revenge as soon as he had put an end to the War with the Moors On the 18th of February 1362 the Moors obtain'd a notable Victory over the Christians near Guadix D. James Garcia de Padillu Master of Calatrava and Henry Enriquez Lieutenant of the Frontiers of Jaen with other Gentlemen entred the Moorish Territories with 1000 Horse and 2000 Foot designing to
of Castile whom Farax Reduan serv'd with 600 Moorish Horse sent by the King of Granada Count Henry was daily expected out of France with 3000 Lances yet all the Power of Aragon was Inferior to that of Castile wherefore Taraçona Tervel Segorbe Exerica and many other Places surrender'd The Castilians without Opposition peirc'd into the Heart of the Kingdom and took Monviedro On the 20th of July they besieg'd Valencia In Aragon they gave themselves for lost when Count Henry arriving reinforc'd their Army so that they durst advance towards the Enemy But the Army of Castile being much weaken'd with Garrisoning the Towns taken the King would not hazzard a Battel and therefore retir'd to Monviedro The Aragonian perceiving he could not draw the Enemy to a Battel retir'd to Burrlanna a strong Town 2000 Horse were sent by the King of Castile to disturb their March but they did nothing worth taking notice of Whilst these Things were in Agitation in Spain King John of France dy'd at London whether he went to ransom the Hostages left there when he was releas'd His Son Charles the Vth. succeeded him Charles the new King was an utter Enemy to him of Navarre therefore as soon as he was possess'd of the Kingdom he sent Bertran Claquin a famous General with an Army to invade his Territories in France This General took several Towns and overthrew in Battle Philip the King's Brother who soon after dy'd His death mov'd the King of Navarre to propose a Peace betwixt the Kings of Spain Besides he began to pity his Kinsman the King of Aragon and was envious of the Success of the Castilian Hereupon Luis the King of Navarre's Brother and the Abbot of Fuscan the Popes Nuncio went to treat with the King of Castile and found with him the Count de Denia and Bernard de Cabrera Embassadors from the King of Aragon These Gentlemen mollify'd the King of Castile's Heart especially by proposing two Matches one for him with Joanna Daughter to the King of Aragon the other for his Daughter Beatrix with John Duke of Girona Heir of that Crown This is what was propos'd publickly Underhand the death of Henry Earle of Trastamana and Prince Ferdinand of Aragon were contriv'd but the King of Aragon was unwilling to condescend Nevertheless whether it was to please the King of Castile or for any other Reason Prince Ferdinand was put to death at Castellon a Town near Burriana The old Animosities were reviv'd and he was about making his escape into France with some Castilians that follow'd him His Wife flying towards Portugal was taken by the way and afterwards sent to her Father Count Henry was not a little pleas'd at the death of Prince Ferdinand as being thereby deliver'd of a powerful Competitor in his pretensions to the Crown of Castile But his Joy had like to be but short for the next day he was in evident Danger of his Life without knowing any thing of it The Kings of Aragon and Navarre had agreed to meet together with Count Henry in the Castle of Vncastel belonging to the Aragonian on the Borders of Navarre and there to kill him The Count tho ignorant of the Design was jealous and would not go into the Castle To satisfy him John Ramirez de Arellano was made Governour of the Place in whom doubtless the Count had some Confidence and went thither upon his patole Some say this Meeting was at Sos on the Frontiers of Navarre This Caution sav'd Count Henry's Life for the Kings could not prevail with the Governour to suffer him to come to any harm He said the Count was his Friend and besides he had ingag'd his Honour to him and therefore on no account would blast his Reputation with the Name of Treachery About this time Constance Queen of Sicily ended her days at Catanea She left one Daughter called Mary who afterwards inherited her Father's Kingdom which in her right came to Martin Her Husband the Son of another Martin Duke of Monblanc and lastly King of Aragon The Treaty of Peace being broke up the King of Aragon went to Catalonia to provide for his defence He of Castile return'd to Sevil with such eager Desire of renewing the War that about the end of the Year he enter'd the Kingdom of Valencia took the Towns of Alicant Muela Gallosa Denia Gandia and Oliva and in the Month of December laid Siege to Valencia the Metropolis of that Kingdom CHAP. V. Count Henry proclaimed King of Castile King Peter expelled the Kingdom Refus'd entertainment in Portugal gathers a Fleet in Galicia and flies into France to the protection of the English THE King of Aragon who kept his Christmas at Lerida was much surpris'd at this Advance of the Castilians On the 23d of February 1364 he had a Conference with the King of Navarre at Sos. Count Henry was there being reconcil'd to the Two Kings or what is likelyest not knowing what had been design'd against him They make a Confederacy which was not lasting Castile they divided among themselves The King of Navarre was to have Biscay and old Castile he of Aragon the Kingdoms of Murcia and Toledo Count Henry all the other parts Only Bernard de Cabrera lik'd not these Proceedings therefore they resolv'd to kill him which was not so private but he had some notice of it and fled to Navarre Count Henry sent some Officers after him by whom he was apprehended at Carcastillo and deliver'd to the King of Aragon That King having gather'd his Forces march'd to raise the Siege of Valencia The Castilians would not come to a Battel but kept within their Intrenchments and so the Aragonians got into Valencia The Fleet of Castile consisting of 24 Galleys and 46 Ships sail'd to Monviedro there they understood that the Viscount Cardona was with 17 Galleys of Aragon in the River of Cullera The King of Castile made thither resolving to take them but at the Mouth of the River a sudden Tempest forc'd him back to the Port from whence he set out The King himself was in great Danger and therefore as soon as he Landed went in Pilgrimage to the Church of our Lady del Puch to give Thanks He is said to have done this Barefoot and in his Shirt which shews he was not so ungodly as he is represented After this the King of Aragon return'd to Barcelona he of Castile to Murcia and thence to Sevil in the Heat of Summer On the 26th of July Bernard de Cabrera was publickly put to death at Zaragoça the King himself giving Sentence against him and consiscating all his Lands This was doubtless a cruel Act for he had serv'd well was Innocent and had been the King's Tutor all his Crime was speaking the Truth to the King's Advantage but Kings love Flatterers The Queen the King of Navarre Count Henry and Count de Ribagorça contriv'd his death The War continu'd hot Ayora in the Kingdom of Valencia was taken by
Son to the Earl of Faux His Wife and Daughter-in-Law the Princess Ellenor came to him but of Aragon and with them D. Lope Fernandez de Luna Arch-Bishop of Zaragoca and several other Men of Note It was requisite to settle the Kingdom and raise Mony for it was not doubted but a Storm threaten'd from France Therefore the Cortes were assembled at Burgos and there John the Son of the new King Henry was sworn Heir to the Crown after his Fathers Decease The Tenth of all things sold was here given him without any limitation of time Their hatred to King Peter binded them so as not to reflect how heavy a Burden they lay'd upon the Country King Henry gave to the City Burgos for their Service at his Coronation the Town of Miranda de Ebro D. Dominick was at this time Bishop of Burgos who Election was remarkable His Predecessor Ferdinand dying the Chapter could not agree who should succeed It was therefore resolv'd to stand the Decision of this Dominick being then one of the Canons He without regarding the Competitors said Since there must be a Bishop let Dominick himself be Bishop All the Chapter rejoye'd at his Choice and he was accordingly consecrated About this time D. Lope de Luna the Archbishop came again into Castile being sent Embassador by the King Aragon to demand Performance of Covenants and a great Summ of Mony he had lent Count Henry The new King acknowledg'd the Debt and all that was demanded to be due but said the Kingdom being not yet setled he could not alinate so great a part of it without exposing himself to extraordinary Danger yet assoon as he were well fixed he would perform all Articles and in the mean while look'd upon the King of Aragon as his Father and Preserver This he said to amuse that King be-being resolv'd to part with nothing Thus Princes devote themselves to their Interest without regarding Promises or Oaths CHAP. VI. The War betwixt France Navarre and Aragon King Peter of Castile supported by the English in France Is brought into Spain by the Prince of Wales with an Army Overthrows Henry the Vsurper and recovers his Kingdom THE War commenc'd three Years befor this betwixt France and Navarre still continu'd with disadvantage to the latter who lost several Towns At Toulouze a League was concluded betwixt the Kings of France and Aragon wherein it was agree'd that the Aragonian should make War upon Navarre to which effect the King of France was to assist him with 500 Lances maintain'd at his own cost This being known to the King of Navarre he stay'd in Spain to make head against the Aragonian by whose command Luis Coronel was already wasting the Frontiers of that Kingdom He sent the Queen his Wife tho with Child into France to try if she could bring that King her Brother to Composition Her Journey proved in vain for the King of France was resolv'd to seize all that the Navarrois possess'd in France At Evreux in Normandy the Queen was brought to Bed of her Second Son call'd Peter who was Earl of Mortaine With him in the heat of Summer she return'd to Navarre not liking her Entertainment in France It was requisite for the King of Navarre to seek some new Allyes he thought it convenient to joyn with King Peter then in Banishment who made him great Offers as Men commonly do in distress King Peter of Castile was then busy soliciting for Succours to recover his Kingdom and particularly apply'd himself to Edward Prince of Wales who then govern'd Guienne for his Father They met at Cabreron a Town not far from Bayonne King Charles of Navarre was with them The Prince invited them to Dinner King Peter was seated on the Right Hand and the Prince next to him on the left sat King Charles by himself There they swore to the Articles of Allyance made betwixt them which were That King Peter should be restored to his Kingdom That the Prince for his Service therein should have Biscay the King of Navarre Logron̄o and That King Peter should leave his Daughters in Guienne as Hostages for performance of Articles and payment of Mony lent him to defray the Army The King of Aragon renew'd his League with France He of Navarre fearing all the Burden of the War would fall upon him chang'd his Mind and meeting Henry the new-made King of Castile at Campeio concluded a League with him by which it was Articled That the King of Navarre should not give Passage to the English through his Dominions That he should assist Henry against them and deliver up certain Towns for Security of Performance That Henry should give him the Town of Logron̄o promis'd to him not long before by King Peter About this time Luis Brother to the King of Navarre marry'd Joanna Dutchess of Durazzo in Macedonia as eldest Daughter and Heiress to Duke Charles to whom Pope Vrban the VIth some time after gave the Investiture of the Kingdom of Naples Because there is generally a mistake made in the Genealogy of these Princes I thought good to set it down here Charles the IId King of Naples was Father to John Duke of Durazzo John had Charles and Luis Charles was Father to John and Margarite Luis the other Son to John had Charles that came to be King of Naples and Joanna who we said marry'd Luis Brother to the King of Navarre On the 18th of January 1367 some Authors say a Year later King Peter of Portugal dy'd at Estremoz He liv'd 46 Years 9 Months and one Day and reign'd 9 Years 9 Months and 28 Days His Body was bury'd with great Pomp at Alcobaça near to the Lady Agnes de Castro He left a Revenue for Chaplains to pray for his Soul and those of his Predecessors was a rigorous observer of Justice and much lamented by his People He order'd that nothing should be taken up for his Use upon trust but paid for at the full Value with ready Mony made wholsome Laws to curb the Avarice of Judges and Lawyers was most Severe against Malefactors particularly for Adultery insomuch that he is say'd to have struck the Bishop of Porto on that Account and us'd Yearly to distribute a considerable Sum of Mony among his Servants according to the Merits of every Man His Son Ferdinand succeeded him who concluded a Peace with the King of Aragon's Embassadors This King kept the Lady Ellenor de Meneses whom he took from her Husband Laurence Vasquez de Acuna who therefore fled to Castile and is said always to have worn in his Cap a pair of Silver Horns denoting the King's Lust and his own Shame All France and Spain resounded with Warlike Preparations Henry the new-made King was at Burgos gathering an Army to oppose the Enemy who had passed the Mountains at Ronoesvalles and without meeting any Opposition advanc'd to Pamplona that King being detain'd a Prisoner at Burgid by Oliver de Mani who held
Trastamara was with him this Man was employ'd to offer Bertran Claquin many Towns and 200000 Castilian Doubles to leave the service of Henry and carry the King off Bertran refus'd but being press'd consulted with some Friends who advis'd him to acquaint Henry with the Proposal He did so and Henry thanking him for his Fidelity perswaded him to carry on that Design and secure King Peter at his Quarters King Peter accordingly came with only a few Gentlemen to Bertran and said it was time to be gone At the same time Henry enter'd the Tent and stood some time as it were astonish'd at the sight of the King till a Frenchman pointing at him said to Henry Take notice that is your Enemy King Peter with his natural fierceness answer'd I am I am Then Henry taking out his Dagger wounded him in the Face they clasped one another and both fell to the Ground but Henry was undermost till Bertran turning them Henry got uppermost and then stabb'd the King several times till he dy'd A horrid sight to behold a lawful King descended of Kings murder'd by a Bastard Frossarte a French Historian writes that as Henry enter'd the place where the King was he said Where is this Jewish Son of a Where who calls himself King of Castile and at that the King answer'd Then art the Son of a Where for I am the lawful Son of King Alonso King Peter dy'd on the 23d of March in the flower of his Age being but 34 Years and 7 Months old he reign'd 19 Years lacking 3 Days His Body was carry'd without any Pomp to Alcoçer and there deposited in the Church of S. James Afterwards he was translated by King John the IId to the royal Monastery of Dominican Nuns at Madrid After the King's death several of his Followers were apprehended CHAP. VIII Several Foreign Princes pretenders to the Crown of Castile War with Aragon Portugal and Granada Affairs of Aragon Sardinia and Navarre The League bewixt Portugal and Aragon MOntiel immediately submitted and Toledo upon the News of the King's Death was surrender'd Among foreign Princes there arose a Dispute concerning the succession of the Crown All agreed that Henry being a Bastard could have no Right and every one strove to make his Advantage of the Troubles of Castile The King of Navarre as has been said had already taken several good Towns belonging to Castile Molina Can̄ete and Requena were betray'd by their Governours to the Aragonian The King of Portugal call'd himself King of Castile and Leon being great Grandson to King Sancho and Grandson to Beatrix his Daughter He was already possess'd of Cuida Rodrigo Alcantana and Tuy The King of Granada always a Friend to King Peter hop'd to make his Advantage Yet the greatest Storm was threaten'd from England and Guienne for John Duke of Lancaster Brother to the Prince of Wales had marry'd Constance Daughter to King Peter and the Earl of Cambridge another Brother had to Wife Elizabeth the younger Sister both Daughters to Da. Maria de Padilla The only remedy against all these Evils that hung over the new King Henry was to secure the Affections of the Nobility and Commons of the Kingdom Therefore he immediately went away to Sevil where he was receiv'd with the usual Joy of the Rabble thither all the Cities of Andaluzia sent to make their Submission except Carmona where King Peter had left his Children and Treasure under the Care of Martin Lopez de Cordova Master of Calatrava who still continu'd faithful to his dead Master At Sovil King Henry not without Infamy endeavour'd to settle a Truce with the King of Granada but could not obtain it Therefore having secur'd the Frontiers he went to Toledo knowing his Wife and Son were come thither from Burgos Here it was taken into Consideration how to raise Mony to pay the Arrears due to the Foreigners and what was promis'd to Bertran Claquin at Montiel for his good Service or rather infamous Treachery All that could be gather'd of the King's Revenue was but a small Summ towards satisfying the Foreigners who boasted they had put the Crown upon Henry's Head To supply this want two new sorts of base Coin were invented the one call'd Cruzados the other Royals which caus'd all things to grow excessive dear The Kings of Aragon and Portugal at this time infested the Frontiers Pero Gonzalez de Mendoça and Alvar Garcia de Albornoz were sent with an Army to oppose the Aragonians and recover'd Requena from them Henry himself march'd towards Galicia where he heard the Portugueses did much harm By the way he attempted Zamora yet stay'd not to take it but enter'd Portugal between the Rivers Duero and Min̄o burning and destroying all the Country and taking Braga and Bragança This done he return'd into Castile His Brother Sancho was with him having been ransom'd from the English who took him at the Battel of Najara The King of Portugal was too weak to give Battel and Henry drew off with much hast upon the News that the King of Granada wasted all Andaluzia having taken Algezira and so demolish'd it that it was never after Rebuilt Besides he was forc'd to return to Castile to raise Mony for Payment of the foreign Souldiers and discharging of Bertran Claquin who was courted by the King of Aragon to go over into Sardinia against Marianus the Judge of Arborea who had again rebell'd and taken many Towns D. Peter de Luna had been sent against him before who reduc'd him to secure himself in the City Oristan whence watching his Opportunity he sally'd and surprising his Besiegers put the whole Army to flight killing the General and his Brother Philip. Some Days after Brancaleon Doria who was of the Lord of Arborea his Party was reconcil'd to the King but the Rebels made even for this loss by taking the City Sacer the Capital of the Island Berengarius Carroz Earl of Quirra was sent as General to put some stop to the Proceedings of the Rebels and Bertran Claquin was sollicited to accept of that Command Bertran was about to accept of that Offer when another more important War drew him away The People of Guienne weary of the English Government sollilicited the King of France to assist them in their Rebellion He gladly condescended and sent for Claquin to command his Army in that Expedition At the same time he desir'd the King of Navarre to assist him That King resolv'd to go into France tho he had but then sent John Cruzate Dean of Tudela into Aragon to settle a Confederacy He left his Queen to govern Navarre and went to his own Estate in Normandy resolving not to trust the King of France but to make his advantage of those Wars The King of France sent Embassadors to him and at last they had a Meeting at Vernon on the Seine Here they agreed the Navarrois should deliver up Mante Meùlan and the County of Longeuville about which they were
stay to besiege it resolving to advance towards his Enemy who was incamp'd at Santaren The King of Portugal being too weak for his Enemy kept himself within the Walls and King Henry march'd away to Lisbon At his first coming he enter'd and burnt the Suburbs but the City being strong and well defended could not be taken However some Ships were burnt in the River and others taken by the Fleet of Castile a great Number of Prisoners and a rich Booty was carry'd away Mean while the Legate ceas'd not to labour for Peace and at last brought the two Kings together into a Boat upon the River Tagus on the 28th of March and they agreed to these Conditions That the King of Portugal by a certain Day should banish his Kingdom the Gentlemen that fled from Castile who were about 500 in Number That all Places taken during that War should be restor'd on both Sides That Beatrix Sister to the King of Portugal should be marry'd to D. Sancho Brother to King Henry and Earl of Albuquerque and Elizabeth Bastard Daughter to the King of Portugal to Alonso the Bastard of King Henry King Ferdinand gave Hostages for Security of Performance D. Sancho and the Lady Beatrix were presently marry'd at Santaren The Lady Elizabeth being but 8 Years of Age was delivered to King Henry and then the two Kings parted King Henry march'd directly against Navarre but the Pope's Legate reconcil'd those two Kings also The Navarrois restor'd the Towns of Victoria and Logron̄o Charles his Son was contracted to Ellenor Daughter to the King of Castile her Portion 120000 Crowns of Gold The Kings met at Briones a Town on the Frontiers where the Princes were marry'd and the King of Navarre gave his younger Son Peter to him of Castile as a Hostage When the King of Navarre return'd out of France he found that Bernard Bishop of Pamplona and Cruzate Dean of Tudela whom he had joyn'd in Commission with the Queen had not discharg'd their Trust faithfully They understanding the King's Displeasure fled the Bishop got to Avignon but the Dean was kill'd by the way as was suspected by the King's order The Bishop went on to Rome where he dy'd CHAP. X. Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Aragon Several Matches of Princes French and Spaniards besiege Bayonne in vain The Papal Chair restor'd to Rome Death of Frederick King of Sicily FRom Briones the King of Castile return'd to the Kingdom of Toledo he of Navarre to his Court whence he sent the Queen into France to appease that King who was highly offended suspecting the Navarrois had employ'd People to Poison him Then the King of Navarre went in Person to Madrid to perswade King Henry to forsake the French and side with the English Offering if he would pay the Arrears due to the Prince of Wales and his Army from King Peter that the English would quit their Claim to the Crown of Castile and lay down all other Animosities King Henry answer'd he would never depart from the Interest of France where he had found Relief in his Distress but that if the English would make Peace with France he would join in it and pay them as much as should be adjudg'd by impartial Judges Thus nothing was concluded and the Navarrois return'd to Pamplona the Castilian to Andaluzia The Lady Mary Daughter to D. Ferdinand de la Cerda marry'd in France to the Earl of Alençon sent to demand of King Henry the Lordships of Biscay and Lara as of right appertaining to her He reply'd if she would send two of her Sons to reside at his Court they should be put into Possession but having better Estates in France they never came In October Balthasar Spinola a Genoese came into Aragon as Embassador from the English to conclude a League against Castile They offer'd him if the Kingdom were conquer'd the Cities of Murcia Cuenca and Soria with all their Dependencies but the King of Aragon could not be prevail'd upon In February happen'd a great Earthquake in the Earldom of Ribagorça in which many Towns were wholly swallow'd up Luis Duke of Anjou came to Carcassonne to endeavour to settle a Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon fearing lest the English the mortal Enemies of France should become Masters of Castile After much debating it was resolv'd to referr the Dicision of their Differences to Guido Cardinal of Bolonia the Pope's Legate On the 15th of October Pope Gregory the XIth confirm'd the Order of the Fryers of S. Hierome first invented by certain Italian Hermits near the City Toledo Some Years after the Order of the Isidorians was taken from this same In December tho Peace could not be concluded a Truce was agreed upon till the Feast of Pentecost In the Year 1374 John Duke of Lancaster landed with an Army at Calis and being join'd by the Duke of Britany march'd across the Country to Bourdeaux with a Design to conquer Castile He sent Embassadors to the Kings of Aragon and Navarre to ask Supplies but they thought it safest to look on as Neuters King Henry fearing this Storm went to Burgos where he made all possible Preparations to withstand it D. Sancho his Brother endeavouring to appease a Sedition among the Souldiers was wounded in the Face with a Spear and dy'd The Lady Beatrix his Wife left with Child was deliver'd of a Daughter called Ellenor who was marry'd to Prince Ferdinand afterwards King of Aragon King Henry near Ban̄ares made a review of his Forces and found 1200 Horse and 5000 Foot a small Number but good Men. The English Forces consum'd by their long March when they came to Bourdeaux were not above 6000 strong and therefore had lay'd aside the Design of entring Spain Luis Duke of Anjou thinking this a good Opportunity to expel them France advis'd King Henry to joyn his Forces with him and besiege Bayonne King Henry took his Advice and besieg'd the Place but was forc'd by the Rains and want of Provisions to quit it Beltran de Guevara Lord of On̄ate did good Service in this Expedition for which the King at his return gave him the Valley of Leniz In August the Prince of Majorca enter'd the Country of Russillon with a powerful Army yet did nothing considerable On the other side the Lord of Bearne and Godfrey Recco a Breton made an Incursion into the Territory of Borgia and destroy'd all they came near The King of Aragon sent Francis de Perellas Viscount Roda to conclude a League with the Duke of Lancaster A violent Storm cast him upon the Coast of Granada where he was made Prisoner by that King in revenge for certain Vessels of his taken by the Aragonians and to please the King of Castile A new Embassy was sent by King Henry to Barcelona to establish Peace with the Aragonian On the 3d of November dy'd in Normandy Joanna Queen of Navarre at whose Request her Brother the King of France often pardon'd her Husband
They wish'd for any manner of Composition and at length the Mortality was so great that the Siege was rais'd with much Loss and Dishonour and the Army march'd away James Sarmiento was made Marshal de Camp in the Place of his Brother deceas'd and had the Government of Santarem given him Other Officers were put into Garrisons about the Country the King designing to recruit his Army and return as soon as possible This done the Fleet and Army mov'd towards Sevil. Much harm might have been done them had the Besieg'd pursu'd but they were glad to be rid of them at any rate Processions were made at Lisbon and throughout the Kingdom for this Deliverance At this time the King of Aragon shew'd no Kindness to his two Sons by the first Wife the Princes John and Martin The Blame was laid upon the Mother in Law but Prince John had offended his Father by Marrying privately the Lady Violante Daughter to the Duke of Berri not regarding the Queen of Sicily which was much the better match The King vented his Passion upon John Earl of Ampurias in whose Dominions and under whose Protection they were Marry'd for as soon as his Son return'd home and was Pardon'd he seiz'd the greatest part of the Earl's Estate The Earl himself fled by Sea to Avignon resolving to make use of the Forces of his Friends for recovering of his Dominions CHAP. V. John the Bastard Master of Avis proclaim'd King of Portugal King John of Castile sends his Fleet then enters Portugal himself with an Army The famous Battle of Aljubarrota and rout of the Castilians AT the beginning of the Year 1385 the King of Castile was employ'd in raising Land-Forces and had fitted a Fleet of 12 Galleys and 20 Ships Yet all things went on slowly because he fell Sick and was in Danger of Death yet as soon as recover'd he forwarded all Preparations News was brought that the Garrison of Santarem had taken the Master of 〈◊〉 and Grand Prior of S. John but this prov'd False and the Joy conceiv'd was turn into Sorrow for it was certainly known that the Portugueses in Coimbra had proclaim'd the Master of Avis King which was engaging themselves so far that there was no way to go back again The chief of the Rebels in that City had consulted together and agreed it was absolutely Necessary to choose them a Head and that for the greater Authority he ought to be declar'd King Some thought this too bold an Attempt and were against excluding Queen Beatrix whose Right it was or so far Provoking the Anger of Castile Others favour'd Prince John tho then a Prisoner at Toledo but this was wholly rejected he being in no Condition to assist them Therefore they all voted for the Master of Avis who was present and proclaim'd him King on the 5th of April at the Monastery of St. Francis in Coimbra where that Consultation was held All that were present even those that had before oppos'd it kiss'd his Hand and did Homage to him to express their Zeal Prophesies were then invented to justify their Choice and they gave out that at the beginning of these Troubles a Child in the Cradle had three Times with a loud Voice cry'd out D. John King of Portugal Which they attributed to the Master of Avis for Men are apt to fancy every thing as they would have it From that Day the Portugueses despairing of Pardon became more resolute and bold The Province between the Rivers Duero and MinÌ„o soon declar'd for the new King This Joy was somewhat abated by the Arrival of the Fleet of Castile on the Coast of Portugal which meeting no body to oppose it ravag'd all the Sea Coasts The King of Castile was at Cordova and thence at the beginning of Summer sent his Queen to Avila since she could be no longer useful her Subjects having wholly cast her off About the beginning of July D. Peter Tenorio Archbishop of Toledo made an Incursion into the Country of Viseo destroying all the Country and sparing neither Sex nor Age but at their Return they were met with and overthrown by the Portugueses Many other Encounters happen'd with various Success but all prov'd ruinous to the Natives for both Parties liv'd at Discretion The Army of Castile randevouz'd at Guidad Rodrigo when the Summer was well advanc'd Only Prince Charles Son to the King of Navarre was expected with a good Body of Men. A Council of War being held the wiser sort were against Fighting and only for wasting the Country and wearying out the Rebels But their Opinion prevail'd who being young were hottest and magnify'd the Strength of Castile despising the Enemy as a raw and undisciplined Rabble and therefore were for putting an end speedily to the War This advice the King follow'd tho the other was the safest The Castilians were overseen in many things and they ought at least to have expected the Succours that the Prince of Navarre was to bring Having fix'd this Resolution they enter'd that part of Portugal call'd Beâ—ra and took Cillorico Thence they advanc'd and burnt the Suburbs of Coimbra and attempted to take Leyria which held for Queen Ellenor During the Siege of Cillorico the King being unhealthy and considering the Danger of the War made his Will upon the 21st of July In it he ordain'd that the Lordships of Biscay and Molina his Mother's Inheritance should for ever be annex'd to the Crown and belong to the eldest Sons of the Kings of Castile He appointed 6 Tutors for his Son and Heir Henry and 12 Governours of the Kingdom during his Minority The Queen his Mother in Law the Princes John and Denis of Portugal the Children of King Peter and Son of D. Ferdinand de Castre who were all Prisoners in Castile he order'd should have Justice done them The Shortness of his Life gave not Leasure to make it known whether he design'd to put to Death or release them Many other things he ordained in his Will which being made without Deliberation was the Cause of many Troubles and Confusions The Portugues Army was advanc'd to Tomar with a Resolution to try their Fortune The Castilians march'd to meet them They discover'd one another about the Mid-way and there Intrench'd themselves The Portugueses were in a narrow Place having a Plain on the Front and deep Morasses on each side which secur'd their Flanks they were 2200 Horse and 10000 Foot The Castilians being much more Numerous encamp'd in an open Plain about a League and half from them and being confident of their Strength advanc'd and offer'd Battol on the Eve of the Assumption The King of Castile led the main Battel and some of the Nobles the Wings which in the time of need were useless by season of the Streightness of the Ground D. Gonzalo NunÌ„ez de Guzman with a Body of 〈◊〉 was order'd through By ways to fall upon the Enemies Rear that none might escape being taken or
kill'd The Portugueses kept their Ground because it was advantagious and drew their Army into two Bodies NunÌ„o Alvarez Pereyra created Constable by the new King led the Van the main Body the King himself headed Both Parties advanc'd somewhat but the Portugueses not above a Stones throw to avoid coming out to the Plain Then the new Constable demanded a Conference at it were to make some Overtures of Peace but tho some Men of Note were sent to him they only spent time in fruitless Debates Mean while the Castilian Commanders consulted whether it were better to give Battel or delay it till the next Day The more prudent were against attacking the Enemy in that advantagious Post but the younger sort thought they had got them in a Pound whence none could escape John de Rio the French Embassador being ask'd his Opinion earnestly disswaded giving Battel and the King was inclinable to take his Advice when some young Noblemen without expecting the Signal furiously charg'd the Enemy then the others rather than leave them in the Danger advanc'd First the Darts and Arrows flew then they came to their Swords and the Horse and Foot fought desperately mixt without any Order Every Man stood his Ground resolving to kill or be kill'd The King of Castile by reason of his Indisposition was carry'd about upon Mens Shoulders and thence encourag'd his Men. The first Body of the Enemy began to give way and was ready to fly when their new King advanc'd with his Party loudly calling upon the Souldiers and encouraging them Thus animated they rally'd and the Fortune of the Day was soon chang'd The Castilian Commanders were slain in their King's sight without turning their Backs and great Numbers of Souldiers were Slaughter'd being depriv'd of their Officers The King fearing to fall into the Enemy's Hands mounted on Horseback and fled the rest follow'd his Example 10000 Men were slain and among them many of great Quality as two Cousin Germans of the King the Lieutenant of Castile the Admiral a Marshal de Camp and the French Embassador Night which came on soon after the Fight sav'd â—any Some of these joyned the Body commanded by the Master of Alcantara which notwithstanding the Rout held together Others went to meet Charles Son to the King of Navarre who had enter'd Portugal another way but came too late for the Fight The greatest Numour having lost their Arms fled into Castile It was no cheap Victory to the Portuguesess there are those who write they lost 2000 Men. The King of Castile Fear being more prodominant than his Weakness travell'd all Night without stopping till he came to Santarem which was 11 Leagues distant Thence he went down the River Tagus in a Boat and getting aboard his Fleet which lay before Lisbon sail'd away for Sevil. Thither he came cover'd with Mourning which he wore some Years That City receiv'd him with Joy and Tears mixt lamenting that great Loss but glad their King had escap'd the Danger This is the memorable Fight in which the Portugueses Triumph'd over the Power of Castile and was call'd of Aljubarrota because fought near the Village of that Name a Place only Famous for this Overthrow This Day was kept every Year by the Portugueses as a Holy Day and the Preachers from the Pulpits extoll'd the Valour of their Nation reproaching the Cowardize of the Castilians with Language misbecoming that Place the People resorting to hear them as it had been to a Play After the Victory all Portugal submitted to the Conqueror Sant arem Braganca and all other Places surrender'd and thus the New King secur'd to his Posterity the Crown he had wrongfully obtain'd At this time the King of Aragon was very ill at Figueras he was worn with Age and Troubles As soon as recover'd he shew'd himself Dissatisfy'd with his Son Prince John The People laid the Blame upon the Queen saying she had bewitch'd the King Prince John in Discontent withdrew from Court and call'd the Earl of Ampurias who had been outed his Estate with Forces from France to his Assistance For this reason the King depriv'd him of the Vicarship of the Kingdom an Honour peculiar to the eldest Son of those Kings In Aragon as has been said heretofore they have a Magistrate call'd the Justice of Aragon who is a sort of Moderator betwixt the King and the People in the Nature of the Roman Tribunes of the People To him the Prince had recourse to support him against the Wrongs offer'd him by his Father openly and by the Queen under hand That Justice supported him in the Possession of his Employment as having been Arbitrarily depos'd till the Case were brought to Judgment The Debate began this Year and was ended the next ensuing Let us see what happen'd in Castile and Portugal after that memorable Battel CHAP. VI. The Portugueses make an Inroad into Castile and defeat a Body of Castilians The Duke of Lancaster lands at Corunna and takes several Towns The Death of the Kings of Naples Aragon and Navarre THE Portugueses resolving to prosecute their Victory and make the most of their Success sent a solemn Embassy into England to joyn in League with the Duke of Lancaster the old pretender to the Crown of Castile in right of his Wife Whilst that Business was in agitation to avoid lying idle and hinder the Enemy from recovering themselves the new King of Portugal travers'd all the Country recovering entirely all that was possess'd by the Castilians His Constable NunÌ„o Pereyra made an Incursion into Andaluzia pillaging and wasting all that Province Peter NunÌ„ez Master of Santiago Gonzalo NunÌ„ez de Guzman now Master of Calatrava and the Earl of Niebla with what Forces had escap'd the late Rout went out to meet the Portugueses who were less in Number and inclos'd them as it were in a Net near a Town call'd Valverde They seeng their Danger offer'd to capitulate but Fortune still favour'd them for at the first Onset the Master of Santiago's Horse and then he himself was kill'd His Men taking this for an ill Omen drew off and the Portugueses return'd Home with a rich Booty NunÌ„o Pereyra the Constable for his good Service was by the new King created Earl of Barcelos Garci Fernandez de Villagarcia was by the King of Castile made Master of Santiago in stead of Peter NunÌ„ez That King was concern'd how to defend himself against the English He went away from Sevil to Valladolid to hold the Cortes or Parliament Charles Son to the King of Navarre a brave Prince and grateful towards his Brother-in-Law met him at that City It was resolv'd to levy greater Forces than had been in Arms till that time That all Subiects should arm themselves according to their Power That publick Prayers should be made to appease God That Foreign Succours should be procur'd as well of Mony as Men for there was great scarcity of it France was judg'd the most likely place to find
enterment of his Father being then Sick at Girona nor attend the Government then in Confusion the Queen Dowager her Brother and many Men of Note being imprison'd they endeavour'd to fly for fear of the new King The Queen was accus'd by a Jew of having given her Husband some bewitching Potion severals were tortur'd and put to death on this account and the Queen condemn'd to the Wrack but it was not put in Execution yet all her Estate was seiz'd and she only allow'd a Pension to live on The first thing the King did was the submitting his Kingdom to Pope Clement as Castile and Navarre had done before John Earl of Ampurias being at Barcelona in Hopes to be rewarded for his Services to the new King while Prince was cast into Prison upon Pretence that he had call'd in the French to recover his Estate D. Ximeno Peres de Arenos the King's Lord Chamberlain was sent to compose the Affairs of Sardinia He agreed with the Lady Ellenor Arborea in behalf of her Son Marianus whom she had by her Husband Brancaleon Doria That the Judicature of Arborea should remain to them and their Heirs That for other Towns they pretended Right to they should be left to Arbitration That all Places taken during the War should be restor'd Both Parties having Sign'd these Articles the War ceas'd CHAP. VII Peace Concluded with the English The Heir of Castile in imitation of the Prince of Wales in England is created Prince of Asturias A Truce with Portugal and the Moors King John of Castile kill'd by a fall from his Horse THE Treaty of Peace with the English was still afoot and yet the War was vigorously Prosecuted 600 English Horse and as many Archers for the rest were consum'd with Sickness sat down before Benavente whith them 2000 Portuguese Horse and 6000 Foot Alvaro Osoiro the Governour defended the Place bravely and did the Enemy some Harm The King of Castile was unwilling to hazard a Battel which gave the Enemy the Opportunity of taking some Towns in that Neighbourhood Yet their Loss was greater than the Advantage they could propose to themselves for the Flague rag'd among the Foreigners and Famine consum'd them all Therefore after two Months spent in the Siege they return'd into Portugal The Treaty of Peace drew near to a Conclusion therefore the King of Castile sent back the Succours that came to him from France He also sent Embassadors to the Duke of Lancaster with Power to conclude The Duke was at Trancoso a Town in Portugal there he receiv'd the Embassadors The Articles agreed upon were That the King's Son and Duke's Daughter should immediately be contracted That the Bride by way of Joynture should have Soria Atiença Almaçan and Molina That the Dutchess her Mother should have Gaudalajara Medina del Campo and Olmedo That the Duke should have 600000 Florines paid him at certain times appointed and 40000 yearly during his Life and the Life of his Wife Constance These are the Heads of that Agreement The King of Portugal storm'd not thinking himself secure as long as he of Castile reign'd On the other side the Duke complain'd that the King had consummated the Marriage with his Daughter before the dispensation came and therefore from Porto sail'd directly for Bayonne in France Upon his Departure the Towns in Galicia that held for the English submitted to their King as did the Gentry that sided with them having obtain'd Pardon The King of Castile commonly resided at Salamanca or Toro to be at Hand upon all Occasions He sent Embassadors to Bayonne to ratify what had been concluded The greatest Difficulty lay in raising the Mony to pay the Duke of Lancaster To this intent the Cortes met at Briviesca about the beginning of the Year 1388. To oblige his Subjects the King granted all their Requests It was design'd to lay the Tax upon Estates without exempting the Nobility or Clergy but the great Ones opposing it as a Breach of Privilege other Methods were found out After the Cortes broke up the Kings of Castile and Navarre met first at Calahorra then at Navarrets where they renew'd their antient Friendship Queen Ellenor bore her Husband company and with his Consent stay'd in Castile to try whether her Country Air could cure her as she pretended but in reality to be parted from him as afterwards appear'd After this interview the King of Castile appointed the City of Palencia for the Cortes to meet because the Plague was still at Burgos Here his Son was with great Pomp marry'd to the Duke of Lancaster's Daughter Their Ages were not answerable the Prince being but 10 Years of Age the Lady Catharine 19. The eldest Sons of the Kings of England are call'd Princes of Wales In imitation of them the King of Castile created his Son Prince of Asturias and gave him the Lordships of Bijar and Andujar which Custom has continu'd to our Days and so we shall hereafter call the Heir of the Crown The chief Thing done at the Cortes was setling how the Mony for the Duke of Lancaster should be rais'd That done and Peace concluded Constance the Dutchess King Peter's Daughter laying aside the Title of Queen came in August to Medina del Campo to see the King who entertain'd her nobly and gave her the City Huete Betwixt the King and the Duke rich Presents pass'd particularly the Duke sent the King a very curious Crown of Gold The Dutchess went to Guadalajara and took Possession of that Place about the beginning of the Year 1389 The King stay'd at Madrid thither came Embassadors to him from the Duke of Lancaster desiring they might meet on the Borders of Guienne and Biscay He set out in order to it but fell sick by the Way at Burgos yet went on as far as Victoria where he took leave of the Dutchess sending some Persons of Note to bear her Company and excuse him to her Husband on account of his Indisposition In reality he fear'd meeting the Duke left he should endeavour to take him off from siding with the French and he was unwilling to disoblige the Duke or break with France The Duke thus disappointed communicated his Design to the Embassadors who answer'd they had no Orders about that Affair and so return'd to Victoria On the 13th of March as they were digging a Foundation in some part of the Church of S. Engracia at Zaragoça they found two Tombs with Inscriptions the one of S. Engracia the other of S. Lupercius Among the Articles made with the English there was one that any of the Allyes of either part should be admitted into that Treaty The Cortes of Castile met at Segovia and sent Embassadors to Portugal to try whether that King would come into the League He puss'd up with Success had resolv'd to continue the War and invade Galicia yet by the Industry of F. Ferdinand de Illescas one of the Embassadors he agreed to a Truce for
6 Months On the 15th of October dy'd at Rome Pope Vrban the VIth In his place the Cardinals of that Faction soon chose the Cardinal Peter Tomaçello of Naples who was call'd Boniface the IX No sooner was the Term of the Truce expir'd but the Portugues sat before Tuy a City in Galicia plundering all the Country about it The King of Castile was afraid to hazard a Battel but sent the Arch-bishop of Toledo and Master of Alcantara to carry Relief to the besieg'd They came when the City was taken but lost not their Labour for they concluded a Truce for 6 Years upon Condition Tuy and all other Towns taken during the War should be restor'd on both sides The Year 1390 was very remarkable in Castile for the Cortes then assembl'd and the important Affairs in them debated First the King offer'd to resign the Crown to his Son the Prince hoping that done the Portugueses would easily admit of his Wife's Title Neither the Nobility nor Commons would upon any account consent to it because the Prince was under Age. Next it was consider'd what should be done with those who during the War had deserted the King A general Pardon was decreed for all excepting only the Earl of Gijon who had often relaps'd and was still a Prisoner and doubtless the K. if he durst would have made an end of them It was enacted that the Kingdom should furnish a sufficient Sum of Mony to pay the standing Forces which then us'd to live upon Discretion and ruin the Farmers To this purpose a Reform of the Troops was made so that only 4000 Men at Arms 1500 light Horse and 1000 Archers were left on Foot who were to be ready upon all Occasions and live upon their Pay All Subjects were forbid serving any foreign Prince which was afterwards strictly observ'd The Popes us'd to give Benefices in Spain to Foreigners whence it follow'd that those Benefices were not serv'd and the Natives wholly neglected Learning It was therefore made a Request to Pope Clement that he would remedy that Abuse Besides the great Men in the Times of Confusion had seiz'd the Church-Livings and put in such Priests as they pleas'd allowing them small Stipends and kept to themselves all the rest of the Profits The Bishops of Burgos and Calahorra who were most concern'd sought for Redress and the King favour'd them but seeing those great Men concern'd oppos'd it he would proceed no farther fearing to disoblige them more than he had done by a Decree which allow'd all Vassals of Lords to appeal from their Courts to the King 's King Henry by his last Will had recall'd many Grants made during his Life and now the Nobles strugl'd to have them put in Force again the King in outward appearance seem'd willing but he had other Thoughts in his Heart as appear'd by his Actions At this same time Embassadors came to that City from the Kings of Granada and Navarre Those of Navarre demanded that since Queen Ellenor left in Castile for recovery of her Health was now perfectly well she should return to her Husband The King thought this a just Request and therefore order'd his Sister to prepare for her Journy She excus'd her self alledging the hatred that People bore her who had endeavour'd to Poison her by the Hand of a Jabish Physician The King would not force his Sister yet oblig'd her to restore her Daughter Joanna to her Father since they had no Issue-male Thus the King of Navarre being forsaken by his Wife was Crown'd by himself with much Pomp in the Cathedral of Pamplona He was Anointed lifted upon Mens Shoulders and all there present saluted him King From the Moorish King came the Governour of Malaga Embassador to Castile to renew the Truce then ready to expire which was granted him he bringing great Presents of Horses Furniture and rich Cloth This Truce was sign'd by the Kings and their eldest Sons D. Peter Tenorio Archbishop of Toledo at his own Cost built a beautiful Bridge over the River Tagus at that City which to this Day is call'd the Archbishop's Bridge Near the Bridge were some few Houses or Cottages and the King pleas'd with that Seat to encourage People to live there granted a Charter of Priviledges and call'd it Villa-franca To Prince Ferdinand his younger Son besides the Lordship of Lara which was his already he gave the Town of Fen̄afiel with the Title of Duke In token of this Dignity a plain Crown was put upon his Head without Flowers to distinguish it from the Regal His Arms were those of Castile and Aragon quarter'd by way of Distinction from the Prince and because he was descended from both those Houses The Cortes held at Guadalajara broke up when the Summer was well advanc'd In June the Truce with Portugal for 6 Years was concluded The Power of Portugal daily increas'd and they adher'd firmly to the Popes of Rome Therefore Boniface the IXth who as has been said succeeded Vrban made Lisbon a Metropolitan See Segovia is a City seated on the Mountains that part Old and New Castile its chief support is the Woollen-Manufacture Winter there is very sharp by reason of the Mountains the Summer temperate the Hills being always cover'd with Snow There the King resolv'd to spend the Summer and by the way to see the Monastery of Paular which he was building at Rascasria not far from that City and is the beautifullest the Carthusians this day possess in Spain At Valladolid he gave to the Benedictine Monks the Old-Palace to convert it into a Convent where they now hold their General Chapters Besides he had before given the Church of Guadalupe then possess'd by secular Priests to the Hieronimites These are three Monuments of this King's Piety besides certain Religious Laws which he establish'd Particularly at the Cortes at Briviesca three Years before this he forbid bringing out the Cross at the Reception of Kings and weaving it on Carpets or other things where it might be trod upon Summer expiring he sent the Prince and Princess to Talavera he himself went to Alcala designing for Andaluzia to regulate some Disorders there 50 Christian Souldiers who had serv'd the King of Morocco and were call'd Farfanes came to Alcala These were expert in the Moorish manner of Exercise which those People perform dexterously on Horseback The King upon Sunday the 9th of October went out to see these Men exercise He was mounted on a Mettlesom Horse and having a mind to Gallop some way clapt Spurs to him he ran into the Plow'd Lands and stumbling in the Furrows came down with such Violence that he kill'd the King He liv'd only 33 Years and reign'd 11 Years 3 Months and 20 Days To stir up his Subjects to honourable Emulation he invented an Order or Brotherhood who were to wear a Collar of Gold with a Pidgeon hanging at it and instituted Rules for this Order but Death put an end to this and all
Portugal for 15 Years The Nobility of Castile at length pacify'd Sicily brought under the Aragonian Yoke THE obstinacy of the Duke of Benavente troubl'd all Castile especially those who had the Charge of the Government They were desirous of appeasing him but could find no means to effect it The Arch-bishop of Toledo who labour'd all ways for the Publick resolv'd to undertake another Journey to Treat with him He hop'd by his Authority and offering more advantagious Terms to content him At the beginning of the Year 1393 they met He perswaded him to proceed slowly in his Match with Portugal and see whether the Truce which was again in Agitation was concluded It could not he obtain'd of him to disband his Forces and return to Court His Excuse was that he had many powerful Enemies at Court and could not be safe during the King's Minority besides that it was not becoming a Person of his Rank to appear at Court without any Post The Archbishop departed from him at such time as the City Zamora was the second time in danger of being betray'd to the Duke of Bonavente the Alcayde or Governour Villaiçan holding Correspondence with him in order to deliver that Castle to him The City was in an Uproar but the Archbishops of Santiago and Toledo with the Master of Calatrava coming prevented the Danger and quieted the People The Duke with his Forces came up in sight of the City relying on the Promises of the Governour with whom as was said he held Intelligence but finding himself disappointed fell upon Mayorga a Town belonging to Prince Ferdinand and had the Castle deliver'd to him by the Governour John Alonso de la Cerda This Man was disoblig'd for that King John by his last Will depriv'd him of the Place of the Princes Steward and for this Reason he betray'd the Castle Villaiçan who govern'd at Zamora was disgusted because he had not the Place of chief Alguazil as his Father had before him in that City It was contriv'd to secure that City by fair means and to this effect Villaiçan was allow'd all the Profits of the Place and deliver'd up the Castle to Gonçalo de 〈◊〉 of Ledesma the Son of that Men Rodriguez de Sanabria who accompany'd King Peter when he came out of Montiel and after the King's Death remain'd a Prisoner King Henry remov'd his Court to Zamora as lying near to Portugal the better to carry on the Treaty that was then on Foot for a Truce This caus'd the Duke of Benavente's Forces to grow thin many coming over daily to the King At length the Castilians and Portugueses came to a Conclusion upon these Terms That Sabugal and Miranda should be deliver'd up to the Portugueses whose they were before That the King of Castile should not support either Queen Beatrix or the Princes John and Denis of Portugal then Prisoners in Castile in their Pretensions to the Crown of Portugal That the King of Portugal should do the same in regard of any that should lay any claim to the Crown of Castile That Prisoners on both sides should be releas'd For security of performance 12 Sons of Noblemen of Castile were to be deliver'd as Hostages to the Portugues This Article was chang'd into two Sons of eminent Citizens of each of the Cities of Sevil Cordova Toledo Burgos Leon and Zamora Thus about the middle of May the Truce for 15 Years was proclaim'd at Lisbon and Burgos in which Cities the Kings at that time were These Articles were advantageous for Portugal and no less scandalous for Castile But it is Prudence to comply with the Times which were then very troublesom in Castile and the part of Good Men to bear with some loss of Reputation when Necessity requires it The Joy conceiv'd by all Castile for the Truce concluded with Portugal was much abated by the Imprisonment of the Arch-bishop of Toledo That Prelate acted for the Duke of Benavente and endeavour'd to have John de Velasco Chamberlain to the King restor'd to part of his Pension cut off by the late King 's Will. Tho he labour'd much yet he could not prevail and therefore in a Passion resolv'd to withdraw from the Court It was fear'd by the other Governours that his Absence might cause new Discord he being very Powerful Haughty and Ambitious A Consultation being had before the King upon this matter it was agreed to arrest him which was accordingly executed together with his Friend John de Velasco in the Palace This Gentleman was considerable of himself and had not long before the Town of Villalpando in Dower with his Wife His Father was Peter Hernandez de Velasco who dy'd with many more at the Siege of Lisbon and was the Founder of the Noble Family in which the Honour of Constable of Castile continues to this Day D. Peter de Castilla Bishop of Osma and John Abbot of Fuselos two great Friends of the Arch-bishop were also apprehended It was look'd upon as a great disrespect to apprehend such eminent Churchmen but the pretence of the publick Good excus'd it Zamora Palencia and Salamança were put under an Interdict the King and all the Nobles concern'd were excommunicated But the Prisoners were soon releas'd giving Sureties The Archbishop gave four of his Kindred as Hostages and put his Towns of Talavera and Alcalà into a third Hand John de Velasco deliver'd the Castle of Soria which he held for the King Absolution from Ecclesiastical Censures was begg'd of the Pope which he impower'd his Nuncio Dominick Bishop of S. Ponce and of Albi in France to grant The King in the Cathedral of Burgos on his Knees swore to be obedient to the Church and make Satisfaction to the Arch-Bishop restoring him his Towns and then was absolv'd on the 4th of July The Interdict was taken off and to make this Joy the more compleat the Duke of Benavente through the good Management of the Arch-bishop of Santiago who did all disbanded his Forces and submitted to the King In lieu of the Portion he was to have from Portugal he was allowed 60000 Florins and to have liberty to marry where he pleas'd except in Portugal Besides a Pension was setl'd upon him and then he came to Court without demanding any Security for his Person The King receiv'd him with Affection and as soon as he took the Government upon himself treated him with great Respect Thus the Kingdom began to breath after so many Troubles This Action gain'd the Arch-bishop of Santiago great Reputation but his Satisfaction was not lasting for soon after the King took upon him the Government and the Arch-bishop of Toledo being taken into Favour his Interest declin'd The English restor'd to the King of Navarre the Town of Cherbourg in Normandy which had been Mortgag'd to them for a Sum of Money Martin de Lacarra was made Governour of that Place The Marriage of D. Martin of Aragon with the Queen of Sicily was at length consummated
Castile the Tumults continu'd and consequently the poor People suffer'd But the King raising Forces such of the Noblemen as were not strong enough to oppose him submitted Upon security given for their Persons there came first to Court the Archbishop of Santiago and after him the Duke of Benavente They pleaded in their own defence the great Power of their Enemies and promis'd to make amends for their Faults by their future Fidelity Both were pardon'd by the King and the more to oblige the Duke he had a Pension of 500000 Maravedies allow'd him and the Town of Valencia in Estremudura given him in lieu of the Portion he was to have from Portugal but upon Condition he should be accountable for as much of the King's Revenue as he had receiv'd the last Years To add to the Joy of the Reduction of these great Men. D. Alonso Enriquez prevail'd with his Brother the Earl of Trastamara to submit himself A Pension of 500000 Maravedies was also assign'd him and that he might be equal to the Duke of Benavente the Town of Paredes wrongfully detain'd from him by the Earl of Gijon was restor'd Only the Earl of Gijon remain'd who being ill inclin'd was not to be reduc'd by fair means and the King prepar'd to subdue him by force At that same time came Embassadors from the King of Navarre upon the old Account of having the Queen return to live with her Husband What Justice could not effect in so long time an Accident brought to pass The Queen had retir'd from Madrid offended that part of her Pension was cut off and kept Correspondence with the mutinous Noblemen For this Reason the King of Castile was displeas'd and this was the Occasion of the Embassy It happen'd the Earl of Trastamara under standing what was design'd against the Queen went away from Court to Roa where she was to assist her that no Violence should be offer'd her His Departure troubled the King fearing new Tumults and the more for that it was suspected he had communicated his Designs with the Duke of Benavente who was therefore sent for to Court and being come was arrested and secur'd on the 25th of July This done lest the Queen and Earl should grow strong the King with the Forces he had prepar'd against the Earl of Gijon march'd hastily to Roa The Earl fled in time to Galicia The Queen understanding the Danger she was in went out with her Children in Mourning to appease the King and excus'd her self saying she had no Hand in the Earls escape and could do no less than receive her Brother who came to comfort her These Excuses seem'd to satisfy the King yet he secur'd the Town leaving her the Revenue and carry'd her to Valladolid where she was kept under a Guard that she might not fly Mean while the Earl of Gijon fortify'd himself in that Place and the King march'd speedily for Asturias He took the City Oviedo which held for the Earl and then advanced and incamped before Gijon The Place could not be taken by force because of its natural Strength and the Coldness of the Season and Sickness in the Army would not allow to lye long before it Yet the Labour was not quite lost for the Earl of Trastamara submitted was pardon'd and came to the Camp It was also concluded betwixt the King and the Earl of Gijon that the King should put Garrisons into all Towns of his Estate except only that Also that the Earl should appear in Person before the King of France who by both Parties was appointed Umpire betwixt them and should stand by his Judgment For security to Performance 〈◊〉 Earl deliver'd his Son Henry as a Hostage to the King of Castile Thus they lay'd down 〈◊〉 and the Kingdom was eas'd of a great Trouble This was the posture of Affairs in Castile when Pope Clement dy'd at Avignon on the 16th of September All the Christian Princes by their Embassadors requir'd the Cardinals not to proceed rashly to another Election but find out some Method to put an end to the Schism which so long disturbed Christendom They resolv'd not to delay the Election but to show they in some Measure comply'd with those Princes ordain'd that every Cardinal should positively Swear that in case he were Elected he would abdicate the Papacy whensoever the Pope at Rome would do the same which they look'd upon as the best expedient to unite Christendom By the unanimous Consent of 21 Cardinals who were present at the Election D. Peter de Luna Cardinal of Aragon was â—â—osen His Birth was well known his Learning famous in the Civil and Canon Law besides many Embassies in which he had been employ'd He was very dexterous in gaining the good Will of all Men. In his Papacy he was call'd Benedict the XIIIth On 〈◊〉 chosen he began to think of removing his Seat into Italy without remembring the Oath 〈◊〉 taken or considering of means to abdicate the Papacy This much surprized the French An Assembly of Nobles and Prelates was held at Paris and there in order to curb the aspiring Thoughts of the new Pope who they knew was a Man of a high Spirit as he sufficiently testify'd afterwards they resolv'd to send some eminent Persons to represent to him the desires of France and the Church in general The Dukes of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Boâ—rges were appointed Embassadâ—â—â— These being come to Avignâ—â— requir'd him to restore â—eace to Christendom to 〈◊〉 the Calamities câ—â—s'd by that Division in the Church to remember his Oath and particularly press'd him to call a general Council in which the Prelates might determine what was fit to be done in that Case He answer'd he would upon no Account for sake the Church of the living God and quit the Helm of S. â—eter's Ship put into his Hands This answer was no way pleasing to those Princes but seeing they could prevail no fâ—rther upon him they return'd home much offended as was their King and all the Nation To appease the King the Pope granted him the Tenths of all Ecclesâ—â—stical Revenues for one Year This happen'd in May and the Year of Grace 1395 in which the new Pope's prosperity began by degrees to dâ—cline and was converted into Misery The Governour of Avignon by the King's order with French Forces besieg'd him in his Palace An 〈◊〉 was also publish'd forbidding all Persons to have recourse to him upon Ecclesiastical Affairs all his Cardinals forsook him except only he of Pamplâ—na who continu'd with him till Death In fine he was so streighten'd he was forc'd to fly in a disguise to Câ—â—alonia But this happen'd somewhat later Many Embassies pass'd betwixt the Christian Princes about this Affair The King of France labour'd to draw those of Castile Aragon and Navarre from the Obedience of that Pope They were hard to be perswaded especially the King of Castile who sent the Bishop of Câ—enca Embassador into France to reconcile that King to the Pope
the Crown but I will make your Reigs short This said he call'd in the Executioners and 600 Souldiers he had in a readiness All were astonish'd but the Archbishop of Toledo fell on his Knees begging Pardon and all the rest follow'd his Example Seeing them at his Feet the King pardon'd them but kept them two Months Prisoners in the Castle till they deliver'd up all the Towns they held and refuâ—â—ed what they ow'd to the Crown This Example made the Nobility more Submissive than ever they had been He us'd greater Severity at Sevil for he 〈◊〉 1000 Men to be Executed for being guilty of the Tumults â—ais'd by the Earl of Niebla 〈◊〉 Peter Ponce He advanc'd his own and the Prince his Brother's Revenue so that great 〈◊〉 were every Year lay'd up in the Palace of Madrid to which he added those Towers that are still standing for its greater Security His is that saying I fear the Curses of the People more than the Enemy's Weapons Thus without oppressing his Subjects he gather'd great Treasure only by looking after his Revenue CHAP. VII The Crown offered to Prince Ferdinand he refuses it John the IId proclaimed King of Castile The Death of the Queen of Aragon The War of Granada Several Places taken by the Christians who also obtain a Victory at Sea After the 〈…〉 of the King's Interrment were perform'd with the Pomp and Majesty that was becoming the Nobility met as the Rebellious Custom was to appoint a Successor and do their Homage to him This was in the beginning of the Year 1407. Their Opinions vary'd and every one spoke according to his Inclination Many thought it hard to stay till a Prince then but 22 Months old came to Age. The late King's Will was read in which he â—â—dain'd that the Queen and Prince Ferdinand should govern the Kingdom and 〈◊〉 â—lectors to the young King James Lopez de Zuniga and John de Velasco were appoint 〈…〉 guard and educate him and the Bishop of Carthagena Lord Chancellor to be his Preceedor till he was 14 Years of Age. These three were commanded only to attend to the Education of the Child without intermedling with the Government Some said no part of this Will ought to be observ'd as being made but the day before the King dy'd when he was not absolutely Master of his Reason but his Brain disturb'd and that it was not reasonable to expose the Kingdom to so many Confusions as might arise upon this Account This was not only discours'd in private but in publick Meetings and about the Streets Every one condemn'd the Will and yet none car'd to expose himself too much by opposing it They 〈…〉 Prince Ferdinand as the only Man that could deliver them from the Misfortunes they apprehended yet they feard he would not consent to it because he was naturally very meek and modest which some call'd fear some laziness and others meanness of 〈…〉 The Absence of the Queen her 〈◊〉 and being a Foreigner made Men bold She 〈◊〉 then at Segovea with her Children over wholm'd with Grief for the Death of her Husband and in care for the Event of those Practices at Toledo The Nobility having consulted together resolv'd to try Prince Ferdinand and in the Name of them all Ruy Lopez Davaloâ— made a long Harangue offering him the Crown and pressing him to accept of it at their Hands After Ruy Lopez had done 〈◊〉 the other Nobles begg'd the same of him and there wanted not some who pretended 〈…〉 and Revelations to justify their Request The Prince with wonderful Modesty answer'd that a Crown was not so much to be coveted as to become infamous for the sake of it by wronging an innocent Child and a Widow Queen whom all ought protect Besides that of necessity Wars must ensue That he thank'd them for their good Will and in requital would give them a King which was his Brother's Son and his own Nephew and â—n his 〈…〉 would spare no Labour or Danger for the publick good but take upon him the Government as his Brother ordain'd Soon after he assembl'd the 〈…〉 and Prelates in the Chappel of D. Peter Tenorio which is in the Cloisters of the Cathedralâ— There Ruy Lopez the Constable thinking his Mind might be alter'd publickly ask'd him whom he would have proclaim'd King The Prince with some marks of Displeasure answer'd aloud Who but my Brother's Son Then the Standards were display'd as the Custom of Spain is in the Name of King John the IId and the Kings at Arms proclaim'd him first in the Assembly and then in all publick Places of the City Prince Ferdinand by this Action purchas'd an immortal Renown and his Moderation and Loyalty were highly extoll'd even by those that advis'd him to accept of the Crown and thus he made himself way to obtain other 〈…〉 which Heaven for his Virtue had reserv'd for him His Glory was so much 〈…〉 for that his Brother for some time before his Death had bore him ill-will giving Ear to the Insinuations of some Court Parasites True it is he was 〈…〉 concil'd and agreed that his Daughter Mary who might come to inherit the Crown 〈…〉 marry'd to D. Alonso the Prince's eldest Son which was Advantagious to both Brothers and for the common good of the Kingdom Queen Mary of Aragon dy'd on the 29th of December at Villareal a Town near Valencia to the great Grief of the King her Husband and all that Country for her extraordinary Parts Her Body was bury'd with the usual Magnificence at Poblete the Burial place of those Kings Of four Children she had three dy'd Young which were James John and Margaret Only Martin was left then King of Sicily who applying himself wholly to the Affairs of that Island without regard to his Health as being Young and offering himself freely to all Dangers as being of a great Spirit soon after was snatch'd away and left his Subjects overwhelm'd in Troubles Prince Ferdinand having setl'd 〈◊〉 at Toledo on the 1st of January went thence to Segovia to visit the Queen and take 〈…〉 in all things relating to the Administration of the Government That all things might be done with the greater Majesty and Authority he summon'd thither the Cortes and accordingly the Nobles Prelates and Commons met there Several Affairs were consider'd of by them Particularly the Education of the young King was committed to the Queen she pressing for it tho it was contrary to the Will of the late King Henry To John de Valasco and James Lopez de Zuniga in lieu of that Employment taken from them they gave the Sum of 6000 Florins each A small Recompence for so great a Trust but Necessity oblig'd them to comply with the Will of the Queen and Prince nor was it safe to oppose them who had the Power of the Government The 〈◊〉 design'd against the Moors was also taken into Consideration and in February the Christians made an Incursion into
their Territories by the way of Murcia They lay'd Siege to Vera but could not carry it being unprovided of all Necessaries for such an Undertaking besides that a great Body of Moors was marching to the Relief of the Place Therefore raising the Siege they advanc'd to meet the Infidels and 〈◊〉 Xuxena engag'd and overthrew them The Slaughter was not great because they had a â—etreat near at Hand Yet they took and plunder'd the Town but the Moor 〈…〉 This Success made so great a Noise that the Cortes hoping it was a good Omen of future Advantages granted the Supplies that were requir'd of them by the Queen and Prince They also as was but Reason appointed Prince Ferdinand General betwixt whom and the Queen there began to be some misunderstandings Malicious Persons such as are always encourag'd in Courts heighten'd those Discontents and said one day Prince Ferdinand would perplex the Queen and her Children Many lay'd the blame on a Woman call'd Ellenon Lopez for that she bred ill Blood betwixt them and was greater with the Queen than became her Majesty or was for the good of the Kingdom These Differences increasing it was contriv'd the Government should be divided so that the Queen should have Old Castile and the Prince the New with some Towns of the Old This â—one the Prince sent his Wife and Children to Medina del Campo and set out himself from Sagovia for Villareal designing that the general Randezvouz of the Forces Mean while the Commanders on the Frontiers ceas'd not to make Incursions into the Country of the Moors wasting their Lands and driving great Booties of Cattle and Captives yet sometimes they came off with 〈◊〉 Worst A Moor inclin'd to Christianity came over from them and being carry'd before Laurence Suarez de Figueroa Master of Santiago who commanded on the Frontiers and was then at Ezija said to him I am not ignorant how odious the Name of â—â— Deserter is to all Men yet I resolv'd to come over to you being mov'd to it from Heavenâ—◠〈◊〉 my 〈…〉 testify the Sincerity of 〈◊〉 Words First let me be Buptiz'd and I will give you Instances of my real Fidelity Being 〈◊〉 he inform'd them he would shew them a way â—o surprize Pruna a considerable Town of the Moors They gave credit to his Words and the chief Commendary of Santiago went with him The Moor perform'd his Promise and the Town was taken on the 4th of June Thus the Moors lost that Nest whence they continually infested the Christian Territories Prince Ferdinand went to Cordova and thence to Sevil 〈…〉 fell sick at such time as there came to that City the Earl of Marche Son in Law to the King of Navarre of the best Blood of France of a graceful Presence and so Courteous that he gain'd the Affections of all Men. He brought with him 80 Horse to serve in that War which was expected would prove long and dangerous The Moors were not idle but first assaulted Lucena a great Town and finding they could not carry it they march'd away â—o Baeça Their Numbers were great for it is lay'd they amounted to 7000 Horse and 100000 Foot an incredible Multitude but such it was as put the whole Kingdom into a Consternation Nevertheless they could not take the City for it was bravely defended but they burnt the Subarbs All the Christians far and near took the Alarm and gather'd to relieve that important Place which the Moors understanding rais'd the Siege and departed loaded with Booty and with many Captives taken in that Country On the other Hand Alonso Enriquez the Admiral obtain'd a considerable Victorâ— over the Infidels on the Sea near Cadiz The Kings of Tunez and Tremezen had fitted out 23 Galleys to scour the Coast of Andaluzia at the Request of their Confederate the King of Granada The Admiral when he discover'd them had but 13 Galleys yet attacked them with such Fury that he 〈◊〉 eight sunk some and put the rest to flight Mean while Prince Ferdinand recover'd to the Sickness and being joyful for this Success march'd from Sevil on the 7th of September He had not fix'd what enterprize to take in Hand therefore a Council of War being call'd it was resolv'd to enter the Territory of Ronda and lay Siege to Zahara a Town of Note in that Country This was put in Execution and they began to batter it with 3 great pieces of Cannon day and night yet the harm they did was inconsiderable because the Gunners in those days were not expert at playing and levelling their Pieces For this Reason the Siege might have prov'd difficult if the besieg'd beginning to feel want and fearing they should have no Quarter had not made hast to surrender capitulating only for their Persons and Estates and delivering up their Arms. Other small Towns follow'd the Example of Zahara and submitted Septenil a Town strong and well Garrison'd refus'd to submit it was therefore besieg'd and batter'd at such time as Peter de Zuniga recover'd Ayamonte from the Moors as had been given him in charge by Prince Ferdinand The Moorish King was unwilling to hazard a Battle and therefore govern'd himself by Policy endeavouring to live his Enemy some considerable Diversion He gather'd his Forces which are said to have amounted to 6000 Horse and 80000 Foot but they were a meer Rable without Discipline or Sense of Honour With this Army he sat down before Jaen but sailed it for our Army march'd thither with speed and oblig'd him to retire with shame Some harm he did in the Country but that was retaliated by wasting all his Territories 〈…〉 Besides several Parties spread themselves over all the Dominions of the Moors so that they had no Place of safety It was some Disappointment that 〈◊〉 was not taken Autumn was advanc'd and the usual great Rains began to fall Therefore Prince Ferdinand rais'd the Siege on the 25th of October and returning to Sevil restor'd to its Place the Sword with which the Holy King Ferdinand took that City which is there kept to this Day and us'd then to be taken out by Generals when they went upon any considerable Enterprize This done he put his Forces into Quarters in Sevil Cordova and other Places and went away himself to Toledo to raise more Men and make other Provision â—â— continue the War CHAP. VIII The Murder of the Duke of Orleans by him of Burgundy The War carry'd on with the Moors 〈…〉 concluded Original of D. Alvaro de Luna Continuation of 〈…〉 Schism 〈…〉 time dy'd at Calahorra Peter 〈◊〉 Ayala Chancellor of Castile a Man 〈…〉 for many things and particularly for the Chronicle he wrote of the Kings Peter Henry the IId and Joâ—â— the I st tho it is generally believ'd he wrong'd King Peter magnifying his Vices and said more than was true in Commendation of King Henry France was in Confusion for that John Duke of 〈◊〉 had caus'd Luis Duke of Orleans to be murder'd in
June 1409 they elected a third Pope who was Peter Philargus a Native of Candia of the Order of Fryers Minors and Archbishop of Milan In his Papacy he took the Name of Alexander the Vth. His Reign was short and extended not to a Year This which was looked upon as a Remedy only serv'd to increase the Disease for instead of two now there were three Popes each pretending to be the Right So weak is all humane Policy CHAP. IX The Death of Martin King of Sicily Several pretenders to the Crown of Aragon Their several Claims Martin King of Aragon prefers that of his 〈◊〉 Prince Ferdinand of Castile tho unjust PRince Ferdinand govern'd the Kingdom of Castile prudently yet let slip no Opportunity of advancing his Family and increasing his Estate For this reason some Persons spar'd not to set the Queen against him which was easy as she was a Woman and naturally Jealous There is nothing more uncertain than the favour of Princes They said the excessive Power of Prince Ferdinand might prove dangerous to the Crown for that too much Grandeur is seldom attended with Loyalty James Lopez de ZunÌ„iga and John de Velasco whose Interest was great at Court were the Men that chiefly heightned these Jealousies Frederick â—â—rl of Trastamara the Son of Peter Constable of Castile advis'd the Prince to secure them but they having notice of the Design fled The Queen when she knew it was offended and grew more suspicious than before saying that Affront was offer'd to her and design'd to deprive her of their Advice and Assistance Besides the other Blessings which Heaven and Nature had plentifully bestow'd on Prince Ferdinand in which no Prince of that Age surpass'd him he had a numerous Issue viz. 5 Sons Alonso John Henry Sancho and Peter call'd afterwards the Princes of Aragon and two Daughters Mary and Ellenor About this time dy'd Ferdinand Rodriguez de Villalobos Master of the Order of Alcantara and Prince Ferdinand obtain'd that Honour for his fourth Son Sancho the Pope dispensing with his Age. Henry the third Son was in the like manner soon after made Master of the Order of Santiago upon the Death of Laurence Suarez de Figueroa Many were offended that the Prince not content with the Government bestow'd all Perferments upon his Sons At this time the Duke of Austria and Earl of Luxembourg sent to offer Supplies of Men to carry on the War of Granada Charles Duke of Orleans promis'd 1000 French Horse and made suit to have to Wife Queen Beatrix the Widow of King John the Ist of Castile who had the right to the Crown of Portugal Neither was his offer accepted of nor his Request granted for the Queen would not marry again or leave Spain and the Truce was continued for 5 Months longer at the suit of Joseph King of Granada Yet soon after the Moors making an Attempt upon Priego gave a sufficient occasion to the Christians to break with them but the King of Granada â—ent to excuse that Action as done without his Consent and offering to make Reparation of Damages such as Judges appointed on both sides should decree This year betwixt Salamanca and Cuidad Rodrigo was found an Image of our Blessed Lady held in great Veneration and call'd De la PenÌ„a de Françia very famous for a Monastery of Dominicans built in that Place and for the great Concourse of People that resorts thither The same year was unfortunate to the Aragonians to the Death of Martin King of Sicily only Son and Heir to the King of Aragon who departed this Life at Caller in Sardinia on the 25th of July in the flower of his Age and the promising hopes conceiv'd of him His Father had sent him into that Island to suppress Brancaleon Doria and Aymerick Viscount Narbonne who having marry'd two Daughters of Marianus Judge of Arborea lay'd claim to and endeavour'd to possess themselves of it They were grown strong because the Power of the Aragonians was small and the Islanders rather favour'd them than Strangers The King 's coming chang'd the Face of Affairs Both Parties assembl'd their Forces and met near a Town call'd Luri There they engag'd the Isanders were overthrown and Brancaleon their General taken Death prevented the Kingdom making his Advantage of that Victory and putting an end to the War But Peter de Torrellas the Mareschal that Prince's Favourite and some other Men of Note with the Forces that remain'd for some time made good the Aragonian Party The King's Body was bury'd in the Cathedral of Caller By his Wife Blanch he had one Son who dy'd not long before him He had also two Bastard Sons by two Sicilian Women one was 〈…〉 whose Mothers Name was Teresa and by Agathusa he had the Lady Violante afterwards marry'd to the Earl of Niebla It was reported the Cause of his Death was his too much Familiarity with a young Woman of Sardinia before he was perfectly recover'd of a Sickness he had In his Will he constituted his Father Heir of the Kingdom of Sicily and ordain'd his Wife 〈◊〉 Blanch should continue in the Government thereof as he left her at his Departure then â—â— Several Persons of Note were nam'd to be assisting to her with their Advice The loss of this Prince was much lamented throughout the Kingdom of Aragon and many contests arose about the Right of Succession It is in vain to relate how grievous this Misfortune was to his Father every one may judgeâ—â— himself Yet he monerated his Sorrow and having perform'd the Funeral Rights to 〈…〉 apply'd himself to setling of the Kingdom His Favourites advis'd him to marry 〈…〉 was 〈…〉 might have Children and by that means settle the 〈…〉 prevent many Mischiefs which must otherwise follow He approv'd of theâ—◠〈…〉 beautiful Lady and of the Blood Royal of Aragon The Marriage was solemniz'd at Burcelona on the 17th of September The King was but 5â— years of Age but sickle and extreamly fat those very Medicines or Provocatives he made use of for getting of Children wasted him inwardly and hasten'd his Death Luis Duke of Anjou being inform'd of the Death of the King of Sicily was the first that reassum'd his Hopes of inheriting that Crown He sent the Bishop of Conserans to desire the King to declare his Son Luis whom he had by the Lady Violante Daughter to King John 〈◊〉 to the Crown as being the next of Blood the eldest Sister Joanna being dead two years before He also ask'd leave for the Mother to come to Aragon to breed up her Son according to the Custom of the Country It was look'd upon as an ill Omen that the King during the Solemnity of his Marriage should he pressed to declare an Heir The People thought the Earl of Vrgel to have a better Right but it was only to please their own Inclin'd out for all Nations would rather have a King of their own Country than a Stranger The Earl's
Almighty God for this Success and consecrated the great Mosque Roderick de Narvaez was left Governour of the City and Castle and took his Oath accordingly Some other small Towns and Castles were taken and all the Country of the Moors wasted Then Autumn being near stept the Army return'd to Sevil and was receiv'd with great demonstrations of Joy The End of the Nineteenth Book THE History of SPAIN The Twentieth BOOK CHAP. I. The State of Christendom Nine Judges appointed in Aragon to decide the Dispute about the Succession Arguments us'd by each of the Candidates The Government of King John of Portugal NOT only Spain but all Christendom was afflicted with bloody Wars civil Discord and such Confusions as made even Peace it self dangerous and destructive Italy was consum'd by the Schism that had continu'd so many Years and the unlimited Ambition of three Popes each pretending a Right to S. Peter's Chair This was in a great Measure the fault of the Emperors who ought to put a stop to those growing Evils Ladislaus King of Naples on the one side supported Pope Gregory the XIIth On the other Luis Duke of Anjou favour'd the Popes of Avignon Galeazzo Duke of Milan made his Advantage of these confusions to enlarge his Dominions and had taken Bâ—lania Abortus the Emperor dying the Empier of Germany was in an Uproar Wencestanâ— King of Bohemia by his neglect of the Government gave occasion to John Hus and Hierome of Prague to start new Opinions and raise Tumults The Eastern Empire since Tamorlan overthrew the Turks enjoy'd some Peace but they having somewhat recover'd themselves it was fear'd they would again pass the Helespent and subdue Greece To provide against this Storm Emanuel Palâ—â—ogus the Emperor went to Venice and thence pass'd into France to obtain Succours but his Labour was lost for that Kingdom was involv'd in War and full of Distractions since the Duke of Burgundy murder'd the Duke of Orleans In Aragon since the Death of King Martin the People were divided and could not agree who should inherit that Crown A civil War was much fear'd the all possible means were us'd to adjust that Affair by the Sentence of the Laws Many Meetings were held upon this Account and at first nothing was concluded These Troubles caused the Interest of Aragon to sink in Sardinia notwithstanding Peter Torrellas did what he could to support it tho with small Hopes of Success his Forces being inconsiderable and no Supplies coming to him from Spain In Sicily Bernard de Cabrera committed many Insolencies and at last presum'd to besiege the Queen Dowager in the Castle of Syracusa The King of Navarre understanding her Danger in his return from France took Barcelona in his way and arriv'd there on the 20th of December preceeding the Year 1411 to sollicit that the Queen his Daughter might return home for that since she had no Children it was not reasonable she should govern that Kingdom exposing her self for the Advantage of others The Government of Castile was divided betwixt the Queen Mother and Prince Ferdinand a dangerous Method especially for that some ill-meaning People ceas'd not to incense the Queen against the Prince but his Prudence and Patience defeated all their Contrivances He had happily concluded the War with the Moors and made a Truce with them for 17 Months then having setl'd the Affairs of Andaliza he return'd to Castile New Troubles were now fear'd for Frederick Duke of Benavente who had been long Prisoner at Momâ—al having kill'd the Governour of that Place made his escape This accident much perplex'd the Prince fearing lest he being a powerful Man and of the Blood Royal should disturb the Peace wherefore he caus'd all the Ways towards Portugal to be guarded This availed nothing for the Duke either by chance or relying upon the Friendship that was betwixt him and his Brother in Law the King of Navarre fled thither He took the wrong Course for Prince Ferdinand sent Embassadors to demand him and he was deliver'd up and secur'd in the Castle of Almodovar in the Territory of Cordova where he ended his Days Only Portugal enjoyed a lasting Peace and the new King by his good Actions made some amends for the fault in his Birth He built a Monastery of Dominicans at Aljubarrota called Batalla or the Battle in Memory of his Success over the Castilians in that Place On the Banks of Tagus he founded the Town of Almerin at Sintra erected a Royal Palace besides many other stately Works He was remarkable for administring Justice to such a degree that he caus'd Ferdinand Alfonso de Santarn his Vice-chamberlain to be taken out of the Church and burnt for having to do with D. Beatrix de Castro one of the Queen's Ladys and turn'd her out of the Court The Portugueses were so rich and powerful that they resolv'd to undertake new Conquests and pass over into Africk which was the first step they advanc'd towards mighty Undertakings This was the general Posture of Affairs in Christendom The Schism in the Chuch perplex'd all People considering what might be the End of it But the Succession to the Crown of Aragon was more hotly debated in Spain The Aragonians Catalonians and Valencians three Nations comprehended under the Crown of Aragon assembl'd every one apart to determine what ought to be done in relation to the Succession of the Crown Their Opinions and Inclinations could not be reconcil'd Each of the Candidates had Friends whose chief aim was to oblige the new King they thought to set up and drove their own Interest rather than his Most of the Catalonians favour'd the Earl of Vrgel and among them particularly the two noble Families of Cardona and Moncada Those of Alagon and Luna among the Aragonians sided with them and that so passionately that Antony de Luna to carry on his Design caus'd D. Garcia de Heredia Arch-bishop of Zaragoça to be murder'd way-laying him near Almunia for no other reason but only that he was the chiefest that oppos'd the Earl of Vrgel This was a hainous Action and accordingly resented The Actors were excommunicated and the Earl's Cause suffer'd by in for many dreaded a King who us'd such horrid means to obtain a Crown The Nobility of Aragon had recourse to Arms some to revenge the Death of the Archbishop others to protect the Murderer It was requisite for these Reasons to come to some Determination and the more for that a War was expected from France and the Troops of Castile appear'd on the Frontiers both sides threatning Force if the Crown was not given them by fair means The three Provinces having consulted what was to be done after much contesting agreed that 9 Judges should be chosen 3 of each Province These were to meet at Caspe a Town in Aragon there to hear and determine betwixt the Candidates Whatsoever 6 of them agreed to was to stand good provided one of each Province were of the Number
far different Thoughts Now the Popes John and Gregory gave ear to this Request Only Pope Benedict persisted obstinately and would hear of no Proposals of Peace It was given in charge to the King of Aragon to reduce him to Reason He and the King of France sent Embassadors to him upon that Account At the same time the King of Aragon having subdu'd Vrgel and establish'd Peace in his Kingdom return'd to Zaragoça and enter'd that City in Triumph There he was crown'd on the 11th of February 1414 that Ceremony having been deferr'd till then for several Reasons and was now perform'd by the Arch-bishop of Tarragona as Primate of all that Kingdom The King was crown'd with the Crown sent him by his Sister in Law Catherine Queen Dowager of Castile the value of its Workmanship being equal to that of the Matter tho made of Gold set with precious Stones Several Embassadors of Forreign Princes were present as also the Prelates and Nobles of that Kingdom particularly D. Bernard de Cabrera Earl of Osona and Modica now restor'd to the King's Favour and D. Henry de Villena a Man no less remarkable for his extraordinary Learning than for the Misfortunes he underwent and was at that time depriv'd of his Inheritance and the Mastership of the Order of Calatrava The manner of it was thus D. Gonzalo de Guzman dying D. Henry de Villena through the Favour of King Henry the IIId obtained that Dignity Many of the Knights objected that he was marry'd and therefore according to the Constitutions of the Order could not be Master His Ambition was such that he resolv'd to be Divorc'd from his Wife the Lady Mary de Albornoz tho her Portion was great she being Lady of Alcoçer Salmeron Valdolivas and the other Towns of the Infantado To carry on this Divorce he own'd himself naturally Impotent and to the end his own Estate might not fall to the Order made over to the King the Towns of Tineo and Cangas and his Right to the Marquisate of Villen̄a The Commendaries of the Order easily perceiv'd this was all Fraud They assembled again and having taken this Affair into Consideration depos'd D. Henry as illegally elected choosing D. Luis de Guzman in his Place This Election caus'd Disputes which lasted 6 Years All the Knights of that Order did not agree some were for the first some for the last Master In conclusion the Cistercian Monks by order of Pope Benedict having hear'd both Parties gave Judgment in favour of D. Luis de Guzman Thus he who valu'd himself upon his great Learning was found not to understand his own Interest and taking his Wife again spent the remainder of his Days in Poverty for tho the Mastership was taken from him the Patrimony of his Ancestors was not restor'd him After the Solemnities at Zaragoça were perform'd the new King bent his Thoughts to the Affairs of the Church as all Christian Princes desir'd Having signify'd so much to Pope Benedict they agreed to meet at Morella a Town in the Kingdom of Valencia on the Borders of Aragon and Catalonia The King signaliz'd himself in treating the Pope with all manner of Respect For first he led the Horse on which he rode to the Church and thence to his Lodging carry'd his Train next day he waited upon him at Table and Prince Henry did the Office of Cup-bearer His Service which was of Pewter he chang'd into Silver and Gold all to soften his obdurate Heart They met several times to treat of the Affair in Hand The Pope would not yield to lay down that Dignity and his followers obstructed it 50 Days were spent and nothing concluded At the same time came News from Italy of the Death of Ladislaus King of Naples who was reported to be poison'd in the height of all his Prosperity when he might have hop'd to make himself Master of all Italy He had no Issue for which reason that Crown fell to his Sister Joanna Widow of William Duke of Austria not above 30 Years of Age and no less leud than the other Queen of Naples of the same Name we have before mentioned Many Princes considering a Kingdom was her Dower were ambitious to marry her and she was contracted to John second Son to the King of Aragon who on that Account went over to Sicily and yet the Match was broken off and that Queen marry'd to James of Bourbon Earl of Marche a comly Youth Pandolphus Alopus was greater with the Queen than became the Regal Dignity which was censur'd by the People and resented by the Nobility All hopes of reducing Pope Benedict being lost the Christian Princes still continu'd their Resolution of assembling a General Council and appointed the City Constance in Germany to be the Place of Meeting The Bishops of Italy and France came first Pope Gregory sent his Embassadors with full Power to renounce the Papacy for him if requir'd Pope John came in Person relying on his Friendship with the Emperor King Ferdinand ceas'd not to press Pope Benedict to comply as well as his Competitors After much contesting they sent an Embassy to the Emperor desiring they three might meet in some convenient Place The Prelates continued to assemble at Constance and about 300 met The Council was open'd on the 5th of November At the same time in Aragon a great Number of Jews was converted by S. Vincent Ferrerius To facilitate the Conversion of the rest several severe Laws were enacted against them At Constance on Christmas Night which preceded the Year 1415. Pope John and the Emperor went together to Matins two Chairs were set for them the Pope's somewhat above the Emperor's After the Divine Service they began to discourse of the Affair in Hand and it was agreed by all the Prelates that the three Popes should freely abdicate to which Pope John tho with some Reluctancy condescended On the 4th of March he said a solemn Mass and that ended promis'd in publick to renounce the Papacy which gave great Satisfaction to all Men. This was but Counterfeit for not long after he fled away by Night with a design to keep that Division afoot Some Persons were sent after him who apprehended and brought him back to Constance where he was forc'd to resign the Papacy and given in Custody to the Count Palatine yet three Years after he escap'd and to pacify him had his Cardinals Cap restor'd and dy'd at Florence where he was also bury'd The Treasures he had heap'd whilst Pope were left in the Hands of Cosmo de Medices a Noble Citizen of that Place which is said to have been the first step he ascended by and his Family afterwards to be Princes of that Dominion The Joy conceiv'd for the deposing of Pope John was redoubl'd 5 Days after when Charles Malatesta Pope Gregory's Commissioner made a solemn Act of Renunciation in his Name Only Pope Benedict remain'd of whose Obstinacy they fear'd he would continue the Schism
Castile to try whether his Native Air would recover him Sickly Persons especially at the Point of Death fancy whatever they desire Besides he was solicitous to promote the Interest of Castile on account of his Kindred with that King and as Governour to him during his Minority He also was desirous that Kingdom should cast off Pope Benedict as Aragon had done To this purpose he return'd from Perpignan to Barcelona and at the beginning of the Summer set out for Castile Travelling increas'd his Distemper and he was forc'd to take up at Igualada 6 Leagues from Barcelona There the Physicians gave him over and having receiv'd the Sacraments he dy'd like a good Christian upon the 2d of April He was a Prince endu'd with excellent Perfections of a graceful Presence and dextrous at gaining the good Will of all Men. Some accuse him of being very slow for abandoning Pope Benedict for making his Advantage of the Revenue of Castile for being lavish of his own and covetous of what belong'd to others to supply his Extravagances He reign'd 3 Years 9 Months and 28 Days His Body lies at Poblete in a very mean Tomb. By his Will made some Months before at Perpignan he provided for his Children in this manner To Prince John he gave the Estate of Lara and Medina del Campo also the Town of Monblanc with the Title of Duke in Catalonia and several other Towns To Prince Henry he left Albuquerque and to D. Sancho Montalvan He appointed Alonso his eldest Son Heir to the Crown In case all the Brothers should die without Issue he order'd the Sons and Grandsons of his Daughters Mary and Ellenor should succeed yet excluded the Mothers King Ferdinand's Death was the cause that Castile for some time continu'd to give Obedience to Pope Benedict He had many Friends whom he had oblig'd in Castile and particularly the Arch-bishops of Toledo and Sevil D. Sancho de Rojas and D. Alonso de Exea stickl'd for him Fresh Tumults began in Castile which shew'd how necessary the Prudence and Valour of King Ferdinand had been for the Peace of that Country Queen Catherine immediately entred upon the whole Government of the Kingdom She committed the Education of the King to the Arch-bishop of Toledo and joyn'd with him John de Velasco and James Lopez de Zuniga the chief Justice Many complain'd they had no share in the Preferments given and among them were D. Alonso Enriquez the Admiral and D. Ruy Lopez Davalos the Constable At the beginning of the Year 1417 a Truce was concluded with the King of Granada for two Years by which he was oblig'd every Year to release 100 Christian Slaves The Prelates at the Council of Constance attended to all that was for the Advancement of the Church To pacify the Rebellion in Bohemia and reduce the Hereticks they brought their Heads John Hus and Hierome of Prague to that City having obtain'd them a safe Conduct from the Emperor Heresy once fix'd is hard to be rooted out They both fled from the City and being apprehended by Parties sent out after them were publickly Burnt The Hereticks being punish'd and their Heresy condemn'd the Bishops again apply'd themselves to make up the Divisions in the Church On the 26th of July they excommunicated Pope Benedict who only remain'd of the three and depriv'd him of any Right he could pretend to S. Peter's Chair This Sentence being made publick they proceeded to the Election of a new Pope There were present 22 Cardinals of those that had follow'd the three Popes to these were joyn'd 30 other Electors some of them Bishops the others Men of Note all which were shut up in the Conclave All of them to a Man agreed to the Election of the Cardinal Otho Colonna a Native of Rome This was done on the 11th of November and he took the Name of Martin the Vth. The Joy for this Choice was universal for all Nations laying aside former Prejudices submitted to the new Pope Only the King of Scotland and Earl of Armegnac with some few Cardinals for a while stuck to Pope Benedict but they also in a short time forsook him Soon after the Council was dissolv'd but it was decreed they should meet again within 5 Years and the second time 7 Years after that and then at the end of 10 Years and that for ever after there should be a General Council once in 10 Years The new Pope sent two Cistercian Monks to advise Benedict to submit to the Decree of the Council and admonish his Cardinals to leave him They prevail'd not upon Benedict but his four Cardinals who were Spaniards and whom he had retain'd upon promise of Preferment left him and repair'd to the new Pope at Florence This Year was unhappy to France and no less fortunate to Castile for the renewing of the Voyage to the Canaries by consent of the Queen of Castile by which means John de Betancour a French Man who undertook this Expedition subdu'd 5 of those Islands Menante his Kinsman succeeded him Pope Martin gave the Bishoprick of those Islands to a Fryer call'd Mendo. These two fell at Variance and Peter Barba was sent by the King to compose them He bought the Islands for a Sum of Mony of Menante and sold them again to Peter Peraça a considerable Citizen of Sevil whose Heirs possess'd them till the time of King Ferdinand the Catholick who intirely subdu'd and annex'd them to the Crown of Castile This is what relates to Spain The Misfortunes of France happen'd in this manner Henry the Vth King of England demanded of Charles the VIth of France his Daughter Catherine in Marriage which he refusing King Henry sail'd over into Normandy overthrew the French Army took the Dukes of Orleans and Bourbon Prisoners and after a troublesom Siege made himself Master of Roan the Metropolis of that Province This was not all for Elizabeth Queen of France left her Husband and with her Daughter Catherine fled to Tours whence she sent to the Duke of Burgundy who not only secur'd the Queen and her Daughter but also the King and City of Paris Charles the Dauphin made what Head he could against the English and Burgundians The Dauphin and Duke of Burgundy agreed to have a Conference upon a Bridge over the Seine on the middle of which was a strong Barrier the Dauphin invited the Duke to come over to him and some Words arising kill'd him Whether his Life or Death were most fatal to France is doubtful for his Son Philip to revenge the Death of his Father deliver'd up the City of Paris with the King Queen and Princess Catherine to the English whence ensu'd innumerable Calamities which happen'd later and are forreign to our purpose CHAP. V. The Death of the Queen of Castile Marriages of Princes Prince Henry of Aragon seizes the King of Castile Tumults in that Kingdom Strange Prodigies Many Colledges built in Castile QUeen Ellexor of Aragon
after the Death of the King her Husband retir'd into Castile and there spent the time of her Widowhood with her Children A motion was made that the King of Castile should marry her Daughter the Princess Mary Queen Catherine approv'd not of that Match To prevent it she pleaded the King was too young whereas in reality she was rather inclin'd to Match him in Portugal with the Princess Ellenor who was her Neece and not only she but most of the Court thought that Match would unite the two Kingdoms in a lasting knot of Amity Death prevented those Designs which suddenly took away Queen Catherine at Valladolid upon Thursday the 2d of June in the Year 1418 at the age of 50. Of Body she was large and gross somewhat free in drinking as is the Custom of her Country open hearted and bountiful which Virtues some made use of to advance their Interest and slander others Most of her Counsellors and Ministers were mean Persons which is very dangerous for Princes She was bury'd in the Royal Chappel of Toledo in a particular Tomb where she had given a Revenue for 15 Chaplains to pray for the Souls of her and her Husband The Queen's Death produc'd great Alterations The King notwithstanding his tender Age came out of that profound Ignorance in which his Mother had kept him and began in some Measure to govern the Kingdom assisted with the advice of some Persons about him Among them the chiefest was the Arch-bishop of Toledo who being of a haughty Spirit ambitious of Honour and a busy Man seiz'd the Government into his own Hands so that under the Shadow of the King's Name he turn'd all things which way he pleased Two Embassadors came from France to sue for some Succours in that time of need They were put off with an excuse grounded on the King's Minority the late Troubles and new ones that were fear'd It was again propos'd to marry the King The Archbishop ow'd all his Preferment to the Crown of Aragon and therefore prevail'd the Match with Aragon should be preferr'd before that of Portugal On the 21st of October the King and Princess were contracted at Medina del Campo with great Pomp. One of the Articles of Marriage was that the Princess Catherine younger Sister to King John should be marry'd to one of the Princes of Aragon None was particularly nam'd because Prince John the eldest was unresolv'd where he should take a Wife First he was contracted to Elizabeth Daughter to the King of Navarre and broke off in hopes of marrying Joanna Queen of Naples as was said before He spent some time governing Sicily instead of Queen Blanch whom her Father the King of Navarre caus'd to return home she being the eldest Sister and Heiress of that Crown Many Princes made suit to her for her great Fortune but her Father preferr'd before them all this Prince John for his good Qualities and because he hoped Aragon and Navarre might come to be united King Alonso his Brother having no Issue Her Dower for the present was 420000 Florins It was also articl'd That in case Queen Blanch should die without Issue her Husband after the Decease of his Father and Mother in Law should during his Life stile himself and be actually King of Navarre They were marry'd by Proxy at Olite The Prince's Commissioner was James Gomez de Sandoval Nephew to the Archbishop of Toledo Lieutenant of Castile and Steward to the Prince with whom he afterwards was in the highest Favour and at last was cast down as shall be shewn in its place This Contract was made in the Year 1419. This same Year the Admiral Vincent Ferrerius of the Order of S. Dominick chang'd this Life for a better at Vannes in Britany and was afterwards for his Virtue and the Miracles he wrought put into the number of the Saints His Body was bury'd in the Cathedral of that City Let us return to King John of Castile Castile began to be disturb'd the Nobility being at Variance The King was too young and weak to curb them Many envy'd the Arch-bishop of Toledo and were offended that a Priest should have more Power than all the Nobility The King was advis'd to take upon him the Government since he was 14 Years of Age. To this purpose the Cortes met at Madrid to which all Persons of Note resorted On the 7th of March all that Assembly being together in the Palace of that Town the Archbishop made a study'd Speech declaring to them how the King intended to take the Government upon himself and lay aside his Tutors D. Alonso Enriquez the Admiral in the Name of all there present approv'd of his Resolution and they altogether applauded it It was requisite the King 's tender Years should have some support therefore he admitted to his Council all those who had been of it in his Father's time and during his Nonage The Arch-bishop of Toledo the Admiral the Constable Peter Manrique Lieutenant of Leon and John Hurtado de Mendoça the Lord Steward were appointed Commissioners to consider of all Grants and bestow Preferments Gutierre Gomez de Toledo Arch-deacon of Guadalajara was appointed to draw up and register all Orders This the Arch-bishop took ill pretending it belong'd to him as Chancellor of Castile Among others the Princes of Aragon John and Henry Master of the Order of Santiago were then at Court them the Arch-bishop endeavour'd by all means to draw to his Party that they might support him against his Enemies and he continue fixt in the Government From Madrid the King went to Segovia where a Dispute happening betwixt the Courtiers and Townsmen they were very near coming to blows The Princes of Aragon did not agree among themselves both aspiring to possess themselves of the King and Government and admitting of no Competitor The Nobility was divided D. Ruy Lopez Davalos the Constable and Peter Manrique favour'd Prince Henry Ferdinand Earl of Trastamara and the Arch-bishop of Toledo sided with Prince John The King was young and changeable soon angry and as soon pleas'd His Stature was large considering his Age his Complexion clear but withal he was weakly and had no good Face yet of Temper was mild and tractable He delighted in Hunting Justs and Turneaments lov'd Learning and could himself make indifferent Spanish Verses These Virtues which shew'd themselves in his Childhood in his riper Years spread more and grew to Perfection Yet all this was defac'd by his love of Ease and neglect of the Government He gave little attention to Business and that always in hast in short he was not fit to rule a Kingdom This it was that put his Courtiers in the way of obtaining great Preferments especially Alvaro de Luna who began already to be more in his Favour than any other Queen Mother some Years before to obstruct his unreasonable Advance in the King's Esteem had prudently forbid him the Court ordering him to return to Aragon
Yet she acted very indiscreetly in keeping the King as she did till her Death which was for above 6 Years lock'd up at Valladolid in a House near the Monastery of St. Paul without suffering him to go abroad or permitting any Body to visit him but his menial Servants This she did that the Nobility might not seize him and disturb the Peace of the Kingdom A miserable sort of Education for a Prince so that afterwards he knew not the Noblemen that came to visit him The riper Years are for the most part answerable to the Education as appears by this Prince For after the Queen's Death as if he had been kept in a dark Place or were just come from his Mother's Womb he always behav'd himself like an utter stranger to the Affairs of the Government Business perplex'd and troubl'd him This is the reason he was always govern'd by his Courtiers and Favourites which was the cause of great and continual Troubles At the beginning of the following Year which was 1420 the King went to Tordesillas a Town in Old Castile Prince Henry Master of the Order of Santiago either to facilitate his Marriage with the Princess Catherine or to get the upper hand of his Adversaries came to that Town with a party of his followers secur'd John Hurtado de Mendoça Lord Steward of the Houshold and others belonging to the Court and took the King himself not permitting him to go any whither or to dispatch any Business A great disgrace to the Kingdom that the King should be detain'd Prisoner by his own Subjects This Affront mov'd the Nobility to take up Arms. Prince John of Aragon headed them who having spent but four Days in celebrating the Solemnity of his Marriage at Pamplona set out immediately for Castile moved to it by the Report of what had happen'd and the Letters of many that invited him thither At Avila the King of Castile was marry'd without any Magnificence or demonstrations of Joy by reason most of the Nobility were absent and he himself no better than a Prisoner Prince Henry for his own security and to strengthen his Party kept 3000 Horse in that City His Brother Prince John was at Olmedo and had an equal number of Horse canton'd in the neighbouring Towns To him resorted all sorts of People from all Parts of the Country designing to revenge the Affront done to the King and Kingdom It was endeavour'd to have the two Brothers meet but it was prevented nor would they suffer Prince John to speak to the King Prince Henry tho he had all the Power in his own Hands yet to provide for the future contriv'd to have the Cortes meet in that City No body had liberty of Speech or durst utter his Thoughts the Town being full of Souldiers and the place where they met surrounded with armed Men. Thus Prince Henry was by those Cortes clear'd of any thing that might be lay'd to his charge till that time No Man durst oppose this Resolution or mutter in so much that as it were to reward that Exploit by the King's Consent it was obtain'd of Pope Martin the Vth that the Mastership of the Order of Santiago should be setl'd hereditary upon Prince Henry and his Heirs which had prov'd a new Plague to Spain had not the King when he came to riper Years cancell'd that Decree The Princess Catherine openly oppos'd Prince Henry She said plainly she would not have a Husband who aimed by force of Arms to take what he ought to hope for as the reward of his good Service However her weak Resolution was vanquish'd and they were marry'd at Talavera a great Town near Toledo whither the King went from Avila He had with her the Lordship of Villena with the Title of a Duke To Alvaro de Luna the chief of the Courtiers for being instrumental in this Affair was given the Town of Santistevan de Gormaz This was the first step he advanc'd towards the great Preferments and Riches he afterwards acquir'd About this time every day there were Earthquaks and noises under Ground in Catalonia from Tolosa to Perpignan Near Girona was a Town call'd Amer where the Earth gap'd in two Places and cast out Fire that burnt all that came within two Stones throw of them Out of another Mouth near those of Fire gush'd black Water and half a mile from thence mixt with a River which I suppose to be Sameroca so that that Town was destroy'd and all the Fish in the River dy'd The stench of the Water was such that the Birds clapt their Wings as they flew that way and it extended as far as Girona tho at four Leagues distance James de Anaya Arch-bishop of Sevil built the College of St. Bartholomew at Salamanca and endow'd it with Revenues to maintain a good Number of Scholars in imitation of the Colledge built at Bolonia by the Cardinal Giles de Albornoz This good Example was afterwards follow'd by several Persons of Quality who built other Colleges which have brought forth many Men famous for Learning Three other Colleges were built at Salamanca and call'd the Great Ones a fourth at Valladolid a fifth at Alcala and many others of less Note CHAP. VI. Original of the Portugues Discoveries King Alonso of Aragon adopted Heir to the Crown of Naples The King of Castile escapes from his Confinement and suppresses many of the Rebels D. Alvaro de Luna made an Earl NOW it was that the two Nations of the Aragonians and Portugueses made themselves way to obtain new Dominions Henry Son to the King of Portugal being much addicted to the study of Astrology imagin'd unknown Countries and Islands might be discover'd in the vast Ocean To this purpose he fent out several Ships and in the way betwixt Lisbon and the Canaries found a small but fruitful Island so full of Trees that they call'd it Madera that is to say Wood. Thus coasting along Africk this Prince and the Kings of Portugal after him at length came to the Coasts of Asia India and China to their no less Honour than Profit Luis Duke of Anjou had besieg'd Joanna Queen of Naples within that City The cause of making War upon her was the antient hatred he bore to that Crown and the Leudness of the Queen whose Husband no longer able to bear with her returned to France and became a Franciscan Fryar The Queen being reduc'd to great Streights sent to invite Alonso the 5th King of Aragon famous for his Valour and the conquest of Sardinia to her assistance promising to adopt him as her Son and leave him the Kingdom of Naples He sail'd from Sardinia to Naples and rais'd the Siege in recompence of which Service he was adopted Heir to the Crown and the Pope approved of that Act. It is needless to dispute the Legality of that Adoption but certain it is it was the cause of tedious and bloody Wars betwixt Spain and France which have lasted till our Days
King Alonso having subdu'd Sardinia and abandon'd Corsica to the Genoeses sail'd with speed to Palermo in Sicily hoping to secure the Succession to the new Kingdom and was the more bent upon it for that a certain Mathematician five years before told him That Heaven promised him great Things that he should be Master of Naples that he should have many Subjects and heap mighty Riches whereupon he encourag'd him boldly to pursue his Fortune The depriving the King of Castile of his Liberty caus'd great Commotions and the Imprisonment of several Persons of Note The Court was at Talavera as has been said and the King as if he minded not the wrong done him diverted himself in Hunting This gave him an opportunity on the 29th of November to make his escape to Montalvan a Castle seated upon an Eminence almost in the mid-way betwixt Talavera and Toledo on the Banks of Tagus Alvaro de Luna his great Favourite advis'd him to fly Prince Henry gathering his Forces besieg'd the Place but would not batter it in respect to the King Prince John the Archbishop of Toledo D. Alonso Enriquez the Admiral and other Nobles assembl'd to revenge this Affront Hunger began to pinch in the Castle and they eat their Horses and other filthy Beasts At length the Siege was rais'd by them that came to relieve the Place and Prince Henry went away to Ocana a Town of his own as he was Master of Santiago resolving to stand upon his Guard After his Departure the King return'd to Talavera and was met upon the way by the Princes John and Peter of Aragon Great demonstrations of Affection passed betwixt them and the King by the Advice of Alvaro de Luna who rose apace to give the greater fall commanded them to return This alter'd the Posture of Affairs The King kept his Christmas and the beginning of the Year 1421 at Talavera Thence he went to Old Castile where he had more Forces and the People were better affected towards him Prince Henry had the Marquisate of Villena given him with his Wife which those People resented because it had been purchas'd for a sum of Mony of the King of Aragon and ought not to be alienated from the Crown Prince Henry seiz'd and garrison'd all the Towns of that Dominion except Alarcon which being naturally strong held out against him The King commanded him to disband his Forces and he refusing to obey that Estate was taken from him by Force Besides the King recall'd his Patent which made the Mastership of Santiago hereditary to the Heirs of Prince Henry This so provoked him that he set out from Ocan̄a after the King with 1500 Horse He passed the Mountains and without making any stop came to Arevalo where the King was There was danger of a Battle and therefore Queen Ellenor in care for her Son Prince Henry endeavour'd to lay that Storm that threatn'd The Archbishop of Santiago did the same They perswaded the Prince to lay down his Arms and thus for that time War was prevented Blanch Daughter to the King of Navarre on the 29th of May was brought to Bed at Arevalo of a Son who was call'd Charles as his Grandfather by the Mother's side The Cortes were summon'd first to Toledo and then to Madrid and in order to meet them the King and Queen set out towards new Castile On the 23d of October they came to Toledo Prince Henry of Aragon Ruy Lopez Davalos the Constable and Peter Manrique the Lieutenant being summon'd excus'd themselves saying they had powerful Enemies at Court Mean while Alonso King of Aragon and Luis Duke of Anjou contended for the Kingdom of Naples King Alonso kept in that City Aversa a Town near it was held by the French and Excursions were made by both Parties Cerra a Town four miles from Naples was besieg'd by the Aragonians and taken after a vigorous Defence Prince Peter of Aragon being call'd by his Brother with the consent of the King of Castile went away to serve in that War at the beginning of the Year 1422. The Cortes sat at Madrid Prince John of Aragon and other great Men were present The Archbishop of Toledo was not being then sick Prince Henry and his adherents because the King would oblige them to come resolv'd the Prince and Garci Fernandez Manrique afterwards Earl of Castan̄eda should go but the Constable and Peter Manrique should stand upon their Guard in Places of Safety On the 13th of June the Prince and Garci Fernandez came to Madrid were kindly receiv'd but the next day apprehended Prince Henry was sent Prisoner to the Castle of Mora and the care of him committed to Garci Alvarez de Toledo the Earl of Vrgel who had been some years a Prisoner there being remov'd to Madrid An Impeachment of high Treason for corresponding with the Moors was brought into the Cortes against those Lords 14 Letters written by the Constable to King Joseph of Granada were produc'd and read Therefore the Estates of Prince Henry and Garci Manrique were confiscated and the same was decreed against Peter Manrique who having notice of what was in hand fled to Taraçona The like Sentence was given against the Constable who with the Lady Catherine Prince Henry's Wife fled first to Segura a strong Place towards Murcia and thence to Valencia He left a mighty Estate in Castile for Arcos Arjona Ossorno Ribadeo Candeleda Arenas and many other Towns were his so that the House Davalos began to decay Several other noble Families as the Fajardos Enriquez Sandovals Pimenteles and Zunigas rose out of the Ruins of the Davalos It was then whisper'd that those Letters of the Constable were forg'd and afterwards his Secretary John Garcia confess'd he had counterfeited them and was put to Death yet because the King and others were concern'd the Constable was not restor'd Now the King created Alvaro de Luna Earl of Santistevan de Gormaz and made him Constable Gonzalo Mexia Commendary of Segura was impower'd to act as Master of Santiago These things being concluded the King went away to Alcala and at the same time the Queen was deliver'd of a Daughter at Illescas on the 5th of October she was call'd Catherine This caus'd great Joy being an Argument the Queen was not barren as had been fear'd The Archbishop of Toledo after a tedious Sickness dy'd at Alcala de Henares and was put into a curious Marble Tomb built by himself in the Parish Church of St. Peter D. John Martinez de Contreras Dean of Toledo by the King's Interest was chosen Archbishop The Chapter rather favour'd the School-Master John Alvarez de Toledo but the King's Recommendation prevail'd The elect Archbishop went away to Rome to be confirm'd by Pope Martin the Vth as was then the Custom and spent two years in that Journey CHAP. VII The Death of the Moorish King of Granada A Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal The Interest of the Aragonians decays at Naples Joseph
King of Granada dies Mahomet succeeds him AT Toledo whither the King of Castile went as soon as the Cortes broke up the form of Government was alter'd the Town being before divided into Factions and subject to Mutinies It was the Custom every two Years to choose 6 Officers somewhat in the nature of Aldermen 3 of the Commonalty and 3 of the Gentry These with the two Alcaides who are not unlike to our Sheriffs and the chief Alguazil made up a Court or Council and govern'd all the Affairs of the City All Men were free to come to their Consults and Vote with them which occasion'd Disorders The King regulated this Affair and order'd as King Alonso had before done at Burgos that there should be 16 Regidores or Aldermen chosen half of the Gentry and half of the Commonalty who were to continue for Life and the most Votes among them should take place When any of these dy'd the King was to name another This caus'd another inconveniency for those Places were expos'd to sale At Pamplona the Government of that Place which was divided betwixt three Governours was afterwards also reform'd One of these Governours had charge of the Suburbs another of the City and the third of a certain Quarter call'd Navarreria which often caus'd Disputes about the extent of their Jurisdiction King Charles ordained there should be but one Governour and with him 10 Aldermen who should have the whole Power in their Hands and that all the City should compose but one Body and be subject to one Tribunal John Earl of Faux had now a Son born to him call'd Gaston who in time through strange Revolutions came to be King of Navarre Prince Charles Son to Prince John of Aragon and the Lady Blanch his Wife dying He ought to have inherited his Grandfather's Crown and his Father sent his Mother with him to be bred in her Father's Court. As soon as the Prince came to Court he was created Prince of Viana and several other Towns particularly Corella and Peralta given him a thing new in Navarre but done in imitation of the neighbouring Kingdoms It was enacted that those Dominions should for the future ever belong to the Heir of the Crown This Law passed on the 20th of January 1423. Five Months after to satisfy the desires of the People the Oath of Allegiance to the Prince as next Heir was taken by the three Estates at Olite where the King being very antient commonly resided by reason of the Pleasantness of the Seat and the Beauty and Magnificence of a Palace he himself had built Ever since his Minority the King of Portugal had pressed him of Castile to settle a lasting Peace and enter into a League both Nations being wasted with tedious Wars and desirous to put an end to the Miseries it occasin'd So far the Portugues was comply'd with that a Truce was concluded for 29 Years and it was also agreed that after the Expiration of that time neither Party should commit any Hostility upon the other without declaring War a year and a half before such Breach made This Truce was proclaim'd at Avila where the King then was to the great Joy and Satisfaction of the People Processions of Thanksgiving were made and all manner of Sports to express the publick Satisfaction In certain Justs that were kept at Court Ferdinand de Castro the Portugues Embassador was Challenger and all others refusing to run against him Roderick de Mendoça Son to John Hurtado de Mendoça threw him out of the Saddle at the first shock and had like to have kill'd him The King comforted and presented him and as soon as recover'd sent him home well satisfy'd Embassies pass'd now betwixt the Kings of Castile and Aragon John Hurtado de Mendoça sent to the latter at Naples gave him the Reasons why Prince Henry was confin'd and demanded in his King's Name to have Catherine the Prince's Wife Ruy Lopez Davalos the Constable and the other Fugitives of Castile deliver'd up Dalmatius Archbishop of Tarragona was sent by the King of Aragon to Castile to shew that the Reason why he did not grant what that King requir'd was that it was contrary to the Antient Liberties of the Kingdom of Aragon not to protect any that sled thither for shelter besides that he had given them a safe Conduct which according to the Laws of Nations could not be violated He also declar'd to the King the posture of Affairs at Naples how many Jealousies arose betwixt the King and Queen whereupon the Country was divided into Factions and that the Fortune of the Aragonians began to decline it being much fear'd they would come to blows The Queen complain'd that King Alonso took more upon him than was his due That he bestow'd all places of Trust chang'd Garrisons and made the Souldiers take an Oath of Fidelity to him In fine that he turn'd all things which way he listed and incroach'd upon the Laws and Liberties of that Kingdom These things she lay'd to the Charge of her adopted Son King Alonso as an inconstant and changeable Woman grown weary of him and now she was deliver'd of Fear prov'd as ungrateful as she had been liberal in her Distress King Alonso fear'd the Inconstancy of the Queen and could not bear with her open Leudness therefore he order'd a Fleet to be fitted out in order to send her away to Catalonia This was not carry'd so privately but the Queen had notice of it and from that time the Friendship betwixt those two Nations began to grow cold Both parties complain'd that their Adversaries dealt not ingenuously but lay'd Snares to intrap them and it was true enough The King kept at Castelnovo the Queen at Porta Capuana a strong Place From this beginning sprang two Factions in Naples one of the Aragonians and the other of the Andegavenses or Anjovines Names odious in that Kingdom and which lasted till our Days The Enmity and Contrivances went on King Alonso feign'd himself sick John Caracciolo the Seneschal came to see him He was great in the Queen's Favour and that more than became her Modesty therefore he was secur'd at this Visit and the Aragonians immediately repair'd to Porta Capuana The Queen's Party shut the Gates and drew up the Bridge so that King Alonso was forc'd to go off not without some Danger for they cast Darts at him from the Walls Thus by degrees they came to sight in the very Streets At first the Aragonians got the better possess'd themselves of the City and having plunder'd and burnt several Houses besieg'd the Queen in her strong Palace It s own Strength and the Resolution of the Garrison defended it against all the Attempts of the Aragonians Sforcia who lay near at Hand came to relieve the Queen and Bernard de Cabrera came out of Sicily to reinforce the King as did a Fleet of 22 Galleys and 8 large Ships from Catalonia This Fleet arriving at Naples on
the 10th of June recruited the Aragonians who were now grown weak and declin'd Encourag'd with this Relief they again fought in the City many were kill'd and several Houses plunder'd The Queen went away to Aversa and Sforcia with her as also a good Garrison and 5000 Citizens who offer'd to stand by her Prisoners on both sides were exchang'd and thus Caracciolo recovered his Liberty At length on the 21st of June the Queen at Nola recall'd and made void the Adoption of King Alonso as an ungrateful and unworthy Person In his stead she adopted and appointed her Successor Luis Duke of Anjou the third of the Name and Son to the 2d To this effect she sent for him from Rome and created him Duke of Calabria a Title usually given to the Heir of the Crown Sforcia and Caracciolo who were most in favour gave the Queen this Advice From this time the good Fortune of the Aragonians began to change and decline King Alonso sent for Braccio de Monton out of Abruzzo where he was besieging Aquila a great City designing to set him up against Sforcia But he excus'd himself either not liking the Party or because he hop'd to make himself Master of that City and all its Territory For this reason King Alonso was oblig'd to resolve upon returning to Spain to settle his Affairs and gather new Forces to carry on the War tho he gave out it was to set at Liberty his Brother Prince Henry He left his other Brother Prince Peter his Commissioner with full Power to Command in his Absence With him stay'd James Caldora and several other considerable Officers of both Nations Antony de Luna Son to Antony de Luna Earl of Calatabelota was appointed Governour of Gaeta At the same time the King of Castile took a Progress to Plasencia Talavera and Madrid and his Queen was brought to Bed on the 10th of September of another Daughter call'd Ellenor Joseph the Moorish King dy'd at Granada and Mahomet his Son called The left-handed succeeded him He was afterwards Famous for being three times depos'd and as often restor'd to his Kingdom and for his many Misfortunes rather than any great Actions At first he observ'd the Peace with the King of Castile and oblig'd Muley King of Tunez Thus he endeavour'd by the Friendship of these Princes to secure himself against his Enemies but took no care to gain the Affections of his People the surest Prop of Princes So that he appears to have been as imperfect in his Judgment as he was in his Body and Fortune prov'd his Enemy CHAP. VIII The pretended Pope Benedict dying another is supported by the King of Aragon who plunders Marseilles prepares to make War upon Castile but comes to an Accommodation yet loses all his Interest at Naples D. Peter de Luna who during the time of the Schism call'd himself Benedict the XIIIth as long as he lived kept at Peniscola relying on the Strength of that Place and persisted in calling himself Pope He dy'd in that Town on the 23d of May being Whitsunday at the Age of 90 Years a wonderful thing that he should live so long amidst so many Troubles Luis Pançan a Citizen of Sevil and follower of D. Alonso Carrillo Cardinal of S. Eustachius in a Commentary he writ of some remarkable Occurrences in those Times affirms positively that Benedict was Poison'd in some Wafers he us'd to eat after Meat by a Fryar call'd Thomas who was very familiar with him and that he being afterwards by his own Confession found Guilty of the Fact was torn in Pieces by four Horses He further adds that the Cardinal of Pisa sent to Aragon to apprehend Benedict gave this Advice and that it being put in Execution he fled from Tortosa where he had stay'd to see the Event fearing D. Roderick and D. Alvaro who resolv'd to revenge the Death of their Uncle Benedict by killing the Legate if he had not made his Escape having perform'd what he came for but not wholly put an end to the Schism For by two Cardinals that remain'd of the Faction of Benedict one Giles Mun̄oz a Canon of Barcelona was set up in his place He was a Man of no Note and the election of so little Value that he himself was dubious whether he should accept of it till King Alonso of Aragon encourag'd and perswaded him to take upon him the Papacy by the Name of Clement the VIIIth This the King did to be reveng'd of Pope Martin the Vth who favour'd the Party of the Anjouins and oppos'd the Aragonians insomuch that he had of late created Luis Duke of Anjou King of Naples and had approv'd of the new adoption made by the Queen joyning his Forces with hers A General Council which began to assemble at Pavia in pursuance to the Degree of the Council of Constance was by reason of the Plague which rag'd in that City removed to Siena in Tuscany and thither the Bishops and Embassadors repair'd from all Parts King Alonso sent his with Orders to justify Pope Benedict and complain of the wrong done in deposing of him This struck a Terror into Pope Martin and made him slacken in favouring the Faction of Anjou so he speedily broke up the Council Proroguing it to a farther time He fear'd lest the Schism should again be reviv'd and Christendom farther involv'd in Difficulties D. John de Contreras Arch-bishop of Toledo took place of all the Spanish Arch-bishops at this Council by order of Pope Martin as appears by two Bulls of his still extant among the Records of the Church of Toledo But these things happen'd somewhat later King Alonso having resolv'd to pass over into Spain imbark'd on a Fleet of 18 Galleys and 12 Ships About the middle of October he sail'd from Naples The Weather being bad the Fleet was dispers'd but as soon as it clear'd up they joyn'd again and sail'd together to Marseilles on the Coast of Provence a City belonging to the Duke of Anjou Having broken the Chains they entred the Port and assaulted the City The Service was hot and lasted till Night when Folch Earl of Cardona who commanded the Ships advis'd to desist because they knew not the Streets and in the dark tho the Gates had been open the confusion would be great and the Townsmen have a considerable Advantage over them John de Corbera on the other side affirm'd the Townsmen were now in a Consternation and ought to be press'd before they had time to recover themselves This Opinion was approv'd of by the King the Assault was renew'd and the City enter'd Night and Darkness gave the Souldiers an Opportunity to commit all manner of Insolences but the King shew'd himself Religious for he order'd that no wrong should be offer'd to Women who had taken Sanctuary in Churches nor any thing that they carry'd with them taken from them This Order was proclaim'd and punctually observ'd They Ship'd the Booty and left the City
about the end of the Year Among other Things the Bones of S. Luis Bishop of Toulouze Son to Charles the 2d King of Naples were carry'd into Spain to the City of Valencia where the King landed The King of Castile hearing of his Arrival sent Embassadors to him at the beginning of the Year 1424 to Congratulate with him upon his safe Arrival and the Victories he had obtain'd as also again to demand the Fugitives and Out-laws should be deliver'd up to him to answer to such things as should be lay'd to their Charge These Embassadors had Audience at Valencia upon the 3d of April At the same time the Affairs of Aragon declin'd apace in Naples and no hopes remain'd of retrieving them notwithstanding that Sforcia the famous General marching to raise the Siege of Aquila was on the 5th of January drown'd passing the River Averno then much swell'd with the Winter Rains His Death was no way Advantagious to the Aragonians for Francis Sforcia his Son supply'd his Place Pope Martin and Philip Duke of Milan joyn'd with the Faction of Anjou The Duke fitted out a Fleet at Genoa and sent it to the Relief of the Queen under the Command of Guido Taurello This Fleet and the Army by Land besieg'd Gaeta It might well have been defended but was soon surrender'd only upon Condition the Aragonian Garrison should have liberty to depart From Gaeta the Army and Fleet mov'd towards Naples James Caldora to whom that City was committed agreed with the Enemy who promis'd him the Arrears due to him from the Aragonians and he open'd the Gates to them He pretended to justify himself that Prince Peter design'd to kill him whereas in Truth he was a faithless and changeable Man On the 12 of April the City of Naples was lost but still the Aragonians kept two Castles there viz. Castelnovo and that called Del Ovo which is very little but strong being seated on a Rock encompass'd by the Sea After the taking of Naples all other Towns surrender'd to the Victors The King of Aragon was much concern'd that the King of Castile imprisoning his Brother had oblig'd him to quit Naples which was the cause it was lost He meditated Revenge yet resolv'd to try all ways rather than declare War Dalmao de Mur Arch-bishop of Tarragona sent Embassador upon this Account deliver'd his Message before the King of Castile and Nobles at Ocan̄a He demanded the Prince's Liberty saying if he were Guilty of any Crime his long Imprisonment was Punishment enough and he ought to be forgiven being so near of Kin to the King of Castile besides that his Brother the King of Aragon would never desist till he had obtain'd his Demand There were many about Court who had advis'd the Prince's Imprisonment and fear'd if he were releas'd they should suffer Others were apprehensive of losing what they had got of the banish'd Person 's Estate These oppos'd the releasing of the Prince and Alvaro de Luna proud with his vast Preferment sided with them Thus nothing was concluded and the Embassadors departed The King of Castile went away to Burgos at the same time that his Daughter Catherine dy'd at Madrigal a Town in Old Castile on the 10th of August She was bury'd in the Monastery of Huelgas Soon was the Grief conceiv'd for her Death converted into Joy the Queen being deliver'd on the 5th of January 1425 at Valladolid of Prince Henry In April the three Estates took the Oath of Allegiance to him as Heir to the Crown The King of Aragon was making all necessary Preparations for War at Zaragoça At Valladolid a Council was held to make the necessary Provision to oppose him Opinions vary'd as is usual in such Cases Some were for declaring War immediately a hot sort of People where there is no Danger Others more prudent said all possible means ought to be us'd to prevent a Breach The King was doubtful and knew not which Advice to take Charles King of Navarre fearing this Dispute might be destructive to Spain sent Peter Peralta his Steward and Garci Falces his Secretary Embassadors to Castile to offer himself as Mediator When this Proposition was ready to be embrac'd it was obstructed by Letters from the King of Aragon requiring Prince John his Brother to repair to him immediately He having obtain'd leave of the King of Castile set out for Aragon and had Commission to treat with that King of an Accommodation The Army of Aragon lay at Taraçona ready to break into Castile and the King was so intent upon this Expedition he seem'd to have lay'd aside all Thoughts of Naples And Yet he had receiv'd Intelligence that Braccio who besieged Aquila was overthrown and killed before that Place on the 25th of May. James Caldora General of the Pope's Forces in the Service of the Queen obtain'd this Victory being assisted by John and Sancho Carrillo Nephews to the Cardinal of that Name They in pursuance of the Victory soon made themselves Masters of Marca de Ancona which Braccio had before taken The Body of Braccio was carry'd to Rome and bury'd before the Gate of S. Laurence he being an Excommunicated Person In the time of Pope Eugenius the IV he was translated to a beautiful Tomb at Perosa by Nicholas Fortebrachio who took Rome and did this Honour to his Uncle by the Mother's side In May at Florence dy'd D. Peter Fernandez de Frias Cardinal of Spain his Body was brought over and bury'd in the Cathedral of Burgos He was of a mean Extraction but his good Parts obtained him that Preferment together with the Favour of the Kings Henry and John His Life was scandalous for Avarice and Leudness Having some Words at Burgos with the Bishop of Segovia a Servant of his cudgell'd the Bishop which render'd the Cardinal very odious tho afterwards the Servant confess'd he had done it without his Master's Knowledge Yet many saying he ought to be punish'd he was forc'd to withdraw into Italy The King seiz'd upon all the Mony he had gather'd which was a great Sum. He was Governour of Marca de Ancona for the Pope and in Castile built the Monastery of Espeja of the order of S. Hierome Prince John was nobly receiv'd by his Brother at Taraçona Whilst the said Prince John made Proposals for an Accommodation and expected a more ample Commission from the King of Castile to determine the Points in Debate the two Brothers march'd into the Territories of Navarre but without doing any harm and encamp'd near Milagro the heat of Summer being then over The Commission being come from Castile certain Persons of all three Kingdoms met at Aruel and on the 3d of September came to this Conclusion That Prince Henry be immediately set at Liberty and all his Honours and Estate restor'd him as also the Arrears of the Profits thereof which had been deposited during his Confinement The same was decreed in favour of Peter Manrique who was also
in the King's Favour and his Interest alone was greater than that of all the Nobility The Lady Ellenor Sister to the King of Aragon was contracted to Edward Prince of Portugal who was 36 Years of Age the Marriage by Proxy was solemniz'd at a Village call'd Ojos Negros in the Territory of Daroca the King of Aragon being present Her Portion was 200000 Florins The Lady Constance de Tovar D. Ruy Lopez Davalos his Widow was appointed her first Lady of the Bedchamber This Princess from Valencia travelled through Castile and at Valladolid the King entertain'd her nobly and thence she went on richly presented towards Portugal to meet her Husband The Joy for this Match was the greater because that Prince had so long put it off and it was fear'd he would not Marry At the same time Peter Brother to Prince Edward after his long Travels in which he visited the Emperor Sigismund and Tamerlan the Tartar return'd to Spain and many fabulous Stories are writ of his Peregrination He landed at Valencia in June and in September marry'd Elizabeth the eldest Daughter of the Earl of Vrgel who was in Prison By her he had Elizabeth afterwards Queen of Portugal Philippa who became a Nun Peter Constable of Portugal James a Cardinal and Bishop of Lisbon John King of Ciprus and Beatrix Wife to Adolphus Duke of Cleves Prince Peter after his Marriage visited the King of Castile at Aranda and came safe to Portugal Whole Towns went out to meet him admiring him as if he had dropp'd from Heaven the Ignorance of that Age making his Travels appear Supernatural The King of Castile having setled Old Castile and releas'd Garci Fernandez Manrique who as has been said was apprehended at the same time with Prince Henry of Aragon and restor'd him his Estate return'd towards the end of this Year to the Kingdom of Toledo and having spent some time at Alcalá went thence to Illescas Thither came to him Joseph Abencerrage who fled from Granada to espouse the depos'd King's Quarrel The King treated him generously and sent along with him Alonso de Lorca to the King of Tunez to exhort him to take Compassion on that Injur'd King and assist him with his Forces to recover his Crown promising not to be wanting on his part The King of Tunez encourag'd by this Embassy sent King Mahomet into Spain with a good Fleet and 300 Horse He landed at Vera and immediatly a wonderful change appear'd for all places submitted to him and even the City Granada was deliver'd up at the beginning of the Year 1429. The Usurper retir'd to the Castle call'd Alhambra where he was soon after taken and put to Death leaving the Crown he had unjustly possess'd to the rightful owner Thus much in Spain France could hardly be in a worse Condition the English being Masters of Paris and the greatest part of that Country Charles the VII King of France in that Distress sent Embassadors with great Submission to beg Assistance of several Princes and among them of the King of Aragon Mathias Rexaque sent on this Embassy came to Barcelona in April At that time the King of Aragon was bent upon two several Wars That of Naples troubl'd him most Prince Peter his Brother being return'd thence into Spain having lost all hope of Success Dalmatius Sasera was left in his Place to preserve what remain'd in the Hands of the Aragonians Besides the King of Aragon was making great Preparations for a War with Castile For these reasons the French Embassy had no Success But the Affairs of France were recover'd out of that desperate Condition by a wonderful Providence The English had besieg'd Orleans seven Months and Hunger began to pinch the besieg'd when on a sudden a Maid about 18 years of Age whose Name was Joan and is commonly called The Maid of Orleans persuaded the French she was sent from Heaven to relieve Orleans She gain'd Credit and put Relief into the Town and at lengh the Siege was rais'd From this time the English lost many Towns this Maid encouraging and leading the French At last she was taken by the English carry'd to Roan where she was tryed condemned and burnt for a Witch Many have been of Opinion she was wrongfully put to Death and the French to this Day reverence her as a Saint Her Statue is upon the Bridge of Orleans kneeling on the left Hand of a great Crucifix and the King on the Right But these things belong to the Histories of France and England where they are handl'd at large Peter Cardinal of Faux Legate from Pope Martin the V assembled a Synod of the Bishops of the Province of Tarragona in that City What Acts pass'd in that Synod is not known But the matter of greatest Concern there brought to Perfection was that they prevail'd upon the Canon Giles Mun̄oz to resign the Title of Pope and the Cardinals that follow'd him were depriv'd of that Dignity This was done by the King of Aragon's Order to oblige Pope Martin whom before he kept under by Terror and now endeavour'd tō oblig'd by this Courtesy Peniscola which before belong'd to the Knights of St. John was now annex'd to the Crown Giles Mun̄oz in requital for his Resignation was made Bishop of Majorca Alonso de Borgia was also chosen Bishop of Valencia in recompense of the Pains he had taken to reduce Giles Mun̄oz and his Companions to Complyance and this was the first step Borgia made to attain the highest Dignities All this was done at Tortosa in August This was the end of that Schism which lasted longest and was hottest maintain'd of any that has been in the Church Processions and all manner of Devotions were perform'd in Thanksgiving for this Blessing and to implore the Mercy of God that such Judgments might be averted for the future It will be well we conclude this Book with Peace to begin the next with a bloody War betwixt the Kings of Spain The End of the Twentieth Book THE History of SPAIN The One and Twentieth BOOK CHAP. I. The War betwixt Aragon and Navarre on the one side and Castile on the other The King of Navarre crowned John King of Castile breaks into Aragon with a powerful Army and does much harm there SPain had of late years enjoyed Peace the Kings there of being tyr'd with the former Wars and now ally'd to one another in a very strict Degree With the Moors of Granada there was a lasting Truce or if there happen'd any Breach it was of no great Moment True it is the Christians wanted not the Will to extirpate that perverse Nation and a good Opportunity seem'd to offer it self the Moors being divided into several Factions among themselves But these Thoughts were lay'd aside by reason of a new War that broke out betwixt the King 's of Aragon and Navarre on the one side and him of Castile on the other and yet the noise prov'd much more than the Execution
We shall now relate the cause of this War and its event as also the rise and fall of D. Alvaro de Luna who now the second time began to tend to his utter Ruin perswading the King at his return to Court to command all the Nobility to retire from Court to their own Houses which Advice was bad in it self and prov'd fatal to him that gave it Peter Fernandez de Velasco Peter de Zun̄iga D. Roderick Alonso Pimentel Earl of Benavente and the Masters of the Orders of Calatrava and Alcantara understanding the King's Pleasure immediately retir'd to their own Houses There only remain'd the Princes of Aragon who seem'd too great to be turn'd off but D. Alvaro was so bold he doubted not to ingage them He first attack'd the King of Navarre whom all the World blam'd for neglecting his own to apply himself to the Business of another This Censure of the World was pleasing to the King and D. Alvaro and some Persons of Note were sent to signify the King's Pleasure to him Queen Blanch his Wife foreseeing the Danger sent to invite him home in the Name of all the People of Navarre King John was offended at these Contrivances of D. Alvaro yet seeing he must submit to Necessity he had a Conference with the King at Valladolid where the Cortes then sat Here the League before made betwixt Castile Aragon and Navarre was renew'd and sworn to by the two Kings Dr. James Franco was sent Embassador to get the Ratification of the King of Aragon who was not present at the Treaty These things being thus concluded the King of Navarre went away to his Kingdom He of Aragon after many delays at Barcelona told Dr. James Franco he did not approve of many of the Articles which ought to be alter'd and believing this Embassador a fit Man for his purpose he sent by him a private Message to D. Alvaro acquainting him that Peter Manrique was the Man who blew the Coles and sow'd Discord betwixt his Brothers That he was a Double-dealing Person and therefore ought to be expell'd the Court. The cause why the King of Aragon was displeas'd with Peter Manrique is not known At the same time the Archbishop of Zaragoça was cast into Prison where he dy'd The manner of his Death is variously reported some say he was strangl'd others that he was cast into the River Several Citizens of Zaragoça were also executed They were accus'd of keeping private Correspondence with D. Alvaro the Truth is they were too free in speaking of the King saying he ought to be oblig'd to observe the Peace made with Castile lest the whole Kingdom should suffer for his Miscarriages Francis Clement Bishop of Barcelona succeeded the Archbishop The two Brothers Kings of Aragon and Navarre plotted to joyn their Forces to ruin D. Alvaro de Luna He of Aragon call'd to him his Brother Prince Henry at the beginning of April 1429. They met at Tervel and resolv'd upon the War with Castile The King of Navarre was not present at this Interview being then busy about the solemnity of his Coronation which was perform'd at Pamplona on the 15th of May. The King and Queen in their Royal Robes and their Crowns on their Heads after the manner of the Goths were lifted up on the Shoulders of the Nobility the Royal Standards were display'd and they proclaim'd by a Herauld Presently after Levies of Men were made underhand in both Kingdoms It was given out those Preparations were to assist the French but in truth they were design'd against Castile This could not be so secret but the King of Castile understood it Embassadors pass'd betwixt them but to no effect Then the two Kings advanc'd as far as Hariza upon the Borders of Aragon designing to break into Castile on that side To this purpose James Gomez de Sandoval put a Garrison into Pen̄afiel and Prince Peter of Aragon came to the Camp from Medina del Campo The King of Castile made great Levies and commanded all the Nobility to assist him particularly Prince Henry of Aragon and Frederick Duke of Arjona were summon'd Besides he oblig'd the three Estates to take an Oath they would serve him faithfully in that War and discover any Designs against him making a Vow if they fail'd to go bear-footed to Hicrusalem without ever desiring to be absolv'd of that Vow This was done at Palencia at the beginning of May. D. Alvaro de Luna the Admiral Peter Manrique and Peter Fernandez de Velasco were appointed to guard the Frontiers with 2000 Horse no sufficient Force to oppose the Aragonians James Lopez de Zun̄iga was order'd to follow them as a reserve with another Body of Horse The King himself with part of the Army undertook the Siege of Pen̄afiel He encamp'd before it and summon'd the Inhabitants to surrender upon pain of being us'd as Traitors The Townsmen immediatly surrender'd and were pardoned D. Peter de Aragon and James Gomez de Sandoval Earl of Castro retir'd to the Castle which was not besieg'd because it would require much time The Kings of Aragon and Navarre enter'd Castile by the way of Cogolluda and encamp'd in an open Plain The Castilians on a Hill a League and half distant The Forces of Aragon and Navarre consisted of 2500 Horse 1000 Foot all well Armed and old Soldiers In the Camp of Castile there were but 1700 Horse and 400 Foot Both Parties being eager to fight mov'd forwards on the first of July the Generals exhorting their Men. D. Alvaro de Luna when the Enemy came in sight perceiving the greatness of the Danger order'd the Carts to be drawn up about his Men in the Nature of a Trench resolving not to fight unless he had some Advantage or were forc'd Prince Henry for the one side and the Lieutenant Peter Manrique for the other met and concluded nothing having only affronted one another Some Skirmishes pass'd betwixt them but the Cardinal of Faux the Pope's Legate in Aragon interposing the Battle was deferr'd till next day That delay prov'd Advantagious for the Queen of Aragon a Woman of a manly Spirit came and pitched her Tent betwixt the two Armies and manag'd the Affair so discreetly that Peace was concluded and as soon as the Castilians had sworn to observe it Hostilities ceas'd The Castilians stay'd in the same place but the Kings of Aragon and Navarre returned home without doing any harm to the Country Prince Henry was of late very near surprizing the City Toledo but failing a little before the Skirmish went and joyn'd his Brothers Now relying on the Articles of Peace he went by the way of Siguença to Veles resolving if what had been agreed upon in relation to him were not observed to raise new Troubles Nevertheless the King of Castile advanc'd with 10000 Horse and 50000 Foot His Sister the Queen of Aragon and the Cardinal of Faux told him what had been agreed and advis'd to lay down his Arms. But
he desirous of Revenge said that Treaty was concluded without his Consent and that it was but reasonable to chastize the Insolency of the two Kings He lay near Balmaçan a Town on the Banks of the River Duero Thither came Frederick Duke of Arjona and Earl of Trastamara who was immediately apprehended and sent Prisoner to the Castle of Pen̄afiel now in the King's Power where he dy'd the following Year Thence the King of Castile mov'd into the Dominions of Aragon striking a mighty Terror into that Country The Country People with what they could save fled to Places of Strength whilst the Soldiers burnt and plunder'd the desolate Villages Hariza is a strong Town seated on an Eminence thither the Army came and because the Townsmen retir'd into the Castle the Town was plunder'd and great part of it burnt At the same time Peter Velasco who commanded upon the Frontiers of Navarre enter'd that Country with a Body of Castilians They took and burnt the Town of St. Vincente because the Castle was not tenable The Bishop of Calahorra and James de Zun̄iga his Nephew took the Town and Castle of Guardia Besides D. Roderick Alonso Pimentel Earl of Benavente with other Forces possess'd himself of the Towns and Forts belonging to Prince Henry in Castile He forsaking Ocan̄a the Head of his Patrimony withdrew to Segura a Castle on the Borders of Portugal upon the Banks of the River Guadiana There he left the Princess his Wife and return'd to Truxillo to endeavour since he had lost the rest to do some harm on that side Thither came to him his Brother Prince Peter a youth of a great Spirit and who had learn'd experince in the Wars of Naples CHAP. II. Actions of the Aragonians against Castile Several Assemblies of the Cortes The Estates of the Princes of Aragon in Castile confiscated A Truce concluded with that Crown for five Years War with the Moors CAstile was now Successful had gain'd Reputation and chastiz'd the Insolency of its Enemies It was tedious to besiege the Castle of Hariza and the Advantage when taken small therefore the King of Castile return'd to Medina Celi where having dispos'd good Garrisons along the Frontiers he dismiss'd the rest of his Army About the end of Autumn the King went away for Medina del Campo where he had appointed the Cortes to meet him His Absence encourag'd the Enemy The King of Navarre was gone to defend his own The Aragonian gathering his Forces enter'd Castile by the way of Soria took the Town of Deça and the Castles of Ciria and Borovia Bozmediano was sold to him by the Governour Thus having taken a great Booty of Corn and Cattle and many Prisoners they return'd without any Loss to Calatayud whence they set out On the Borders of Portugal next the River Guadiana the Princes of Aragon did greater harm that Country of Estremadura being plentiful of Cattle Nor could the Earl of Benavente sent thither to that purpose make Head against them Therefore D. Alvaro de Luna and by his Order Peter Ponce Lord of Marchena repair'd thither They sent to demand the Booty of the King of Portugal because it was convey'd into that Country but obtain'd nothing For the King of Portugal was glad of the Troubles of Castile which gave him an Opportunity of fixing himself in that Kingdom he had Usurp'd The Princes of Aragon finding themselves too weak to withstand D. Alvaro burnt the Suburbs of Truxillo and fortify'd the Place putting a good Garrison into the Castle They themselves surpriz'd Albuquerque a strong Town on the Frontiers of Portugal This Loss was the more resented by the Castilians because they were Jealous that the Portugueses might secure that Town By the Advice of D. Alvaro the King went thither in Person that his Presence might influence and the Success might be attributed to him Truxillo and Montanges were taken but Albuquerque could not be reduc'd The King and D. Alvaro return'd to Medina del Campo leaving the Master of Alcantara and D. John Son to Peter Ponce to command upon the Frontiers At the taking of Truxillo there happen'd a remarkable Passage D. Alvaro the Constable was in the Town and the Castle held out for Prince Henry One Garci Sanchez de Quincozes who had great influence over the Garrison hinder'd the Governour from treating of a surrender D. Alvaro with much Difficulty obtain'd to speak with him at a Wicket which look'd towards the Camp to which there was a steep Ascent They met and Garci Sanchez giving no ear either to Threats or Promises the Constable clasp'd him in his Arms and both roul'd down the Hill so that before he could be reliev'd from the Fort he was taken by 100 Men lay'd in Ambush to that purpose upon which the Castle immediately surrender'd At the same time the Forces of Castile receiv'd a Defeat in the Plains of Arabiana that lie at the Foot of the Mountain Moncayo Ruy Diaz de Mendoça call'd the Bald tho born in Sevil commanded 400 Horse of Navarre He defeated Yn̄igo Lopez de Mendoza Lord of Hita who ventur'd to fight him with a lesser Number Few were killed for the Commander perceiving his Men to give way retir'd to a rising Ground which he made good with a few that stood by him The most fled and escap'd because the Enemy knew not the Country and Night came on At the beginning of the Year 1430 the Cortes of Castile assembled at Medina del Campo and those of Catalonia at Tortosa both Kings being present at their respective Assemblies Mony was the common want of both and both complain'd of the Perfidiousness of the Nobility The King of Aragon would fain have reduc'd Frederick Earl of Luna who favour'd Castile but could not prevail nor lay hold of him therefore he confiscated all his Estate which was very great He of Castile did the same by the Princes of Aragon and that they might have no hopes of being restor'd divided all their Possessions among other great Men. Several noble Families rais'd out of the Ruins of those Princes are still great in Castile To Frederick Earl of Luna who fled out of Aragon and came to Medina del Campo were given the Towns of Cuellar Villalon and Arjona with other Revenues to support his Grandeur Queen Ellenor of Aragon was put into the Monastery of S. Clare at Tordesillas and had three Castles taken from her that she might not be in a Condition to assist her Sons Yet soon after she was set at Liberty and her Castles restor'd to her upon promise that she would not be aiding to them in that War An Embassy came from Portugal about concluding a Truce betwixt Castile and Aragon till they could agree upon Articles of Peace but prov'd unsuccessful Some Authors write that this Year on Palm-Sunday a most fragrant Smell issu'd from the Tomb of Pope Benedict at Pen̄iscola I cannot give much credit to this particular but this Report was the cause
why his Nephew John de Luna translated him thence to Illueca a Town of his own betwixt Tarraçona and Calatayud having obtain'd leave for so doing conditionally he bury'd him not in hallow'd Ground as being Excommunicate when he dy'd The King of Castile having gather'd his Forces march'd to Osma in order to enter Aragon having order'd Frederick Enriquez the Admiral with the Fleet to do all the Mischief he could upon the Coasts of that Kingdom Both the Kings of Aragon and Navarre prepar'd for War but advanc'd little their Subjects looking upon that as very unfortunate On the 14th of June Embassadors from the King of Aragon arriv'd at Osma to treat of Peace Being admitted to Audience they cast all the Odium of that War upon the King's Favourites whereupon D. Alvaro and the Earl of Benavente spoke for themselves and others which rais'd some hard Words among them Raymund Perellos one of the Aragonian Embassadors offer'd to make good what had been say'd by Combat but the King being present the Dispute ended Afterwards the Embassadors spoke with all the Castilian Noblemen apart and inclin'd them to Peace The Army of Castile lay incamp'd at the Bridge of Garay suppos'd to be the Place where Numantia stood Thence the King march'd to Majano There a Truce was concluded for 5 Years upon these Conditions That Commerce should be restor'd That the Princes of Aragon should deliver Albuquerque and not come into Castile during the time of the Truce That the King of Castile should not take from them the other Towns they were then possess'd of and lastly That Frederick Earl of Luna and Godfrey Marques of Cortes who were then fled into Castile should not be wrong'd by the Kings of Aragon and Navarre To agree other Differences seven Commissioners should be appointed on each side with Power to determine Immediately this Truce was proclaim'd in the Camp and soon after in all other Places to the great Satisfaction of the People Expresses were sent to carry the News and particularly to Portugal where that King then celebrated the Nuptials of his Daughter Elizabeth with Philip Duke of Burgundy Of her was born Charles the Bold Duke of Burgundy no less famous for his great Exploits than for his unfortunate End The King of Aragon sent a Fleet to bring his Brothers from Portugal designing to employ them in the War of Naples upon which he had bent all his Thoughts but they came not then The Army of Castile broke up at Osma with Orders to be in a readiness the next Spring to make War upon the Moors of Granada All the rest of that Summer the King spent at Madrigal where the Queen then was The end of the War of Aragon was the beginning of two others viz. that of Naples and that of Granada Mahomet the left-handed being restor'd to his Crown as has been said refus'd to pay the usual Tribute Yet he desir'd a Truce which was neither granted nor deny'd whilst the War of Aragon was in Hand but an Embassador was sent to amuze the Moor. Now another Embassy came from him to the same Effect it was answer'd nothing could be concluded till he pay'd what was due Alonso de Lorca sent to the King of Tunez with rich Presents to acquaint him how ungratefully the King of Granada acted prevail'd with him to send Mahomet no relief out of Africk The Cortes met at Salamanca and granted a greater supply than had been ask'd because the War was against the Infidels D. Gonçalo Bishop of Jaen and James de Ribera Lieutenant of Andaluzia with 800 Horse and 300 Foot enter'd the Plain of Granada where they lay'd two Ambushes 80 Horse advanc'd to draw out the Moors who pursu'd them cautiously till they saw the first Ambush fly as had been order'd Then the Moors thinking the Danger over follow'd disorderly and fell into the other Ambuscade where 200 of them were kill'd and 100 taken the rest knowing the Country escap'd Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo with a Party made an Incursion towards Ronda but was forc'd to retire with some Loss Soon after Roderick Perez Lieutenant of Cazorla making another inroad was surpriz'd most of his Men cut off and he had much ado to escape Garcia de Herrera in the Night surpriz'd the Town of Ximena At this time the Floods were great and particularly the River Aragon in Navarre carry'd away great part of the Town of Sanguessa The King of Castile summon'd James Gomez de Sandoval Earl of Castro and D. John de Sotomayor Master of Alcantara to appear before him but they favouring the Princes of Aragon refus'd to obey At the same time D. Alvaro de Luna his first Wife dying marry'd Joanna Daughter to the Earl of Benavente at Palencia but without much Solemnity because the Brides Grandmother dy'd then The King and Queen honour'd the Wedding This was at the beginning of the Year 1431. CHAP. III. The Death of Pope Martin the V. Eugenius the IV succeeds him The Moors of Granada overthrown in Battle Peace concluded with Portugal A Truce with the Moors Prince Peter of Aragon made Prisoner ON the 20th of February the same Year 1431 tho some will have it to be the Year following dy'd Pope Martin the V. at Rome of an Apoplexy being now reconciled to the Aragonians whose King Alonso he had invited to Italy Eugenius the IV. succeeded him on the 3d of May. Cardinal Jordan Vrsinus was very instrumental towards his Promotion therefore he favour'd the Family of Vrsini and perfecuted that of Colonna their Adversaries and Joanna Queen of Naples in imitation of him took the City Salerno from Antony Colonna The King of Castile resolving to go in Person to the War against the Moors appointed Peter Manrique to govern Castile in his Absence Then from Medina del Campo he went to Toledo where in the Cathed ral he spent all Night in Armour as those that were to be Knighted used to do In the Morning he caus'd his Colours to be bless'd and set out Cuidad Real is in the mid-way where he made some stay and on the 24th of April at two in the Afternoon there was such an Earthquake that many Buildings were shaken and some Battlements of the Castle fell down The King was forc'd to fly into the Fields and all was in a great Consternation for fear of him but not a Man was kill'd In Aragon Catalonia and Russillon the Damage was great several Towns being wholly overthrown and others suffering much by Earthquakes Soon after at Granada and in the Camp which lay near it the Armies being ready to engage the Earth shook which both Parties look'd upon as an ill Omen to themselves All Spain was in a Consternation apprehending fatal Consequences At Barcelona dy'd now Queen Violante being of a great Age she was Wife to King John the 1. and Grandmother to Luis Duke of Anjou with whom the Aragonians were now at War about the Crown of
Cittadel into which the Citizens were retir'd Joseph Abencerrage came from Granada to relieve them but was overthrown and kill'd The Moors being ill affected to King Mahomet and favouring Benalmao Mahomet fled to Malaga and Benalmao was receiv'd into Granada on the first day of the Year 1432. In January the same Year Edward Prince of Portugal had a Son by his Wife the Lady Ellenor called Alonso afterwards famous for the Misfortunes that befel him All the People of Granada endeavoured to signify their Affection to the new King He took an Oath to be always a Friend to Castite and justly pay the Tribute agreed upon But he was of a great Age and therefore his Reign very short for he dy'd the 6th Month after his Accession to the Crown on the 24th of June Thus Mahomet the left-handed was again call'd from Malaga and restor'd to his Kingdom As soon as restor'd he made one Andilbar Governour of Granada instead of Joseph Abencerrage who was kill'd as has been say'd He concluded a Truce for a short time with Castile The Princes of Aragon ceas'd not to disturb the Peace on the Borders of Portugal and the King's Treasure being exhausted he could not withstand so many Enemies which oblig'd him to agree to this Truce Besides he was willing to oblige the King of Tunez who interceded for that King D. Alvaro de Isorna Bishop of Cuenca was sent to endeavour to reduce the Master of Alcantara who sided with the Princes of Aragon but could not prevail upon him Yet soon after some signs of Repentance appearing Dr. Franco was sent on the same Errand But he on a sudden deliver'd the Castle of Alcantara to Prince Peter and the Doctor himself to Prince Henry which render'd him incapable of the King's Mercy and also made him odious to the People as a Man who violated the publick Faith D. Frederick the Admiral and Peter Manrique the Lieutentant with a good Force were order'd to besiege Albuquerque and manage the War against the Princes of Aragon Gutierre de Sotomayor chief Commendary of Alcantara on the first of July at Night surpriz'd Prince Peter in his Bed and deliver'd him up to the King who in reward for this good Service made him Master of Alcantara in the place of his Uncle The Commendaries of the Order met and condemn'd D. John de Sotomayor whereupon D. Gutierre was chosen Master All the Nobles of Castile that had been imprisoned were discharg'd CHAP. IV. The declining posture of the Aragonians at Naples Yet that King is again invited thither and adopted anew by the Queen He agrees with Castile King John of Portugal dies Edward succeeds ALonso King of Aragon returning into Spain as has been said his Party wholly declin'd in Naples His Adversaries grew strong most of the Nobility sided with them and but few inclin'd to the Aragonians Yet they tho too weak to maintain that War undertook another The Family of Fregosa very powerful at Genoa being expell'd thence by Philip Duke of Milan had recourse for succour to Prince Peter who then supported the Interest of the King his Brother in Naples with a very small Power He hoping to make himself Master of that City or at least to be reveng'd on the Duke of Milan for the wrongs done during the late War joyn'd his Forces with the Fregosos and Fliscos and recover'd several places along the Coast of Genoa The Duke fearing to lose Genoa sent Embassadors to Spain promising the King to deliver to him the City Bonifacio the Capital of Corsica for which Island the Aragonians and Genoeses had long contended The King lik'd the Proposals and sent an Embassador into Italy to conclude the Peace Bonisacio could not be deliver'd the Senate of Genoa opposing it but instead of it they gave Portovenere and Letici Prince Peter came from Sicily whither he had return'd put Garrisons into those Places and leaving 6 Galleys with Duke Philip to guard the Coast sail'd away with the rest of the Fleet. Then having plunder'd an Island on the Coast of Africk call'd Circina now Charcana and setled the Affairs of Sicily and Naples he return'd to Spain to assist his Brothers without any hopes of recovering the Kingdom of Naples King Alonso however despair'd not believing the Forces of the Enemy would decay the Minds of the Natives would alter and the Queen her self grow weary of those Guests Nor was he deceiv'd for the Duke of Anjou was sent by the Queen into Calabria with orders to apply himself to the Military Affairs without concerning himself with the Government Caracciolo Seneschal of Naples gave this Advice hoping to draw all the Power into his own Hands and perceiving he was thereby grown odious he invited the King of Aragon into the Kingdom promising to stand by him Antony Vrsino Prince of Taranto a noble Person and ambitious of Honour sollicited the return of the Aragonians These advices mov'd the King of Aragon tho he did not wholly conside in those Men nor would he utterly reject their offers Therefore having fitted out a Fleet of 26 Galleys and 9 great Ships and left the Government of the Kingdom to his Brothers he resolv'd to sail over to Africk there to gain Reputation and be the nearer to his Friends With this design he set sail from Valencia and after touching in Sardinia arriv'd in Sicily The French had besieg'd the strong Castle of Trupia in Calabria and reduc'd it to such extremity that the besieg'd promis'd to surrender if not reliev'd in 20 Days Storms hinder'd the King from coming in time and the Place was deliver'd in his sight At Messina 70 Sail joyn'd the Fleet of Aragon and they altogether steer'd their Course for Gelves an Island on the Coast of Africk It is near to another Island call'd Sitre the lesser and is encompassed with dangerous movable Sands being but four Miles from the Continent full of Inhabitants and a delightful Place On the West it draws nearer the Continent to which it is joyn'd by a Bridge a Mile in length This enterprize was difficult the place being strong and well guarded for Bofferriz King of Tunez having intelligence of the Design was come thither to defend it At first landing the Aragonians took the Bridge and overthrew the Moors forcing them to retire to their Camp which also they enter'd and after a hot Dispute near the King's Tent put them again to flight The slaughter was not great nor the Booty but 20 pieces of Cannon were taken Nevertheless they could not make themselves Masters of the Island for the Islanders spent much time in capitulating till as they had design'd the Fleet for want of Provisions was forc'd to return to Messina There it was consulted how to recover Naples To forward this Design it happen'd that John Carracciolo was murder'd by the Contrivance of Corbella Rufa Wife to Antony Mariano Duke of Sessa she being the next to him in the Queen's Favour and
hating him mortally The King who let slip no Opportunity to advance his Interest sent immediately Embassadors to the Queen and went over himself to the Island Ischia to be the nearer to her Most of the Summer was spent in treating but at length the Queen disannull'd the Adoption of the Duke of Anjou and renew'd that of King Alonso This was all privately transacted by the Advice of Corbella by whom the Queen was wholly directed Whilst these things were in Agitation at Naples the Princes of Aragon were in great danger Peter being a Prisoner and Henry besieg'd in Albuquerque A greater War was fear'd because the Articles agreed on before had not been observ'd whereof the Embassadors of Castile complain'd to John King of Navarre who was Lieutenant to his Brother of Aragon At length it was agreed that the two Princes should deliver up Albuquerque and all other Places they held and so depart Castile This being concluded by the Mediation of the King of Portugal the two Brothers and Catherine Wife to Prince Henry with the Master of Alcantara and Bishop of Coria embarked at Lisbon and went thence to Valencia designing to try their Fortunes again in Spain or if that fail'd to go over into Italy which was what their Brother desir'd being resolv'd to conquer the Kingdom of Naples as knowing well the Queen was more inclin'd to his Competitor and only study'd to amuze him Frederick Earl of Luna kept up his Intelligence with Castile intending to betray Taraçona and Calatayud Towns on the Frontiers of Aragon to King John This seem'd the more easy because at the same time there arose a Dispute about the Jurisdiction of the Church of Toledo D. John de Contreras Archbishop of Toledo with six others was appointed by the King of Castile to compose the Differences betwixt him and the Crown of Aragon D. John as Primate of all Spain carry'd the Cross before him which the Bishop of Taraçona first and then the Arch-bishop of Zaragoça as Metropolitan complain'd of This Dispute betwixt the Prelates hinder'd the most important Affair of the Peace which was the general Concern from being brought to an Issue and it was fear'd the Truce being expir'd the War would again break out Both Parties prepar'd for it and both were streighten'd for Mony but chiefly the Aragonians exhausted with such lasting Wars Several strange Apparitions in the Sky terrify'd the Spaniards already alarm'd with the Apprehension of a new War Particularly at Cuidad Rodrigo where the King of Castile then lay there was seen for a long time a Flame moving about which ended in a terrible clap of Thunder that was hear'd above 30 Miles from thence At the beginning of the Year 1433 it Snow'd in Aragon and Nevarre for the space of 40 Days continually which destroy'd vast Numbers of Cattle and Fowl The very wild Beasts came from the Woods to the Towns forc'd by hunger to seek Food From Cuidad Rodrigo the King of Castile went to Madrid to hold the Cortes Thither resorted so great a Multitude that the Town tho large could not contain it and many were forc'd to lodge in the neighbouring Villages Here it was consulted how to carry on the War of Granada the Truce being expir'd Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo was sent to begin the War He took some strong Holds from the Moors All the rest of Spain enjoy'd Peace this Year The Nobility of Castile strove to out do one another in the splendour of their Retinues and Expences spending the time in running at Tilt and such Sports to delight the King and People without any care of the War At Lisbon this Year the Plague carry'd off great Numbers of People King John of Portugal dy'd on the 14th of August at the Age of 76 4 Months and 3 Days and having Reign'd 48 Years 4 Months and 9 Days He is famous for having in such a confusion of times secur'd that Kingdom to his Posterity His Son Edward succeeded him and was declar'd King in a great Assembly of the Nobility being then 41 Years 9 Months and 14 Days old Besides his other Felicities King John was happy in a numerous Issue by his Wife Philippa Daughter to John Duke of Lancaster First he had Blanch who dy'd young 2dly Alonso who liv'd but 10 Years 3dly Edward who succeeded him 4thly Peter Duke of Coimbra 5thly Henry Duke of Viseo 6thly John Constable of Portugal 7thly Ferdinand Master of Avis and 8thly Elizabeth marry'd to Philip Earl of Flanders and Duke of Burgundy On the Day of King Edward's Coronation it is reported that a Jewish Physician call'd Gudiala advis'd to put off that Ceremony till the Afternoon else it would be unfortunate but his Council was slighted as superstitious As soon as the King took upon him the Government he order'd the Funeral of his Father with greater Pomp than had been till then he with all the Nobility accompanying the Corps to the Church of Batalla at Aljubarrota built by the deceas'd King as was said before All the rest of this King's Reign was answerable to this pious Beginning CHAP. V. The Council of Basil The Affairs of Naples and death of the Duke of Anjou and the Queen of Naples The Nobility of that Kingdom incline to favour the Aragonians The Pope expell'd Rome and restor'd POpe Martin the last Year of his Life had summon'd all the Christian Prelates to hold a General Council at Basil in order to reform the universal Corruption of Manners and to 〈◊〉 to the true Faith the Bohemians then tainted with new Heresies Cardinal Julian Cesarinus went from Rome to be present at the opening of the Council Eugenius successor to Pope Martin endeavour'd to remove the Council into Italy but Sigismund the Emperor oppos'd it Other Princes were courted to joyn with each of them The King of Aragon thought fit to be of the Emperor's Party hoping he would be the surer Friend to him towards obtaining the Kingdom of Naples For this Reason he sent his Embassadors to Basil as did all the other Princes of Spain mov'd by his Example At the beginning of the Year 1434 dy'd at Basil Cardinal Alonso Carrillo a Person of great Learning and Wisdom and Protector of Spain D. Alonso Carrillo his Nephew succeeded him in the Bishoprick of Siguença and came at last to be Archbishop of Toledo Sigismund the Emperor answer'd not the Expectations of the King of Aragon but as soon as he was crown'd at Rome as if the Crown had chang'd his Nature he made a League with the Venetians Florentines and Philip Duke of Milan for expelling the Aragonians out of all Italy with their joynt Forces This he did rather to comply with the Pope than out of any particular Prejudice But all things happen'd otherwise than they expected as shall appear hereafter Frederick Earl of Luna added one Crime to all his former Extravagancies which brought him to his Ruin He was bold and restless
had left a great Estate in Aragon and sold the Towns given him in Castile Being by his Prodigality reduc'd to Poverty he resolv'd to plunder the rich City of Sevil. He was offended at the Earl of Niebla who had great Power in that City and design'd by the way to be reveng'd on him So great an Enterprize was not to be undertaken without Company To this purpose he drew together many whom their leud Lives had reduc'd to want and among them two considerable Men call'd Regidores of Sevil. A Secret could not be kept among so many The Plot was discover'd and D. Frederick secur'd at Medina del Campo whither the King went at the beginning of the Year Thence he was carry'd to Vren̄a and afterwards to a Castle near Olmedo where he ended his Days pitied by no Man the Castilians hating him as a Deserter from his Prince His Companions were all put to Death Violante Countess of Niebla his Sister who would have interceded for him was not permitted to speak to the King but sent away to Cuellar with Orders she should not stir from thence without leave it being suspected that the Earl had undertook that desperate Enterprize relying on her Assistance The Punishment of the Earl no way discouraged the Princes of Aragon from proceeding in their wicked Practices after they were expell'd Castile The King of Castile complain'd that they violated the Conditions of the Truce agreed upon not long before and therefore said it was requisite to secure the publick Peace they should be sent out of Spain The King of Navarre having hear'd the Embassadors perswaded the Princes his Brothers to go over into Italy whither he would soon follow them telling them the Kingdom of Naples once conquer'd it would be easy to recover their Estates in Castile They went over to Sicily where King Alonso then was endeavouring to gain the Affections of the Neapolitan Nobility and to settle a Peace with the Princes of Italy in order to possess himself of Naples Above all he labour'd to reconcile Pope Eugenius whom he knew to be his Enemy A fair Opportunity seem'd now to offer it self the Queen having been long Sick and the Nobility at variance and a great Misfortune befalling the Pope in this manner Antony Colonna Prince of Salerno coming to Rome the People mutiny'd and expell'd the Pope being inrag'd for that he persecuted the Family of Colonna and because through his Fault Francis Sforcia with some Forces of the Duke of Milan had wasted the Territory of Rome The Pope fled down the Tiber in a Boat the People throwing Stones at him and in the Galleys he found at Ostia went away into Tuscany This Affront offer'd the Pope variously affected several Princes Some of them said he had well deserv'd it for provoking the People and opposing the Council of Basil The News of this Accident reach'd the King of Aragon at Palermo on the 9th of July He hop'd this might be a means to gain the Pope to his Interest Therefore he sent Embassadors to condole and offer his Assistance for vanquishing his Enemies and pacifying the People The Pope accepted not his offer for within the 5th Month the Tumults of Rome ceas'd and the Citizens submitted themselves to him admitting a Garrison into the Capitol which done they were absolv'd of the Censures they had incurr'd by affronting the Pope On the 16th of September dy'd D. John de Contreras Archbishop of Toledo at Alcala de Henares His Body was bury'd with Pomp in the Cathedral of Toledo The Chapter was divided about choosing one to succeed him some were for Vasco Ramirez de Guzman Archdeacon of Toledo others for the Dean Ruy Garcia de Villaquiran This disagreement gave the King an Opportunity to intrepose and by his Procurement D. John de Cereçuela Archbishop of Sevil was elected At the same time that the King was at Madrid D. Henry de Villena dy'd there He sustain'd the Loss of his vast Fortune with great Patience living to a great Age and wholly devoted to his Study His Inclination to Learning was such that he study'd Magick and some of his Books were afterwards burnt by the King's Order The Nobility of Naples weary of the Government of a Woman and of her Extravagances inclin'd to favour the King of Aragon He drew to his Party with great Promises Nicholas Picinus then a renouned Captain in Italy and Kinsman to Braccio At Palermo he also joyn'd in League with the Prince of Taranto and all his Adherents who being injur'd by the Duke of Anjou and James Caldora had recourse to the King of Aragon for Relief It was agreed they should espouse the Quarrel of the Aragonian he assisting them with 2000 Horse and 1000 Foot which they judged a sufficient Force to oppose the Enemy but it prov'd otherwise For the Prince of Taranto was soon stripp'd of all his Possessions which were great except some few small Places of very great Strength The War seem'd to be near an end when the Duke of Anjou worn with Fatigue and overcome by the Unhealthiness of the Air dyed in Calabria about the middle of November in the Flower of his Age and the height of his Prosperity being almost possess'd of the Kingdom and then newly marry'd to Margaret Daughther to Amedee Duke of Savoy The Queen of Naples also departed this Life in that City at the beginning of the Year 1435. Her Body was bury'd with little Ceremony in the Church Annunciada The Death of the Queen and Duke advanc'd the Interest of Aragon and weaken'd that of the French Yet the People of Naples without any Order or consulting the Nobility proclaim'd Renee Brother to the late Duke their King as the Queen had order'd in her Will But there was little help to be expected from him being then a Prisoner He had marry'd the Daughter of the Duke of Lorrain and he dying without Issue-male possess'd himself of that Dukedom Antony Earl of Vaudemont Brother to the deceas'd overthrew took him Prisoner and deliver'd him up to the Duke of Burgundy Orin Carracciolo George Alemani and Baltasar Rata the most noted Men of the French Faction were appointed Governours at Naples In Spain D. Roderick de Velasco Bishop of Palencia was unfortunately kill'd by his own Cook who being distracted and going about with a Club in his Hand was ask'd what he design'd to do with it he answer'd kill the Bishop but being a Forreigner and not well understood because he spoke not plain was laugh'd at yet presently after he came upon the Bishop and beat out his Brains CHAP. VI. Mighty Inundations throughout Spain A great Victory over the Moors The further Actions of the Aragonians at Naples The Kings of Aragon and Navarre taken by the Genoeses and set at Liberty by the Duke of Milan THIS prov'd a dangerous Winter in Castile by reason of the great Rains The Roads were so deep there was scarce any Travelling Many Buildings were carry'd
Aragonians and gain'd the Victory The Enemy enter'd the King's Ship and he finding it made much Water say'd he yeilded himself Prisoner to the Duke of Milan tho not present In the same Ship were taken the Prince of Taranto and Duke of Sessa 12 other Ships were taken and in them many Prisoners of Note among them the King of Navarre whose Life Roderick Robolledo sav'd at the beginning of the Fight Prince Henry of Aragon was also made Prisoner Authors do not agree about Prince Peter Some say he escap'd by Night with 3 Galleys out of the Fight Others that he arriv'd with the rest of the Fleet from Sevil at Ischia at the time of the Battle Besides those mentioned Raymund Boil Viceroy of Naples James Gomez de Sandoval Earl of Castro with his two Sons Ferdinand and James D. John de Sotomayor In̄igo Davalos Son to the Constable D. Ruy Lopez Davalos and a Grandson of his called D. In̄igo de Guevara fell all into the Hands of the Enemy After this famous Victory the People of Gaeta sallying routed the Aragonians enter'd their Camp and plunder'd all the Baggage of those great Men. Many were taken Prisoners the rest of the Army was dispersed This Battle was fought on the 5th of August near the Island Ponça Who would not have thought this Overthrow had quite defeated the hopes of the Aragonians and yet contrary to all humane Probability this very Misfortune was the best step towards their gaining the Kingdom of Naples After the fight the Victorious Genoeses return'd home where they secur'd the greatest number of Persons to pay the Charge of the Fleet. The Kings with about 300 Men of Note were carry'd to Milan where the Genoese Admiral made his Entry in the nature of a Triumph and such a one as had not been seen in many Ages All Italy was in suspence considering what Advantage that Duke would make of his Victory and fear'd he would improve it to subdue all that Country He himself was dubious whether he should impose some hard Conditions upon them or put them to Ransom but fear'd when at Liberty they would seek Revenge At length Honour prevail'd and he resolv'd to discharge them Gratis sending them back with rich Presents He therefore receiv'd the King of Aragon with much Honour and they discours'd largely of the Danger of suffering the French to take footing in Italy Whilst these things were in Agitation at Milan the Lady Elizabeth by order of her Husband the Duke of Anjou who as has been said was Prisoner went by Sea to Genoa thence to Gaeta and lastly coming to Naples on the 18th of October much encourag'd those that were of her Party Pope Eugenius assisted her with Forces and she being a Woman excellently qualify'd purchas'd the Love of the People Many Councils were held in Spain to consider what could be done for the Kings The Cortes of Aragon met at Zaragoça and it was agreed to equip a Fleet to secure Sicily and Sardinia for all thoughts of Naples were given over At Soria the King of Castile and Queen of Aragon prolong'd the Truce for 5 Months longer Queen Ellenor Mother to the Kings that were Prisoners dy'd suddenly at Medina del Campo and was bury'd at S. John de las Duen̄as a Monastery she built At Milan the Duke and his Prisoners concluded a League Offensive and Defensive The King of Navarre went into Spain with full Commission to govern Aragon and raise Mony The Prince of Taranto and Duke of Sessa went to Naples to encourage their Party and order Prince Peter with the Fleet to assist them The King's Orders were obey'd and immediately the City Gaeta was deliver'd up to him on Christmas day Soon after the King of Aragon being set free by the Duke came to Protovenere Some will have it that there were signs which foretold the King's Imprisonment as that an Arch of the Bridge that was then building at Zaragoça over the River Ebro fell and kill'd five Men. Nine Leagues from Zaragoça on the Banks of Ebro stands a Town called Villilla where there is a Bell which those People are perswaded rings of it self before any extraordinary Accident This Bell is said to have rung without any humane help the day before the Kings were taken also on the 30th of October and again on the 5th of January following which was the year 1436 and was the Day the King was set at Liberty I do not pretend to justify these things or so much as to plead for them It is enough that grave Authors mention them and quote Eye-witnesses for the Truth of them Let the Reader make what Judgment of it he pleases CHAP. VII The Affairs of Italy after the King of Aragon was releas'd Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Aragon The Prince of Castile marries the Princess of Navarre The Portugues Loss in Africk THE Peace concluded at Milan was the cause of a bloody War for the Genoeses openly revolted against the Duke of Milan complaining he reap'd the fruit of their Victory by releasing the Kings whilst they lay under the Odium of having made them Prisoners besides that the Duke had chang'd his Protection they had implor'd in time of need into absolute Tyranny Thus having underhand made a League with Pope Eugenius and the Duke of Anjou they declar'd War Paccio Alciato Governour of the City for the Duke was kill'd and many others The chief contriver of this Revolution was Francis Spinola who had gain'd Reputation by defending Gaeta and was therefore puffed up with Pride besides that he did it in hatred to the Family of the Fliscos and Fregosos who favour'd the Aragonians Many other Towns follow'd the Example of Genoa and expell'd the Milanese Garrisons They kept the Spanish Prisoners they had for whose Ransom the King of Aragon was forc'd to pay them 70000 Crowns The Sicilians on account of antient Friendship were releas'd Gratis Only 3 Sons of John de Vintemilla remain'd long Prisoners at Genoa the cause of detaining them is not known The King of Aragon at the request of Duke Philip endeavour'd to pacify the People of Genoa with the Fleet his Brother Peter sent him from Gaeta but desisted for fear of losing time in reducing those People when the Affairs of Naples call'd upon him From Porto Venere he sent his Brother Henry into Spain and gave him the Territory of Ampurias ordering him to be assisting in the War against Castile in case that King did break as was fear'd he would when the Truce expir'd The King himself set sail and arriv'd at Gaeta on the 2d of February Mean while Prince Peter his Brother had taken Terracina to the great regret of the Pope to whom that City belong'd Upon the King's Arrival the Neapolitan Nobility repair'd to Gaeta He appointed Francis Picinino General to oblige Duke Philip whose greatest Favourite the Father of this Francis was All Italy was alarm'd and many Cities combin'd to drive the
Aragonians out of Italy and particularly the Venetians Florentines and Genoeses joyn'd in a League at the Sollicitation of Pope Eugenius At the same time the War with the Moors went on in Spain Peace was like to be establish'd betwixt the other Kings at the procurement of the King of Navarre who design'd to bend all his Forces against Italy Two Castles the one call'd Galea the other Castilleja were taken from the Moors by Roderick Manrique who was abroad with a Party Soon after Henry de Guzman Earl of Niebla having besieged Gibraltar at the Mouth of the Streights was drown'd with 40 Men the Boat he was in oversetting being too full and the Sea running high D. John de Guzman his Son despairing of Success after that Misfortune rais'd the Siege and return'd to Sevil. This Gentleman was the first Duke of Medina Sidonia King John honouring him with that Title to comfort him for the loss of his Father and reward his signal Services The King was come to Toledo after having been at Alcala and Madrid Nothing was seen at Court but Sports and Pastimes without any regard of the War In this City the Peace betwixt Castile Aragon and Navarre was concluded on the 2d of September to the great Joy of all People These were the Articles agreed upon That Henry Prince of Castile should marry Blanch eldest Daughter to the King of Navarre That Medina del Campo Olmedo Roa and the Lordship of Villena be her Portion That in case they have no Issue those Places shall remain to the Crown of Castile upon paying to the King of Navarre a sum of Mony agreed upon That all Places taken during the War by either side be restor'd That all Deserters and Fugitives on both sides be pardon'd excepting the Earl of Castro and Master of Alcantara on the Part of Castile and Godfrey Marques of Cortes on the Part of Navarre Thus the Truce was chang'd into a League Defensive and Offensive against all Princes whatsoever excepting the Kings of France and Portugal on the Part of Castile and on the Part of Aragon the Duke of Milan and Gaston Earl of Faux whose Father dy'd not long before Gaston inherited the Earldom at 15 years of Age and was contracted to Ellenor the younger Daughter to the King of Navarre Great Joy and publick Thansgiving was throughout all Spain upon the proclaiming of this League The Earl of Castro soon after obtain'd his Pardon and return'd to Castile where for the future he behav'd himself better being humbl'd by his long Banishment What is said relating to the Earl of Castro is taken out of the Chronicles of Castile Those of his Family produce original Writings sign'd by Kings in Vindication of him and promising Restitution of the Estate taken from him during the Troubles It were well the Case were decided that we might know what to give credit to Mean while the King of Aragon ceas'd not to oblige the Neapolitans and endeavour to subdue them by Policy as well as Force Balthasar Rata Earl of Caserta one of the Governours appointed by the People embrac'd his Party Raymund Vrsin Earl of Nola did the same To oblige and attract him he was promis'd to Wife the Lady Ellenor of the Blood Royal Daughter to the Earl of Vrgel who not long before dy'd at Xativa This done the King took the Field and soon made himself Master of the Valley of St. Severino the City Salerno and Coast of Amafil Into all these Places he put Garrisons of Aragonians which secur'd his Interest and weaken'd the Party of Anjou Naples the chief City remain'd to gain which was not much doubted of the People being well-inclin'd to the Aragonians and they still possess'd of two Castles there notwithstanding all their late Misfortunes This proved a very sharp Winter for Frost and Snow insomuch that the oldest Men did not remember to have seen the like At Guadalajara where the King was on the first day of the Year 1437 7 Men going out to cut Wood were all Frozen to Death Many People dy'd through the extremity of the Cold. In this hard Weather the King would go into Old Castile and the Snow lay so deep on the Passes of the Mountains that he was forc'd to send before 300 Pioniers to clear the Ways From Roa he went to Osma in March and thence sent Prince Henry his Son to Alfaro a great Town on the Borders of Navarre Most of the Nobility went with him and he who appear'd above them all was D. Alvaro de Luna who not long before by meer Importunity had obtain'd of the Queen the Castle of Montalvan being before possessed of that of Escalona near Toledo Two Days after the Prince arriv'd at Alfaro the Queen of Navarre came thither with her Children and a great Train of Nobles The Prince and Princess were marry'd with extraordinary Pomp both of them being then at the Age of 12 Years Four Days were spent in rejoycing and then the Queen with the Bride return'd to her Country The King of Castile and the Prince his Son went to Medina del Campo There by advice of D. Alvaro de Luna and the Earl of Benavente the Lieutenant Peter Manrique was apprehended and sent to the Castle of FuentiduenÌ„a which caus'd mighty Tumults and Troubles in the Kingdom His Crime was conspiring with others to pull down D. Alvaro de Luna This year was fatal to the Portugueses for the slaughter made of them in Africk Five Brothers the King of Portugal being desirous of Honour and of enlarging their Dominions had resolved to attempt it in Africk among the Enemies of Christianity Mony was wanting for remedy whereof they obtain'd of Pope Eugenius the Croifade for all that would serve in that Expedition Hereupon a great Rabble of People gather'd together Prince Ferdinand Master of Avis being the hottest of the Brothers offer'd to command the Forces This Affair being debated in a grand Assembly Prince John the Master of Santiago in Portugal who was more cautious and discreet affirm'd that Africk ought not to be invaded unless with the united Force of the whole Kingdom All wise Men approv'd of what he said and among them the Princes Peter and Alonso Only Prince Henry favour'd Ferdinand's Design and he being a Person in great Repute for his Learning the 〈◊〉 advice prevail'd so that it was resolv'd to proceed in that Enterprize A Fleet being â—â—gg'd 6000 Soldiers were shipp'd aboard it which were given out to be 12000. On the 12th of August they set sail and in 15 Days arriv'd at Ceuta where they anker'd and held a Council of War It was resolv'd to besiege Tangier at the Mouth of the Strelghts opposite to Tarifa Accordingly the Siege was lay'd and the Town batter'd the space of 37 Days the Inhabitants defending themselves with great Resolution as those that were assur'd of Relief To raise the Siege came the Kings of Fez and Morocco with several Princes of
Duke of Bourbon had broke into Aragon by the way of Russillon The Q. of Aragon and K. of Navarre were much alarm'd but this Storm soon vanish'd for the Weather drove the French another way without doing any considerable harm This year was unfortunate to Portugal not only for their Loss in Africk but for the Plague which rag'd throughout the Kingdom and destroy'd great Numbers of People Also King Edward dy'd of a Fever at the Convent of Tomar whither he withdrew for fear of the Plague His Reign was short for it lasted but Five Years and Thirty Seven Days He writ a Book of the Government of a Kingdom and ordain'd that for the future the King 's Eldest Son should be call'd Prince as was the Custom in Castile He had Issue Alonso who succeeded him and was the First that had the Title of Prince in Portugal Ferdinand Duke of Viseo Master of the Orders of Christ and Santiago Constable of Portugal who was Father of Ellenor Queen of Portugal Elizabeth Dutchess of Bragança James Kill'd by his Brother-in-Law King John and Emanuel that came at length to be King of Portugal Ellenor the Empress Wife to Frederick the III. and Mother to Maximilian was also Daughter to King Edward Besides he had Catherine Contracted to several Princes yet never Marry'd and Joanna Wife to Henry IV. King of Castile The late King order'd the Queen should Govern during the Minority of his Son but the Nobility mutiny'd and chose Peter Duke of Coimbra the New King's Uncle The Queen complain'd of the Wrong done her but to no purpose In August Peter Manrique the Lieutenant with his Wife and Two Daughters let themselves down by Ropes out of the Castle of Fuentiduen̄as where he was Prisoner and escap'd by the Assistance of some Servants of the Governour Gomez Carrillo and this occasion'd New Troubles Many Noblemen associated themselves with him in order to pull down D. Alvaro de Luna which was a difficult Task his Power being very great At Medina de Ruysico they made all manner of Warlike Preparations In February 1439. the King went from Madrigal to Roa to prevent their Designs carrying along with him his Son Prince Henry D. Alvaro de Luna and several other Nobles and Prelates The Conspirators sent a Letter to the King full of submissive Language protesting they were ready to Obey him or his Son and that they had taken up Arms to defend themselves against the Favourite The King return'd no Answer Roderick de Villandrando was then come from France bringing with him 4000 Horse to serve the King upon promise of being Created Earl of Ribadeo Prince Henry of Aragon and his Brother the King of Navarre entred Castile with 500 Horse hoping during those Tumults to recover the Lands that had been taken from them Both Parties sent to Court them neither knowing what they design'd They agreed among themselves that the King of Navarre should go to Cuellar where the King of Castile then was and Prince Henry to Pen̄afiel a Town which had been his Their design was to look on till they found which side was likeliest to restore them to their Estates Mean while In̄igo de Zuniga Brother to the Earl of Ledesma with a Party of 500 Horse secur'd Valladolid a Large Rich and plentiful Town Immediately a great Number of the Conspirators repair'd thither The King of Castile fearing these Beginnings might produce greater Mischiefs went to Olmedo to be the nearer in order to appease those Commotions and to bring Prince Henry over to his Party They had several Conferences to this purpose but all without success for the Prince after amusing both Parties for some time at last joyn'd with the Rebels This was suppos'd to be done with the Advice of the King of Navarre that he might have a sure Stake whoever was uppermost The whole Kingdom was under great Apprehensions of a New War Therefore some Religious Pious and Learned Persons interpos'd They spoke to those Rebellious Noblemen and represented to them the Miseries of a Civil War advising to compose Differences before any Blood was spilt They labour'd so much that they perswaded both Parties to meet at Castro Nun̄o there to treat of some amicable Accommodation CHAP. IX The King of Castile and the Rebels agree The Rebellion breaks out again The King taken Prisoner Blanch Queen of Navarre dyes Her Son Charles succeeds The Council at Basil Deposes Pope Eugenius and chooses Felix ON the 24th of August Castelnovo in Naples having endured a tedious Siege notwithstanding the King of Aragon was preparing to Relieve it was deliver'd up to the Enemy Yet the King of Aragon made amends for this Loss by recovering the City Salerno and several other Places At Castro Nun̄o the King of Castile and his Nobles at last agreed upon these Articles That D. Alvaro de Luna be Six Months from Court without being allow'd to write to the King That their Estates be restor'd to the King of Navarre and Prince of Aragon or in lieu of them such a Revenue as shall be adjudged by Arbitrators That all Forces be dismissed That the Conspirators withdraw their Garrisons out of the Towns they have seized That no Man be punish'd for having formerly sided with Aragon and now with the Conspirators Hereupon the Mastership of Santiago was restor'd to Prince Henry and the Town of Cuellar to the King of Navarre D. Alvaro de Luna in lieu of it had Sepulveda This done the King went to Toro There he receiv'd the News that the Lady Cathorine Wife to Prince Henry of Aragon dy'd at Zaragoça without Issue on the 19th of October D. Alvaro de Luna in pursuance of the late Capitulation on the 29th of October went away to Sepulveda so highly offended he could not concea◠it With him went Jonntile Silva chief Standard-Bearer to the King Peter de Acun̄a Gomez Carrillo and many other Men of Quality who were beholding to him or hoped to be so The Council of Basil at last deposed Pope Eugenius and in his Place chose Amadec on the Fifth of November by the Name of Felix V. He had been Forty Years Earl and Duke of Savoy and then Abdioating his Dukedom and Renouncing the Pleasures of the Court liv'd a solitary Life aiming at Perfection accompany'd only by six antient Men of Quality It was happy for Pope Engenius that the Christian Princes made no account of that Election not even the King of Aragon and Duke of Millan tho Enemies to Eugenius and higher offended at him The Authority of the Fathers at Basil declin'd yet they broke not up till the year 47 of this Century at which time they dissolv'd and return'd home being terrify'd by Luis Dauphin of France who was marching to break up their Assembly by a Decree of Frederick the Emperor Felix the New Pope upon better Advice soon after said aside the Pontifical Robes and was by Pope Nicholas Succeslor to Engenius made Cardinal and
Legate of Savoy Castile seem'd to be restor'd to perfect Peace by the Banishment of D. Alvaro de Luna but Ambition the Bane of Kingdoms soon disturb'd it The King was not of Judgment sound enough to govern without the Help and Advice of another This was well known to the Nobility and every one strove to gain his Favour in order to become First Minister of State D. Frederick the Admiral a Bold Man and of a ready Wit stood fairest being particularly recommended to the King by D. Alvaro de Luna at the time of his departure The Princes of Aragon were enrag'd that all their Contrivances fall'd them At Toro the Servants of the several Factions quarrell'd and were like to come to Blows about taking up their Lodgings The King knew not how to pacify the Nobles and therefore by the Advice of D. Alvaro's â—â—ads under colour of Hunting fled to Salamanca at the beginning of the year 1440. After him went the Princes of Aragon the Earls of Benavente Ledesina Haro 〈◊〉 Valencia and InÌ„igo Lopez de Mendoça with 600 Horse resolving to use Violence if oppos'd The King being inform'd of their coming remov'd to Bonilla a Loyal and Strong Town Thence he sent to the Princes of Aragon who under a safe Conduct came first to Salamanca and thence to Avila whither the Mutinous Lords were come designing to secure that City The Archbishop of Seviil who then sighaliz'd his Loyalty was the Chief Man that passed between them but without success Yet the Nobles made use of him to write to the King giving him grave Advice and charging D. Alvaro de Luna He return'd no 〈…〉 They went the Earls of Haro and Benavente to him who prevail'd to have the 〈…〉 at Valladolid Yet those Lords were so far from restoring the Towns they had serz'd and their hands that they secur'd Leon Segovia Zamora Salamanca Valladolid Avila Burgos Placencia and Guadalasara Besides Prince Henry had Toledo deliver'd to him by Peter Lopez de Ayala who was Governour of the Town and Castle for the King At the Cortes which sate at Valladolid in April the first thing consider'd upon was to give satisfaction to D. Alvaro de Luna and bring him back to Court. To this effect Letters were sent to him from that Assembly yet he came not for the present Soon after all the Revolted Cities return'd to their 〈…〉 had particularly Toledo Prince Henry at this time Rebell'd against his Father being 〈…〉 that D. Alvaro should return to Court John Pacheco Son to Alonso Giron Lord of 〈…〉 had the same influence over the Prince that D. Alvaro had over the King and endeavour'd by supplanting D. Alvaro who had preferr'd him to rise to his Grandeur Prince Henry of Castile withdrew from Court giving out that he would not return till some of the King's Counsellors with whom he was displeas'd were remov'd yet he came back late at Night at the perswasion of his Father-in-Law the King of Navarre To pacify him his Wife was brought from Navarre to Valladolid where on the 25th of September the Nuptials were celebrated with great Pomp and there was a Feast of Tilting in which some Nobles were kill'd because they ran with sharp-pointed Spears The Bride remain'd a Maid which was at first conceal'd but afterwards became Publick to the great Grief of all People At the same time that the Publick Rejoycing was for the Marriage of Prince Henry the Lieutenant Peter Manrrique Dy'd He was a Man of a mean Stature a great Spirit Subtle and Bold His Son James Manrique who was also Earl of TrevinÌ„o succeeded him in his 〈◊〉 D. Alvaro de Lara tho absent from Court govern'd the Kingdom which inrag'd the 〈…〉 have all 〈…〉 Son who left his Father and went away to Segovâ— declaring for the Princes of Aragon John Pacheco his Favourite neightned his discontent Toledo was again'd deliver'd up by the same Peter Lopez de Ayala to Prince Henry of Aragon The Citizens provok'd the King by securing his Messengers sent to complain of their Disloyalty which mov'd him with a small Retinue the hast thither believing they would Respect his Person He stopp'd at the Hospital of Saint Lazorus which is in the Road to Madrigal Prince Henry of Aragon came out of the City with Two Handred Horse Those with the King being Feâ— in Number Fortify'd themselves where they were but Prince Henry fearing he should become yet more odious than he was if he offer'd Violence to the King return'd into the City Roderick de Villandrando signaliz'd his Zeal and Legality for the Defence of the King in this Place in recompense for which he had a Priviledge granted him that the Earls of Ribadeo his Successors should always upon New-years Day dine with the King and serve him in the Bed-chamber For it was on the first of January 1441 that the King was in Danger in the Hospital The King went away to Torrijos and leaving Pelayo de Ribera Lord of Malpica with 100 Horse to secure that place remov'd to Avila whither D. Alvaro came to consult about carrying on the War they had in Hand His coming more incens'd the Mutineers Most of them were at Arevalo and the Queen her self favour'd her Son and Brothers against the King her Husband The King sent the Bishops of Burgos and Avila to try if there were any way of composing Differences but they could not prevail James de Valera a Gentleman who follow'd the Prince wrote a Letter to the King advising him to incline to Mercy rather than Severity It being read in Council no Body said any thing to it but the Archbishop D. Gutierre de Toledo who answer'd Let Valera give us Assistance for Advice we want none This Valera was a Man of very good natural Parts was twice Embassador in Germany and writ a short History of Spain of him called Valeriana But there is another Valeriana writ by an Archdeacon of Murcia and quoted in this Work Prince Henry being sent for by his Father to treat of Peace came to Avila but nothing was concluded The Prince being return'd to Segovia desir'd the two Queens his Mother and Mother in Law then in Castile to go as far as Santa Maria de Nieva to endeavour to appease those Commotions In that Town Blanch Queen of Navarre dy'd on the first day of April and was bury'd in the famous Church of that Place This grave Authors affirm but there is no sign of it in the Church Charles Prince of Viana her Son inherited the Crown but took not the Title of King out of respect to his Father This Prince Charles was very studious and there are some Works of his Extant as Aristole's Ethicks translated into Spanish a short History of Navarre and many Compositions in Verse which he us'd to sing to the Guitarre A Youth deserving of a better Fortune and a more peaceable Father He was 21 years of Age when his Mother dy'd Her Death put an
end to the Treaty of Peace and the Queen of Castile return'd to Arevalo where she was before War broke out in several Places at the same time The Chief Heads of the Rebellion were Prince Henry of Aragon the Admiral and the Earl of Benavente D. Alvaro de Luna and his Brother the Archbishop of Toledo bravely made head against the Rebels In̄igo Lopez de Mendoça escap'd being kill'd very narrowly with a very few of his Men all the rest being cut off by John Carrillo Lieutenant of Caçorla who lay'd an Ambush for him At the same time another Party of the Malecontents was defeated by the Forces of D. Alvaro near a Town call'd Gresmonda In this Action was kill'd Laurence Davalos Son to the Constable D. Ruy Lopez Davalos John de Mena a famous Poet in those Days lamented his Death in Elegiack Verse At the same time the King of Navarre came into New Castile with a good Body of Men in favour of the Rebels because the Royalists were too hard for them and being dispersed about the Country plunder'd it and ravish'd the Women In Old Castile the King took Medina del Campo and Arevalo from the King of Navarre At a Village call'd Naharro in that Neighbourhood he had a Conference with Ellenor Queen Dowager of Portugal Nothing was concluded touching the Rebels but the King sent Embassadors to advise Peter Duke of Coimbra to do the Queen right The King of Aragon also sent an Embassy from Italy to Portugal to the same effect but nothing was done for that Prince would not quit the Government and the Kings were not at Leasure to use Force So that Queen Ellenor ended her days in Castile The Princes of Aragon hasted out of the Kingdom of Toledo to Old Castile to secure their Interest there Arevalo open'd the Gates to receive them and thence they went to Medina del Campo and sat down before it Some Skirmish happen'd but the Siege lasted not long for some of the Townsmen by Night gave entrance to the Rebels The King had dispos'd his Forces about the Streets and publick Places The Townsmen kept close in their Houses D. Alvaro de Luna his Brother the Archbishop of Toledo and the Master of Alcantara in Disguize escap'd through the midst of their Enemies being advis'd so to do by the King knowing their Lives were in Danger if taken by the Rebels They came and kissed the King's Hand conducting him to the Palace with feign'd Respect The Queens and Prince Henry hearing what had happen'd came thither and after a long Consultation in hatred to D. Alvaro all the Officers of the King's Houshold were remov'd Others that had adher'd to the King were turn'd out of the City It was propos'd to compose Differences the King being then a Prisoner and Judges were appointed to decide all Controversies D. Alvaro was commanded not to depart out of such Towns of his own as should be assign'd during the term of 6 Years and that he should not write to the King unless the Letters were first perus'd by the Queen and Prince Henry Moreover that he should not make any new Alliances or maintain Soldiers and for Security that he would perform all this he should deliver his Son D. John as Hostage and nine Castles within 30 Days These things much afflicted D. Alvaro who yet ceas'd not to study new ways to rise But all Men shun him that is falling and the Rebels strengthned their Party by fresh Allyances Joanna Daughter to the Admiral was contracted to the King of Navarre Beatrix Daughter to the Earl of Benavente to Prince Henry of Aragon These Matches were contriv'd by James Gomez de Sandoval Earl of Castro who sought by that means to unite the Malecontents and ruin D. Alvaro de Luna CHAP. X. The Progress of the Aragonians in Naples That City taken by them New Disorders in Spain The Archbishop of Toledo Dyes Of some Men famous for Learning THe Civil War in Spain seem'd to be at an end but Italy was all over in a Flame with the War of Naples The Forces of Renee wasted with delay and his Wife and Children being sent to Marseilles seem'd to denote there remain'd but small hopes Besides James Caldora the great Prop of that Party dy'd suddenly as he was going to Plunder Circaslo a Town of the Pope's Jurisdiction and the rest of his Family after his Death joyn'd with the Aragonians whose interest daily advanc'd They took the City Aversa subdu'd all Calabria and defeated the Forces of Francis Sforcia in Apulia Pope Eugenius made a League with the Venetians Florentines and Genoeses to expel the Aragonians out of Italy To this purpose the Cardinal of Trent entred the Kingdom of Naples with 10000 Men but they being Raw Soldiers did no great matter The Army of Aragon march'd directly to Naples and sate down before it Renoe not daring to come into the Field Some Provisions and Recruits were brought to the Besieg'd by the Genoeses These were small Helps for the Multitude within was great and began to suffer much Want Corn being excessive dear Some advis'd to Surrender upon any Terms but that not succeeding one Anello and his Brother both Bricklayers fled to the Camp and offer'd to shew how the City might be taken without much danger so they were well rewarded Their design was to convey Men into the Town through an Aqueduct that carries the Water into the City 200 Men were chosen for this purpose and order'd to obey the two Brothers The Way was so difficult that most of them were left behind and only 40 went through and came to the Wall of a Private House where a Woman Cry'd out and had betray'd them had they not soon stopp'd her Mouth Much time was spent in getting through the Sun was up and no Sign made to give notice they were within It was fear'd they were all Cut off and yet the Forces appointed to give the Assault apply'd the Scaling Ladders but faintly hearing no Noise within The 40 Soldiers hearing the Noise seiz'd a Tower upon the Walls call'd Sophia Thither the King of Aragon made to Relieve them and Renee to drive them out and there follow'd a hot Dispute but at length the Aragonians having forc'd some of the Gates enter'd the City Renee after having done all that became a good Commander and brave Soldier retir'd to the Castle Some Houses were Plunder'd but no body Kill'd Thus the Aragonians made themselves Masters of Naples upon Saturday the 2d of June 1442. The Soldiers were publickly commended and rewarded according to the Merit of every Man and particularly Peter Martinez Commander of those who came through the Aqueduct The Two Bricklayers receiv'd more than could be expected by such mean persons Some curious Men observ'd that Belisarius took that City from the Goths by the same Stratagem Renee having no hopes left capitulated to deliver up all Places that held out for him upon liberty to depart freely
This done he went to Florence to see Pope Eugenius and thence into France After his departure Abruzzo Apulia and all other Places submitted to the Aragonians and thus Italy was in part pacify'd In Spain the Troubles did not cease the Nobility slighting the Government D. Luis de Guzman Master of Calatrava lay desperately Sick and was given over John Ramiroz de Guzman Chief Commendary of that Order and Ferdinand de Padilla the Master's Deputy contended who should succeed him The latter had secur'd the Votes of the Chapter that was to Elect. Therefore D. John resolv'd to obtain that Dignity by Force securing the Towns that belong'd to that Order D. Ferdinand with 400 Horse met him at Barajas defeated and took him Prisoner with his Son and two Brothers and by that means obtain'd the Mastership which yet he enjoy'd not long For the King design'd that Dignity for Alonso Bastard Son to the King of Navarre who Besieg'd Calatrava There the New Master was unluckily kill'd by a Stone one of his own Men was throwing at the Enemy After his Death D. Alonso was made Master of the Order In Biscay Tumults were rais'd upon two accounts One was that certain Societies that had been confirmed by the King fell upon the Estates of the Nobility Among the rest Peter de Ayala was Besieg'd in his Town of Salvatierra and reliev'd by his Cousin the Earl of Haro who having receiv'd a Letter in which he begg'd his Assistance swore he would not enter into a House till he had reliev'd him Another cause of these Troubles was the wicked Heresy of the Fratricelli newly started at Durango Many were put to the Wrack upon that account and others Burnt Alonso Mela a Franciscan Fryar the Ring-leader of them fled to Granada with several young Wenches where they liv'd lewdly among the Moors but at last he was put to Death by them This Man had a Brother call'd John Mela then Bishop of Zamora and afterwards a Cardinal In Portugal about the end of October dy'd Prince John the King's Uncle aged 43 years He was Constable and Master of Santiago By his Wife the Lady Elizabeth Daughter to his Brother D. Alonso Duke of Bragança he left a Son called James who inherited his Honours and Three Daughters Elizabeth Beatrix and Philippa from whom sprang great Princes D. Alvaro de Luna resided at Escalona and contriv'd to regain his former Power His Brother the Archbishop of Toledo dy'd at Talavera on the 4th of February which was a great Loss to him There only remain'd D. Roderick de Luna his second Cousin whom afterwards he promoted to the Archbishoprick of Santiago In that Confusion of times every noble Man seized upon what he could get and among them Peter Xuarez secur'd Talavera scarce admitting the King who came to quel those Disorders The Archbishop was bury'd in a beautiful Chappel of the Cathedral built by D. Alvaro After much Contention D. Gutierre de Toledo Archbishop of Sevil was promoted to the See of Toledo He was a Man too upright for those times and enjoy'd that Dignity but three Years The Bishop of Oviedo was Translated to Sevil he of Orense to Oviedo To conclude the Bishoprick of Orense was given in Commendam to John de Torquemada a Dominican afterwards Cardinal of S. Sixtus a Person of great Learning as appears by his Works His Contemporary was Alonso Tostado born at Madrigal renowned for his many Writings He came in process of time to be Bishop of Avila At Siena in Tuscany he put up several Propositions in Divinity offering to defend them in the Schools Some of them were dislik'd and the Cardinal Torquemada writ against him Tostado answered him not sparing the Pope's Authority to defend his Opinions He dy'd on the 3d of September 1455. The End of the One and Twentieth Book THE History of SPAIN The Two and Twentieth BOOK CHAP. I. The Success of the Aragonians in Italy The Rebellion in Castile The Death of the Queens of Portugal and Castile The Battle of Olmedo and Death of Prince Henry of Aragon THE Affairs of the Spaniards succeeded better in Italy than in Spain There was no great Difference betwixt the Castilians and Aragonians but their Fortune was different according to the Quality of them that govern'd The King of Aragon was an active and ambitious Prince and spar'd no Labour to advance his Glory Besides his Goodness and Bounty gain'd him the Affections of all his Subjects as well Italians as Aragonians In Castile the Power of D. Alvaro continu'd tho his Person was remov'd The King of Navarre endeavour'd net to redress what was amiss but to make himself Master of the King who always left the Government to another The King of Castile had some good Qualities but the bad were more prevalent He was addicted to Poetry and Musick and had a Genius that way lov'd Hunting and Sports but could not endure Business and therefore gave little attention to it and answer'd short His first Minister did what he would in his Name The King of Aragon having taken Naples and subdu'd all the Faction of Anjou on the 26th of February 1443 entred that City in Triumph after the manner of the antient Romans on a Chariot drawn by 4 White Horses another of the same sort being led before him All the Nobility and Gentry of the Kingdom follow'd the Chariot afoot and the Clergy went before singing Praises to Almighty God The People with loud Acclamations wished him a long and happy Reign He would not be crown'd saying That Honour was due to the Saints who assisted him to gain the Victory All the Streets were strew'd with Flowers and richly hung and all Places full of sweet Odours It only remain'd to gain Pope Eugenius with whom a Treaty was set afoot at Siena where he then was On the 15th of July they agreed upon these Articles That the Kingdom of Naples should remain to the King of Aragon and after him to his Son Ferdinand whom tho Illegitimate he appointed his Heir as to that Crown only That the King of Aragon should pay yearly to the Pope 8000 Ounces a sort of Coin then in use That he should endeavour to quel Francis Sforcia who proud that he had marry'd the Duke of Milan's Daughter had gain'd a great part of Marca Ancona The King perform'd more than he had promis'd for he in Person recover'd all Sforcia had taken in Marca Ancona and restor'd it to the Pope Peace was also concluded with the Genoeses they promising every Year whilst the King liv'd to present him with a great Bason of Gold But because this Act was perform'd in the sight of the People as a memorial of his Victory they continu'd it but 4 Years In Castile the King of Navarre using immoderately the Power he had unjustly acquir'd enjoy'd it but a short time He kept the King of Castile Prisoner placing People to watch his Words and Actions The Admiral and
come the King's Forces offer'd Battle but the Aragonians were too weak to fight and too ill provided to endure a Siege Therefore they sent Commissioners to inform the King they were ready to submit to him provided D. Alvaro were remov'd The King only answer'd he would consider of it Whilst they were treating of Peace they came accidentally to a Battle upon Wedensday the 19th of May. Henry Prince of Castile being a hot Youth advanc'd with 50 Horse to draw out the Enemy to Skirmish A like number came out of the Town but back'd by Men at Arms. Those with the Prince seeing a great Number fled the Aragonians pursuing them up to their very Trenches Upon this the Royalists drew out D. Alvaro led the Van the Bishop of Siguença Peter de Acun̄a In̄igo Lopez de Mendoça and the Earl of Alva commanded the Men at Arms upon the Flanks In the main Body was Prince Henry with 550 Men at Arms under the Command of the Master of Alcantara The King the Archbishop of Toledo and other noble Men brought up the Rear In this Order they stood most part of the Day no Body coming out of the Town Two hours before Sun set Orders were given to return to the Camp Then the Aragonians sally'd out with great shouts thinking the Night would shrowd them if worsted and could be no hindrance to them if Victorious because they knew the Country The light Horse gave the first Charge and then all the rest fell on The Body commanded by Prince Henry of Aragon charg'd D. Alvaro that which the King of Navarre led attack'd Henry Prince of Castile Both sides fought resolutely but the Aragonians were inferior in Number and began to give way Night drew on and the Princes of Aragon having done all that could be expected from brave Commanders seeing their Men fly retir'd to Olmedo The Admiral and Earl of Benavente took another way The Earl of Castro Henry Brother to the Admiral and Ferdinand de Quin̄ones were taken with 200 more Only 37 were kill'd in fight but many wounded The Princes of Aragon the same Night fled towards that Kingdom the King of Navarre unhurt Prince Henry dy'd soon after at Calatayud of a Wound he receiv'd in his left Hand a Gangrene striking into his Arm. He was a Man of a great Spirit but restless His Body was bury'd in that City He left one Son of his own Name by his second Wife who in time to come prov'd as Turbulent as his Father After the Victory the King sent Expresses to all parts to give Notice of it and built a Chappel in the Place where the Battle was fought CHAP. II. The Marriage of Ferdinand Bastard Son to the King of Aragon and appointed Heir to the Kingdom of Naples Mahomet King of Granada depos'd D. Alvaro de Luna chosen Master of the Order of Santiago Continual Success attended the Armies of Aragon in Italy King Alonso in favour of the Pope had recovered Marca Ancona from Francis Sforcia Yet his Party ceased not to raise Commotions whereupon the King of Aragon at the Pope's Instance returned thither and being come to Fontana del Populo a Town not far from the City Teano summoned the Nobles to attend him there Among the rest came Antony Centellas Marques of Girachi with 300 Horse he had done good Service during the late War and sold part of his Estate to pay his Men. The King desired to marry Enricosa Rufa Daughter and Heiress to the Marques de Croton to In̄igo Davalos as a Reward for his good Service and recommended this Affair to Antony Centellas He liking her Fortune marries her himself by which his Power was increased and consequently his Boldness At first this was connived at but soon after he payed for all He was charged with contriving the Death of a certain Favourite of the King 's whereupon he fled from the Camp to Catançaro a Town of his own The King moved at this returned to Naples and sent Messengers to reduce Centellas by fair means but he would not give ear to them Therefore the King himself marches into Calabria and having taken several Towns came before Cataniçaro Centellas seeing no hope of Relief surrendred upon promise of Pardon He was ordered to deliver up that City and the Castle of Turpia and he with his Wife and Children was sent to Naples Great rejoycing was throughout the Kingdom as well for restoring of Peace to it as on account that Ferdinand the King's Son was on the 30th of May married to Elizabeth de Claramonte to whom he was before contracted This was contrived to oblige the Prince of Taranto whose Neece she was In the midst of all his Joy came the sad News of the Death of the two Queens the King's Sisters and his Brother Prince Henry and the King of Navarre's being expelled Castile That King's Embassador pressed King Alonso to return into Spain He answered when the Wars of Marca Ancona were ended he would go that the mean while the King of Navarre should govern Aragon and raise Forces in both Kingdoms for the War with Castile and also that a Truce should be made with the Moors of Granada for a Year That City about this time changed its King Mahomet the left-handed during the Rebellion in Castile enjoy'd Peace which caused him Troubles at home The Moorish King had two Cousin Germans one of them called Ismael being fearful of his Uncle fled to the King of Castile The other called Mahomet the Lame because he was so associated himself with some Moors of Quality at Almeria With their Assistance he seized the Castle of Granada called Alhambra took the King and cast him into Prison This done he usurped the Title of King On this occasion the Moors were divided into Factions Andilbar Governour of Granada seized the strong Castle of Montefrio near Alcala Real and having no hopes of restoring the Old King offered the Crown to Ismael He having received Supplies of Men and Mony from the King of Castile hasted to possess himself of a Kingdom These things happen'd at the end of this Year let us return to what is behind After the Battle of Olmedo a Council was held in D. Alvaro de Luna's Tent he being wounded in the left Leg. There it was resolved that all the Rebels Estates should be Confiscated Cuellar was taken and Simancas besieged Prince Henry was for pardoning the Admiral the others opposed it Therefore the Prince went away to Segovia and the King his Father fearing fresh Tumults left Peter Sarmiento to reduce the other Towns and went himself to Nuestro Sen̄ora de Nieva to reduce his Son Before he would submit he demanded Jaen Logrono and Caceres for himself Barcarroto Salvatierra and Salvaleon Towns on the Borders of Portugal for John Pacheco The King condescended and thus they received a Reward whereas they deserved Punishment Moreover at Medina de Rioseco the Admiral was pardoned provided he came in
within 4 Months and that the mean while his Daughter Joanna Queen of Portugal should remain in Castile as a Hostage This done the Castle of that Town which held for the Admiral surrendred as did all the Towns of the Rebels in Old Castile At the beginning of the War by the advice of D. Alvaro tho contrary to the Opinion of the Earl of Haro and other Noblemen the King of Castile sent to Portugal for Supplies Peter Duke of Coimbra the Governour sent 2000 Foot and 1600 Horse under the command of his Son Peter who tho but 16 Years of Age upon the Death of his Uncle Prince John was constituted Constable of Portugal They came to the King at Mayorga at such time as the War was ended However all the Officers were splendidly entertained and presented D. Alvaro underhand and without the King's Knowledge as was said made up a Match for him with the Lady Elizabeth Daughter to D. John Master of Santiago in Portugal with whom he had special Friendship The Portugueses being dismissed the Court went to Burgos There contrary to expectation the Earls of Benavente and Castro were pardoned conditionally that the latter should not in two years go out of Lobaton nor the other out of Benavente Other Noblemen were highly Rewarded and even above their Deserts D. Inigo Lopez de Mendoça was created Marques of Santillana and Earl of Mançanares John Pacheco was made Marques of Villena D. Alvaro de Luna at Avila was by the Knights of that Order chosen Master of Santiago D. Peter Giron in favour to his Brother John Pacheco for he had been of the Aragonian Party was chosen Master of Calatrava D. Alonso de Aragon being deposed on account that he followed his Father in the late Wars Some Men would not allow those two Elections to be Legal whereupon ensued much strife D. Roderick Manrique supported by the Prince opposed D. Alvaro D. John Ramirez de Guzman the chief Commendary who pretended some right on account of his former Election and had now some Votes for him stood up against D. Peter Giron Albuquerque still held out for the Aragonians but the King going thither in Person it was delivered up by the Governour Ferdinand Davalos Thence the King went back to Toledo and at the suit of the Citizens took that Government from Peter Lopez de Ayala giving it to Peter Sarmiento which proved afterwards of ill Consequence and at present offended the Prince who favoured Ayala At the end of this Year and on the 4th of December dyed D. Gutierre Archbishop of Toledo at Talavera His Body was certainly bury'd in the Cathedral There is a Dispute whether it was afterwards removed or not But it matters nothing D. Alonso Carrillo then Bishop of Siguença was preferred to the See of Toledo at the beginning of the Year 1446. He was a Man of a haughty and restless Spirit as appeared by the Disorders he afterwards caused in the Kingdom Only Atiença and Torija held out for the King of Navarre but they were well garrisoned and provided Besides it was reported that the King of Navarre was preparing to return to Castile The Moorish King also at the Instigation of the Aragonians entring the Frontiers of Andaluzia took Benamaruel and Bençalema two strong Towns It was not practicable to oppose both Enemies at once therefore the King's Forces marched against the Aragonians in May and having besieged Atiença three Months they began to treat of surrendring It was agreed that Town and Torija should be put into the Hands of Queen Mary of Aragon to hold them in trust till such Judges as should by Consent of both Parties be appointed decreed to whom they should be delivered This done the King was received into the Town on the 12th of August He caused part of the Walls to be cast down and some Buildings to be fired The Townsmen looking upon this as a breach of Articles refused to admit him into the Castle which oblig'd him to return to Valladolid without doing any thing to the purpose CHAP. III. Disorders continue in Spain The Florentine War Pope Eugenius dies Nicholas the V. succeeds him The Breach betwixt Castile and Aragon continu'd Several Noblemen of Castile apprehended Others fly AT his Departure from Atiença the King left the Archbishop of Toledo and D. Charles de Arellan̄o to observe the Aragonians and seize upon that Town and Torija if an Occasion offered From those Towns the Aragonians sent out Parties as far as Guadalajara where the Archbishop and Arellan̄o resided Some ill affected Persons sowed Sedition through all those Parts which the King of Navarre had more Confidence in than in his Strength Besides D. Alvaro and D. John Pacheco to advance their own Interest put the King and Prince at Variance to such a degree that both Parties raised Men. In a treaty betwixt the King and his Son I find the King pardons the Earl of Castro and his Children and orders them to be restored to their Estates D. Roderick Manrique without any other right than what he grounded on these Confusions called himself Master of Santiago at the Instigation of Pope Eugenius and the King of Aragon without any consent of the Knights By this means he hoped to seize the Towns belonging to that Order but D. Alvaro opposed him and there ensued much Mischief Mean while the Moors at the beginning of the Year 1447 having wasted all the Country took the Towns of Arenas Huescar Velez el Blanco and Velez el Roxo in the Kingdom of Murcia these Places being ill provided It will not be amiss briefly to give some Account of the Florentine War Blanch Daughter to Philip Duke of Milan was married to Francis Sforcia Her Portion 60000 Crowns for which Cremona a rich Town in that Dutchy was Mortgaged to him and he tho his Father in Law tendred the Mony refused to restore it hoping to secure the Succession to the Dukedom by the help of the Venetians Florentines and Genoeses with whom he was in League Duke Philip sent the Bishop of Novara to perswade King Alonso to make War on the Florentines whilst he recovered Cremona from his Son in Law whom the Venetians favoured Pope Eugenius being an Enemy to the Venetians stirred up King Alonso but it was needless his own Obligations moved him to do more than was asked He sent Raymund Buil an excellent Commander to Milan and went himself to Tibur near Rome where whilst the Florentines made Overtures of Peace the Venetians possess'd themselves of a great part of the Dutchy of Milan which obliged the Duke to be reconciled to his Son in Law King Alonso at his suit did the same and lent the Duke Mony This was the posture of Affairs when on a sudden the Duke changing his Mind sent for King Alonso to resign that Dukedom over to him The King refused and Messages past to and fro The mean while Pope Eugenius dyed at Rome on the 22d of February
Within 10 Days the Conclave elected Thomas Sarzana of Luca who took the Name of Nicholas the V. a good and virtuous Pope a great favourer of Learning Still the War continu'd in Milan and Duke Philip was earnest with King Alonso's Embassador to resign that Dutchy to him resolving to live a private Life so he could first be Revenged of his Son in Law Whilst Messengers passed betwixt them Duke Philip dyed in the Castle of Milan on the 13th of August That same Month the King of Castile married the Lady Elizabeth but without much Pomp by reason of the Tumults raised by the Nobility Immediately the King and Queen began to contrive the Ruin of D. Alvaro de Luna which was the Reward of his making that Match King Alonso of Aragon was by Duke Philip appointed his Heir in his Will In pursuance hereof Raymund Buil the King's Commissioner caused all the Officers in the Castle of Milan to take the Oath of Fidelity to him as Duke but the Rabble soon made themselves Masters of both Castles and rased them King Alonso could not repair thither being employed in the War with the Florentines from whom he had taken Ripa Maranica and Castellon de Pescara The Florentines implored aid of Frederick Lord of Vrbino and Malatesta Lord of Arimino The King besieged Piombino and took an Island near it called Lillo The People of Piombino articl'd to pay yearly as an Acknowledgment a Gold Cup with 500 Crowns The Florentines also came to Agreement with the King who went away to Sulmona leaving Garrisons in the Island Lillo and Castellon de Pescara Next King Alonso marched towards Milan but Francis Sforcia prevailed and wrested that Duchy from him In him began a new Race of Dukes as also an Hereditary War betwixt France Italy and Spain which has lasted to our Days as will appear in the proper Places Castile enjoyed no Peace for the Moors pressed on the one side and on the other the King of Navarre waited to make his Advantage of the Discord betwixt the Nobles of that Kingdom After a long Siege Torija surrendred to the King but at the same time the Aragonian Garrison in Atiença surprized the Castle called Pen̄a de Alcaçar in the Territory of Soria This moved the King to march to Soria with 3000 Horse At the same time the Cortes of Aragon sat at Zaragoça to make Preparations for War and ordered that every tenth Man by Lot should be listed However they sent Embassadors to the King of Castile to know what his Design was and advise him not to break the Peace The King answered he always used to go well attended but that the Aragonians had done ill in assisting the King of Navarre and if they did not forbear he would take other Measures He also sent Heraulds to make his Complaints in the Cortes and the Aragonians sent back another Embassy Whilst these Messages passed betwixt them a Party of Castile surprized the Castle of Verdejo in the Territory of Calatayud Thus all treaty of Peace ceased and they had soon come to blows but that a Conspiracy of the Nobles in Castile obliged the King to return to Valladolid There he kept his Christmas and began the Year 1448. At the same time a party of Navarre took the Town of Campeço and the Governour of Albarrazin Huelama a Town on the Borders of Castile The chief care was to reduce the Nobility and reconcile the Prince to his Father for he was a restless and inconstant Youth never fixed The Ambition of D. Alvaro de Luna and John Pacheco hindred any Agreement each of them striving to ruin the other D. Alonso de Fenseca Bishop of Avila a Person of great Judgment endeavoured to reconcile them To disappoint the Designs of the Nobility it was resolved on a Day appointed to apprehend many of them In order to put this Design in Execution the King and Prince met betwixt Medina del Campo and Tordesillas on the 11th of May. As it had been agreed it was performed The Earls of Benavente and Alva Henry Brother to the Admiral the two Brothers Peter and Suero Quin̄ones were apprehended and sent Prisoners to several Places It was layed to their Charge that they design'd to bring the King of Navarre into Castile but the People said this was meer Invention The Admiral and Earl of Castro fled to Navarre and their Estates were seized upon the Towns being unprovided which were Medina de Ruyseco Lobaton Aguilar Benavente Mayorga and many others James Manrique voluntarily delivered up the Castles of Navarrete and Trevin̄o as a Pledge of his Loyalty to the King The Cortes still sat at Zaragoça and a Truce for 6 Months was concluded betwixt Aragon and Castile The Earl of Castro after he fled from Castile remained in Navarre the Admiral came to Zaragoça on the 29th of May. There he consulted with the King of Navarre and agreed to go over to Italy to give the King of Aragon an account of Affairs At that time the King of Aragon lay before Piombino as has been said thither came to him at the same time the Admiral and Garci Alverez de Toledo Son to the Earl of Alva They were graciously received and the King promised to assist them In Castile some Months were spent in seizing the Towns belonging to the Nobility the King and Prince having consulted together agreed to Garrison the Frontiers especially against the Moors Alonso Giron Kinsman to John Pacheco was appointed to command the Frontiers about Hellin and Humilla with 200 Horse and 400 Foot with which Forces he overthrew a Body of Moors that made an Incursion on that side but his Men falling to Plunder the Infidels rallyed and charging them afresh cut off most of them the Commander with a very few escaping Prince Henry again offended at D. Alvaro de Luna withdrew from Madrid where he was with his Father to Sagovia This perplexed the King and he resolved to summon the Cortes to meet at Valladolid to seek some Remedy for these Evils Prince Henry by his Father's Command came to Tordesillas the King before he met him having declared in publick that he was resolved to be reconciled to his Son and to reward or punish the rest as they deserved and particularly that he would divide the Estates of the Rebels among those that had continued Loyal All the Representatives of Cities that came to the Cortes commended the King's Resolution only James Valera who was for Cuenca advised not to proceed against the Nobles Ferdinand de Ribadeneira told him what he had said would cost him dear but the King going away seemed not to approve of Ribadeneira's Boldness CHAP. IV. The Earl of Benavente escaping raises new Tumults The Affairs of Portugal The Mutiny of Toledo Fresh Tumults among the Nobility of Castile The Mutineers of Toledo punish'd THE Imprisonment of those great Men and Flight of the others caused great Troubles in Castile and all the Discourse was
of restoring them The Earl of Benavente made his Escape out of Prison by the Assistance of Alonso de Leon whom he bribed and the Governour of the Castle trusted 30 Horse were hid in a Wood and with them the Earl fled to Benavente where as soon as he came the Townsmen turned out the King's Garrison Then marching out relieved Alva de Liste besieged by the King's Party and took some small Towns The King alarmed at this News left D. Alvaro at Ocana to make Preparations for War and went himself in great haste to Benavente but that Town being well provided he passed into Portugal That Kingdom was then full of Joy for the Marriage of the King with Elizabeth Daughter to Prince Peter the King's Uncle and Governour of the Kingdom to whom he had been 7 Years Contracted This Lady was very Virtuous and Beautiful Of her was born D. John who dyed a Child and Joanna who also dyed and another D. John who lived many Years and succeeded his Father The King was young and Prince Peter had the whole Power of the Government which some great Men highly resented Among them the chiefest was D. Alonso Earl of Barcelos the Prince's Brother and by him created Duke of Bragança He perswaded the King to take upon him the Government and put to Death his Uncle for the wrong done to his Mother in depriving her of it The King contrived how to put this advice in Execution and Prince Peter having notice of it fled and made himself strong in Coimbra From thence he held Correspondence with some of the Citizens in order to possess himself of Lisbon Having layed his Design which could not be kept secret he set out but being attack'd in the way by a Party that lay in wait for him was killed with most of those that attended him in the Year 1449. Authors do not agree in what Month. He was a Man of a great Spirit and very wife It is said the King was much concerned at his Death but that is not likely since he lay long unburyed but at last was honourably Interred at Aljubarrota the Burial Place of the Kings His Son James was taken went afterwards to Flanders and his Aunt the Dutchess Elizabeth made Interest at Rome to have him chosen a Cardinal His Sister Beatrix went also to Flanders and was married to Adolphus Duke of Cleves After this Portugal enjoy'd Peace a long time and the King being come to Age governed prudently but was more Fortunate in the War he made with the Moors whilst young than in that with Castile in his latter Years He spent much of his Treasure in redeeming of Captives that were in Africk and is only censured for having been too much governed by his Courtiers and Favourites D. Alvaro being left at Ocan̄a as has been said to make the necessary Preparations for War found himself much streightned for Mony and therefore by way of Loan demanded a Million of Maravedles of Toledo a rich and large City Alonso Cota a considerable Citizen was employed to Collect this Mony but the Citizens opposed him saying it was contrary to their Charter D. Aloaro being informed of it order'd the Collection of the Mony to go on Hereupon the Town mutiny'd and gave the Alarm with a Bell from the great Church John Alonso and Peter Galvez two Canons were they that stirred up the People A Fellow that made Skins to carry Wine whose Name is not known headed the Rabble They fired the House of Alonso Cota and the Flame spreading all the Quarter of St. Mary Magdalen was consumed where most of the rich Merchants lived whose Houses were plundered This happen'd on the 26th of January The greatest Sufferers were those they call New Christians because descended from Jews Peter Sarmiento the Governour and his Lieutenant Marcos Garcia whom in contempt the People to this Day call Marquillos de Maçarambro◠that ought to have quell'd the Mutiny encouraged the Rabble This done fearing the Punishment they had well deserved they shut their Gates and their Joy was soon turned into Sorrow D. Alvaro of himself not being strong enough to appease those Tumults because Peter Sarmiento was his Enemy gave advice to the King who having taken Benavente repaired to Toledo and the Gates being shut against him took up his Quarters in the Hospital of S. Lazarus Several Cannon-shot were made at him from the City Peter Sarmiento put some Citizens upon the Rack plundered their Houses and executed them for Corresponding with the King The King removed to Torijos thither came Deputies to him from Toledo to tell him if he did not remove D. Alvaro de Luna and preserve their Franchises that and other Cities would proclaim Prince Henry King These Deputies were dismissed without any Answer The King besieged the City but Prince Henry coming to its Relief the Siege was raised yet the People would not deliver the Keys of the City or Castle to the Prince On the 6th of June the Citizens made an Order that none descended of Jews should be capable of any publick Employment A Dean of Toledo writ a Treatise to shew the illegality of that Ordinance and offered to defend his Opinion by publick Dispute He also writ largely about it to the Bishop of Cuenca shewing that many very noble Families were related to Jews So far he proceeded herein that Pope Nicholas by his special Bull condemn'd that Act or Ordinance This Bull bares date September the 24th 1449. Two years after he put out another Bull to the same effect The Archbishops of Toledo D. Alonso Carrillo and the Cardinal D. Peter Gonzales in two Synods one held at Alcala the other at Vitoria condemned it also Our Historians have omitted this Tumult of Toledo as I suppose for fear of making themselves odious but I would not omit it having found it in very authentick Manuscripts The King of Navarre ceased not to stir up the Nobility of Castile to Rebellion The Cities of Murcia and Cuenca were ill affected towards the King which was no small Encouragement to the Navarrois and his Adherents Many Incursions were made by the Aragonians into Castile and they took a great Booty of Cattle about Requena defeating a Body of the Townsmen who ventured out to recover it Nevertheless their Design of securing Murcia failed them Cuenca was attempted by the Aragonians invited thither by the Governour of the Castle which was then in the highest part of the City now only the Ruins of it remain Here also they were disappointed for Bishop Barrientos defended the City with great Resolution In Aragon the Admiral of Castile being returned out of Italy the King's Orders were read in a full Assembly of the States and some were for raising Forces and declaring War with Castile But the Commons oppos'd it and therefore other Methods were thought of It was propos'd to marry the Prince of Viana with the Earl of Haro's Daughter It was also laboured that
that Name signifying The Lord Alexander He was given up a Hostage to Amurat the Turk but making his escape with a handful of Men held out for several Years in Epirus and overthrew great Armies of Turks But finding himself too weak alone to oppose that great Power he laboured to get forreign Aids and to this purpose made a League with the Venetians implored the Favour of the Popes and sent a solemn Embassy to the King of Aragon at the beginning of the Year 1451 offering if he relieved him with Men and Mony that after the War was ended that Province should pay the same Tribute to him it used to pay to the Turk The King sent some Supplies but too small to oppose the vast Power of the Enemy This Year was Fortunate to Spain for the Birth of the Princess Elizabeth for whom Heaven design'd the Crown of Castile her Brothers dying She was an incomparable Princess and the Glory of Spain She was born at Mndrigal on the 23d of April Henry Brother to the Admiral who had been taken up with the other Noblemen three Years before made his escape out of the Castle of Langa near Santistevan de Gormaz He had a Clew of Thred sent him and laying his Cloaths in the Bed with the Night-cap as if he had been there went up to a Tower where with the Thred he drew up a Rope that some of his Friends had ready below for him The Rope was knotted and so he let himself down Mean while the Governour looking into his Room and seeing something in the Bed thought he slept and went away satisfyed It Portugal Ellenor the King's Sister was contracted to the Emperor Frederick at Lisbon on the 9th of August Soon after the Bride was sent by Sea to Pisa and went thence to Siena in Italy The Nobility of Castile falling off from him and the Prince of Viana revolting the King of Navarre's Interest declined both at home and abroad All this was the Contrivance of D Alvaro de Luna to secure himself but it turned to his Ruin By his advice there was a sort of an Accommodation made betwixt the Kings of Castile and Navarre It was agreed that the Admiral and Earl of Castro and other Noblemen should be pardoned and restored to their Estates as also that D. Alonso Son to the King of Navarre should again have the Mastership of Calatrava But this succeeded not for Peter Giron who was in Possession made himself strong in the Town of Almagro resolving to stand upon his Guard So D. Alonso was forc'd to return to Aragon as he came which highly offended the King of Navarre To add to his Trouble Prince Henry was by the means of D. Alvaro entirely reconciled to his Father But the most grievous thing of all was that a tedious and bloody Civil War broke out in Navarre That Nation had been long divided betwixt two Factions the Biamonteses and the Agramonteses headed by the Earl of Lerin and Marques of Cortes and much Blood had been spilt The Agramonteses were for the King the Biamonteses inticed the Prince to take up Arms against his Father who they said wrongfully with-held the Crown from him In the first Place they made a League with Castile and France The King of Castile promised to assist the Prince provided he would declare and take up Arms. The King of France did the same being then in a Condition to do it having recovered all Guienne from the English As soon as the Civil War broke out in Navarre the Biamonteses seized several Towns and Cities and among them Pamplona the Metropolis of the Kingdom Olite and Aivar Yet the greatest part of the Kingdom and the Principality of Viana remained in the King's Power he having in time put Garrisons and given the Government of Towns to Men of approved Fidelity Prince Henry and soon after his Father the King of Castile came and layed Siege to Estela where the Queen of Navarre was The King her Husband speeded from Zaragoça to her Relief but bringing small Force with him and the Agramonteses not being yet able to oppose the Enemies he was forced to return to Zaragoça designing to raise Men in that Kingdom As soon as he was gone the King and Prince of Castile as it the War were ended tho they had done nothing at the Request of Prince Charles returned to Burgos His mild Nature was hurtful to Prince Charles for his Father having raised an Army tho small in Number yet composed of Old Soldiers lay'd Siege to Ayvar a well fortify'd Town His Son came to relieve the Besieged and on the 3d of October both Armies drew out Some Religious Persons laboured to reconcile the Father and Son Prince Charles was willing to lay down Arms upon Condition all that had followed him should be pardoned That the Principality of Viana and half the Revenues of the Crown should be given to him and that the King of Castile without whom he had sworn he would make no Peace should approve of these Articles The King of Navarre allowed part and rejected part of the Conditions whereupon the signal for Battle was given on both sides At first the Biamonteses made their Enemies give way but Roderick Rebolledo the King's Lord Chamberlain stood his Ground with such bravery that he gave time for those who had not engaged to come up and then they that fled before rallying endeavoured to blot out the shame of having turned their Backs Thus the Prince's Forces being an undisciplined Multitude not able to bear the Charge were put to Flight The first that ran were the Horse of Andaluzia But a few were killed many taken The Prince himself being beset delivered his Sword and Gauntlet to his Brother Alonso Authors do not write what Numbers fought or what were killed nor give any particular Account of the Battle The Prince was sent Prisoner to Tafalla and thence to Monroy It is reported he was always suspicious of being Poisoned and therefore when taken would not eat till his Brother had tasted The King of Navarre after this Victory returned to Zaragoça with his Wife who proved soon after with Child Yet the Biamonteses were no way dismayed at this Loss especially because Prince Henry came to their Assistance Besides the Nobility of Aragon favoured Prince Charles and plotted how to release him Navarre was in a miserable Condition the Country plundered by Soldiers and the Towns divided into Factions which often fell to blows In Andaluzia the Affairs of the Christians succeeded better On the 9th of February 1452 a much less party of Christians routed 600 Moorish Horse and 800 Foot who wasted the Country about Arcos D. John Ponce Earl of Arcos and Lord of Marchena commanded this Party In March 600 Horse and 1500 Foot of the Infidels were overthrown with great Slaughter by 300 Christian Horse and 2000 Foot near Lorca in the Kingdom of Murcia and a Booty of 40000 head of Cattle
done It is a wonderful thing that none of all those D. Alvaro had raised now appeared for him He was sent Prisoner to Portillo in keeping of James de Zuniga Son to the Marshal In̄igo de Zuniga This Year so remarkable in Spain for the Death of this great Man was fatal to Christendom for the loss of the City Constantinople taken by Mahomet the Great Turk after a Siege of 54 Days Great Cruelties were committed in it when entred and it has ever since been the Metropolis of the Turkish Empire Charles Prince of Viana was carryed to Zaragoça and there at the Request of the Aragonians pardon'd and set at Liberty on the 22d of June The Prince promised Obedience for the future and to withdraw his Garrisons out of all Places that held for him For Security of Performance he delivered Luis de Biamonte Earl of Lerin and Constable of Navarre and his Children with other Noblemen as Hostages The Joy for this Agreement was not lasting for new Tumults began soon after The Father's Covetousness and Son's Impatience for a long time consumed the Kingdom of Navarre as shall be related in its place Whilst the King of Castile seized upon D. Alvaro de Luna's Lands and Treasures he prepared in Prison to clear himself of the Crimes lay'd to his Charge but there was no likelyhood he should be cleared the King being his Enemy The Judges appointed to examin his Case gave Sentence of Death against him From Portillo he was carryed to Valladolid to be Executed Having confessed and received the Sacrament he was led out to Execution a Cryer proclaiming before him in manner following Our Sovereign Lord the King commands this cruel Tyrant to be Executed for that he with extraordinary Pride and Presumption to the great abuse of the Royal Majesty which is the Image of God upon Earth made himself Master of the King's Court and Palace usurping the place that did not belong to him and committed many great Crimes Extortions Rapines Violences and tyrannical Actions to the hainous offence of God and our faid Lord the King the disgrace and lessening of his Person Crown and Dignity the impairing of his Revenue and obstructing of Justice For which his Offences he is to be beheaded that the Justice of God and the King may appear and he be made an Example to deterr others from committing the like Crimes To such Actions such a Reward In the Market-place was erected a Scaffold with a Crucifix and two Flamboys on the sides of it Being upon the Scaffold he bowed to the Cross and going forward gave his Ring he used to Seal with and his Hat to his Page saying This is all I have lest to give you This moved him to weep and many followed his Example Barrasa Master of the Horse to Prince Henry being present D. Alvaro called and said to him Go warn the Prince from me not to follow this Example of his Fathers in rewarding his Servants Then seeing a high Iron hook he asked the Executioner what it was for and being told it was to fix his Head upon answered When I am dead do as thou wilt with my Body for to a brave Man neither is the manner of his Death disgraceful nor can it come too soon to him that has attained such high Honours This said he opened his Garment and without the least mark of fear bowed down his Head which was cut off on the 5th of July He was a Man in all respects great who for the space of 30 Years absolutely governed the King and directed all his Actions Alonso de Espina a Franciscan Fryar accompanied D. Alvaro de Luna to the place of Execution This Fryar wrote a Book called Fortalitium Fidei an excellent Work The dead Body remained three Days on the Scaffold with a Bason by it to gather Alms to bury him that not long before was equal to some Kings He was interred at St. Andrews the common Burial Place of Persons executed thence removed to St. Francis in that Town and lastly to his own Chappel in the Cathedral of Toledo It is reported an Astrologer told D. Alvaro his Death would be at or on Cadahalso which he supposed to be meant of a Town he had of that Name and therefore never went thither but Cadahalso in Spanish is a Scaffold But these are vain Observations The King besieged Escalona which place after the Death of D. Alvaro was surrendred by his Wife upon Condition his Treasure should be equally divided betwixt the King and her self All the rest was confiscated except the Town of Santistevan left to his Son D. John whose Daughter and Heiress married James the Son of John Pacheco and so the Earldom of Santistevan and Marquisate of Villena were united D. Alvaro had a Daughter married to In̄igo Lopez de Mendoça Duke del Infantado Also a Bastard Son and Daughter Thus much of D. Alvaro At Granada Ismael with the Assistance of the Christians and his Party among the Moors wrested the Crown from his Cousin Mahomet the Lame but being in the Throne soon forgot the Obligations he owed to the Christians In Portugal a new sort of Mony was coined called Cruzados which took that Name from the Croisade then granted by Pope Nicholas the V. to all that went to the War against the Moors in Barbary at the Request of D. Alvaro Gonzalez Bishop of Lanego CHAP. VII The Designs and Death of King John of Castile Discoveries of the Portugueses along the Coast of Africk Prince Henry proclaim'd King of Castile Peace concluded betwixt Castile Aragon and Navarre The Character of Henry the new King of Castile THE Death of D. Alvaro de Luna no way contributed to alter the Posture of Affairs for the better tho the King was resolved had he lived to take upon himself the Government and follow the Advice of the Bishop of Cuenca and Prior of Guadlupe Men of great Integrity and Piety To this purpose he sent for them both to come to Avila whither he went from Escalona He designed also to keep 8000 Horse in constant pay to be a check to his Subjects and a standing Power against Forreign Enemies Besides he resolved that every City should be impowered to Collect the Revenue that there might be no need of Farmers or Collectors who oppress the People to enrich themselves The Portugueses at this time began to make vast Discoveries along the Coast of Africk as far as the Cape of Good Hope Prince Henry Uncle to the King of Portugal being learned in Astrology and zealous of promoting the Christian Faith was the first that undertook this Affair The King of Castile pretended that Conquest appertained to him and threatned War in case the Portugues did not desist He answered he knew no wrong had been done and hoped the King of Castile would not begin a War before that dispute was decided by Law The King of Castile went to Medina del Campo and Valladolid to try
whether the Change of Air would remove an Ague that consumed him There he received the Answer from Portugal and the Queen of Aragon who came to settle Peace betwixt the Princes of Spain wherein she was not unsuccessful Notwithstanding there happened a new Cause of Offence which was that Prince Henry was Divorced from Blanch his Wife pretending that by reason of some Witchcraft he could not have to do with her whereas in Truth his other Debaucheries made him unfit to have to do with a Maid The Divorce was first granted by Luis de Acun̄a Administrator of the Church of Segovia for the Cardinal D. John de Cervantes and afterwards confirmed by the Archbishop of Toledo commissioned by Pope Nicholas But the World was surprized that after this Divorce Prince Henry should marry again On the 13th of November the King of Castile had a Son born at Tordesillas called Alonso who tho short liv'd was the cause of a Bloody War At the Instance of the Queen of Aragon a Treaty of Peace was set on Foot betwixt the Kings of Castile and Aragon as also betwixt the King of Navarre and the Prince his Son and for the better carrying of it on a Truce was concluded for the following Year Whilst these things were in Agitation the King's Sickness increased to that Degree that having received the Sacraments he dyed at Valladolid on the 20th of July 1454. For the present he was deposited at St. Paul in Valladolid and afterwards as he had ordered translated to the Carthusians at Burgos built By his Father and given to that Order by him His Obsequies were performed in all Cities and even at Naples where the Vinetian Embassador appearing among the Mourners cloathed in Scarlet and Crimson changed their Sorrow into Laughter Besides a great part of the Mausoleum built of Wood in the Church was burnt by the great number of Lights In his Will the King left the Mastership of Santiago and Constableship of Castile to his Son Prince Alonso and appointed the Bishop of Cuenca the Prior of Guadalupe and John de Padilla the Lord Chamberlain his Tutors It is thought if he had not been so young he would have appointed him his Successor being highly offended at Prince Henry To the Princess Elizabeth he left the Town of Cuenca and a great Sum of Mony to the Queen his Wife Soria Arevalo and Madrigal Four days after the late King's Death Prince Henry was proclaimed King Immediately the Earls or Alva and Trevin̄o were released out of Prison which made the Joy at the Coronation the more compleat All the late King's Officers of the Houshold were continu'd in their Posts Lastly the Treaty of Peace began by the Queen of Aragon was concluded upon these Conditions That the King of Navarre D. Alonso his Son and Henry Son to Prince Henry of Aragon renounce all their Pretensions to any Estates or Dignities in Castile That in lieu thereof the King of Castile pay them yearly certain Pensions then agreed upon That the Admiral of Castile his Brother Henry John de Tovar Lord of Berlanga and the rest that took party with the King of Navarre may return to their Estates D. James Gomez de Sandoval Earl of Castro dyed before his Cause was determined and was buryed at Borgia Before his Death for his great Fidelity to the Aragonians he had Denia in the Kingdom of Valencia and Lerma in Old Castile given him These Towns he left to his Son Ferdinand who with some other Outlaws was not comprehended in the Pardon but left to the Mercy of the New King All Places taken during the late War on both sides were agreed to be restored 15000 Florins were given to the King of Navarre for the Town of Atiença Next it was attempted to settle the Affairs of Navarre but that succeeded not Whilst the Princes concerned could ratify the Peace already concluded it was agreed to prolong the Truce for a Year longer This done the Queen of Aragon returned to her Kingdom D. John Pacheco Marques of Villen̄a was now beyond Dispute the most powerful Nobleman in Castile as well in respect of his great Riches as the Favour of the new King He and D. Ferrer de Lanuza and D. John Biamonte Brother to the Constable of Navarre being commissioned by their Masters the Kings of Castile and Navarre and Charles Prince of Viana met at Agreda about the beginning of the Year 1455 to compose the Differences betwixt the King of Navarre and his Son but they had no Success It was supposed D. John Pacheco underhand obstructed the Peace of Navarre fearing it might be a means to lessen his Authority Only a Truce was concluded to last till the end of April Thus much of Navarre In Castile the hopes the People had conceived that the Change of Government would produce some good Effect now vanished The new King was as much given to his Ease as his Father and in other Respects was worse He had Wit enough but no Resolution was given up to Lewdness and hated Business D. John Pacheco governed with more Moderation than D. Alvaro de Luna or at least was more Fortunate for he held it all his Life time King Henry had a great Head a high Forehead cloudy Eyes his Nose fallen not naturally but by an accident his Hair of a Chesnut colour his Complexion ruddy and swarthy All his Face was disagreeable his Body tall his Legs long but his Limbs strong He loved Hunting and Musick and was not over curious in his Dress He drank Water eat much his Manners and course of Life were wholly addicted to Debauchery and Lewdness This weakned his Body which was subject to Diseases as his Mind was to Inconstancy He was called the Liberal and the Impotent this last Title from a defect in Nature the other from his great Profuseness in giving He forgot the Favours he bestowed but remembred any Service done him He was extreamly courteous spoke lovingly to all Men and was merciful to a Fault This strange Mixture of different Qualities was the cause there never were greater Troubles than in his Time He reign'd 20 Years 4 Months and two Days CHAP. VIII The great League made in Italy The Death of Pope Nicholas Calixtus succeeds him The War of Granada King Henry of Castile marries Joanna Sister to the King of Portugal Earthquaks in Italy THREE years before this we write of there began a bloody War in Italy Francis Sforcia being possessed of the Dutchy of Milan demanded of the Venetians certain Towns belonging to the Dutchy which they held along the River Abdua They refusing he resolved to use Force and to that purpose joyned in League with the Florentines In revenge the Venetians commanded all Florentines to depart out of their Territories and forbid all Commerce with them Besides by the means of Leonello Marques of Ferrara they joyned in League with the King of Aragon William Marques of Montferrat was sent
the People being divided into Factions A great Number followed Charles Prince of Viana most Men believing he had the best right His Sister Blanch espoused his Quarrel with all her might which so highly offended the King their Father that he treated with the Earl of Faux his Son in Law about making over the Crown to him and disinheriting Charles and Blanch. The better to secure their Design they courted the King of France to joyn with them The King of Castile favoured Prince Charles and therefore there was danger of a War betwixt France and Spain At the same time King Henry was making Preparations for the War with the Moors of Granada and concluding a new Match then in Hand The Cortes met at Cuellar where all degrees of People encouraged one another to take Arms and laboured to express their Loyalty to the new King During the King's absence the Archbishop of Toledo and Earl of Haro were left at Valladolid joynt Commissioners to govern the Kingdom This done having gathered a powerful Army in which were 5000 Horse the King entred the Territories of the Moors and marched to the Plain of Granada Soon after he destroyed all the Territory of Malaga with Fire and Sword in so short a time that a single Man a Horseback could scarce have overrun it so soon Joanna Sister to King Alonso of Portugal had been contracted to the King of Castile by Proxy The Marriage was celebrated at Cordova on the 21st of May with great Solemnity and Joy the Nobility and Commonalty from all parts flocking thither There was running at Tilt and other Sports and Shows among the Military Men. Some looked upon it as an ill Omen that the Marriage was solemnized in the heat of War and therefore said that Joy would not be lasting They were married by the Archbishop of Tours then Embassador in Castile from the King of France with whom Castile was in amity and at odds with the English they being mortal Enemies to the French The fame of the War against the Moors brought such Numbers of Men that the Army consisted of 14000 Horse and 50000 Foot With these Forces three Incursions were made into the Territories of the Moors firing all the Plain even in sight of the City Granada The Moors assembled on all sides but the King thought not fit to come to a Battle having resolved for three Years continually to destroy the Corn and by that means reduce them to extream want This highly offended the Soldiers who gaped after Plunder and they threatned since so many Opportunities were let pass they would not fight when their Officers commanded The Nobility also conspired to seize the King and carry on the War after another manner Peter Giron Master of Calatrava was the chief of the Conspirators In̄igo de Mendoça third Son to the Marques de Santillana advised the King to return from Alcaudete where that contrivance was hatched to Cordova without acquainting him what was intended against him At Cordova the King was informed of the Conspiracy For that Reason as also because the Season was far advanced he dismissed his Army with Orders to be again ready in the Spring The Nobility were also dismissed and their Posts given to others which was a Punishment for their disloyalty and shewed their Intrigue was discovered The King went away to Avila and thence to Segovia to hunt resolving to return to Andaluzia very soon and to express his Resolution took two Branches of a Pomgranate Tree knotted together for the Orle of his Scutcheon that being the Coat of Arms of the Kings of Granada This denoted he would not desist till he had quite expelled the Moors In Naples at the beginning of the Year 1456 D. Alonso de Aragon Prince of Capua and Ellenor his Sister both Grandchildren to the King of Aragon were married to Hippolito and Sforcia Maria Son and Daughter of Francis Sforcia Duke of Milan Pope Calixtus was much alarmed at this Allyance it being chiefly designed against him The King of Castile returned to the War with the Moors but without the Nobility He observed the same method he had done before of wasting the Country and the Soldiers being kept from fighting were ready to Mutiny To prevent any Tumult the King called them together and in few Words shewed how much better it was to subdue the Enemy without hazarding themselves than to try the event of a Battle which must cost many Lives Thus the Army was rather appeased than satisfyed and returned to Cordova where some were dismissed and others put into Winter Quarters About the latter end of the Year the King went away to Madrid Mean while the King of Portugal sent a great Fleet towards Italy to joyn with the Confederates It arrived there at such time as the heat of the Princes of Italy was abated and new Commotions began to break out at Genoa and Siena Thus the Portugues Fleet returned home without effecting any thing Elizabeth Queen of Portugal dyed at Ebora on the 12th of December It was suspected and even agreed on all Hands that she was Poisoned The great Love the People bore her whilst she lived made this Suspicion the more easily pass for Truth and their Tears for her Death sufficiently declared their Affection The King tho he was in the prime of his Age would not marry for several Years This year was very unfortunate to the City and Kingdom of Naples for great Earthquakes which overthrew or at least endamaged many Towns and Castles The greatest Mischief was done at Brindez and Isernia In the farthest parts of Italy some Buildings were levelled with the Ground from the very Foundations others were abandoned and a Town called Boyano was swallowed up a Lake remaining in the Place of it to this Day as a Memorial of that Disaster 60000 Souls are said to have perished Pope Pius the II. and S. Antoninus say 30000 either of them a prodigious Number CHAP. IX The Prince of Viana flies to Naples The Kings of Castile and Navarre meet and conclude a Peace The War with the Moors The Death of Alonso King of Aragon His Character and Will John King of Navarre inherits the Crown of Aragon SPain found no end of its tedious Troubles The Tumults in Navarre were hotter than ever Their Neighbours the Biscainers took Arms against one another and many were daily killed Among them the great Men and Heads of Families devoured the People confiding in the strength of their Houses which are like Castles King Henry coming in time from Segovia with a sufficient Force to quell these Disorders overthrew many of those Houses which served as an Example to others not to commit the like Insolencies This happened in February 1451. Upon the way the King received into his Family a Youth born at Darango his Name Perucho Munzar who afterwards became his great Favourite Being so near Navarre the King was willing to assist Prince Charles his Friend and Ally but
in Poverty yet wickedly and hated by all Men. Thus he soon endured the Punishment of his short Pleasure being severely chastized by the Hand of God as he had well deserved The End of the Two and Twentieth Book The History of SPAIN BOOK XXIII CHAP. I. The Councel of Mantua Beginnings of Tumults in Castile War at Naples betwixt the Aragonians and House of Anjou Scanderbeg Prince of Epirus comes to the Assistance of Ferdinand King of Naples POpe Pius the Second having appointed a General Councel to meet at Mantua a great number of Bishops from all Parts and Ambassadors of Princes repaired thither as did the Pope himself His only Care was to stir up all Christendom to unite its Forces against the Common Enemy David Emperor of Trebizonde a City in Asia the Lesser upon the Euxine Sea Ussumcassanus King of Armenia and George who stiled himself King of Persia offered great Numbers of Horse and Foot and a mighty Fleet but there was little Confidence to be reposed in their Promises The Western Countries were so entangled with Broils and Confusions at home that little could be hoped from them Notwithstanding all these Difficulties the Pope was not discouraged but resolved to use his utmost Endeavours to promote the Holy War and therefore in a full Assembly of those that came to the Councel made a most Learned Speech laying before them how great a Reproach to Christianity the loss of the Eastern Empire had been and how much nearer since that time the Danger threatned all the Western Part of the World He pressed for some Prince to encourage that War by taking upon him to be General and then offered to carry the Cross before them himself His Words moved the Auditory but the Ambassadors of Princes wasted the Time in Private Controversies Particularly John Duke of Lorrain Son to Renee Duke of Anjou complained that the Pope had given the Investiture of the Kingdom of Naples to Ferdinand his Enemy Thus nothing was done to any purpose only a Verbal Decree was made for carrying on the War The Pope published a Bull in which contrary to his own Opinion at the Councel of Basil he ordains That none shall Appeal from the Pope to a General Councel Thus the Councel was dissolved the Eighth Month after the opening of it The Aragonian Ambassadors after the Councel broke up went away to Naples to Congratulate with the new King upon his Accession to that Crown InÌ„igo Lopez de Mendoça the Ambassador of Castile obtained of the Pope a Jubilee for all that gave certain Alms employed to build at Tendilla a Monastery of Friars of St. Isidorus of the Invocation of St. Ann. Mean while the City Guadalajara was taken from his Brother James de Mendoça he having possessed himself of it wrongfully John Fernandez Galindo a famous Officer surprized it with 600 Horse This the Nobles took for a new Cause of Discontent and combined against the King D. â—â—ederick the Admiral heightned their Discontents He sollicited his Son-in-Law the King of Aragon to join with the Seditious Nobility and make War upon Castile With him joined the Archbishop of Toledo D. Peter Giron Master of Calatrava and the Families of Manrique and Mendoça Their Pretence was to reform the Government D. Alonso de Fonseca Archbishop of Sevil gave the King an Account of these Practices As a Reward for this good Service the Archbishoprick of Santiago vacant by the Death of D. Roderick de Luna was given to a Kinsman of his called also Alonso de Fonseca who was Dean of Sevil. D. Luis Osorio had then possessed himself of the Revenues of that Church confiding in the Power of his Father the Earl of Trastamara None but a Person of great Authority could reduce him and therefore the two Archbishops changed Sees by the King's Consent The Church of Pamplona upon the Death of D. Martin de Peralta was given to Cardinal Besarion a Greek but very Learned and of a godly Life The Troubles of Naples were the chief Thing that disturbed Pope Pius otherwise wholly bent upon the Holy War The War began again to break out betwixt John the Son of Renee and the new King Ferdinand most of the Neapolitan Nobility as given to Change favouring the House of Anjou The first that appeared in Arms was Anthony Centellas Marquis of Croton who having got his Liberty meditated Revenge but the King was too quick and again laid him in Prison Martin Marciano tho married to Ellenor the King's Sister headed the Rebels many joined with him among whom the chief were the Prince of Taranto Anthony Cardora and John Paul Duke of Sora. Francis Sforcia Duke of Milan being at the Councel of Mantua advised the Pope to enter into League with King Ferdinand for that the French being expelled Italy all Difficulties that obstructed the War with the Turks would be easily surmounted The Pope approved of this Councel but it was not easily to be put into Execution for that King Ferdinand was then besieged in Barletta a City of Apulia and knew not well how to defend himself The Pope would send him no Relief because the Enemy had secured all the Avenues by Land Therefore he sent to George Scanderbeg Prince of Epirus then a most Renowned General who understanding the Pope's Will sent before Coicus Strosius with 500 Albanian Horse and soon after gathering a good Fleet sailed to Ragusa and thence to Barleta Immediately upon his Arrival the Rebels raised the Siege King Ferdinand having joined the Succours sent him by the Pope and Duke of Milan overthrew his Enemies in Battel and soon recovered the Towns that held for them Scanderbeg having spent a Year in this Expedition returned home well satisfied with the King who gave him and his Heirs the City Trani and the Castles of St. John and Siponto After this he obtained several Victories over the Turks and died at the end of Seven Years leaving a Son called John under the Care of the Venetians Nevertheless he ordered him till he could recover his Principality to live at Naples upon what Estate that King had given him From him is descended the most Noble Family of the Castriots Marquisses of Civita de Santangelo in the Kingdom of Naples In Spain Charles Prince of Viana having obtained Pardon for himself and his Followers and the Promise of a competent Revenue for his Maintenance came from Majorca to Barcelona on the 22d of March 1460. It was proposed to marry him with Catherine Sister to the King of Portugal When the Match was as good as concluded the King of Castile took it off offering him his Sister Elizabeth with Assurance of obtaining what he desired of his Father with the Assistance of Castile Hereupon Prince Charles no farther thought of the Match with Portugal and the Princess Catherine went into the Monastery of S' Clare at Lisbon where she ended her Days at such time as it was designed to marry her to Edward IV.
King of England D. Frederick the Admiral discovered the Prince's Designs to the King of Aragon He sent for him to Lerida where the Cortes of Catalonia then sate and those of Aragon at Fraga He was advised not to go but resolved to obey and was received with Demonstrations of Love but presently after committed to Prison notwithstanding he loudly complained of Breach of Faith and the Designs of his Mother-in-Law The Nobility associated themselves engaging never to give over till their Prince were set at Liberty CHAP. II. War renewed by the Moors of Granada the Prince of Viana imprisoned and released his Death the Rebellion of Catalonia also in Navarre the Kings of France and Castile meet THE Peace established with the Moors having lasted about Three Years was now broken Ismael King of Granada had Two Sons Albohaçen and Boabdelin Albohaçen desiring to exercise his Valour gathered 2500 Horse and 15000 Foot with this Force he entred the Territory of Estepa in Andaluzia did great Mischief and drove away a vast number of Cattel Roderick Ponçe Son to the Earl of Arcos being informed hereof with the Assistance of Luis Pernia Commandant at Osuna mustered about 260 Horse and 600 Foot and marched after the Enemy who was going off in disorder and fearing no Encounter It seemed a Madness for so small a Number to engage that Multitude but D. Roderick from an Eminence observing that part of the Moors with the Booty had passed the River called De las Yeaguas and only the Horse remained behind commanded the Trumpets to â—and and his Men to fall on The Christians charged the Moors who were divided into three Bodies and received them with Resolution The Fight lasted long but at length the Moors were put to the Rout and 1400 of them slain Of the Christians 30 Horse and 150 Foot were killed Our Men quartered that Night at a place called Fuente de Piedra and being next day gathering the Plunder saw the Cattel coming towards them in great Flocks At first they imagined the Enemy had rallied but it soon appeared that the Cattel being left was returning as naturally they will towards their own Pasture The Peace thus broken Incursions were made on both sides but nothing remarkable happened Only D. John de Guzman first Duke of Medina Sidonia prepared to besiege Gibraltar nothing discouraged by the Misfortune of his Father The War raised against the King of Aragon in his own Dominions was more dangerous The Catalonians sent Deputies to beg of him to set at liberty the Prince of Viana He refused and from Words they came to Blows A great Number of Men set out from Barcelona and possessed themselves of Fraga on the Borders of Aragon Gonçalo de Saavedra sent by the King of Castile to the Assistance of the Catalonians with 1500 Horse was a great Encouragement to them D. John de Cabrera Earl of Modica in Sicily was General of the Catalonians On the other side D. Luis de Biamonte was on the Frontiers of Navarre with a good Body ready to enter Aragon if the King would not grant their Request Necessity obliged him to set his Son free on the First of March 1461. ordering the Queen his Mother-in-Law to conduct him from Morella where he was Prisoner to Villafranca There he was delivered to the Catalonians who nevertheless would not admit the Queen into Barcelona tho' they laid down their Arms. Yet for all this contrary to his Father's Will they swore to him as Heir to that Principality obliged his Father to declare him Governor of all his Dominions a Dignity usually given to the eldest Sons of those Kings and to consent that he should be Absolute in Catalonia These were hard Terms but there was no other way to appease the Catalonians Now again the Treaty of Marriage between Prince Charles and the Princess Elizabeth of Castile was hotly pursued and it was looked upon as good as concluded whereupon the Prince sent to Compliment the Princess and her Mother War broke out at the same time in Navarre for Charles Artieda as soon as the Prince was at liberty seized in his Name the Town of Lumbier in that Kingdom D. Alonso afterwards Duke of Villahermosa sent by the King besieged and furiously battered that Place The Prince's Party was weak but the King of Castile sent Roderick Ponçe and Gonçalo de Suavedra with Forces who raised the Siege Greater Preparations were making to continue that War when the News was spread abroad that the Queen was with Child This pleased some yet others gave out she was with Child by D. Beltran de la Cueva but it could never be proved whether this were true or that it was only so allowed afterwards in favour of King Ferdinand when he came to the Crown D. Alonso de Fonseca the Archbishop was sent from Court on pretence of doing him Honour to reside at Valladolid and Govern the Kingdom whilst the King was absent at the War he designed in Navarre This was done by the Advice of his Competitor the Marquiss de Villena who removed him from the King hoping thereby to become absolute in his Favour and promised to reduce the Disaffected Nobility particulary the Archbishop of Toledo and the Admiral for the Master of Calatrava had already submitted and was raising Men for the War in Navarre As soon as D. Alonso de Fonseca was gone to Valladolid the Marquiss de Villena went into the Kingdom of Toledo and at the same time the Master of Calatrava came to Aranda de Duero with 2500 Horse With that Force the King of Castile marched towards Almaçan The Aragonians were much alarmed but the Army marched away towards Navarre and in May came to LogronÌ„o a great Town in the Territory of Rioja there having received Supplies from all Parts they advanced into Navarre The Town of St. Vincent and Guardia surrendered Viana was besieged and at last delivered up by Peter Peralta who was Governour thereof and Constable of Navarre Lerin was very strong and could not be taken D. Alonso Son to the King of Aragon took the Town of Arbacuca by assault all the Castillian Garison being killed or taken All these high Designs came to nothing by the death of Charles Prince of Viana at Barcelona It was supposed Trouble and Toil was the cause of his death but the Biamonteses could never be persuaded but he had a slow Poison given him in Prison He died on the 23d of September begged pardon of his Father at the Hour of his death and was buried at Poblete He lived 40 Years 3 Months and 26 Days more famous for his Misfortunes than any other thing His Device was Two fierce Mastives fighting for a Bone denoting the Kings of France and Castile between whom Navarre was consumed Other great Men died now as Charles VII King of France His Son Lewis XI succeeded him Prince Henry Uncle to the King of Portugal departed this Life on the 13th of
November having never touched Woman tho 77 Years of Age. Of all the Brothers only D. Alonso the Bastard Duke of Bragança remained and he also died the next Year By his Wife Beatrix Daughter to the Constable Nun̄o Pereira he had a Son called Ferdinand from whom are lineally descended the Dukes of Bragança in Portugal Prince Charles dying the Cause of Discord was taken away and yet the Effect ceased not Ferdinand Brother to the Deceased was immediately sworn Heir to the Crown first at Calatayud for Aragon and then at Barcelona for Catalonia Nevertheless the People took Arms the Nobility giving it out that the Prince was poisoned by his Mother-in-Law The chief Incendiary was F. John Gualves a Dominican who with seditious Sermons stirred up the People to Rebellion Barcelona being in an Uproar the Queen went away thence to Girona The King of Aragon perceiving the Danger that threatned sollicited foreign Princes particularly the King of France and Castile to assist him or at least that the latter would not offend him since Prince Charles was dead King Henry was at Madrid joyful that the Queen was with Child having caused her to be brought thither on Men's Shoulders that the Journey might not do her harm At the beginning of the Year 1462 she was delivered of a Daughter called Joanna who was immediately sworn Heiress of Castile The People believed her the Daughter of D. Beltran and the more because he was then created Earl of Ledesma Andrew de Cabera his great Friend was made Steward of the Houshold which was a step for him to attain vast Wealth The Count d' Armagnac was then at Court as Ambassador from the King of France to settle Peace The Archbishop of Toledo being reconciled to the King held the Supreme Power On the 23d of March the Aragonian Ambassadors at length concluded a Peace between Castile and Aragon and for Security Cautionary Towns were given to the King of Castile who put others into a Third hand to remain as Pledges on his part On the 12th of April the King of Aragon made a League with the King of France at Olite It was there agreed That the King of France should send the Aragonian 700 Men at Arms and 200000 Crowns for which the States of Cerdagne and Russillon were mortgaged to him the Revenues thereof not to be accounted any part of Payment To ratifie this Contract the Two Kings appointed an Interview at Salvatierra a Town in the Province of Bearne At the same time the Earl of Faux had the Lady Blanch Sister to Prince Charles and Heiress of Navarre delivered up to him notwithstanding her grievous Complaints of the Wrong done her She was confined to the Castle of Ortes in the Territory of Faux and there soon after poisoned Her Body was buried in the City Lascar Both the Kings of Castile and Aragon ratified the Peace concluded at Madrid On the 30th of May the Catalonians besieged the Queen of Aragon in Girona forced the City and had taken the Old Castle called Gironela where the Queen was but that the French Horse coming obliged them to quit that Design and the City The King of Aragon also hasted to the relief of his Wife and having worsted the Rebels in several Rencounters and taken many Towns encamped near Barcelona at last The Queen of Castile miscarried at Aranda with the Fright that her Hair took fire by the Sun shining through a Glass The Grief for this Loss was soon forgot by reason of the great Joy and Festivals at the Wedding of the Count de Ledesma with the younger Daughter of the Earl of Santillana at Guadalajara the King and Queen being present Thence the Queen went to Segovia and the King to Atiensa to Hunt Thither came a Gentleman called Copones from the Catalonians to offer him that Country provided he would support them The King accepting their Offer sent them 2500 Horse whose arrival in Catalonia animated the Multitude and they presently proclaimed King Henry Earl of Barcelona This News was very pleasing to the King of Castile but much more to hear that D. John de Guzman Duke of Medina Sidonia had taken Gibraltar from the Moors and the Master of Alcantara Archidona He ordered Gibraltar to be inserted among his Royal Titles Incursions were made into Valencia and Aragon and that Kingdom might have been subdued had King Henry been resolute Therefore the King of Aragon laboured to be reconciled with him To this effect the Admiral of France and that King 's Ambaslador came to Almaçan where King Henry was at the beginning of the Year 1463. He was splendidly entertained and in a Ball Danced with the Queen whereupon he swore never more to Dance with any Woman It was agreed the Kings of France and Castile should have a Conference and accordingly they met near Fuenterabia about the end of April The Castilians vied to outdo one another in rich Apparel whereas the French and particularly their King were very plain which caused the Castilians to jeer and reflect upon them The Spaniards passed the River Videsao some say by way of acknowledging the King of France to be the greater Our Historians say it was because all that River belongs to Spain and therefore King Henry being come to the High-water Mark on the further side side There were the Borders of Castile and France and that King Louis answered It is true Here the Judgment given by the King of France as Arbitrator between Castile and Aragon was read the Heads whereof were That the Castilians should quit Catalonia and Navarre That the City Estela and its Liberty should remain to King Henry and that the Queen of Aragon and her Daughter should remain at Raga in custody of the Archbishop of Toledo as Hostages for performance of Articles This Judgment offended all the Three Nations concerned and nothing more was effected at this Conference Philip de Comines a famous French Historian absolutely condemns this and all such Meetings of Kings as the Incentives of Emulation and Discord whereas all they can propose to do at an Interview may be as well settled by their Ambassadors without any Hazard or Discontent to either Party He relates how the Spaniards came over into France and were entertained by the King That King Henry had an unpleasing Countenance and his Garb was disagreeable to the French whereas the Spaniards attributed the Plainness of the French King's Habit to Covetousness He adds the only Fruit of this Meeting was Plots and Contrivances among the Nobility which at length proved the Ruin of King Henry whom he says he saw forsaken by his Subjects and reduced to Misery This Year on the 12th of November passed from this Life to a better the Holy F. James de Alcala in the Monastery of Franciscans at Alcala de Heneres built by D. Alonso Carrillo Archbishop of Toledo He was born at S. Nicholas in the Diocess of Sevill His Life and the Miracles he
wrought were such That Pope Sixtus V. Canoniz'd him on the 2d of July 1588. Garibay Lib. 14. Cap. 7. says he died in the Year 1461. CHAP. III. The Catalonians send for Peter Constable of Portugal and Proclaim him Earl of Barcelona The Kings of Castile and Portugal meet The Rebellion in Castile D. Beltran de la Cueva great Favourite to King Henry of Castile created a Duke TWO Ambassadors from the Catalonians were at the Conference between the Kings of France and Castile to sollicit they might not be forsaken but their Negociation proved successless At Tolosa a Town in Guipuscoa the Rabble killed a Jew called Gaon on the 6th of May for attempting whilst the King was at Fuenterabia to collect a certain Tax about which there had been great Mutinies before This Murder was not punished Soon after at Segovia whither the King went great Broils were raised by Two Friars One of them in his Sermons affirmed That many Christians turned Jews which was meant to reproach the Liberty allowed that People The other as hotly opposed him Sevill was in an Uproar for that D. Alonso de Fonseca the Elder sollicited to be restored to that Church which he said he had only given in trust to his Kinsman The Nobility and Commons were divided between him and his Competitor but the King coming thither in Person put D. Alonso the Elder into possession and caused 6 of the principal Mutiniers to be executed The King of Portugal at this time returned into Africk with a powerful Fleet. Prince Ferdinand his Brother and D. Peter his Cousin bore him Company The Catalonians being forsaken by the Castilians and perceiving France and Italy were secured by the King of Aragon sent to invite Peter the Constable of Portugal to come from Ceuta and take possession of that Principality which they said appertained to him in Right of his Mother who was Daughter to the Earl of Urgel He embraced the Offer and arrived at Barcelona on the 21th of January 1464. There he was immediately proclaimed Earl of Barcelona and King of Aragon This Attempt proved unsuccessful for want of Strength and cost him his Life besides other Mischiess The first was that by the Departure of the Constable the Forces of the Portugueses in Africk were weakned which was the occasion they were repulsed with loss from Tangier and the Inroads they made into the Country were inconsiderable Near Mount Benasa being engaged with the Enemy the King was in great danger and Duarte de Meneses exposing himself to save his King was killed with some others The Earl of Villareal that day made good the Rear which gained him great Honour in so much that after the Fight the King said to him By you alone the Faith has this day prevailed The King of Castile from Sevill went to Gibraltar and having invited the King of Portugal thither Entertained him for the space of 5 days after which he returned to his Kingdom This done King Henry by the way of Ecija broke into the Kingdom of Granada and obliged the Moores to pay the Tribute before agreed upon and make him rich Presents Thence he hasted back to Madrid designing again to Entertain the King of Portugal who came to pay a Vow he had made to our Lady at Guadalupe The two Kings met upon the Bridge called Del Arçobispo that is the Bounds of the Kingdom of Toledo The Queen of Castile went with her Husband to see her Brother the King of Portugal Here it was agreed the King of Portugal should Marry Elizabeth King Henry's Sister and the Prince of Portugal Joanna Heiress of Castile but the Wedding being put off at that time never after took effect Heaven had decreed the Aragonians should possess the Crown of Castile tho after many Troubles which some Prodigies seem'd to foretell At Sevil there happened such a terrible Hurracan that it carried away a Yoke of Oxen with the Plow and threw a great Bell a vast distance from the Steeple of S. Augustin's Church It also tore up many large Trees and ruined Buildings In the Air Armies fighting were seen but this may be doubted of because none but Children saw it Lastly Three Eagles fought in the Air till all three fell down dead Hereupon Processions and other Acts of Devotions were performed to appease Gods Wrath. King Henry began to dislike the Archbishop of Toledo and the Marquiss de Villena suspecting they had not dealt fairly betwixt him and Aragon for this reason they were not with him in the Field nor at the Interview with the Portuguese but went away from Madrid to Alcala Thither came to them the Admiral the Master of Calatrava the Family of Manrique D. Peter Giron and the Earls of Alva and Plasencia The King of Aragon upon account of great Promises made him joined with them which was the beginning of mighty Troubles Their Pretence was That the Princess Joanna was not lawfully begotten and consequently could not inherit the Crown Therefore they resolved to seize Prince Alonso and the Lady Elizabeth the Kings Brother and Sister who resided with their Mother at Maqueda Upon Hostages given by the King for security of his Person the Marquis de Villena came to Madrid but with an ill Design which was to withdraw the rest of the Nobility from their Allegiance To this purpose he Advised the King to secure the Archbishop of Sevil and at the same time gave him notice of what was designed so that he fled and joined with the other Rebels This Success made D. John Pacheco so impudent that he attempted with a Body of Armed Men to seize the King and broke into the Palace but the King retiring to a part thereof that was strong he resolved to force it at night yet the King having Intelligence he was disappointed Many Advised the King to secure the Marquis but he refused because he had given him a Safe-conduct Thus the Posture of the Kings Affairs was daily worse especially because at that time the Popes Bull came which constituted D. Beltran de la Cueva Master of Santiago a thing very offensive to the People who looked upon that Dignity as Prince Alonso's due D. Beltran was raised in opposition to D. John Pacheco who again attempted to seize the King perswading him to go to Villacastin but was discovered and prevented From Burgos the Conspirators now in open Rebellion sent a very Insolent Letter to the King the Heads whereof were That the Moores had too much Liberty at Court That Preferments were sold That the Mastership of Santiago was undeservedly given to D. Beltran That the Princess Joanna as unlawfully begotten could not inherit the Crown Lastly That if these Grievances were Redressed they were ready to lay down Arms and submit This Letter the King received at Valladolid and made no account of it D. Lope de Barientas Bishop of Cuenca pressed the King to subdue the Rebels by force of Arms but could not prevail therefore a
Treaty was again set on foot The King and D. John Pacheco met in the open Field between Cabeçon and Cigales in Old Castile there they agreed upon these Articles That Prince Alonso should inherit the Crown provided he Married the Princess Joanna That D. Beltran should resign the Mastership of Santiago That to decide other Differences there should be Two Arbitrators chosen by each Party and F. Alonso de Oropesa General of the Order of S. Hierome to be the 5th all things to be decided by the majority of Voices Then Prince Alonso being but Eleven years of Age was brought to the Kings Camp sworn Heir to the Crown and delivered to the Nobles which caused new Troubles In lieu of the Mastership the King created D. Beltran Duke of Albuquerque giving him that Town Cuellar Roa Molina Atiença and other Revenues in Andaluzia The Rebels chose D. John Pacheco and the Earl of Plasencia The King Peter Hernardez de Velasco and Gonzalo de Saavedra on his part to be Judges of the Differences between them The Archbishop of Toledo and the Admiral were reconciled to the King but their Friendship was not lasting and therefore suspected to be feigned It was feared if these Judges came to give Sentence they would leave the King nothing but that bare Title He therefore ordered the Master of Alcantara and Earl of Medellin in whom he reposed much Confidence to come to him with what Force they could gather to disappoint the Designs of his Enemies Gonçalo de Saavedra and Alvar Gomez the Kings Secretary to whom he had given Maqueda Torrejon de Velasco and S. Silvestre in the Territory of Toledo were sent for The Rebels perswaded all four that the King designed to secure them and therefore their only way was to join with them The King hearing hereof protested against the Judges as Partial and ordered Peter Arias a Citizen of Segovia to take Terrejon by sorce which he did and left that Town to the Earls of Pun̄onrostro his Successors Peter de Velasco sided with the Rebels notwithstanding his Father the Earl of Haro blamed and would not supply him with Money which caused him to be but poorly attended among the Nobles On the 14th of August at Ancona died Pope Pius II. He was carried to that City tho then sick designing to gather the Forces of Christendom and go in Person against the Turks He held the Papacy but 6 years Cardinal Peter Barbo a Venetian was chosen his Successor on the 30th of the same month and took the Name of Paul II. He was but Forty seven years of Age when Elected proved a great Friend to Spain and assisted King Henry in his Troubles CHAP. IV. Proceedings and Defeat of the Rebels in Catalonia Death of Ismael King of Granada Progress of Rebellion in Castile and most Villanous Action of the Rebels who Proclaim Prince Alonso King The King and they Disband PEter Constable of Portugal his coming to Barcelona animated the Catalonians above their strength Lerida after a long Siege was forced to surrender to the King All that Province was miserably wasted with the War D. John Archbishop of Zaragoça Bastard Son to the King of Aragon and fitter for the Sword than Miter commanded for his Father Philip Duke of Burgundy sent a small Party of his Subjects to the Assistance of the Constable About 2000 Catalonian Foot and 600 Horse joined them at Manresa The Earl of Prades besieged çervera for the King and the want of Provisions had almost reduced the Town D. Peter resolved to Relieve it The greatest part of the Kings Forces were upon the borders of Navarre to reduce that Kingdom Prince Ferdinand tho but 13 years of Age was sent with some Forces by the King to join the Earl of Prades Necessity obliged him to take up Arms so young which is the reason he never learned to write well as appears by his Hand The Constables Forces marched to a place called Prados de Rey with a Resolution to Fight Prince Ferdinand advanced to meet the Enemy He halted on a Hill from whence the Catalonians were discovered The Portuguese chose his Ground and intrenched on another Hill He drew out his Forces Peter de Deça led the Van in which were the Burgundians Beltran and John Armanderia followed him with the Castillians and Navarrois D. Peter himself commanded the Rear Prince Ferdinand had but 700 Horse and 1000 Foot The Earl of Prades led the Van Hugo Rocaberbi and Matthew Moncada commanded in the Wings Henry Son to Prince Henry of Aragon had charge of the Reserve Prince Henry was in the Rear with many Noblemen Bernard Gascon was ordered with some Foot to secure the Mountain that they might not be attacked on that side Before the Fight Prince Henry Knighted several Men of Quality The Signal of Battle being given the Catalonians soon gave way and at last fled the Foot to the Mountain the Horse along the Plain D. Peter having cast off his Upper Garment mixt himself with the Victors and the next day made his escape Most of the Burgundians were killed of the others many taken and among them the Earl of Pallas the chief Promoter of this War This Battle was fought upon the last day of February 1465. Not one of the Aragonians was killed and but few wounded D. Peter returned to Manresa Beltran Armendario with great Courage put part of the scattered Army into çervera and fortified it Thence the sury of the War was carried to Ampurias the Aragonians still getting the better The Tumults in Navarre were near quelled the Biamonteses being reduced and pardoned The Earl of Faux and Eleanor his Wife were also declared Heirs of that Kingdom Ismael King of Granada died on the 7th of April his Son Albohazen a Man of great Courage and Resolution succeeded him This King had Two Wives one a Native Moor Mother to Boabdil afterwards called the Little King the other a Renegade Christian called Zoroyra who had two Sons Cado and Nacre who when Granada was taken by King Ferdinand became Christians as did their Mother In Italy King Ferdinand of Naples having subdued all his Enemies settled his Kingdom He overthrew John Duke of Lorrain and forced him to fly to the Island Ischia and thence afterwards into France This done King Perdinand on the 14th of September came to Naples where he was received with great Joy and Pomp. Queen Elizabeth his Wife visited the Churches paying her Vows to Heaven being a very Virtuous and Devout Lady but died soon after the Kingdom was pacified After this her Husband King Ferdinand Reigned above 30 years always successful in several Wars he undertook for his Allies Alonso Duke of Calabria his Son overthrew the Turks who had possessed themselves of Otranto and drove them out of all the Country Prince Alonso of Castile being in the Power of the Nobles was the cause of greater Troubles which were designed to be quelled by those very
of Jaen there appeared such a multitude of Locusts that they hid the Sun Every one interpreted this and the like Prodigies as his Fear dictated rather than according to any Reason At this time Roderick Sanchez de â—revalo who commanded the Castle of S. Angel at Rome wrote in Latin a History of Spain more Devout than Elegant It is called Palentina from the Author who was afterwards Bishop of Palencia Pope Paul II. gave him that Bishoprick at the Request of King Henry to whom he Dedicated that History The said Roderick Sanchez tho a Spaniard was very familiar with that Pope CHAP. V. Peter the Constable of Portugal dies The Rebels in Catalonia choose the Duke of Anjou for their King The Battle of Olmedo The Death of the Queen of Aragon and Prince Alonso of Castile The King recovers Toledo The Rebels of Castile Affront the Popes Legate and are Excommunicated CAstile was full of Confusion and Tumults nothing but Rapine and Murders appeared in all Places the Government being too weak to punish these Insolencies For this Reason the Towns and Cities Associated themselves and by the Kings Consent Rules were prescribed the Heads of the Association to be governed by The People generally feared left the Moores should again Conquer Spain the Kingdom being no less Debauched than in the time of King Roderick and the Archbishop of Toledo was commonly in scorn called D. Oppas which was the Name of him that had helped to betray the Country to the Infidels when they over-ran it These Divisions encouraged the Earl of Faux to invade Navarre as his Wife's Dower not content to expect the Death of his Father-in-Law tho he had blamed that forwardness in his Brother-in-Law Prince Charles Not so satisfied he resolved to oblige King Henry of Castile to deliver up those Towns of Navarre in which he had Garisons At the first onset he took the City Calahorra and laid Siege to Alfaro King Henry sent James Enriquez del Castillo his Chaplain who also wrote a Chronicle of this King to Treat with the Earl but he finding nothing was to be done by fair means gathered what Forces he could and drove him out of the Country Calahorra was also restored to the King the Townsmen expelling the Garison of the Earl of Faux In Catalonia the Aragonians in several places worsted their Enemies and recovered many Towns But what was most considerable D Peter the pretended Earl of Barcelona died at Granobla on the 29th of June His Body was buried at Barcelona He was thought to be poisoned as was very usual in those days In his Will he left that Earldom wherein he had so small a share to John Prince of Portugal his Nephew The Aragonians using the advantage of his Death took Tortosa and other Places To put a stop to all these Losses the Catalonians in a great Assembly at Barcelona chose Renee Duke of Anjou the perpetual Enemy of Aragon their King On the other side the King of Aragon sollicited the Duke of Savoy and Galeazo who had succeeded his Father Francis Sforzia in the Dukedom of Milan to join in League with him He also Courted the English and at the beginning of the year 1467 sent Peter Peralta his Constable to Castile to join in League with the Confederate Lords For the better compassing his Ends he gave Commission to Treat of Matching his Daughter Joanna with Prince Alonso and his Son Ferdinand with Beatrix Daughter to the Marquis of Villena Neither of these Marriages had effect The Earl of Benavente at this time got Prince Alonso from the Archbishop of Toledo for pretending to Entertain him in his Castle of Portillo when he had him in he'kept him yet not long after at the perswasion of the Marquis de Villena restored him to the Rebellious Lords Thus all things tended to open War which King Henry earnestly desiring to prevent condescended again to have Two Conferences with the Marquis de Villena but all to no effect notwithstanding the Earl of Plasencia's Lady a Person of great Parts and well affected towards the King was present in hopes she would reduce her Husband and some others The Marquess de Villena was more subtle to gain an Advantage than King Henry to disappoint him Another Interview was appointed at Plasencia which the Loyal Nobility were concerned at saying it was Lessening of the King to have so many Conferences with a Subject At the beginning of Summer the King removed from Madrid to Segovia and the Rebels possessed themselves of Olmedo Peter de Silva Commandant of the Garison delivered it up Mota de Medina belonged to the Archbishop of Toledo and there was danger it would fall into the hands of the Lords King Henry moved by all these Affronts ordered great Levies to be made Then he summoned the Nobility There came to him the Earl of Medina Celi the Bishop of Calahorra the Duke of Albuquerque who till then had been absent from Court and Peter Hernandez de Velasco who being pardoned his former Fault was now sent by his Father with 700 Horse and a good Body of Foot For this Service he had the Tenths of the Admiralty granted him So great Fear had possessed the King and he was so desirous to gain the Nobility that to secure the Marquis of Santillana he delivered up his Daughter Joanna to be kept by him in his Town of Buytrago Every one sold his Service the dearest he could The King having gathered a good Army marched towards Medina but being come to Olmedo the Rebels drew out to hinder his Passage King Henry was desirous to avoid fighting but could not contain his Men. Upon the 20th of August the Two Armies met and after a sharp Engagement parted again upon equal Terms yet both sides pretended to the Victory Night separated them the Rebels returned to Olmedo and the King with his Forces which were 2000 Foot and 1700. Horse marched on to Medina del Campo King Henry was not in the Fight being advised by Peter Peralta not to hazard his Person Some were of Opinion he meant not honestly being a Friend to the Rebels Neither was the Marquess de Villena there being then at a Chapter of the Order of Santiago where he was chosen Master which made the Nobility very jealous seeing him Preferred and Rewarded when he deserved the severest Punishment Ellenor Countess of Faux Governed Navarre for her Father Nicholas Echavaria Bishop of Pamplona recovered Urania which till then was held by the Castilians A Son of this Ladies called Gaston as was his Father had at this time by his Wife Magdalen Sister to Louis King of France a Son called Francis who for his great Beauty had the Sirname of Phaebeus His Daughter Catherine her Brother dying by Marriage united the State of Albret and Crown of Navarre as shall appear in its place The King of Aragon resided at Tarragona to be near to give Orders for carrying on the War in Catalonia
wrote his History positively asserts his being poisoned by the Marquess of Villena But I cannot find to what purpose that Nobleman should undertake such a hainous Crime CHAP. VI. John Duke of Lorrain Supports and Heads the Rebels in Catalonia for his Father Ferdinand Prince of Aragon declared King of Sicily The Crown of Castile offered to the Princess Elizabeth she refuses it Peace betwixt the King and Nobels REnce Duke of Anjou having accepted of the offer made him by the Catalonians because he was himself too Old to undertake that Expedition sent his Son John Duke of Lorrain who we said before was by the Aragonians drove out of Italy The King of France not regarding his League with Aragon sent him Supplies as soon as he had ended the Civil War with his Brother the Duke of Berri and Charles Duke of Burgundy John Earl of Armagnac between whom and the Duke of Lorrain there was a professed friendship brought him some Supplies with these Forces he began the War fortunately but the end was not suitable Barcelona received him with joy and it was resolved to carry the War to Ampurias The King of Aragon tho' Old and Blind repaired thither near Roses a Party of Aragonians was defeated The Body of the French Army marched towards Girona resolving if the Commandant Peter de Rocaberty came out to fight him if he kept close to Besiege the Place The Aragonians Marched out and in several Rencounters worsted the Enemy Prince Ferdinand came and put his Forces into the City whereupon the Siege was raised Soon after the Prince going out with a Party was defeated by the French and many of his Men killed Roderick Rebolledo who had behaved himself bravely in defence of the Prince was taken It was resolved to wear out the heat of the French therefore all the Frontiers were Garrisoned and Duke Alonso de Aragon left to Command there and observe the Enemy Prince Ferdinand returned to Zarogoza where the Cortes sate and was present when his Mother died as has been said above His Mother being dead and his Father 70 years of Age all the weight of the Government fell upon him therefore to give him the more Authority he was declared King of Sicily This was about the time that Prince Alonso of Castile departed this Life as we have declared The death of Prince Alonso being known at Zaragoça immediately Peter Peralta was sent to the Factious Lords of Castile to ask the Princess Elizabeth in Marriage for Prince Ferdinand His Father stayed at Zaragoça and he went away to carry on the War in Catalonia The Duke of Lorrain desiring to possess himself of Girona raised 15000 Men in Russillon and Cerdagne which with the Forces he had before was a Power too great for the Aragonians to cope with so that they could put no Relief into the Town which was closely besieged Nevertheless through the Valour of the Bishop of D. John Meliguerite and other Commanders it held out Mean while Prince Ferdinand had a Town called Verga delivered to him on the 17th of September From this time the Affairs of the Aragonians began to look with a better Aspect and the more for that the King recovered his Sight a thing then thought miraculous A Jew of Lerida undertook the Cure and couched a Cataract in the Right Eye on the 11th of September when he refused to proceed to the other saying There was no favourable Aspect of the Heavens but being pressed by the King on the 11th of October he perfected the Cure upon the Left Eye To add to this Publick Joy the Weather and want of Necessaries obliged the Enemy to raise the Siege of Girona In Portugal Prince John married his Cousin Eleanor not regarding the Promise he made to marry Joanna Princess of Castile Her Mother 's loose Life made her Birth suspected Ferdinand Duke of Viseo Father to the Lady Eleanor passed over into Africk obtained there some Victories over the Moors and returning home by his Wife Beatrix the Daughter of D. John Master of Santiago in Portugal had a Son called Emanuel who came in time to be King of Portugal The Portugueses talk of strange Prodigies seen at the Birth of that Child denoting his future Grandeur Upon the death of Prince Alonso many submitted to King Henry but the Peace was not lasting and the War that ensued wasted the Power of Spain Burgos returned to its Duty and at Madrid the Archbishop of Sevill the Earl of Benavente and other Noblemen did Homage to the King The Rebels having lost Prince Alonso resolved to offer the Crown to the Princess Elizabeth as they did at Avila the Archbishop of Toledo making an Harangue to persuade her and railing at the King She thanked them for their Offer and wishing long Life to the King her Brother intreated them to pay to him that Duty they offered to her Her Modesty surprized them all and she was thought the worthier to Reign They bent their Thoughts upon Peace and the more because the King had sent Commissioners to offer them all his Free Pardon At length Peace was concluded at Avila by the Archbishop of Sevill and Andrew de Cabrera Lord Steward of the Houshold upon these Articles That the Princess Elizabeth be sworn Heiress to the Crown That the Cities and Towns of Avila Ubeda Medina del Campo Olmedo and Escalona be given to her but upon Condition she shall not Marry without the King's Consent That the King be divorced from the Queen the Pope consenting to it That she and her Daughter be sent to Portugal That all the revolted Nobility be pardoned and restored to their Estates and Preferments taken from them during the Troubles Four Months were allowed for the Performance of these Articles These Conditions pleased not the Marquss de Santillana and his Brothers who thought it more for their Interest to have the keeping of the Princess Joanna The Queen with the Assistance of Luys de Mendoça was gone away by Night from the Castle where she was kept to her Daughter at Buytrago This much troubled the Archbishop of Sevil who had the Charge of keeping her During her Confinement she was delivered of Two Sons Ferdinand and Apostol who it is affirmed were bred in the Monastery of S. Dominick the Royal of Nuns in Toledo The Monastery of Guisando in the mid-way betwixt Madrid and Avila was appointed for the King and the Lords to meet There many Conditions were agreed to and much granted to the Nobles none of them doubting but the King and his Sister being weary of those Confusions would refuse them nothing they could ask It is said the King and Marquess de Villena had a private Conference the Substance whereof is not known but by what followed it was supposed it only tended to the securing the Marquess and advancing his Family On the 19th of September the Nobility did their Homage to King Henry and swore the Princess Elizabeth Heiress to the Crown
from Pope Pius II. but it appears to have been false by the Bull afterwards granted upon that occasion by Pope Sixtus IV. King Ferdinand was but 16 Years of Age but proper and strong The new married Couple sent Letters to the Pope King Henry and other Princes and Great Men excusing their being so hasty in marrying They were forced to borrow Money for their Expences About the same time Henry Son to Prince Henry of Aragon was by the King his Uncle created Duke of Segorve and Alonso the King's Bastard-Son Earl of Ribagorça On the 6th of December died at Rome D. John Cavajal Cardinal and Bishop of Plasencia He was Auditor de Rota Legate to Three Popes and a Man of a good Life He built a Bridge over Tagus in Estremadura which is still called the Cardinal's Bridge Whilst King Henry was busie settling the Affairs of Sevil advice was sent him from Cantillana by the Master of Santiago of his Sister's Marriage His Displeasure was very great Immediately he set out for Truxillo designing to give that Town to the Earl of Plasencia for his good Services during the Troubles The Townsmen resolved to oppose it and therefore the King rather than use Violence gave him in lieu of it the Town of Arevalo in Old Castile and because it was not worth so much as the other added to it the Title of a Duke At Truxillo the Master of Alcantara who had sided with Prince Alonso was pardoned and the King gave or restored the City Coria to Gutierre de Caceres and Solis his Brother Thus many who deserved Punishment received Rewards Here Letters were brought the King from his Sister excusing her marrying and promising she and her Husband would be as dutiful as if they were his Children if he would treat them with the Affection of a Father No other Answer was returned but that the King at Segovia would consider of that Affair Another Message was sent to Segovia at the beginning of the Year 1470 to press the King to give leave to the Prince and Princess that they might pay their Respects to him promising their future Behaviour should make amends for the Displeasure they had done him All the Answer was a Business of that Importance required the Advice of the Nobility This was the Pretence but in reality he was offended at the Princess Elizabeth and had fixed his Affection on his Daughter Joanna whom Lewis King of France had sent to demand in Marriage for his Brother Charles created Duke of Guienne Besides he pressed King Henry to join with him in calling a General Councel in opposition to Pope Paul with whom he was at variance This Request was flatly denied by the King the Business of the Marriage was put off At the same time D. Alonso de Aguilar at Cordova apprehended the Mareschal D. James de Cordova who suspected no such Design He was soon released by the King's Order but thinking he should obtain no Satisfaction for that Wrong went away to Granada and thence with the Consent of the Moorish King sent a Challenge to his Adversary to fight upon the Plain of Granada On the appointed Day having waited till Sun-set and D. Alonso not appearing he dragged his Effigies at his Horse's Tail That done he sent Letters to all Parts with Pictures representing that Passage The Knights of Alcantara would not submit to their Master and the Dispute came to open Hostility The Master not being able alone to oppose so many begged Assistance of his Brother Gutierre de Solis They wanted Money and Garci Alvarez de Toledo Earl of Alva lent them a Sum upon the Mortgage of the City Coria Thus the Earls afterwards Dukes of Alva got that City which being confirmed to them by Grants of Kings remains in the Family to this day Nothing remarkable hapned between the Master and Knights only they hindred his Forces passing the River Tagus and soon after they were dispersed The Master being thus outed his Estate died some Years after D. John de Zun̄iga Son to the Duke of Arevalo succeeded him and was the last Master of Alcantara he resigning up that Dignity to King Ferdinand D. John Pacheco Master of Santiago lay sick at Ocen̄a being greater in the King's Favour than ever notwithstanding all his Misdemeanours which occasioned the People to say he had bewitched the King and it was given out the Court removed to Madrid only to be near him When he returned to Court after his Sickness the King went out to meet him and gave him the Town of Escalona the Inhabitants whereof refusing to receive him the King went thither in Person to deliver it to him The Earl of Armagnac fled into Spain for fear of being killed because he privately marry'd the Earl of Faux's Daughter without her Father's Consent He was well received by the King and soon after returned into France the Cardinal of Albi in that King's Name assuring him his Life but it proved fatal to him as will appear hereafter The Biscayners who had been long divided into the Factions of On̄es and Gamboas about this time fell into great Confusions Peter Fernandez de Velasco Earl of Haro was sent by the King to appease them which he soon did banishing the two Heads of the Factions called Peter de Avendan̄o and John de Moxica Pope Paul II. granted a Jubilee to all that gave Alms two thirds thereof to be employed in rebuilding the Church of Segovia and the rest for his own Use King Henry went thither from Madrid to gain this Jubilee In Portugal the Duke of Viseo died at Setuva on the 8th of September being 37 Years of Age James his Second Son succeeded him He was buried in the Monastery of S. Francis in that City and thence translated to the Church of the Conception at Beja which with the Monastery of Nuns it belonged to was built by his Wife Beatrix In Valladolid the People mutinied and took up Arms against those that were descended of Jews tho Christians themselves King Ferdinand and his Queen could not quell them The Party oppressed implored the Protection of King Henry by which means that City was reduced to his Obedience The Earl of Benavente was left to Govern there and King Ferdinand with his Wife returned to Duen̄as There that Queen was delivered of a Daughter of her own Name Ambassadors came from France to press the Marriage before Treated of and it was now agreed to All things being concluded the Marquess of Santillana brought the Princess Joanna for which Service and for having kept her the King gave him the Towns of Alcoçer Valdolivas and Salmeron which belonged to the Marquess de Villena in the Right of his Wife the Countess of Santistevan who in lieu of it had the Town of Requena with all the Duties belonging to it which are considerable because that place is near the Frontiers of Valencia A Monastery of Carthusians called Paular between Segovia and Buytrago was the place
Toledo Thence he moved to Guadalajara upon no other design than to gain the Famely of the Mendoças and alienate them from King Henry and the Master of Santiago At the same time in several Cities Mutinies were raised to destroy those that were descended from Jews This Storm broke out first at Cordoua where the Rabble without any fear of punishment committed great Barbarities against those Miserable People Robbing and Murdering great numbers of them Some said this was a Judgment upon them for that many had fallen from the Christian Religion after embracing of it Other Towns in Andaluzia followed the Example of Cordoua but the greatest Violence was at Jaen Irançu the Constable endeavouring to protect those Wretches the Rage of the Multitude was such that they Murdered him in the Church as he heard Mass and the Lady Teresa his Wife with her Children had much difficulty to escape into the Castle His Honours were given to others the Office of Chancellor to the Bishop of Siguença that of Constable to Peter Fernandez de Velasco Earl of Haro in whose Family it has continued to this day whereas before it went from one Family to another The Death of Irança was a great Loss to the King for his singular Valour and Loyalty This Loss D. John Pacheco Master of Santiago laboured to make up some other way To this effect he sent for Henry Duke of Segorve out of Aragon upon Promise of giving him the Princess Joanna to Wife With him came his Mother the Lady Beatrix Pimentel The Master himself went as far as Requena to meet him Notwithstanding all this the Match was broke off by the Contrivance of the same Master of Santiago for that the Person of the Duke did not answer the Expectation conceived of him and particularly because he was Haughty and when the Nobility came to pay their Respects stretched out his Hand to be kissed Besides the Master was jealous that if he came to be King he would recover the Towns that had been his Father's These were the true Reasons of disappointing him tho' it was given out there was need of a more powerful Prince to quell all the Tumults then in the Kingdom The King was unwilling to break his Word and impose upon that Prince but the Master replied There would be need of much Money to carry on the War This was levelled against Andrew de Cabrera who had the keeping of the Royal Treasure in the Castle of Segovia In that City before this time by the Contrivance of the Master and after the Example of Andaluzia a Mutiny had been raised against those that descended from Jews Andrew de Cabrera quelled it but not without much Trouble and Hazard to his Person An Ambassador sent purposely by the Pope brought the Bishop of Siguença the Cardinal's Cap and gave it him at Madrid the King coming thither to Honour him and granting him the Title of Cardinal of Spain Henry Duke of Segorve was not permitted to come into Madrid but ordered to stop at Xetafe a League from that Town in the way to Toledo There he spoke to the King in a Field and it was agreed he should remove to Odon another Village hard by For delaying his Marriage they pretended it was necessary to expect the Pope's Dispensation Thus that Prince was imposed upon who by reason of this Misfortune was ever after called D. Henry Fortuna King Henry went away to Segovia to get Money because Andrew Cabrera supplied him slenderly to cross the Master of Santiago who he knew aimed at the Government of that Castle having before taken from him that of Madrid Besides he favoured King Ferdinand and was married to Beatrix de Bobadilla who had served the Princess Elizabeth The new Cardinal's Revenue increased upon the Death of D. Alonso de Fonseca Archbishop of Sevil being promoted to that See and still retaining Siguença a Thing then altogether new An Army of 20000 French Foot and 1000 Men at Arms under the Command of Philip Duke of Savoy sate down before the City Perpignan in the County of Russellon on the 9th of April The King of Aragon threw himself into it resolving to undergo any Danger rather than quit that Place which is very strong and seated on the Borders of France To encourage the People he assembled them in the Church and took an Oath never to leave them till the Siege was raised A desperate Action at his Years and not to be commended in him on whom depended the Welfare of all the Country Peter de Peralta Constable of Navarre gave a signal Demonstration of his Loyalty for being well skilled in the French Tongue in the Habit of a Franciscan Friar he passed through the Enemies Army and got into the Town to bear his King company in that Danger Of the King of Arragon's three Sons D. Alonso was with his Father the Archbishop of Zaragoça with a good Body of Men threw himself into Elna which is near Perpignan to be ready upon all Occasions King Ferdinand marched with 400 Horse he gathered in Castile and 100 he gathered by the way With this Force in June he sate down before Ampurias which so surprized the Enemy that they soon raised their Siege concluded a Truce till October and cleared that Country Thus the War being ended the King of Aragon made his Entry into Barcelona in Triumph under a Canopy sitting on a Chariot covered with Cloth of Gold and drawn by four white Horses On both sides of him was the Nobility and Magistrates and vast Multitudes of People covered the Fields and Ways His Son was gone to Tortosa to hold the Cortes of Aragon but was hindred by Sickness and being called back hastily into Castile About this time a certain Moor of the City of Fez stole away the Bones of Prince Ferdinand Master of Avis and brought them to Portugal where they were buried at Aljubarrota with great Solemnity All other Parts of Spain at this time enjoyed Peace except Castile which was under continual Alarms the Nobility being always at Variance and the People led by their Example Mutinous Most Cities and Towns were divided into Factions King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth's Forces still increased and many came over to them daily whereas on the contrary King Henry's Authority was lessened the People being dissatisfied with him In Commonwealths as well as in the Body of Man those Diseases are most dangerous that proceed from the Head In Biscay the Disorder was great because the new Constable used Force to reduce that fierce People who had more than others adhered to King Henry On the other side the Earl of Trevin̄o who favoured the Aragonian with all his Strength opposed him and the Biscainers were of old better affected towards his Family Thus that Country of it self not very plentiful was wasted and consumed fresh Tumults broke out at Toledo The Earl of Fuensalida confiding in the Assistance of the Master of Santiago attempted to surprize
the City Toledo and turn out the Mareschal Ferdinand de Ribadeneira who stood firm to King Henry The Citizens repulsed him and the King having notice of that Attempt came himself and quieted the City All things being reduced to good order such as had a hand in that Uproar were pardoned which made those Disaffected Persons the more bold After this D. John Pacheco Master of Santiago withdrew to Pen̄afiel where his Wife was being desirous at last to live at ease and fearing he must be odious to many Men having long continued great at Court which he thought his Absence would remedy In his Place he sent his Son James to whom as has been said he had before resigned the Marquisate of Villena The King received the Marquess with as great Demonstrations of Affection as if his Father had done him some signal Services He had a good Presence was in the Prime of his Youth and his Garb suitable to the Greatness of his Fortune From Toledo the King returned to Segovia where his Affection to him daily encreased to that degree that he went daily to visit the Marquess who was lodged in the Monastery of Friars of S. Hierom called El Parral A Proposal was made of reconciling Andrew de Cabrera and the Family of Pacheco and that he should deliver up to the King the Castle of Segovia and all the Treasures in it In lieu of it they offered him the Town of Moya near the Borders of Valencia and not far from Cuenca where the said Cabrera was born He was willing to harken to these Proposals but the Townsmen understanding it mutinied and brought in an Aragonian Garrison John Fernandez de Heredia brought those Forces from Valencia and took Possession of the Town in the Name of the Princess Elizabeth which much troubled King Henry The Lady Elizabeth went from Tordelaguna in the Kingdom of Toledo to Aranda de Duero being invited thither by the People in Hatred to Queen Joanna whose that Town was her Lewdness being very Offensive to the whole Kingdom and most particularly to the King as who was chiefly concerned But some Men tho' Wickedness displease them have not Resolution enough to punish it and such was this Prince as long as he lived The Queen and her Daughter Joanna were at this time kept in the Castle of Madrid by the Marquess de Villena Agreda followed the Example of Aranda near to which it is seated and submitted to the Princess Elizabeth which was not only grievous to the King but more to the Earl of Medina Celi to whom he had given that Town At this time D. Alonso Carrillo Archbishop of Toledo who accompanied the Princess to Aranda assembled in that Town a Synod of the Bishops of his Province Besides the Bishops many other Ecclesiastical and Secular Persons of Note repaired thither It was given out they were assembled for Reformation of Manners but it is rather to be suspected the Design was to strengthen the Aragonian Faction and gain the Affections of those that came thither On the 5th of December they published Four Decrees and no more which were these That Bishops in Publick always wear a Surplice That every Priest be obliged at least three or four times a Year to say Mass That Church-men shall not take Service or receive Wages from any Man whatsoever except the King That no manner of Benefice be given to any who does not at least well understand Grammar Scarce was the Synod broke up when King Ferdinand came to Almaçan and Berlanga where the Earl of Medina Celi and Peter de Mendoça Lord of Almaçan entertained him splendidly Thence he went on to Aranda to give Life to his Party by his Presence This Year died in Castile D. Frederick the Admiral and D. Gomez de Caçeres y Solis Master of Alcantara to whom succeeded D. John de Zun̄iga as has been said before In France Nicholas Son to John Duke of Lorrain departed this Life His Grandfather Renee was still alive whose Grandson by a Daughter called also Renee inherited the Dukedom of Lorrain This Duke was famous for a Victory he obtained over the Flemmings near to Nanci a City in his Dominions In this Fight Charles the Bold Duke of Burgundy was defeated and slain John Earl of Armagnac after his flight into Spain was never looked upon by his King Being therefore disgusted he made War in Guienne with Forces of the Duke of Burgundy and there took Peter de Bourbon Governor of that Province Prisoner he being betrayed by his own Men. This Presumption much more offended the King especially for that he would not release him till his Town of Lectour which had been taken from him was restored The Cardinal Albigensis with some Forces he gathered took Lectour and destroyed it and put the Earl to Death notwithstanding he surrendred upon Conditions Tho' the Action in it self were not justifiable being a Breach of Faith yet most Men said He had well deserved that Fate for his many horrid Crimes and particularly for Counterfeiting the Pope's Bull to dispense with him to marry his own Sister which he did and lay with her The End of the 23d Book The History of SPAIN BOOK XXIV CHAP. I. The Princess Elizabeth pretends to be Reconciled to her Brother and openly aspires to the Crown upon his Indisposition D. John Pacheco Master of Santiago dies Differences betwixt the French and Aragonians King Ferdinand goes to Barcelona Jews Massacred in Sicily Ferdinand and Elizabeth proclaimed King and Queen of Castile The King of Portugal undertakes the Protection of the Princess Joanna his Niece THere was no end of the Discontents of the Nobility of Castile The Aragonian Faction increased daily in strength The Master of Santiago ceased not to heap up Riches and only dreaded the Aragonians should prevail which would endanger his Estate great part whereof had belonged to the Princes of that House This made him endeavour to obstruct the Mariage of Prince Ferdinand with the Princess Elizabeth and that of D. Henry of Aragon with the Princess Joanna His great Aim was to possess himself of the Castle of Segovia as well as that of Madrid looking upon them as his greatest security Only Andrew de Cabrera who had great Interest with the King and was a Man of much forecast opposed him This caused Animosities betwixt them and each strove to undermine the other The Master was more Powerful but Cabrera more Fortunate and Politick He used all his Endeavours to Reconcile King Henry to his Sister the Princess Elizabeth which the absence of the Master of Santiago much forwarded and finding the King one day alone he pressed him hard upon that Point representing to him the danger of opposing the Inclinations of the People and how much to the King's advantage it was to have them well affected towards him The King being naturally irresolute and inconstant was easily moved At several other times Cabrera urged the same thing to the King till
as they could The King being at Almazan the Earl of Medina Celi sent to acquaint him That the Kingdom of Navarre appertained to the Lady Anne his Wife as Lawful Daughter to Charles Prince of Viana He said if King Ferdinand would not assist him in recovering his Right he should not want Aid elsewhere meaning from France Having sent away the Messenger without any Answer the King went on to Turuegano where he stayed till the City Segovia was provided for his Reception He made his Entry into that City on the 2d of January 1475. and was received with great Pomp. All the Three Estates did Homage to him and kissed his Hand Some Debate arose about the manner of Government The Queen's Servants contended King Ferdinand ought not to intermeddle in the Government nor so much as call himself King of Castile to which purpose they brought Examples of Queens of Naples On the other side the Aragonians pleaded That King Henry having left no Heirs Male the Crown was devolved upon King John of Aragon as Head of the Family But this was easily answered by Examples of many Women that had inherited the Crown of Castile At length the King and Queen agreed the Matter between themselves upon these Conditions That in all Charters Patents and upon the Coin King Ferdinand should be named before Queen Elizabeth That the Arms of Castile should be on the right of those of Aragon That all Garrisons should be held in the Queen's Name and all Officers of the Revenue take their Oath to her That Grants of Benefices should be in the Name of both but only in the Disposal of the Queen That when they were together both should have equal Authority in the Administration of Justice and when in different places each in that part That the Affairs of other Provinces should be determined by him or her who was nearest to the Council which should be observed in the Choice of Civil Governours King Ferdinand was concerned that his Subjects should prescribe Laws to him but thought fit to wink at it for the present And the Queen is said to have mollified him promising that the whole disposal of all things should be in him This done King Ferdinand applied himself to the Care of Settling the Kingdom which was much distracted by the late Broils The Marquess de Villena at the same time held Correspondence with King Ferdinand and King Alonso of Portugal He was no less Politick than his Father and it was not doubted but he would incline to that side where he expected the greatest advantage Of King Ferdinand he demanded that his Two Competitors to the Mastership should be declared illegally chosen and he secured in that Dignity This Request seemed to the King somewhat harsh not thinking it safe to add so great a Revenue to one so Powerful and in whom he could repose but little Confidence however he gave him a favourable Answer for the present which was to promise he would favour him in obtaining his Desires provided he would deliver up the Princess Joanna to a Third Person He replied he would not do it nor should ever be prevailed upon to break his Word to King Henry having ingaged to him to take care of his Daughter At the same time he sent Persons in whom he confided to perswade the King of Portugal to take upon him the Protection of his Neece since it appertained to him as the next of Kin and as such he ought to take upon him the Government of Castile He blamed his fearfulness and conjured him since he was so powerful a King not to forsake that Innocent Lady assuring he would find many in Castile that would appear for him as soon as they had a Head to whom they might have recourse The King of Portugal was at Estremoz on the borders of his Kingdom when King Henry died He immediately called a Council and laid before them what was proposed by the Marquess de Villena Opinions as is usual in such cases varied Most were for declaring War and invading Castile without delay pleading they had great store of Treasure heaped up having long enjoyed Peace great numbers of Horse and Foot and a powerful Fleet at Sea John Prince of Portugal was the chief Promoter of this unfortunate War Only Ferdinand Duke of Bragança whom Age made more Cautious and Circumspect was against ingaging in that Affair which some attributed to Fear and others to Affection to Queen Elizabeth who was his Brothers Grandaughter He urged the Marquess de Villena and his Party were the same who not long since proclaimed Prince Alonso King and declared the Princess Joanna a Bastard That they offered no strong Holds for security of performing what they promised and That it was hard to perswade a Prejudiced People that the Princess Joanna was Legitimate These Precautions were approved of by the Wiser sort yet the plurality of Voices prevailed the common Misfortune of Councils where Number takes place of Weight However before they positively declared Lope de Albuquerque was sent into Castile to Examine into the Posture of Affairs and at his return brought an Ingagement signed by many Noblemen wherein they promised That if the King of Portugal would Marry the Princess Joanna they would when it was time appear for him It fell out very opportunely to advance this Design that the Archbishop of Toledo being disgusted withdrew from Segovia the 20th of February pretending to retire for his Ease having lived long at Court This was the pretence but in reality he was displeased He complained he was kept in Hand with Specious Promises without receiving any Reward for his great Services or in Recompence of spending his Paternal Estate to bestow the Crown upon those ungrateful Princes Above all it grieved him to see the Cardinal so much in favour that nothing was done without him Means were used to appease him but all in vain He threatned to make it appear how dangerous a thing it was to provoke the Archbishop of Toledo Neither were the Prayers mixed with Threats of his Brother the Earl of Buendia of any force For he being Proud and lavish of his Tongue grew worse when good Advice was given him Besides one Ferdinand de Alarcon who being of the same Temper was his great Favourite still was buzzing in his Ears and inflamed his Passion CHAP. III. The King of Portugal calls himself King of Castile and is assisted by many of the Nobility being Contracted to Joanna the Rightful Heiress He takes several Places in Castile The French make Peace with England and ingage to assist Portugal against Ferdinand THE Disgust of the Archbishop of Toledo did not a little perplex the King and Queen fearing he might cause great Revolutions being Rich and Powerful This made them careful to gain what Friends they could and to appease the Nobility The first reduced was Henry of Aragon which was done by restoring to him his Patrimony of Segorve and
Person with 1500 Horse and a good Body of Foot to relieve the Castle of Burgos which he did and by the way took the Castle of Baltanas seated on the Mountains between Pisuerga and Duero sending the Earl of Benavente whom he found there Prisoner to Pen̄afiel The Portugues satisfied with this Action for that he had made a rich Booty and believing himself too weak to encounter King Ferdinand turned back without attempting the Relief of Burgos The Princess Joanna was at Zamora and Queen Elizabeth at Valladolid whence she moved with what Force she could gather to assist her Husband at Burgos if need were In July the Ambassadors of Castile and Aragon made their Submission to the Pope and were favourably received and entertained by him which offended the Portugues Ambassadors who said the Pope ought not to receive them till the Right both Parties pretended was cleared Therefore the Pope said he received those Ambassadors from Castile saving still to any others their Titles and Claims This Year was very remarkable throughout all Christendom for the great Jubilee granted by Pope Sixtus to be continued afterwards every 25th Year whereas before it was every 50th Many resorted to Rome to gain this Indulgence and among them King Ferdinand of Naples now by reason of his Age grown more Devout and Religious than he was before At the end of this Year the King of Aragon held the Cortes of that Kingdom at Zaragoça being in care about carrying on the War against Portugal and France And the more for that one Roderick Trahiguere not regarding the Truce then in being had with French Forces entred Catalonia taken the Town of St. Laurence and struck such a Terror into all the Country that all such as were of Age were by Edict commanded to appear in Arms a thing never done but in time of extream Danger In Castile the Portugues Forces prevailed and were encouraged by the Hopes of Succours out of France which were reckoned the more secure because a Peace was concluded betwixt the English and French in which the Dukes of Britany and Burgundy were included The Kingdom of Aragon was not able to withstand two such powerful Enemies therefore in November the King concluded a Peace for Seven Months with the French on the side of Aragon To weaken the Portugues he wrote to the Archbishop of Toledo in very courteous Terms desiring an Interview But the Archbishop was a Man too positive to be brought to condescend His Passion was so great he was often heard to say I made the Lady Elizabeth a Queen and I will bring her down to the Spinning-wheell King Ferdinand valued not his Threats believing if he were reconciled the Cardinal might be disgusted The Marquis de Villena and Master of Calatrava at this time went out of Old Castile to Almagro designing for Baeça the Castle of which City was besieged by their Adversaries Hereupon Ocan̄a a Town belonging to the Marquess mutinied The Earl of Cifuentes and John de Ribera with the Forces they carried out of Toledo turned out the Marquess's Garrison and left the Place to the Earl of Paredes who called himself Master of Santiago King Ferdinand hasted from Burgos to Zamora and secured that City with the Assistance of the Governour Francis de Valdes The Castle was besieged with a Resolution not to desist till it were taken A Meeting was proposed betwixt the King of Aragon and his Son as also the Princess Eleanor of Navarre to find some Method of settling the Disorders in Navarre as also to prevent any Succours coming to the Portugueses out of France through that Country King Ferdinand was busie at Zamora when the Castle of Burgos there being no hopes of Relief surrendered to Queen Elizabeth at the beginning of the Year 1476. James de Ribera was appointed Governour of it the Queen having an Affection for him because he was Tutor to Prince Alonso On the 17th of January died at Madrid Queen Joanna Wife to the last King Henry and Mother to the present unfortunate Queen Joanna Her Body was buried in the Church of St. Francis in a Tomb of White Marble near the High Altar For that end were removed the Bones of Roderick Gonçalez de Clavijo who went Ambassador to Tamerlan and after his return buik the great Chapel of that Church for himself to be buried in Thus even after death the weakest are wronged Many Reports were spread abroad about the Occasion of this Queen's Death most Historians say she was Poisoned by her Brother the King of Portugal CHAP. IV. Prince John of Portugal comes into Castile with Forces to his Father's Assistance The Battle of Toro betwixt King Ferdinand and him of Portugal The latter defeated The Castilian Nobility forsake him and he returns home JOhn Prince of Portugal was left at home to govern the Kingdom He being a forward Youth and understanding his Father advanced little in Castile raised 2000 Horse and 8000 Foot but ill Armed and Undisciplined With this Recruit he set out to join his Father Having passed the Bridge of Ledesma he attacked the Town of S. Felices but was repulsed On the 9th of February he came to Toro where he found his Father had 3500 Horse and 20000 Foot in Winter Quarters King Ferdinand lay before the Castle of Zamora with only 2500 Horse and double that number of Foot Thence he sent Orders to all his Forces to join him being assured the Portugueses would oblige him to raise the Siege or come to a Battle The King of Aragon advised him not to hazard a Battle as of dangerous Consequence if lost and costly tho gained With King Ferdinand were the Cardinal of Spain the Duke of Alva the Admiral and his Uncle the Earl of Alva Liste the Marquess of Astorga and the Earl of Lemos At Alahejos lay with a Body of Men D. Henry of Aragon the King's Cousin D. Alonso his Brother and the Earl of Trevin̄o ready to march to Zamora which is not far distant Queen Elizabeth from Burgos returned to Tordesillas to be the nearer upon Occasion The King of Portugal reinsorced by his Son resolved to relieve the Castle or at least to make a shew of so doing and accordingly marched out of Toro as if he intended to move streight towards the Enemy Yet on a sudden as if he had changed his Resolution passed the Bridge and marched on the other side of the River encamping over-against Zamora near the Monastery of St. Francis He planted his Cannon at the Foot of the Bridge which led from the City to his Camp so that he could not obstruct the Battering of the Castle nor was there any access to give him Battle Thirteen days were there spent in fruitless Disputes On the first of March at break of day he marched back breaking the Bridge that the Enemy might not pursue King Ferdinand having spent some time in repairing the Bridge resolved to follow and sent before D. Alvaro de Mendoça
the Portugueses because on the 24th of February they had received a great Overthrow near Albufera two Leagues from Merida by the Forces under the Command of the Master of Santiago The Slaughter was so great that few escaped to Merida which as was said held for the Countess of Medellin In this Battle the Master and other Officers signalized themselves and among them James de Vera who killed the Portugues Standard-bearer and took the Royal Standard As a Reward the Master had the Pension of 3 Millions he was to pay out of the Mastership remitted and other Favours were bestowed upon James de Vera and the rest The Lady Beatrix Dutchess of Viseo Aunt to Queen Elizabeth and Mother-in-Law to John Prince of Portugal took upon her to Compose Differences betwixt Castile and Portugal King Ferdinand was in haste to take possession of his new Kingdom and the more for that the Aragonians to curb the Navarrois who had taken some Strong Holds on their Frontiers had assembled the Cortes without acquainting him which Action was contrary to the known Laws of that Kingdom Therefore the King left Queen Elizabeth to conclude the Peace with her Aunt Alcantara was the place agreed upon betwixt them Two for their Meeting This done the King went to pay his Devotions at Guadalupe and thence by the way of Santollalla Heriza and Calataynd to Aragon He made his Publick Entry into Zaragoça on the 28th of June with great State and the general Applause of the People who went out to meet him Next him went Luis Naya the chief Magistrate of the City The King was richly Cloathed and under a Canopy and the People with loud Acclamations wished him a Long and Happy Reign There he spent some time in hearing the Complaints of all that thought themselves aggrieved Soon after he went to Barcelona where he made Proposals about Recovering Russillon and Cerdagne but it took not effect then Yet Four Judges were appointed to determine all Differences betwixt France and Aragon as had been agreed at Bayonne From Barcelona the King went on to Valencia there he was splendidly received as in other Places and applied himself to pacifie certain Tumults occasioned by D. Ximeno de Urrea Viscount de Viota who had by force of Arms seized D. Jayme de Pallas Viscount Chelva and his Wife on pretence that Chelva and Mançanera possessed by the said D. Jayme belonged to him By the King's Command both Parties laid down their Arms. Afterwards when the Suit had depended three years the Judges offended at the Insolency of D. Ximeno in presuming to use Force gave Sentence against him and adjudged those Towns to his Adversary D. Jayme de Pallas CHAP. IX Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Portugal The Turks get footing in Italy and are again expelled King Alonso of Portugal dies Henry the late King of Castile his Grants vacated by the Cortes Prince John Son to King Ferdinand sworn Heir of Castile QUeen Elizabeth and her Aunt the Dutchess of Viseo met as had been agreed at Alcantara and after some days spent in Debating fixed upon these Articles That the King of Portugal should not Stile himself King of Castile nor give the Arms of that Kingdom and King Ferdinand should do the same in respect to Portugal That Prince John Son to King Ferdinand as soon as he was of Age should Marry the Princess Joanna That in case Prince John when at Age should dislike that Marriage then his Father and Mother should be obliged to pay 100000 Ducats to the Princess Joanna That if she thought the time too long to stay she might have liberty to become a Nun. That the Princess Elizabeth of Castile should be Married to Alonso Grandson to the King of Portugal That the Disaffected Nobles of Castile should not be protected in Portugal That the Conquest and Discoveries on the Coast of Africk and in the Ocean should entirely appertain to Portugal Lastly That for Security of the Performance of these Articles the Princesses Joanna and Elizabeth and Prince Alonso should be delivered as Hostages to the Dutchess of Viseo to be by her kept in the Castle of Mora and the King of Portugal on his part to deliver up to her four other Castles on the borders of the Kingdom This was the end of that tedious and expensive War Great Rejoycing and Thanksgiving was throughout all Spain for the Peace King Ferdinand from Valencia where he received this Joyful News returned to Toledo about the end of the year There Queen Elizabeth his Wife expected him and their Joy was redoubled by the Birth of the Princess Joanna whom Heaven had decreed to inherit the Kingdoms of her Ancestors Soon after the other Princess Joanna Daughter to King Henry perceiving how she was imposed upon became a Nun in the Monastery of S. Clare at Coimbra where she led a Virtuous Life and persevered till her Death Nevertheless the Princess Elizabeth and Prince Alonso were delivered up to the Dutchess of Viseo according to Articles The Countess of Medellin and D. Alonso de Monroy submitted as did other Nobles of Castile who had been the chief support of Portugal The Marquess of Villena his former Articles being somewhat altered was restored to the King and Queen's Favour about the beginning of the year 1480. By this new Contract the Marquess was left possessed of Escalona Belmonte Villena and Almansa the other Towns of his fell to the King Necessity obliged him to submit to these hard Terms In January died Renee Duke of Anjou in France a Prince no less famous for his ill Fortune than long Life Till the last he Stiled himself King of Aragon Sicily and Hierusalem all empty Titles In his Will he appointed his Nephew Charles his Heir To Renee Duke of Lorrain his Grandson by the Mother side he left the Dutchy of Bar which he possessed in France At Toledo the Cortes of Castile were assembled Great numbers of People resorted thither and many Grievances were laid before them The Country complained that the Nobility oppressed the Poor and devoured the Revenues of the Crown which was the cause that heavy Taxes were daily imposed upon the People Commissioners were appointed to inspect into this Affair and they having considered of it declared that all Grants made by King Henry or extorted by force ought to be void Yet all the Power of the Laws and Magistrates was not of force to curb the Insolencies of the Nobility In May all the Three Estates swore Prince John Heir of the Crown after the death of his Parents Now Castile being thus settled the King and Queen went first to Medina del Campo and then to Valladolid where some Noblemen received exemplary Punishment for Crimes committed which terrified others Galicia was not perfectly reduced that being a fierce sort of People The Cities Lugo Orense Mondon̄edo Bivero and Corun̄a would not submit Ferdinand de Acun̄a and a Civilian called Garcia Chinchilla were sent to
pacifie them These Two assembling the People at Santiago and putting to death the Mareschal Peter Pardo and some other Gentlemen brought the Country under subjection King Ferdinand was then gone to Catalonia upon this account Mahomer the Great Turk having in vain besieged Rhodes the space of three Months was forced to quit that Enterprize Part of his Fleet sailed to Vallona in Albania opposite to Apulia a Province of the Kingdom of Naples Thence Achmet Bassa who Commanded passed over into Italy and took the City Otranto on the 13th of August where he made a great Slaughter sparing neither Sex nor Age. From this Place the Turks made Incursions into the Country destroying all they came at to the great Terror of all Italy This moved the Christian Princes to think of joining their Forces to stifle that Flame Particularly King Ferdinand sent Gonzalo Beteta Ambassador to Pope Sixtus who was then much displeased with the King as appeared upon several occasions and now more especially for he constituted the Archbishop of Toledo his Legate in Spain without acquainting the King with his Design The publick Danger made private Animosities be forgot The King also sent D. John Melguerite Bishop of Girona in the Month of February 1481. to make a League with all the Princes of Italy At the same time the King gathered a Fleet of 35 Sail of all sorts at Barcelona The King of Portugal fitted 20 Ships for this purpose but these Succours went on slowly Therefore D. Alonso Duke of Calabria with what Forces he could gather in Italy at last laid Siege to Otranto It fell out happily that Mahomet the Great Turk died at Nicomedia in Bithynia on the 3d of May. News hereof being brought to the Turks in Otranto they surrendered that City the 5th Month after it had been besieged upon condition to depart freely The Duke of Calabria retained in his Service about 1500 Turks designing to make use of them against the Florentines It was the vulgar Opinion they well deserved it because they had called in the Turks yet many believed this was a Policy of the Duke to cast the Scandal of retaining those People upon his Enemy The Succours of Aragon and Portugal were of no use for they arrived in Italy after Otranto was surrendred Besides the distance weighty Affairs kept those Kings employed and diverted them from sending those Succours sooner King Ferdinand held the Cortes of Aragon at Calatayud whither Queen Elizabeth by her Husband's Order brought Prince John D. Alonso Enriquez the Admiral and Peter Fernandez de Velasco the Constable were appointed Commissioners to Govern Castile The King's aim was to have his Son sworn Heir to that Kingdom as had been before done in Castile and was also performed there on the 29th of May. Soon after the same was done at Barcelona for the Principality of Catalonia Besides these Cares another was added from Navarre Peter the Cardinal and James his Brother Unkles to the young King came to Zaragoça There being admitted to Audience in a long Harangue they laid before King Ferdinand the Misfortunes Navarre laboured under the Rebels being possessed of the most considerable Towns and Cities The Biamonteses had Pamplona the others Estela Sanguessa and Olite They represented That their King had nothing left him but the Title That the Earl of Lerin ceased not to commit all manner of Crimes Therefore they begged King Ferdinand to pity that young King and deliver him from the Slavery of his Subjects King Ferdinand having heard the two Brothers promised he would stand by King Francis and to shew his readiness sent certain Persons with the Two Princes who from him should advise the Rebels to submit to their King The Cortes of that Kingdom met at Tafalla there King Ferdinand's Ambassadors gave an account of what they had in Commission The Navarrois answered That if the King had not been received as he ought in the Kingdom it was not the fault of them all but of some few who disturbed the Peace of the Country yet if he would come to them no Town would be wanting in expressing its Loyalty This Answer was satisfactory and therefore it was proposed to King Ferdinand that King Francis should go to Pamplona It was thought sit he should go with a good Guard lest in that time of Confusion any Affront should be offered him At this time the King of Portugal died at Sintra in the very Chamber where he was born and on the 28th of August His Body was carried to Aljubarrota His Son John II. for his high Spirit and great Exploits Sirnamed the Great succeeded him This Prince as well as his Father was always an utter Enemy to Castile The Father carried it more openly but the Son subtilly and underhand and therefore more furiously vented his Passion upon some Noblemen of his Kingdom whom he suspected of favouring Castile as we shall soon see For Piety Goodness Severity towards Crimina Sharpness of Wit and a Tenacious Memory he equalled all the Kings his Contemporaries and excelled many He used to say That a Kingdom either found Princes wise or made them so by their continual conversing with Men of great Parts who constantly are about the Courts of Kings and use all Arts in Speech and Behaviour to obtain their Desires and discover their Ability CHAP. X. Francis King of Navarre comes out of France is Crown'd and soon after Dies A Conspiracy against the King of Portugal discover'd and the Conspirators punish'd Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal Ratified Luis the Eleventh King of France dies THree Princes died successively one year after another About the end of this year departed this Life Charles Duke of Anjou He appointed the King of France his Heir by which means Anjou and Provence were annexed to the Crown of France besides other Pretentions which served only to intail a War upon that Kingdom On the first of July in the following year 1482 died D. Alonso Carillo y Acun̄a Archbishop of Toledo a Man even when of great Age lively and active He retired in his latter days rather through necessity than of his own inclination He was buried in the Monastery of S. Francis built by himself at Alcalà de Henares he also made the Church of S. Stephen till then a Parish Collegiate He was addicted to Chimistry and died Poor yet is said to have left some Money to repair the School at Alcala On the left hand of the Archbishop's Tomb was buried his Son Troylus which the Cardinal D. Francisco Ximenez caused to be removed looking upon it as a Monument of that Prelate's incontinency From this Troylus are descended the Marquesses of Falces in Navarre their Sirname is Peralta The Cardinal of Spain succeeded D. Alonso Carrille in the Archbishoprick of Toledo He was Son to Yn̄igo Lopez de Mendoça Marquess of Santillana and Brother to James Hurtado de Mendoça first Duke del Infantado This Prelate was a Person of
great Virtue and Ability and had this Dignity conferred on him as a Reward for his good Services D. Ynigo Manrique Bishop of Jaen was translated in his stead to the Archbishoprick of Sevil. In Navarre a great Joy was allayed by a greater Sorrow King Francis who during the Troubles of Navarre had resided in France at last as had been agreed came to Pamplona with his Mother Uncles and a great Retinue of Nobility of France and Navarre He was received with great Pomp and a general Applause Crowned in the Cathedral and Proclaimed King on the 3d of October He was then in the flower of his Youth being 15 years of Age wonderful Beautiful and well inclined The first thing he did was to forbid upon Pain of Death any Persons whatsoever calling themselves Biamonteses or Agramonteses the hateful Names of those Factions which had so long distracted that Kingdom He made Luis Earl of Lerin Constable and gave him Larraga and other Towns to oblige him because he was powerful This done he took a Progress through the Kingdom punished Malefactors and secured the Authority of Magistrates It was proposed to Marry him to secure the Succession King Ferdinand offered his Daughter the Princess Joanna The King of France advised him to take to Wife the other Princess Joanna Daughter to King Henry then a professed Nun in Portugal thinking by this means to have an opportunity of subduing Castile Magdalen the young King's Mother an Ambitious Woman was more inclinable to this Match and therefore lest any Violence should be offered her Son persuaded him to repass the Mountains where he had large Dominions He was no sooner come to the City Pau or S. Paul in Bearne but he fell sick and died on the 30th of January 1483. His Body was buried in Lescar a City in Bearn His Sister Catherine succeeded him in the Throne as was her due By her Marriage soon after that Kingdom fell under the Dominion of the French who enjoyed it not long In Portugal King John punished some of the Nobility who had conspired to Murder him and with their Blood revenged their wicked Designs against his Person These Nobles were offended at the King 's Austere Temper his Severity in punishing Offenders and for his great freedom in declaring his Mind But above all they resented that contrary to ancient Custom the King's Alguaziles or Officers by his special Command apprehended and punished Malefactors upon their Estates They consulted together and expecting no Redress by fair Means resolved to use Force The Heads of this Conspiracy were the Dukes Ferdinand of Bragança and James of Viseo the most Powerful Men in the Kingdom and of the Blood Royal. Many others joined with them as the Marquess de Montemor the Earl of Haro the Duke of Braganca's Brothers D. Garcia de Meneses Bishop of Ebora his Brother Ferdinand and D. Lope du Albuquerque Earl of Penamacor This Conspiracy was discovered after this manner The Cortes sate at Ebora Some good Laws were Established and among other things it was provided that the Nobility should not have the Power of Oppressing the People This the Duke of Bragança complained was a Breach of the ancient Priviledges of the Nobility and offered to produce the Grants of Kings to his Predecessors Lope de Figueredo his Comptroller searching for these Papers found among them others which made out that the Duke held Correspondence with the King of Castile to the prejudice of the Crown of Portugal He carried them privately to the King who having viewed them ordered him to Copy them and return the Originals to the place where he found them It hapned the Queen in the Spring of the year 1483 was sick at Almarin after Lying in Her Brother the Duke of Viseo and her Brother in Law the Duke of Bragança came to visit her The King Entertained them kindly desiring to put a stop to that Mischief without hazarding a War At length one morning after hearing Mass he took the Duke of Bragança aside there he told him how he was informed of all his Designs and Treasonable Correspondence with Castile that he was with much difficulty induced to believe it and yet being convinced of the truth was willing to Pardon and bury it in oblivion advising him to consider none could be more his Friend than he that was so near a Kinsman and that if any thing had been amiss he ought to have advised him better or winked at any Error in the Government This Discourse of the King 's surprized the Duke He begged the King would not give Credit to Informers who strive to rise upon the Ruins of others assuring him he would not lay the stain of Disloyalty upon his Family and affirming with great Imprecations upon himself that all he said was true The King went away to Santarem the Dukes to their Estates no way departing from their Designs Mean while F. Ferdinand de Talavera Prior of Prado a Monastery of the Order of S. Hierome near Valladolid and the King's Confessor was sent to Portugal to Ratifie the late Peace and Propose that the Prince and Princess given as Hostages might be restored to their Parents which was accordingly done Only this Alteration was made in the former Articles that Prince Alonso should Marry the Princess Joanna the youngest Daughter of King Ferdinand because they were both of an Age. In May the Princess Elizabeth returned to Castile and Prince Alonso to his Father the Duke of Bragança accompanying him to Ebora where the Court was There he was apprehended upon Intelligence given by Gaspar Jusarte that he still held Correspondece with King Ferdinand by the means of Peter Jusarte Both Brothers were Rewarded for the Discovery The Duke was impeached of High Treason Tried and Condemned to Death His Execution was on the 22th of June With him suffered 6 other Fidalgos or Noblemen found guilty of the same Crime The Constable of Portugal the Dukes Brothers and others fled The Dutchess as soon as she received the News of her Husband's Death sent her 3 Sons Philip James and Denis to Castile Philip died there a Batchelor James was Pardoned and returned to Portugal Denis Married the Heiress of the Earl of Lemos in Castile His youth saved the Duke of Viseo the King only giving him a Reprimand the day after the Execution of the other Neither the Punishment of the one nor the Mercy extended to the other Duke had influence enough to prevail with the other Conspirators to desist They complained that no Man was safe and that the Duke of Bragança had been wrongfully put to death Therefore it was resolved the King should be murdered and the Duke of Viseo set up in his place They only waited an opportunity to give the Stroke but before it could be performed all the Conspiracy was detected after this manner James Tinoco had a Sister who was Mistress to the Archbishop of Ebora She having found out what was contrived discovered
all the Inhabitants to the Sword or sold them as Slaves King Ferdinand came to Valladolid upon the 6th of September There an opportunity was offered him of recovering the City Placencia which the late Kings had Alienated and given to the Family of Zun̄iga D. Alvaro de Zuniga dying a Grandson of his whose Father was dead before Inherited his Estate James de Zuniga Unckle to the Heir pretended he had a better Right as being Son to the deceased The Kindred was divided between both Thus the Family of the Caravajales seized the City but could not make themselves Masters of the Castle which was well defended by the Garrison King Ferdinand coming to appease that Sedition seized all D. Alvaro the new Duke surrendring and contenting himself with the Town of Bejar and its Dependancies in lieu of that City This struck a Terror into all the Nobility fearing they should be forced to restore to the King now grown strong all they had extorted from his Predecessors in times of Consusion New Tumults broke out in Aragon upon account that the Nobility were for breaking off the Association not long since formed betwixt the Cities as a thing that Curbed them They never gave over till some Years after at the Cortes held at Barcelona they obtained the Association should be dissolved for Ten Years John de Fonseca and Alvaro Arronio were sent Ambassadors to Flanders to procure the Liberty of Maximilian King of the Romans imprisoned by the People of Bruges They managed their business so well that he was Released and Reconciled to his Subjects His first Wife the Lady Mary to whom belonged the Dominion of Flanders being dead he aspired to Marry the Princess Elizabeth of Castile Her Father and Mother did not consent because she was promised in Portugal yet they offered one of that Princess's Sisters for Philip his Son and Heir Frederick the Emperor his Grandfather upon this design of Marrying him in Spain gave him the Title of Archduke of Austria whereas before they were only called Dukes The Fleet the Lord d' Albret was sitting out on the Coast of Biscay contributed much towards the obtaining the Liberty of Maximilian the People of Bruges being jealous it was designed against them The Fleet Sailed to Britany where the Duke of Orleans and his Confederates were overthrown by the King the Duke and John Gralla who Commanded the Spaniards were made Prisoners as shall be said hereafter CHAP. VIII The Masterships of all the Military Orders in Spain annexed to the Crown for ever Three Cities and other Places taken from the Moores Elizabeth Princess of Castile Married to Alonso Prince of Portugal His and his Fathers death AT the end of this Year died Gazri Lopez de Padilla Master of Calatrava Many aspired to that Dignity but King Ferdinand by virtue of a Bull obtained of Pope Innocent to that purpose annexed it to the Crown The same was afterwards done with the other Masterships whence it followed that rewards due to Soldiers were afterwards bestowed on Courtiers The usual Confusions at the Election of those Masters and the Lowness of the Kings Revenue were the cause of this Alteration In the East Bajazet the Turk gathered a mighty Army and Fleet which Allarmed all the Christian Princes but his design was against the Soldan of Egypt Only 11 Galliots of Pyrats invaded the Island of Malta and plundered it all up to the very Walls of the City This Island having Two Ports can contain any Fleet. The Ports are divided by a point of Land called of Santelmo This Point it was judged necessary to Fortifie that the Enemy might not possess themselves of the Island and from thence Infest the Coasts of the Christians A Fleet Sailed from Sicily in search of these Pyrats but came too late for they were gone with their Booty Another Fleet Sailed from Spain with Ferdinand de Acun̄a who went Viceroy into Sicily It was designed not only to defend their own Coasts but to Invade those of Africk King Ferdinand joined in a League with the King of England and House of Austria against the King of France All this tended towards subduing of the Kingdom of Naples which some of the Banished Nobility offered to King Ferdinand and others to the King of France as the more Powerful and an Enemy to the House of Aragon At the beginning of the Year 1489 1000 Horse and 2000 Foot were sent into Britany to succour the Lady Ann who succeeded her Father in that Dukedom D. Peter Sarmiento Earl of Salinas Commanded that Body The War against the Moores of Granada was of more Moment and greater advantages were expected from it therefore the King and Queen set out from Medina del Campo towards Andaluzia upon the 27th of March. The Rendezvous was at Jaen where upon a Muster the King found 12000 Horse and 50000 Foot all the choice Men in the Kingdom A good Body came from Biscay Baça was resolved upon to begin the Campaigne with By the Way that no Enemy might be left behind they took Cajor a small but strong Town This done Baça was Invested This City is Seated on the Side of a Hill down which and along the plain below it runs a small River on all other sides it is encompassed with other rising Grounds It was well Garrisoned and furnished with all Necessaries for 15 Months The Scituation did not allow any Engines to be brought up to the Walls About 1000 Horse and 2000 Foot sallied out of the City and did us some harm our Men being intangled betwixt the Channels of Water but others coming to their Relief the Enemy was repulsed with considerable loss Several other Skirmishes happened our Men destroying all the Orchards about the City Our Men could not deal with the Enemy upon equal Terms but they overpowred them in number Thus the Siege was prolonged and King Ferdinand was dubious whether he had not best raise the Siege especially because he lost many of his Men by Sickness and other accidents The Marquess of Cadiz then made a Duke advised to raise the Siege However the King resolved to continue it and the more to Curb the Besieged caused a Trench to be drawn quite round the Walls with Nine Forts at convenient distances all strongly Guarded to prevent being surprized by the Enemy Sallying All the Army was conveniently Posted about the Place and the Duke of Cadiz with 4000 Horse had charge of the Artillery Thus no relief could enter the City but they had plenty of Provisions In the Camp there was great scarcity of Bread and Money and yet fresh Troops came in daily About October came the Dukes of Najara and Alva in Mourning for their Father lately deceased The Admiral also came and the Marquis de Astorga Soon after arrived the Queen with the Princess Elizabeth the Cardinal of Toledo and other Prelates The Queens coming as I believe altered the resolution of the Besieged believing now the Siege was fixed Hazen the
Favourite A Proclamation was published to restore to their Liberty all the Jews who as was said before were unjustly made Slaves by his Predecessor He sent Men and Ammunition into Africk where the Portugueses had Ceuta taken by King John I. and Tangier and Arzila taken by King Alonso Unkle to Emanuel D. John de Meneses Governour of Arzila because some of the neighbouring Villages did not bring in their wonted Contributions joined with the Commander of Tangier and marched against them They were unexpectedly set upon by Barata and Almanderino two Moorish Commanders yet tho' the Enemy were much more numerous they put them to the rout All this hapned before the Cortes of Montemor broke up which could not put an end to the Business in hand because the Plague raging there the King was forced at the beginning of this Year to remove to Setuval to meet his two Widow-Sisters Queen Ellenor and the Dutchess of Bragança There it was proposed that D. Alvaro Brother to the late Duke of Bragança and that Duke's Children who were in Castile since nothing could be proved against them should be restored to their Estates King Ferdinand of Spain sollicited for them and the King's Sisters begged it with Tears especially the Dutchess as most concerned as also his Mother the Dutchess of Viseo The King was unwilling so soon to alter his Predecessor's Decrees and to disoblige those that were in Possession of those banished Persons Estates but at last overcome with so many Intreaties he made up their Losses other ways so that none might have cause to complain It was proposed to marry the King who was 26 Years of Age when he Inherited the Crown No Match seemed so advantageous as with Castile King Ferdinand was willing but would not give him his Eldest Daughter the Second was gone to Flanders and the Lady Catherine Contracted in England so he offered the Lady Mary The Portugues took it ill that any Prince should be preferred before him besides he took a liking to the Lady Elizabeth when she was in Portugal Upon account of this Treaty the Catholick King demanded of him That he should enter into the League against France and the Princess That he should banish the Moors and Jews As to the King's Request he excused himself pleading the ancient Friendship betwixt France and Portugal yet he was willing to join in a League for the Defence of Spain but would not involve himself in Quarrels that concerned him not He condescended to the Desires of the Princess tho' many opposed it And accordingly about the end of the Year set out a Proclamation commanding all the Moors and Jews to depart by a time limitted or else they should be made Slaves All the Moors without hesitation went over to Africk In the Business of the Jews there was more difficulty for soon after the King ordered all their Children under 14 Years of Age to be taken from them and Baptized A Practice not at all justifiable because none ought to be forced to become Christians nor Children to be taken from their Parents The rest were so hardly used that great Numbers were Baptized but it was a constrained Conversion Leave was also obtained of the Pope for the Commendaries of the Three Military Orders in that Kingdom to Marry so that they were only obliged to Conjugal Chastity There were sufficient Causes to obtain this Liberty and yet many condemned it Certain it is this made way for the spending the Revenues of those Orders otherwise than had been intended for what used to be employed in the War was now consumed in Pleasure and Luxury CHAP. VII The death of Ferdinand King of Naples The Emperor passes into Italy The Popes Forces defeated by the Ursini The death of the Duke of Gandia The Marriage of Prince John of Spain Proposals concerning settling the Kingdom of Naples THE Wars in Italy were not likely to cease The King of England by reason of the Match agreed upon with Spain resolved to enter into the League against France The Emperor gave out he would go himself into Italy to settle the Affairs of Lombardy and Tuscany This moved the Duke of Milan to think of forsaking the French Interest and the more for that about this time died the Dauphin of France a young Child and the King being sickly it was to be feared that Crown would come to the Duke of Orleans his greatest Enemy These reasons inclined him to adhere to the Confederate Princes In the Kingdom of Naples the Venetians possessed some part of Apulia The great Captain held Rijoles Amantia and other Places of Calabria for the Catholick King Notwithstanding the late Capitulation the French were still possessed of some Towns To reduce all the Kingdom King Ferdinand sent D. Cesar de Aragon his Father's Bastard Brother to Taranto and commanded the Duke of Urbin who served him in this War to repair to Abruzzo when having in a short time subdued most of that Province he went away to Rome with Prosper Colona Gaeta was a business of more concern for tho' the Earl of Trivento and the Venetian Gallies pressed it by Sea they advanced not much It was proposed to Besiege the Place by Land when King Ferdinand fell Sick of a flux at Soma which so increased that being carried to Naples he died on the 7th of October Frederick his Uncle then at Castellon understanding his death immediately repaired to Naples and was proclaimed King the very day his Nephew died His first care was to aâ—â—ee with the Princes of Salerno and Bisignano as also the Earls of Lauria and Melito the great Enemies of the House of Aragon Many Princes began to have an Eye towards that Crown and particularly the Catholick King whose Title began to be urged both at Rome and Naples but to no effect at that time for the Pope and other Princes had rather have a weak King for their Neighbour than the Power of Spain The Great Captain who might have done something in the Affair was employed at the Siege of the Castle of Cosenza which he hoped suddenly to be Master of and thus to secure all that Province Soon after having subdued Calabria and taken that Fort he went to Nola and leaving his Forces there visited the Queens comforting them for the death of the King The new King sat down before Gaeta with all his Forces It hapned the Lord of Aubenie who was going by Land to Rome came thither at such time as the besieged were much streightned he entred the Town and caused it to be surrendred upon Articles The French departed in a Galleon and Two Ships Loaden with the Booty and Plate taken out of the Churches One of the Ships perished in a Storm the other ran aground near Terracina which was looked upon as a Judgment On the other side the Emperor as he had agreed passed the Alps and entred Lombardy with 1000 Horse and 5000 Foot The Duke of Milan with his Forces joined him
that vast Ocean to refresh the Seamen with its Fruit Fish and Flesh tho' scarce Inhabited being but Four Leagues in length and so far from any Land Thence by the way of the Islands Terceras the Ships generally return to Lisbon in August or September The End of the 26th BOOK The History of SPAIN BOOK XXVII CHAP. I. The Death of the Prince of Castile Of Charles VIII King of France Matches of Two Daughters of Spain The Prince of Salerno expelled Naples France and Spain agree Hierome Savonarola burnt at Florence THE Affairs of Spain at one and the same time prospered in Italy and within Spain had a mixture of Felicity and Adversity Two Matches for as many of King Ferdinand's Daughters were concluded that is of the Princess Catherine with Arthur Prince of Wales and Heir to Henry VII King of England and of the Princess Elizabeth with Emanuel King of Portugal These Marriages were of great Importance because together with those of the House of Austria they bound such Mighty Princes to the Interest of Spain The Match with England was fully concluded upon the 15 of August 1497. To forward the Marriage with Portugal D. John Manuel that King's Foster-Brother came to Castile It was agreed that King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth should carry the Princess their Daughter to the Borders of Portugal where King Emanuel should meet them to consummate the Marriage upon the last Day of September Ceclamin was at first the Place appointed to meet but that Town wanting Conveniencies they spent three Days together at Valencia de Alcantara Their Joy was much abated by the News of the Indisposition of Prince John who died the 13 day after he was taken ill at Salamanca on the 4th of October to the great Loss and Grief of the whole Kingdom He left the Princess with Child but that availed little for in a short time after she miscarried The Prince's Body was carried to Avila to be buried in the famous Dominican Monastery of S. Thomas This dismal News came to Alcantara whilst yet the Rejoycing for the Wedding lasted but after King Ferdinand was gone King Emanuel begged of the Queen his Mother-in-Law not to let the Queen his Wife know any thing of it and so went away with her to Ebora There she was at last acquainted with the Death of the Prince her Brother She resented it as became a loving Sister but his Parents bore their Loss with great Magnanimity The Kingdom of Naples was not yet peaceable because the Prince of Salerno and his Party mistrusting the King fortified their Towns and Castles The first Demonstration that Prince gave of his Ill-will was That tho' he appeared when King Frederick was Proclaimed at Naples yet he would not be present at his Coronation under colour of Poverty However the Prince of Basiniano came to Court the day following to excuse himself and intercede for him of Salerno No means of Peace prevailed and the King was forced to march with his Army and besiege him in his strong Town of Diano Gonçalo Fernandez was now about returning to Spain as reckoning the War of Naples at an end To this purpose he had gone into Calabria thence to Sicily and now came to Naples to take his Leave of the King and Queen They pressed him to aid them in that Siege because the Defendants were numerous and the King's Party favoured them The Great Captain gathered 500 Spaniards and the King furnishing him 500 Germans he so straitned the Besieged tho' with much danger of his Person that the Prince was forced to surrender It was agreed That the Prince with all such as would follow him might safely depart the Kingdom with their Goods That all the Towns and Forts belonging to the Prince should be delivered up to the King he paying for the Cannon and Provisions in them Thus Diano was surrendered upon the 28th of December and the Prince put himself into the hands of the Duke of Melfi to be conducted to Sangalla a City in Marca de Ancona which sided with the King of France The Earls of Conça and Lauria his Confederates bore him Company He of Capacho being very old put himself upon the King's Mercy This same Year in Autumn D. John de Gusman Duke of Medina Sidonia sent a Fleet over to Africk to People Melilla which is opposite to Almeria and had been abandoned by the Moors In recompence for the Charge he had been at that Town was given to the Duke and his Heirs for ever The Xeque or Lord of Gelves who was in Rebellion aginst the King of Tunez his Sovereign to secure himself under the Christian Protection delivered up that Island and Port to the Catholick King and in his Name to John de Lanuça then Viceroy of Sicily Captain Margarit was left with the Spanish Forces to secure that Island A solemn Embassie from France now met the King at Alcala de Henares The Proposals made were That the Two Kings with their joint Forces should invade Italy That as to the Kingdom of Naples the Catholick King should possess Calabria till such time as the French King in exchange should give him the Kingdom of Navarre and 30000 Ducats yearly for what it was worth above that Kingdom That the States of Milan and Genoa should belong to the French and all the rest of Italy be equally divided betwixt them The Catholick King was not averse from the Business of Naples but as for the rest of Italy would not be concerned without advertising the Empire who had so great a Right to it At last it was resolved King Ferdinand should send Ambassadors to France to prosecute this Treaty At this time all the Monasteries of Castile were reduced to the strict Observance of their Orders which the Dominicans Augustins and Carmelites easily condescended to The Franciscans at first made some resistance According to Agreement the King sent Ferdinand Duke of Estrada and Two others his Ambassadors to conclude a Peace with France At the same time it was believed the French King resolved to invade Roussillon but Death prevented his Designs He departed this Life at Amboise on the 17th of April 1498. The Duke of Orleans called Luis XII succeeded him At Blois where the New King was and afterwards at Orleans the Treaty of Peace was carried on that King always giving good Words and fair Promises only to gain time till he was settled in the Kingdom and could be divorced from his present Wife Sister to the late King in order to marry the Dutchess of Britany who since the death of the late King her Husband was for returning into her own Country He at last compassed his ends and had by that Dutchess two Daughters only the Eldest of which was married to Francis the Heir of that Crown Before the death of King Charles it was proposed that Caesar Borgia should resign his Cardinal's Cap to which purpose that King promised him an Estate in
France and to marry him to the Lady Charlotte Daughter to the King of Naples Her Father would not consent because they demanded the Principality of Taranto with her as Dower and this was suspected to be in order to seize the whole Kingdom of Naples The Duke of Milan and Cardinal Ascanius his Brother pressed the King to consent lest the Pope should bring the French upon him again which would prove his utter Ruin as it did K. Ferdinand did not approve of this Contrivance tho' he was offered the disposal of the Churches of Pamplona and Valencia then in the hands of Caesar Borgia These Practices scandalized all Christendom to see that a Cardinal in Holy Orders should have leave given him to marry The Wickedness of the Court of Rome gave all the World enough to talk therefore Hierome Savonarola a Dominican who of late Years had a great hand in the Government of Florence Preaching with extraordinary Freedom against the Extravagancies of the Pope was by his Order publickly burnt with two of his Companions in the Market place of that City upon Palm-Sunday Many in Florence to this day account him a Martyr others condemned his Boldness But this hapned not only at Florence for Garcilasso the Catholick King 's Ambassador reproved the Pope to his face and required him in his King's Name to redress those Disorders The Pope was angry at this Liberty but mended not his Faults Soon after Caesar Borgia publickly protested he took Orders against his Will and desired a Dispensation to quit all his Benefices and resign the Cardinal's Cap. Many of the Cardinals were of Opinion he deserved for his wicked Life to be degraded and not suffered to resign but none durst speak for fear of the Pope In fine he resigned and the New King of France created him Duke of Valence Being disappointed of the Daughter of Frederick King of Naples he married the Daughter of the Lord d' Albret and Sister to the King of Navarre By her he had a Daughter who her Father dying was left to the Care of her Unkle the King of Navarre This same Year the Great Captain having gathered a Fleet at Naples sailed for Spain He was the Honour of our Nation for the many Victories he obtained and subduing that Kingdom after such great Disorders CHAP. II. The King of Portugal sworn Heir to the Crown of Castile Elizabeth his Queen delivered of a Son dies The Duke of Milan expelled his Dominions University of Alcala founded Rebellion of the Mountain-Moors AS soon as Prince John died the King and Queen began to be sollicitous about the Succession of the Crown but waited to see what the Princess Margaret would bring forth Their Grief was increased when at Alcala de Henares she miscarried of a Daughter Hereupon they advertised the King of Portugal of his Title to the Crown and advised him to come to Castile and be Sworn according to Custom The Archduke and his Dutchess who at that time took the Stile of Princes of Spain were warned to forbear it The King and Queen of Portugal entred Castile by the way of Badajoz where they were received by the Dukes of Medina Sidonia and Alva with many other Great Men. Thence they went to spend the Holy Week at Guadalupe and on the 26th of April came to Toledo where the Catholick King and Queen expected them and according to Custom on the Sunday following Homage was done to them and they were Sworn Heirs of Castile The Business of Aragon was not so easie because Henry Duke of Segorve was alive and pretended no Woman could Inherit that Crown and therefore it appertained to him and his Son Alonso as descended of the Male Line of King Ferdinand of Aragon To make all things the easier the Kings of Castile and Portugal went to Zaragoça and there on the 14th of July proposed to the Nobility to Swear to the King and Queen of Portugal as Heirs of the Crown There arose a great Debate some affirming no Woman could Inherit that Crown and others maintaining the contrary To end this Dispute it pleased God that the Queen of Portugal on the 23d of August was delivered of a Son whom they called Michael She died within an Hour after The King her Husband returned immediately to his Kingdom The Queen's Body was deposited in the Church of S. Francis and thence translated to the Monastery of Nuns of S. Elizabeth built by her Father at Toledo On the 22d of September all Difficulties being removed the young Prince was by general Consent Sworn Heir to the Crown of Aragon and soon after the same was done in Castile Before King Ferdinand went to Zaragoça he had sent D. Alonso de Sylva his Ambassador to France to Compliment the New King upon his Accession to the Crown and at the same time to press the Conclusion of the Peace He with the other Ambassadors there before soon brought it to a Period The same was done on his part by the Archduke without consulting his Father or Father-in-Law Luis d' Amboise Archbishop of Roan by his Interest with the King of France much forwarded this Agreement In September the Pope made him a Cardidal at the suit of the French King who was intent upon passing into Italy upon account of the Right he pretended to have to the Dutchy of Milan and Kingdom of Naples From Zaragoça King Ferdinand sent D. Yn̄igo de Cordova Brother to the Earl of Cabra and Dr. Philip Ponce to require the Pope to restore the City Benevento to the Church and to reform the Abuses of his Court and Leudness of his Family The King of Portugal by the Advice of his Father-in-Law sent D. Roderick de Castro and D. Henry Coutin̄o to Rome with the same Embassie They all admonished the Pope and made their Protestation Garcilasso de la Vega performing the Office of Notary Apostolick The Pope was highly offended and threatned to punish them for their Presumption yet at last be answered That Benevento was not nor should not be alienated As to the Reforming his House he answered harshly Within few days the Prince of Esquilache his Wife his Sister Lucrecia and her Husband whose Leudness as well as Caesar Borgia's incensed the People all departed Rome Such was the Hatred the Pope conceived on this account against Garcilasso de la Vega that he was forced to leave that City and the Portugues Ambassadors soon followed at the beginning of the Year 1499. Those of the Catholick King stayed some time longer till the coming of Lorenço Suarez de Figueroa who was appointed to succeed his Brother Garcilasso after he had been Ambassador at Venice where he gained great Reputation Many heavy Cares at the same time lay upon the Catholick King Italy was in danger by reason of the French King's Pretensions The Pope egged him on in hopes to be revenged on King Frederick and to raise Duke Valentine The Venetians also offended with the Duke
those Times At the beginning of this Year Lucrecia de Borgia was married to the Heir of the Duke of Ferrara her Portion was 100000 Ducats The Archduke and his Wife by the way of Burgos Valladolid Medina and Segovia came to Madrid The Catholick King and Queen came from Andaluzia to Guadalupe There to oblige Duke Valentine and in him the Pope they gave him the City Andria and other Lands in Naples with the Title of Prince It was also proposed that the Kings of Spain and France should settle an Estate upon King Frederick and his Children The King and Queen came to Toledo upon the 22d of April as did the Princes on the 7th of May having been stayed some days at Olias by reason of the Archduke's Indisposition At Toledo on the 22d of May they were sworn Heirs of the Kingdoms of Castile and Leon in a great Assembly of Prelates and Noblemen They were tied in case they Inherited those Kingdoms to Govern them according to their ancient and known Laws At the same time that Spain rejoiced at the coming of these Princes England lamented the Death of Prince Arthur The Princess his Wife was supposed to be lest a Maid tho' they lived together as Man and Wife for 5 Months But the Prince was only 14 Years of Age and of so weak a Constitution that it gave sufficient Grounds to believe this might be true Ferdinand Duke d' Estrada was sent by the Catholick King to Condole with King Henry and to propose that the Princess might be married to his Second Son But he neither restored her Portion nor could for some time be brought to conclude that Match which afterwards proved so unfortunate Soon after the News was brought of that Prince's Death Mary Queen of Portugal was delivered at Lisbon of a Son whom they named John He afterwards Inherited his Father's Kingdom and was a most Renowned Prince CHAP. VI. Further Actions of the Great Captain at Naples The Duke of Calabria contrary to Articles sent into Spain The French and Spanish Generals Consult their Kings and have a Conference to Adjust Differences in the Division of Naples The beginning of the War betwixt them THE Great Captain as has been said laid Siege to Taranto some months before this time In that Town was the Duke of Calabria well provided to hold out Nevertheless the first day the Town was invested a Treaty was begun and at length the Duke by the means of Octavian de Santis concluded a Truce for Two months that he might have time to consult his Father both sides giving Hostages that nothing should be done to the prejudice of the other in the mean while Afterwards because the Messengers sent to King Frederick were not come back the Truce was prolonged till the end of the year upon the same Articles as before This Term also expiring without any Answer the Truce was still continued for Two months longer and the City put into the keeping of Bindo de Ptoiomeis a Subject of the Catholick King in whom the Great Captain reposed great Trust upon Condition that after that time the City should be surrendred without any farther delay but that the Duke with all his Treasure and Family should be free At the same time the Castle of Gerachi a Place of great importance 3 Leagues from the Sea was surrendred and the Prince of Salerno came to Treat with the Great Captain about coming over to his Party provided he and the Prince of Bisignano might be restored to their Estates He also demanded the Earldom of Lauria and 5000 Duccats Pension which his Predecessors used to be allowed by the Kings of Naples All these were extravagant Demands and denoted he had but a small Inclination to submit Many of the Barons who had withdrawn with King Frederick to Ischia came over now to the Great Captain Of them he admitted such as he thought were most important for his King's Service and among them Prosper and Fabricius Colona being informed the Venetians endeavoured to draw them into their Service D. James de Mendoça and In̄igo de Ayala took the City and Castle of Manfredonia by Intelligence they held with the Governour that was to keep that place for King Frederick notwithstanding the Lord of Alegre was marching at the same time to Relieve the Besieged At last the City Taranto according to Articles was delivered with its Castles to the great Captain And because one of the Articles of Surrender was That the Duke might have liberty to depart whither he pleased for the present he went to Bari which still held out for his Father tho the City was weak and the Castle but a plain House resolving to stay there for his Orders without which he would not do any thing The Great Captain earnestly desired to reconcile him to the Catholick King that be might not go to France which might cause some Troubles Proposals were made and he offered him 30000 Duccats a year for ever part in the Kingdom of Naples and part in Spain which was all he asked or could expect in that Condition The Duke liked the Offer but would conclude nothing without his Father's Consent Soon after the Dutchess Dowager of Milan his Cousin rather than to go to Sicily whither she was invited with the Queen of Hungary her Aunt retired to that City This Lady prevailed with the Duke to write a Letter to the great Captain praying him that notwithstanding the Capitulation by which he was at liberty to dispose of himself he would send him over to the Catholick King because he found his Father's Designs were not for his Advantage and yet he was not willing to act any thing publickly in opposition to him It is to be believed the Duke did not continue long in this mind for his Father by Letter pressed the Great Captain according to what had been Capitulated to give his Son his full Liberty urging that it was not like a Gentleman to break his Word and that he ought to remember how much he had been his Friend in the time of his Prosperity The Great Captain who kept a Guard upon him that he might not escape to the end to bring him to his Will besides the Revenue he had offered before now promised in the Name of the Catholick King to Marry him either to the Queen of Naples his Neece or with the Princess of Wales both very advantageous Proposals It was suspected that the Earl of Ponteza D. John de Guevera who always stuck by the Duke led him which way he pleased The Duke tho he went about Apulia in appearance free yet was so guarded that he could not get away nor scarce go a Hunting In fine this Business was so contrived that at Duke was brought back to Toranto and thence John de Conchillos had Orders to carry him in a Gally to Sicily and so to Spain it being believed Matters would be the better adjusted betwixt the Parties themselves and that the Duke
the Duke till he should cause the Places to be delivered It was agreed that till the Surrender of the Towns he should be in Custody of the Cardinal Bernardine de Carvajal at Ostiá which performed the Pope was to furnish him with Two Gallies to go over to France As soon as the Great Captain had notice of it he sent Lezcano to Ostia to the Cardinal to advise him to perswade the Duke to go to Naples that so that Boutefeu might do no more mischief The Cardinal having promised to use his endeavours Lescano gave him the Great Captains safe Conduct Mean while the Towns were delivered and then the Duke at the perswasion of the Cardinal went to Naples and delivered himself up to the Great Captain who entertained him nobly But he being a restless Spirit and well beloved by the Soldiery as soon as he came to Naples contrived to send Men and Money to Relieve the Castle of Forli which still held for him He also meditated how to make himself Master of Plombin Perosa and Pisa tho' under the Protection of the Catholick King and endeavoured to debauch the Spanish and German Troops with great offers he made to them The Great Captain understanding of it took care to disappoint his Designs The Duke had laid Horses to make his escape from Naples knowing the King of France had sent the Marquess of Final to Ostia on purpose to draw him to his Service To prevent his Escape the Great Captain ordered him to be secured in Castlenovo tho' the Pope demanded he should be sent back to Ostia since the Castle of Forli was not delivered but at length by the Procurement of the Great Captain that Place submitted to him Soon after the Great Captain resolved D. Antony de Cardona and Lezcano should carry the Duke to Spain to prevent farther troubles in Italy Most Men blamed the great Captain as guilty of breach of Faith in Confining and sending the Duke to Spain and the Catholick King at first was sorry it was done But the Great Captain had more regard to the common Good than to his own Honour The King of France was much concerned at the Dukes Imprisonment as believing he should have a want of him and as soon as he was informed of his being sent to Spain said From hence forwards the Word of the Spaniards and the Faith of the Carthaginians may go together since they are alike in all things At this time the King and Queen of Navarre had sent a solemn Embassy to Castile to propose a Match betwixt Henry d' Albret their Son and Prince of Viana and Elizabeth 2d Daughter to the Archduke At first the Catholick King and Queen willingly harkned to this Treaty as the proper means to secure themselves on the side of Navarre which gave them no small Trouble and the more for that the Princess Magdalen of Navarre who was kept by them in the nature of a Hostage for performance of the former Treaty died soon after at Medina del Campo D. John Manuel the Catholick King 's Ambassador at the Emperor's Court by the Archduke's Order went to Flanders He was afterwards very great with that Prince and for the present it was Ordered that all Affairs relating to Spain should be communicated to him which was more pleasing to the Emperor who hoped by his means to compose some Differences he had with Son than to the Catholick King who pressed to have his Grandson Prince Charles brought to Spain for many reasons that moved him to it The Emperor and Archduke delayed his coming being desirous to conclude the Match betwixt him and Claudia Daughter to the King of France believing this to be the surest way to compose all the Differences then on Foot betwixt Spain France and Burgundy Besides the King of France offered that the Estates of Orleans Britany Milan and Burgundy should swear to them as lawful Successors and offered to give what Security should be demanded for the Performance The Queen Mother to the Bride had rather she should be Married to Francis de Valois Duke of Angoulesme who was Heir to the Crown and would no ways suffer such large Dominions to be Alienated from it unless they were immediately delivered up which could not be done In the midst of all his Prosperity and Honour acquired the Great Captain was not free from Troubles and Crosses for there are never wanting some who endeavour to undermine and ensnare those whom they see Rise above themselves and Princes commonly pay Services with Ingratitude when they are greater than can easily be recompenced It was impossible to satisfie all that had Served in that War for every one values his own Merits at a greater Rate than he ought Such as were dissatisfied either went themselves to Spain to complain or sent their Grievances in Writing and were perhaps better admitted than they ought to have been Many Articles were exhibited against the Great Captain the chief were That he had assisted the Cardinal Julian de Rouere to obtain the Papacy as appeared by a Letter intercepted from the said Cardinal promising great things if he would support him The Truth is that the Great Captain favoured Cardinal Bernardin de Carvajal and the Ambassador Francis de Rojas the Cardinal of Naples who had promised him a Cardinals Cap but neither of them coming up malicious Men charged the Election upon those who had no hand in it His next charge was that the Soldiers committed many Insolencies and were not punished which rendred the Spaniards odious to the People and might be the cause of some disorder He answered he could not commend the Virtue of those People most of them being such as Spain for their Villanies could no longer endure and had been necessitated to disburden it self of them Yet that the chief cause of their Disorders was want of Pay and that it was rather to be admired they had been so much under Command having suffered so much especially at Garellano and Gaeta where 14 Months Pay was due to them and yet no Mutiny happened That nevertheless no Man committed a Crime but he was punished tho' in time of War it was impossible to prevent all disorders His Third Accusation was that the Revenue was lavished since that which was great together with the Confiscations amounting to vast Sums did not suffice to pay the Army and that no Account could be given of the Money sent him from Spain This last was the Fault of Francis Suarez the Paymaster and other his Officers who had the Receiving and Laying out of that Money The Revenue of Naples did not exceed 450000 Ducats and the Pay of the Army in one Year came to 800000. As for Confiscations there could not so much be made of them as was imagined because the greatest Part was spent in Gratifications to those that had Served well Hence sprung the chief Article exhibited against him which was that he gave away Towns Estates and Commands as if
grew jealous of the Kingdom of Naples fearing lest the Great Captain should encline to favour his Son-in Law Prosper Colona failed not to encrease this Jealousie tho' he had obtained all he came to Spain for and particularly that Bartholomew d' Albianos Company of 400 Men at Arms should be reduced to 200. Besides the Catholick King ordered only 1200 Men at Arms 600 Light Horse and 3000 Spanish Foot to be left in the Kingdom of Naples 2000 Spaniards to be sent to Spain and the Germans dismissed all to save Charges and weaken that Kingdom A particular Council was erected in Castile for the Government of it Ladron de Mauleon was sent Ambassadot from the King of Navarre to confirm the ancient Alliance with King Ferdinand by concluding the Match betwixt the Prince of Viana and the Archduke's Daughter He also pressed to have Duke Valentine then Prisoner released as did many Cardinals created by Pope Alexander The King was willing to renew the League and inclinable to the Match As to the Duke he said it could not be done at present tho' at the same time he thought to make use of him in Italy to balance against the Great Captain He desired Security that he would be true to his Interest and Alonso d' Este Duke of Ferrara offered to be bound for him Emanuel King of Portugal sent the Bishop of Porto and James Pacheco his Ambassadors to Rome to acknowledge Pope Julius After he had sent several Fleets to Trade in India he now sent Francis d' Almeyda with the Title of Governour to reside there that all who passed to those Parts might know who they were to obey Many Difficulties attended the Prosecution of this Enterprize besides the length of the Voyage One was the Opposition made by the Venetians as has been hinted before Another that the Soldan of Babylon either at the Instigation of that State or of his own accord undertook to ruin their Trade in those Parts He sent Maurus Guardian of the Monastery at Hierusalem with Letters to the Pope complaining of the Proceedings of the Catholick King in the Conquest of Granada and Conversion of the Moors and of the King of Portugal for ruining his Trade in India and taking his Ships He desired him to put a stop to any further progress in this Affair otherwise he threatned to destroy the Holy Sepulchre and put to death all the Christians within his Dominions This moved the Pope to send the same Religious Man with the Letters to Spain to both the Kings neither of whom made any account of them or the Threats they contained CHAP. VI. King Ferdinand becomes odious to the People The Posture of Affairs in Italy The Emperour and King Philip of Castile Ratifie the Peace with France King Ferdinand agrees with the French King THE Cortes at Toro passed the Laws called of Toro which had been framed before the death of Queen Elizabeth After the Cortes were dismissed King Ferdinand continued at Toro till the end of April to be thoroughly satisfied whether King Emanuel of Portugal approved of his continuing in the Government The Nobility in hatred to him gave out that he treated about marrying the Princess Joanna Daughter to King Henry and to assert her Title which before he had impugned and by that means to maintain himself not only as Governour but Rightful King of Castile in opposition to his Daughter and Son-in-Law It is scarce credible how much this Report incensed the People Certain it is his Vice-chancellor Alonso de la Cavalleria endeavoured to persuade him to change the Name of Governour for that of Administrator and Guardian as Fathers are to their Children before they are of Age and Queen Joanna might be account such either in regard of her want of Sense or of her being confined and that he ought to take the Title of King either on this account or as Husband to Queen Elizabeth He brought the Example of his Father King John who still called himself King of Navarre tho' he had Children and that Kingdom had been his Wife's The Nobility of Castile and those of the New King's Council were of another Opinion They said it were better for King Ferdinand to retire to the Kingdom of Aragon and from thence to aid his Children in what they should desire for that One Kingdom would not admit of Two Heads Neither could they agree as to his Kingdoms of Granada and Naples The Catholick King pretended a Right to Granada as conquered in his Wife's life-time and as for Naples he said there was no dispute of its appertaining to the House of Aragon and therefore highly resented that his Son-in Law should pretend to dispose of it without consulting him to whom only it belonged This made him suspicious of the Great Captain who was a Castilian for the Emperor had sent to know which side he would encline to in case of a War and the Pope had put the same Question to him To the Emperor he answered in general Terms to the Pope resolutely telling him It was plain he knew not what Men he had to deal with who were not used to commit any thing that was disloyal to their King or unworthy themselves From Toro the Catholick King went to Segovia and thence sent D. John de Fonseca Bishop of Palencia to Flanders to attend upon the Queen his Daughter From the Emperor and his Son came as Ambassadors to the Catholick King Andrew de Burgo of Cremona and Philibert Lord de Vere who was great with the Archduke and had much Knowledge of the Affairs of Castile To him the Catholick King made known his Grievances and again attempted to draw D. John Manuel from King Philip but he instead of it discharged himself King Ferdinand's Service King Philip also kept Lope de Conchillos Secretary to the Bishop of Palencia a long time close Prisoner for writing a Letter from the Queen to the King committing to him the Charge of the Government which Letter was intercepted and thereupon no Spaniard was suffered to speak to the Queen which so heightned her Distemper that she was shut up In Italy the Great Captain sent Nun̄o de Ocampo with 1000 Men of those that were ordered to be dismissed to defend Plombin and Pisa The Florentines laid Siege to Pisa but Nun̄o de Campo throwing himself with his Men into it they were forced to rise and depart without it The Coloness pressed to have Bartholomew d' Alviano's Command reformed which the Great Captain delayed knowing the Worth of that Gentleman but afterwards understanding he held Intelligence with the Pope and designed to Favour the House of Medicis against the Florentines his Command was reduced He knowing of it thought to have seized Plombin but being disappointed aimed at Pisa The Great Captain commanded him to desist upon pain of Forfeiting his Possessions and Command in Naples The Florentines laying wait for him overthrew and wounded him At Naples for his Disobedience his Estate was
daily more People resorted thither and more Men of Note as the Duke of Bejar the Marquesses of Astorga and Aguilar Gazilasso de la Vega and the Duke del Infantado This encouraged the followers of King Philip. The Catholick King stayed at Astorga till the 15th of May thence he went to Ravanal designing to go on to Santiago and to appoint the Interview there Some of his Council advised him not to be too hasty because Delay would breed Discord among the Noblemen and the Favourites of King Philip and by that means he would be reduced to submit to his Father-in-Law This was the Posture of Affairs in Castile The Princes of Italy and other Nations expected the Event of King Philip's going into Spain believing the Catholick King would be Affronted and much Weakened This they were the more apt to give Credit to because they saw the Great Captain contrary to his King's Orders continued at Naples which they could not believe to be without some Mystery But he understanding these Surmises sent before his Horses and Equipage and with it Peter Navarro to acquaint the Catholick King with the true Reasons of his stay which were to Order the Garrisons and appease the Soldiers who mutinied for want of Pay On the other Side John Baptista Espinelo went away at the same time for Spain to Complain of the Great Captain and blame all his Proceedings which was easie to do because he had much Credit with the Catholick King Calumny often prevails above Truth at least its first Efforts are more violent Thus the Catholick King resolved to use all means to draw the Great Captain from Naples and to this purpose appointed his Son the Archbishop of Zaragoça to go and take the Government of that Kingdom upon him At the same time he sent John Lopez de Vergara Secretary to the Great Captain with a Note under his Hand wherein he solemnly Swore he would give him the Mastership of the Order of Santiago as soon as he came into Spain This was believed to be only a Design to intrap him for at the same time he Ordered Peter Navarro created Earl of Olivito to go with the Archbishop and Apprehend him in Castelnovo The reason why the King changed his Mind was because he received a Letter from the Great Captain assuring him of his Fidelity and swearing to stand by him and keep that Kingdom at his Devotion besides he promised he would soon be in Spain Thus this Storm was laid which at that time might have been of dangerous Consequence CHAP. IX The Spaniards and Flemmings at variance upon their first meeting King Ferdinand raises Forces pretending to Rescue his Daughter Many forsake him and he is forced to quit Castile An Interview of the Two Kings NO sooner were the Noblemen come to Corun̄a but there arose Disputes and Contentions among them nor could they agree with the Flemmings The Marquess of Villena took Place of all others and as Lord High Steward when the King heard Mass stood next the Curtin on the one Side and Monsieur de Vere as Steward for Flanders on the other They could not agree about the Interview betwixt the Two Kings The Castilians were for hindering of it that they might not agree the Flemmings as the more sincere People thought it best they should meet to prevent Misunderstandings Monsieur de Vere was he that appeared most for the Interview yet some malicious Persons said he did it out of malice to D. John Manuel by reason of his great Interest in King Philip. But he at this time gave greater signs of Discontent than of being in Favour the coming of so many Noblemen having very much startled him fearing least some of them should step in before him and be the cause of his fall All of them agreed in their Complaints against the Catholick King Some thought it hard he should take to himself half the Revenune of the Crown and not divide the Income of the Masterships Some said how could Three Kings be endured in Castile and D. John Manuel produced a Grant passed in France wherein King Ferdinand Stiled himself King of Castile Many reflected that all Commands in Spain were held in the Name of the Catholick King who was still to appoint Governors to many Cities whereas it would not be in the power of King Philip in a long time to dispose of those Posts Above all they exclaimed that he raised Men under Colour of setting his Daughter at Liberty she being kept up and not allowed to be seen by reason of her Indisposition This Article was true For King Ferdinand had sent out Orders to levy Forces upon pretence of Rescuing his Daughter to strengthen himself if they should come to an open Breach The Duke of Alva had already raised a Force in the Kingdom of Leon to stand by the Catholick King he only of all the Nobility adhering to him tho' he was sensible of the Danger he exposed himself to since all forsook the King even the Constable who was his Son-in Law and the Admiral his Cousin having thought it more for their Advantage to accompany King Philip. King Ferdinand not satisfied with raising Men in Castile sent an Aragonian Gentleman called Jaime Albion to acquaint the King of France with the Posture of his Affairs and request him to stir up the Duke of Guelders and Bishop of Liege to make War upon Flanders by that means to bring down King Philip to his own Terms Still the Talk of an Interview continued but could not be agreed upon King Philip resolved to set out from Corun̄a towards Santiago Before him marched the Germans with their Cannon in as good Order as if they were in an Enemies Country The same day being the 28th of May the Catholick King and Queen set out towards Betanços D. John Alonso de Fonseca Archbishop of Santiago had declared for the Catholick King which was the reason King Philip would not meet him there nor made no long stay in the Place but turned off to Orense and the Catholick King staid at Villafranca Then King Philip sent Word to the Catholick King that if he would send the Archbishop of Toledo to him he hoped all things would be adjusted to Content This was accordingly done and the Archbishop laboured to reconcile all Differences but advanced little the Nobility opposing it as unwilling that the Two Kings should be reconciled From Villafranca King Ferdinand went to Baneza and thence to Matilla at which time many Prelates and other Gentlemen forsook him being drawn away by the Nobles that had Declared against him This made the Catholick King despair of being able to support himself if the matter came to be decided by the Sword which was the cause he endeavoured to Compound with his Son-in-Law at any Rate Hereupon he sent him a Letter desiring they might meet without farther delay or hearkning to ill affected Persons His answer was only Complaints that the Catholick King raised
Before he went thence King Philip sent to acquaint him with some things that had passed between the Queen and himself desiring he would as a Father prevent the like for the future King Ferdinand referred him to his own Conscience From Tordesillas the Catholick King went to Tudela a Village near Valladolid and King Philip to Mucientes By the way he laboured to draw the Nobility to consent under their Hands to shut up the Queen The Admiral being asked to Sign desired first to speak with the Queen It was granted So the Admiral and Earl of Benavente went to the Castle of Mucientes where the Queen was They found her in a black Room cloathed in black her Face almost covered At the Door stood Garzilasso de la Vega and within the Archbishop of Toledo The Admiral had some Discourse with the Queen and she never said any thing from the purpose King Philip pressed she should be shut up the Admiral advised him to be careful what he did for it would be of evil Consequence to go to Valladolid without her and might be a Motive to raise Tumults under colour of setting the Queen at Liberty That his Opinion was he should never let her be from him and since Jealousie was her greatest Distemper her being shut up would only serve to increase it This being proposed in Council it was decreed she should be carried to Valladolid Before this it was agreed the Two Kings should meet at Renedo a Village a League and a half from Tudela and two and a half from Mucientes King Ferdinand desired that to avoid Scandal this Meeting might be with greater Demonstrations of Affection than the former On the 5th of July after Dinner the Two Kings set out towards Renedo King Ferdinand came first alighted at the Church and there expected his Son in Law They met with great Demonstrations of Affection Discoursed together an hour and half then called the Archbishop of Toledo before whom they used many Expressions full of Kindness no Business was spoken of nor mention made of seeing the Queen This done they parted and King Ferdinand went on his Journey towards Aragon The Duke of Alva begged Leave to bear him Company to Naples whither he intended to go but was not permitted the King telling him he had rather he should attend his Service in Castile King Ferdinand bore this shameful Expulsion out of Castile with great Resolution and appeared always pleasant to the Nobility that came to take their Leave of him If any charged others with Ingratitude to him he said they had done him good Service and he would Reward them as far as lay in his Power In short he went away as if he expected soon to return Scarce had King Ferdinand turned his Back when there began to be great Commotions in Castile which made it appear to the People what miss they were like to have of the late Government King Philip had summoned the Cortes to meet at Valladolid He still urged to shut up the Queen on account of her Infirmity and that she should not have any Hand in the Government The Nobility complied and the Archbishop of Toledo made Interest to get her into his Hands Only the Admiral of Castile opposed it and perswaded the Commons not to consent they promised they would not if any of the Nobility would stand by them and he solemnly Swore never to forsake them Thus most of them gainsaid it and only Swore as they had done before at Toro Queen Joanna Queen of Castile in her own Right the Archduke King as her Husband and Prince Charles Heir to the Crown after his Mother's Death They gave 100 Millions of Maravedies to be raised in two years for carrying on the War against the Moors which was looked upon as a heavy Tax by reason of the Famine then raging in Castile Spain was supplied with Corn out of Sicily a thing never before heard of It was also surprizing that the Council of State began to interfere with the Business of the Inquisition They gave Ear to those who made Complaint against James Rodriguez Luzero Inquisitor at Cordova him and his Inferior Officers they designed to remove from their Employments The Earl of Cabra and Marquess of Priego stood up for them The People Mutinied secured the Judge and a Notary of the Inquisition and entred the Palace where the Inquisitors resided They complained of the Archbishop of Sevil D. James de Peza who was Head Inquisitor and of all the General Council of the Inquisition which was made up of Dr. Roderick de Mercado the Master Azpeitia the Licentiate Ferdinand de Montemayor the Licentiate John Travera who was afterwards Cardinal and Archbishop of Toledo and the Licentiate Sosa all Men of known Integrity They resided at Toro and had in Custody a great number of rich Jews It was no less strange that at once all the Governors of Towns and Forts and Generals of the Frontiers were changed This Alteration was the cause of Three great Evils one that many Places of Trust were given to Flemings The second that the number of Preferments being so great they were not bestowed on Deserving Persons but as every Courtier or Nobleman was in favour or else as every one offered most Money The third that all those who were removed thought themselves wronged being outed those Places without any cause which they had obtained by their Service This was cause of great Discontent The Discontent of those who had lost their Places the Ignorance of the new Officers and above all the Report that all Preferments were sold and that the Queen was ill Treated gave occasion to the Multitude to Mutiny and Combine together for Redressing those Grievances and preventing greater they feared were like to follow Now it was thought had the Catholick King returned into Castile all Men would have followed him and the new King began to be held in such small Account that when he would have made Garcilasso de la Vega President of the Council and Tutor to Prince Ferdinand the Nobility would not allow him either D. John Manuel acted as President till such time as that Employment was disposed of In Andaluzia the Duke of Medina Sidonia the Earl of Uren̄a the Marquess de Priego and Earl of Cabra met as was supposed to Treat about setting the Queen at liberty The King and Queen in August went from Valladolid to Segovia on account that the Marquess and Marchioness of Moya would not resign the Command of that Castle to D. John Manuel as they were ordered But they knowing Forces were raising against them submitted The King hearing of it returned to Tudela de Duero designing for Burgos and Vitoria because it was reported the French had a Force in readiness to invade the Frontiers on that side To secure himself on the side of Navarre he appointed the Duke of Najara General of those Frontiers in the place of D. John de Ribera and concluded a League with
had joined the Turks with 34 Sail. These small Vessels sailing under the Shore the Portugueses descryed only 5 Ships which they thought to belong to Alonso de Albuquerque whom they expected Part of the Enemies Fleet entred the Harbour and that day was spent in Cannonading one another Next day Laurence de Almeyda Attacks Mir Hozem's Admiral Gally but could not grapple by reason it was Ebb and the Enemy lay in shoal Water He sustained much loss because the Enemies Vessel was higher Decked and was himself wounded with Two Darts Pelayo de Sousa and James Perez took each of them one of the Enemies Gallies and thus that day ended The day following Melique came into the Port with his Vessels whereupon the Portugueses at midnight resolved to put out to Sea But the Enemy perceiving them move fell upon them and so pierced the Admiral which was the last that she made much Water and what was worse ran a Ground and the Water Ebbing none of the others could come in to assist her The Enemy Cannonaded her till such time as Laurence de Almeyda being killed with a Cannon-shot and 80 of 100 Men he had the other 20 with the Ship were taken The rest put to Sea and recovered the Port of Cananor whence they sent advice of what had hapned to the Governor This Battle was fought towards the end of the Year Almeyda and Albuquerque came both to Cananor and Albuquerque contending to take upon him the Government according to the King's Order Almeyda sent him Prisoner to Cochin This done he gathered the greatest Fleet he could at Onor burnt several Ships of Calicut destroyed the City Dabul and many Vessels there and on the 5th of January 1509 sailed towards Diu a Port of Cambaya where the Enemy lay Mir Hozem placed himself in shoal-water under the Cannon of the City He had at this time 3 Caracs 3 Galleons 6 Gallies and 4 Ships of Cambaya besides Melique's small Vessels Almeyda had in all 19 Sail and in them 1300 Portugueses and 400 Malabars The Two Fleets Cannonaded one another but could not draw near because the Weather was calm Next day they engaged and after a very bloody Dispute the Portugueses obtained the Victory Of the Enemy 4000 were slain of which number were all the 800 Mamalucs except only 22. Three of their great Ships were sunk besides many small Vessels Two Galleons Two Gallies and Four great Ships were taken The Commanders Mir Hozem and Melique escaped On our side 32 were killed and 300 wounded This done Almeyda returned to Cochin where there was much contention about the Government which was ended by Ferdinand Coutinho who this Year sailed from Lisbon with 15 Ships and Orders to put Alonso de Albequerque in Possession of the Government as was accordingly done From Valladolid the Catholick King went to Arcos where he found the Queen his Daughter so ill Lodged that the last Winter she fell sick through the coldness of the Room she lay in In February he removed her to Tordesillas and with her the Body of her Husband which was afterwards by her Son the Emperor Charles the V buried in the Royal Chapel at Granada The Queen lived out the rest of her days in that Town Queen Joanna's Condition was such she might better be counted among the Dead than the Living Her two Sisters ran different Fortunes The Queen of Portugal lived happy abounding in Riches and having a numerous Issue and this very Year she was delivered of a Son called Alonso who was afterwards a Gardinal but died young The Princess of Wales in England neither Widow nor Wife was hardly used by her Father-in-Law who hoped that way to induce her Father to give him in Marriage his other Daughter Joanna Queen of Castile The King's death which hapned upon the 21st of April for the present put an end to those Discontents Soon after the Match before agreed upon betwixt this Lady and the Prince of Wales after his Father's Death King Henry VIII was consummated That Princess had no Inclination to this Match but it was for the Conveniency of both Kings King Henry was of a graceful Presence but very Lewd especially towards his latter days insomuch that to gratifie his Lust he cast off all Obedience to the Church and made way for all the Confusion that afterwards hapned in that Kingdom Whilst Queen Catherine was yet living tho' he had by her a Daughter called Mary upon pretence she had been married to his Brother and that the Pope could not dispence to marry her he put her away and publickly married Anne of Bullen whom afterwards he convicted of Adultery and executed By her he had Elizabeth afterwards Queen Next he married Jane Seymour who died in Childbed but her Son lived and was called Edward VI. His Fourth Wife was Anne of Cleves from whom he was Divorced and to that purpose made a Law which allowed of Divorces His Fifth Wife was Anne Howard who was put to death for Adultery The last was the Lady Catherine Parr from whom he was not divorced nor had any Children by her death putting an end to his wicked Courses King Ferdinand made publick rejoycing at Valladolid upon the News of the Marriage of his Daughter on Midsummer-day He also agreed that Prince Charles should marry that King's Sister and ordered Gutierre Gomez his Ambassador to Compliment her upon the same At Valladolid Queen Germana was delivered of a Son on the 3d of May he was called John Prince of Aragon but died within a few Hours His Body was deposited in the Monastery of S. Paul in that City and thence translated to Poblete the ancient Burial-place of the Kings of Aragon The Catholick King prepared to make War upon the Venetians and grounded the Justice of his Proceedings principally upon Two Points The first That those Cities the Venetians were possessed of in Apulia were mortagaged to them by Ferdinand II. King of Naples and that they neither performed the Conditions of the Mortgage nor would restore those Places when the Money was tendred to them The second was That the Catholick King had been at a greater Expence either in gaining Cephalonia for that Republick or in the War made upon France on their account and upon promise that they would allow him 50000 Ducats a Year towards the Charge of that War which Debt tho' it had been demanded of them they would never pay nor so much as acknowledge CHAP. VII The Cardinal of Spain takes Oran in Africk The War against the Venetians and their Losses They recover Padua and other Places GReat Preparations were made throughout all Spain for the Conquest of Africk and the Cardinal of Spain did not only furnish Money towards it but designed to go over in Person The Rendezvous of the Forces was at Carthagena Stores of Ammunition and Provisions were made there and at Malaga About 14000 Men were gathered as well Horse as Foot The Principal Commanders were James de
Army by the end of May. Villamarin Earl of Capacho the Admiral was ready at Messina with 12 Galleys and 10 Ships and only expected the French Fleet to join him in order to go upon the Coast of Apulia but there was no need of these Preparations For as soon as the Viceroy of Naples laid siege to Trana the Seigneury of Venice sent Orders to all their Governours on that Coast to deliver up the Cities The Duke of Ferrara and Marquess of Mantua took some Places from the Venetians to which they pretended a Title Venice was brought so low that it was reported the Senate designed to submit it self to the King of Hungary to be by him protected There remained the Emperour who in June was 7 Leagues from Inspruck on his way to Italy On the 8th of that Month the Florentines subdued the City of Pisa As soon as the Emperor came to Esternan the Venetians proposed an Accommodation with him and it was said they sent him a Blank signed for him to make his own Conditions so he would protect them in that desperate Condition As the Emperor marched all Places submitted to him so that the Venetians had not a Foot of Land left them in Italy except the City Venice which the Emperor designed to besiege by Sea and Land To this purpose he would have the French and Spanish Fleets join to shut up the Sea whilst his and the French Forces attacked it by Land Nay he proposed when taken to have it divided into Four Parts with as many Castles whereof each of the Confederate Princes should have one In order to it the Catholick King tho' he disbanded all the Land-Forces save 500 which were to be transported into Spain ordered the Fleet to stay in Italy yet afterwards neither the Pope nor he would consent to the utter subverting of that State considering it would redound only to the Advantage of France by reason their Dominion of Milan lay so near and the others so far off Nay they apprehended it might be a step towards making that King Master of all Italy and that then he might make a Pope according to his own Mind which the present Pope was so apprehensive of that both he and the Catholick King laboured all that in them was to disappoint an Interview proposed betwixt the Emperor and King of France As soon as the King of France possessed himself of what he desired he returned to Milan and thence to his Kingdom He left 1500 Horse in the Cities newly taken and Charles d' Amboise as General The Imperial Forces lay at Treviso and Friouli which was all the Venetians had left them in Italy Andrew Gritti by Intelligence he had with some of the Inhabitants recovered the City Padua for the Venetians 42 days after it had submitted to the Emperor This News being brought to him he retired into the Country of Tirol With the same ease the Venetians took Assula where they put to the Sword 150 Spaniards that were there in Garrison the same they did to 200 more they found in Castelfranco and took Alvarado their Captain Prisoner Most of the 1500 Spaniards that went over from the French Service to the Emperor were thus killed or taken Verona being about to revolt was prevented by the Sieur de la Palisse who secured it till the Emperor who expected Supplies out of Germany and Flanders sent to take possession of it He made up an Army of 30000 Men. The King of France sent him 1300 Horse the Pope 300 and afterwards 1000 Spanish Foot With these Forces he laid Siege to Padua on the 5th of September The Earl of Pitillano and all the Chief Commanders of Venice threw themselves into the City Their greatest Strength consisted in 2000 Albanian Horse who did much harm among the Imperialists A Breach being made the City was assaulted but the Enemy repulsed twice fresh Supplies still coming in to the Besieged till they made up 25000 Men. In the first Attack many of the Spaniards were killed being blown up in a Bastion they gained This discouraged the Imperialists so that about the beginning of October they raised the Siege Their Retreat soon changed the face of Affairs The People of Vicenza being assisted from Padua took Gaspar de Sanseverino left in that City with 3000 Germans The Forces of Venice recovered Este Monfilice and Montagnana and then laid siege to Ferrara but the Forces of France and the Pope coming to the Relief of the Town and having sunk 17 of their Galleys on the Po they were forced to draw off Andrew Gritti had before taken the Marquess of Mantua and was about changing him for Bartholome d' Albiano who was in great Esteem tho' blamed for his Rashness at the Battel of Abdua Verona was disposed to submit to the Venetians D. Jhen Manuel was in it with 2000 Spaniards ill paid but some French Forces came and secured that Place The main Strength of the French Army lay between Bressa and Verona John James Trivulcio was in Bressa D. John Manuel resigned his Command to one Luis de Biamonte who had been some years in the French Service CHAP. VIII The Accord betwixt the Emperor and King Ferdinand Bugia and Tripoli in Barbary taken by the Spaniards and Goa in India by the Portugueses AFter the Earl of Lerin Constable of Navarrè died the Catholick King was the more pressing with the King of Navarre to restore Luis de Biamonte Son to the Deceased and his own Nephew Nothing could be obtained tho' it was pleaded the Son had no hand in his Father's Crimes The People of Sanguessa made an Inroad into Aragon on pretence to take Ul and Filera which Towns they said belonged to them On the other side the Aragonians ravaged all the Plain of Sanguessa up to the Walls of the Town These things seemed to tend to a War but being private Grievances they were not looked upon as a Breach D. Luis sought to recover his Estate by force of Arms. The Emperor and King of Spain proposed some means to agree about the Government The Catholick King tho' well fixed in the possession of it was willing to agree to prevent Disorders which the Discontented Nobility seemed to threaten Yet he would keep the Government as long as his Daughter lived but if she died then to resign to Prince Charles when he was 20 Years of Age. The King of France and Cardinal d' Amboise were chosen Arbitrators Andrew de Burgo came to Spain to Capitulate and was well received The Bishop of Catania was with the Emperour upon the same account At length these two Princes agreed upon these Articles That the Catholick King should continue in the Government but in case he had any Issue Male then Prince Charles should again be Sworn Heir to the Crown of Castile in the Cortes and King Ferdinand should also Swear to Govern that Kingdom to the Prince's Advantage The Emperour would have had the Prince receive the Revenue of
of Italy The Pope thought being at Bolonia to advance the War against Ferrara in which the Duke of Urbin made little Progress On the 6th of October King Ferdinand in the presence of the Emperor's and Prince Charles his Ambassadors and of the Popes Nuncio took an Oath at Madrid to Govern that Kingdom as became a just and rightful Tutor He also Ordered Fabricius Colona with 300 Lances from Naples to go join the Forces of the Church to serve against Ferrara but not against the King of France To oblige him he Ordered the Admiral Villamarin with 11 Gallies that returned from Gelves to join the French Fleet at Genoa in order to secure that City The Duke of Termens was in Verona with 400 Lances in the Emperor's Service and saved that City from falling into the Hands of the Venetians who laid close Siege to it The Pope when he set out Ordered all the Cardinals to follow him but some of them fled to Naples and not being admitted there went thence to Florence There they staid tho' the Pope pressed them to come to him The French now attempted to have surprized Bolonia where the Pope and Cardinals were in great Danger but Fabricius Bolona with his 300 Lances delivered them The Pope fell sick whereupon some scandalous Contrivances began to be among the Cardinals which he having notice of assembled them and published a severe Bull against such as were guilty of Simony in the Election of a Pope The Mutinous Cardinals at Florence thought of calling a general Council to Reform the Church Discipline and also to Depose the Pope The Emperor and King of France joining with them and endeavouring to draw in the Catholick King The Emperor and King of France declared all the Confederate Princes were obliged to assist one another till they had Recovered all that was detained from any of them by the Venetians They also would have the Pope remit the business of Ferrara to be Tried by due Course of Law and in order to it would have all Ecclesiastical Persons not excepting Cardinals or any others to reside at their Benefices upon Penalty of Forfeiting their Revenues This caused the Pope to Excommunicate all the French Commanders in Italy and all those who had any Hand in the Gallican Provincial Synods held to this effect The Catholick King never agreed to this Decree of the Gallican Church but laboured to reconcile the Emperor to the Pope and the Venetians It was now proposed to Marry the Queen of Naples Niece to the Catholick King to Charles Duke of Savoy and the Treaty was so far advanced that 200000 Ducats were assigned for her Portion and she was called Dutchess of Savoy yet at last it broke off and the Duke Married Beatrix Princess of Portugal At Naples the People mutinied because it was designed to introduce the Inquisition there after the manner of Spain The Tumult was so great that the Viceroy to prevent farther mischief commanded all the Jews who were come thither from Spain in great numbers to depart the Kingdom by the last of March as also that the Inquisition should not be Established Thus the People was appeased the Pope himself being of opinion they ought not to have been provoked by erecting that severe Tribunal The King of France was jealous that the Catholick King would join in League with the Pope against him and the Swisse that served the Pope gave him cause to suspect he might intend to War upon Milan He offered very advantageous Conditions but the Pope thought himself secure of all the Dukedom of Ferrara whereof he had already taken the greatest Part. The Emperor required him to restore Modena as a Feoffe of the Empire to which the Pope was not averse so he would ingage not to return it to the Duke of Ferrara nor put it into the Hands of the French The Catholick King had bent his Thoughts against Africk yet neglected not the Affairs of Italy He ordered the Duke of Termens to return to Naples there being no Service about Verona The Duke obeyed and by the way visited the Pope at Bolonia by whom he was well entertained About the beginning of January 1511. King Ferdinand went to Sevil to forward the Preparations for the War in Africk being desirous to Revenge the loss sustained at Gelves and no less that of Hierome Vianelo who was surprized and slain with 400 Men in the Island Querquens between Gelves and Tunez The Pope himself in the dead of Winter laid Siege to and took Mirandula Thence he returned himself to Bolonia but sent his Army to Ferrara Both his Forces and those of the Venetians who came to his assistance were forced by the French to quit that Enterprize In March the Pope at Ravena created 9 Cardinals All the Cardinals in the Conclave wherein Pope Julius was chosen before the Election had taken an Oath that whosoever of them came up Pope would call a general Council within 2 Years after his Promotion to the Pontificate besides it was decreed in the Councils of Constance and Basle that general Councils should meet every 10 Years and grievous penalties denounced to such as should obstruct them Pope Julius after he had obtained the Papacy made no account either of his Oath or the Decrees of those Councils Many were desirous to correct the Abuses crept into the Roman Court especially during the Reigns of Alexander and Julius The Emperor and King of France favouring this Design the Cardinals that were withdrawn from the Pope issued out their Mandates for summoning a general Council to meet at Pisa on the 1st of September The Emperor consented to all this Proceeding and only desired to have the Council assembled at Constance in Germany The Catholick King declared himself against these Practices and advised the Emperor not to have any Hand in them He ordered Cavanillas his Ambassador at the French Court in the best manner that might be to require that King to Restore Bolonia to the Church not to Invade the Territories thereof any farther and to desist from that Affair of the Council The King of France excused himself saying the Pope had infringed the Capitulation made at Cambray nevertheless he would admit of Peace upon honourable Terms He demanded the Articles agreed upon at Cambray should be duly observed That the Cardinals who had forsaken the Court of Rome should be Restored even as they were before they went thence That the Marquess of Mantua who served as General of the Venetians should be Absolved of the Oath he took to that Republick and have his Son Restored to him whom he had delivered to the Pope as Hostage That the Duke of Ferrara should be received into the Pope's favour and the Sentence denounced against him recalled without obliging him to resign his Lands beyond the River Po or Cento or Pieve since they were his Wives Portion The same things were required of the Pope in the Emperor's Name But he looked on
raise Mony for the War which threatned on all sides The Cortes of Burgos gave 150 Millions of Maravedies This they did in respect that King Ferdinand then united the Kindom of Navarre to that of Castile whereas formerly it was united to Aragon By this it appears the King had no Thoughts of restoring that Kingdom but esteemed it as much his own as any of the others without the least remorse of Conscience upon that account as he was often heard to say He gave three Reasons to justifie this his Proceeding The first the Pope's deposing that King The second the free gift of that Crown to the Kings of Castile made by the Princess Clare first Wife to Prince Henry afterwards the 4th King of Castile of that Name when her Father King John of Aragon delivered her up to Gaston de Foix and her Sister Ellenor her declared Enemies who sought her Death to secure themselves the Possession of that Crown and therefore he said it was but just to revenge that Murder by depriving the Grandchildren of those that committed so great a Crime of the Kingdom His third Reason was the Right that Queen Germana pretended to the Crown after the Death of her Brother Gaston de Foix. Three Years after this it appears she assigned over all her Claim to Prince Charles then King of Castile and Aragon It was proposed in the Cortes of Aragon to raise a considerable Sum of Mony towards the War but the Nobility would not consent unless their Vassals were cut off from having any Appeal to the King This hindred all Proceedings for some Months The Archbishop of Zaragoça laboured to remove these Obstacles but perceiving nothing was done he was of Opinion to try what every City in particular would contribute King Ferdinand tho' his Sickness increased so that he was given over for Dead one night resolved to get into Aragon believing his Presence would reduce that obstinate People He sent for the Vicechancellour Antony Augustin to meet him and assoon as he came to Aranda caused him to be apprehended and sent Prisoner to the Castle of Samoncas Every one guessed at the Cause of his Imprisonment but nothing was certainly known The King left the Cardinal and Council at Segovia and hasted to Calatayud carrying Prince Ferdinand with him He could not prevail with the Nobility to quit their unjust Pretensions His Sickness increased and it is reported the famous Bell of Vililla prognosticated his Death for in Aragon it is a received Opinion that Bell rings of it self before the Death of Kings or any other great Misfortunes Thus having done nothing he returned to Madrid in Autumn The Queen having broke up the Cortes of Aragon went to Lerida to those of Catalonia At the same time these Cortes sat the Emperor the Brothers King Sigismund of Poland and Ladislaus of Hungary and his Son Luis then King of Bohemid met at Vienna on the 17th of July Their meeting was to celebrate the Nuptials of Prince Ferdinand and the Princess Mary with Luis King of Bohemia and the Lady Anne his Sister the Children of the Hungarian King Prince Ferdinand being absent the Emperor stood Proxy for her Thomas Cardinal of Strigonium the Pope's Legate performed the Ceremony It is worth observing that as Ferdinand and Mary were Grandchildren to the Catholick King so Luis and Anne were great Grandchildren to E e or Queen of Navarre and Sister to King Ferdinand Gatherine Daughter to Queen Ellenor was married to Gaston de Foix Lord of Candale whose Daughter Anne was Wife to Ladislaus King of Hungary and Mother to Luis and Anne so far was the Progeny of King John of Aragon the Father of King Ferdinand spread abroad Great things had been done by Alonso de Albuquerque Governour of India and great is the Obligation his Country owes him for having Founded their Dominion in those remote Parts He was now old sickly and worn out and had many Enemies who sent Complaints against him to Portugal it being impossible to please all Men. King Emanuel sent Lope Suarez de Albergaria a Man well versed in the Affairs of India to succeed him With him went Mathew the Ethiopian Ambassador and Duarte Galvam sent in the same Quality by King Emanuel but he died by the way Some time after Roderick de Lima was sent who carried Mathew into Ethiopia but he died before he could reach the Court. Now also went Francis Alvarez the Priest whose Book is extant giving an account of his Voyage The new Governour arrived at Goa on the 2d of September having spent but 5 Months in the Voyage which was a very short time On the 7th of that Month the Queen of Portugal was delivered of a Son called Edward an affable and mild Prince addicted to Hunting and Musick He died young yet left a Son by his Wife of his own Name and two Daughters whereof Mary was married to Alexander Farnesius then Prince and afterwards Duke of Parma and Catherine married to the Duke of Bragança When Lope Suarez arrived at Goa Albuquerque was at Ormuz ill of his last Sickness Having settled that Island he embarked being desirous to see Goa which Place was his Delight By the way he received advice of the coming of his Successor he was extreamly surprized and cried out Good God! how many Misfortunes surround me If I please the King Men are offended if I satisfie them my King is displeased Retire to the Church unhappy Old Man for no other Sanctuary is left you Soon after being better come to himself he said Truly it is God that guides the Hearts of King and disposes all things What would become of India if there were not one to succeed me after my Death In how great Danger would it be This said he reposed and finding his Malady encrease ordered his Confessor to be brought to him from Goa which was not far off Having made his Peace with God he gave up the Ghost He was doubtless one of the Bravest Men that Spain ever bred His Valour Mildness Prudence and Justice reigned in an equal degree He was patient of Labour discreet in his Resolutions quick in Execution amiable to his own People and terrible to his Enemies It was a great Mercy of God to give to the Portugueses Two such Governours at first as was he and Francis d' Almeyda being both Wise and Resolute Men and Zealous of their Prince's Service and the Propagation of the Faith tho' they differed in Opinions as to the Means of carrying on that Great Work For Francis d' Almeyda who was the first thought it best only to make themselves Masters of the Sea and not undertake any Conquests whereas on the contrary Albuquerque was wholly for gaining Strong holds in order to secure the Trade and have a Retreat for their Fleets Experience has taught how much he was in the Right Albuquerque was never married but he left a Son by a Servant and a little before his Death recommended
Michael de Gurrea Viceroy of Majorca came to his Relief but could not raise the Siege The Besieged suffered great want of Provisions At such time as they were upon surrendring there came to them a Ship laden with all sorts of Victuals sent by the Viceroy of Sardinia This Supply lasted them till the Turk despairing of carrying the Place raised the Siege about the end of the Year The Catholick King 's Dropsie and the Great Captains Ague increased both of them being mortal Diseases The Great Captain set out of Loxa upon the point of death was carried on Mens Shoulders to Granada and there gave up the Ghost on the 2d of December Garibay says on the 10th He was a Man not to be matched being the Bravest and most Fortunate Commander that Spain had for many Years The Severity of his Usage increased his Glory it being very rare to Sail long in the Seas of Prosperity without some Storm Many great Men in process of time had the Brightness of their Honour sullied Time cut the Thread of his Life but his Renown will endure as long as the World Upon his death the Office of Constable of Naples was Vacant which was given to Fabricius Colona and continues in his Family to this day His Estate fell to the Lady Elvira Eldest Daughter and Heiress to her Father The Catholick King was gone from Madrid to Plasentia in order to continue his Journey to Sevil because the Air of that Place is very Wholesome There tho' very siick he was nobly Entertained and staid some days He sent Prince Ferdinand to Guadalupe thinking to Return thither and so went on to Serena to divert himself with Hawking that being a good Country for it and he delighting in that and the like Sports With him went the Admiral the Duke of Alva the Bishop of Burgos and 3 of his Council which were Dr. Laurence Galindez de Carvajal and the Lieutenants Zapata and Francis de Vargas To this Place about Christmas came Adrian Dean of Louvain Prince Charles his Preceptor sent from Flanders It was agreed at his coming that the Prince should be supplied with 50000 Ducats a Year and King Ferdinand altho' Q. Joanna died should during his Life continue in the Government of Castile They showed themselves liberal to him who according to appearance must soon resign up all to them The King returned to Madrigalejo in the Territory of Truxillo his Disease encreased so that it was plain he had but few days to live The Dean of Louvain repaired thither at which the King was offended and ordered him back to Guadalupe whither he went to see Prince Ferdinand He made his Will and Confessed to F. Thomas de Matienço of the Order of S. Dominick his Confessor The Queen having notice of the Danger he was in set out from Lerida and came to him the day before he Signed his Will Next day being Wednesday the 23d of January 1516. between One and Two in the Morning he gave up the Ghost He was one of the most remarkable Princes that ever Spain had yet it could not be expected he should be without Blemish but may serve for an Example to all future Kings of Spain He made Three Wills one at Burgos 3 years before his Death the second at Aranda de Duero 2 years later and the last when he died In all of them he names Queen Joanna his Heiress and Prince Charles her Son Governour In case the Prince was not in Spain by his first Will he ordained Prince Ferdinand should Govern in his stead but in the other two he changed that Article and ordered that during the Prince's absence the Archhishop of Zaragoça should Govern Aragon and the Cardinal of Spain Castile This was punctually observed as he had commanded True it is the Dean of Louvain producing the Prince's Commission was admitted to the Government together with the Cardinal To Prince Ferdinand the King his Grandfather left in the Kingdom of Naples the Principality of Taranto and Cities of Cotron Tropea Amantia and Galipoli besides a Pension of 50000 Ducats out of the Revenue of that Kingdom to be paid him till such time as his Brother settled an equivalent Estate upon him He also ordered that the Duke of Calabria tho' his Offence was great should be set at liberty and charged the Prince to give him an Estate to live upon But this Clause was never fully performed till the Year 1533. for several Reasons which are never wanting against unfortunate Men. He made no mention of the Vicechancellor Antony Augustin whether it was that he forgot his Crime or that he left it to another to punish could never be known Soon after the Cardinal of Spain sent him to Flanders where he was discharged on the 23d of September this same Year For his Executors the King appointed the Queen his Wife the Prince the Archbishop of Zaragoça the Dutchess of Cardona the Duke of Alva the Viceroy of Naples and F. Thomas de Matienço his Confessor and his Protonotary Michael Velasquez Clemente His Body was carried to his own Royal Chapel at Granada and laid near to that of Queen Elizabeth which was deposited in the Alhambra Of those that were present at his Death only D. Ferdinand de Aragon and D. Bernard de Sandoval y Rojas with some of his menial Servants attended the Body By the way whole Towns came out to meet it with Crosses and in Mourning partiticularly at Cordova when the Body passed through that City the Marquess of Priego and Earl of Cabra and other Gentlemen of that Place distinguished themselves All past Offences and the Severity he used towards them whilst living served only to stir up their generous Souls the more to signalize their Respect and Reverence to him dead and to his Memory At Granada the Clergy Citizens and Courts strove to outdo one another in the manner of the Reception and Funeral Rites which were performed with all Grandeur and Magnificence as was due to the Conquerour and Founder of the Happiness Peace and Prosperity of that City and whole Kingdom of Granada The End of the 30th BOOK LAUS DEO FINIS A Compendious SUPPLEMENT TO THE History of SPAIN From the Year 1615 till 1521. Written by F. John de Mariana Anno 1515. FRANCIS the new King of France having settled the Affairs of his Kingdom at home and being a hot and fiery Youth resolved to carry the War into Italy He passed the Alps with all his Forces and at his first Entrance overthrew and took Prisoner Prosper Colonna who with the Horse thought to have stopp'd his Passage Next he took Novara and the Castle wherein he was much assisted by the Industry of Count Peter Navarro who weary of his long Imprisonment and offended that he was not Ransom'd had taken Service with the French Thence the French King March'd towards Milan With Duke Maximilian were the Swiss Raymund de Cardona was at Verona and Lawrence de Medicis
Africa but the truth was they undertook this War at the Instigation of the French King whose Embassadors were aboard the Fleet. Anno 1552. Four Divines or Ministers of Wittemberg the chief of whom was Brencius came to Trent They presented to the Council a Book called the Wittemberg Confession All this was only to amuse the Council till such time as Duke Maurice had raised Men and made other warlike Preparations On the 2d of April News was brought to Trent that he had seized the City Ausburg and that the Emperor was in danger at Inspruck which caused the Council on a sudden to break up On the other side Albertus Marquis of Brandenburg possessed himself of Treves and the French of all Lorrain The Emperor was much perplex'd not being able to withstand so many Enemies He resolved to release the Duke of Saxony and the Landtgrave which pacified Duke Maurice On the Borders of Italy whither in the first Consternation he retired Forces flock'd to him from all Parts However he pardon'd the Marquis of Brandenburg designing to make use of him against the French This done he laid Siege to Metz with a great Army on the 20th of October but many of his Men perishing by reason of the badness of the Weather he was forced to quit that Enterprize On the 2d of December this Year departed this Life the Blessed F. Francis Xaverius as he was going to China He was a Native of Navarre and one of the Ten first Companions of S. Ignatius He preached among the barbarous People of India Japan and other Parts and was doubtless a Man of singular Sanctity and admirable in his Life His Body is preserved entire in the Church of his Order at Goa he being Canonized D. Peter de Toledo was Viceroy of Naples at such time as Ferdinand de Sanseverino Prince of Salerno caused the Turkish Fleet under the Command of Rustan Bassa to come against that City His Treason being discover'd he fled to Venice for which cause the Fleet returned to Constantinople without attempting any thing Only near the Island Ponça they met Andrew Doria overthrew his Fleet and took 7 of his Galleys The Prince of Salerno having declared himself went away to the Port to incite him the next Year to send another Fleet. The Emperor had put a Garison into Siena under the Command of D. James de Mendoza upon occasion of the Tumults and Factions in that City and to prevent its being deliver'd to the French D. James for his greater security raised a Fort for the Garison The Citizens suspecting this tended to deprive them of their Liberty put themselves under the Protection of France and then taking Arms expelled the Garison razing the Fort from the very Foundations which necessitated them to prepare for the ensuing War and for the Siege which was laid to the Place by D. Peter de Toledo in pursuance of the Emperor's commands This Year died at Florence Paulus Jovius at Ferrara Lillus Gregorius Giraldus and at Salamanca Ferdinand Pincianus the Greek Commentator Anno 1553. King Edward of England departed this Life on the 16th of July his Sister Queen Mary succeeded him tho opposed by many She being possessed of the Crown restor'd the Catholick Religion D. Peter de Toledo lying at the Siege of Siena died in the House of his Son-in-Law Cosmo de Medicis Duke of Florence His Forces return'd to Naples upon a Report of the approach of the Turkish Fleet under the command of the afore-mention'd Prince of Salerno This Fleet appear'd before Naples but there happening no Mutiny in the City it sailed on to Corsica great part whereof the Turks possessed themselves of it being subject to the Genoeses This Year John Prince of Portugal Married Joanna the Emperor's Daughter with great Solemnity but the Joy of this Match was not lasting Anno 1554. Before a Year was gone about after his Marriage the said Prince John died at Lisbon the 2d of January His Body was buried at the Monastery of Bethlem near Lisbon On the 20th of January his Wife was deliver'd of a Son who of the Day of his Birth was called Sebastian He was of a Noble and truly Royal Spirit but lived not long His Mother went away to Castile to govern those Kingdoms because her Brother Prince Philip was going away to be Married The new Queen of England desiring to secure her self in the Throne thought fit to chuse a Resolute and Powerful Husband and found none fitter for her purpose than Philip Prince of Spain to whom the Emperor his Father had on the last of October before resign'd up the Kingdom of Naples and Dukedom of Milan All Points being adjusted the Prince went over into England where the Marriage was Solemnized at Winchester on the 25th of July being St. James's Day Cardinal Reginald Poole was present being the Pope's Legate of the Blood Royal of England and great Sanctity of Life to reduce that Kingdom as he did to the Obedience of the Church of Rome Our Forces return'd to the Siege of Siena and the Marquis de Marignano the Emperor's General overthrew in Battel near that City Peter Strozzi a Banish'd Florentin sent by the French King with Forces to relieve the Besieged and drive the Imperialists out of Milan Anno 1555. Pope Julius died at Rome the 23d of March and on the 10th of April Cardinal Marcellus Gerninus born at Montepulchiano was chosen to succeed him and kept his former Name He held S. Peter's Chair only 22 days wherefore on the 23th of May Cardinal John Peter Garrasa born at Naples of noble Birth and a great Spirit was Elected in his room He took the Name of Paul IVth and governed the Church 4 Years 2 Months and 27 Days At length the City Siena tired with the Miseries of a long Siege was surrendred to the Emperor D. Francis de Mendoça Cardinal of Burgos was sent from Rome to settle the Government of that City At the Suit and Intercession of Cardinal Alexander Farnesius the Emperor pardoned his Brother Duke Octavius but kept in his hands the Citadel of Plasencia where a Spanish Garrison was left which King Philip the Second some Years after withdrew D. Ferdinand of Toledo Duke of Alva was at this time Viceroy of Naples he was ordered to march to Milan to oppose the Mareschal de Brissac who made War on that side for the King of France tho not with much vigor King Philip the Summer being well advanced departed out of England and came to Brussels where the Emperor his Father resigned up to him all his Kingdoms being desirous to take his repose as he accordingly did the Year following when having given up the Empire to his Brother Ferdinand he with his two Sisters the two Queens Ellenor and Mary went over into Spain and made choice for his retreat of the Monastery of S. Justa of the Order of S. Hierome in the territory of Plasencia
Prince of Orange who had entred that Province with his Forces and made him retire taking several Towns and Castles and putting many Hereticks to the Sword At the same time the Morisco's that is those descended of the Moores rebelled in the Kingdom of Granada These People were never Loyal and were then incensed for that certain Proclamations were publish'd against them Many of them perish'd in the space of two Years that those Tumults lasted The Marquis of Mondejar overthrew them seven times tho with some considerable loss caused by the Disorderliness of his Men. Lastly D. John of Austria being General they were fully subdu'd The Punishment given to those Rebels has taken from them the power of rising again by dispersing them throughout Castile Almost at the same time died first Charles Prince of Spain in Prison where his Father kept him and then Queen Elizabeth his Mother-in-Law She died of a Miscarriage leaving only two Daughters Elizabeth and Katherine and never a Son which was the reason the King her Husband married again a fourth time His too much forwardness was the cause of the Prince's Death many things were reported concerning the cause of his Imprisonment and his Father's Displeasure But there is no doubt but he was Poison'd by his Father's Command The Prince of Orange was again this Year without any Bloodshed drove out of the Low Countries and forced to retire into France where he assisted the Rebels Anno 1569. Henry de Valois Duke of Anjou and General of the King of France his Army twice in Battel overthrew the Hereticks The first was on the 13th of March at Bassac a Village in the Province of Poitiers where the Prince of Conde was killed and the Admiral escap'd by flight his Brother d' Andelot died some time after of his Wounds The second Engagement was at Montcontour on the 3d. of October the success was the same only that of the Rebels the slaughter was greater 16000 being kill'd Two thousand Horse and 4000 Foot sent by the Pope did good Service here besides the Succours from Spain which behaved themselves well upon all occasions These Forces after obtaining the Victory return'd to Italy perishing with Cold Hunger and Sickness Pope Pius this Year publish'd his Bull wherein he gave the Kingdom of England to any that would conquer it excommunicated Queen Elizabeth and absolved her Subjects of their Allegiance At this time the War continuing hot in the Low Countries many Gentlemen signaliz'd themselves and gained Honour there such were Julian Romero Sancho Davila D. Alvaro de Sandi Collonel Mondragon Collonel Francis de Verdugo and D. Lope de Figueroa Anno 1570. Forty Jesuits going to Brasill with F. Ignatius de Azevedo were murder'd at Sea by Jaques de Soria a French Pyrate and perverse Heretick After the departure of the Prince of Orange the Low Countries were more at Peace In France a Peace was concluded with the Hereticks upon no very advantageous Terms so great was the desire all Men had conceived to see that War at an end At Rome Cosmo de Medicis obtained of the Pope the Title of Great Duke of Tuscany to the Dissatisfaction of other Princes who thought his Advancement was a lessening of them Nevertheless Maximilian the Emperor confirmed that Title to Francis de Medicis his Brother-in-law and the Son of Cosmo Ann Daughter to the Emperor Maximilian came by Sea from Flanders into Spain to be married to her Uncle King Philip. This Solemnity was performed the 12th of November at Segovia With the Queen came her two young Brothers Albertus and Wenceslaus About the end of this Year hapned so terrible an Earthquake at Ferrara that the Inhabitants were forced for some days to live in the Fields in Tents many Houses were overthrown and many much damaged But this Year was for nothing so remarkable as for the War in Cyprus which produced a Holy League among the Christian Princes After the Venetians had enjoyed Peace with the Turks the space of 30 years Selymus the Great Turk having made Peace with the Persians sent his Embassadors to require the Venetians to deliver up to him the Island of Cyprus which lyes near the Province of Cilicia in the lesser Asia and in case they refused to declare War against them This Demand being so unreasonable a War necessarily ensued and the Turks landing in Cyprus about the beginning of July under the Command of Mustapha on the 9th of September took Nicosia one of the two principal Cities of that Island Famagusta formerly called Salamis held out longer The Venetian Fleet sent to the Relief of the Besieged arrived at Candia where it was joined by 60 Gallies sent by the Catholick Kings under the Command of Andrew Doria Prince of Melfi but in October the Season being too far advanced they all returned to winter in their Ports without doing any thing Only Marius Quirinus a Venetian with 12 Gallies was ordered to put Supplies of Men Ammunition and Provision into Famagusta which he accordingly performed At the same time through the earnest Sollicitation of Pope Pius the 5th a League was concluded against the Turks betwixt his Holiness his Catholick Majesty and the Venetians They agreed to fit out 200 Gallies and furnish 50000 Foot and 4000 Horse the Charge to be defrayed in this manner The Pope was to pay the 6th part the Venetians one 3d and the King of Spain one half of the Expence Marc Antony Colonna was appointed to command the Pope's Gallies Sebastian Venerius those of Venice and D. John of Austria by common Consent of all Parties was constituted Admiral and Generalissimo of the Fleet and Land Forces Anno 1571. All things being ordered in this manner Venerius and Colonna arrived first at Messina in Sicily and after them in August came D. John of Austria On the 9th of which Month the City Famagusta in Cyprus having held out almost a year's Siege was forced to surrender upon Conditions which were not perform'd by the Barbarous Enemy but contrary to their Faith given they committed great Cruelties upon the unfortunate Christians The Confederate Fleet sailed from Sicily on the 16th of September They steered directly for the Islands Echinades now called Cuçolares opposite to the Gulph of Lepanto where they had Advice the Turkish Fleet lay Both Officers and Soldiers were eager to fight and prepared themselves with great Alacrity The Venetian Gallies were on the left Prince John Andrew Doria on the right and D. John of Austria with the Spanish Gallies in the Center and with him Marc Antony Colonna and the Venetian Admiral The chief Commendary of Castile and D. Alvaro Baçan Marquis of Sancta Cruz with 30 Gallies were left as a Reserve to send Relief where the greatest Danger appeared The Enemy came out of the Mouth of the Gulph and ranged their Fleet as is their Custom in the form of a Half-Moon Six Galeasses made the Forelorn of our Fleet which
Brother who call'd himself Hercules He after having imbroil'd France making himself Head of the Hereticks repair'd to the Low Countries and there at his first coming possessed himself of Cambray which till then continued Loyal This was not all for the following Year he went to Antwerp and there caused himself to be declar'd Duke of Brabant which was but a meer shadow the Prince of Orange having all the Power His Authority lasted not long being at the same time disappointed of Marrying the Queen of England Anno 1582. At Antwerp a youth a Biscainer call'd John de Xauregui resolv'd to kill the Prince of Orange To this intent one day after dinner he fired a Musket at him yet killed him not but gave him a dangerous Wound in the Cheek The young Man was presently torn to pieces and all that knew of the design executed A Burgundian managed his Business more successfully for being admitted into the Prince's Family he soon after killed him in Holland At Toledo was held a Provincial Synod in which were 7 Bishops and 2 Abbots and D. Gaspar de Quiroga Archbishop of Toledo presided the Marquis de Velada assisted at it in the King's Name This Year Pope Gregory cut off 10 days in October to reduce the Solsticies and Equinoxes to their former place Besides the Golden Number was taken from the Calendar and in its place was substituted the Epact all to regulate the Observation of Times for the future better than it was before Mary the Empress came to Spain and went to Lisbon where the King her Brother was settling the Affairs of that Kingdom and with him Cardinal Albertus Son to the Empress a Prince of extraordinary Parts Antony who called himself King of Portugal after he was overthrown fled into France and having gathered a Fleet there sailed over to the Islands Terceras otherwise called Açores which still held out for him Near the Island of S. Michael he was vanquished in a Sea Fight by D. Alvaro Baçan Marquis of Santa Cruz. Philip Strozzi one of the Admirals of the French Fleet was killed the Count de Brissac the other Admiral together with Antony the pretended King saved themselves by flight All the Prisoners of Note to the number of 80 and many others the Marquis put to death the King of France consenting to it Nevertheless the People of Tercera would not submit Anno 1583. This Year the Marquis return'd and fully subdu'd them D. Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo Duke of Alva departed this Life at Lisbon aged 74 Years Soon after him died there also Sancho de Avila of the kick of a Horse on the 8th of June He was of the House of Velada and born at Avila Prince James Son to King Philip deceased at Madrid on the 1st of February for which reason the Three Estates in Portugal swore his Brother Prince Philip Heir to that Crown This Parliament being dissolv'd and Cardinal Albertus the King's Nephew constituted Governour of Portugal King Philip return'd to Castile to provide for the necessary Affairs there Anno 1584. The Duke of Alençon having obtain'd his Brother's Pardon return'd into France after he had been in England and Flanders but going from Paris soon died either of Sickness or Poisoned as some would have it Death put an end to his aspiring Thoughts which had compassed the Sovereignty of England France and Flanders The Prince of Orange was killed with a Musket-shot on the 10th of June by a young Burgundian call'd Baltasar who had entred into his Service to that purpose Such was the death of the Author of so many Mischiefs but this did not pacify the Flemmings King Philip had by his Wife Queen Elizabeth two Daughters Elizabeth and Catherine It was reported the eldest was kept for her Cousin the Emperor Rodulphus The youngest was contracted to Charles Duke of Savoy Zaragoça the principal City of Aragon was the place appointed for celebrating of the Nuptials Before the King set forward upon this Journey the Three Estates of Castile at Madrid swore Prince Philip Heir to the Crown This Ceremony was perform'd on the 11th of November being Sunday and the day of S. Martin in the Monastery of S. Hierome near that Town Quiroga Cardinal of Toledo sang the Mass Anno 1585. This Solemnity being performed the King set out for Zaragoca in very rough Weather the Winter Season not being yet past Thither came also the Duke of Savoy by Sea and was received with great Honour by the King his Father-in-Law The Marriage was celebrated with great Pomp and Ostentation on the 18th of March News was brought not long after that Pope Gregory being very aged and famous for his great Wisdom departed this Life at Rome the 12th of April In May following Cardinal Felix Montalto who had first bin General of the Recolet Franciscans then Bishop and afterwards Cardinal was lastly promoted to S. Peter's Chair He took the Name of Sixtus the Fifth governed the Church five Years and four Months and had many good Qualities but as there is no Man without a fault he is blamed for being too severe and covetous and for promoting of his Kinsmen more than was justifiable He Canonized S. James of Alcala a Franciscan whose Body is kept and Honour'd in the Monastery of that Order at Alcala The Prince of Parma made War against the Rebels in the Low Countries and having recover'd Gent and many other Places after a long and streight Siege he kept upon Antwerp forced it to surrender in August This Siege was very famous for the many extraordinary Devices used on both sides as also for the obstinacy of the Defendants but the Conduct of the General and Valour of the Spaniards overcame all Difficulties King Philip accompanied the new-Married Couple as far as Barcelona whence they sailed for Italy In his return at Monçon he held the Cortes or Parliament of Aragon which sate long many difficulties arising among them The violent heat of Summer and Autumn which proved sickly was the cause that many died there especially of the Strangers and Courtiers At last this Parliament swore Prince Philip Heir of all those Domimions Pope Sixtus at his first Accession to the Papacy published his Bull in which he declared Henry King of Navarre a Heretick and Excommunicated and deprived him of the Right of Inheriting the Kingdom of France as he did also Henry Prince of Conde his Cousin-German in case King Henry Brother-in-Law to him of Navarre died without Issue which was likely because till then the Queen had never been with-Child Anno 1586. Nevertheless the King of France labour'd to secure the Succession to the King of Navarre without regarding the Pope's Threats whereupon many of the French Nobility conspir'd to raise a Rebellion under the Colour of Religion The Ringleader was the Duke of Guise which much perplexed the King seeing three powerful Factions on foot which he feared would again
soon after gave it the Title and Priviledge of a City Dr. Bartholomew de la Plaça was the first Bishop About the end of this Year the Floods were very great and the River at Sevill breaking into the City did much harm at the Custom-House The King of France being entirely reconciled to the Church was at last absolved by the Pope and immediately all his Kingdom submitted to him D Peter de Toledo Marquis of Villafranca on the 23th of September took and plunder'd the City Patras in the Morca having gone from Messina with 20 Galleys upon that design Anno 1596. Sir Francis Drake landed Men at Nombre de Dios in America designing to march over that narrow Neck of Land and plunder Panama The Spaniards taking the Alarm charged and forced him to retire to his Ships about the beginning of January He often did much harm along those Coasts but at last died at Portobelo and his Fleet was driven out of the West Indies by D. Bernardin de Avellaneda Albertus the Archduke on the 17th of April took Calais from the French but not long after it was restor'd upon composition At this time the King lay at Azeca near Toledo so dangerously sick that he was given over for dead He removed to Toledo where News was brought that the English Fleet on the 1st of July took and plundered the Island and City of Cadiz and burnt the Fleet that lay there bound for Mexico which was so great a loss that many Merchants throughout the Kingdom suffered much and some broke Anno 1597. Ferdinand Tello Governor of Dourlans for the Spaniards having Intelligence with the People of Amiens the chief City of Picardy suprized and made himself Master of it The King of France considering the great Importance of that Place came thither in Person and laid siege to it Albertus the Archduke marched with about 20000 Men out of Artois designing to relieve the City but finding the King too well posted and having suffered somewhat by his Artillery and in some small Skirmishes he retired upon which the City was surrendred the Garison marching out with the usual Honourable Formalities Sigismund Bator Prince of Transilvania who at this time with much Bravery maintained War against the Turks and Hereticks went to Vienna to attend the Emperor who supplied him with Money as did the Pope and Catholick King But the hopes conceived of his Proceedings vanished for he was taken sick some said he was bewitched whereupon he forsook the War and left his Wife the Daughter of Charles the Archduke and resigning up his Dominions to the Emperor lived a private Life at Prague where he died some years after Anno 1598. This Year on the 6th of May the King gave up all the Low-Countries to his eldest Daughter Elizabeth in order to marry her as was afterwards done to her Cousin the Archduke Albertus who to that purpose resigned up his Cardinal's Cap and the Archbishoprick of Toledo which was given to Garcia de Loaysa Prince Philip's Tutor Yet this Donation was in such manner that those Countries were to be held of the Crown of Spain to which also was reserved the Order of the Golden Fleece and the Prerogative of placing Governors in certain Castles such as Antwerp Ghent and Cambray Soon after a Peace was concluded with France in bringing the which to effect the Pope laboured very earnestly The King's Distemper still increasing upon him he died at the Escurial the 13th of September and was there buried A Prince remarkable for some Vertues as Liberality Resolution Vigilancy Abstemiousness in eating and drinking But no less for many Vices as Lust Cruelty Pride Perfidiousness and several others He lived 71 Years 3 Months and some Days and reigned in Castile 42 Years 7 Months and 28 Days Prince Philip his Son succeeded him Anno 1599. On the 22d of February died at Alcala de Henares Garcia de Loaysa Archbishop of Toledo and with him the great hopes conceived of his Vertue and Ability He was buried in that Town in the Chapel of the Martyrs without any Tomb. D. Bernardin de Rojas y Sandoval at that time Bishop of Jaen succeeded him and not long after had the Cardinal's Cap brought him to Toledo the King being present at that Ceremony The new King was before contracted to Margaret the Daughter to Charles the Archduke who came to him by the way of Milan with her Mother and Albertus the Archduke The Pope was at that time in Ferrara which City after the Death of the last Duke who left no Heir fell to the Church whereof it was a Feofe Thither the Queen and Archduke repaired and the Ceremony of the two Marriages was performed by the Pope with extraordinary Magnificence tho the King and Princess were not there They departed thence and on the 25th of March arrived at Alfaques de Tortosa thence they went to Valencia where the King was married The King went forward to Barcelona to bear the Archduke company who with the Princess his Wife imbarked for Flanders on the 7th of June After which the King and Queen returned to Valencia and thence to Madrid Anno 1600. This Year was very remarkable for the Jubilee at Rome to which a great number of People resorted The Winter was so extraordinary rainy that the Tiber overflowing Rome was 3 days full of Water and great harm done Among 13 Cardinals promoted by the Pope one was Robert Bellarmine of the Society of Jesus Nephew to Pope Marcellus a Man of a good Life and extraordinary Learning as appears by the many notable Books he published The new King of France with the Approbation of the Pope put away Queen Margaret his first Wife and presently after married Mary de Medicis Daughter to Francis Duke of Florence Anno 1601. About March or April the Court of Castile removed from Madrid to Valladolid in favour of that Country which was very poor but many Inconveniences being found there some years after it returned to the same place The famous Bell of Vililla in Aragon is reported to have rung it self several times which is accounted to portend some extraordinary Revolutions or other great matters like to happen but no such strange effects appear'd for many years after At Rome on the 29th of April S. Raymundus Pen̄afort of the Order of S. Dominick was Canonized On the 25th of August Prince Doria the great Admiral sailed to Argiers with a great Fleet came before that City in the night unperceived but was drove off again by contrary Winds On the 22d of September was born at Valladolid the Princess Ann afterwards married to Luis the 13th King of France and conducted to the Frontiers by the Archbishop of Toledo Anno 1602. The Marquis de Fuentes having corrupted the Lanskeneghts that were in Garison at Final made himself Master of that place as he did also of Milesino without any Provocation or just cause given
Bohemia and Austria to his Brother Mathias reserving to himself a Portion for the maintenance of his Court. After this he died in the same City the 20th of January this Year Soon after the Electors met at Francford and chose Mathias Brother to the late Emperor his Successor This Year on the 25th of April died at Valencia Francis Hierome Simon a beneficed Priest of that City being 33 Years of Age The People reverence him as a Saint and have particularly signalized their Zeal herein The Archbishop would have hindred their Proceedings as too forward whereupon ensued many Tumults till at last this Affair was referred to Rome Anno 1613. About this time came into Spain the Latin History of Monsieur de Thou President of Parliament a great favourer of Hereticks and Enemy to Catholicks He neither spares the Popes nor Kings of France being an utter Enemy to the House of Guise once the great stay of that Crown He is sufficiently stuffed with Falshoods and was prohibited at Rome in the Year 1610. Soon after in Spain it was order'd to be purged A French Man writ learnedly against him and calls himself John Baptista Gallus which seems to be a feigned Name none daring publickly to write against a Person so great in Power as a President A false Catholick does more harm than an open Heretick as says S. Bernard Anno 1614. Upon Saturday the 24th of May there happened an Earthquake in the Island Tercera which did much harm In the Town of Playa the Mischief was greater for private Houses Monasteries and Churches were overthrown In the City Angla 11 Churches and 19 Chapels besides private Houses were destroyed In August our Fleet commanded by D. Luis Faxardo took the City Mamora as was before hinted It is seated upon the Ocean five Leagues from Tangier and twenty-five from Arzila Anno 1615. There had been of late War in Italy betwixt the Dukes of Savoy and Mantua The cause of it was that Alfonso Duke of Mantua who Married the Duke of Savoy's Daughter at his death left no Issue but one Daughter His Brother Alexander the Cardinal resigning up his Cap inherited that Dominion The Duke of Savoy pretended that his Grandchild the Daughter of the late Duke tho as a Woman she could not be Heiress to the Dukedom of Mantua yet she might to that of Montferrat which for some Years had been united to the other The matter came to Blows and the Duke of Savoy by force possessed himself of a great part of that Country The Catholick King Philip the Third to prevent the embroyling of Italy would have had this Difference determined by course of Law and because the Duke of Savoy refused took up Arms against him After some Bloodshed it was at last agreed on the 21th of July this Year that both Parties should disarm and the Difference be referred to the Emperor as the proper Judge those Dominions being Feoffes of the Empire The King approved not of this Peace and therefore the War broke out again D. Peter de Toledo Marquis of Villafranca after a long Siege took the City Vercelli Soon after Affairs being composed it was restor'd by D. Goniez de Figueroa Duke of Feria who succeeded the Marquis in the Government of Milan It was reported the Venetians underhand assisted the Duke in this War The Duke of Ossuna then Viceroy of Naples armed against them and in the Adriatick Sea took some of their Ships besides other harms he did them Soon after the Duke of Feria took Valtolina a most important Place as being the Pass between Italy and Germany which he fortified and put into it a strong Garison At Burgos on the 18th of October Prince Philip was Married by Proxy to the Lady Elizabeth Sister to the French King who was in the same manner contracted to Anne Princess of Castile This Princess two Days before renounced any Right or Title she might have upon the death of her Brother to the Kingdoms of Castile or Aragon or to the Low Countries The two Brides were exchanged upon the River Vedaso which parts France and Spain on the 9th of November The King himself was present at all these Ceremonies and together with the Prince his Son received the Princess his Daughter-in-Law at Burgos Thence about the end of the Year he return'd to Madrid The King of France received his Bride at Bourdeaux where he was with the Queen his Mother Anno 1616. A Ship that sailed from Holland in the Month of May the last Year after a long and difficult Voyage in January this Year beyond the Streights of Magellan in 57 Degrees of South Latitude discover'd another Passage into the South-Sea and to India This Ship having gone round the Globe return'd to Holland 2 Years and 18 Days after it set out from thence They lost one day in their Reckning and by that means called that Monday which was Tuesday and so throughout the Week Anno 1617. Upon Saturday the 15th of April in the Philippine Islands a notable Victory was obtained over the Hollanders D. John de Ronquillo who commanded there defeated 10 Galleons of there 's some of which were sunk others burnt and the rest fled These Rebels have done great harm in the Coasts of America along the South-Sea and possess'd themselves of many Places in India Anno 1618. In October the Duke of Lerma departed the Court leaving the Government of the Kingdom which he had chiefly managed for several Years having a Cardinals Cap sent him from Rome before he quitted Not long after D. Roderick Calderon his great Favourite was apprehended who after he had lain two Years and an half in Prison was condemned to Death and his Goods Confiscate D. Bernardin de Rojas y Sandoval Archbishop of Toledo died suddenly at Madrid the 7th day of December He was buried in the Chapel of our Lady which he built and richly adorn'd The King labour'd to bestow that Bishoprick upon his Son Prince Ferdinand then but 9 Years of Age. Anno 1619. Mathias the Emperor had lately resign'd the Kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia to his Cousin the Archduke Ferdinand The Bohemians Rebell'd and Wars ensued The Emperor died at Prague in March without Issue and the Electors assembling the 23th of August chose the same Ferdinand King of Hungary and Bohemia Emperor In April the Catholick King set out from Madrid for Portugal and made his Entry into Lisbon on the 29th of June On the 14th of July the Three Estates took their Oath to the Prince as Heir and next day the Cortes were opened The Pope in October Beatified F. Francis Xaverius one of the first Companions of S. Ignatius and Apostle of India Pope Gregory the XV. Canonized them both in the Year 1622. Anno 1620. Prince Ferdinand being before made Cardinal in May had possession of the Archbishoprick of Toledo given him The Bohemians proceeding in their Rebellion chose the Elector Palatin for
himself Master of both those places which done he possessed all the Posts about Orbitello where Charles de la Gata a Spaniard commanded and laid close Siege to it He raised several Batteries which play'd furiously upon the Town making large breaches in the Walls and still carried on his Works with great Labour But the Governour was no less industrious and vigilant still making up what the Enemies Cannon had ruin'd and with often sallies firing and destroying their Works At length the Fleet of Naples came to the Relief of the Besieged and in some Encounters with the Enemy had always the best The Spanish Forces also of Naples and Milan being joined and approaching to the assistance of the Besieged Prince Thomas finding his Army much diminish'd not only by the Assaults he had given but much more by Sickness caused by the excessive heat of the Weather retir'd back with his Army into Piedmont Thus after a Siege of 60 days Orbitello was deliver'd from danger whereas most Men judged it could not have held out above 20. It was not long before the French retrieved this Disgrace for their Fleet being soon refitted returned under the Command of the Mareschal Meleraie who possessing himself of Porto Longone in the Island Ilva opposite to the City Plombin with the same ease brought that City also to Subjection The War with Partugal was not this Year carried on with any great vigour nor any notable Action done on that side Several Incursions were made by our Parties with good success defeating those of the Enemy and bringing away great Booties of Cattel At last the Enemy with a powerful Army took the Field designing to besiege Badajoz and threatning the whole Province of Estremadura All this Preparation fell to nothing for they compassed not the razing the Fort of Telena as they intended but retired from before it with much precipitation upon the approach of the Spanish Army leaving the Fort as they found it In the Low Countries the Duke of Anguien with an Army of 40000 Men took Courtray and Winoxberg and recover'd Mardike before surprized by the Spaniards This done they laid Siege to Dunkirk which had been his principal design this place being of great importance as the chief Port the Spaniards then resorted to was bravely defended by the Marquis de Lede with a Garison of 4000 Men. But the Duke having a numerous Army which he no way spared and the Hollanders with their Fleet lying before the Harbour so that no Relief could be put into the Place it was at last surrendred upon honourable Conditions King Philip having made choice of D. John Enriquez de Cabrera Great Admiral of Castile and late Viceroy of Naples for the Embassy to Rome to yield Obedience to Pope Innocent the X. he performed that Ceremony on the 28th of April with the greatest Pomp and Magnificence that had been seen in Rome for many Years Balthasar Charles Prince of Spain and then the only Heir of the Crown having lain sick but 3 days died the 9th of October in the flower of his Age to the unspeakable Grief of all these Kingdoms Also Mary the Empress departed this Life at Lintz in Austria leaving 3 Children This Year the wonderful Bell of Vililla in Aragon rung of it self three times in one day which was Monday the 30th of April the first time it gave 11 strokes the second 8 and the third 7. Anno 1647. D. John of Austria living retir'd at Ocan̄a was this Year called thence to take the command of Generalissimo by Sea He set sail from Cadiz with a mighty Fleet and entring the Streights took a rich French Ship which carried Presents of great value to the Queen of Portugal At Tarragona he landed 4000 Men for the Service of Catalonia and sail'd thence to Naples A Deputy sent by the City Valencia to complain of certain Grievances came to the Court of Madrid and was received by the King with all possible Demonstrations of Honour all the Grandees and Noblemen of the Court attending him and his House was allow'd the same Priviledges as those of Foreign Ministers After the defeat of Monsieur de Harcour at Lerida the Prince of Conde was constituted General of the French Forces in Catalonia and coming Post to Barcelona took possession of that Command the 15th of April On the 12th of May he laid Siege to Lerida taking the same Posts that Harcour had done the Year before and batter'd it furiously D. Gregory de Brito that famous Portugues was then Governor of that City who defended it with much bravery making several sallies in which he kill'd many of the Enemy and took several Prisoners On the 18th of June the Prince of Conde by night raised his Siege and march'd over the River Noguera to a place called Las Horcas de Lerida Next day a supply of 1000 Foot with Ammunition and Provisions was put into the City The Marquis de Aytona march'd with an Army of 12000 Foot and 3500 Horse against the Prince of Conde who being too weak to oppose him dispers'd his Forces into the strong Garisons expecting new supplies from France The Constable of Castile Governour of Milan took Niza de la Palla Alva and other places in Montferrat ravaging the Country and driving the French into their Places of strength The Duke of Arcos Viceroy of Naples sent him 2500 Men in 12 Galleys commanded by Janetin Doria He landed these Forces at Final and in his return to Naples discovering the French Fleet consisting of 25 Men of War 8 Fireships and 13 Galleys he retired into Savona a Port of the Genoeses whether the French Fleet pursued threatning to burn all our Galleys unless they surrendred The Governour of Savona sent to the French Admiral to let him know if he fired a Shot he would answer with all the Guns of the City which made the French lie still till hearing that the Spanish Fleet was coming they retir'd to Toulon In the Low Countries nothing considerable was done this Year the French appear'd about Antwerp and thence moved to Oudenard without attempting any thing of moment A Truce was concluded with the Hollanders and proclaim'd at the Hague so that a free Trade was re-establish'd between them and the Spanish Provinces After the Archduke Leopold had taken upon him the Government of the Low Countries he assembled all his Forces and took from the French Armentiers Landresi and several other Places of less Note In June the Articles of Marriage betwixt King Philip and the Archdutchess Mary Anne Eldest Daughter to the Emperor Ferdinand the III. were brought to Madrid and receiv'd with great Joy and Satisfaction of the whole Court We will end this Year with the Relation of the most wonderful Rebellion that hapned at Naples After that City and Kingdom became subject to the Kings of Spain it was for some time govern'd with great Moderation and had very ample Priviledges granted to it especially by
from the Empire and 5000 from England A covered way was made at Brussels and 6000 Men put into Garrison there whereof 2000 were Spaniards The Emperor made a League with the German Princes The Cantons of Switzerland promised to assist his Catholick Majesty with each 1000 Men. At the same time the Ministers in Spain spent their time in debating how to have a numerous Army in the low Countreys D. Luis Ponce Governour of Milan perceiving the great Warlike Preparations made by the French and guessing what their Aim might be visited all the strong places of his Government repairing the Dammage done by the violent Rains the Winter before and putting them in a Posture to oppose the Designs of the French The Marquess of Astorga S. Roman and Velada Ambassador from his Catholick Majesty made his public Entry into Rome with the usual Splendour but had not Audience Pope Alexander the 7th being then sick and soon after dying Upon his Death the College of Cardinals elected Cardinal Julius Rospigliosi to succeed him who took the Name of Clement the 9th His Promotion was highly applauded at the Court of Madrid where he was acquainted having been Nuncio there and being known to be well affected towards the Crown of Spain Publick Prayers were made at Vienna for the happy Deliverance of the Empress who soon after was brought to bed of a Son to the great Joy of the Imperial and Spanish Courts The Venetians understanding the great Preparations the Turks made against Candia sent three Ships laden with Ammunition and other Warlike Stores to the Relief of the Place Mean while the Batteries of the Infidels had made great Havock in the Town beating down many Houses and Churches The besieged in Revenge hung out a white Flag and the Turks flooking to the Walls they sprung three Mines and sallying killed above 3000 of them The prime Vizier caused the Bassa of Anatolia to be strangled because he had not sent him such Supplies of Men as he expected Upon the Gulf of Venice stands the rich City Ragusa the Head of a small Territory governed in the nature of a Republick but paying Tribute to the Turks It is strong populous and abounds in Wealth Simon Lascari Archbishop of Durazzo a Monk of the Order of S. Basil sent this Year a Relation to the Monks of his Order of the utter Desolation of this City by an Earthquake which overthrew all the Houses Churches and other Buildings whatsoever overwhelming all the People in such manner that only 18 Gentlemen who hapned to be abroad escaped All the Castles and other Fortifications were cast down and among them a new Fort raised by the Turks to command the City Anno 1668. All the Discourse at the Court of Madrid was that D. John of Austria would go to Corun̄a there to take Shipping for Flanders where it was thought he was to Command There arose many Differences about his Departure and great Offers were made him however it took no effect This Rumour moved the King of France who had a Squadron abroad infesting our Coast to order his Admiral to search all Ships and endeavour to intercept him This Year came to Court an Ambassador from the Great Duke of Muscovy the first that was seen here and therefore much admired His Retinue was great and his Entertainment magnificent Now at length the Peace was concluded betwixt Castile and Portugal by the Mediation of the King of Great Britain who had often proposed it to King Philip the 4th but without Success The Marquess del Carpio who was Prisoner at Lisbon ever since the Defeat of our Forces at Ebora was a great Instrument in promoting this Treaty However it had not been concluded but that the King of France invading the Low Countreys the Power of Spain was not then such as to oppose both Enemies and therefore chose to compound with the nearest to be at better leisure to withstand him that was farthest off The Count de Castrillo resigned the Office of President of Castile his Majesty consenting on Account of his continual Infirmities D. James Riquelme Bishop of Plasencia was chosen President of Castile in his Place and he dying soon after D. James Valladares then Bishop of Oviedo and afterwards of Placencia succeeded him This Year Portugal was threatned with a Civil War for Prince Peter younger Brother to Alonso King of Portugal not only revolted from him but cast him into Prison upon pretence that he was not of Capacity to Govern the Kingdom Not content with his Crown he also charged him of being impotent and thereupon took from him his Wife whom he also married having to authorise this Act God knows by what Practices obtained a Dispensation from the See of Rome It was reported the King had made his Escape out of Prison which had it been true would have turned to the Destruction of that Kingdom for doubtless he could not among forreign Princes have failed of Succours and he had many Friends at home who would have shown themselves if an Opportunity had presented but better Care was taken to secure that unfortunate King The Great Turk after the Defeat of his Fleet and the Loss sustained by the prime Vizier at Candia prepared to set out another numerous Fleet and to that effect sent Orders to all his Bassa's to gather all the Vessels they could in order to send powerful Succours to the Vizier at Candia In Poland the Diet was all in Confusion about the Election of a new King Some of the Electors refused to sit till all forreign Ministers were departed from Cracow and particularly the French Ambassador but he had too many Friends among the Palatines who stood by him and therefore the opposite Party could not prevail Anno 1669. Prince Peter of Portugal to rid himself of King Alonso his Brother who being near at hand might cause some trouble gave in Charge to a Gentleman in whom he reposed great Confidence to carry him to the Islands Terceras This Gentleman the Day before he was to have departed entred himself among the Jesuits and took the Habit. The Prince caused the Monastery to be beset and taking him forcibly out cast him into Prison Many Judgments were made upon his Imprisonment and the Courtiers who pretend to see farther than other Men suspected the Gentleman had Orders to kill the King by the way and to give it out that he had dy'd a natural Death How true this was is not ours to decide God who suffers none to pass unpunished will judge of it Her Catholick Majesty having regard to the great Merits and extraordinary Services of D. John of Austria was pleased to Constitute him Lord Lieutenant and Captain General of Aragon and Vicar General of Valencia Sardinia Majorca and the adjacent Islands of the Principality of Catalonia and Earldomes of Rousillon and Cerdagne with all other Dependencies upon the Crown of Aragon F. Everard Nitard the Queen's Confessor and a Jesuit
and given to their Order 175 Caligula succeeds Tiberius and reigns 3 Years 10 Months and 8 Days 52 Calixtus Chosen Pope 383 Calpurnius Pilo 32 Canary Islands 266 Conquer'd 339 Cantabri who they were 49 They are routed 49 Cape of Good Hope discover'd 380 Caracalla reigns 6 Years and 2 Months 57 Carcastonne lost and recover'd by the Earl of Barcelona 162 Cardinals fall off from the Pope 540 Carmona Besieg'd and other Towns taken Fol. 210 p. 2 Carmona surrendred to the Christians 211 Besieg'd by the Usurper 289 Carthaginians their Undertakings 10 Their first coming into Spain 12 They make War on the Phoenicians 13 Discover a new Island 16 Routed Forced from the Siege of Iliturgum Their Army again Defeated 24 Attack the Roman Camp and are repuls'd 26 Carthusian and Cestercian Monks 163 Castile its Earls Executed 820 Invaded by the Infidels 123 It s Earl reconciled to the King of Leon. 124 It s Earl imprison'd in Leon escapes by the Contrivance of his Wife 125 In League with Aragon against Navarre 170 Again 173 Commences War with the Moors 185 Reconcil'd to Portugal 238 In League with Aragon against the Moors 243 At War with the Moors 253 In League with Aragon 267 In League with Navarre 281 In League with England 281 Divided 283 At variance with Navarre 294 Makes Peace with Aragon 362 Still at variance 373 Divided betwixt the Rightful Princess and Elizabeth the Usurper 422 Castilian Fleet ravages the Coast of Britany 296 Ravages the Coasts of Portugal 301 Castilians vanquish the Moors 124 Gain another Victory 124 And Aragonians make War upon the Moors Fol. 206 p. 2 Overthrow the Portugueses at Sea 259 Overthrow the Aragonians and Navarrois 258 Defeated 302 Catalonia reduced 416 Catalonians their Actions in Asia and Greece They overthrow the Turks Their General put to Death They defeat the Greeks 249 Cathedral of Burgos built by an English Man 201 Catherine Queen of Castile dies 739 Cato the first Consul in Spain 30 Kills 40000 Spaniards Returns to Rome and Triumphs 31 Cause of the Wars betwixt Castile and Aragon Cefalonia taken by the Turks 485 Caelestin the 5th Pope Abdicates 235 Celts People of France come into Spain 10 Ceuta taken 243 Taken by the Portugueses 337 Challenge betwixt the Kings of France and Aragon 223 Charlemain in Spain 110 Charles Brother to the King of France Crowned King of Sicily and Naples 215 Dies Ibid. Charles Prince of Salerno made King of Apulia and Sicily 228 Charles the V. of France Dies 250 Charles VI. succeeds 296 Charles Inherits the Crown of Navarre 304 Dies 347 Charles II. King of Navarre 367 Charles Duke of Durazzo Crowned King of Naples 297 Charles Prince of Viana Dies 403 Charles King of Naples Dies 226 Charles VII King of France Dies 481 Charles V. Emperor his Birth 484 Chindasuinthus Usurps with the assistance of the Army 89 Chintila Ascends the Throne by Election 88 Christ our Lord Born 752 Years after the Building of Rome and in the 42th Year of the Reign of Augustus 51 Christian Princes united defeat the Infidels 130 Christian Dominions in Spain united under one Head 135 Christian Army advances against the Infidels 189 Christian Nobles perswade the Infidels to Revolt F. 215. p. 2 Christian Kings of Spain at variance 258 Christian Fleet destroyed by the Moors 261 Christians overthrown 99 Defeated 117 Suffer under the Moors 128 Spoil the Territories of the Moors 133 Join with Infidels to raise the Siege of Huesca 156 Succesful F. 209. p. 2 Defeated 447 Christopher Columbus Dies 517 Cimbri enter Spain Return with the Germans and are again Repulsed 41 Civil Wars betwixt Caesar and Pompey 45 Of Rome 48 In Aragon 200 In Navarre 403 Claudius Centho 32 Claudius Caesar Reigns almost 14 Years 52 Clement V. chosen Pope 242 Clement Pope owned in Castile 297 Clement the Pope Dies 316 Coimbra taken from the Moors 137 Combat betwixt 13 French and as many Italians 494 Commotions among the Spaniards 23 In Castile 201 In Catalonia 220 Competitors for the Kingdom of Naples 342 Conditions of Peace betwixt the Kings of Leon and Navarre 135 Confederacy against Castile 236 282 Against the Aragonians 362 Conference of the Kings of France and Castile 404 Of the French and Spanish Generals 491 Confusion of Tongues 1 Confusions in Africk 267 In Aragon 333 In Castile 408 In Biscay 413 Upon the Death of King Philip. 522 Conquest of Majorca resolved upon by the King of Aragon 204 Conspiracy detected and punished 115 Against the French in Sicily 222 Against D. Alvaro de Luna Of the Nobles 347 To Destroy D. Alvaro de Luna 365 Against K. Henry IV. of Castile 383 In Castile discovered 532 Conspirators apprehended others fly 374 Constance the King of Aragon's Daughter Married to the King of Sicily 279 Dies 282 Constans Murdered 62 Constantine the Great Reigns 32 Years 9 Months and 27 Days 60 His Death 61 Constantine Constantius and Constans Reign 62 Constantine Murdered 62 Constantius Reigns 1 Year and 10 Months 59 Constantius sole Monarch 62 His Death 62 Constantinople taken by the Turks 379 Contests about the Imperial Crown F. 212. p. 2 Controversies betwixt Castile and Portugal about their Discoveries 462 Conversion of Two Moorish Princes 140 Cordova taken by the Christians and Revolts 171 Part of it taken by a handful of Men. F. 206. p. 2 Described Besieged Surrendred 207 Cortes of Castile raise Money 237 Cortes of Castile Summoned by the King and his Son follow the latter 222 Settle the Government of Castile 247 Held at Alcalâ 267 Settle the Government of Castile 309 Meet at Madrid 313 Held in Castile 323 Grant Supplies for War with the Moors 327 Held at Burgos by K. Ferdmand Cortes meet in the Kingdom of Aragon 224 Held at Moncon 538 Held by the Queen Council of Constantinople General 64 Of Nice General 61 Of Toledo the first 66 Of Chalcedon General 67 Of Tarragona 75 Of Toledo the Second 75 Of Constantinople the 5th General 77 Of Braga the First 77 Of Braga the Second 78 Of Toledo the Third 84 Of Toledo the Fourth 86 Of Sevil. 87 Of Toledo the Fifth 88 89 Of Toledo the Sixth 89 Of Toledo the Seventh 89 Of Toledo the 8th 9th and 10th 90 Of Toledo the 11th 94 Of Toledo the 12 13th and 14th 15th 16th 17th and last 95 Of Constantinople VI. of the General 95 Of Florence General 141 Of Valencia 116 Of Rheimes General 172 Lateran General 197 Of Lions General 210 Of Vienne in Dauphinê General 244 Of Constance General 336 Of Basil General 358 Of Mantua General 401 Of Pamplona 136 Of Compostella Jaca and S. John de la Pena 142 Of Burgos 147 Of Tarragona 183 350 Of Toledo 240 Of Valladolid 251 Of Barcelona 261 Of Coyenca 140 Of Leon. 152 Of Aranda 419 Countess of Medellin a Turbulent Woman 434 Country of the Moors wasted Cruel Action of the Earles of Carrion They are overcome in Combat 157 Cruel Murder 135
Cruzadoe's first Coined in Portugal 380 Cuenca its Conquest resolved upon It s Description The Siege taken 181 Cuidad Real Built F. 214. p. 2 Cuidad Rodrigo Built 179 Customs of the Spaniards 5 D. Davalo's Family Pag. 349 Deacon zealous against Hereticks 192 Death of the Kings of Portugal and France 202 Of the Queen and Prince of Aragon 213 Of Four Popes 218 Of 3 Kings 304 Of the Princes of Castile Peter and John 250 Of the Queen of Castile 298 Decay of the Moorish Kingdom 130 Of the Power of the Kings of Navatre 377 Decius Reigns 2 Years 58 Defeat of the Moors 444 203 Of the Christians 209 Of the Portugueses 426 Of the French 504 505 Of the Infidels at Sea 263 Of the Spaniards in Africk 450 Of the Confederates 511 Denis succeeds to the Crown of Portugal 220 Marries Q. Elizabeth 222 His Issue 230 As Arbitrator Reconciles Castile and Aragon 242 Dies 252 Dep orable State of Spain 101 Description of Spain 1 Of India 476 Of the Kingdom of Naples 488 Of Granada 456 Of Africk 256 Of the City Albis 191 Of Majorca 205 Of Spain vid. Spain Differences betwixt Castile and Aragon Composed 357 213 Betwixt the Knights of Alcantara and their Master 413 About the Government of Castile 510 Digitius 31 Dioclelian and Maximilian Reign 20 Years 59 Disagreement betwixt French and Spaniards 488 About the Division of Naples 491 Discontents among the Nobility of Castile 314 Discord betwixt the King of Leon and Earl of Castile 128 In Aragon and Catalonia F. 209 p. Among the Aragonians F. 211 p. 2 Among the Moors 243 Continues in Castile 310 Discoveries by Henry Infante of Portugal 341 Of the Portugueses 451 And Conquests in the West-Indies 461 Disorders caus'd by Hereticks in the City Leon 192 In Sicily and Sardinia 431 In Aragon F. 216 p. 2. Dispute concerning the Crown of Aragon 329 Dissention among the Moors 132 Among the Knights of Calatrava 266 Division of Spain 56 Divisions among the Infidels 113 Among the Moors 127 Among the Moors and Christians 170 Among the Moors F. 206 p. 2 Among the Infidels 448 In Portugal about the Succession of the Crown 299 Domitian Reigns 15 Years and 5 Months Is Murdered 55 Domitius Aurclianus Reigns 4 Years 11 Months and 7 Days 59 Domitius Calvinus Triumphs over the Ceretani 48 Drawn Battle 69 Dukes and Counts their Original 85 Duke of Anjou in Naples 364 Of Gandia Murdered 473 Of Milan Expelled his Dukedom 482 E. Earl of Tonlouze Routed by him of Poitiers 162 Earl of Gijon declared Traitor 317 Earl of Faux Invades Aragon 317 Earl of Urger's pretensions to the Crown of Aragon 333 Surrenders himself Dies 363 Earl of Luna his end 358 Earl of Benavente escapes and raises new Troubles 374 Earthquakes and Famine 261 Earthquakes 17 Earthquakes and Floods 179 201 Earthquake at Lisbon 265 Ecclesiastical Affairs under the Popes Lucius Stephen and Sixtus 315 Eclipse of the Sun 122 Eclipse of the Sun and Floods Edward King of Portugal 240 Dies 305 Egica anointed King 95 His Death 96 Elizabeth Princess of Castile married to Alonso Prince of Portugal 454 Elizabeth Sister to the King of Castile her Traiterous Practices 419 Her counterfeit Reconciliation to the King her Brother She openly Aspires to the Crown 42 Her Character 458 Her Death 510 Ellenor Queen of Castile her Death and of others 195 Ellenor Queen of Navarre Returns to her Husband Emanuel King of Portugal settles the Government 417 Ambassador from Ethiopia arrives in Portugal 558 Embassy to Alexander the Great 17 To the King of Castile from the Soldan of Egypt F. 213 p. 2 From Tartary 216 Betwixt Tamerlan and the King of Castile 321 To the King of Aragon for Aid against the Turks 377 To King Ferdinand at Naples 524 Sent to the Pope with Presents by the King of Portugal Emperor of Morocco called into Spain 217 Emperor disgusted with King Ferdinand 529 Proceeds against Milan 530 Cannot be separated from France 541 Besieges Leghorne in vain 472 Joins in League with the Archduke and King of France 509 He and King Philip of Castile Ratifie the Peace with France 511 Empress of Constantinople in Spain F. 215 p. 2 Empurias built by a Colony sent from Marseilles 17 Endeavours for an Accommodation betwixt France and Aragon 234 To Pacifie Navarre England enters into a League against France 317 472 English and French in the Holy-Land Expedition 216 English pass the Pyreneans in Defence of King Peter 285 Join with Portugal against Castile 297 Enmity betwixt King Alonso of Castile and his Son Sancho increases 224 Era Caesaris 48 Abolished 277 Ermenegildus Son to King Leuvigildus converted Messages betwixt his Father and him 79 Beginning of the War betwixt them 79 His Death 80 Ervigius usurps the Crown Governs well 94 Estates of the Princes of Aragon Confiscated 353 Eugenius a Schoolmaster stiles himself Emperor 66 Eugenius IV. Pope 354 Expelied Rome by the People 359 Eugenius the V. Pope deposed by the Council of Basil 366 Evil practices of a Legate 417 Euricus King after Theodorick 73 Expedition against Sardinia 271 Of King Peter by Sea 277 F. Fabius Buteo 32 Fabius Maximus overthrows Viriatus 36 Fabius Servilius the Consul streightens Viriatus 37 Fabulous Kings of Spain 6 Fabulous Story applied to several Persons 165 Factions among the Moors 171 Of the two Houses of Castro and Lara 177 In Castile 347 In Navarre 428 Continue in Navarre 434 Fames Calagurritana whence the Proverb 44 Famine and Earthquakes 14 Famine and Plague 23 68 186 Famine looked upon as a Judgment for the Imprisonment of a Bishop 130 Famine among the Moors 132 Famous Men in Spain 369. Famous War with the Moors of Granada 440 Fatal overthrow of the Portugueses in Africk 363 Javila succeeds Pelayus is killed by a Bear 105 Favourers of the Albigenses 193 Felix V. chosen Pope 210 Ferdinand the first King of Leon. The most Powerful King of Spain overthrows the Moors and takes several Towns 138 His Progress 139 His Death Leaves by Will to each of his three Sons a Kingdom and Towns to his Daughters 143 Ferdinand the II. King of Leon. Enters Castile 177 Ferdinand III. of Castile 199 Marries Beatrix Daughter to the Emperor Philip. 201 His Issue 201 He makes War upon the Moors 202 Hastes to secure the Conquest of Cordova F. 206. p. 2 His 2d Marriage F. 208 p. 2 Prepares to Besiege Sevil. 210 Takes many Places His Death His good Ordinances 212 Ferdinand IV of Castile Born 226 Comes to the Crown 235 His Marriage His Death 245 Ferdinand King of Aragon his Birth 297 His wonderful Modesty in refusing the Crown of Castile 324 His Government of that Kingdom 325 Marches against the Infidels 329 Is declared King of Aragon by the Judges 333 Proclaimed at Zaragoca Settles the Affairs of Aragon His Actions 334 He and Pope Benedict meet He Besieges the Earl of Urgel in Balaguer 335 Is Crowned at at Zaragoca
Confers with Pope Benedict 336 Dies 338 Ferdinand King of Portugal 285 Marries the Lady Ellenor de Meneses 290 Dies 299 Ferdinand King of Sicily marries Elizabeth Sister to the King of Castile 414 Received as King of Castile and IV. of the Name 422 Labours to gain the Nobility of Castile 424 Goes into Aragon 435 His Son Sworn Heir of Castile Aragon and Catalonia 436 Takes Mallaga and other Places 450 Builds a Town to lie in during the Siege of Granada 457 His Character 458 Called Catholick King by the Pope 471 Two of his Daughters matched 480 Perplexity he is in 482 His double dealing 486 Becomes Odious to the People 511 Agrees with the French King 512 Little Faith in him 515 Marries Queen Germana 516 Forces raised by him 517 Many forsake him Is forced to quit Castile 518 He and his Queen at Zaragoca 520 In Italy 522 Comes to Naples 522 Returns to Castile 529 Desires Peace with Venice 437 Assists the Pope 540 Dies 562 Ferdinand King of Naples Dies 465 Ferdinand King of Naples succesful against the French 469 Dies 472 Ferdinand Prince of Castile Dies 218 188 Ferdinand Infante of Portugal left a Hostage with the Moors 363 Fernan Gonzalez Earl of Castile 121 His Death 126 Fidelity of a Servant 349 Fifty thousand Infidels Slain 107 Fight in which 70000 Infidels were Slain 109 Betwixt the Portugues and Castilian Armies 426 Fire rises out of the Sea and does great harm 125 First Roman and Carthaginian War 17 Flaminius 31 Flavius Claudius Reigns one Year 10 Months and 15 Days 59 Flemmings and Spaniards disagree 517 Floods 17 Florence Siena and Luca join with the Confederates 550 Florentine War 373 Florianus Reigns 3 Months 59 Fonteyus Balbus 32 Forces of Castile Routed by the Aragonians And a Second time 161 Form of Government in Castile during the Kings Minority 308 Form of the Rebels Association 252 Forreigners come to serve Count Henry 283 Forreigners did King Alonso the First of Portugal 172 Four Kings in Spain meet to conclude Peace 188 Fraga besieged and quitted 166 Again Besieged 167 France and Navarre join with Castile 303 France and Aragon make Peace 235 Franciscan Friars Preach to the Moors of Granada 319 Francis Phebus Crowned King of Navarre 437 Francs Invade Spain 76 Defeated by the Goths 83 Overthrown in Italy 81 Frederick King of Sicily beaten at Sea 239 Dies 259 Frederick II. King of Sicily Dies 293 Frederick King of Naples puts himself into the Hands of the French 488 Dies 510 French Army enters Catalonia Invade Aragon 37 Expelled Aragon 320 Support Henry the Bastard 286 And Spaniards besiege Bayonne 292 Invade Navarre 294 And Portugues Forces Invade Castile 425 And Aragonians at variance 421 Invade Naples 465 Possess themselves of the D. of Milan 484 Perish by Pestilence and stress of Weather 489 In Rousillon 502 Advance towards the Confederates 547 Decline in Italy 550 And Spaniards Conquer Naples 486 French Army enters Catalonia 226 French Army marches through Italy 503 French King at Rome 466 Returns Home 468 In Italy 528 Fresh Troubles in Castile quieted 315 Friar stirs up the People of Navarre to Rebellion 403 Friars Preachers and others oppose Hereticks 192 Froyla or Fruela succeeds King Alonso I. 106 Is murdered 107 Fruela II King of Leon. 107 Fulvius Nobilior 31 Fulvius Flaccus 32 Fulvius Nobilior comes into Spain 33 Is repulsed at Axena 34 Furius Philo. 32 Furius Philo the Consul governs Hispania Citerior 39 Further Actions of the Christians 190 G. Gaeta Besieged 501 Surrendred to the Great Captain 505 Galba the Pretor's barbarous Treachery 35 Galba governs Spain Is Proclaimed Emperor Reigns 7 Months and is slain 53 Galicians destroyed 47 Galienus Reigns 15 Years 58 Gallerius raised to the Empire 59 Garcia Earl of Castile 134 Garcia King of Navarre Imprisoned by his Brother Ferdinand Makes his escape Is overthrown and killed by King Ferdinand of Leon. 140 His Issue 141 Garcia the II. King of Navarre 167 Killed by a fall from his Horse 173 Garcia King of Galicia bleeds to death in Prison 140 Garcia de Toledo sent with Forces into Africk 539 Garci Fernandez Earl of Castile his Son Rebels against him Is killed by the Moors 131 Garci Lopez de Padilla Master of Calatrava deposed 240 Garci Sanchez King of Pamplona and Najara 122 Garci Sanches Earl of Castile 128 Garci Sanches King of Navarre 129 Gargoris or Mellicola Reigns 9 Gaston Heir of Navarre Born 343 Genealogy of the Kings of Spain 85 General Peace in Spain 249 Generosity of the Duke of Milan 361 Geneoses join the Catalonians 162 Rebell and join with Pope Eugenius and the Duke of Anjou 362 Gensericus succeeds Gundericus Passes over into Africk 70 Gesaleycus advanced to the Throne His Death 74 Gerion the First known King 6 Girona besieged by the French and taken 227 Gibraltar taken 243 Besieged 267 Gneius Fulvius 32 Gnosticks their Heresie 56 Goa in India taken by the Portugueses 537 Godigisius King of the Vandals makes Peace with the Romans 69 Goths who they were 67 68 Their Religion 68 Two great overthrows given them by the Franks They overthrow the Franks and kill 20000 of them 82 Their Conversion 82 Thrice defeated 95 Government of Castile divided betwixt the Queen Mother and Prince Ferdinand 325 Of Toledo altered And of Pamplona 343 Settled for the present 522 Gracian and Valentinian Emperors 64 Gracian the Emperor murdered when he had Reigned 7 Years 9 Months and 9 Days 65 Granada City surrendred to King Ferdinand 458 Grants made by King Henry of Castile Vacated by the Cortes 436 Great Captains Actions at Naples 490 Subdues almost all Naples 498 His Reception at Naples 499 Contrary to his Faith Given sends Duke Valentine into Spain 507 Is ill Represented to the King 508 Jealousies raised against him 520 Forbid to Pass into Italy 550 Ordered to be Apprehended 561 Dies 562 Great Preparations for the Holy War 156 Victory obtained by the Christians 117 189 Fleet of Saracens destroyed by the Goths 94 Overthrow of the Moors 113 123 Slaughter of Infidels 115 Earthquakes 115 296 355 Overthrow of the Infidels 125 Faith 192 Plague 76 Famine and Plague 194 Floods 296 321 360 Famine and Earthquakes 507 Booty taken by the Spaniards 494 Year of Jubilee 484 Disorders throughout Castile 426 Eclipse and Floods 187 Gregory XI Pope returns to Rome after the Papal Chair had been 70 Years at Avignon 293 Gregory XII chosen Pope at Rome 323 Gregory the Great Pope 84 Several Letters from him 85 His Books sent for to Rome Grounds of the War in Navarre 548 Of new Troubles in Castile 387 Gundemarus his Reign His Death 86 Gundericus King of the Vandals aspires to the Sovereignty of all Spain 70 H. Hali sent to assist the King of Sevil overthrows and kills him 153 Hali the Moor ravages the Country and lais Siege to Toledo 160 Hamilcar sent to Conquer Spain 17 Hannibal the Elder sent to govern Spain
15 Hannibal Governs in Spain 19 Marches through France towards Rome 21 His Progress in Italy 22 Hanno His Voyage to the Southward He and Hunilco Return to Carthage 15 His Actions in Spain 16 Hanno in Sicily with 21 Spaniards and 10000 Africans 16 Hegira the Mahometan Computation of time used in Spain 100 Heir of Castile made Prince of Asturias 305 Heliogabalus Reigns 3 Years and 9 Months 57 Helvius Pertinax Reigns 2 Months and 28 Days 57 Helvius recovers Illiturgum and routs the Spaniards 31 Henry I. King of Castile but 11 Years of Age. 196 Is Married Parted from his Wife on account of consanguinity 197 His Death 399 Henry the Bastard Proclaims himself King of Castile and is the 2d of the Name 283 Is routed 285 Returns into Spain 286 Finds many Enemies Takes Carmona and breaks the Articles 289 His Death 295 Henry III. Proclaimed King of Castile 307 Takes upon him the Government 313 Dies 323 Anotable Action of his His Will 324 Henry IV. of Castile his Birth 346 Rebels against his Father 372 Reconciled to him 376 Proclaimed King of Castile 381 How disposed 381 Ravages the Territories of the Moors and Marries Joanna Sister to the King of Portugal 383 Raises mean Persons in opposition to the Nobility 386 Proclaimed Earl of Barcelona by the Rebels there 404 Supposed to be Poisoned 420 Dies 422 Henry V. King of England Invades France 339 Henry VII King of England his Death 533 Heny VIII King of England 533 Takes Therouenne and Tournay 556 Henry King of Navarre F. 216. p. 2 Dies 216 Henry Prince of Castile Governs 236 Henry Earl of Portugal Dies 165 Heresie of the Albigenses its Original 191 Of Nestorius revived 109 Heretical Opinions Condemned in Spain 434 Hereticks expelled Leon. 192 Herminij entirely subdued 44 Hesperus Reigns 7 Hierome Savonarola a famous Preacher in Florence burnt 481 Hierusalem lost 184 Taken by the Christians 158 Himilco and Hanno 14 Himilco Sails along the Coast of Spain 14 Hirtuleyus General for Sertorius twice routs the Romans 42 Hispalus King 7 Holy War in the East 155 Honorius the Emperor Reigned above 28 Years 70 Honours done to the Archbishop of Toledo 196 Horrid Treason of a Bishop 99 Houses of Haro and Lara reconciled 242 Huesca besieged Surrendred 156 I. Jaen City described Besieged Surrendred F. 209 p. 2 Jayme or James I. King of Aragon 194 Comes into Spain 195 Escapes from his Keepers 198 Marries Ellenor of Castile 201 A Conspiracy against him He is Seized 202 Escapes and invades Valencia 203 Kills the Rebel Peter de Ahones 203 Lands in Majorca 205 Wounded at the Siege of Valencia F. 217. p. 2 Marries his Son to the Daughter of the King of Sicily F. 213 2 Goes to Toledo 215 2 Imbarks for the Holy Land 216 Dies His Issue 219 Jayme or James the 2d King of Aragon Pag. 233 Proclaim'd King of Sardinia and Corsica 238 Dies 252 Jayme Heir of Aragon Abdicates 250 Jealousies of Princes 540 Jealousie the Cause of King Philip's Quen's Distemper 519 Jews banish'd Spain 83 460 Converted 336 Murder'd in Sicily Jews and Moors distinguish'd in Castile 323 Infamous Life and Death of the Queen Mother of Castile 274 Infidels twice defeated 176 Victorious 159 Divide and overrun Spain 99 Twice overthrown 243 Defeated by Prince Peter of Castile 249 200000 slain in one Battel 190 262 Ingundis Wife to Ermenegildus persecuted for the Catholick Religion 79 Inigo Arista King of Navarre 119 Innocent the 7th Chosen Pope of Rome 322 Dies 323 Innocent the 8th Pope 445 Dies 461 Insolency of the Moors 205 Intercasia surrendred 35 Interdict in Castile and Aragon at one time 224 Interregnum 77 Inquisition first setled in Spain 432 Interview of the King of Aragon and Navarre Fol. 205 p. 2 Of the Kings of France and Castile 231 Of Princes at Perpignan 337 Of Kings 269 Of the Kings of Castile and Navarre 384 Of two Kings 518 528 Invasion of the Normans Investiture of Naples granted to King Ferdinand 539 Joanna Daughter to King Henry Heiress of Navarre 216 Joanna Queen of Naples dies 359 Joanna Princess of Castile Contracted to the Duke of Guienne 414 Joanna Queen of Castile wholly unfit to govern 524 Deliver'd of a Daughter 525 John the first King of Castile 296 Proclaim'd King of Portugal 299 Makes his Will 301 Kill'd by a Fall from his Horse 306 Contents of his last Will. 308 John the 2d an Infant Proclaim'd King of Castile 325 Govern'd by the Archbishop of Toledo 339 His Character Is under Restraint 340 Makes his Escape 342 Breaks into Aragon 352 Invades Granada 355 Drives the Moors into that City gives them a great Overthrow 355 Made Prisoner by his Rebds 367 Makes his Escape 370 His Designs 380 Dies 381 John the first Crown'd King of Aragon 304 His Qualities 307 His strange Death 317 John the 2d King of Aragon dies 433 John King of France dies Charles the 5th succeeds John King of France dies 281 John Proclaimed King of Navarre 347 Crown'd 351 Subdues his Rebellious Subjects 526 John Master of Avis a Bastard aspires to the Crown of Portugal 300 Is Proclaim'd King 301 All Portugal submit to him 302 His Issue 310 His Government 332 Dies 358 John the 2d of Portugal while Prince comes to his Father's Assistance into Castile 426 Restores the Crown to his Father 313 His Accession to the Crown 473 Dies 455 469 John King of Hierusalem comes into Spain 206 John Prince of Castile usurps the Title of King of Leon and Galicia 236 Is reconcil'd to the King 239 John Prince of Castile born 432 Dies 480 John the 20th Chosen Pope 249 John the 23th Chosen Pope 330 Forced to quit the Papacy 336 John Duke of Lorrain in Catalonia for his Father 410 D. John Nunez de Lara revolts from Castile 232 Is reconcil'd to King Sancho and again ready to flie from him 232 John Hus and Hierome of Prague burnt 338 Joseph the Miramamolin comes out of Africk 154 His Death 158 Joseph governs Spain 106 Joseph King of Granada dies 311 Joseph the 2d King of Granada his strange Death 318 Joseph the 3d King of Granada dies 344 Jovianus reigns 7 Months and 22 Days 63 Irruption of the Moors into France 102 Of the Goths 64 Italy in War Jubilee first Instituted 239 Judges appointed to decide the Right to the Crown of Aragon 333 Julian the Apostate Chosen Emperor Reigns one Year 7 Months and 27 Days 62 Is kill'd 63 Julian the famous Count that betrayed Spain to the Moors 97 Invites the Moors into Spain 98 His and his Families End 101 Julianus Reigns 6 Months 57 Julius Pope dies 553 Julius the 2d Pope 503 Just Reward of Treachery 179 K. Kingdom of Aragon under an Interdict Fol. 210 p. 2 Kingdoms of the Moors 138 King of Aragon in Danger Fol. 207 p. 9 King of Aragon with 3 Princes in League against France 209 King of Aragon makes Peace
with Sardinia 272 Seeks Aid against the French 226 King of England Prepares to invade France 545 King of Granada murder'd 251 King of Leon makes War upon his Son the King of Castile 199 King of Majorca delivers himself to the King of Aragon 205 King of Morocco comes to assist King Alonso of Castile 222 King of Navarre murders the Cnostable of France 273 Uses Means to recover his Possessions in France 322 King and Queen of Navarre Excommunicated 546 King of Portugal invades Castile 237 Sworn Heir of Castile 481 Kings alike in the manner of their Death 144 Of Aragon and Castile join againd Navarre Of Aragon and Navarre Prisoners Set at Liberty 361 Of Castile and Aragon meet Of Castile and Aragon Invade the Moors 215 Of Castile and Navarre meet 305 Of Castile and Portugal after their Victory return to Sevil 264 Of France and Aragon meet and are reconcil'd 213 Of Portugal and Castile meet 416 Of the Moors 116 Knights of Alcantara their Original 194 Of Calatrava their Original 176 Of Montesa in Aragon and of Christ in Portugal Instituted 249 Of Santiago or S. James the Apostle 244 Increase of these Knights 245 Templers Hospitallers c. 103 Templers destroy'd 244 Their Possessions in Spain 245 L. Lancaster Duke lands at Coruna 303 Lara's Family conspires against the young King of Castile 196 Seize the Government into their hands The Archbishop obliges them to take an Oath Alvaro the Elder of them Excommunicated Seizes upon the Queen's Lands and banishes her 198 Is taken by the King and set at Liberty 199 His and his Brother Ferdmand's Death 200 Lautrech in Guipuzcoa 551 Laws establish'd by King Wamba 94 League betwixt Castile and Aragon renew'd 174 176 Against Peter Ruiz de Azagra 180 Against Castile 184 Betwixt Castile and Aragon 233 221 Against the French 468 Against the Venetians 509 Offensive and Defensive betwixt the two Kings of Spain 519 Of Cambray 532 For Defence of the Church 544 Learned Spaniards â—50 Legate makes Peace among Christian Princes 183 Lelius successful against Viriatus 36 Leo King of Armenia in Spain 297 Leo the 10th Chosen Pope 553 Leon City built 55 Taken with other Places by the Infidels 128 Taken by the Christians 104 Leon Kingdom rebels 128 Lepidus the Consul routed with the Loss of 6000 Romans 39 Leuvigildus drives the Romans out of Spain Chooses his two Sons Companions with him in the Throne 78 Besieges Sevil. 80 Persecutes the Catholicks His Death 81 Causes of his Conversion He was the first Goth that us'd the Royal Ornaments 82 Liberty of Conscience 62 Licinius Nerva 32 Licinius Lucullus 34 His Barbarous Cruelty 35 Licinius Larcius Governs Spain 54 Lisbon taken by King Alonso the 2d of Leon. 109 Besieg'd taken by King Alonso the first of Portugal 171 Besieg'd and the Siege rais'd 300 Liuva succeeds his Father Recaredus Is murder'd 86 Longin us in Danger of being murder'd for his Avarice and Cruelty Is cast away going to Italy 46 D Lope de Haro Favourite to King Sancho thi 3d of Castile 229 Is kill'd at Court 230 Love Adventure 331 Loxa City besieged by the Christian without Success Taken with other Places 449 D. Lucas de Tuy a famous Writer 204 Lucius Canulcyus 32 Luis the younger King of France comes into Spain His Entertainment 174 Luis the 9th King of France sends Presents to Toledo and undertakes the Conquest of the Holy Land Fol. 211 p. 2 Dies and Philip succeeds 249 Luis the 10th King of France dies 559 Luis the 11th King of France dies 436 Luis the 12th King of France dies 481 Luis Duke of Orleans murder'd 326 Luis Duke of Anjou Adopted Heir of Naples 344 Luis Sforza Duke of Milan 466 Luna Town built 155 Lusitani so call'd from Lusus 8 M. Macedonius his Heresy condemn'd 65 Madrid taken and ruin'd 122 Mahomet the Founder of Mahometisme born A. M. 5800 79 Mahomet usurps the Kingdom of Cordova and secures Hissem Is overthrown and 30000 of his Men slain 131 Mahomet inthron'd by the Abenhumeyas 133 Mahomet King of Granada in Africk 256 Is murder'd 257 Mahomet King of Granada dies 295 Mahomet King of Granada expell'd by his Subjects 341 Restor'd 348 Again expell'd and restor'd 356 Imprison'd 372 Mahomet usurps the Crown of Granada 318 Is depos'd 380 Mahometan Power its Increase 90 Majorca City taken by Storm 205 Majorca sabdned by the Aragonians 265 Malecontents in Andaluzia 530 Mancmus succeeds Pupilinus 38 Concludes a dishonourable Peace with the Numantians and is deliver'd up to them 39 Mandonius and Indibilis revolt 30 Manlius Acidinus 32 Many Towns built and repair'd 123 Towns taken 151 Roman Colonies planted in Spain 50 Places taken by the Aragonians from the Moors 174 Nobles reduced Places taken by the Christians Fol 206 p. 2 Marcellus suceeds Fulvius 34 Marcius restores the Roman Power in Spain 26 Marcus Marcienus 32 Marcus Junius 32 Marcus Marcellus 32 Marius and Cinna 41 marquess de Villena his double Dealing 423 Marquess del Gasto comes over to the Spaniards 493 495 Marriages 187 Of King Henry's Bastards 295 King Ferdmand of Castile with the Princess of Portugal 240 Of Princes Of the Prince of Aragon with the Princess of Castile 337 Marseilles taken by the Aragonians 345 Martin de Freitas the Famous Loyal Governour of Coimbra 210 Martin the 4th Pope and the King of Aragon at variance 223 Martin the 5th Chosen Pope 338 Dies 354 Martin Lopez Master of Calatrava faithful to King Peter 288 Martin King df Aragon 316 Marries 329 Dies 330 Martin King of Sicily dies 328 Mary de Padilla Mistriss to King Peter 269 Dies 280 Declar'd by King Peter his lawful Wife 281 Mary Princess of Castile contracted to the King of Portugal 486 Mary Queen of Sicily dies 321 Mallacre of the French call'd the Sicilian Vespers 123 Massinissa joins with the Romans 29 Master of Alcantara cut off by the Moors 314 Master of Santiago strengthens himself against his Enemies 416 Dies 421 Masterships of Military Orders annex'd to the Crown 453 464 Mauregatus the Bastard aspires to the Crown assisted by the Moors 108 Reigns expelling King Alonso 109 Maxentius usurps the Empire 60 Maximilian Storcia Duke recovers Milan 552 Mazalquivir in Africk taken 513 Mecma besieg'd by the French 223 Memorable Siege of Astapa 29 Memorable Battel betwixt Christians and Infidels 111 The same renew'd Takes Name from the Town of Clavijo 112 Men famous for Learning and Sanctity 105 Merida reduced 100 Merines a Family among the Moors obtains the Empire of Africk 214 Method of reducing the rebellious Prelates 415 Metellus subdues the Celtiberi 37 Metellus sent by Sylla into Spain 42 Kills 20000 of Sertorius his Men. 43 Mighty Army of Christians in Castile 189 Divisions throughout Spain 241 Floods 354 Milan recever'd by the French 561 Minorea and Yvica Islands conquer'd 206 Miraculous Victory of 1000 Christians 103 Miraculous Tryal of a Bishop 113 Miserable Slaughter 92 Mithridates sends Ambassadors to
Aragon 219 Peter the 4 th King of Aragon 266 Dies Peter Prince of Portugal Marries the Lady Agnes de Castro and She is murder'd 273 Is Proclaim'd King 276 Executes the Murderers of the Lady Agnes de Castro 279 Declares his Children by her Legitimate 280 Dies 285 Peter Insante of Portugal a great Traveller 349 His Death 408 Petreius 45 Phanatick Moor. 467 Phoenicians build Towns and settle in Spain 10 Are driven into the Island of Cadiz 12 Crave Aid of the Carthaginians 13 Philip the Emperor Reigns above 5 Years 58 Philip the Fair King of France dies 226 Philip the 1 st King of Spain in England 515 Lands in Spain Declares against the Treaty with King Ferdinand 516 Dies 521 Piso succeeds Furius and isworsted 39 Pious Gifts of the King of Castile 306 Pius the 3 d elected Pope 502 Places that send Representatives to the Cortes or Parliament 267 Plague and Famine in Portugal 186 Plague at Madrid 314 In Spain and France with great Floods In Spain 320 In Portugal 365 Plain of Granada wasted 455 Plaucius twice defeated by Viriatus 36 Plot to rescue King John of Castile 370 Pompey the Great in Spain 37 Treats with the People of Numantia frauaulently 38 Comes again into Spain 42 His Sons in Spain 46 Pompey Cn. His Death 47 Pompey Sext renews the War in Spain Defeats Pollio 48 Pope Invades the Land of the Ursini 473 Returns to Rome 290 Seizes the Lands of the Duke of Ferrara 538 Press'd to call a General Council 541 In vain labours for an Accommodation with France 543 Popes Legate his unjust Proceedings 152 Pope's Legate in Aragon 205 Pope's Legate a fronted by the Rebels 409 Popilius the Pretor sent into Spain 36 Popilius the Censaâ— defeated by the Numantians 38 Portugal Original of that Kingdome 134 164 Descrivd 164 Under on Inâ—crdict 169 213 Made Independant of Castile Fol. 216 p. 2 Portugueses overthrow the Castilians 165 That favour'd the King of Castile 300 Sustain loss at Azamor but relieve Arzila 631 4000 of them stain in Africk 560 Posthumius Alomus 32 Posture of Affairs in Spain 137 Potter's Son set up King of the Moors 173 Practices against the Earl of Castile 125 Of the Spaniards 501 Of the Emperour 525 Preaching among the Tartars 216 Prefect of Rome submits to Spain 506 Preparations for War 260 For War with the Moors 441 For the Lateran Council 548 Of the Turks against Italy 557 For War in Aragon 349 Presumption of a Legate 280 Pretenders to the Crown of Aragon 329 Prince Henry in open Rebellion Imprison'd 342 Prince of Viana flies to Naples 384 Prince of Salerno expell'd Naples 480 Prince of Segorve come into Castile 418 Princes of Aragon join with the Rebels of Castile 365 Priscilian's Heresie He and his Adherents Condemn'd to Death His Errours 65 Proceedings of the Catholikes against the Albigenses 193 Of the Rebels in Catalonia 406 Prodigies 21 22 341 388 411 Progress of the Rebellion in Castile 272 366 Of the Christians against the Moors 262 Of the War in Naples 368 Of the Aragonians at Naples 360 Of the Affairs of Italy 470 Of Portugues Discoveries 474 Of the Siege of Saulses 502 Proposals concerning the Kingdom of Naples 473 Proscription 48 Prosperous Expedition 202 Publius Manlius 32 Punishment of Mutineers 531 Q. Queen of Portugal delivered of a Son Dies 482 Queen of France Dies 556 Queen of Navavre accused of Adultery by her own Sons is defended by a Bastard 136. Queen Mother of Castile joyns the Rebels 273 Queens of Castile and Portugal Dies 370 Quintilianus Reigns 17 Days 59 Quintius Crispinus 32 Quintius defeats and is again worsted by Viriatus 37 Quintus Caecilius overthrown by the Vacei 45 Quintus Fontlius 32 Race of Earles of Barcelona extinct 330 Raymund or Ramon Earl of Barcelona 131 Dies 137 Raymund Earl of Barcelona Son in Law to King Ramiro II. upon his resignation Governs that Kingdom 169 Makes War in France 170 Successful against the French and Moors His Death 177 Raymund III. Earl of Barcelona murdered and his Son Raymund succeeds him 149 Raymund or Ramon IV. Earl of Barcelona Raymund Earl of Toulouze a Heretick reduced 204 Ramundus Lullus 240 Ramiro I. King of Leon. 111 His Death 112 Ramiro II. King of Leon his Religious Works He resigns the Crown and Dies 123 Ramiro III. King of Leon under the Tuition of his Mother and Aunt 126 Ramiro King of Aragon Wars on his Brother of Navarre 139 Recovers his Dominions 141 Ramiro II. King of Aragon 167 Puts to Death 15 Noblemen 168 Resigns the Government 169 Ratification of the Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal 438 Ravenna surrendred to the French Rebellion in Gallia Gothica 91 Among the Moors 115 In Auiturias 122 Against the King of Leon. 127 Suppressed 298 111 Of Castro and Albuquerque in Castile 259 In Navarre 205 445 In Old Castile 315 In Catalonia 402 In Naples 447 In Castile 224 236 In Biscay 368 Of the Bastards of Castile Rebellious Moors defeated 412 Rebels every wheee worsted by Wamba 92 Of Castile hardened 259 Suppressed in Castile 258 Of Castile associate are Punished 252 Punished 277 Defeat the Royalists 278 Of Castile join with the King of Aragon 405 Disband 408 In Catalonia choose the Duke of Anjou for their King 408 Excommunicated 410 Reduced 412 Recaredus King of Spain makes War in France 81 His Reign and Troubles on account of his Conversion 82 Reslores the Church Possessions Overtbrows the Francs Hereticks Conspire against him He Punishes the Conspirators His General Claudius overthrows the Francs 83 He Marries Clodosinda Sister to Childebert King of Lorrain His Death 85 Recaredus II. Reigns but 3 Months 87 Recaredus and Alonso the First Kings of Spain had the Title of Catholick 105 Reception of a Legate in Castile 417 Recesuinthus advanced to the Crown by his Father His Actions and Death 90 Rendevouz of the French at Aste 555 Revolutions at Genoa 554 Rhodians their coming into Spain 10 Rightful Princes of Castile Prisoners 227 Released 231 Robert King of Naples Dies 264 Roderick King of Spain ravishes Count Julian's Daughter 97 Roderick Diaz de Bivar called Cid who he was Many Fables concerning him 141 His Opinion touching the subjection of Spain to the Empire The whole Relation suspected to be Fabulous His Original 142 Ravages the Dominions of the Moors Is Banished 147 His further Actions 148 Takes Valencia Marries his Daughters to the Earls of Carrion 157 His Death 158 Roderick Archbishop of Toledo invades the Moors 206 Rodulphus of Ausburg chosen Emperor 216 Roger Lauria the great Aamiral Dies 242. Roman Army mutinies 46 Roman Missaâ— ana Broviary introduced 152 Romans declare War the 2d time against Carthage 21 Successful in Spain 22 Overthrown 25 Defeated 85 Quite expelled Spain 88 Romantick Relation about Spain being exemptea from the Roman Empire 141 Rome taken by Alarick King of the Goths in the Year 410. 67 Ronda taken 446 Rousillon and Cerdagne Restored
to King Ferdinand 463 Rout of the Spaniards in Africk 539 S. Saguntum Built by the Greeks 8 Besieged 20 Destroyed 21 S. Dominick Preaches to the Albigenses 193 S. Elizabeth Queen of Portugal 300 S. Francis of Assis 200 S. German taken 501 S. Gregories Books sent for to Rome 89 S. James Apostle of Spain His Martyrdom His Body brought into Spain 52 His Church made an Archipiscopal See 115 Miracle at his Tomb. 129 S. Isidorus his Body Translated from Sevil to Leon. 140 Salamanea made an University F. 208 p. 2 Sancha Wife to King Ferdinand the First of Leon her Death 143 Sancho the First of Castile Is Restored after having been expelled 124 Is Poisóned 126 Sancho II. of Castile 143 Wars upon his Brothers 144 Expets his Brother Garcia Besieges Zamora Treacherousiy Murdered there 145 A Combat about his Death 146 Sancho III. of Castile 175 His Death 176 Sancho IV. his Father living aspires to Usarp the Crown of Castile from his Nephews 218 His Practises to gain the Affections of the People Rebels against his Father 221 Usurps the Crown of Castile 225 Dies 235 Sancho I. King of Navarre called Abarca and why 121 Sancho II. Inherits the Crown of Navarre 125 Sancho III. King of Navarre 131 Inherits Castile 135 Divides the Dominion of Spain among his Sons Settles matters of Religion 136 Is Murdered 137 Sancho IV. King of Navarre 140 Sancho V. King of Navarre 147 Breaks into Castile Dies 185 Sancho VI. King of Navarre Dies 206 Sancho King of Aragon His Actions against the Moors 155 Is killed 156 Sancho Son to Alonso the First King of Portugal sent to besiege Cuidad Rodrigo defeated 182 Succeeds to the Crown of Portugal and is the first of the Name 184 His Death 188 Sancho II. King of Portugal expelled the Kingdom by his Rebellious Subjects F. 209 p. 2 Dies at Toledo 210 213 Sancho Earl of Castile 131 Makes his Mother drink Poison she had prepared for him 133 His Issue 134 Sancho Prince of Castile killed by the Moors 158 Sappho the Carthaginian 14 Sarazens their great Power Sardima Conquered by the Aragonians 252 Reduced 431 Saxons first mentioned in Roman History 63 Scanderbeg comes to the Assistance of Ferdinand King of Naples 402 Schism in the Church 163 295 297 316 Ends. 350 Schismatick Cardinals submit Scipio Gneius passes into Spain 21 Overthrows the Carthaginians 26 Scipio Pub. Corn. sent to assist his Brother 22 Scipio's defeats Asdrubal 23 Stain 26 Scipio Pub. Corn. Proconsul of Spain takes Carthagena 27 Gains the Africans 29 Scipio Nasica 31 Scipio Corn. 34 Scipio Africanus sent against Numantia 36 Triumphs over Numantia and is called Numantinus 40 Sea Fight the Aragonians defeated by the Genoeses 361 Seditions in the Dominions of Castile 269 Seeds of Discord in Castile 230 Siege of Saulses Raised 503 Sempronius Gracchus 32 Sempronius Longus 32 Sergius Galba 34 Sertorius his Actions 41 Founds an Vniversity at Osca 42 His last Exploits and Death 43 Servilius Cepio 32 Servilius breaks the Peace and Routs Viriatus 37 Several Provinces submit to the Romans 31 Governors of Spain 31 Synods 85 Towns taken from the Moors 104 Governors in Spain 104 Towns Rebuilt 114 Towns Conquered Towns in Navarre taken by the Castillians 182 Towns taken from the Moors 166 208 Exploits against the Moors Places taken from the Moors 250 255 452 Governors chosen in the Provinces of Castile 250 Places in Castile Rebel 454 Pretenders to Castile 288 Towns taken by the Christians 330 Losses of the French 493 495 Cities in Italy sue for the Protection of Spain 506 Severus Reigns 17 Years 57 Sevil described F. 210 2 Besieged Siege Reinforced Bridge broken Delivered 211 Sicily Reduced under the Dominion of Aragon 311 Siculus Son to Atlas Inherits the Crown 7 Signal Loyalty of Peter Peralta 418 Silingi who they were 67 They come into Spain 68 Silon and Adosinda King and Queen 108 Simon Earl of Montforte General of the Catholicks 198 Is killed 199 Sintra taken from the Moors 170 Siracusa in vain besieged by the Aragonians 239 Sisebutus Elected King 86 Subdues the Asturians Overthrows the Romans Dies 87 Sisenandus Usurps the Crown having expelled Suinthila and his Son 88 Sixteen put to Death for Treason 286 Sixtus IV. chosen Pope Dies 415 Slaughter of Moors and Christians 313 Of the Christians 443 360 Of Aragonians 219 Small Body of Christians deseats a great one of Moors 360 Soldans Fleet worsted in India Some Rebels submit but fresh Troubles ensue in Castile 411 Spain its Description 1 It s Form and Situation 2 Its Rivers and Mountains 3 It s Ancient and Modern division 3 It s Language 5 Divided betwixt Caesar and Pompey 46 Entirely subdued by Augustus 50 How divided and governed 54 True Religion flourishes there 84 Spaniards Revolt from the Romans who kill 15000 of them They Revolt again 30 Honoured to incline them to serve the Romans 25 Decline in Calabria 470 Defeated 482 Their Practices 489 Spurius Lucretius 32 Storms 17 Strange Custom 49 Way of Adoption 129 Prodigy 159 Fondness betwixt King John and D. Alvaro de Luna 348 Strangers come to serve against thr Moors 154 Strife among the Nobility of Castile 308 Success of the Aragonians 164 Of the Castilians 164 203 Of the Aragonians against the Moors 166 Of the Aragonians at Naples 369 Of the Portugueses in In India 533 543 Succession of the Moorish Monarchs 108 Of the Moors 148 Of the Earls of Barcelona 148 In Sicily F. 213 p. 2 Succours from England and other Parts 264 Succours from Spain land in Naples 497 Suevians who they were 67 They come into Spain 68 Are Converted Cause of their Conversion 77 Reduced under the Dominion of the Goths Their Kingdom abolish'd 81 Suinthila Chosen King 87 Causes of his Ruine Is expell'd by his own Subjects and the Francs 88 Swisters descend into Italy 549 Rout the French 555 Synods Vid. Councils Syphax routed by Massinissa 25 T. Tacitus Reigns 6 Months and 20 Days 98 Tahuste and other Places taken 163 Tamerlan the Tartar his Exploits 321 Tangier and Arzilla taken by the King of Portugal 415 Tarifa besieg'd by the Moors 234 237 261 Terentius Varro 32 Teresa Countess Dowager of Portugal Governs 165 Territories of the Infidels ravag'd 139 260 Theobald the first King of Navarre ingages in the Holy War 208 Dies 212 Theobald the 2d King of Navarre 212 Marries Fol. 213 p. 2 Dies 216 Theodoredus King of the Goths 71 Theodorick King of the Goths Invades Spain 72 Theodorick by the French call'd Thierri 77 Theodosius declar'd Emperour in the East 64 Excommunicated for his Cruelty at Thessalonica Dies at Milan Reign'd 16 Years and 2 Days 66 Theudis King by Election His Death 76 Theudiselus elected King Is murder'd 76 Three Synods 75 Remarkable Things 17 Legates sent to govern Spain 45 Cities and other small Towns taken from the Moors 454 Defeats of the Infidels at Sea 357 Great Men die 437 Tiberius Reigns
Castile dies 1158. Infidels twice defeated Faction of the two great Houses of Castro and Lara Ferdinand of Leon enters Castile Alonso the young K. of Castile secured by some Nobles Raymund Prince of Aragon successful against the French and Moors 1162. His Death Alonso succeeds Raymund his Father in the Dominion of Aragon 1163. 1166. Alonso received as King of Castile 1168. Toledo declares for him He is overthrown by the Rebels Siege of the Castle Zurita Just Reward of of Treachery Earthquake and Floods Cuidad Rodrigo built 1170. K Alonso assembles the Cortes or Parliament Meets the King of Aragon Concludes a League with him Marries Ellenor Daughter of Henry II. King of England Aragonians success against the Moors League against Peter Ruiz de Azagra Two Archbishops Murder'd 1171. 1172. War betwixt Aragon and Navarre 1173. 1174. The Order of Knighthood of Santiago or St. James the Apostle 1175. 1176. Alonso of Castile invades Leon. The Conquest of Cuenca resolv'd upon It s description The Siege The Town taken 1177. Increase of the Knights of Santiago 1178. 1179. Several Towns of Navarre taken by the Castillians The Kingdom of Leon Rebels Sancho Son to Alonso King of Portugal sent to Besiege Cuidad Rodrigo defeated Alonso King of 1180. Victoria City built Synod at Tarragona 1181. Alonso of Portugal Besieged by the Moors and delivered by the King of Leon. 1181. A Legate makes Peace among Christians 1183. Alonso King of Portugal vanquisheth the Moors 1184. Armengaud Earl of Vrgel slain King of Navarre breaks into Castile 1185. Alonso the first King of Portugal dies 1186. 1187. Jerusalem lost 1188. Sancho the first succeeds to the Crown of Portugal Alonso 9th to that of Leon. 1189. A League against Castile 1188. 1190. 1191. 1192. Castile Commences War with the Moors 1194. Sancho the Wise King of Navarre dies A vast Multitude of Infidels come into Spain King Alonso overthrown by the Infidels 1195. 1196. King Alonso of Aragon dies his Son Peter II. succeeds him Famine Plague 1197. 1198. A Truce with the Moors 1199. Plague Famine in Portugal 1200. King of Leon divorced Navarre over-run by them Alonso K. of Castile's two Daughters Marry'd to the Kings of France and Leon. 1201. Marriages 1206. A great Eclipse of the Sun Floods 1208. Four Kings of Spain meet and conclude a Peace 1209. Several Exploits against the Moors 1210. Prince Ferdinand of Castile's Death A vast Army of Foreigners comes into Spain to the assistance of the Christians 1212. Sancho K. of Portugal dies his Son Alonso II. succeeds him A mighty Army of Christians in Castile The Christian Army advances against the Infidels A great Victory obtain'd by the Christians 200000 Infidels said to be kill'd in this Battle Arms of Navarre Further actions of the Christian Army This called the Battle of Navas de Tolosa and why 1213. Cause of the War betwixt France Aragon Heresie of the Albigenses its Original Description of the City Albis Disorders raised by the Hereticks in the City of Leon. Fryars Preachers others oppose the Hereticks A Deacon Zealous in this affair Great Faith Hereticks expell'd Favourers of the Albigenses S. Dominick Preaches against the Hereticks Proceedings of the Catholicks against the Albigenses Simon Earl of Montfort General of the Catholicks 1213. A wonderful defeat of Hereticks the King of Aragon slain Jayme or James succeeds to the Crown of Aragon A great Famine and Plague Archbishops of Toledo Chancellors of Castile War with the Moors Original of the Knights of Alcantara Alonso II. King of Portugal at War with his Sisters Alonso the VIII K. of Castile dies 1214. Also Ellenor his Queen others Troubles in Castile and Aragon upon the Accession of two Children Henry and Jayme or James to those Crowns Two Uncles strive to usurp the Crown of Aragon Jayme the young K. comes into Spain Sancho K. of Navarre decrepid 1215. Henry I. King of Castile 11 years of age The House of Lara conspires against the young K. of Castile Lateran General Council Honours done the Archbishop of Toledo Simon of Montfort killed The Family of Lara seizes the Government of Castile into their hands Oath the Archbishop obliges 'em to take Alvaro the elder Brother ex-communicated He seizes upon the Queens Lands and Banishes her Young K. Henry Married Is parted from his Wife on account of Consanguinity 1216. The King of Aragon escapes from his Keepers 1217. Troubles of Castile They break out into open War 1217. Henry I. the young King of Castile's Death 60000 Moors killed Blanch and Berengaria Sisters to K. Henry of Castile Berengaria Heiress to the Crown of Castile resigns her Right to her Son Ferdinand Ferdinand King of Castile The King of Leon makes war upon his Son the K. of Castile D. Alvaro de Lara taken by the King and set at liberty D. Alvaro D. Ferdinand de Lara their Death 1218. The Order of S. Dominick and la Marced for Redemption of Captives instituted S. Francis of Assis 1219. Civil Broils in Aragon 1220. Ferdinand of Castile Marries Beatrix Daughter to the Emperor Philip. His Issue Jaime K. of Aragon Marries Ellenor of Castile 1221. Earthquakes Floods and Storms Commotions in Castile Two several Rebellons quel'd 1222. Cathedral of Burgos built by an Englishman Other structures Affairs of Aragon 1223. Death of the Kings of France and Portugal Ferdinand of Castile makes War upon the Moors A Prosperous Expedition 1224. A Conspiracy against Jaime K. of Aragon The King seized 1225. Success of the Castilians The King of Aragon escapes and invades Valencia Kills the Rebel Peter Ahones 1226. Towns taken by the Castilians Defeat of the Moors 1227. D. Lucas Bishop of Tuy a famous Writer War renew'd with the Moors by King Ferdinand of Castile Raymund Eael of Toulouze a Hetick reduced Pacification in Aragon 1229. The Conquest Majorca resolved upon by the King of Aragon Insolency of a Moor. Pope's Legate in Aragon Majorca described King Jayme lands on it The Aragonians rout the Majorcans Majorca taken by Storm 1230. Alonso King of Leon overthrows the Moors and takes Merida and Badajoz The death of Alonso I. King of Leon. Union of the Crowns of Castile and Leon. Rebellion in Navarre Interview of the Kings of Aragon and Navarre Roderick the Archbishop invades the Moors John King of Jerusalem comes into Spain 1232. The Islands Minorca and Yuisa conquered 1234. Sancho King of Navarre dies Theobald I. King of Navarre King of Castile and Arragon meet Castilians and Aragonians make War upon the Moors Division among the Moors Many places taken by the Christians Part of the City Cordova taken by a handful of Men. 1235. King Ferdinand hasts to secure the Conquest of Cordova Description of Cordova The Siege 1236. City surrendred A Moorish King Baptised Siege of Valencia resolved 1237. The King of Aragon in Danger Description of Valencia Valencia Besieged The King Wounded at the Siege 1238. Valencia deliver'd up to the Christians Theobald King
the XIth succeeds Mighty Divisions throughout Spain 1304. K. Denis of Portugal as Arbitrator reconciles Oustile and Aragon 1305. Roger Lauria the great Admiral Clement the Vth. chosen Pope Houses of Haro and Lara reconcil'd Discord among the Moors 1309 Castile and Aragon in League against the Moors Ceuta taken The Infidels twice overthrown Gibraltar taken The Moorish K. of Granada depos'd Queen Blanch of Aragon dies A general Council held at Vienne in Dauphine The Knights Templers destroy'd Possessions of the Templers in Spain 1310 1311 Prince Alonso of Castile has Birth 1312. War with the Moors A wonderful Judgment Ferdinand the IVth King of Castile dies Alonso not 13 Months old declar'd King of Castile â—rago dies The young King kept by the Citizens of Avila 1313. The Moors of Granada expel their new King 1314. The Cortes settle the Government of Castile Turks their Original Growth Ottoman Founder of the Empire of that Name Actions of the Catalonians in Greece They overthrow the Turbs Thier General put to Death They defeat the Greeks They fall out among themselves 1315 Luis King of France dyes and Philip succeeds 1316 John the XXth chosen Pope Infidels defeated by Prince Peter of Castile 1316 1317 Knights of Montesa in Aragon and of Christ in Portugal 1318 1319 Two extraordinary Accidents The death of the Princes of Castile Peter John Jayme heir of Aragon abdicates Several places taken by the Moors Several Governors chosen in the Provinces of Castile 1320 1321 Biscainers and Navarrois at War 1322 A Spanish Synod held at Valladolid King of Granada murder'd King Alonso of Castile enters upon the Government The Rebels associate The form of Association Sardinia conquered by the Aragonians 1324 1325 Denis K. of Portugal dies St. Elizabeth Queen of Portugal Alonso K. of Portugal Rebels of Castile punished 1327. Jayme the IId King of Aragon dies Alonso the IVth succeeds 1328. Occasion of Wars betwixt France and England Castile at War with the Moors Several Places in Castile Rebel 1329 Accord betwixt Aragon Castile and Portugal Affairs of Navarre Acts of the Cortes at Madrid 1330. Overthrow of the Moors Several Places taken from them Description of Africk Mahomet K. of Granada in Africk Alonso de la Cerda rightful K. of Castile submits to Alonso 1332 Order of the Belt instituted 1333 War with the Moors Mahomet King of Granada murder'd 1334 Rebels suppress'd in Castile 1335 Christian Kings of Spain at variance Castilans overthrow the Aragonians and Navarrois 1336. Alonso the IVth K. of Aragon dyes Rebellion of Castro and Albuquerque in Castile Rebels of Castile harden'd 1337. Castilians overthrow the Portuguses at Sea 1337. Frederick King of Sicily dies 1338. Preparations for War Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon Territories of the Moors ravaged 10000 Moors slain with their King Synod at Barcelona 470000 Moors invade Spain The Christian Fleet destroy'd by the Moors Tarifa besieg'd by the Moors The Battle of Salado 200000 Infidels slain Particulars of the successes The Kings after the Victory return to Sevil. Progress of the Christians against the Moors 1341 1342 The defeats of the Infidels at Sea Algezira besieg'd Attempts of the Infidels to Murder the King of Castile 1343. Algezira Siege continu'd Succours from England and other Parts Robert K. of Naples dies 1344. Algezira surrender'd Majorca subdued by the Aragonians 1344. The K. of Majorca delivers himself to him of Aragon Earthquake at Lisbon 1345. Troubles in Aragon 1346. 1347 K. Peter the IV. of Aragon marry'd 1348 Universal Plague Dissention among the Knights of Calatrava Canary Islands 1349 Confusions in Africk Cortes held at Alcalà Places that sent representatives to the Cortes oâ— Parliament Gibraltar besieg'd Castile and Aragon joyn in a League 1350. K. Alonso of Castile dies Peter declared K. of Castile K. Peter Sick and recovers Biscay united â—o the Crown of Castile 1351 Interviews of Kings Blanch Daughter to the Duke of Bourborn contracted to K. Peter of Castile 1352 Seditions arise in the Dominions of Castile Da. Marâ— de Padilla Mistress to King Petir 1353 King Peter marries K. Peter forsakes his Queen for Da. Moria de Padilla K. Peter changeth his Officers 1354 He punishes Rebels K. Peter marries another and forsakes her his first Wife still living Moorish K. of Granada murdered Expedition against Sardinia K. of Aragon makes Peace in Sardinia Progress of the rebellion in Castile Treaty betwixt the K. and his Rebels Queen Mother joyns the Rebels 1355 K. of Navarre murders the Constable of France Pr. Peter of Portugal marries the Lady Agnes de Castro She is murder'd K. Peter punishes Rebels Toro taken by K. Peter Infamous Life and Death of the Queen Mother of Castile War betwixt Castile and Aragon The Causes of the War Victory of the English at Poitiers 1356 1357 Towns taken on both sides Alonso the IIId K. of Portugal dies Peter King of Portugal Rebellion of the Bastards of Castile Moors called by the Christians to their assistance 1358 Rebels punished Era of Cesar abolished 1359 Expedition of King Peter by Sea The Rebels defeat the Royalists 1360 Various accidents Peter K. of Portugal executes the Murderers of the Lady Agnes de Castro Constance the K. of Aragon's Daughter marry'd to the K. of Sicily 1361. Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon Blanch Q. of Castile dies Da. Maria de Padilla dies Peter of Portugal declares his Children Legitimate Presumption of a Legate 1362. Victory of the Moors over the Christians The Moorish K. of Granada wrongfully put to Death Castile and Navarre join in League Da. Maria de Padilla declared by King Peter his lawful Wife 1363. Castile in League with England John K. of France dies Charles the Vth succeeds Constance Qu. of Sicily dies 1364 Confederation against Castile Bernard de Cabrera cruelly put to death 1365 Foreigners come to serve Count Henry 1366 Henry the Bastard proclaims himself K. of Castile Castile divided King Peter expelled the Kingdom King Peter flies to the English War of Navarre Articles betwixt K. Peter and the Prince of Wales 1367. Peter King of Portugal dies Ferdinand K. of Protugal The English pass the Perineans in defence of K. Peter The Battle of Najara Henry routed K. Peter restored Sixteen put to Death for Treason K. Peter excommunicated and absolved The French support Henry the Bastard Henry returns into Spain 1368 K. Peter provides for his defence K. Peter overthrown 1369 Betrayed and Murdred by his Bastard Brother Several pretenders to Castile Martin Lopez faithful to K. Peter Affairs of Aragon Sardinia Of Navarre Henry the Usurper finds many Enemies 1370 Treachery rewarded Allyance betwixt Portugal and Aragon Carmona besieged by the Usurper 1371 Henry the Bastard takes Carmona and breaks the Articles Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal Ferdinand of Portugal marries the Lady Ellmor de Meneses The Pope returns to Rome Victory at Sea of the Spaniards and French over the English War betwixt Castile and Portugal 1373. Peace betwixt
the two Crowns A great Earthquake Orders of St. Hierome and St. Isidort 1374. French Spaniards besiege Bayonne 1375. Pope Gregory the XIth returns to Rome after the Papal Chair had been 70 Years at Avignon 1376. Frederick the IId of Sicily dies A general Peace in Spain 1377 The French invade Navarre Castile at variance with Navarre 1378 Marriages of K. Henry's Bastards Schism in the Church Troubles in Portugal 1379 Navarre and Castile make Peace Death of K. Henry Mahomet K. of Granada dies John succeeds to the Crown of Castile Castilian Fleet ravages the Coasts of Britany 1380. Great Floods Charles K. of France dies Charles the VIth succeeds Leo K. of Armenia in Spain A Schlsm Pr. Ferdinand born in Castile 1381. Pope Clement own'd in Castile Charles Duke of Durrazzo crown'd K. of Naples English joyn with Portugal against Castile 1382. Rebellion suppress'd Articles betwixt Castile and Portugal Death of the Qu. of Castile 1383. Marriage of the K. of Castile with the Princess of Portugal Ferdinand King of Portugal dies Divisions in Portugal about the Succession of the Crown King John of Castile proclaimed K. at Lisbon Portugueses that favour'd the K. of Castile The Master of 〈◊〉 a Bastard aspires to the C own of Portugal Lisbon besieged The Siege raised 1385. John the Bastard proclaim'd K. of Portugal Castilian Fleet ravages the Coast of Portugal K. John of Castile makes his Will Famous Battel of Aljubarota Castilians defeated All Portugal submits to John the Usurper Another verthrow of the Castilians France and Navarre joyn with Castile The Duke of Lancaster lands at Corunna Death of 3 Kings Of Peter K. of Aragon Charles Inherlts the Crown of Navarre John crown'd K. of Aragon Peace establish'd betwixt the English and Castilians 1388. Kings of Castile and Navarre meet Heir of Castile made Prince of Austurias Truce with Portugal 1390. Acts of the Cortes of Castile Truce with the Moors of Granada Pious Gifts of the K. of Castile K. John of Castile kill'd by fall from his Horse Qualities of King John of Aragon French invade Aragon 1391. Henry the IIId proclaimed K. of Castile K. John of Castile his last Will. Form of Government of Castile during the Kings Minority Strife among the Nobility of Castile They raise Forces They agree The Cortes settle the Government 1392. A Mutiny at Sevil. The War with Portugal breaks out again Troubles among the Moors K. John of Portugal his Issue Discord continues in Castile 1393. Truce with Portugal for 15 Years Arch bishop of Toledo arrested by the King Nobility of Castile reconcil'd Sicily reduc'd under the Dominion of Aragon K. Henry takes upon him the Government Biscainers invade the Canary Islands Cortes meet at Madrid 1394. The Plague at Madrid Discontents among the Nobility of Castile The Master of Alcantara cut off by the Moors Rebellion in Old Castile Mutinous Lords submit Fresh Troubled in Castile quleted Pope Clement dies the Schism continues Benedict the XIIIth chosen Pope 1395. Strange Death of K. John of Aragâ—â— Martin K. of Aragon â— Elleâ—â—â— of Navarre returns to her Husband Earl of Gijon declar'd Traytor The Archbishop of Santiago flies to Portugal The Earl of Faux invades Aragon 1396. Turks pass over into Europe Joseph K. of Granada his strange Death Mahâ—met Usurps Badajoz taken by the Portugueses 1397. Franciscan Fryars preach to the Moors of Granada 1398. Truce with Portugal renew'd Paul de Cartagenâ— famous for Learning Plague in Spain and France and great Floods French expell'd Aragon 1399. Works of Peter Tenâ—rio Archbishop of Toledo 1400. Plague in Spain Violante Daughter to the K. of Aragon marryed to Luis Duke of Anjoâ— 1401. Mary Q. of Sicily dies 1402. Tamerlan the Tatrar his exploits Embassies betwixt Tamerlan and the K. of Castile 1403. Great Floods The King of Navarre uses means to recover his Possessions in France 1404. Boniface the Pope dies and Innocent the VIIth is chosen at Rome Jews and Moors distinguish'd in Castile 1406. The Battle of Collejarts Cortes held in Castile Innocent the Pope dies at Roâ—◠〈◊〉 Gregory the XIIth is chosen Henry K. of Castile dies A notable Action of K. Henry 1407. K. Henry's Will Wonderful modesty of Prince Ferdinand who refuses the Crown being offer'd to him John the IId an Infant proclaim'd K. of Castile Aragon left without Heirs Government of Prince Ferdinand of Castile Government divided betwixt the Queen and Prince Victory of the Christians by Sea Luis Duke of Orleans murder'd 1408. Cortes of Castile grant suplies for War with the Moors D. Alvaro de Luna who he was Pope Benedict forsaken 1046. Alexander the Vth chosen Pope Animosities against Prince Ferdinand of Castile Martin K. of Sicily dies Martin K. of Aragon marries Pretenders to the Crown of Aragon Dispute concerning the Crown of Aragon Prince Ferdinand marches against the Infidels 1410. Moors overthrown Pope Alexander dies John the XXIIId is chosen Martin K. of Aragon dies Race of the Earls of Barcelona extinct Several Towns taken by the Christians A Love Adventure AnteqÌ„ueraÌ„ taken by Storm The Castle surrendred Turbulent State of Christendom Aragon divided about the Succession 1411. K. John of Portugal his Government Confusions in Aragon Judges appointed to decide the Right to the Crown of Aragon Earl of Vrgel's Pretensions Ferdinand declared King of Aragon by the Judges He is proclaim'd at â—aragoca Settles the Affairs of Aragon Archimbaud Earl of Faux his Death and Issue The new King's Actions K. Ferdinand and Pope Benedict meer 1413. He besieges the Earl of Vrgel in Balaguer The Earl surrenders himself Application for uniting the Church Ferdinand crown'd at Zaragoca King Ferdinand confers with Pope Benedict Council of Constance Jews converted 1415. Pope John forced to quit the Papacy Marriage of the Prince of Aragon with the Princess of Castile Ceuta taken by the Portugueses Interview of Princes at Perpignan Pope Benedict disown'd in Aragon 1416. Ferdinand of Aragon dies New Troubles in Castile 1417. John Hus and Hierome of Prague burnt Martin the Vth. chosen Pope The Canaries conquered Henry the Vth of England invades France Catherine Queen of Castile dies John King of Castile govern'd by the Archbishop of Toledo Marriages of Princes 1419. Nobility of Castile raise Tumults King John's Character D. Alvaro de Luna the great Favourite 1420. K. John of Castile under restraint Prodigles Discoveries by Henry Infante of Portugal Alonso K. of Aragon adopted Heir of Naples K. John of Castile makes his escape 1421. Prince Henry in open Rebellion Competitors for the Kingdom of Naples 1422. Prince Henry imprison'd Alvaro de Luna made an Earl Government of Toledo altered Also at Pamplona Gaston Heir of Navarre born 1423. Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal Troubles of Naples K. Alonso of Aragon besieges the Queen of Naples in her Palace Luis Duke of Anjou adopted Heir of Naples Joseph K. of Granada dies Benedict the pretended Pope dies Alonso K. of Aragon supports an Antipope Marseilles taken
by the Atagonians 1424. Affairs of Aragon unsuccesful at Naples 1425. Prince Henry of Castile born Victory obtain'd by the Queen of Naples Accord betwixt Castile and Aragon Charles K. of Navarre dies K. John proclaim'd Factions in Castile 1426. Conspiracy against D. Alvaro de Luna Conspiracy of the Nobles 1427. D. Alvaro de Luna banish'd the Court. The K. of Granada expelled by his Subjects Strange Fondness betwixt the King and D. Alvaro de Luna 1428. The Family of Davalos Fidelity of a Servant D. Alvaro de Luna returns to Court Peter Infante of Portugal a great Traer The banish'd K. of Granada restored Preparations for a War in Aragon A Synod at Taragena and end of the Schism in the Church War betwixt Castile Aragon and Navarre Peace concluded 1429. King John of Navarre crowned A new Breach of the Peace King John of Castile breaks into Aragon Aragonians invade Castile Truxillo recovered by a strange Contrivance Estates of the Princes of Aragon in Castile confiscated Truce for 5 Years War with the Moors Mighty Floods 1431. 1431. Pope Martin the V. dies Eugenius the IV. succeeds him A great Earthquake King John of Castile invades Granada Drives the Moors into that City Gives them a great overthrow Battle De la Higuera or the Fig tree Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal 1432. Mahomet K. of Granada again expell'd and restor'd The Aragonians decline at Naples Alonso K. of Aragon again invited to Naples He overthrows the Moors in Africk Differences betwixt Castile and Aragon composed Apparitions in the Air and other Prodigles 1433. K. John of Portugal dies His Son Edward succeeds him Council of Basil 1434. End of the Earl of Luna Pope Eugenius expelled Rome by the People Nobility of Naples favour the Aragonians Joanna Q. of Naples dies 1435. Great Floods in Castile Slaughter of the Christians A small Body of Christians defeats a great one of Moors Progress of the Aragonians at Naples A Sea fight the Aragonians defeated by the Genoeses Kings of Aragon Navarre Prisoners Generosity of the Duke of Milan Kings of Aragon Navarre set at Liberty 1436. Genoeses rebel and joyn with Pope Euganius the Duke of Anjou Confederacy against the Aragonians Castile Aragon make Peace Earl of Vrgel dies A violent Winter 1437. Fatal overthrow of the Portugueses in Africk Ferdinand Infante of Portugal left a Hostage with the Moors Troubles of Castile and in the Church 1438. Duke of Anjou in Naples Naples besieg'd by the Aragonians Plague in Portugal K. Edward dyes Conspiracy to destroy D. Alvaro de Luna 1439. Princes of Aragon joyn with the Rebels of Castile Agreement betwixt the King of Castile and the Rebels Pope Eugenius deposed Felix V. chosen New Commotions in Castile 1440. Progress of the Rebellion in Castile 1441. Charles the II. K. of Navarre K. John of Castile made a Prisoner by the Rebels Progress of the War in Naples Naples taken by the Aragonians 1442. Rebellion in Biscay Famous Men about this time in Spain Success of the Aragonians at Naples 1443. A Plot to rescue the K. John 1444. K. John of Castile makes his escape Queens of Castile Portugal dye 1445. Battle of Olmedo Affairs of Naples Mahomet K. of Granada imprison'd Prince of Castile Rebels D. Alvaro de Luna chosen Master of the Order of Santiago 1446. Towns taken by the Moors 1447. The Florentine War Castile Aragon still at variance 1448. Conspirators apprehended Others fly Earl of Benavente escapes and raises new Troubles Affairs of Portugal 1449. Mutiny in Toledo 1449. Nobility of Castile supported in Rebellion by the K. of Navarre The Moors ravage Andaluzia Prince Henry of Castile reconciled to his Father 1450. Mutiny at Segovia Embassies to the K. of Aragon for aid against the Turks 1451. Decay of the K. of Navarre's Power Two Factions in Navarre 1452. Two defeats of the Moors D. Alvaro de Luna his Character and fatal End 1453. Constantinople taken by the Turks K. of Granada deposed Cruzados first coined in Portugal Designs of K. John of Castile Cape of Good Hope discovered K. John of Castile dies 1454. Henry the IV. proclaimed K. of Castile 1455. K. Henry how disposed War in Italy Pope Nicholas dies Calixtus chosen Henry of Castile ravages the Territories of the Moors marries Joanna Sister to the K. of Portugal A Conspiracy against K. Henry 1456. Broils in Navarre Biscay 1451. The Prince of Viana flies to Naples Interview of the Kings of Castile Navarre Country of the Moors wasted 1458. Alonso the 5th King of Aragon dies at Naples New War in Naples Henry of Castile raises mean Persons in Opposition to the Nobility Alcacar in Africk taken by the Portugueses 1459. Grounds of new Troubles in Castile Prodigies General Council at Mantua War at Naples betwixt the Aragonians and House of Anjou Scanderbeg comes to the Assistance of Ferdinand King of Naples 1460. The Moors of Granada break the Peace Rebellion of Catalonia 1461. Civil War in Navarre Charles Prince of Viana dies A Friat stirs up the People of Navarre to Rebellion 1462. K. Henry of Castile proclaimed Earl of Barcelona by the Rebels 1463. Conference of the Kings of France and Castile Mutiny about Taxes 1464. Rebels of Castile join with the King of Aragon D. Beltran de la Cueva the Favourite created Duke Proceedings of the Rebels in Catalonia Overthrow of the Rebels 1465. Troubles increase in Castile A most Villanous Action of the Castilian Rebels Rebels Disband 1466. Confusions in Castile Peter the pretended Earl of Barcelona dies Rebels in Catalonia choose the Duke of Anjou for their King 1467. Olmedo doubtful Fight of the King with the Rebels 1468. The Popes Legate Affronted by the Rebels The Rebels Excommunicated John Duke of Lorrain in Catalonia for his Father Some Rebles submit but fresh troubles ensue in Castile A Prodigy 1469. Rebels reduced Rebellious Moors defeated A Bishop murdered Ferdinand King of Sicily marries Elizabesh Sister to the King of Castile 1470. Difference betwixt the Knights of Alcantara and their Master Confusion in Biscay Joanna Princess of Castile Contracted to the Duke of Guienne Troubles in Aragon Sardinia and Navarre 1471. Method of reducing the Rebellious Prelates Mutiny at Toledo and Sevil. Pope Paul II. dies Sixtus IV. chosen Tangier and Arzila taken by the King of Portugal Catalonia reduced 1472. Kings of Portugal and Castile meet The Master of Santiago strengthens himself against his Enemies Barcelona surrendred to the King of Aragon 1473. Reception of a Legate in Castile Evil Practices of the Legate Prince of Segorve comes into Castile Signal Loyalty of Peter de Peralta All Spain in Peace except Castile Elizabeth Sister to the King of Castile her Traiterous Practises A Synod of Bishops at Aranda Counterfeit Reconciliation of the Princess Elizabeth to the King her Brother 1474. King Henry of Castile supposed to be Poisoned Elizabeth the King's Sister openly aspires to the Crown The Master of Santiage dies
French and Aragonians at variance Henry K. of Castile dies Castile divided betwixt the Rightful Princess Joanna and Elizabeth the Usurper 1475. Ferdinand received in Castile Marquess de Villena his double Dealing Nobles of Castile join with Portugal in favour of the Rightful Heiress Ferdinand labours to gain the Nobility of Castile Alonso K. of Portugal proclaimed King of Castile being Contracted to the Rightful Heiress French and Portuguese Forces against Castile 1476 John Pr. of Portugal comes to his Fathers assistance into Castile Fight betwixt the Portugues and Castilian Armies Defeat of the Portugueses Great Disorders throughout Casile Factions in Navarre Alonso King of Portugal goes over into Africk and thence into France Endeavours to pacifie Navarre Toro surprized by the Castilians King Ferdinand chose Master of Santiago in trust Moores of Granada invade Murcia Noblemen secure to themselves all the strong holds Disorders in Sicily and Sardinia The King of Portugal resolves to go in Pilgrimage to Hierusalem and resigns his Crown to his Son John Prince of Portugal restores the Crown to his Father 1478 Sardinia reduced Birth of Prince John of Castile Inquisition first settled in Spain Actions on the Frontiers of Castile and Portugal Peace betwixt Castile and France 1479. John King of Aragon dyes Factions continue in Navarre Heretical oppinions condemned in Spain Counâ—ess of Medellin a turbulent-Woman Overthrow of the Portugueses King Ferdinand goes into Aragon Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Portugal 1480. Grants made by King Henry declared void by the Cortes The Turks take Otranto in Italy 1481. Ferdinand's Son sworn Heir of Castile Aragon and Catalonia Alonso King of Portugal dies John II. of Portugal Three great Men die 1482. Francis Crowned King of Navarre 1483. The young K. of Navarre dies Traitors punished in Portugal 1483. Ratifications of the Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal Luis XI King of France dies The famous War with the Moors of Granada 1481. Zahara surprized by the Moors 1482. Alhama taken by the Christians Alhama in vain besieged by the Moors Preparations for War with the Moors Loxa besieged by the Christians without success The War with the Infidels put off for some time Troubles Galicia 1483. Slaughter of the Christians Two Moorish Kings at Granada destroy one another Defeat of the Moores Moorish King taken Moorish King set at Liberty Rebellion in Navarre 1484. Pope Sixtus dies Innocent the 8th succeeds Alcara taken from the Moores Boabdil the Moorish King flies to Cordova Ronda taken Christians defeated Rebellion in Naples Tumults in Aragon and Catalonia 1482. Azamor in Africk submits to the Portugueses Divisions among the Infidels Loxa and other Places taken 1487. King Ferdinand takes Malaga and other Places Discoveries of the Portugueses Troubles in Aragon stop the progress of the War of Granada 1488. Several Places taken from the Moores The Moores recover the lost Towns Masterships of Military orders annexed to the Crown 1489. Three Cities and othe small Towns taken from the Moores 1490. The Moorish King submits Elizabeth Princess of Castile married to Alonso Prince of Portugal Death of Prince Alonso and King John his Father The Moorish King besieged by his own People The Plain of Granada wasted War with the Moors renewed 1491. Description of the City Granada K. Ferdinand builds a Town to lie in during the Siege of Granada A Phanatick Moor. Granada surrendered to K. Ferdinand Character of K. Ferdinand and Q. Elizabeth 1492. Affairs of Britany in France Jews banished Spain Pope Innocent VIII dies Alexander VI. succeeds Navarre pacified Discoveries and Conquests in the West-Indies Controversies betwixt Castile and Portugal about their Discoveries Roussillion and Cerdagne restored to King Ferdinand Palma one of the Canary Islands conquered Mastership of the 3 Military Orders inseparably annexed to the Crown Original of the Neapolitan War 1494 Ferdinand King of Naples dies French Invade Naples Luis Sforcia Duke of Milan French King at Rome 1495. Alonso King of Naples abdicates League against the French French King returns home Venetians overthrown by the French Ferdinand King of Naples successful against the French John II. King of Portugal dies Agreement between the Duke of Milan and French King 1496. Progress of the Affairs in Italy Ferdinand of Spain called Catholick King by the Pope Emanuel King of Portugal settles the Government England enters into the league against France Ferdinand King of Naples dies The Emperor Besieges Leghorn in vain The Pope Invades the Lands of the Urfini Duke of Gandia Murdered Proposals concerning the Kingdom of Naples Progress of the Portuguses discoveries 〈…〉 Mozambique discovered Description of India Vasco de Gama at Calicut Vasco returns to Portugal Account of the Navigation of Vasco de Gama 2 Daughters of K. Ferdinand matched 1497. John Prince of Castile dies Prince of Salerno expelled Naples Accord betwixt France and Spain 1498. Charles VII King of France dies Luis XII succeeds him Hierome Savanarola a famous Preacher in Florence burnt King of Portugal sworn Heir of Castile Queen of Portugal being delivered of a Son dies 1499. Perplexity of King Ferdinand 1499. The Duke of Milan expelled his Dukedom University of Alcalá Founded Moors in the Mountains Rebell Ferdinand assists the Venetians Birth of the Emperor Charles the 5th The Fr. posses themselves of the Duke and Dukedom of Millan 1500. Great Year of Jubilee Peace betwixt Fr. and Spain Cefalonia taken from the Turks Double-dealing of K. Ferdinand Disagreement betwixt the French and Spaniards Descripti-of the Kingdom of Naples Frederick King of Naples puts himself into the hands of the French French perish by Pestilence and Stress of Weather The Arch duke comes into Spain The Great Captain's Actions at Naples Disagreement about the Division of Naples Conference of the French and Spanish Generals Archduke and Princess sworn Heirs of Aragon Archduke returns to Flanders War betwixt the French and Spaniards at Naples A notable combat of Eleven on each side Several losses of the French Marquess del Gasto comes over to the Spaniards 1503. Great booty taken by the Spaniards Combat betwixt 13 French and as many Italiuns Several losses of the French Marquess del Gasto comes over to the Spaniards Archduke concludes Peace betwixt Spain and France The peace takes no effect Succours from Spain land in Naples Lord of Aubigni defeated and taken The Battel of Cirinola Almost all Naples subdued by the Great Captain Reception of the Great Captain at Naples St. German taken Gaeta besieged Practices of the Spaniards The French in Roussillon Pius III. Elected Pope Progress of the Siege of Saulses Ninetten Sail of Infidels destroyed Siege of Saulses raised Julius II. Pope French Army marches through Italy Mutiny in the Spanish Army Defeat of the French Notable Valour of a Spaniord Defeat of the French again Gaeta surrendred to the Great Captain Prefect of Rome submits to Spain Nobility of Naples swear Fidelity to Spain Several Cities of Italy Sue for Protection of Spain Truce for 3 Years betwixt France and
Spain Siena given to the Duke of Florence War renewed betwixt France and Spain John III. King of Portugal dies Battel of S. Quintin Great Floods Plague Calis taken Dauphin of France Marries the Queen of Scots Battel of Graveling Mary Qu. of England dies Elizabeth Queen of England Peace betwixt Fra. and Spain K. Philip Marries his third Wife Philip returns into Spain Pius IV. chosen Pope Spaniards worsted by the Turks Rebellion in France Disputes about Religion in France Council of Trent again opened 22 Gallies cast away Duke of Guise murder'd by the Hugonots Spaniards at the Council of Trent Calvin and Beza Penol in Africk taken Malta besieged by the Turks Synods in Spain Pius V. chosen Pope Solyman dies before Sigeth Rebellion of the Low Countries Queen of Scots Imprison'd Duke of Alva Governor of the Low-Countries Rebels in France besiege Paris Prince of Orange heads the Rebels in Holland Morisco's Rebel in Spain Hugonots twice over thrown Qu. Elizabeth Excommunicated Jesuits murder'd Cosmo created D. of Tuscany Earthquake Christian League against the Turk Battel of Lepanto Pope Pius dies French K's Sister married to the Prince of Navarre Several Places in the Low-Countries revolt League against the Turk dissolved Venetians make Peace with the Turk D. John of Austria at Tunez A Comet A new Governor in the Low-Countries King of France dies D. John made Vicar of Italy Archb. of Toledo condemned The Low-Countries conspire against Spain Antwerp plunder'd D. John in the Low Countries Catherine Q. of Portugal dies A Comet Birth of P. Philip. Sebastian K. of Portugal slain with all his Army in Africk General Defection of the Low Countries D. of Alenson in the Low Countries Cardinal Henry K. of Portugal Mount Etna Henry K. of Portugal dies Duke of Alva reduces Portugal Queen of Spain dies Alenson Heads the Rebels in the Low Countries Prince of Orange wounded Synod at Toledo Gregorian Account The Empress in Spain Antony the Bastard of Portugal vanquished Pr. James of Spain dies Alençon returns into France Prince of Orange killed Pr. Philip sworn Heir of Spain Duke of Savoy in Spain Pope Gregory dies Sixtus V. chosen Prince of Parma successful against the Rebels in the Low-Countries Conspiracy against the French King Q. of Scots murder'd Sr F. Drake attempts Cadiz 30000 Germans in France Spanish Armada against England destroyed Duke of Guise put to Death Henry III. King of France murder'd by Clement Antony the Bastard with the English Fleet at Portugal Escuriall finish'd Death of two Popes Mortality Antony Perez his Sufferings Mutiniers punish'd Tumults in Aragon appeas'd K. Philip aspires to the Crown of France Quiroga Archbishop of Toledo Archduke Albertus governs the Netherlands Valladolid made a Bishoprick Sir Francis Drake plunders the Coasts of America Cadiz plundred by Drake Amiens taken by the Spaniards Netherlands given to the Princess Elizabeth K. Philip the 2d dies Marriage of K. Philip the 3d. Great Jubilee The Court at Valladolid Birth of the Princess Ann. Final betrayed Embassy into England Peace betwixt Spain and England concluded Pope Clement dies Leo the 11. succeeds Birth of P. Philip. Princess Mary born A great Tax P. Philip sworn heir of Spain Truce with the Dutch Rebels St. Ignatius beatified Henry IV. King of France murder'd Alarache in Africk taken Morisco's banish'd Queen of Spain dies Marriages of Princes An Earthquake Mamora taken War of Savoy and Mantua Pr. Philip Marries the French K's Sister New Passage into the South-Sea Victory over the Hollanders Duke of Lerma leaves the Government K. Philip in Portugal Pr. Ferdinand Archbishop of Toledo Philip III. dies Pope Paul dies Gregory 15th succeeds Philip the 3d dies Philip 4th succeeds Two Sea Fights Rod. Chalderon beheaded Martyrdoms in Japan P. Gregory dies Vrban the 8th chosen Charles P. of Wales in Spain Ormuz taken by the Persians Discovery of Cathay and Tibet Conversion of Ethiopia Dutch in Brasil Dutch and Turks defeated Jubilee at Rome Breda taken Brasil recovered Cortes of Aragon Floods Persecution in Japan Cazal besieged Birth of P. Balthasar Theatines in Spain War in Italy Gustavus Adolphus French in Lorain Pernambuco taken by the Dutch Conversion of Chaldeans A Fire at Madrid Gustavus Adolphus kill'd Death of the Princess Governess of Flanders Duke of Feria in Alsace Wallestein Executed Monstrous Birth War betwixt Fra. and Spain Spaniards take Towns in Picardy Places in Guienne taken Storm of Wind and Rain Defeat of the French in Sardinia Ships taken Landresi taken by the French Marquis de Leganez in Savoy Dukes of Savoy and Mantua die Commotions in Portugal Dutch routed French twice over thrown An Earthquake Roussillon invaded by the French Catalonia rebels Portugal follows the Example The French join with the Rebels Perpignan taken by the French Great Floods Lerida recovered Elizabeth Q. of Spain dies Cortes of Aragon Valencia A hard Winter Cortes of Castile Olivença taken from the Portugueses Spaniards overthrown in Catalonia Castle of Termes taken Overthrow of the French French in Italy Places in the Low-Countries taken by the French Pr. Balthasar dies D. John of Austria at Sea Prince of Conde in Catalonia Montferrat invaded by the Spaniards Truce with Holland Rebellion of Naples Troubles of France Actions in Portugal Courtray taken Ipres delivered to the French Cambray relieved Charles K. of England murder'd Cromwel's Embassador in Spain killed Portolongone taken English Fleet before Lisbon Catalonians return to their Duty Tortosa taken Leopold the Archduke in Champagne Year of Jubilee Castle of Alcaraz surprzed Spanish Ambassador received by the Rebels in England French decline in Catalonia Queen of Spain delivered of a Daughter D. John of Austria at the Siege of Barcelona Feast of S. Rosalia Barcelona recovered Portugueses worsted Cazal taken Taking of Gravelin Dunkirk also gained Turenne overthrown by Conde Succours sent the French Rebels by the Spaniards French invade Catalonia with the Rebels Small Encounters in Portugal Repulfe of the French Pantheon finished French pass the Pyreneans Bulls for Portugues Bishops refused by the Pope Prince of Conti takes Ville Franche Duke of Lorrain apprehended Portugues Ambassador's Brother in England beheaded Pope Innocent X. dies Duke of Guise set at liberty Turks before Candia Perfidious Act of the Portugueses Peece with Oliver Cromwell English invade Hispaniola Ships taken Galleons destroyed Berga in Catalonia recovered D. John of Austria takes Solfona Pope Alexander VII chosen D John of Austria sent for Flaudert Defeat of the French at Valenciennes D. John takes S. Gillain French and English join Montmidy surrendred to the French Plague at Naples French obliged to quit the Siege of Alexandria Exploits of Mallorquins Spanish West India Fleet burnt by Blake Dunkirk taken by the French and English Great Floods Embassie from a Black King Marquess of Mortara attacks the French and is repulsed Duke of Ossuna makes an Irruption into Portugal Badajoz besieged by the Portugueses Badajoz relieved Posture of Affairs in Flanders Cessation of Arms betwixt France and Spain Conferences for Peace Peace Concluded A Bell Rings of it self K. Philip goes with the Princess his Daughter to the Frontiers Ceremony of Contracting the Princess The marriage of the Princess D. John of Austria commands against Portugal He takes Aronches and other Places Enterprizes on the Frontiers of Portugal Duke of Ossima his Actions in Portugal Prince Philip dies A terrible Storm Riches of the Spanish Fleet. Marquess de Leganez destroys many Moors about Oran War betwixt the Venetians and Tarks Turks enter Transilvania A Prodigy D. John of Austria enters Portugal He takes Borba and Juramenha D. John takes Evora and i◠afterwards routed Duke of Ossuna again in Portugal The K.'s Daughter Margaret married to the Emperor War betwixt the Emperor and the Turk Slaughter of the English Garison at Tangier Marques de Caracena General against Portugal K. Phil IV. dies K. Charles II of Spain proclaimed Overtures of Peace betwixt Spain and Portugal Queen Regent of Portugal dies Alarache in vain attempted by the Moors A murder committed by a Woman Turkish Fleet beaten The French begin the War in Flanders French Kingtakes Towns in Flanders Pope Alexander the 7th dies Clement the 9th chosen Rogusa destroyed by an Earthquake Peace concluded with Portugal Alonso K. of Portugal imprisoned by his Brother K. Alonso of Portugal sent to the Island Tercera D John of Austria Ld. Lieutenant and Capt. General of Aragon F. Nitard sent from Court Collation rf great Officers
some security for their Impartial Administration of the Government but no Bonds can contain Ambitious Spirits As soon as they were put into Power D. Alvaro the eldest of the three Brothers departed from Burgos where this Act of Renunciation was perform'd The first thing he did was to Banish certain Noblemen then he seized upon all publick Revenues and spar'd not those of the Church From lay Patrons who had the right of presenting to Benefices he took that Priviledge upon pretence of restoring the immunities of the Church He did all things by open force without any regard to the Laws or good of the Publick His Extravagancies were such as oblig'd Roderick Dean of Toledo and the Archbishop's Vicar to Excommunicate him This check drew him back a little and he made some reparation of damages yet his Mind was not alter'd He summoned the Cortes or Parliament to Valladolid whether resorted for the most part such as were of his Faction who in the name of the whole Kingdom only study'd to secure him the Government Many of the Nobility were offended that D. Alvaro should thus Usurp all the Power Particularly Lope de Haro Son to James de Haro and D. Gonzalo Ruiz Giron the Lord High-Steward resented this disorderly proceeding and having consulted together had recourse to Queen Berengaria complaining against her for resigning the Government and advising to reassume it before all things were brought to destruction Their words mov'd the Queen yet being a Woman she durst not oppose so great a Power as theirs was who had the Command of all the Forces in the Kingdom Therefore fearing least Violent Councils might produce greater mischiefs she thought it the best expedient to put the Three Brothers of Lara in Mind of the Oath they had taken when they entred upon the Goverment which they had much infringed This Admonition only served the more to provoke D. Alvaro who thereupon not only seiz'd upon the Queen's Lands but Commanded her to depart the Kingdom The Queen to prevent further mischief with her Sister Ellenor retired to the strong Castle of Otella near Palencia Many of the Nobility declar'd for her and continued firm till the Death of the King her Brother All this tended to an open breach and to increase the Division the Office of High-Steward was taken from D. Gonçalo Giron and given to Ferdinand de Lara D. Alvaro's Brother The King tho' young lik'd not these proceedings and studied how to make his escape to his Sister but it was in vain for D. Alvaro kept strict watch upon him Besides the more to gain his Favour he allured him with pleasures and talk'd of Marrying him To this purpose Embassadors were sent to conclude a Match for him with Malfada Sister to King Alonso of Portugal The Nuptials were Celebrated at Palencia Queen Berengaria was much concern'd at it because the King was so Young Therefore she writ to the Pope informing him how near of Kin the Marry'd Couple were The Pope upon this information appointed Tello Bishop of Palencia and Maurice of Burgos Commissioners to examine that affair and in case they found it as the Queen said to disannul the Marriage As soon as the Bishops received the Pope's Bull they examined the affair and finding the Kindred to be as had been said order'd them to be divorc'd Thus the Bride still a Virgin as is believ'd return'd to Portugal where in the Monastery of Rucha built by herself she spent the rest of her Life much afflicted not only for that disgrace but because D. Alvaro had presumed to offer to Marry her himself This in Castile in the Year of Grace 1216. in which dy'd Pope Innocent III. inferior to few of his Predecessors for Piety and Learning Honorius III. a Native of Rome succeeded him in whose time dy'd in that City Mary Queen of Aragon Mother to King Jaime Her Body was bury'd in the Vatican near the Tomb of St. Petronila In her Will she recommended her Son and Kingdom to the Pope as Universal Father That Kingdom being divided into Factions and the King being so Young stood in need of such Protection which that Pope afforded it as long as he liv'd At this time Raymund Earl of Provence being invited by his Subjects made his escape from the Castle of Monçon where he was kept as a Prisoner with the King of Aragon and getting safe into his Country appeased many differences that were among the Nobility for want of a Head every one striving to have a hand in the Government Thomas Earl of Maurienne of the House of Savoy had a Daughter called Beatrix who was Marry'd to this Raymund Earl of Provence By her he had Four Daughters three of them Marry'd to Kings and the fourth to an Emperor Raymund's Escape was the cause the King of Aragon was set at Liberty William Monredon Master of the Templers fear'd the King might in like manner be taken from him and then others would reap the benefit of setting him at Liberty whilst he should undergo the blame of having kept him confin'd He therefore consulted with Peter de Açagra Lord of Albaracin and with Peter Ahones both Men in great Power who joyn'd with themselves Aspargus Archbishop of Tarragona and William of Taraçona These in the Month of September resolved to set the King at Liberty and commit the Government of the Kingdom to him notwithstanding he was but Nine Year of Age and took an Oath to bind themselves to the performance hereof This was not done so privately but that Sancho the King's Unkle who then governed the Kingdom had notice of it and in a rage threatned to wash the way the King was to go with Blood With this resolution he march'd with a good Body of Men to Selga a Town on the road the King was to take This being known affrighted the King so that tho' in that tender Age he put on a Coat of Mail to fight if there were occasion D. Sancho tho' he could not have failed of success there being so small a Number with the King durst not attack them and the King having escap'd that danger went on to Huesca and thence to Zaragoca There and in all places he was received with great Joy all Men hoping his Liberty would put an end to the publick Calamities For the establishing of good Order it was requisite to raise Money the Revenues being wasted in the late troubles This want was supply'd by the Catalonians who raised the Tax called Bovaticum because it is laid on Oxen and other Cattle It is rare that this Tax is laid and notwithstanding King Peter had levy'd it three times yet it was now granted to his Son Jaime in the Year of Grace 1217. By these Means a sufficient Fund of Money was Furnished to supply the King's Wants and raise Forces to quell any Insurrection CHAP. V. Great disorders in Castile raised by the Family of Lara Young King Henry killed by the
fall of a Tile Ferdinand Prince of Leon succeeds his Mother Berengaria renouncing her right Orders of S. Dominick S. Francis and La Merced instituted THE Enmity betwixt D. Alvaro de Lara and Queen Berengaria put the Kingdom into Confusion and was the cause that many Murders Robberies and other Villanies were committed D Alvaro added one fraud to the perfecting of all his Projects The King being at Maqueda a Town not far from Toledo Queen Berengaria sent a Man privately to advertise him how affairs stood D. Alvaro having notice of it seized the Messenger and Counterfeiting the Queen's Hand and Seal produced Letters as from her directing the King to be Poisoned and the more to credit his invention caused the Messenger to be strangl'd This imposture being known incensed all Men against D. Alvaro and the Inhabitants of Maqueda had slain him but that he withdrew with the King to Huete Thither the Queen again sent one Roderick Gonzales de Valverde to consult with the King how he might make his escape to her This Man also was taken and sent Prisoner to Alarcon but was not put to Death for fear of the People All the storm fell upon such Nobles as adhered to the Queen The King kept his Lent at Valladolid thence D. Alvaro sent Forces to Besiege Montalegre where was D. Suero Tellez Giron a Man of Note well provided to defend himself He had two Brothers Ferdiand Ruyz and Alonso Tellez that might have relieved him but would not out of respect to the King D. Suero being summon'd in the King's name tho' he could long have held out surrendred the Fort. After this the Country was wasted and the King in Person sate down before Carrion Thence he moved to Villalva D. Alonso de Meneses who held it being then out of the Town was forced to make his way in with his Sword not without danger being himself wounded and many of his Servants kill'd Nevertheless he held out so long that the King was glad to quit that enterprize and return to Palencia At the same time the War was carry'd on against Roderick and Alvaro Cameros who held the City Calaborra The King going thither soon made himself Master of that City Garci Zapata the Governour delivering up the Castle to him After the taking of that City they Marched against D. Lope de Haro Lord of Biscay That Country is Mountainous and the People very true to their Lords for which reason the War was protracted and the King return'd home As soon as the King was gone D. Lope entred his Territories as far as Marcanda de Ebro where Gonzalo Brother to D. Alvaro the Governour met him They came not to a Battle because Religious Persons interposed Thus D. Gonzalo went away to the King and D. Lope to Otella where the Queen was not without Apprehensions that the King would Besiege her There are those who write that a Marriage was treated of betwixt the King of Castile and Sancha the King of Leon's Daughter by his first Wife upon condition she should inherit the Crown excluding Ferdinand the Son of Queen Berengaria But it is hard to find out the truth of these Affairs for the History of those times is no less confuss'd than were the times In this Historians agree that the King being at play with others of his Age in the Court of the Bishop's Palace where he then lay a Tile falling from the top of the House broke his Head in such manner that he dy'd 11 days after on the 6th of June in the Year 1217. His Body was afterwards bury'd near his Brother Ferdinand at Huelgas by Burgos He liv'd not full 14 years Reign'd 2 and 9 months This same Year the Portugueses took from the Moors a considerable Town call'd Alcazar de Sal. Matthew Bishop of Lisbon was the chief Contriver of this Enterprize for he raised considerable Forces and persuaded the Knights Templers to be assisting to him But the chief Force consisted in 100 Sail of English French and Flemings who on their way to the Holy-Land touch'd at Lisbon and were persuaded by that Bishop to put their hand to the reducing of that Town A Multitude of Moors from Sevil Cordova and other parts coming to the Relief of that place was overthrown and 60000 of them were killed The Battle was fought on the 25th of September and the place taken on the 18th of October Henry the late King had two Sisters both elder than he These were Blanch Marry'd to Luis eldest Son of Philip Augustus King of France and Berengaria who before she was parted from her Husband Alonso King of Leon brought him four Children to wit Ferdinand Alonso Constance and Berengaria Blanch was the eldest Sister and by Right ought to inherit had not force and the hatred of a Stranger taken place of Justice Many of the Nobility meeting where Queen Berengaria then was declared the Crown to appertain to her It was convenient that all things should be setled before the King of Castile's Death came to the Ears of the King of Leon lest he should pretend to that Crown in Right of his Wife tho' parted from her Accordingly Embassadors were sent to him to request he would send his Son Ferdinand to protect his Mother which they obtain'd before ever that King had notice of the Death of King Henry This was the easier to do for that D. Alvaro de Lara carry'd the dead Body with him to Tariego giving out he was still living and dispatching Business in his Name Prince Ferdinand being come to Otella where his Mother was she made over her Right to the Crown to him At Najara under an Elm-tree the Ceremony of Proclaiming him King was perform'd so little State was used in those times From Najara he went to Palencia designing to take a Progress thro' the Kingdom That City at the persuasion of the Bishop received him with great Joy and Magnificence Then he went to Duenas which shut the Gates against him but the Town being small and not strong was entred by force Here the Nobility began to treat of an Accommodation with the Family of Lara D. Alvaro was not averse to it but being used to Rule he had the presumption to ask to be Tutor to the new King King Ferdinand was at that time 18 years of age tho' some say but 16. Thus the posture of Affairs seem'd to threaten a War The King and Queen went to Valladolid a great and plentiful Town in Castile where the Cortes or Parliament met and determin'd that Berengaria was the rightful Heiress of the Crown as had been twice declared whilst her Father lived So Roderick the Archbishop who says she was the eldest Daughter but other Authors are of another Opinion The Queen here again resign'd her Right to the Crown and her Son was the second time Proclaim'd King in a great open place in the Suburbs of that Town Thence he was carry'd to the Cathedral
with 4000 Aragonian Horse and 2000 Foot to invade the Duke's Territories on the side of Alexandria la Palla Ferdinand the King's Son and Duke of Calabria who had now 3 Children Alonso Frederick and Ellenor had 6000 Horse and 2000 Foot to make War upon the Florentines He entred the Territories of Cortona and Arezo wasted the Country burnt the Villages and took the considerable Town of Toyano He also overthrew Astor de Faenca who came first to the Assistance of the Florentines whereupon some other Castles were taken On the other side Antony Oleina having made himself Master of Vado a Town in the Territory ceased not thence to infest the Lands of the Florentines The War went on no less vigorously in the Dutchy of Milan Francis Sforcia endeavoured to draw Renée Duke of Anjou to his Assistance promising when that War was ended to aid him in recovering the Kingdom of Naples Renee found the Passes on the Mountains guarded by the Duke of Savoy and Marques of Montferrat and therefore came to Genoa by Sea with only two Ships and a small Retinue which soon rendred him contemptible Luis Dauphin of France who was afterwards King came as far a Ast with Forces to favour the Dukes of Milan and Anjou but at the end of three Months that Army returned into France without doing any Thing Thus the Affairs of the Milaneses and Florentines were in a dangerous Posture but the Ruin of others proved their Safety The loss of Constantinople inclined all Parties to harken to Peace and the more readily because it was given out the Turk design'd to pass over into Italy Simon de Camerino an Augustin Fryar a Man more active and fit for Business than Learned took such pains that in April he concluded a League betwixt the Venetians Florentines and Milaneses which was afterwards ratifyed in August The King of Aragon complained of the Falshood of the Venetians in that they should conclude any Confedracy without his Knowledge or Consent Hereupon he recalled his Son from Florence to Naples The Venetians Florentines and Milaneses fearing to offend so powerful a King sent Embassadors to him to excuse their Hastiness in concluding the League whereof they still offered to make him the Head begging if still he thought them faulty that he would forgive it To back them the Pope also sent the Cardinal of Fermo his Legate to the King He in a long Harrangue laid before him the Danger that threatned from the Turks offered him in the Name of the Confederates to be Head and General of the League and prayed he would not obstruct the Peace of Italy The King answered he neither began the War nor would be any hindrance to the Peace that he forgave the Affront done him in making any Confederacy without his Knowledge and was ready to take upon him the Command against the Infidels After the King had given his Answer the Articles of the League made betwixt the Venetians Florentines and Milaneses were read and were to this Effect That the Venetians Francis Sforcia and the Florentines shall inviolably observe what is here agreed unto among the Confederates for the term of 25 Years and longer if it shall be so thought fit and be in perfect League and Friendship with King Alonso of Aragon for the publick Peace of Italy and to oppose the Designs of the Turks That King Alonso shall defend the Venetians Milaneses and Florentines as if they were his own Subjects against all Enemies either Italians or Forreigners That in time of Peace to be in a readiness for any sudden War the King Venetians and Francis Sforcia be obliged to keep each of them in constant Pay 8000 Horse and 4000 Foot and the Florentines 5000 Horse and 2000 Foot well armed and equipped That if any War break out none of the Confederates shall make Peace without the Consent of the others nor joyn in League with any State in Italy without the Concurrence of all That if any of the Confederates be invaded each of the others be obliged immediately to send to their Assistance half his Horse and Foot which shall not be recalled till the War is ended That whosoever shall receive such Succour be obliged to assign them Quarters and furnish them with Provisions and other Necessaries at the same rates as the Natives have it That if any of the Confederates shall make War upon another of the Allyes then the others be obliged to send the same Supplies to him that is attack'd as if the other were none of the Confederates and yet the League to stand good in all other Respects That if any of the Allyes be invaded none of the others shall give his Enemies Passage through his Country or furnish them with Provisions but rather oppose them with all his Power These Conditions with only some small Amendments were approved of by the King All the Cities and States of Italy were included in the Confederacy except the Genoeses Sigismund Malatesta and Astor de Faença who were not admitted by the King The Genoeses because they observed not the Articles of Peace concluded on some Years before Sigismund and Astor because after receiving Mony from the King of Aragon for to pay their Men they went over to the Enemy This League it was generally hoped would advance the publick Interest of Christendom but all fell to nothing by the Death of Pope Nicholas who supported this great Colossus and departed this Life on the 24th of March. Within 14 Days the Cardinals elected in his place Cardinal Alonso Borgia who had before vowed and given it under his Hand if he were chosen Pope he would make War on the Turks calling himself Calixtus so great was his Assurance of obtaining that Dignity it being as was given out foretold him when a Child by F. Vincent Ferrer To requite whom for that Prophecy he Canonized him as he did S. Edmund an Englishman This Pope was born at Xativa in the Kingdom of Valencia of mean Parentage but he never did any thing that was little He proved a constant Enemy to the King of Aragon either because he thought it conduced to his Grandeur or that as it generally happens he hated him being more obliged than was in his Power to pay Thus he could never be prevailed upon to grant a new Bull of Investiture of the Kingdom of Naples to the King and his Son He was more studious of advancing his Kindred than became him for in one Day he made his two Nephews John Mila and Roderick Borgia Cardinals He also constituted Peter Borgia Brother to Roderick Vicar General of all the State of the Church Pope Alexander and Duke Valentine two Persons afterwards odious to the World for their wicked Practices were Branches that sprang from this Papacy Peace was ratifyed betwixt Castile and Aragon and the King of Navarre as had been agreed ceased pretending to any Towns in Castile receiving a Pension in lieu of them The Tumults in Navarre did not cease
with a Company of Robbers did great harm thereabouts From Segovia whither he returned he resolved to go Visit his Father who was sick By the way at Alcalà he Visited the Archbishop of Toledo thinking by that Civility to gain him to his Party At Guadalajara he also Visited the Marquess de Santillana and so went on to Barcelona where his Father lay In the Kingdom of Valencia the Towns of Segorve and Exerica Mutinied at the same time and took up Arms. The People of Exerica to free themselves from the Tyranny of Francis Sarsuela who they pretended oppressed them Those of Segorve to follow D. Henry de Aragon contrary to the King's Will and Pleasure These Confusions lasted long but nothing remarkable hapned in them only that at length Segorve was confiscate and Exerica restored to its Owner King Ferdinand was at Barcelona consulting with his Father about the War in Russillon when News was brought him from Castile that that D. John Pacheco Master of Santiago departed this Life on the 4th of October upon whose Death the Nobles were worse divided than before Many aimed at that Mastership The Duke of Medina Sidonia the Marquess of Santillana and the Earls of Albuquerque and Benavente confided in their Riches and hoped that way to carry it D. Alonso de Cardenas chief Commendary of Leon was chosen in that City and D. Roderick Manrique Earl of Paredes at Veles The Marquess de Villena pleaded the Pope during his Father's Life-time had given him that Dignity but because he produced no Bull it was supposed he only did it to delay time till he could make an Interest with his Holiness As he went towards Villarejo de Salvanes to meet the Earl of Ossorno he was apprehended and sent Prisoner to Fuentiduen̄a King Henry Resenting this Affront and believing the Earl of Ossorno would not obey his Orders sate down with some Forces before Fuentiduena tho he was then much indisposed Many Lords as well Spiritual as Temporal repaired thither to serve him Delays were dangerous the King's Sickness increasing and the Weather being bad therefore they resolved to oppose one Fraud against another Lope Vasquez de Acun̄a Brother to the Archbishop of Toledo pretending to Treat with the Earl of Osorno's Wife secured her and a Son of hers and carried them away to Huete This obliged her Husband to release the Marquess Thus the Designs of the Earl of Osorno were disappointed King Ferdinand being informed what had hapned left the Care of the War in Ampurias to his Father and returned to Zaragoça There he thought if the Affairs of Castile would permit to assemble the Cortes of Aragon in order to raise Money whereof he stood in great want The more because the French Forces daily increased and they had besieged Elna with 900 Horse and 10000 Foot That place being reduced to great extremity surrendred on the 5th of December upon Condition the Garrison should march away in safety It was much feared lest Perpignan should be lost the Castle being already in the Hands of the French as were all the Garrisons about it This year was particularly Remarkable for the Havock made among the Jews in all parts of Sicily The Rabble without respect to D. Lope de Urrea their Viceroy who punished some of them killed many of those Wretches and plundered their Houses The Peace with the Moores of Granada was duely observed on both sides In Navarre there were Tumults between the Biamonteses who took part with the Princess Ellenor and the Agramonteses who favoured the King of Aragon CHAP. II. The Death of Henry King of Castile Ferdinand and Elizabeth usurp the Crown of Castile from Joanna the Rightful Heiress and are proclaimed King and Queen The King of Portugal undertakes the Protection of the Rightful Heiress his Neece KIng Henry's Indisposition which had held him long daily encreased and being heightned with Troubles and the Toil of his late Expedition became mortal The Physicians ordered him to be carried to Madrid hoping the Air might contribute to his Recovery but neither that nor any Medicines proved effectual On the 11th of December having prepared himself as became a good Christian he gave up the Ghost at the end of the 45th Year of his Age and having Reigned 20 Years 4 Months and 22 Days His Will was not made in form but written in haste by John de Oviedo his Secretary in whom he reposed great Confidence He appointed the Cardinal of Spain and Marquess de Villena his Executors Being asked by F. Peter de Maçuelos Prior of S. Hierom in Madrid who Confessed him at that time Whom he appointed to Succeed him He said the Princess Joanna whom he recommended to his Two Executors as also to the Duke of Arevalo the Marquiss of Santillana the Earl of Benavente and the Constable in whom he most confided His Body was deposited without much Ceremony in the Monastery of S. Hierom at Madrid and thence as he had ordained translated to the Church of Guadalupe This Prince was for nothing so remarkable as for his loose Life He left no Issue Male and was himself the last of the Male Line of King Henry the Bastard King Henry's death caused a mighty alteration in Castile The greatest number took part with the Princess Elizabeth yet many adhered to the Princess Joanna particularly the Marquess de Villena and the Duke of Arevalo with all their Kindred and Followers supported that Lady They expected she should have the Title of Queen and they all the Power chusing a Husband for her where they thought fit All the Country from Toledo to Murcia sided with these Two Noblemen as did all the Men of Note in Galicia with such Resolution that they took Arms against D. Alonso de Azevedo y Fonseca Archbishop of Santiago because he declared for the other side At Segovia such as were there present publickly took the Oath of Allegiance to Queen Elizabeth upon a Scaffold raised for that purpose Then King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth were proclaimed by a Herauld amidst the loud Acclamations of the People All kissed her Hand and conducted her a Horseback to Church Few Lords were then in Segovia and none of them Grandees The first that came to express their Loyalty were the Cardinal of Spain and Earl of Benavente soon after the Archbishop of Toledo the Marquiss de Santillana the Dukes of Alva and Albuquerque the Constable and the Admiral Others did their Homage and took the Oath of Allegiance by Proxy No Oath was taken to King Ferdinand till he came and swore to preserve the Privileges of the Kingdom He was then holding the Cortes of Aragon and Zaragoça and endeavouring to raise Money but as soon as he heard of the death of King Henry he set out for Castile He left his Sister Joanna Contracted to Ferdinand King of Naples then a Widower to preside in the Cortes It was usual with the Nobility of Castile to sell their Loyalty as dear
Jaca and S. Jokn de la Penna 1060. The Moors rise against Ferdinand and are suppressed 1065. Ferdinand Dies Death of Queen Sancha Ferdinand by Will leaves to each of his three Sons a Kingdom and Towns to his Daughters 1067. 1068. Perpignan Built The Kings alike in the manner of their Death King Sancho Wars upon his Brothers 1071. King Alonso flies to the Moors K. Sancho expels his Brother Garcia K. Sancho Besieges Zamora K. Sancho treacherously Murder'd before Zamora A single Combat upon the King's death K. Alonso returns from among the Moors and receives the Crown He imprisons his Brother Garcia Takes an Oath for the Crown of Castile 1073. 1074. K. Alonso aids the Moorish K. of Toledo 1076. A Synod at Burgos Roderick de Bivar ravages the Dominions of the Moors He is Banished 1076. Sancho K. of Navarre 1077. Almenon the Moorish King of Toledo and Ramon Earl of Barcelona dye Succession of the Moors Succession of the Earls of Barcelona Actions of the Normans in Italy Norman Earls and Kings The Conquest oâ— Toledo resolved upon Country about Toledo wasted 1079. Roderick Diaz deBivar his further Actions 1080. 1081. D. Garcia the King's Brother Bleeds to Death in Prison An overthrow given the Infidels Ramon Earl of Barcelona Murdred his Son Ramon succeeds him 1082. Toledo closely Besieged The manner of enclosing the City Articles of surrender Toledo surrendered Many Towns taken K. Alonso stiles himself Emperor 1086. An Archbishop of Toledo chosen Bernard first Archbishop The great Church taken forcibly from the Moors contrary to Articles The Moors beg for the Queen and Archbishop The Popes Legate his unjust proceedings 1088. Archbishop of Toledo made Primate of all spain Roman Missal and Breviary introduced 1091. Synod at Leon. How the Archbishops of Toledo came to be to be Primates of all Spain K. Alonso his Wives and Issue The Moorish Family of the Almoravides comes into Spain Hali sent to assist the King of Sevil overthrows and kills him 1091. King Alonso's Forces overthrown by the Moors A second defeat of the Christians Joseph the Miramamolin comes out of Africk Several Strangers come to serve against the Moors King Alonso Marries 3 Daughters to Strangers Original of the Kingdom of Portugal 1093. The Holy-War in the East 1094. Birth of Alonso I. King of Portugal Sancho I. King of Aragon His actions against the Moors Town of Luna built Monks cast off subjection to the Bishop K. Sancho killed His Son Peter succeeds him Christians and Infidels joyn to raise the Siege The Moors routed by the Christians Huesca surrendred Great Preparations for the Holy-War Bernard Archbishop of Toledo sets out for the Holy-land Is sent back by the Pope Valencia where seated besieged and relieved Roderick de Bivar takes Valencia Marries his Daughters to the Earls of Carrion Cruel Action of those Earls Valencia abandoned by the Christians Roderick de Bivar's Death 1093. K. Alonso's Works of Piety 1099. Jerusalem taken by the Christians 1100. Death of Joseph the Moorish Monarch Sancho Prince of Castile killed by the Moors The Infidels victorious Moorish King 's of Zaragoza 1102. 1104. The King of Aragon his Son Daughter all die Alonso succeeds to the Crown of Aragon 1106. 1109. The death of Alonso King of Castile Strange Prodigy Two holy Men. Vrraca Queen of Castile a dissolute Woman Hali the Moor ravages the Country and lays Siege to Toledo 1110. 1111. King Alonso of Aragon beloved of all Men. Two Synods Anointing of Kings first used in Spain The forces of Castile routed by the Aragonians Another defeat of the Castilians Alomso VII Proclaimed King of Castile The Wars of Majorca and Zaragoca Genoeses joyn the Catalonians 1115. Carcassone lost and recovered by the Earl of Barcelona Earl of Toulouze routed by him of Poitiers 1116. Zaragoca besieged by the Christians Tahuste other places taken 1118. Zaragoca taken Carthusian and Cistercians Monks Knights and Templers Hospitalers 1119. A Schism in the Church Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Aragon Conditions of the Peace 1122. The two Christian Kings make War upon the Moors Success of the Aragonians 1123. Of the Castillians Zamora made a Bishoprick and Compostella an Archbishoprick 1124. The Original of the Kingdom of Portugal Portugal describ'd Henry Earl of Portugal dies Teresa the Countess Dowager governs Alonso governs as Earl of Portugal Portugeses overthrows the Castillians This fabulous Story is apply'd to other Persons as well as this 1126. Death of Queen Vrraca and Bernard Archbishop of Toledo 1129. A Council of Palencia Calatrava taken and given to the Knights Templers Several other Towns Conquer'd 1131. Raimund Earl of Barcelona Success of the Aragonians against the Moors Fraga bebesieged and quitted 1133. Fraga again besiege The King of Aragon slain 1134. The King leave his Dominions to the Templers and other Knights The Navarrois choose Garcia for their King The Aragons choose Ramiro a Monk The King of Castile aspires to the Crowns of Aragon and Navarre He invades ' em 1135. The King of Castile stiles himself Emperor Arms of Toledo The King of Aragon puts to death 15 Noblemen 1136. Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon 1137. The King of Aragon quits the government and Raymund Earl of Barcelona his Son-in-law enters upon it Alonso of Portugal's Actions 1139. A great Overthrow given the Moors by the new Portuges King Portugal under an Interdict Alonso K. of Portugal Marries Divisions among Moors and Christians Sintra taken from the Moors War betwixt Navarre and Aragon 1140. Castile and Aragon in League against Navarre Troubles in Aragon 1141. 1143. Earl of Barcelona makes War in France 1144. Factions among the Moors 1146 A Truce betwixt Aragon Navarre Cordova taken by the Christians and revolts Baeca taken The City Almeria taken 1147. Tortosa taken as also Lerida and Fraga Lisbon Besieged and taken by the new King of Portugal Foreigners and K. Alonso of Portugal King Alonso of Portugal's further Success 1148. A General Council at Rheimes 1149. Bloody Rain 1150. The Title of King confirm'd upon Alonso I. of Portugal Another Invasion of Spain by the Moors called Almohades A Potter's Son set up King of the Moors Persecution under the Moors 1150. Garcia K. of Navarre kill'd by a fall from his Horse Sancho Crown'd King of Navarre Castile and Aragon joyn in League against Navarre Alonso of Castile and his Daughter both Marry'd An Act of Justice 1152. Many places taken by the Aragonians from the Moors Arms of Aragon 1154. Luis the Younger King of France comes into Spain His Entertainment 1155. Toledo declared Metropoiis of all Spain 1156. League betwixt Castile and Aragon renewed 1157. Alonso called the Emperor breaks into Andaluzia His Death Sancho has the Crown of Castile and Ferdinand that of Leon. War betwixt Castile and Navarre The Navarrois twice defeated Calatrava defended by two Monks given to their Order 1158. Original of the Knights of Calatrava League betwixt Castile and Aragon renew'd Sancho K. of