following a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with a vowel II Cast away I when a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 followes in any place euen in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 after a quiescent 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 III before a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quiescent III Remaining quiescent I as an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 being after 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 2 ☠final after damma having damma or Kesra III 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is either I Changed I into a moveable 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1st final after 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 2 ☠final after a servil 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 II into 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quiescent after a fata before a moveable letter III into 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 having 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 after II Cast away I when a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 followes in any place even in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 II after a moveable being quiescent in the midle of a word III before 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quiescent III Remaining quiescent I final after 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 II final after 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 having 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Because the Characteristicks which are the cause of all that difference which is betweene the following 12 Orders the first aforegoing w th the whole difference it selfe sufficiently appeares in the first words of each of them for the terminations through all the 13. are the same I thought it need les to set them downe so fully as I have done the first For it is but adding the terminations of each person to the first word the whole declension of them all is performed Because the ninth eleventh Order in some respect may 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 admit of an Exeption I have set them down at large There are also Verbs of 4. letters but varyed onely through 4 Conjugations whereof the. first answeres to the. 2 ☠of ye. 3. letter verbs ye. 2 ☠to ye. 5t. in number of letters ye. 3 ☠to ye. 7th in res 〈◊〉 of Nun ye. 4th to ye. 9th in that it doubles ye. last radicall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 followes the Analogy in all those orders that haue a teshdîd for their character is declined like 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as likewise in all those persons of the other orders where the 3 ☠radicall is to have a 〈◊〉 Gizm So that all its Anomaly if it may be called Anomaly it agreing herein w th the 9th nth order consists in this that as ofteâ— as the 3 ☠rad is to have a vowell the 2 ☠is inserted into it by 〈◊〉 teshdîd its vowel being cast away if the foregoing hath one as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or going to the precedent if it have a gizm 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the 4th order 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are declined like 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 observing onely the rule of permutation of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 through all the 13 orders as for example in the 3 ☠〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are Analogicall in all the last 12 orders except the 〈◊〉 where the 1st radicall is inserted into the Characteristicall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by a teshdîd as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 So also in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are declined like 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in ye. 2. 3. 5. 6. 9. 11. 12. 13th 〈◊〉 ye. 4. 7. 8. 10th follow the rule of the first as appeares 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 followe the rule of the first order in their variation through the 12 last Observing onely that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 changeth its last radicall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 into 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whereas in the s st it was changed into 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and moreover that the sam 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 remaines is Sounded like a diythong in the s st 2 ☠persons whereas in the s st order the third radicall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 returned in those persons as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. Lastly to conclude this Paradigma it is to be observed that the termination of the future is subiect to a 3 fold chang 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 By Apocope which takes away the final superfluous Damma Nuns in the end of the words that is al except those 2 in the plural feminines which remaine because they are formative of the gender instead where of the plurall masculines assume a quiescent 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as sing 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 dual 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 plur 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and this Apocope is the true Analogy 2 By Antithesis w th changes y final ' into ' as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 3 By Paragoge whereby unto the forme caused by Antithesis is added a Nun w th a fata a teshdîd the servile 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the singular 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the plurall falling away Also in the plural feminine is inserted an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that so 3 nuns may not come together all which appeares as followes Sometimes this Nun is added without a teshdîd is only gizm'd but the singular onely the masculine Common plural are Subject to this forme 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. In 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as often as the 3 ☠radical is gizm'd the 2 ☠quiescent is cast away as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 instead of receiving a gizm on the 3 ☠by reason of Apocope cast the third away Apocope and Antithesis happen by reason of the influence of these particles vizt ' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 To fill up this vacant place I haue inserted this Scheme representing in short the variation of a ê‘fect Verb the rough the tenses persons of all the 13 order The Chalde Syriak manner of forming verbs Obserue that the second order in the Syriak is the same with the first a Dages being understood at the Second radicall a vowel at the first The 3 ☠order is the same with the Second insecting onely an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 between the first Second radicall The fourth order is formed by placing 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 before the P. Pr. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 before the future The 5t. order is made out of the 2 ☠by preposing 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the 6 tâ— out of the third on the same maner the line of omission under the Second radical is of no moment In the Chalde the Charactristicall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the
joyning of these two words by this Dages falsly cald lene and this Qimhi calls atemerakhiq when it is in any other letter besides bgdkft 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Mahzzôt Ashitalli Lamma Lo Higgadtalli What neede is there to call this Dages by a new fancied name out of the Calde Dialect when it is the same with that falsly esteemed lene Further that which Erpenis cals eafonic 1. In 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 after 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is cald Dages lene in Ebrue 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 saqatta or faqadta I call superfluous Because it is of no purpose in the pronunciation of it 2. After n without a Vowel in lvnmir is the same with the other letters bgdkft for if t after d without a Vowell receives a Dages or Teshdid the other five viz. bgdkf in Ebrue and Calde and six more viz. lvnmyr in Arabic do so also Ergo that lene is not only in six but 12. letters And if it be not lene but forte in Arabic neither is it in Ebrue but forte 3 five letters more besiders some of those 12 have it after l of the personall Noune 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 without a Vowell Ergo summa summarum that Dages lene or superfluous is in 17 letters if yee will pronounce the letter before which by the Arabians is not always left away as Erpenius and others teach Rule 3. There is a certaine Analogy of the five Vowels The paradigmes of Ebrue Calde Syriac Arabic and Etiopic in Nounes and Verbs made with the Vowels or pricks will give these particulars 1 That you may observe in every Dialect which letter hath a Vowell and which hath not 2. Whither it hath a e i o or u. 3. That the uncertainty of them in the severall Dialects doth shew their fallibilty 4. That the rules in Ebrue Calde Syriac Arabic and Etiopic are too many 5. That Arabic hath a Vowell on a letter where Ebrue c. hath none 5. and Ebrue c. hath it where the Arabic hath none 6. That this generall variation when the essencialls are unanimous sheweth these pricks to be only accidentals 7. That that rule or observation which sets downe diversity of Vowels Accents or Dages in any of these Dialects for distinction sake is not sound 8. That it is convenient for beginners to know these paradigmes as a helpe for hereafter to read without these Vowels That there is some small accidentall agreement in these pricks in some certaine words throughout every dialect And therfore the Analogy of the place of these pricks that is either this or that Vowell stands for the most part in this or that dialect is to bee set downe 10. That this Anomaly ought to bee distinguished from the Analogy And many such other observations which may be deduced out from them by a diligent and industrious minde and memory The speciall explication of every dialect I will set downe here as short as may bee and give some reasons for these alterations which I use and have formerly introduced to the end you may observe that I constantly intend and indeavour a facility Of the Paradigme for Ebrue OF the seven Orders of the Verbs and Nounes I have spoken before These seven Orders become so many rather by the pricks than consonants or letters In the present Masculine singular the second radicall hath onely a Vowell and that threefould a e whereunder is comprehended i or o whereunder is placed u for the expressing whereof you have fatah zere and Holem in the poynt of sin 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 By this multiplication of the Vowell under the second radicall is taken away many hundred anomalicall observations extant by Buxtorf and the greatest part of the Grammarians who setting only fatah the examples of zere and Holem must necessarily become anomalies The same holdes in the future and in the pretertense so long as the accent is at that second radicall So is it than that the first and third Radicall for the most part hath not a vowel nor accent The same variation of the second radicall doth hold in the first and third if it receaves a Vowell the variation thereof will bee generally under any letter whatsoever yet which Vowels are the most frequent in the Ebrue Bible you see out of the Paradigme Onely you must remember that this extends onely unto Ebrue not to Calde Syriac Etiopic and Arabic For in these dialects the changings and variations are a great deale lesse frequent then in Ebrue as for instance that the letter hath never a sva movable but alwayes a Vowell that the letter hath neither constantly a gezm or sva quiescent but in many places in steed of that a Vowell So that all these petty observations which Buxtorf and the rest have in a great quantity concerning the Vowels not the letters and accents are not considerable Under the name of the infinitive onely in the first order there are expressed formes of a Noune that you may see and observe the same multiplication in the following orders 1. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 2. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 3. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 4. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 5. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 6. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 viz. six with the qamez under the first radicall six with zere six with Hireq c and in so doing wee have brought in the greatest part of all the forms of the Nounes which are to bee found in qimbi his miklôl and in Abram de Balmes nay many of these also which Buxtorf and other Grammarians thinke to be meere Rabbinicall and Talmudicall not Biblicall formes of them an opinion of no worth because false among whom there are many of those which miklôl has as Biblicall formes of Nounes And in truth whatsoever Author teacheth and speaketh of the Rabbinicall and Talmudicall Dialects and thinkes those formes and many other things do not belong to the Ebrue and doth include the Ebrue into so narrow a compasse as the Bible hee sees not that formes of words Nounes and Verbs Frases and Speeches may bee Latine and of the true Latine tongue though not extant in Cicero and the same of Greeke words not extant in Demosthenes In this Paradigme of the seven first orders you may see the distinction of Active and Passive onely in the second and fourth Order by the distinct prick under the first Radicall in the second and the servile of the fourth Order And according to the receaved rule and opinion of all Grammarians the present passive in the second and fourth Order is left away Yet the reason given by them because it is impossible or at least improper in the passive to be commanded by himselfe is false whereas wee finde 1. Nifqad to be for the most part as all Grammarians agree the passive of qal or the first Order and yet it hath a present commanding or imperative And it hath the same among the Arabians 2. Hitpael or Hitfaqqed Hitlatthas the fifth
without reason and tryall Nor 24 as if Vau quiescent or pronounced were two divers letters which is false and yet thus set down by Elias Hutter in his Cubus forceably brought in onely to fill up the number of 24 and so to make a right square or cubas where as there is à double vau there must then be given also a double alef movable or quiescent a double he movable or quiscent and a double yod movable or quiescent Nor 27 as Abraham de Balmes a Jew will have it in his Grammer faigning the five finall letters in Ebrue to be new letters besides these 22. Nor 28 as the new Arabians have it in their Garmmar and as all the Christian Grammarians do follow them because that six letters do receave a point for a double pronunciation sake which fix letters added to those 22 should make up 28. For upon the same ground in Ebrue also six letters receaving a point dages constantly asserted to be for a double pronunciation sake of them which is false yet in the interim admitted would make also in Ebrue 28 letters wheras in both dialects this point not regarded leaves only 22 letters Nor 29 because the new Arabians have joyned two letters in one Lam Elif and the Syrians Lomad olas or claf lomad and the Rabbines Alef Lamed for this combination of two letters of the Alfabet makes no new letter otherwise would the Arabians and Syrians have thousands of letters more according the variation of joyning two three foure five six nay seven consonants from which it is that the Greec combinations of Letters in the Greec Royall at Paris in the Louvre do amount unto 600 and odde where there are only 24 letters Nor 30 as Wemmer and all those that have written about the Etiopic Alfabet at Rome and elsewhere do falsly assert some of the former being doubled in pronunciation as by the Arabians and some new Latine or Greec Letters added who made a new Alfabet Rule 8. Their order onely one of a divine authority of Gods wisdom and of a secret connexion of things signified by them The Arabians have formerly changed this order which is clearly of divine authority and evident unto any one that lookes upon the 25.34.37.112.119 and 145 Psalmes together with the first Chapter of the Lamentation of Jeremy where alwayes is observed one and the same order never changed or altered Now this holy tongue being given by God Almighty to Adam and being retained till David and 450 years further till Ieremy should not that make us consider that as God orders all things wisely so truely there is Gods wisdome in this order also But mankinde is so blinde that thousands cannot see what easily is seene by others thousands thinke themselves to see something which others perceive to be nothing at all some seeing to much others to little Yet if they see with reason notwithstanding esteemed to see to much see and looke more truly into things than those that will not use the eyes of their minde or reasen And further because that the consonants in this tongue make the root and give them the signification it is cleare that the consonants have to signifie things and consonants following according to Gods order here is no doubt a secret connexion of those things which either the consonants before they come into the root do signifie or their names import A thing necessary to be studied inquired deeply searched and in many hundert places easily observable by hundreds observed and formerly inquired Yet it is cleare and evident that the Arabians of old had the very same order of the consonants with Ebrue Samaritic Calde and Syriac because the same letters with Arabic do signifie the same number with the Ebrue letter Which numbring arises from their order And the numbring being the same the order is the same Notwithstanding this divine order some Arabic Grammers and Masters of their Schooles and children ignorant of Gods Word in the old Testament not looking upon this order as a divine thing did change their Alfabeticall order according to the changement of their figure and brought b and t together g and kh r and z shin or samek and sin sh or or x and s f and q yet did retaine some small remainders of the old Alfabet a b g d z x tz e f q k l m n v y. Which changing of the figure did immediately descend from the rounder writing of the Siriac letters as any body may observe And yet the Etiopians have changed their order a great deal more thus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 againe 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Whereof having nothing to say when by whom why how this change of that old divine order came to passe we rest till we learne some thing out of Etiopia thereabout In the Ebrue Calde and Siriac dictionaries is this order happily observed and is to bee observed still onely that upon one rule quiescentes alternant the quiescent 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 auy do change among themselves without alteration all the words of v and y the 1.2 3. radicall are to be brought to a which hetherto is not done And that excellent Man Mr. Bedwell as also Mr. Schindler in Germany did both right well to bring all the Arabic roots to the Ebrue order And I wish heartily that England would remember its honour in that man of this Country Rule 9. The words are usually left wholy and rot brok in two divers lines as wee do in our writings and printings I confesse this not to bee of the essentiall part of things in this tongue about the writings thereof yet it presents the most diligent and curious cautions of writing whereof in the whole orient they are a great deale more curious and accurate then wee or any others that have the art of printing The writing of their bookes being very chargeable they performe it with as great diligency as formerly the Monkes did among us whereof wee have at this very day many great precious and beautifull remainders in publick and glorious libraries of private Gentlemen Hence it is that the letters are dilated or contracted are longer or shorter are of many and different formes even as among us every one writes diversly And yet if the line be filled they write the rest in the margent parallell with the line or write it above the last word or syllable scarce ever breake the word so as to put the rest in the following line Rule 10. Constantly these Consonants do begin the syllable It is not in this tongue as it seemes to be in ours where many hundrets of words begin with the vowell not with the consonant so that if any sillable in this tongue be heard to begin with a e i o u you must still imagine an alif or ayin to be before that vowell And yet if yee rightly scanne our English Latine and Greec Alfaber it is in our tongues as in theirs in theirs as in
Fes Marocco and Algir sometime the f that which is above denoting by them the q. two above t at the end sometimes shaped as an h only by the contraction of writing q. which the Africane Arabians frequently and almost at all times do write above with onely one poynt two below y. Three above is descending from s one poynt comming unto those two naturalls of the t for difference sake sh and by the Turks and Persians the k pronounced as ng kitabung of the book 3. below by the Turks and Persians the b then pronounced as p g. then pronounced as tie and s for a difference from sh Yet are these three points frequently to be seene above s in Arabic books written at Jerusalem and elsewhere by the Christians in their Bibles and Service-books the reason whereof I have given above yet many hundred Manuscripts are to be seene even without these diacriticall and superfluous poynts for them that know perfectly this their mother or learned tongue STROACS 1. In Ebrew and Calde Meteg Fsiq and Maqqêf the two first are put downwards the third in the breadth meteg betweene any vowell and a following sua to keepe them asunder from being reade in one syllable A thing clearly superfluous partly in all our Eastern now yet living tongues where the boyes are able enough to learne the separation of syllables without such troubles partly in the Bible it selfe there being such a variety of it in all Prints that it is past beliefe it was invented so short insteed of a longer which should have begun above the letters and passed betweene them and the vowels underneath them because the inventors thought it more gentile as it is now whereas the other would have shewed more plainly their intention Fsiq such as meteg between two words to shew that you must rest there a little not by the force of sense but onely to observe the thing following the more accuratly Maqqef joynes two or three words together and is placed evidently at random no reason in the World being found why written or 〈◊〉 Therefore are these stroaks also in vaine superfluous and unnecessary 2. By the Syrians yee have but one viz. Maqqef cald Marhothno under neath a letter which they say shall not bee read or heard in the pronunciation as the first 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ana I 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 akhrino another in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 f 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 akhroyo the last 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 f 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 akhyono a brother in Law Kinsman Cousen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 enoso Men 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 erozo a secrecy Yet this line is in many coppies frequently left out 2. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 d in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 idto a Congregation 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 khadto new 3. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 h in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yhab hee did give 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 r humayo a Roman 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 thobhu it is good 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Malkauhi his kings 4. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 l in ezelet I went away ezalt shee went away 5. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yamme the Seas 6. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 n 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 santo a yeare 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 zba to at a time 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mdinto a City 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 zbi to redeemed shfinto or Sfinto a ship Any word which is to be reade with a meditation its point is cald Mhagyono III. above the letters signifying the number This last is of the best use but Marhothno and Mhagyono are not worthy to be observed it being meere fancy that those letters should never be pronounced in that tongue it being certaine and I my selfe have many times heard it at Constantinople where there were many Kershuni for so are those cald that retaine the Syriac bookes in their religious service that they did most constantly pronounce every letter of those but onely when they were posting through then I confes for celerity sake they leave out many letters as even among us and what la France leaves out of letters those are pronounced in the Province and elsewhere therefore I beseech the Reader not to think these precepts to be absolutly true and needfull 3. By the Arabiens yee have medda wesl hamz gezm and Teshdid Medd they use over the letters signifying numbers as in all Astronomicall bookes is to be seene 2. Signifying the circle and lines by the Geometriciens described by letters 3. It stands in stead of the circumflex of the Greecs to pronounce that syllable with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quiescent more long Wesl onely upon 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quiescent in the beginning of à word joyning its word with the forging as if it were onely one line as Maqqef by the Ebrwes Hamz onely upon 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 shewing them to be radicall and naturally moveable they being sometime and that more frequently quiescent also Yet over or under 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 they do write it more frequently whither it be radicall or servile when the word is written with the vowels Yet in old coppies of the Alcoran and in printed bookes the hamza is in the latter case justly and most frequently left away Gezm is a round circle either whole or halfe and stands above that letter which is to bee joyned with the forgoing not so frequent upon 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as the rest Teshdid is made of two Gesmes and is the dages by the Ebrewes onely one and yet representing all that was falsly esteemed proper unto two lene and forte Rule 5. The stroaks and pricks for the accents are not of the essence of this tongue and therefore onely in the Ebrue Bible and the Calde translation of Aquila or Onqelos on Moses As all the rest of things so truly these stroaks and pricks for accents are set to the Bible without necefity onely I wished that the vowels and suas had got no greater credit than the Accents have which by the most learned of Europe for almost 150 years were still left out as not cared for even by them that tooke upon them the translation of the Ebrue Bible Nor can or will I blame them as if they had mightily mistaken in the translation because of the ignorance of these Accents as if onely by their order the true connexion and disjunction of senses could be had Wherein wee see à more generall and naturall inclination in these that did strive so eagerly for the vowels and yet confesse the Accents to be of the same divine Authority not to care much for an additionall thing in this tongue the most of them never working so much in such an idle thing as Munsterus Claius Neander Buxtorfius but especially of late Mr. Symson a Scotch man Anno 1617. Mr. Bohlius deceased my condisciple under Mr. Trostius An. 1630. and Mr.
Roots all of one and the same essence The first letter in the Alfabet being 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 without doubt the first root must bee 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yet as is said because these three quiescent letters 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Ebrue onely 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 when it is the third radicall do stand in Etymology onely for one letter those three Aleffs cannot make up the first root alone but the following thirthy five doe also belong unto it viz. 2 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 3 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 4 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 5. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 6. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 7. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 8. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 9. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 10. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 11 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 12 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 13. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 14. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 15. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 16. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 17. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 18. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 19. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 20. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 21. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 22. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 23. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 24. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 25. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 26. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 27. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 28. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 29. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 30 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 31. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 32. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 33. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 34. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 35. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 36. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Yet in Siriac Arabic and Ethiopic there are onely 27 speciall roots because they use not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quiescent in the 3 radicall Rule 8. The first and third or second and third radicall onely being quiescent such a Root hath 12 speciall Roots in Ebrue c. but in Syriac Arabick and Etiopick onely nine all of one and the same ess nce I will instance first in those that have the first and third radicall quiescent as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 now because the quiescents do change among themselves all these following belong unto the same root viz 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Secondly in those that have the second and third quiescent as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 unto which belong these following viz. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Rule 9. The first and second radicall quiescent hath nine speciall roots all of one and the same essence Because in the first and second radicall there comes not that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quiescent which doth in the third radicall it comes to passe that as it was in Syriac Arabic and Etiopic in the first and third or second and third radicall quiescent here in Ebrue Calde Samaritic Syriac Arabic and Etiopic in the first second radicall quiescent only these nine following 8 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 7 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 6 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 5 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 4 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 3 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 2 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 9 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Rule to Where the third radicall is onely quiescent there are onely foure speciall roots in Ebrue in Syriac Arabic and Etiopic only three all of one and the same essence viz. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 4. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 3. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 2. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1. Rule 11. Where either the first or second radicall onely are quiescent there are onely three speciall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 3. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 2. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1. or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 3. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 2. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1. Rule 12. Where there is no quiescent letter in the first second or third radicall there is onely one roote without any speciall roots of the same essence as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Rule 13. The quiescent letters changing their place and the moveable retayning theirs make a root of the nearest kindered As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 3. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 2 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 3 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 2 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 4 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 3. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 2 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1. And Which roots yee must not confound with these ten following 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 7 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 6 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 5 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 4 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 3 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 2 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 10 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 9 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 8 Which are among themselves of the same affinity that the first ten are among them selves but I say the second ten must not bee confound with the first because the moveable letters have changed their place Rule 14. These quiescent letters are naturally falling away in any of their roots This rule here in Etymology though left away by all the Grammarians and Dixionary writers whatsoever is very necessary for if wee give that rule here at the root then have we not need to set it down in Analogy either in Noune of Verbe for this falling away is common both in Noune and Verbe And herein is all the anomalie that they make viz. When they are cast away for when they yet appeare in their changing than the root is still full and present which is defective if one or two quiescents be cast away If they are quiescents or moveable in their appearance makes no anomaly and the 12th rule tells you that seeing two radicalls ye may choose to put the quiescent at the 1. 2. or 3 radicall without any sensible error Rule 15. The roots of the 1. 2. or 3. radicall quiescent are of a neare kindred with the second and third the same Because that according to the 13 rule the quiescents are easily and frequently cast away two non quiescent letters onely remaining the second of them is doubled or written twice in place of that quiescent so that the roots of the second quiescent more frequently the others of the first and third quiescent sometimes do change with the roots of the second and third the same in many tenses persons and genders nay in whole orders as for instance 1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 2 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 3 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the third and sixth order hath 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying no lesse than that the root also is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 not only 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Rule 16. The roots in generall are of the same proportion betweene themselves that their letters are betweene themselves What all the Grammarians say concerning those letters of the same organe to wit of the throat lippalat tongue and teeth that they do frequently interchange is true and because roots do consist of letters and not of
it is no wonder at all that there is a greater harmony of the very vowels being onely the 19th part of the Alfabet then is believed or esteemed Secondly Zere before the letter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is a note of the plurall the duall included in such words as have relation to the following where the m and n being ordinarily superfluous as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 malke haarez the Kings of the Earth are cast away which the Gramarians call in statu constructo But without vowels there is no matter whither yee pronounce e or i even as wee see in Latine it selfe such a variation of a e i pango pepigi compingo compegi in one and the same word changing a e i. Thirdly Zere is under the first radicall where the second being the same with the thirdis cast away and that in the fourth order 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yassêb because the root is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but this holdes not constantly for there is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yassim yirm 49.20 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vannassîm Num. 21.30 and yet the root is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And some such more Whereby wee see that even this observation of the Grammarians about zere is not constant And the truth is there is not one constant without exceptions whereby wee see the instability of them the inconstancy of those that did put these pricks unto the Bible And good reason for the anomaly of this third is because the second radicall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 viz. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is of the neerest kindred with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as wee told in Etymology rule 14. 3. Hireq the long i is under the second radicall in the fourth order active as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hilthis or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 malthis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 David or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And this the Grammarians take to bee constant in the roots that have the second 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 But in the same conjugation wee have the present commanding for the most part with zere and in Syriac and Arabic the second radicall hath in that fourth Order a. e i o as well in active as passive And that neither accidentally but one and the same root in Ebrue Calde Syriac and Arabic hath frequently one and the same vowell in the second radicall in the fourth Order ergo all the variation is here without prejudice unto Ebrue because it is without prejudice in Arabic and as the Arabic hath a so the Ebrue 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 higlah so that zere or hireq is not the characte risticall vowell of this order in active Second under the letter before the following 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 servile in plurall duall encluded out of construction as they call it that is when the following substantive hath no relation to this foregoing or stands absolutly for it selfe as for instance 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 m l a k i m Kings Yod is the true formative of the plurall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 onely the paragogic and in such a case wee have a long hireq before the Letter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quiescent yet one word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 masculine 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 feminine two hath a zere Nay where that yod is left away as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and sometimes a segol or short e as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 otherwise written 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in which with many other examples wee see a variety which teaches us not to stand too precisly upon pricks The same hireq we have also when a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 followes a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. Holem first with a following vau quiescent either radicall or servile 1. After the first radicall throughout the third and sixth Order as well in Nounes as Verbs 2. Before the vau quiescent in the plurall Feminine a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for the most part following or masculine a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 paragogic following as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 both the quiescent vaus have a kholem before them Thirdly after the second radicall in the present commanding future and preter tense as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fqôd visit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 efqôd I will visit I do visite 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yacôl hee may or can yet this vau is superfluous and should not be there Secondly without a following vau quiescent as 1. In all present future and preters in all Orders and persons and members and so 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 efqôd is better written than 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. but where the second radicall hath ormay have a kholem wil be easily seene in the Ebrew concordance for if wee have but one example that will shew for all the rest and in Arabic there are many Dictionaries onely for that purpose to shew what verbs whither perfect or imperfect have a fatah a or Kesra e or damma o in which vowell Ebrue Calde Syriac and Arabic do marveilously agree And in many other places Sureq is never written without Vau from whence many times a confusion of Roots procedeth the Vau sureq servile not being discernable from the Radicall where it comes to passe that many Grammarians and all Dictionary writters none except have set downe false roots Now whereas the root is as it were the House wherein a certaine signification doth constantly dwell and is not to bee found else where it must necessarily follow that when the root is mistaken the signification must be mistaken also Therefore I set downe first the sureq as without that vau 1. In the letter vau servile signifying all sorts of conjunctions be fore a word beginning from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vubderek and in the way 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vumiyyôm and from the day 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vufetakh and the doore 2. In the formative Letter vav of the plurall number in the verbs as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 la thsu where the poynt sureq should stand before the letter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 belonging to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sin not to vau 3. When that letter is the third radicall as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tohu 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bohu 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vayyis tákhu 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hit-u 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 higlu 4. When it is the servile at the end of a Noune as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 malkû 5. Where the second radicall is vau in all the first Order as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 aqûm c. 6. When it is elther betweene the second and third radicall the second and servile the third 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 being cast away or the third and servile As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lathûs 7. When it is in the first Radicall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quiescent as
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ucà l J can 8. When it is before the first radicall at the servile letter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the fourth Order passive as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 huqam where that vau is clearely superfluous and should not be there And in many other places Fatah first under the Letter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 demonstratives as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hayyom to day this day 2. under 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 when that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is put away for yet understood as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bayyôm cayyôm layyôm 3. Under the servile letter before the root in the present and suture of the fourth order active As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 halthis althis 4. Under the first radicall in the second present and future active in all the fifth order As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 latthes alatthes hitlatthes etlatthes under the second radicall of any Verbe Order Tense Person and Number As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lathàs c. 6. Before the yod in duall with an accent As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 samáyim 7. Under the second radicall in some though few Nouns As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 dbas Hony 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mah 8. Before the affix 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with an accent very frevently 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fqadáni 9. Before a letter with a sva fatah its letter being to give a sua or short hireq and no other Vowell As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 rakhazu 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 rikhzu And in many other places Segol 1. under 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the preformative of the first person in the first and seventh future As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 elthas 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ellathas 2. In Nounes it is very frequent in the last syllable As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sefer 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 attem 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 atten 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 meh 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yrusalem 3. In some few Verbs in lac of zere under the second radicall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 kiffer 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 kibbes Yet constantly in the future when the third radicall is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yaashèh 4. Before the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 servile which is afformative of the Feminine Gender As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nkhoset frequently also a double segol before it as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mneqet 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 foqedet and in many Nounes as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 melek And in other places Rule 4. The greatest Anomaly is in Ebrue in the rest of the dialects there is lesse according to the quantity of the vowel prics This part of the inward variance anomaly or mutation of poynts and prics which are wrongly cald vowels dependeth in method upon Orthografy in matter upon Orthografy and analogy The method of their variance arises from their variety in Orthografy from whence it comes that where there are fewest there is the easier and lesse variance In Arabic where there are onely three vowels and one sua it is impossible that the anomaly of them should be so great as that of the Ethiopians and Syriac where there are six or five and the Caldeans where there are as many as in Ebrue but yet without intent of such a strictnesse as is observed by the Iewes where the fifteene pricks are divided into three orders long short and shortest for certaine severall uses not observed in Calde Orthografy The Anomaly of them in Ebrue This is threefold 1. When any one long vowell is changed for any other long vowell as for instance 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bên a son 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 banim sonnes Nor is it needfull to make a new and unusuall singular so cald because never found in the Ebrue Bible as R. D. qimhi in his Miklôl in this and many other examples would have it viz. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 baneh item 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fen a face whence 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fen least otherwise 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fanîm from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 faneh because this permutation of ē into ā will do as much as a coyne of a new unufuall singular the like is in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 rôs a Head 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 rasim Heads 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ir a City 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 arim and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ayarîm Cities 2. Or short for short As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lekhem and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as the Calde Syriac and Arabic also hath whence 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bêt lákhem from Betlehem Lemek Lamek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 3. Or the shortest among themselves the fingle instead of the compound or compound instead of the single or one compound in stead of another Yet to speake more fully of every one wee shall follow the orders layd downe in Orthografy viz. qamez zeri hirek the long kholem surek fatah segol hireq the short qomez the short qubbuz sva sva fatah sva segol sva qomez 1. Qamez for zere and zere for qamez in one and the same word viz. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 rasim and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 resit the letter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hath both a and e so 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bayit pl. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 battim and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with the affixes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 beti 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bêtkà 2. Qamez for Hireq and Hireq for qamez both long As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 rasim and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 rison 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ir and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 arîm Item where there should be a hireq as under the second radicall in the fourth order active when the thi◠Radical is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 3. Qamez for Holem and Holem for qamez As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 rôs 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 rasîm 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 enôs 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 anasim 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ziffôr 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ziffarîm 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 misôr 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mesarîm 4. Qamez for surek and sureq for qamez In the first person of the future As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ucà l and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 aqul here the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hath a or u so under the same radicall in divers tenses as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 qâm and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 qúm. 5. Zere for hirek the long and hireq the long for zere As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hafqed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hafqîd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tomêk 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tomick 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yosef 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yosif 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 misor and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mesarim
6 Zere for Holem and Holem for zere As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 rôs 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 resit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 êt 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ôt whence 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 oti 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 otkà 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 otâm 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 otân c. 7. Zere for sureq and sureq for zere As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 faqed and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 faqûd Which two formes have one and the same signification 8 Hireq the long for Holem and Holem for Hireq the long As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 môt mors mortis with an interposition of r more death and in many other places and formes that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with Hireq As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hemît And many more 9. Hireq the long for sureq and sureq for Hireq the long As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Rakhîm and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Rakhúm 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 faqid and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 faqud which two formes have one and the same signification 10. Holem for sureq and sureq for Holem is the last among the long Vowels and is very frequent As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yarôm 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yarûm Because that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 doth quiesce both in o and u. There are ten changings also among the short vowels where either two sorts of short vowels are found either in divers formes at the same letter or in the same forme at the same letter 1. Fatah for segol and segol for fatah Here all the Grammarians do give many examples especially if the last or one before the last be a guttural letter and the accent at the syllable before the last in place of one or two segols is for the most part a fatah and do call that a fata vicar for segol wheras they should call all Vowels vicar none of them being exempt from that changing as we saw in the long 2. Fatah for short Hireq and short Hireq for Fatah As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and all those that have the first radicall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 3. Fatah for short qomez or qubbuz and short qomez or qubbus for fatah is not frequent but rare except in the active of the second order where there is fatah or short hireq in the passive there is qubbuz at the first radicall As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fiqqad pass 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fuqqad An unnecessary alteration because of the vowels our reason discernes the gender 4. Segol for short hireq and hireq for segol As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whence 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 this permutation is constant in the fourth fifth sixth and seventh future where 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hath segol and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hireq Except 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and so 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in all the Verbs that have the first radicall vau and yod 5. Segol for short qomez or qubbuz and short qomez or qubbuz for Segol is not frequent but rare The examples of that alteration yee must put herein 6. Short hireq for short qomez or qubbuz and the short qomez or qubbuz for the short hireq As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 B N Adde hereto Fatah for segol p. 217. As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the letter Rês wil have it also as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the last 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 regards it not as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 also cares not for it sometimes as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 never but sometimes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the fatah before the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 being made long for any great vowell sake as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 frequently 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 seldom By these many examples you see that whither you read a or e it is all one And segol for fatah when the gutturall Letters have a long a or sva qamez As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with fatah because 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hath no qamez ā 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 so 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 except 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which before the Nounes hath for the most part qamez not segol As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and many more By which you may againe perceive the liberty yee have to pronounce and to poynt otherwise than the bible now is in every word there being almost none example for any forme person tense or order where yee will not easily finde many exceptions And I wonder that all the learned men should not have bin able to make that necessary conclusion out of such an innumerable multitude of anomalicall punctations that there was no neede at all to seeke for and observe that punctation The shortest do interchange among themselves 1. Under gurturall letters in place of a single sva is assumed a compounded Instead of fqod 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the first letter without a vowell because no gutturall hath no compound but a single sva whereas in the same forme 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hath sva fatah because gutturall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a sva segol because gutturall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fri fruyt with a single sva but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Kholi with a sva qemez because a gutturall letter in stead of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 khli So 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 adonay because gutturall hath sva fatah and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yhovah because no gutturall a single sva That name doth not so much as once take the vowels or pricks of the name adonay neither doth adonay admit of these belonging to yhovah there being a great diversity betweene 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yhovah and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 adonay as there is betweene 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 abôd to perish and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 elôh God or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fqod to visite and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 thom an abysse And 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bahovâh 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lahováh hath not the points of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for then it must be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and so wee never finde is nor is it regularly capable of these poynts but looses its single sva and the letter before hath fa ah for hireq onely by permutation of one short vowell for another Where with wee determine that great question about the pronounciation of the name yhovah 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 saying that it hath alwayes its owne vowels and never those of adonay nor doth it loose a compound but a single sva in the compositions with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and those
if all the compound svas were movable viz. constantly to go to the following letter hath made them to put a meteg by the short vowell before whereby they raise another errour teaching that meteg hath the same authority that the true accents have viz. to keepe short vowells in a long syllable by its mediation and so make meteg a true accent Three salse things for meteg is no accent nor hath the propriety of a mediator nor is necessary by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 For instance in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ohlo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 eshe 2. That long vowels may stand in a short syllable as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and that constantly in the last syllable ending on 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with a nun paragogic but without a mediator 3. In relation or statu constructo the long vowell is not changed as for instance 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ctâb 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mibtâh 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mattân c. 4. Of the fourth except that a short vowell doth not change into à long notwithstanding the word be in statu constructo or in relation to the following and thereby the accent is esteemed to bee lost as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1 Kings 4.5 instead of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The third sort of Anomaly is the contraction of syllables viz. when one or two syllabies more then there more before some into the word This contraction of fillables cannot bee done by casting away any letters whither necessary or unnecessary of that word but rather by casting away of these pricks esteemed vowels whither long or short none excepted After which casting away of any vowell the fashion of these masters is to put the sva simple or compound underneath that letter as you had it in Orthografy The reason or signe of this casting away of vowels is when the accent looseth its place going from its letter to the next or the next save one or two following As for instance 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lathas lathês lathôs the accent is at the second radicall which hath either fatah zere or kholem Now if à 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with a vowell given unto the third radicall do come unto this word then the accent must go towards that third radicall as yee shall have it in the following rules of accents Which being done thus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 all sorts of vowells none excepted that are at the second radicall fall away and then it becomes thus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 viz. Only of two syllables wheras otherwise it would have bin of three Many more examples might bee given for this kinde of casting away it being so frequent that there is scarce one line in the Ebrue Bible without it Further because there may arise a doubt which of two vowells is cast away the first or the second and why in that example not as well the first as the second I must give here some small directions when the first or second or both vowels are cast away Yet for a beginner these are unneedfull for hee will see well enough if hee hath the full word before him which is there cast away if not let not that trouble him 1. Without affixes in all orders tenses and persons ending on these letters 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 so that the foregoing letter receive a vowell in all verbs without 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the third or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the first and second radicall the second vowell is cast away as we saw it in three letters one example more for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 viz. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lthas lthês lthôs I confesse it is onely one syllable yet it is the same case as if 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the first radicall had a vowell I say 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lithsi as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lithsu where you see the second radicall hath lost its vowel But why because it hath lost its accent which is gone to the third radicall and it went thither because that hath got the vowel 2. The same persons and tenses which have two vowels if they get the affixes loose the first vowell 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 becomes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lthasor and thus with all affixes the same in these following and the like Nounes viz. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 gadol 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 maor c. 3. Both Vowels in Nounes ending on a short Syllable as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 melek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sayit c. All the monosyllables both Nounes and Verbs in the Noun is comprehended the infinitive of the first order in the Verbs the imperative or present commanding of the first order As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Or looke to my Grammaticall delineation in Latine 1646. at Amsterdam printed in quarto where you finde it in the paradigmes therein more cleare because I did put there black next to white that is whereas in the Bible or other Grammars you should onely finde the anomaly without the shew of analogy where that it might be clearer a thing very necessary for all beginners in Ebrue onely and that for those who will not go on in this tongue without these pricks unjustly cald vowels there I did set the analogy by it The exceptions of this third sort of anomaly is when the vowels remaine where otherwise they are usually cast away in Ebrue onely for this speech of the pricks doth extend no further for the present as for instance 1. When the accent is not falling away for its going downward to the following Letter or syllable was the requisite condition ergo that not being performed the casting away of these vowels cannot be expected for instance 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 abi à father hence 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 also abi my Father instead of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and so 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a brother and my brother 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a father in Law and my father in Law 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because the accent is gon frō b to k in abikem hence is that qamez fallen away from under the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the like in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. So 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 instead of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 instead of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which for the most part is so at those accents which are of some higher ranke as silluq atnakh rbia saqefqathon c. Because they love not to stand at the last syllable but for the rest sake choose rather the last syllable save one 2. No short vowell in a short syllable can be cast away for instance hireq and fatah in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hitfaqqadtèm because it is said that all vowels long or short may be cast away when the accent descendes with provision that
from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fri. 5. If the second letter be a gutturall looke what vowell it doth then assum to its single sva to make a compound one such a vowel is constantly taken under the soregoing letter with a sva which the Grammarians give by some other new rule viz. gutturales punctuant se praecedentem whereas that rule is superfluous being already inclosed in that rule svayim concurrentibus propriori assumitur vocalis parva as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in yamod receives fatah because 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 has sva fatah 6. Nor is here any exception to be made as if sva qomez gave to the foregoing letter a long qamez as some Grammarians fasly assert reading 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vakholi where you may nay must reade vokholi so 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 oholibamah not aholibamah as in the English translation 7. If three svas come together as from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 gbéret with the affix of the first person in stead of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for the middle or second sva is put a short vowell gbirti 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Oppofite to this contraction is a frequency of remaning vowels because the Accent remaines at its place and notwithstanding one or two syllables are joyned unto that words end yet the accent remaining where it was before the vowell either at the accent or before is not cast away 1. Nounes and Verbs ending in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 without the affix letters of the personall Nounes for instance in Verbs 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Nounes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sebi for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sbi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ani for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ni 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yofi for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yfi also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 kholi for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 khli or with affixes in stead of sva is set qamez fatah zere or segol before 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Zaréka for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Zarkà 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yiraséka for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yiraskà Before which Letter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ka in some words one syllable remaines by transposition 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. 2. More especially in the 1. and 2. person of the 1. and 4. preterrense in verbs that have the 2. and 3. Radicall the same there is constantly a holem in stead of sva the accent remaining or going downe to the new fillables of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 zmm is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 zammóta for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 zammtà of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mqq is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nmaqqotem for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nmaqqtém of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 khll is hakhillota 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hakhillta 3 The same is always in the seventh pretertense but in the fourth pretertense only sometimes in verbs of the Radicall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fuz is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vunfozotem for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vunfoz tem Of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 qûm 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vahaqimoti for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vahaqimti 4. In the fourth order active in all persons ending with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 paragogic the second Radicall hath a vowel in stead of sva because the accent remaines As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hafqidu for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hafqdù 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tafqidu for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tafqdù 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hifqida for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hifqdà h 5. In verbs of the second Radicall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the same persons and tenses of the same termination 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in in any order whatsoever of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 qûm is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 qamu for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 qmù 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 qumu for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 qumù The same 6. when the 2 and third Radicall are the same viz. of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sbb is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sábbu for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sabbú 7. of the personall Noune 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 taken onely 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 either with vau 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or without it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hi with hirec the long as it had it in the whole Noune This notwithstanding by no Grammarians is esteemed a syllable yet it is a good full and true long syllable hi as the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hi is a true full word This hirec is sir-named maffiq because it brings its letter to be heard no letter without a sound or vowell being capable of a pronunciation as bi so hi and as b without ae i ou is not pronounced so neither h. Notwithstanding this syllable 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as it is now most frequently only yet falsly written the accent not tending to the vowel is not cast away nor the syllables contracted as being a thing of no great importance if one syllable be more or lesse This maffiq or hirec is most frequently cast away and leaves the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as if it were quiescênt as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 heirs for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lahi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sicmà h for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sicmahi which is constantly in the affix 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Observation These three sorts of permutation mutation and contraction of syllables or Alternation Alteration and Abjection do comprehend all that infinity of Rules whereof a man might easily collect above a thousand out of divers 〈…〉 And yet the whole sense of Scripture is not better or clearer if yee know them nor worse if yee know them not Rule 5. The Analogy of the vowels in Calde is not much different from Ebrue Qamez the long a. is 1. In the affix personall Noun of the second person As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 osifca 2. Before 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ana I 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 anakhna nos wee 3. Under the first radicall in the Nounes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 qathêl killing 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 qathil killed for it is a meere tale and fancy to say that the participle peil under the first radicall hath no vowels but a sva For the fashion of writing in the Orient is that in their Manuscripts they leave away for the most part that vowel which is so well knowne that whither it bee written or not no body doth doubt of it Therefore in the Syriac wee have examples of the vowel under the first radicall 4. Instead of a
fatah where the following Letter in place of a svà doth receive à vowel as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 aqim instead of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 aqyîm c. Zere eÌ„ 1. Under the second radicall very constantly in all the orders especially in the fourth As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 abrek to bow the knees 2. In the plurall instatu constructo following or not following 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 paragogic 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 trên two Masc and Neuter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tre and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tarvè the same 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tarrên duae o two feminine Neuter 3 Under the first radicall in Nounes Verbs where the second or third is cast away As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ém à Mother 4. A 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quiescent following without the plurall As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lelvân neights 5. Instead of the segol in the second plurall of the pretertense in any orders as in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ithastén instead of Ebrue 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ithastèn c. Hireq the long is for the most part where yod quiescent is following As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 obida 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 osifkà 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yyethib 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yhosia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 himsiv instead of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 himsu c. Holem for the most part where it is in Ebrue especially when there follows à vau quiescent As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 obida 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mhuqzaôt Surek is as in Ebrue 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 heeznikhu Patah is before 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Character of the feminine gender as in Ebrue constantly before the Nounes and in some Verbes As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 azlat hee went 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 helât hee wearyed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hoglât it is cast out 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vashât but these 3 by anomaly are written constantly with a long qamez not fatah as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fiqdat 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lithsat And good reason because here the syllable at is short therefore à short vowel but in Ebrue ordinarily the syllable is long As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lathsà therefore a long vowel And that this 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is the true formative of the third Feminine and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 onely by accident we may easily see by the constancy of it in Syric Arabic and Etiopic item in Ebrue in the examples wee gave and many other when any Letter is joyned to the end of that person either paragogic superfluous or formatiue item from the second Feminine when 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 formes the Feminine constantly as a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 also but of another Noune the second Masculine item the first person fingular being of a common gender hath a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 both in Masculine and Feminine in all orders in all dialects 2. Fatakh is under the second radicall as in Ebrue 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 etkhabbar 3. under the first radicall in pael and etpael or the second and fifth order in all tenses 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. Segol is almost in all places as in Ebrue 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 heezinu they have heard so in Calde 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vheeznikhu Es 16.9 they have cast far of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 elthas 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 etkhabbar c. Hireq the short is unjustly come in under the first radicall in the first Preterrense instead of qamez a by Ebrue and Fatah a by Arabic upon that false principle as if the first radicall in the first pretertense had no vowel which I say is false 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 instead of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Nor esteeme I the punctators of the Ebrue Bible and consequently Daniel so very old lesse or far lesse the punctators of the Calde Targum as they call it it being done written used after the Babylonian captivity but points a long time since Christ 2. In many other places as in Ebrue Qomez the short and Qubbuz just as in Ebrue 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hoglat 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mhuqzaôt c. Rule 6. The Anomaly of these pricks may in some measure but not constantly bee reduced to the Ebrue Anomaly Because the punctation of the Targum is latter and not done with such accuratenes nor by such learned Jewes lesse upon such principles as the Ebrue for the generality is hence is it that the punctation is very anomalicall in all places Now these five Reasons by me given 1. Not the same principles 2. Not the same learning 3. Not the same accuratenesse 4. Not the same Authors and. 5. Not the same time thew well enough the Rooâ—e of that disagreeing of the Ebrue and Calde punctation And how greater that difference is the easier it hath bin to perswade the common sort of learned men in this tongue that they are either two diverse tongues for so many Authors do ignorantly speake or at least dialects of a great distance one from another whereas it is knowne and clear that Ebrue and this Calde was spoken in one and the same Jury nay City of Jerusalem onely the time differing Ebrue before the Babylonian captivity Calde after it And if a diversity of punctation makes a divers tongue or dialect then am I sure that Abraham de Balmes a Jew Grammarian who wrote an hundred yeares since in Italy hath a diverse dialect for if any would scanne that punctation of his Grammar hee would neither finde true Ebrue nor true Calde The same might wee say of that late Edition of Misâ—ayot pointed by a Iew in the Low Countries and Pointed at Amsterdam by R. Mnasse ben Yishrael Theresore I desire the Reader to believe the pricks to be but meere fancies Rule 7. In Siriac Arabick and Ettopic the ancmaly is no more to bee regarded than in Ebrue and Calde To shorten all the long and tedious though unusefull observations either of mine or all the rest of the Authors before mee seeing that the greatest part of them are individuall and the same of them nothing worth at all for the Syriac Manuscripts that are at this day extant are without prics and stroacs and among the Arabic Books not one of a thousand is to be found pricked or pointed and in the Ettopic there are none found amongst us except the New Testament printed at Rome and Psalms at Colen and both of them fully to be understood by letters out of the generality of this tongue without the observation of the standings or diverse vowels I shall here shut up that which would otherwise scarce be comprehended in an hundred leaves and yet doe nothing to the sense of the Text and so consequently instead of the easing the Reader burthen him excesfively Rule 8. All the Observations of the variety of the formes in the Syntax are needlesse The