Selected quad for the lemma: order_n

Word A Word B Word C Word D Occurrence Frequency Band MI MI Band Prominent
order_n elevation_n page_n plane_n 120 3 16.7706 5 false
View all documents for the selected quad

Text snippets containing the quad

ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A36723 Perspective practical, or, A plain and easie method of true and lively representing all things to the eye at a distance by the exact rules of art ... / by a religious person of the Society of Jesus ... ; faithfully translated out of French, and illustrated with 150 copper cuts ; set forth in English by Robert Pricke ...; Perspective pratique. English Dubreuil, Jean, 1602-1670.; Pricke, Robert. 1672 (1672) Wing D2411; ESTC R1804 150,203 212

There are 36 snippets containing the selected quad. | View original text

the_o other_o measure_n be_v take_v in_o one_o as_o in_o the_o other_o but_o because_o that_o the_o torch_n do_v not_o render_v a_o equal_a shadow_n in_o breadth_n to_o the_o body_n that_o give_v its_o shape_n as_o do_v the_o sun_n we_o must_v take_v this_o advice_n which_o be_v that_o instead_o of_o draw_v the_o llnes_n parallel_v that_o one_o to_o the_o other_o as_o they_o be_v in_o the_o shadow_n take_v from_o the_o sun_n we_o must_v draw_v they_o all_o from_o the_o same_o point_n as_o from_o a_o centre_n that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o all_o the_o line_n which_o be_v draw_v by_o the_o plane_n must_v be_v draw_v from_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_a a_o and_o those_o above_o and_o about_o the_o figure_n must_v be_v draw_v from_o the_o point_n of_o fire_n b_o in_o like_a manner_n as_o in_o all_o the_o other_o order_n of_o the_o torch_n the_o which_o make_v i_o leave_v the_o rest_n that_o will_v be_v but_o tedious_a repetition_n see_v that_o the_o figure_n express_v it_o of_o its_o self_n of_o the_o divers_a disposition_n and_o height_n of_o shadow_n by_o the_o torch_n the_o shadow_n take_v by_o the_o sun_n do_v cast_v themselves_o always_o on_o the_o same_o side_n and_o have_v ordinary_o one_o and_o the_o same_o disposition_n it_o be_v impossible_a that_o the_o sun_n shall_v cause_v at_o the_o same_o time_n to_o cast_v the_o shadow_n of_o one_o body_n towards_o the_o west_n and_o of_o another_o towards_o the_o east_n it_o be_v very_o true_a that_o it_o do_v this_o every_o day_n the_o one_o in_o the_o morning_n and_o the_o other_o in_o the_o evening_n but_o in_o one_o and_o the_o same_o hour_n it_o will_v never_o do_v it_o natural_o the_o which_o be_v do_v without_o fail_v by_o the_o torch_n the_o candle_n or_o the_o lamp_n for_o in_o what_o place_n soever_o you_o set_v one_o of_o these_o light_n if_o there_o be_v many_o body_n about_o they_o they_o will_v cast_v their_o shadow_n diverse_o that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o the_o one_o will_v cast_v it_o to_o the_o east_n the_o other_o to_o the_o west_n this_o to_o the_o north_n that_o to_o the_o south_n in_o short_a on_o every_o side_n according_a as_o the_o body_n shall_v be_v order_v about_o the_o light_n the_o foot_n of_o the_o which_o mark_v a_o serve_v they_o for_o a_o centre_n whether_o all_o these_o shadow_n draw_v and_o the_o fire_n b_o mark_v where_o they_o must_v end_v although_o diverse_o by_o reason_n that_o the_o near_a have_v their_o shadow_n short_a and_o those_o that_o be_v far_o off_o cast_v it_o more_o at_o length_n although_o that_o the_o second_o figure_n have_v not_o the_o light_n in_o the_o midst_n yet_o the_o order_n of_o these_o shadow_n cease_v not_o to_o be_v keep_v as_o we_o see_v that_o they_o all_o draw_v to_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n c_o and_o that_o they_o be_v bound_v by_o the_o point_n of_o fire_n d._n the_o table_n the_o definition_n name_n and_o term_n of_o the_o point_n line_n and_o figure_n which_o we_o shall_v use_v page_n 1._o the_o rest_n of_o the_o definition_n name_n and_o term_n page_n 2._o some_o order_n of_o geometry_n f●r_o to_o make_v the_o line_n and_o figure_n which_o we_o be_v about_o to_o define_v page_n 3._o for_o to_o frame_v the_o figure_n page_n 4._o of_o polygones_n circular_a which_o be_v figure_n with_o divers_a angle_n within_o one_o circle_n ibid._n of_o the_o ray_n visual_a page_n 5._o wherefore_o one_o may_v see_v better_o a_o perspective_n with_o one_o eye_n only_o then_o with_o two_o ibid._n the_o first_o definition_n page_n 6._o the_o second_o three_o and_o four_o definition_n page_z 7_o wherefore_o the_o object_n that_o be_v far_o distant_a seem_v to_o approach_v and_o join_v themselves_o together_o although_o they_o be_v in_o equal_a distance_n page_n 8._o wherefore_o the_o object_n draw_v near_o to_o each_o other_o be_v view_v afar_o off_o page_n 9_o of_o the_o horizon_n page_n 11._o of_o the_o base_a page_n 12._o of_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n point_v of_o perspective_n point_v ocular_a or_o point_v principal_a ibid._n of_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n ibid._n of_o point_n accidental_a ibid._n of_o the_o point_n of_o the_o front_n page_n 13._o of_o the_o point_n of_o the_o side_n ib._n of_o the_o visual_a ray_n page_n 14_o of_o the_o diagonal_n or_o diametral_n and_o of_o their_o section_n ib._n of_o the_o d_o stance_n or_o removal_n and_o set_v page_n 16_o the_o first_o advice_n about_o the_o point_n of_o the_o side_n page_n 16_o the_o second_o advice_n of_o the_o hollow_v or_o deep_a sink_n ib._n the_o three_o advice_n of_o the_o measure_n upon_o the_o base_a page_n 17._o the_o four_o advice_n of_o the_o base_a and_o of_o one_o only_a point_n of_o distance_n ib._n the_o five_o advice_n not_o to_o deceive_v one_o self_n in_o the_o measure_n ib._n the_o six_o advice_n of_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n only_o page_n 18._o the_o seven_o advice_n that_o we_o shall_v not_o use_v the_o diagonal_a ib._n the_o eight_o advice_n to_o abridge_v in_o divers_a manner_n ib._n of_o plane_n view_v direct_o or_o in_o front_n page_n 19_o planes_n view_v obliquelie_a or_o on_o the_o side_n page_n 20._o of_o a_o triangle_n page_n 21._o of_o the_o pentagone_fw-mi or_o five_o angle_n page_n 22._o of_o the_o hexagone_fw-mi or_o six_o angle_n page_n 23._o of_o the_o heptagone_fw-mi or_o seven_o angle_n page_n 24._o of_o the_o octogone_n or_o eight_o angle_n page_n 25._o of_o the_o octogone_a after_o another_o manner_n page_n 26._o of_o the_o hexagone_fw-mi or_o six_o angle_n ib._n of_o the_o octogone_a double_a page_n 27._o of_o the_o circle_n page_n 28._o of_o the_o circle_n double_a page_n 29._o a_o plane_n of_o the_o square_n view_v from_o the_o angle_n page_n 30._o a_o pavement_n of_o square_n view_v by_o the_o angle_n page_n 31._o of_o square_n compass_v a_o border_n or_o fillet_n ib._n pavement_n view_v by_o the_o angle_n compass_v with_o a_o brand_n or_o fillet_n page_n 32._o pavement_n of_o square_n view_v by_o the_o front_n compass_v with_o band_n or_o border_n wh●ch_o have_v square_n see_v from_o the_o angle_n in_o the_o midst_n ib._n a_o pavement_n of_o square_n see_v from_o the_o angle_n with_o church_n of_o square_n on_o the_o front_n page_n 33_o a_o pavement_n of_o square_n in_o front_n with_o chair_n of_o square_n see_v from_o the_o angle_n ib._n a_o pavement_n of_o l●ttle_a square_n octogo_v mingle_v with_o the_o square_n page_n 34_o a_o pavement_n of_o single_a square_n view_v in_o front_n ib._n the_o plane_n of_o a_o garden_n abridge_v page_n 35._o the_o plane_n of_o a_o building_n abridge_v page_n 36_o the_o plane_n of_o a_o church_n abridge_v page_n 37._o the_o plane_n of_o a_o house_n with_o a_o garden_n page_n 38._o the_o plane_n of_o a_o fortification_n abridge_v page_n 39_o the_o plane_n and_o figure_n irregular_a abbreviate_v page_n 40_o another_o plane_n of_o a_o church_n allreviate_v page_n 41._o some_o necessary_a advice_n for_o the_o order_n follow_v page_n 42._o of_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n to_o give_v the_o height_n to_o all_o kind_n of_o body_n and_o figure_n and_o in_o such_o a_o place_n as_o one_o will_v within_o a_o plane_n page_n 43._o the_o elevation_n of_o a_o cube_n in_o perspective_n page_n 44._o the_o triangle_n in_o perspective_n page_n 45._o the_o pentagone_n or_o five_o angle_n in_o perspective_n ib._n the_o hexagone_n or_o six_o angle_n in_o perspective_n ib._n of_o the_o heptagone_n or_o seven_o angle_n in_o perspective_n page_n 46._o of_o the_o octogone_n or_o eight_o angle_n in_o perspective_n ib._n the_o double_a cross_n in_o perspective_n page_n 47._o a_o stone_n flat_v or_o streak_v like_o a_o star_n in_o perspective_n ib._n of_o pilaster_n in_o perspective_n page_n 48._o of_o pilaster_n view_v by_o the_o angle_n ib._n the_o effect_n of_o the_o diversity_n of_o horizon_n page_n 49._o the_o elevation_n of_o object_n view_v by_o the_o angle_n page_n 50._o for_o to_o raise_v body_n and_o remove_v they_o as_o far_o as_o one_o world_n page_n 51._o of_o wall_n view_v direct_o page_n 52._o another_o wall_n view_v from_o the_o angle_n ib._n for_o to_o place_v a_o door_n in_o what_o place_v one_o will_v of_o a_o wall_n page_n 53._o for_o to_o frame_v window_n in_o perspective_n page_n 54._o of_o the_o plancher_n above_o page_n 55._o another_o order_v of_o plancher_n in_o perspective_n page_n 57_o a_o single_a draught_n of_o door_n and_o round_a arch_n view_v direct_o page_n 59_o round_o arch_n above_o the_o pilaster_n view_v direct_o page_n 60._o of_o the_o three_o point_n in_o the_o arch_n ib._n a_o further_a pursuit_n of_o this_o figure_n page_n 61._o for_o to_o frame_v and_o set_v into_o perspective_n door_n and_o round_a arch_n page_n 62._o for_o to_o frame_v and_o put_v into_o
and_o 52th_o fol._n the_o leaf_n follow_v will_v give_v you_o the_o door_n and_o the_o 54th_o fol._n will_v show_v how_o to_o make_v the_o window_n there_o for_o to_o raise_v the_o chimney_n in_o what_o place_n soever_o you_o will_v you_o must_v seek_v the_o 77th_o fol._n after_o that_o you_o must_v lay_v there_o the_o plancher_n which_o may_v be_v find_v in_o the_o 55th_o and_o 57th_o fol_z for_o the_o pavement_n there_o be_v of_o many_o sort_n in_o the_o 31._o 32._o 33._o and_o 34th_o fol_z if_o one_o will_v have_v open_a door_n the_o 93th_o fol._n will_v show_v how_o to_o do_v it_o and_o the_o leaf_n follow_v shall_v be_v for_o open_v the_o window_n when_o there_o shall_v be_v two_o or_o three_o story_n or_o chamber_n the_o one_o above_o the_o other_o you_o must_v always_o keep_v the_o same_o order_n and_o there_o ought_v to_o be_v but_o one_o only_a point_n for_o the_o view_n as_o you_o may_v see_v in_o the_o 76_o fol._n for_o to_o ascend_v into_o these_o chamber_n there_o be_v a_o ascent_n turn_v or_o stair_n in_o the_o 82._o 83._o and_o 84_o fol._n ordinary_o all_o the_o building_n which_o be_v view_v by_o the_o inside_n be_v garnish_v with_o some_o movable_n he_o that_o will_v place_v such_o there_o shall_v find_v of_o all_o sort_n in_o the_o 96th_o fol._n and_o so_o forword_n unto_o the_o 103_o fol._n for_o the_o measure_n of_o such_o figure_n if_o any_o such_o ore_n to_o be_v place_v there_o they_o be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o 122th_o or_o 125th_o fol._n for_o to_o make_v a_o church_n appear_v by_o the_o inside_n we_o must_v first_o resolve_v upon_o a_o plane_n and_o place_n that_o in_o the_o perspective_n according_a to_o the_o two_o order_n that_o we_o have_v give_v thereupon_o in_o the_o 37th_o or_o 41th_o fol._n you_o must_v raise_v the_o wall_n as_o be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o 51th_o fol._n for_o the_o window_n one_o may_v make_v they_o as_o the_o arch_n of_o the_o 62th_o fol._n or_o as_o in_o the_o 54th_o fol_z except_o that_o there_o be_v no_o need_n of_o the_o cross-bar_n and_o that_o they_o must_v be_v round_o above_o if_o one_o will_v have_v pilaster_n or_o pillar_n they_o be_v to_o be_v ●ound_v in_o the_o 48th_o fol._n if_o one_o will_v have_v column_n there_o he_o must_v take_v the_o order_n for_o they_o from_o the_o 87th_o fol._n after_o all_o that_o there_o must_v be_v make_v a_o bend_a roof_n or_o roof_n if_o one_o will_v set_v it_o upon_o the_o side_n fol._n 68_o 69._o 70._o 71._o and_o 72._o will_v furnish_v you_o with_o all_o sort_n thereof_o the_o ridge_n or_o top_n of_o the_o church_n be_v make_v after_o another_o manner_n then_o bend_v side_n the_o order_n for_o that_o may_v be_v find_v at_o the_o 74th_o fol._n for_o to_o enrich_v it_o with_o cornish_n moulding_n and_o other_o ornament_n you_o must_v have_v recourse_n to_o the_o 88_o 89._o 90._o 91._o and_o 92._o fol._n for_o altar_n if_o one_o will_v have_v they_o there_o you_o shall_v find_v the_o method_n of_o make_v they_o in_o the_o 104_o fol_z in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o cross-bar_n of_o the_o church_n one_o may_v make_v a_o lantern_n or_o cubeloe_n as_o be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o 75._o fol._n the_o pavement_n may_v be_v choose_v in_o the_o 31._o 32._o 33._o and_o 34_o fol._n as_o for_o the_o building_n without_o side_n of_o the_o door_n and_o window_n they_o be_v make_v like_o the_o building_n in_o the_o inside_n in_o the_o 53_o and_o 54._o fol._n as_o may_v be_v see_v in_o the_o 106._o fol._n when_o you_o shall_v have_v elevate_v they_o to_o the_o height_n that_o you_o think_v fit_a you_o shall_v find_v the_o draught_n there_o to_o raise_v such_o a_o kind_n of_o cover_v as_o you_o shall_v think_v must_n fit_v in_o the_o 107._o or_o 103._o fol._n if_o one_o will_v have_v there_o any_o cornish_a or_o other_o ornament_n you_o may_v find_v how_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v place_v in_o the_o fol._n 88_o 89._o 90._o 91_o and_o 92._o gallery_n arch-wise_a either_o for_o the_o outside_n or_o inside_n may_v be_v find_v in_o the_o fol._n 63._o 66_o 67._o and_o 106._o he_o that_o will_v make_v a_o whole_a street_n of_o building_n he_o must_v multiply_v the_o house_n and_o place_v they_o on_o the_o one_o side_n and_o on_o the_o other_o as_o one_o may_v see_v in_o fol._n 109._o when_o one_o shall_v make_v house_n at_o a_o distance_n in_o the_o perspective_n and_o that_o they_o shall_v be_v parallel_n to_o the_o horizon_n you_o ought_v to_o allow_v they_o the_o single_a draught_n only_o without_o the_o thickness_n f_o the_o door_n or_o the_o window_n as_o i_o have_v make_v at_o the_o 110_o fol._n in_o the_o large_a open_a place_n which_o be_v ordinary_o in_o street_n in_o perspective_n one_o may_v raise_v a_o pyramid_n there_o the_o 80_o fol._n will_v show_v how_o to_o elevate_v it_o upon_o step_n or_o any_o other_o figure_n or_o statue_n upon_o a_o piedestal_n the_o 91_o fol._n will_v furnish_v the_o piedestal_n and_o the_o 124_o fol._n will_v show_v the_o figure_n when_o one_o will_v have_v building_n see_v by_o the_o left_a angle_n he_o may_v take_v the_o plane_n of_o the_o fol._n 19_o 30._o and_o make_v the_o elevation_n as_o he_o shall_v find_v they_o in_o the_o fol._n 50._o and_o 111._o which_o shall_v give_v order_n how_o to_o make_v the_o door_n and_o window_n there_o garden_n make_v in_o perspective_n do_v more_o delight_v the_o sight_n then_o any_o thing_n in_o the_o world_n as_o well_o for_o the_o colour_n that_o be_v so_o please_v there_o as_o for_o the_o variety_n of_o thing_n which_o may_v be_v set_v there_o the_o plane_n be_v to_o be_v make_v as_o in_o the_o fol._n 35._o 38._o or_o 113._o in_o the_o which_o one_o may_v make_v such_o division_n as_o one_o shall_v desire_v if_o we_o will_v have_v bower_n the_o order_n therefore_o may_v be_v find_v in_o the_o 60._o and_o 61._o fol._n if_o one_o shall_v like_v better_a hedge_n or_o arbour_n he_o may_v find_v they_o in_o the_o fol._n 51._o and_o 52._o if_o instead_o of_o bower_n and_o hedge_n one_o will_v have_v a_o wood_n or_o alley_n of_o tree_n the_o 112_o fol._n will_v show_v the_o order_n for_o divers_a sort_n when_o one_o will_v make_v fountain_n there_o or_o spout_n of_o water_n the_o round_a of_o the_o 29_o fol._n may_v serve_v for_o a_o basin_n its_o elevation_n be_v at_o the_o 73_o fol._n if_o one_o will_v have_v a_o square_a he_o must_v take_v the_o fol_z 19_o or_o 44._o for_o to_o have_v thereof_o with_o divers_a quarter_n he_o must_v seek_v in_o the_o 45_o or_o 46._o fol._n where_o he_o may_v find_v polygones_n he_o that_o will_v set_v statve_n or_o figure_n upon_o piedestal_n which_o be_v a_o very_a fair_a ornament_n for_o a_o garden_n he_o must_v take_v their_o measure_n in_o the_o fol._n 122._o or_o 125._o if_o one_o will_v place_v there_o any_o cave_n or_o grotte_v the_o 74_o fol._n will_v show_v he_o how_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v make_v when_o one_o oeould_v cause_v a_o ascent_n from_o one_o garden_n to_o another_o he_o shall_v find_v many_o sort_n of_o step_n in_o the_o fol._n 78_o 79_o 80._o and_o 81._o every_o one_o may_v choose_v among_o all_o these_o thing_n that_o which_o shall_v please_v he_o best_o and_o may_v put_v they_o all_o there_o into_o the_o same_o piece_n and_o without_o confusion_n only_o he_o must_v keep_v the_o proportion_n and_o symmetrye_n which_o ought_v to_o be_v observe_v therein_o if_o one_o will_v have_v shop_n open_a where_o there_o be_v nothing_o but_o the_o wall_n the_o 55_o fol._n will_v show_v if_o one_o will_v that_o they_o shall_v be_v garnish_v with_o board_n or_o little_a table_n he_o shall_v find_v the_o order_n thereof_o in_o the_o 105_o fol._n there_o be_v also_o another_o fashion_n for_o a_o a_o shop_n which_o be_v not_o in_o the_o from_o like_a this_o and_o whereof_o the_o open_v be_v altogether_o different_a one_o may_v set_v it_o in_o the_o 95._o fol._n ample_n theater_n be_v heretofore_o more_o in_o use_n in_o picture_n than_o they_o be_v at_o present_a which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o i_o have_v not_o set_v any_o of_o they_o here_o account_v they_o unuseful_a here_o if_o i_o shall_v know_v that_o any_o one_o desire_v they_o i_o will_v set_v forth_o some_o in_o the_o second_o part_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n if_o any_o one_o will_v raise_v up_o one_o thereof_o he_o may_v use_v the_o plane_n that_o be_v in_o fol_z 29._o in_o the_o which_o he_o must_v make_v a_o great_a number_n of_o circle_n according_a to_o the_o number_n and_o bigness_n of_o the_o stage_n that_o he_o will_v have_v therein_o for_o to_o raise_v the_o stage_n he_o must_v use_v the_o line_n of_o elevation_n which_o he_o shall_v
these_o point_n be_v join_v together_o of_o the_o line_n will_v give_v you_o that_o which_o you_o desire_v the_o figure_n will_v serve_v to_o make_v one_o understand_v the_o order_n better_o a_o plane_n and_o figure_n irregular_a abbreviate_v he_o which_o shall_v do_v well_o that_o which_o we_o be_v about_o to_o leave_v shall_v not_o be_v much_o trouqle_v with_o all_o the_o rest_n for_o this_o be_v that_o which_o be_v the_o hard_a of_o plane_n in_o perspective_n i_o believe_v nevertheless_o that_o it_o be_v good_a to_o set_v yet_o further_o something_o irregular_a which_o appear_v difficult_a at_o the_o first_o sight_n that_o i_o may_v make_v it_o know_v that_o there_o be_v nothing_o which_o one_o may_v not_o abbreviate_v of_o whatsoever_o view_n or_o aspect_n it_o may_v be_v another_o plane_n of_o a_o church_n abbreviate_v it_o seem_v that_o this_o order_n of_o perspective_n be_v altogether_o another_o than_o that_o which_o we_o have_v use_v because_o that_o the_o order_n thereof_o be_v not_o the_o same_o the_o which_o i_o have_v do_v on_o purpose_n to_o give_v to_o understand_v that_o there_o be_v many_o fashion_n and_o order_n which_o all_o come_v but_o to_o the_o same_o for_o this_o be_v the_o same_o with_o that_o which_o we_o have_v use_v for_o to_o abridge_v the_o fortification_n the_o irregular_a piece_n and_o other_o plane_n according_a to_o the_o eight_o advice_n with_o this_o only_a difference_n that_o we_o have_v mark_v the_o parallel_n of_o the_o base_a upon_o the_o line_n on_o the_o side_n and_o here_o we_o have_v mark_v they_o upon_o a_o line_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o plane_n and_o as_o well_o in_o the_o one_o manner_n as_o the_o other_o we_o have_v always_o the_o same_o effect_n for_o draw_v from_o all_o the_o division_n of_o this_o line_n of_o the_o midst_n to_o the_o eye_n a_o you_o shall_v have_v the_o line_n of_o the_o section_n b_o c_o which_o shall_v be_v make_v upon_o the_o line_n which_o we_o may_v call_v the_o base_a d_o e._n for_o to_o set_v it_o into_o perspective_n transport_v into_o what_o place_n you_o will_v all_o the_o length_n of_o the_o base_a as_o here_o above_o d_o e_o and_o the_o height_n of_o the_o eye_n a_o f._n then_o have_v set_v on_o the_o one_o side_n and_o other_o or_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o line_n of_o the_o section_n b_o c_o draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o base_a by_o all_o these_o division_n unto_o the_o outmost_a ray_n d_o a_o e_z a_o you_o must_v set_v the_o breadth_n of_o the_o pilaster_n d_o k_n upon_o the_o base_a and_o draw_v a_o line_n at_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n a_o and_o the_o section_n of_o the_o line_n parallel_n by_o these_o k_o a_o shall_v be_v the_o breadth_n of_o the_o pilaster_n the_o order_n of_o the_o elevation_n some_o necessary_a advice_n for_o the_o order_n follow_v it_o seem_v to_o i_o that_o i_o have_v give_v sufficient_o to_o understand_v that_o which_o belong_v to_o the_o ichnography_n and_o planigraphy_n or_o description_n of_o planes_n which_o be_v necessary_a for_o the_o foundation_n of_o orthography_n and_o scenography_n the_o orthography_n be_v the_o face_n or_o forepart_n etc._n etc._n as_o one_o may_v see_v in_o the_o definition_n scenography_n be_v the_o elevation_n of_o all_o that_o which_o any_o one_o have_v a_o design_n to_o make_v etc._n etc._n see_v the_o definition_n which_o be_v at_o the_o begin_n of_o this_o book_n for_o to_o make_v this_o more_o clear_a to_o those_o that_o be_v not_o acquaint_v with_o these_o word_n we_o shall_v name_v hereafter_o as_o i_o say_v already_o in_o the_o definition_n the_o ichnography_n the_o plane_n and_o the_o orthography_n and_o scenography_n by_o a_o word_n common_a to_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o the_o elevation_n so_o that_o instead_o of_o say_v the_o orthography_n we_o shall_v say_v the_o elevation_n of_o the_o forepart_n and_o for_o scenography_n the_o elevation_n of_o the_o whole_a before_o we_o pass_v any_o further_a it_o must_v be_v observe_v that_o the_o elevation_n do_v never_o give_v to_o the_o eye_n all_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n and_o the_o quantity_n of_o face_n depend_v on_o the_o aspect_n which_o cause_v the_o object_n to_o be_v see_v for_o if_o it_o be_v see_v on_o the_o front_n as_o the_o figure_n a_o it_o will_v show_v but_o one_o face_n although_o that_o the_o plane_n have_v four_o if_o it_o be_v view_v from_o the_o angle_n although_o on_o the_o front_n it_o will_v show_v two_o as_o b_o and_o never_o more_o with_o what_o aspect_n soever_o one_o look_n on_o it_o this_o aught_o to_o be_v understand_v of_o a_o square_a see_v that_o figure_n with_o divers_a pane_n may_v give_v thereof_o 3_o 4_o 5_o and_o more_o now_o it_o be_v that_o if_o the_o object_n decline_v a_o little_a from_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n they_o be_v see_v from_o the_o angle_n whence_o they_o ought_v to_o show_v two_o face_n and_o the_o further_o they_o be_v remove_v from_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n the_o more_o they_o be_v discover_v as_o k_o e_o be_v more_o discover_v then_o c_o l_o although_o their_o thickness_n be_v equal_a another_o thing_n also_o that_o be_v further_a to_o be_v mark_v be_v that_o which_o be_v parallel_n to_o the_o horizon_n when_o the_o object_n be_v view_v in_o front_n although_o in_o perspective_n as_o c_o d_o e_o f_o from_o the_o gate_n in_o the_o first_o figure_n become_v a_o visual_a ray_n when_o the_o same_o object_n be_v view_v be_v in_o a_o return_n or_o oblique_o as_o in_o the_o second_o figure_n that_o c_o d_o e_o f_o which_o be_v in_o the_o front_n above_o be_v make_v a_o visual_a ray_n to_o that_o which_o be_v under_o and_o on_o the_o contrary_a that_o which_o be_v a_o ray_n to_o that_o above_o be_v make_v a_o parallel_n to_o the_o base_a to_o that_o below_o as_o d_o g_o f_o h_o l._n the_o perpendicular_o be_v always_o perpendicular_o 1._o fig._n 2._o fig._n of_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n for_o to_o give_v the_o height_n to_o all_o kind_n of_o body_n and_o figure_n and_o in_o such_o a_o place_n as_o one_o will_v within_o a_o plane_n we_o must_v endeavour_v to_o understand_v well_o and_o remember_v this_o rule_n which_o be_v of_o such_o importance_n that_o he_o that_o shall_v know_v it_o perfect_o will_v not_o be_v trouble_v in_o the_o elevation_n whatsoever_o they_o be_v of_o as_o for_o to_o make_v the_o plane_n we_o have_v use_v the_o base_a for_o the_o elevation_n we_o ought_v also_o to_o use_v a_o line_n which_o shall_v direct_v we_o and_o shall_v bring_v the_o measure_n of_o the_o height_n that_o be_v needful_a to_o every_o thing_n which_o one_o will_v elevate_v this_o line_n of_o elevation_n must_v be_v perpendicular_a upon_o the_o base_a a_o b_o which_o be_v always_o the_o near_a to_o our_o sight_n and_o the_o first_o of_o the_o plane_n by_o consequence_n capable_a of_o give_v and_o bear_v the_o measure_n of_o all_o that_o one_o will_v make_v in_o the_o picture_n and_o therefore_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n c_o d_o be_v place_v upon_o the_o line_n a_o b_o perpendicular_o as_o all_o those_o must_v be_v upon_o the_o plane_n which_o we_o shall_v use_v henceforward_o we_o must_v then_o remember_v that_o when_o we_o shall_v speak_v of_o perpendicules_n or_o perpendicks_n in_o the_o rest_n of_o our_o order_n we_o must_v always_o understand_v of_o plumb-line_n upon_o the_o plane_n or_o base_a see_v that_o this_o line_n of_o elevation_n must_v receive_v and_o give_v the_o height_n to_o all_o the_o object_n that_o one_o will_v elevate_v from_o a_o plane_n it_o must_v have_v the_o same_o horizon_n with_o the_o plane_n therefore_o we_o must_v from_o the_o foot_n of_o this_o line_n which_o one_o may_v set_v on_o the_o left_a or_o right_a side_n draw_v within_o the_o horizon_n as_o one_o will_v have_v it_o that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o it_o be_v no_o great_a matter_n where_o the_o point_n be_v set_v within_o the_o horizon_n for_o in_o what_o place_n soever_o it_o be_v it_o will_v always_o give_v the_o same_o effect_n as_o it_o be_v from_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o line_n c_o to_o the_o point_n e_o one_o may_v set_v it_o at_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n if_o one_o will_n i_o have_v set_v this_o line_n on_o the_o one_o side_n and_o other_o in_o the_o first_o figure_n and_o their_o point_n different_a within_o the_o horizon_n for_o to_o give_v to_o understand_v that_o it_o be_v well_o throughout_o if_o from_o the_o point_n h_n which_o be_v in_o the_o plane_n of_o the_o second_o figure_n you_o will_v elevate_v a_o line_n of_o two_o foot_n high_a you_o must_v set_v upon_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n two_o equal_a part_n which_o you_o shall_v make_v to_o serve_v each_o for_o a_o foot_n beginning_n at_o the_o point_n c_o as_o be_v c_o f_o which_o be_v
two_o foot_n high_a to_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n e_o and_o you_o shall_v have_v a_o elevation_n of_o two_o foot_n between_o the_o two_o line_n c_o and_o f_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n e._n for_o to_o give_v the_o height_n of_o two_o foot_n to_o a_o line_n elevate_v from_o the_o point_n h_n you_o must_v from_o the_o point_n h._n draw_v a_o parallel_n occult_a to_o the_o base_a until_o that_o it_o divide_v the_o line_n below_o c_o e_o which_o shall_v be_v the_o point_n i._o if_o from_o the_o point_n i_o one_o elevate_v a_o perpendicule_n i_o k_n between_o c_o f_o it_o shall_v be_v the_o height_n that_o it_o ought_v for_o the_o line_n of_o the_o point_n h_n which_o you_o must_v take_v with_o a_o compass_n and_o carry_v it_o to_o the_o point_n h_n which_o will_v give_v h_n l_o of_o two_o foot_n high_a if_o from_o the_o point_n m_o you_o will_v have_v one_o of_o the_o same_o height_n of_o two_o foot_n you_o must_v make_v the_o same_o operation_n and_o you_o shall_v have_v between_o c_o f_o the_o perpendicule_n n_n o_o which_o shall_v be_v the_o height_n that_o it_o ought_v at_o the_o point_n m._n and_o make_v the_o same_o operation_n from_o the_o point_n p_o you_o shall_v have_v the_o perpendicule_n q_o r_n for_o the_o height_n of_o the_o line_n of_o the_o point_n p._n for_o to_o give_v they_o the_o height_n of_o 3_o 4_o 5_o 10_o 20_o and_o 30_o foot_n it_o be_v always_o the_o same_o order_n there_o be_v nothing_o but_o to_o set_v these_o distance_n and_o height_n abovesaid_a upon_o the_o line_n of_o the_o elevation_n and_o from_o the_o point_n of_o the_o height_n that_o you_o will_v give_v to_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o the_o line_n within_o the_o horizon_n which_o be_v here_o the_o point_n e_o and_o to_o make_v all_o the_o same_o operation_n which_o we_o be_v about_o make_v and_o you_o shall_v have_v that_o which_o you_o desire_v the_o elevation_n of_o a_o cube_n in_o perspective_n have_v make_v the_o plane_n by_o the_o order_n forego_v and_o have_v set_v the_o line_n of_o elevation_n upon_o any_o side_n of_o the_o plane_n as_o be_v f_o l_o upon_o the_o base_a we_o must_v set_v upon_o this_o line_n f_o l_o the_o height_n of_o a_o cube_n which_o be_v a_o figure_n square_a on_o all_o the_o side_n as_o a_o die_v which_o shall_v be_v f_o m_o from_o which_o point_v f_o m_n we_o must_v draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n e._n then_o from_o all_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n a_o b_o c_o d_o to_o bring_v parallel_n to_o the_o base_a until_o that_o they_o meet_v with_o the_o line_n f_o e_o which_o be_v the_o bottom_n of_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n and_o from_o their_o section_n f_o and_o h_n to_o raise_v the_o perpendicular_n f_o m_n and_o h_o k_n between_o the_o line_n m_o f_o which_o be_v draw_v at_o the_o point_n e._n then_o to_o take_v its_o measure_n with_o a_o compass_n and_o to_o bring_v they_o perpendicular_o upon_o the_o angles_n for_o example_n to_o take_v with_o a_o compass_n the_o height_n f_o m_o and_o to_o bear_v it_o perpendicular_o upon_o the_o line_n elevate_v from_o the_o angle_n a_o b_o which_o will_v be_v a_o g_o b_o g._n then_o to_o take_v also_o the_o height_n h_o k_n and_o to_o carry_v it_o upon_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o bottom_n c_o d_o which_o shall_v give_v c_o o_fw-fr d_o o_o then_o to_o join_v the_o right_a line_n g_o o_fw-fr o_o g._n this_o shall_v be_v the_o cube_n elevate_v if_o you_o will_v have_v the_o elevation_n of_o any_o figure_n whatsoever_o draw_v always_o from_o the_o angle_n of_o its_o plane_n parallel_n to_o the_o base_a unto_o the_o draught_n of_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n and_o keep_v the_o same_o method_n that_o we_o speak_v of_o for_o the_o cube_n and_o you_o shall_v see_v that_o there_o be_v not_o any_o thing_n how_o difficult_a and_o unequal_a soever_o it_o be_v but_o that_o you_o may_v put_v into_o perspective_n as_o we_o shall_v make_v to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o poligones_fw-la follow_v the_o second_o figure_n be_v another_o cube_n elevate_v after_o a_o manner_n very_o little_a different_a from_o the_o former_a which_o i_o shall_v speak_v of_o in_o three_o word_n and_o he_o that_o will_n may_v use_v it_o not_o to_o be_v reject_v have_v make_v the_o plane_n by_o the_o ordinary_a way_n we_o must_v from_o all_o its_o angle_n b_o c_o d_o e_o elevate_v perpendicular_o and_o upon_o the_o first_o set_v the_o height_n which_o one_o will_v give_v to_o it_o as_o b_o at_fw-fr c_o a._n and_o from_o the_o point_v a_o a_o to_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n f_o or_o to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n g_o h_n and_o where_o the_o perpendicular_o of_o the_o angle_n d_o e_o shall_v be_v divide_v at_o the_o point_n i_o l_o this_o shall_v be_v the_o line_n of_o sink_v and_o the_o top_n of_o the_o cube_n whole_o elevate_v this_o last_o order_n be_v not_o so_o universal_a as_o the_o former_a which_o have_v always_o be_v in_o use_n and_o practise_v by_o the_o ancient_a author_n it_o have_v nevertheless_o some_o benefit_n which_o we_o shall_v know_v in_o some_o of_o the_o order_n follow_v the_o triangle_n in_o perspective_n in_o the_o first_o order_n i_o have_v promise_v to_o make_v the_o easiness_n of_o elevate_a all_o figure_n appear_v whereof_o the_o most_o difficult_a be_v the_o poligones_n or_o figure_n with_o many_o side_n and_o to_o keep_v some_o order_n we_o will_v begin_v by_o the_o triangle_n have_v frame_v a_o plane_n by_o the_o order_n forego_v fol._n 21_o where_o we_o teach_v to_o make_v it_o with_o a_o list_n or_o border_n we_o must_v as_o we_o be_v speak_v set_v the_o line_n of_o elevation_n on_o the_o side_n of_o such_o a_o height_n as_o we_o will_v have_v as_o be_v a_o b_o of_o three_o foot_n then_o from_o all_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n to_o draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o base_a unto_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n b_o e_z and_o from_o their_o section_n elevate_v perpendicules_n between_o the_o line_n a_o b_o and_o to_o bring_v all_o these_o height_n upon_o the_o angle_n from_o whence_o the_o parallel_n proceed_v for_o example_n the_o height_n a_o b_o must_v be_v carry_v to_o the_o angle_n c_o d_o which_o will_v give_v c_o r_n and_o d_o s._n the_o other_o height_n f_o i_o at_o the_o angle_n g_o o_fw-fr which_o will_v give_v g_o t_n and_o o_o v_o that_o of_o h_n l_o to_o the_o angle_n k_o which_o will_v give_v k_o x_o and_o the_o last_o height_n n_o p_o to_o the_o angle_n qui_fw-fr which_o will_v give_v q_o y._n then_o to_o join_v with_o right_a line_n all_o these_o point_v r_n s_o y_fw-fr then_z t_o v_n x_o for_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o stone_n in_o the_o first_o figure_n the_o pentagone_n or_o five-angle_n in_o perspective_n the_o pentagone_n be_v a_o figure_n with_o five_o face_n or_o side_n and_o with_o five_o angle_n we_o have_v give_v the_o method_n of_o frame_v it_o and_o set_v its_o plane_n in_o perspective_n in_o the_o treatise_n of_o the_o plane_n fol._n 22._o it_o will_v be_v loss_n of_o time_n to_o give_v the_o manner_n of_o elevate_a it_o see_v that_o the_o second_o figure_n cause_v it_o to_o be_v know_v that_o it_o be_v the_o same_o order_n with_o that_o of_o the_o cube_n and_o the_o triangle_n the_o hexagone_n or_o six-angle_n in_o perspective_n the_o hexagone_n be_v a_o figure_n with_o six_o angle_n and_o six_o face_n or_o side_n as_o be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o two_o manner_n in_o the_o treatise_n of_o planes_n fol._n 23._o and_o 27._o where_o it_o be_v abbreviate_v the_o order_n for_o to_o elevate_v they_o be_v to_o be_v see_v sufficient_o in_o the_o three_o figure_n 1._o fig_n 2._o fig_n 3._o fig_n of_o the_o heptagone_n or_o seven-angle_n in_o perspective_n the_o heptagone_fw-mi be_v a_o figure_n with_o seven_o side_n or_o face_n and_o seven_o angle_n of_o the_o which_o we_o have_v set_v heretefore_o fol._n 24_o how_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v make_v and_o to_o set_v its_o plane_n into_o perspective_n it_o be_v elevation_n be_v the_o same_o order_n with_o that_o of_o the_o triangle_n as_o one_o may_v see_v in_o the_o first_o figure_n of_o the_o octogone_n or_o eight-angle_n in_o perspective_n the_o octogone_n be_v a_o figure_n with_o eight_o angle_n and_o eight_o face_n as_o the_o second_o figure_n show_v it_o in_o the_o treaty_n of_o plane_n fol._n 25._o and_o 26_o one_o may_v see_v how_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v set_v in_o perspective_n in_o two_o different_a manner_n the_o elevation_n be_v as_o in_o the_o foregoing_a a_o double_a cross_n in_o perspective_n i_o have_v set_v this_o figure_n and_o that_o below_o it_o which_o the_o sieur_n
marolois_n have_v in_o his_o work_n according_a to_o the_o first_o order_n that_o we_o follow_v the_o which_o will_v be_v more_o difficult_a to_o set_v into_o perspective_n by_o another_o manner_n of_o the_o diversity_n of_o the_o angles_n and_o by_o this_o method_n it_o be_v very_o easy_a elevate_a it_o from_o all_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n etc._n etc._n as_o we_o have_v say_v of_o the_o polygones_n and_o may_v be_v see_v clear_o in_o the_o first_o figure_n a_o stone-fluted_n or_o streak_v like_o a_o star_n in_o perspective_n have_v not_o set_v the_o plane_n of_o this_o figure_n with_o the_o other_o figure_n i_o think_v it_o fit_a to_o set_v it_o under_o its_o figure_n for_o to_o abbreviate_v it_o in_o the_o ordinary_a way_n as_o we_o have_v set_v the_o other_o the_o geometrical_a plane_n be_v easy_a to_o make_v this_o be_v a_o circle_n divide_v into_o six_o whereof_o the_o division_n ought_v to_o be_v join_v with_o right_a line_n leave_v a_o point_n between_o two_o as_o for_o example_n from_o i_o to_o 3._o leave_v 2._o then_o to_o take_v 2_o and_o 4_o leave_v 3._o and_o so_o other_o the_o rest_n be_v see_v sufficient_o in_o the_o second_o figure_n 1._o fig_n 2._o fig._n of_o pilaster_n in_o perspective_n when_o one_o will_v make_v some_o piece_n as_o column_n pilaster_n or_o wall_n which_o shall_v have_v the_o same_o height_n there_o be_v no_o need_n of_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n it_o suffice_v to_o do_v as_o in_o the_o second_o order_n which_o be_v that_o have_v elevate_v perpendicular_n from_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n as_o be_v a_o b_o c_o d_o of_o the_o first_o figure_n we_o must_v set_v the_o height_n that_o we_o will_v upon_o the_o first_o or_o second_o perpendicule_n as_o be_v a_o f_o or_o d_o e._n then_o to_o draw_v the_o ray_n e_o to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n f_o all_o the_o perpendicules_n that_o one_o shall_v elevate_v must_v be_v unto_o this_o line_n e_o f_o and_o then_o that_o the_o pilaster_n g_o h_n shall_v be_v equal_a to_o the_o first_o if_o one_o will_v not_o use_v little_a square_n in_o the_o plane_n we_o must_v set_v upon_o the_o base_a the_o measure_n and_o draw_v the_o ray_n to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n f_o and_o that_o which_o ought_v to_o abbreviate_v at_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n k_o for_o example_n l_o m_o be_v one_o side_n of_o the_o pilaster_n we_o must_v draw_v these_o two_o point_n l_o m_n to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n f_o for_o the_o breadth_n of_o all_o the_o pilaster_n which_o one_o shall_v set_v there_o for_o the_o depth_n of_o each_o pilaster_n which_o we_o will_v make_v square_a we_o must_v take_v the_o distance_n l_o m_o and_o set_v it_o before_o l_o as_o be_v n_z then_o to_o draw_v the_o line_n n_o k_n which_o be_v the_o distance_n and_o it_o shall_v give_v the_o depth_n of_o the_o pilaster_n at_o the_o point_n o_o from_o which_o point_n l_o m_o o_o we_o must_v elevate_v perpendicules_n and_o do_v the_o rest_n as_o we_o have_v say_v if_o one_o will_v have_v the_o breadth_n of_o two_o pilaster_n between_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o he_o must_v set_v they_o upon_o the_o base_a and_o after_o set_v the_o depth_n of_o the_o second_o pilaster_n equal_a to_o the_o first_o as_o be_v p_o qui_fw-fr and_o from_o these_o two_o point_n p._n q._n to_o the_o distance_n k_o which_o shall_v give_v the_o point_n r_o s_n upon_o the_o ray_n l_o from_o s_n we_o must_v draw_v a_o little_a parallel_n which_o shall_v divide_v the_o ray_n m_o f_o as_o be_v s_n t_o then_o from_o these_o point_n r_o s_o t_o to_o elevate_v perpendicules_n and_o to_o do_v as_o in_o the_o first_o the_o three_o and_o more_o if_o one_o will_v have_v they_o aught_o to_o do_v the_o same_o keep_v always_o the_o measure_n upon_o the_o base_a as_o in_o the_o first_o figure_n of_o pilaster_n view_v by_o the_o angle_n we_o have_v say_v heretofore_o that_o the_o plane_n of_o square_n be_v make_v hy_z draw_v measure_n from_o the_o base_a to_o the_o distance_n as_o concern_v the_o elevation_n it_o be_v the_o same_o that_o we_o be_v speak_v of_o for_o have_v set_v the_o height_n a_o b_o upon_o the_o first_o perpendicule_n we_o must_v draw_v from_o the_o point_n b_o to_o the_o distance_n c_o d_o which_o shall_v divide_v and_o give_v the_o height_n to_o the_o two_o other_o perpendicules_n elevate_v on_o the_o side_n then_o have_v give_v the_o distance_n which_o one_o will_v between_o the_o two_o pilaster_n which_o be_v here_o two_o little_a square_n you_o must_v elevate_v the_o second_o and_o by_o the_o same_o order_n the_o three_o their_o height_n shall_v be_v find_v draw_v a_o visual_a ray_n from_o the_o point_n b_o to_o the_o point_n of_o fight_n e_o at_o the_o section_n which_o this_o ray_n shall_v make_v of_o the_o first_o perpendicules_n at_o the_o point_n f_o f_o and_o from_o the_o point_n f_o f_o to_o the_o distance_n as_o in_o the_o first_o pilaster_n those_o which_o be_v make_v without_o a_o plane_n must_v take_v their_o measure_n upon_o the_o base_a as_o if_o one_o will_v give_v they_o the_o like_a breadth_n to_o those_o above_o view_v on_o the_o front_n it_o must_v be_v set_v as_o g_o h_n and_o to_o draw_v the_o ray_n g_o to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n e_o for_o to_o have_v all_o the_o middle_n or_o the_o diameter_n then_o to_o set_v also_o the_o same_o breadth_n of_o g_o at_o the_o point_n i_o and_o from_o these_o three_o point_n g_o h_n i_o to_o bring_v line_n to_o the_o distance_n c_o d_o for_o to_o frame_v the_o first_o plane_n from_o this_o plane_n he_o must_v elevate_v perpendicules_n and_o upon_o the_o first_o to_o set_v the_o height_n as_o be_v g_z k_o and_o from_o the_o point_n k_o to_o draw_v to_o the_o distance_n for_o to_o have_v the_o abridgement_n of_o the_o perpendicule_n of_o the_o side_n for_o the_o second_o pilaster_n the_o same_o shall_v be_v do_v from_o the_o point_n l._n m_n and_o the_o three_o from_o the_o point_n n_o o._n the_o rest_n be_v easy_a enough_o to_o do_v view_v the_o second_o figure_n 1_o fig_n 2_o fig_n the_o effect_n of_o the_o diversity_n of_o orison_n the_o more_o that_o any_o one_o be_v elevate_v above_o any_o object_n the_o more_o he_o discover_v that_o which_o be_v above_o by_o consequent_a if_o one_o be_v low_o he_o shall_v discover_v less_o and_o if_o one_o be_v under_o it_o he_o can_v see_v but_o that_o which_o be_v under_o and_o nothing_o of_o that_o which_o be_v above_o the_o first_o proposition_n be_v verify_v by_o the_o first_o figure_n the_o second_o by_o the_o second_o and_o the_o three_o by_o the_o last_o the_o first_o and_o second_o cube_n be_v make_v as_o we_o have_v teach_v the_o three_o be_v make_v also_o by_o the_o same_o order_n although_o they_o seem_v more_o hard_a by_o reason_n that_o we_o see_v the_o object_n by_o the_o upper_a part_n but_o if_o you_o turn_v up_o the_o paper_n or_o the_o picture_n and_o draw_v at_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n and_o at_o the_o distance_n b_o c_o as_o in_o other_o order_n you_o shall_v have_v the_o same_o facility_n i_o set_v nothing_o of_o the_o object_n view_v on_o the_o side_n see_v that_o i_o have_v say_v so_o many_o time_n that_o it_o be_v the_o same_o with_o those_o on_o the_o front_n and_o for_o to_o give_v further_a knowledge_n how_o to_o set_v they_o in_o order_n there_o be_v one_o in_o a_o single_a ●●aught_n and_o the_o other_o shadow_v also_o before_o we_o leave_v this_o three_o figure_n we_o must_v observe_v that_o the_o lowness_n of_o the_o horizon_n be_v the_o cause_n that_o we_o see_v the_o bottom_n of_o the_o object_n which_o be_v elevate_v above_o as_o d_o e_z f_o and_o of_o the_o two_o other_o which_o be_v g_z h_n place_v above_o the_o horizon_n one_o can_v see_v neither_o above_o nor_o below_o above_o because_o the_o horizon_n be_v low_a nor_o below_o it_o be_v place_v upon_o the_o horizon_n there_o be_v many_o painter_n that_o do_v fail_v in_o this_o make_v the_o upper_a part_n of_o many_o thing_n appear_v although_o that_o the_o horizon_n be_v much_o low_a 1_o fig_z 2_o fig_z 3_o fig_z the_o elevation_n of_o object_n view_v by_o the_o angle_n we_o have_v snew_v by_o the_o two_o figure_n of_o the_o 19_o h._n and_o 20_o fol._n how_o the_o plane_n be_v make_v draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n and_o never_o to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n if_o it_o be_v not_o for_o to_o find_v the_o diameter_n we_o must_v keep_v the_o same_o rule_n for_o the_o elevation_n as_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o see_v by_o the_o first_o figure_n which_o have_v all_o their_o line_n abut_a at_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n b_o c_o and_o not_o one_o at_o that_o of_o the_o
sight_n a._n the_o first_o figure_n d_o be_v for_o to_o show_v that_o whensoever_o there_o shall_v be_v a_o infiniteness_n of_o part_n in_o one_o and_o the_o same_o object_n view_v by_o the_o angle_n we_o must_v draw_v they_o all_o to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n b_o and_z c._n if_o you_o will_v make_v one_o of_o the_o same_o see_v here_o the_o order_n have_v make_v a_o plane_n and_o elevate_v occult_a perpendicular_o as_o we_o have_v say_v you_o must_v set_v the_o height_n that_o you_o will_v give_v unto_o it_o at_o the_o first_o angle_n e_o f_o and_o draw_v from_o the_o point_n f_o to_o the_o point_n b_o c_o for_o to_o have_v the_o height_n of_o the_o second_o and_o three_o angle_n at_o the_o point_n g_o then_o from_o this_o point_n g_o to_o draw_v again_o to_o the_o point_n b_o c_o and_o you_o shall_v have_v the_o four_o angle_n of_o the_o platform_n the_o other_o little_a body_n be_v elevate_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n by_o set_v the_o height_n that_o one_o will_v give_v they_o upon_o the_o first_o perpendicular_a as_o from_o f_o to_o h_n and_o from_o h_n draw_v to_o the_o point_n as_o we_o say_v but_o now_o from_o the_o point_n f_o we_o shall_v have_v the_o height_n of_o all_o the_o angle_n and_o the_o point_n i_o k_o shall_v give_v the_o thickness_n of_o all_o the_o little_a body_n and_o the_o platform_n of_o that_o of_o the_o midst_n by_o draw_v always_o to_o the_o point_n b_o and_o c_o the_o rest_n be_v see_v sufficient_o by_o the_o figure_n which_o one_o may_v make_v to_o serve_v for_o a_o castle_n defend_v with_o four_o square_a tower_n or_o for_o a_o palace_n quarter_v with_o four_o pavilion_n the_o two_o other_o body_n which_o be_v on_o either_o side_n of_o the_o great_a one_o be_v see_v from_o the_o side_n whereof_o the_o order_n be_v alike_o to_o that_o which_o be_v see_v from_o the_o front_n for_o example_n if_o you_o elevate_v perpendicular_o from_o all_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n l_o and_o that_o you_o give_v your_o height_n to_o the_o first_o as_o m_o n_n by_o draw_v from_o the_o point_n n_n to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n b_o c_o they_o will_v give_v the_o angles_n 2_o and_o 3_o at_o the_o point_n o._n then_o from_o the_o point_n o_o draw_v still_o to_o the_o point_n b_o c_o you_o shall_v have_v the_o four_o which_o be_v the_o elevation_n of_o the_o whole_a this_o be_v practise_v by_o the_o first_o and_o by_o the_o second_o order_n you_o shall_v have_v the_o same_o the_o second_o figure_n below_o be_v of_o the_o same_o order_n there_o be_v no_o difference_n but_o of_o the_o horizon_n which_o be_v low_o the_o three_o show_v the_o underpart_n of_o the_o object_n but_o the_o order_n be_v altogether_o the_o same_o with_o that_o above_o draw_v all_o to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n q_o r_n which_o be_v the_o horizontal_n line_n 1._o fig_n 2._o fig_n 3._o fig._n for_o to_o raise_v body_n and_o remove_v they_o as_o far_o of_o as_o one_o will_v if_o you_o will_v have_v the_o first_o body_n of_o two_o foot_n high_a and_o one_o foot_n deep_a and_o one_o broad_a at_o two_o foot_n distance_n one_o from_o another_o of_o two_o foot_n deep_a of_o one_o foot_n broad_a and_o three_o foot_n of_o height_n and_o three_o foot_n distance_n another_o of_o one_o foot_n broad_a five_o foot_n deep_a and_o four_o foot_n high_a thus_o you_o must_v proceed_v have_v make_v a_o plane_n of_o little_a square_n which_o we_o shall_v make_v to_o a_o foot_n square_n one_o may_v make_v they_o of_o what_o size_n he_o will_v by_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n a_o and_o distance_n b_o c._n you_o shall_v raise_v from_o the_o first_o angle_n a_o perpendicular_a according_a to_o the_o second_o order_n which_o shall_v bear_v the_o measure_n that_o you_o will_v give_v to_o the_o object_n as_o this_o d_o e_o upon_o the_o which_o you_o shall_v transport_v four_o time_n the_o measure_n d_o f_o see_v that_o the_o high_a aught_o to_o have_v but_o four_o foot_n from_o all_o the_o angle_n of_o this_o first_o little_a square_a f_o i_o g_o d_o you_o must_v raise_v occult_a perpendicular_o and_o have_v give_v the_o measure_n to_o the_o first_o distance_n d_o and_z 2_o because_o you_o will_v have_v it_o two_o foot_n high_a you_o must_v draw_v from_o the_o point_n 2_o to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n a_o and_o it_o shall_v divide_v the_o perpendicule_n of_o the_o angle_n g_o at_o the_o point_n h_n you_o must_v draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o base_a which_o shall_v divide_v the_o perpendicule_n of_o the_o angle_n i_o at_o the_o point_n k_o and_o another_o parallel_n from_o the_o point_n 2_o which_o shall_v divide_v the_o perpendicular_a of_o the_o angle_n f_o at_o the_o point_n l_o and_o join_v these_o 4_o point_n h_n k_o l_o 2_o of_o right_a line_n you_o shall_v have_v your_o first_o body_n then_o because_o you_o will_v give_v 2_o foot_n of_o space_n between_o the_o first_o and_o the_o second_o body_n you_o must_v leave_v two_o little_a square_n of_o the_o pavement_n between_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o body_n and_o upon_o the_o first_o angle_n of_o the_o three_o to_o raise_v perpendicules_n and_o to_o do_v all_o the_o same_o as_o at_o the_o first_o body_n with_o these_o difference_n that_o the_o height_n of_o this_o second_o aught_o to_o be_v take_v at_o the_o three_o point_n of_o the_o line_n d_o e_o seeing_z that_o it_o must_v have_v three_o foot_n of_o height_n and_o must_v contain_v two_o little_a square_n see_v that_o it_o must_v be_v of_o two_o foot_n deep_a between_o this_o second_o and_o the_o three_o body_n you_o must_v leave_v 3_o little_a square_n see_v that_o you_o require_v it_o at_o three_o foot_n distance_n the_o one_o from_o the_o other_o and_o from_o the_o first_o angle_n of_o the_o four_o to_o raise_v perpendicular_o as_o at_o the_o first_o and_o the_o last_o after_o 5_o little_a square_n which_o be_v the_o depth_n of_o your_o body_n and_o the_o term_n of_o 5_o foot_n which_o the_o three_o body_n ought_v to_o have_v of_o depth_n the_o four_o point_n of_o the_o line_n d_o e_o shall_v give_v to_o it_o its_o height_n which_o ought_v to_o be_v of_o 4_o foot_n by_o divide_v the_o perpendicular_o as_o you_o have_v do_v in_o the_o first_o those_o which_o be_v shadow_v on_o the_o other_o side_n be_v make_v by_o the_o same_o order_n and_o of_o the_o same_o proportion_n but_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o midst_n be_v of_o equal_a height_n four_o foot_n only_o a_o open_v of_o 3_o foot_n in_o the_o midst_n in_o the_o second_o figure_n be_v a_o wall_n of_o equal_a height_n there_o be_v distance_n of_o 3_o foot_n leave_v for_o door_n or_o window_n the_o first_o part_n of_o the_o wall_n be_v but_o 2_o foot_n deep_a the_o other_o two_o 3_o foot_n in_o depth_n a_o piece_n on_o the_o other_o side_n there_o be_v a_o continue_a wall_n of_o 14_o foot_n of_o depth_n and_o of_o height_n like_a unto_o the_o other_o the_o order_n be_v the_o same_o with_o that_o of_o those_o above_o that_o which_o we_o have_v call_v a_o wall_n may_v also_o serve_v for_o a_o hedge_n or_o row_v for_o garden_n of_o wall_n view_v direct_o by_o that_o which_o we_o have_v say_v one_o may_v make_v all_o sort_n of_o wall_n view_v oblique_o and_o although_o this_o very_a order_n may_v serve_v for_o the_o same_o wall_n view_v direct_o it_o have_v seem_v necessary_a to_o i_o to_o set_v also_o this_o figure_n for_o two_o reason_n the_o first_o for_o that_o they_o do_v not_o always_o make_v plane_n and_o in_o this_o case_n one_o shall_v be_v trouble_v for_o thickness_n the_o second_o for_o to_o give_v the_o thickness_n to_o the_o door_n and_o window_n which_o may_v be_v to_o be_v set_v in_o those_o wall_n for_o to_o make_v wall_n parallel_v to_o the_o base_a or_o to_o the_o horizon_n upon_o the_o plane_n you_o shall_v give_v they_o such_o a_o length_n as_o you_o shall_v please_v upon_o the_o parallel_n to_o the_o horizon_n for_o the_o breadth_n you_o may_v take_v that_o of_o one_o little_a square_n from_o the_o angle_n of_o which_o you_o shall_v raise_v the_o perpendicules_n a_o b_o which_o you_o shall_v make_v as_o high_a as_o you_o shall_v please_v as_o c._n then_o from_o the_o point_n c_o draw_v unto_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n d_o this_o ray_n c_o d_o shall_v give_v the_o diminution_n and_o the_o perfection_n to_o the_o wall_n when_o one_o have_v not_o a_o plane_n we_o must_v set_v at_o the_o first_o corner_n of_o the_o wall_n upon_o a_o parallel_n to_o the_o base_a or_o to_o the_o horizon_n the_o thickness_n that_o we_o will_v give_v to_o the_o wall_n as_o e_z f._n then_o from_o the_o point_n f_o to_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n d_o and_o
which_o make_v a_o crooked_a line_n for_o to_o join_v they_o together_o we_o shall_v have_v the_o thickness_n of_o the_o joint_n of_o the_o cross_n of_o the_o vault_n as_o one_o may_v see_v at_o half_a of_o the_o left_a side_n of_o the_o figure_n aforego_v a_o vault_n make_v by_o the_o order_n aforego_v all_o the_o order_n aforego_v do_v show_v sufficient_a easiness_n for_o to_o make_v a_o perfect_a vault_n as_o this_o here_o except_o what_o concern_v the_o pillar_n or_o column_n which_o we_o will_v show_v hereafter_o of_o arch_n and_o door_n with_o three_o square_n there_o be_v another_o kind_n of_o fret_a ceiling_n which_o hold_v the_o place_n of_o a_o roof_n for_o gate_n and_o gallery_n and_o also_o in_o church_n which_o make_v well_o also_o in_o perspective_n and_o be_v very_o easy_a to_o practice_v i_o have_v set_v it_o after_o the_o round_a because_o that_o it_o be_v frame_v of_o a_o demi-circle_n as_o a_o round_a door_n which_o after_o be_v to_o be_v divide_v have_v elevate_v the_o wall_n a_o b_o we_o must_v make_v a_o demi-circle_n which_o contain_v all_o the_o breadth_n c_o d_o then_o hold_v the_o compass_n open_a of_o the_o breadth_n of_o the_o half_a diameter_n e_o c_o you_o must_v hold_v one_o leg_n firm_a at_o the_o point_n c_o and_o with_o the_o other_o e_z to_o draw_v a_o arch_n on_o high_a which_o divide_v the_o demi-round_a at_o the_o point_n g_o and_o to_o make_v likewise_o from_o the_o point_n d_o the_o arch_n e_o h._n then_o to_o join_v these_o four_o letter_n c_o d_o g_o h_o with_o right_a line_n which_o will_v give_v you_o the_o arch_a half-hexagone_a or_o with_o three_o square_n you_o must_v also_o make_v a_o demi-round_a upon_o the_o breadth_n i_o k_n for_o the_o bottom_n and_o for_o to_o divide_v it_o you_o have_v only_o to_o draw_v from_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o first_o c_o d_o g_o h_o to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n f_o at_o the_o section_n that_o it_o shall_v make_v of_o the_o demi-round_a at_o the_o point_n l_o m_o you_o must_v draw_v right_a line_n which_o will_v frame_v the_o arch_n of_o the_o hollow_a of_o another_o arch_a half-decagone_a or_o of_o five_o square_n this_o arch_n be_v order_v altogether_o as_o the_o former_a and_o there_o be_v no_o difference_n but_o in_o the_o division_n of_o the_o circle_n the_o first_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o and_o this_o into_o five_o so_o if_o you_o divide_v the_o demi-circle_n l_o m_o into_o five_o part_n n_o o_fw-fr p_o q_o and_o that_o you_o draw_v from_o all_o these_o point_n to_o the_o point_n r_o you_o shall_v divide_v the_o demi-circle_n of_o the_o hollow_a so_o as_o we_o have_v say_v in_o that_o above_o of_o three_o square_n the_o elevation_n of_o round_a figure_n in_o perspective_n the_o desire_n that_o i_o have_v to_o show_v the_o easiness_n of_o set_v all_o thing_n into_o perspective_n have_v make_v i_o set_v here_o also_o how_o one_o ought_v to_o elevate_v from_o a_o round_a or_o circle_n such_o a_o height_n as_o one_o will_v have_v and_o this_o order_n shall_v serve_v for_o all_o round_a figure_n as_o top_n of_o a_o church_n amphitheatre_n tower_n &c_n &c_n have_v make_v the_o plane_n of_o the_o round_a in_o perspective_n as_o it_o be_v order_v heretofore_o and_o set_v on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o plane_n the_o line_n of_o elevation_n a_o b_o according_a to_o the_o height_n that_o one_o will_v give_v it_o we_o must_v from_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n which_o be_v here_o the_o point_n of_o which_o they_o have_v frame_v the_o round_a as_o be_v 1_o 2._o 3_o 4_o 5_o 6_o 7_o 8_o 9_o to_o draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n a_o b_o and_o to_o elevate_v they_o as_o we_o have_v say_v and_o with_o a_o compass_n to_o transport_v they_o upon_o the_o perpendicular_o elevate_v from_o the_o point_v 1_o 2_o 3_o 4_o 5_o 6_o 7_o 8_o 9_o etc._n etc._n as_o in_o the_o former_a order_n the_o demi-round_a before_o have_v but_o half_a of_o the_o elevation_n of_o that_o behind_o and_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o but_o the_o single_a draught_n without_o thickness_n by_o this_o order_n there_o be_v no_o round_a thing_n which_o one_o may_v not_o set_v into_o perpective_n i_o mean_v round_n parallel_n to_o the_o horizon_n the_o other_o round_n which_o be_v perpendicular_o to_o the_o horizon_n be_v teach_v in_o the_o order_n of_o vault_n the_o elevation_n of_o pilaster_n set_v into_o a_o round_n we_o must_v double_v the_o round_a as_o be_v teach_v in_o the_o plane_n fol._n 29._o and_o between_o the_o two_o circular_a line_n set_v the_o plane_n of_o the_o piece_n which_o one_o will_v elevate_v as_o we_o see_v the_o place_n before_o a_o b_o c_o d_o the_o which_o do_v draw_v to_o the_o centre_n e_o then_o from_o all_o the_o angle_n of_o these_o plane_n to_o raise_v perpendicular_o and_o to_o give_v they_o their_o height_n according_a to_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n f_o g_o by_o the_o ordinary_a rule_n as_o be_v sufficient_o see_v by_o the_o second_o figure_n 1_o figure_n 2_o figure_n a_o vault_n like_o a_o scallop-shell_n set_v into_o perspective_n this_o figure_n may_v serve_v for_o the_o hollow_a of_o a_o church_n for_o a_o grotte_n or_o cave_n for_o a_o hollow_a nest_n in_o a_o wall_n and_o the_o like_a piece_n the_o elevation_n be_v make_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n and_o by_o the_o order_n that_o we_o have_v speak_v of_o for_o this_o flat_a band_n a_o b_o which_o may_v serve_v for_o a_o cornish_a its_o diminution_n must_v be_v take_v upon_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n in_o c_o d_o and_o to_o carry_v it_o upon_o the_o pilaster_n for_o the_o vault_n we_o must_v make_v the_o first_o arch_n e_o f_o in_o the_o manner_n that_o we_o have_v say_v and_o in_o the_o midst_n within_o to_o make_v a_o demi-circle_n o_o to_o the_o which_o we_o shall_v draw_v crooked_a line_n which_o shall_v rise_v above_o the_o pilaster_n and_o shall_v make_v the_o side_n or_o nerve_n of_o the_o vault_n as_o we_o see_v g_o h_n i_o k_o the_o height_n of_o the_o window_n shall_v be_v take_v upon_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n between_o l_o and_z m._n the_o figure_n will_v help_v for_o the_o rest_n of_o open_a round_n in_o steeple_n or_o vault_n pierce_v in_o perspective_n have_v make_v the_o plane_n of_o the_o double_a round_n fol._n 24._o and_o mark_v between_o the_o two_o circle_n the_o place_n and_o the_o number_n of_o the_o pilaster_n which_o one_o will_v have_v there_o the_o which_o ought_v to_o draw_v towards_o the_o centre_n a_o we_o must_v mark_v the_o height_n which_o we_o will_v give_v from_o the_o ground_n unto_o the_o hollow_a of_o the_o lovure_fw-fr as_o here_o the_o line_n d_o and_o e_o on_o high_a the_o which_o must_v serve_v for_o the_o base_a where_o we_o shall_v transport_v the_o same_o measure_n which_o be_v upon_o the_o line_n b_o g._n and_o from_o the_o same_o point_n of_o sight_n g_o to_o make_v a_o plane_n on_o high_a as_o that_o below_o whence_o all_o the_o place_n of_o the_o pilaster_n shall_v draw_v towards_o the_o centre_n h_n for_o to_o frame_v the_o pilaster_n we_o be_v only_o to_o draw_v line_n from_o the_o place_n which_o be_v opposite_a the_o one_o to_o the_o other_o and_o which_o shall_v give_v their_o breadth_n and_o their_o thickness_n i_o have_v not_o draw_v line_n to_o the_o three_o pilaster_n before_o as_o well_o to_o cause_v these_o of_o the_o bottom_n to_o be_v see_v as_o also_o to_o make_v it_o know_v that_o there_o needs_o on_o high_a as_o below_o for_o to_o give_v the_o thickness_n of_o the_o round_a from_o i_o unto_o h_n and_o from_o k_o unto_o l_o we_o must_v set_v the_o height_n which_o we_o will_v have_v upon_o the_o line_n of_o the_o elevation_n d_o m_o draw_v to_o the_o horizon_n at_o the_o point_n f_o and_o from_o all_o the_o point_n whence_o we_o have_v frame_v the_o round_a to_o draw_v to_o this_o line_n d_o upon_o the_o which_o we_o shall_v elevate_v plumb-line_n as_o d_o m_n which_o we_o take_v with_o a_o compass_n for_o to_o transport_v all_o these_o height_n upon_o the_o perpendicules_n which_o shall_v be_v raise_v from_o the_o point_n as_o k_o l_o n_o o_o p_o q_o and_o so_o of_o the_o other_o he_o that_o in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o round_a will_v have_v a_o square_a or_o a_o polygone_a have_v need_n only_o to_o keep_v the_o same_o method_n and_o he_o shall_v do_v all_o that_o he_o will_v with_o the_o same_o facility_n see_v that_o this_o which_o be_v the_o hard_a be_v not_o difficult_a that_o the_o multitude_n of_o object_n and_o the_o plurality_n of_o story_n aught_o to_o have_v but_o one_o point_n of_o sight_n i_o have_v already_o say_v elsewhere_o that_o one_o never_o ought_v to_o set_v more_o than_o
one_o point_n of_o sight_n in_o one_o picture_n and_o that_o hence_o we_o may_v know_v the_o great_a ignorance_n of_o painter_n which_o do_v give_v as_o it_o be_v as_o many_o point_n of_o sight_n and_o of_o orison_n as_o they_o make_v line_n i_o remember_v i_o have_v see_v a_o picture_n where_o there_o be_v many_o chamber_n the_o one_o above_o the_o other_o and_o each_o have_v two_o or_o three_o point_n of_o sight_n and_o after_o that_o the_o master_n think_v he_o have_v do_v a_o miracle_n the_o present_a figure_n be_v to_o correct_v this_o error_n and_o cause_v we_o to_o know_v that_o there_o ought_v to_o be_v but_o one_o point_n of_o sight_n only_o as_o be_v a_o to_o the_o which_o all_o the_o object_n ought_v to_o draw_v and_o all_o the_o chamber_n if_o there_o shall_v be_v fifty_o one_o above_o the_o other_o or_o on_o the_o one_o side_n and_o the_o other_o as_o we_o see_v these_o three_o here_o which_o draw_v all_o to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n a._n all_o the_o rest_n be_v make_v as_o we_o have_v say_v heretofore_o for_o to_o set_v chimney_n into_o perspective_n we_o must_v take_v the_o measure_n upon_o the_o base_a a_o b_o which_o must_v be_v divide_v into_o equal_a part_n you_o may_v make_v the_o division_n of_o what_o quantity_n you_o will_n this_o a_o b_o be_v into_o eighteen_o of_o each_o one_o foot_n for_o to_o make_v a_o chimney_n at_o the_o wall_n a_o three_o foot_n within_o the_o chamber_n we_o must_v take_v three_o part_n as_o a_o c_o and_o draw_v from_o the_o point_n c_o to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n d_o which_o will_v give_v the_o sink_n of_o three_o foot_n divide_v the_o ray_n a_o e_o at_o the_o point_n f_o you_o must_v set_v the_o thickness_n of_o the_o jaumb_n of_o the_o chimney_n beyond_o the_o point_n c_o as_o be_v g_z then_z drawing_z from_z g_z to_z d_o it_o will_v give_v this_o thickness_n at_o the_o point_n h._n you_o must_v also_o set_v the_o breadth_n of_o the_o chimney_n from_o g_o unto_o ay_o which_o be_v of_o four_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a and_o for_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o second_o jaumb_n a_o half_a foot_n as_o at_o the_o other_o begin_v at_o the_o point_n i_o unto_o k_o then_o to_o draw_v from_o i_o k_o to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n d_o which_o will_v give_v their_o measure_n upon_o the_o ray_n a_o e_o at_o the_o point_n l_o m_n from_o which_o four_o point_n f_o h_n l_o m_o you_o must_v draw_v little_a parallel_n to_o the_o base_a as_o f_o n_o h_o o_o l_o p_o m_o q_o for_o to_o give_v the_o breadth_n to_o the_o jaumb_n you_o must_v take_v a_o foot_n and_o half_a a_o r_n and_o the_o ray_n a_o e_o shall_v divide_v the_o little_a parallel_n at_o the_o point_n n_o o_fw-fr p_o q_o from_o which_o and_o from_o f_o l_o you_o must_v raise_v perpendicules_n for_o the_o height_n of_o the_o mantletree_n of_o the_o chimney_n you_o must_v take_v five_o foot_n upon_o the_o base_a and_o carry_v they_o to_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o wall_n a_o unto_o s_n and_o from_o s_n to_o t_o for_o cornish_n all_o the_o rest_n be_v see_v clear_o in_o the_o first_o figure_n the_o other_o chimney_n which_o be_v opposite_a to_o it_o be_v make_v of_o the_o same_o manner_n for_o we_o ought_v always_o to_o make_v the_o jaumb_n as_o in_o the_o first_o and_o of_o these_o jaumb_n to_o make_v column_n term_n and_o all_o that_o one_o will_v i_o have_v make_v bracket_n to_o this_o the_o chimney_n of_o the_o bottom_n must_v also_o take_v its_o measure_n upon_o the_o base_a 1_o 2_o 3_o 4_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n e_o for_o to_o find_v the_o hollow_a of_o the_o chimney_n or_o the_o bredth_n of_o the_o jaumb_n you_o must_v draw_v from_o 7_o to_z e_z and_o divide_v the_o line_n of_o sink_v at_o the_o point_n 5_o which_o shall_v be_v a_o foot_n and_o half_a then_o from_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n v_n to_o draw_v the_o diagonal_a pass_v by_o 5_o which_o shall_v divide_v the_o ray_n 2._o e._n at_o the_o point_n 6_o and_o from_o this_o point_n to_o draw_v a_o parallel_n which_o shall_v divide_v the_o four_o ray_n 1_o 2_o 3_o 4._o at_o the_o point_v 9_o 6_o 9_o 9_o from_o which_o you_o must_v raise_v perpendicular_o and_o make_v all_o the_o rest_n as_o in_o the_o other_o the_o second_o figure_n show_v plain_o and_o without_o line_n that_o which_o we_o be_v speak_v of_o of_o stair_n in_o perspective_n there_o be_v nothing_o that_o give_v so_o great_a a_o grace_n to_o a_o perspective_n nor_o which_o more_o easy_o deceive_v the_o eye_n there_o be_v a_o muititude_n of_o return_v by_o reason_n that_o there_o be_v need_n of_o many_o light_n and_o divers_a shadow_n which_o give_v such_o force_n to_o the_o object_n that_o they_o seem_v to_o cast_v they_o out_o of_o the_o work_n now_o stair_n have_v this_o advantage_n that_o in_o what_o fashion_n soever_o one_o set_v they_o they_o have_v always_o light_n and_o shadow_n and_o by_o consequence_n they_o be_v please_v to_o the_o sight_n i_o will_v set_v down_o some_o here_o if_o one_o shall_v use_v little_a square_n they_o will_v have_v the_o more_o easiness_n have_v only_o to_o raise_v perpendicules_n from_o so_o many_o square_n as_o he_o will_v have_v step_n then_o to_o set_v at_o the_o first_o square_v the_o line_n of_o elevation_n divide_v into_o as_o many_o part_n as_o one_o will_v and_o from_o these_o division_n to_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n and_o they_o shall_v divide_v the_o perpendicules_n where_o the_o step_n ought_v to_o be_v for_o example_n you_o will_v have_v a_o staircase_n of_o eight_o step_n and_o that_o the_o last_o may_v have_v the_o breadth_n of_o 3_o you_o must_v take_v upon_o the_o plane_n the_o number_n of_o little_a square_n begin_v at_o b_o as_o are_z 1_o 2_o 3_o 4_o 5_o 6_o 7.8_o and_o 3_o for_o the_o last_o mark_v 11_o from_o all_o these_o angle_n we_o must_v raise_v perpendicules_n which_o we_o shall_v divide_v according_a to_o the_o division_n of_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n b_o d_o in_o this_o manner_n the_o first_o division_n four_o inch_n high_a suppose_v the_o square_a of_o one_o foot_n shall_v divide_v the_o first_o perpendicule_n and_o it_o must_v be_v continue_v unto_o the_o second_o for_o that_o make_v also_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o step_n as_o be_v e_z f_o and_o so_o of_o the_o other_o you_o shall_v make_v these_o step_n as_o long_o as_o you_o will_v as_o these_o be_v of_o three_o foot_n take_v as_o i_o have_v say_v the_o square_a for_o one_o foot_n so_o as_o be_v b_o g_o at_o this_o distance_n you_o must_v also_o raise_v perpendicules_n as_o we_o have_v do_v on_o the_o side_n b_o but_o for_o to_o save_v this_o pain_n it_o be_v better_a to_o take_v the_o height_n of_o the_o last_o step_n h_n and_o that_o of_o the_o first_o i._n then_o to_o draw_v the_o line_n h_n i_o which_o must_v grate_v upon_o the_o angles_n or_o the_o outward_a edge_n of_o the_o step_n as_o e_o k_o grate_v upon_o they_o on_o the_o side_n b_o for_o this_o be_v there_o be_v but_o only_o to_o draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o base_a from_o all_o the_o step_v on_o the_o side_n b_o until_o that_o they_o divide_v the_o line_n h_n i_o as_o we_o see_v l_o m_o n_o o_o p_o q_o etc._n etc._n without_o make_v square_n we_o need_v only_o to_o set_v the_o measure_n upon_o the_o base_a and_o to_o draw_v they_o to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n we_o may_v have_v the_o same_o measure_n upon_o the_o line_n a_o b._n i_o set_v no_o other_o figure_n see_v that_o this_o suffice_v for_o to_o understand_v they_o all_o and_o for_o to_o make_v they_o other_o step_n hollow_v underneath_o in_o perspective_n this_o manner_n of_o step_n be_v make_v as_o those_o which_o we_o be_v now_o leave_a as_o for_o the_o hollowness_n there_o be_v need_v only_o to_o see_v the_o figure_n for_o to_o know_v the_o manner_n of_o set_v they_o into_o perspective_n these_o two_o that_o i_o present_v shall_v give_v a_o open_a way_n to_o the_o practiser_n of_o this_o art_n to_o invent_v other_o by_o step_v in_o front_n in_o perspective_n this_o manner_n of_o step_n be_v according_a to_o the_o order_n of_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n you_o must_v raise_v as_o many_o perpendicules_n from_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o square_n of_o the_o plane_n as_o you_o will_v have_v of_o step_n as_o are_z c_z d_o e_o f_o and_o from_o the_o same_o angle_n to_o draw_v little_a parallel_n unto_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n a_o which_o shall_v be_v the_o point_n o_o o_o o_o o_o which_o you_o must_v raise_v until_o that_o they_o divide_v the_o occult_a ray_n of_o the_o division_n of_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n
we_o must_v set_v the_o measure_n for_o the_o travers_n as_o o_o shall_v be_v for_o the_o bar_v below_o p_o for_o the_o bar_n of_o the_o seat_n and_o q_n shall_v be_v for_o the_o back_n of_o the_o chair_n all_o be_v dispose_v thus_o we_o must_v from_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o base_a unto_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n and_o at_o the_o section_n to_o elevate_v perpendicules_n which_o shall_v give_v the_o measure_n as_o we_o have_v say_v of_o other_o figure_n heretofore_o all_o the_o line_n of_o the_o side_n ought_v to_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n accidental_a of_o the_o plane_n for_o example_n in_o the_o chair_n of_o the_o midst_n all_o the_o side_n ought_v to_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n g_o which_o be_v the_o point_n of_o the_o plane_n as_o i_o make_v it_o to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o figure_n of_o movable_n lie_v or_o throw_v upon_o the_o ground_n from_o the_o same_o plane_n of_o the_o chair_n aforego_v which_o be_v upon_o their_o foot_n it_o be_v easy_a to_o make_v these_o which_o be_v cast_v upon_o the_o ground_n we_o must_v raise_v perpendicular_o from_o all_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n and_o give_v to_o the_o side_n lie_v the_o same_o measure_n as_o to_o the_o side_n upright_o for_o example_n have_v raise_v perpendicular_n from_o all_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n we_o shall_v have_v the_o breadth_n m_o which_o be_v in_o the_o chair_n lie_v upon_o its_o side_n which_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n k_o we_o must_v double_v this_o measure_n m_o which_o will_v give_v o_o for_o the_o bar_n below_o of_o the_o chair_n and_o the_o perpendicules_n elevate_v from_o the_o plane_n will_v give_v the_o bar_n of_o the_o seat_n p_o from_o which_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n k_o we_o shall_v divide_v the_o other_o perpendicular_o of_o the_o front_n at_o the_o place_n that_o it_o ought_v for_o to_o make_v the_o same_o barrs_n appear_v from_o all_o the_o side_n whence_o they_o may_v be_v see_v for_o the_o height_n of_o the_o back_n of_o the_o chair_n there_o be_v but_o only_o to_o give_v to_o it_o the_o same_o measure_n that_o the_o seat_n have_v of_o height_n and_o for_o the_o back_n of_o that_o in_o the_o midst_n you_o must_v double_v the_o diagonal_a on_o the_o plane_n and_o take_v notice_n where_o it_o divide_v the_o ray_n or_o ascent_n lie_v r_n s._n the_o rest_n be_v clear_a enough_o the_o two_o other_o piece_n which_o be_v under_o the_o foot_n upward_o be_v very_o easy_a to_o make_v the_o one_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n t_o the_o other_o to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n five_o x_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n be_v y_o z._n the_o order_n for_o to_o elevate_v these_o be_v the_o same_o as_o to_o make_v they_o upon_o their_o foot_n that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o we_o must_v raise_v these_o perpendicular_o from_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n and_o from_o the_o same_o angle_n to_o draw_v to_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n which_o will_v give_v the_o measure_n which_o we_o must_v give_v to_o every_o ascent_n and_o the_o place_n for_o the_o travers_n as_o well_o above_o as_o below_o for_o to_o set_v altar_n into_o perspestive_a the_o order_n of_o altar_n be_v the_o same_o with_o that_o of_o the_o frame_n of_o a_o long_a table_n that_o which_o be_v more_o in_o this_o be_v the_o round_a of_o the_o midst_n the_o border_n of_o the_o tablecloth_n and_o the_o lace_n which_o shall_v be_v find_v in_o their_o place_n do_v that_o which_o follow_v first_o for_o the_o body_n of_o the_o altar_n which_o we_o see_v in_o front_n there_o be_v no_o difficulty_n for_o have_v give_v to_o it_o the_o height_n and_o length_n there_o be_v nothing_o but_o to_o draw_v from_o all_o the_o point_n above_o the_o base_a to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n e_o and_o from_o the_o section_n that_o these_o point_n shall_v give_v to_o the_o line_n of_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o altar_n you_o must_v raise_v perpendicules_n for_o the_o round_a of_o the_o midst_n it_o be_v make_v with_o the_o compass_n the_o rest_n be_v clear_a enough_o within_o the_o figure_n for_o to_o make_v a_o altar_n on_o the_o side_n we_o must_v set_v the_o breadth_n and_o height_n which_o we_o shall_v give_v it_o at_o the_o place_n where_o we_o will_v begin_v it_o as_o be_v a_o b_o the_o breadth_n and_o b_o d_o the_o height_n then_o from_o b_o d_o and_z c_z to_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n e_o seeing_z that_z b_o f_o be_v the_o length_n of_o the_o body_n of_o the_o altar_n and_o that_o we_o will_v give_v the_o same_o to_o this_o we_o must_v from_o the_o point_n f_o draw_v to_o the_o distance_n g_o and_o take_v notice_n where_o we_o shall_v divide_v the_o ray_n b_o e_o and_o from_o the_o section_n elevate_v a_o little_a perpendicular_a until_o that_o it_o touch_v the_o ray_n d_o at_o the_o point_n h_n and_o from_o h_n to_o make_v a_o little_a parallel_n which_o shall_v give_v i_o at_o the_o ray_n c_o and_o then_o we_o shall_v have_v the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o altar_n c_o d_o h_o i_o for_o to_o have_v these_o two_o lace_n which_o be_v on_o one_o part_n and_o the_o other_o of_o the_o round_a the_o point_n k_o l_o will_v give_v they_o upon_o the_o ray_n b_o e_o by_o draw_v they_o to_o the_o distance_n g_o and_z m_o will_v give_v the_o breadth_n of_o the_o border_n of_o the_o tablecloth_n and_o have_v take_v the_o measure_n b_o m_o we_o must_v bring_v it_o to_o d_o which_o will_v give_v o_o for_o the_o breadth_n of_o the_o border_n of_o the_o tablecloth_n on_o high_a as_o concern_v the_o round_a i_o will_v not_o repeat_v that_o for_o i_o have_v speak_v of_o it_o elsewhere_o where_o any_o may_v have_v learned_a how_o it_o be_v set_v into_o perspective_n it_o be_v enough_o that_o we_o know_v that_o from_o all_o the_o division_n we_o must_v draw_v to_o the_o distance_n g_o and_o at_o the_o section_n of_o the_o ray_n b_o to_o raise_z perpendicules_n then_o to_o take_v these_o same_o measure_n and_o transport_v they_o from_o b_o unto_o o_o as_o be_v p_o and_o from_o all_o these_o measure_n to_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n e_o and_o to_o observe_v where_o they_o shall_v divide_v the_o occult_a perpendicular_o for_o to_o make_v by_o these_o point_v a_o crooked_a line_n which_o shall_v give_v the_o round_n in_o perspective_n if_o instead_o of_o these_o lace_n and_o of_o the_o round_a there_o be_v a_o embroidery_n we_o shall_v use_v the_o same_o order_n for_o to_o abbreviate_v it_o in_o the_o figure_n below_o i_o have_v make_v the_o same_o altar_n without_o line_n and_o adorn_v with_o a_o cross_n and_o two_o candlestick_n for_o to_o find_v the_o place_n of_o these_o candlestick_n we_o must_v prolong_v the_o line_n of_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o altar_n as_o be_v q_n r_o then_o from_o the_o distance_n g_o draw_v a_o line_n by_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o altar_n t_o and_o to_o continue_v it_o until_o that_o it_o divide_v that_o q_o r_o and_o this_o line_n q_o r_o shall_v be_v the_o length_n of_o the_o altar_n equal_a to_o b_o f_o of_o the_o first_o figure_n upon_o the_o which_o we_o shall_v set_v the_o measure_n of_o the_o cross_n and_o of_o the_o candlestick_n as_o be_v five_o for_o the_o cross_n and_o s_n for_o the_o candlestick_n from_o all_o these_o point_n s_o v_n we_o must_v draw_v to_o the_o distance_n g_o and_o take_v notice_n that_o at_o the_o section_n of_o the_o ray_n q_o e_o we_o must_v draw_v little_a parallel_n which_o we_o shall_v divide_v by_o the_o ray_n s_o e_o and_o will_v give_v the_o square_n above_o the_o altar_n x_o for_o the_o cross_n we_o must_v leave_v the_o square_n for_o the_o foot_n and_o from_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o square_n elevate_v the_o cross_n for_o to_o find_v the_o measure_n of_o the_o arm_n of_o the_o cross_n we_o must_v from_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o square_n raise_v the_o occult_a perpendicular_o as_o it_o be_v mark_v you_o and_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n e_o for_o the_o candlestick_n of_o this_o square_n we_o must_v make_v a_o round_a and_o observe_v where_o it_o shall_v divide_v the_o diagonal_a for_o to_o elevate_v these_o perpendicules_n which_o shall_v give_v the_o breadth_n of_o the_o basin_n from_o the_o which_o we_o must_v draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n e_o from_o the_o middle_a square_n or_o round_a foot_n of_o the_o candlestick_n we_o must_v elevate_v a_o perpendicular_a for_o the_o body_n of_o the_o candlestick_n and_o for_o the_o taper_n which_o we_o shall_v make_v as_o high_a as_o we_o will_v for_o to_o proportion_v it_o we_o must_v from_o the_o top_n of_o the_o first_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n e_o the_o rest_n have_v already_o
draw_v back_o the_o house_n we_o ought_v only_o to_o advance_v or_o draw_v back_o their_o elevation_n upon_o the_o plane_n of_o the_o square_n as_o l_o be_v more_o advance_v by_o one_o square_a then_o k_o and_o m_n more_o advance_v than_o l_o and_o so_o of_o other_o and_o for_o the_o rest_n to_o follow_v the_o method_n which_o we_o have_v give_v the_o figure_n above_o to_o that_o below_o that_o the_o object_n afar_o off_o show_v not_o the_o thickness_n he_o that_o practise_v this_o art_n shall_v be_v advertise_v that_o the_o object_n near_o to_o the_o horizon_n that_o be_v to_o say_v very_o much_o distant_a must_v not_o show_v the_o thickness_n be_v view_v in_o the_o front_n for_o example_n the_o house_n a_o b_o c_o d_o ought_v not_o to_o have_v thickness_n at_o the_o window_n and_o at_o the_o door_n but_o only_o a_o single_a draught_n the_o reason_n of_o this_o be_v that_o the_o ray_n which_o part_n from_o the_o object_n unite_v themselves_o in_o the_o eye_n with_o those_o that_o be_v collateral_n i_o will_v have_v bring_v the_o demonstration_n of_o this_o if_o i_o have_v believe_v that_o it_o will_v have_v serve_v but_o as_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a for_o my_o design_n and_o that_o it_o will_v be_v unprofitable_a i_o have_v let_v it_o alone_o remember_v myself_o that_o i_o promise_v at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o book_n that_o i_o will_v not_o give_v any_o see_v that_o i_o have_v to_o do_v with_o many_o person_n which_o will_v be_v in_o trouble_n to_o understand_v they_o for_o the_o building_n view_v by_o the_o angle_n of_o these_o two_o building_n view_v by_o the_o angle_n that_o of_o the_o first_o figure_n be_v make_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o we_o have_v say_v of_o the_o little_a square_n view_v by_o the_o angle_n and_o at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o elevation_n of_o other_o piece_n view_v in_o like_a manner_n but_o to_o avoid_v the_o trouble_n to_o run_v back_o to_o the_o one_o and_o to_o the_o other_o i_o will_v say_v that_o for_o to_o make_v these_o building_n we_o must_v always_o set_v the_o measure_n upon_o the_o base_a and_o draw_v they_o to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n and_o at_o their_o section_n to_o raise_v perpendicular_o and_o the_o first_o angle_n shall_v serve_v for_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n for_o example_n this_o body_n of_o a_o house_n have_v for_o his_o breadth_n a_o b_o and_o for_o its_o length_n b_o c_o which_o be_v the_o double_a of_o its_o breadth_n a_o b_o from_o th●se_a point_n a_o b_o we_o must_v draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n d_o and_o from_o b_o c_o to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n e_o from_o their_o section_n b_o f_o and_o g_o we_o must_v raise_v perpendicules_n which_o shall_v serve_v for_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o house_n for_o the_o measure_n of_o the_o door_n and_o the_o window_n they_o must_v be_v set_v upon_o the_o base_a between_o the_o letter_n a_o b_o and_z b_o c_o and_z drawing_z from_o all_o these_o point_n to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n d_o e_z we_o must_v take_v notice_n where_o the_o b_o d_o or_o b_o e_o shall_v be_v divide_v for_o to_o elevate_v there_o the_o ascent_n of_o the_o window_n the_o perpendicule_n of_o the_o first_o angle_n b_o must_v serve_v for_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n which_o shall_v give_v the_o travers_n and_o height_n of_o the_o window_n all_o the_o rest_n be_v intelligible_a enough_o for_o the_o figure_n below_o it_o be_v the_o same_o order_n with_o that_o of_o the_o chair_n without_o order_n which_o be_v that_o have_v make_v the_o plane_n geometrical_a we_o must_v set_v it_o into_o perspective_n as_o the_o irregular_a piece_n then_o to_o set_v the_o rule_n at_o every_o bend_n of_o the_o plane_n and_o to_o observe_v where_o the_o horizon_n shall_v be_v divide_v for_o to_o make_v a_o point_n there_o to_o which_o we_o must_v draw_v as_o if_o it_o be_v the_o point_n of_o sight_n of_o each_o side_n of_o the_o building_n each_o side_n have_v its_o particular_a point_n for_o example_n the_o plane_n be_v set_v in_o perspective_n the_o side_n h_n i_o give_v upon_o the_o horizon_n the_o point_n k_o to_o which_o we_o must_v draw_v all_o the_o ray_n of_o this_o side_n the_o other_o side_n i_o l_o must_v also_o have_v its_o point_n within_o the_o horizon_n but_o our_o paper_n be_v too_o short_a for_o to_o make_v it_o be_v see_v these_o 2_o point_n be_v find_v we_o must_v place_v there_o the_o rule_n and_o make_v a_o occult_a line_n to_o pass_v by_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o build_a parallel_n upon_o the_o plane_n to_o that_o which_o have_v give_v the_o point_n within_o the_o horizon_n and_o to_o continue_v it_o unto_o the_o base_a as_o from_o the_o point_n k_o by_o the_o corner_n l_o unto_o m_n and_o by_o the_o corner_n h_n unto_o n._n then_o to_o set_v between_o n_n i_o the_o number_n of_o the_o window_n which_o must_v be_v on_o the_o side_n h_n i_o and_o between_o ay_o and_o m_o to_o set_v the_o measure_n of_o they_o that_o we_o will_v have_v on_o the_o side_n i_o l_o all_o these_o measure_n be_v upon_o the_o base_a we_o must_v draw_v they_o to_o the_o point_n that_o we_o have_v find_v and_o do_v altogether_o the_o same_o as_o in_o the_o figure_n above_o for_o to_o set_v alley_n of_o tree_n in_o perspective_n although_o that_o by_o the_o order_n foregoing_a one_o may_v draw_v sufficient_a instruction_n for_o to_o set_v alley_n of_o tree_n in_o perspective_n yet_o i_o do_v believe_v that_o it_o will_v not_o be_v unprofitable_a to_o give_v a_o particular_a order_n therein_o which_o may_v make_v the_o method_n more_o easy_a if_o one_o will_v have_v but_o one_o rank_n of_o tree_n on_o each_o side_n of_o the_o perspective_n there_o will_v be_v no_o need_n to_o make_v a_o plane_n of_o little_a square_n he_o may_v only_o do_v as_o i_o have_v say_v in_o the_o four_o advice_n fol._n 17._o but_o when_o one_o will_v make_v a_o company_n of_o alley_n to_o appear_v it_o seem_v to_o i_o that_o he_o sh_z will_v do_v very_o well_o to_o frame_v with_o occult_a line_n a_o pavement_n of_o little_a square_n with_o the_o oak_n even_o as_o it_o have_v be_v teach_v in_o the_o plane_n fol._n 31._o and_o from_o the_o diagonal_a of_o little_a square_n to_o raise_v perpendicules_n as_o one_o may_v see_v a_o b_o if_o one_o desire_v the_o tree_n to_o be_v far_o of_o or_o near_o the_o one_o to_o the_o other_o he_o must_v increase_v or_o diminish_v upon_o the_o base_a the_o distance_n of_o the_o square_n when_o one_o shall_v have_v give_v such_o height_n as_o he_o will_v to_o the_o trunk_n of_o the_o first_o tree_n as_o be_v a_o c_o from_o the_o point_n c_o he_o must_v draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n d_o to_o the_o end_n that_o all_o the_o trunk_n of_o the_o other_o tree_n may_v not_o pass_v the_o ray_n c_o d_o the_o first_o tree_n a_o b_o make_v it_o to_o be_v see_v that_o between_o 2_o right_a line_n one_o may_v give_v to_o the_o tree_n such_o compass_n as_o he_o shall_v find_v good_a and_o that_o they_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v draw_v by_o the_o rule_n the_o figure_n below_o be_v order_v as_o that_o above_o there_o be_v no_o difference_n but_o only_o that_o above_o give_v the_o square_n right_o or_o in_o front_n and_o this_o give_v they_o view_v by_o the_o angle_n that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o from_o the_o measure_n upon_o the_o base_a we_o must_v always_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n e_o f_o and_o from_o the_o little_a square_n to_o raise_v perpendicules_n and_o to_o do_v the_o rest_n as_o we_o have_v say_v heretofore_o one_o may_v within_o the_o same_o perspective_n where_o some_o alley_n shall_v be_v draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n set_v also_o those_o that_o shall_v draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n as_o one_o may_v see_v by_o this_o of_o the_o midst_n which_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n g_o which_o be_v the_o point_n of_o sight_n and_o the_o other_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n e_o f_o which_o be_v the_o point_n of_o distance_n for_o garden_n in_o perspective_n i_o have_v give_v in_o the_o treatise_n of_o planes_n the_o method_n to_o abbreviate_v and_o set_v into_o perspective_n the_o plane_n of_o a_o garden_n with_o its_o compartment_n by_o a_o order_n sufficient_o easy_a suppose_v that_o you_o have_v the_o plane_n but_o as_o i_o avoid_v these_o geometrical_a planes_n because_o there_o be_v need_n of_o too_o much_o time_n for_o to_o make_v they_o i_o have_v set_v these_o here_o by_o the_o which_o we_o shall_v know_v that_o have_v make_v a_o plane_n of_o square_n we_o may_v take_v as_o much_o or_o little_a as_o we_o will_v for_o the_o square_n of_o the_o garden_n as_o be_v here_o a_o b_o which_o
perspective_n door_n and_o arch_n round_o double_a show_v their_o thickness_n page_n 63._o of_o figure_n in_o arch_n of_o another_o fashion_n arch_n view_v oblique_o in_o perspective_n ib._n of_o arch_n slat_n or_o in_o manner_n of_o a_o basket_n or_o demi-circle_n page_n 65._o for_o to_o set_v arch_n or_o half_a circle_n upon_o pilaster_n or_o column_n page_n 67._o arch_n in_o the_o three_o point_n ib._n for_o to_o set_v into_o perspective_n vault_n or_o cross_a arch_n page_n 68_o for_o to_o make_v the_o same_o vault_n more_o exact_o page_n 69._o for_o to_o make_v the_o vault_n more_o strait_a and_o large_a page_n 70._o a_o vault_n make_v by_o the_o order_n page_n 71._o of_o arch_n and_o door_n with_o three_o square_n page_n 72._o of_o another_o arch_n half_a decagone_n or_o 5_o square_n ib._n the_o elevation_n of_o round_a figure_n in_o perspective_n page_n 73._o the_o elevation_n of_o pilaster_n set_v into_o a_o round_a ib._n a_o vault_n like_o a_o sc●llop_n shall_v set_v into_o perspective_n page_n 74._o of_o open_a round_n in_o steeple_n or_o vault_n pierce_v in_o perspective_n page_n 75._o that_o the_o multitude_n of_o object_n and_o plurality_n of_o story_n ought_v to_o have_v but_o our_o point_n o_o sight_n page_n 76._o to_o set_v chimney_n into_o perspective_n page_n 77._o of_o stair_n in_o perspective_n page_n 78._o other_o step_n hollow_v underneath_o in_o perspective_n page_n 79._o step_v in_o front_n in_o perspective_n ib._n for_o to_o make_v stair_n which_o one_o may_v show_v from_o four_o sin_n page_n 80._o stair_n view_v on_o the_o side_n in_o perspective_n page_n 81._o stair_n within_o a_o wall_n in_o perspective_n ib._n for_o wind_a stair_n with_o rest_n in_o perspective_n page_n 82._o stair_n wind_v upright_o in_o perspective_n page_n 83._o sq●ares_v set_v into_o around_o in_o perspective_n page_n 84._o round_o stair_n in_o perspective_n page_n 85._o round_o stair_n view_v from_o the_o side_n in_o perspective_n ib._n for_o the_o wind_a stair_n up_o turn_v ascent_n page_n 86._o of_o column_n or_o pillar_n in_o perspective_n page_n 87._o of_o corn●shes_n and_o moulding_n in_o perspective_n page_n 88_o a_o great_a cornish_a above_o the_o horizon_n in_o perspective_n page_n 89._o for_o to_o find_v the_o under_o part_n of_o the_o great_a projector_n page_n 90_o of_o the_o cornish_n and_o the_o moulding_n under_o the_o horizon_n page_n 91._o for_o cornish●s_n with_o many_o return_v page_n 92._o for_o the_o open_a ning_n of_o do●rs_n in_o perspective_n page_n 93._o f_o r_o the_o open_n of_o window_n in_o perspective_n page_n 94._o for_o the_o open_n of_o the_o window_n with_o chamfreti●gs_n ib._n of_o divers_a ●ther_n open_n page_n 95._o of_o plane_n and_o the_o first_o elevation_n of_o moveable_n page_n 96._o of_o the_o elevation_n of_o movable_n page_n 97._o for_o to_o make_v the_o upper_a part_n of_o table_n stool_n etc._n etc._n page_n 98._o for_o to_o elevate_v a_o court_n cupboard_n or_o cabinet_n page_n 99_o for_o the_o elevation_n of_o chair_n page_n 100_o one_o other_o fashiono_n of_o movable_n in_o perspective_n page_n 101._o of_o movable_n set_v without_o order_n page_n 102_o of_o movable_n lie_v or_o throw_v upon_o the_o ground_n page_n 103._o for_o to_o set_v altar_n into_o perspective_n page_n 104._o of_o merchant_n shop_n in_o perspective_n page_n 105._o of_o the_o out_o side_n of_o building_n page_n 106._o for_o to_o set_v the_o roof_n of_o house_n in_o perspective_n page_n 107._o the_o rest_n of_o the_o roof_n in_o perspective_n page_n 108._o for_o to_o set_v a_o street_n into_o perspective_n page_n 109._o that_o the_o object_n afar_o off_o show_v not_o the_o thickness_n page_n 110._o for_o the_o building_n view_v by_o the_o angles_n page_n 111._o for_o to_o set_v alley_n of_o tree_n into_o perspective_n page_n 112._o for_o garden_n in_o perspective_n page_n 113._o the_o little_a square_n with_o border_n ib_a for_o to_o elevate_v and_o set_v in_o perspective_n fortification_n page_n 114._o for_o to_o make_v the_o design_n of_o perspective_n page_n 115._o for_o to_o draw_v little_a perspective_n into_o great_a and_o gr_a at_o into_o little_a page_n 116._o order_n to_o facilitate_v the_o universal_a manner_n of_o the_o ste●r_n g._n d._n l._n page_n 117._o of_o a_o general_a manner_n for_o to_o exercise_v perspective_n without_o set_v the_o point_n of_o distance_n out_o of_o the_o picture_n or_o field_n of_o the_o work_n by_o the_o sie_z r_o g._n d_o l._n page_n 118._o for_o to_o give_v just_o the_o distance_n remove_v the_o po_fw-es nt_v rema●●i●g_v in_o the_o picture_n page_n 119_o a_o very_a fine_a inve●tion_n for_o to_o make_v natural_o perspective_n without_o keep_v the_o rule_n page_n 120._o another_o pretty_a invention_n for_o to_o exercise_v the_o perspective_n without_o know_v it_o page_n 121._o for_o figure_n in_o perspective_n page_n 122._o for_o the_o figure_n have_v the_o eye_n within_o the_o horizon_n ib._n for_o the_o figure_n have_v the_o horizon_n below_o ib._n for_o the_o figure_n have_v the_o horizon_n high_a page_n 123._o for_o the_o figure_n that_o have_v foot_n as_o the_o horizon_n ib._n for_o figure_n elevate_v above_o the_o plane_n page_n 124._o of_o the_o posture_n that_o we_o shall_v give_v to_o figure_n in_o the_o perspective_n page_n 125._o of_o beast_n and_o bird_n in_o perspective_n ib._n for_o to_o find_v the_o height_n of_o figure_n far_o remove_v the_o first_o be_v upon_o a_o mountain_n near_o to_o the_o eye_n page_n 126._o for_o to_o give_v the_o natural_a height_n or_o such_o as_o one_o will_v to_o figure_n elevate_v on_o high_a page_n 127._o for_o to_o know_v how_o much_o figure_n equal_a diminish_v to_o the_o eye_n the_o one_o set_v above_o the_o other_o in_o height_n ib._n of_o measure_n for_o the_o figure_n elevate_v page_n 128._o the_o original_a of_o shadow_n page_n 129._o of_o the_o difference_n of_o shadow_n page_n 130._o for_o to_o find_v the_o shape_n of_o the_o shadow_n page_n 131_o of_o shadow_n take_v from_o the_o sun_n page_n 132_o ●te_a shadow_n ●f_o the_o sun_n be_v equal_a to_o the_o object_n of_o the_o same_o height_n although_o that_o they_o b●_n remove_v the_o one_o from_o the_o other_o page_n 133._o of_o the_o shad_v w_n when_o the_o sun_n be_v direct_o opposite_a to_o the_o eye_n page_n 134._o for_o to_o give_v the_o shadow_n of_o th●_n object_n pierce_v by_o the_o light_n page_n 135_o the_o shadow_n take_v the_o shape_n of_o the_o plane_n where_o they_o be_v cast_v page_n 136_o for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o ob●ec_fw-la when_o they_o have_v more_o breadth_n above_o then_o below_o page_n 137._o for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o object_n elevate_v from_o the_o ground_n page_n 138._o for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n at_o the_o sun_n in_o all_o sort_n of_o figure_n page_n 139._o for_o find_v with_o facility_n the_o shadow_n by_o the_o sun_n page_n 140._o the_o shadow_n take_v from_o a_o torch_n from_o a_o candle_n and_o from_o a_o lamp_n be_v find_v by_o one_o and_o the_o same_o order_n page_n 141._o of_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n page_n 142._o for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n by_o a_o torch_n on_o all_o the_o side_n of_o a_o chamber_n page_n 143._o the_o shadow_n by_o a_o torch_n of_o a_o pyramid_n upright_o and_o another_o upside_o down_o page_n 144._o the_o shadow_n of_o a_o cross_n ib._n for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o round_a object_n by_o a_o torch_n page_n 145._o of_o the_o shadow_n upon_o many_o plane_n parallel_v page_n 146._o the_o shadow_n of_o board_v floor_n by_o a_o torch_n page_n 147._o for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n by_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n page_n 148._o of_o the_o shadow_n double_v ib._n for_o the_o shadow_n of_o figure_n by_o a_o torch_n page_n 149._o of_o the_o divers_a disposition_n and_o height_n of_o shadow_n by_o the_o torch_n page_n 150_o finis_fw-la a_o catalogue_n of_o book_n print_v for_o rob._n prick_v and_o be_v to_o be_v sell_v at_o his_o shop_n over_o against_o the_o cross-keys_n in_o white-cross-street_n and_o the_o golden_a lion_n at_o the_o corner_n of_o new-cheapside_n near_o bethlehem_n a_o new_a treatise_n of_o architecture_n according_a to_o vitruvius_n wherein_o be_v discourse_v of_o the_o five_o order_n of_o column_n viz._n the_o tuscan_a derick_n jonick_a corinthian_a and_o composite_a divide_v into_o seven_o chapter_n which_o declare_v their_o different_a proportion_n measure_n and_o proper_a name_n according_a to_o the_o practice_n of_o the_o ancient_a architect_n both_o greek_n and_o roman_n as_o also_o of_o their_o part_n general_a and_o particular_a necessary_a in_o building_n of_o temple_n church_n palace_n castle_n fortress_n and_o all_o other_o building_n with_o their_o dependent_n as_o gate_n arch_n triumphant_a fountain_n sepulcher_n chimney_n cross-barred_a window_n portal_n platform_n and_o other_o ornament_n serve_v as_o well_o for_o the_o beautify_v of_o building_n in_o city_n as_o for_o necessary_a fortification_n of_o they_o design_v by_o julian_n mauclerc_n lord_n of_o lign●ron_n mauclerc_n brossand_n ere_o and_o remanguis_n whereunto_o be_v add_v the_o several_a measure_n and_o proportion_n of_o the_o famous_a architect_n schamozzi_n palladio_n and_o vignola_n with_o some_o rule_n of_o perspective_n the_o whole_a represent_v in_o fifty_o large_a print_n enrich_v with_o the_o rare_a ornament_n of_o antiquity_n and_o capital_n of_o extraordinary_a greatness_n with_o their_o architrave_n friese_n and_o cornish_v proportionable_a large_a fol._n price_n bind_v 12_o s_o a_o new_a book_n of_o architecture_n wherein_o be_v represent_v forty_o figure_n of_o gate_n and_o arch_n triumphant_a compose_v of_o different_a invention_n according_a to_o the_o five_o order_n of_o column_n viz_o the_o tuscan_a doric_a jonick_a corinthian_a and_o composite_a by_o alexander_n francine_n florentine_a engineer_n in_o ordinary_a to_o the_o french_a king_n with_o a_o description_n of_o each_o figure_n large_a fol_z bound_z 10_o s_o the_o art_n of_o fair_a building_n represent_v in_o several_a upright_n of_o house_n with_o their_o ground-plot_n fit_v for_o person_n of_o several_a quality_n wherein_o be_v divide_v each_o room_n and_o office_n according_a to_o their_o most_o convenient_a occasion_n with_o their_o height_n depth_n length_n and_o bredth_n according_a to_o proportion_n with_o rule_n and_o direction_n for_o the_o place_n of_o door_n window_n chimney_n bed_n stair_n and_o other_o conveniency_n with_o their_o just_a measure_n for_o their_o best_a advantage_n both_o of_o commodiousness_n health_n strength_n and_o ornament_n also_o a_o description_n of_o the_o name_n and_o proportion_n of_o the_o member_n belong_v to_o the_o frame_n of_o the_o timber-work_n with_o direction_n and_o example_n for_o the_o place_n of_o they_o by_o pierre_n le_fw-fr miet_n architect_n in_o ordinary_a to_o the_o french_a king_n and_z surveyor_z of_o his_o design_n and_o fortification_n in_o the_o province_n of_o picardy_n large_a fol._n price_n bind_v 8_o s_o a_o book_n of_o architect_n contain_v cieling-piece_n chimney-piece_n fountain_n and_o several_a sort_n useful_a for_o carpenter_n joiner_n carver_n painter_n invent_v by_o i_o barbet_n gething_n red_a vivus_fw-la or_o the_o pen_n masterpiece_n be_v the_o last_o work_n of_o that_o eminent_a and_o accomplish_a master_n in_o this_o art_n contain_v example_n of_o all_o curious_a hand_n write_v and_o now_o in_o practice_n in_o england_n and_o the_o neighbour_a nation_n with_o necessary_a rule_n and_o direction_n towards_o the_o attain_n of_o fair_a writing_n etc._n etc._n a_o excellent_a introduction_n to_o architecture_n be_v a_o book_n of_o geometrical_a practice_n which_o be_v the_o first_o degree_n of_o all_o art_n wherein_o be_v contain_v variety_n of_o example_n of_o that_o admirable_a science_n show_v and_o describe_v the_o make_n of_o several_a figure_n in_o that_o nature_n with_o the_o proper_a name_n belong_v to_o each_o member_n and_o figure_n and_o how_o to_o begin_v and_o end_v they_o after_o a_o plain_a and_o easy_a manner_n it_o be_v of_o great_a use_n to_o all_o artist_n and_o workman_n concern_v in_o building_n more_o especial_o surveyor_n architect_n engineer_n mason_n carpenter_n joiner_n bricklayer_n plasterer_n painter_n carver_n glasier_n &c_n &c_n in_o general_n for_o all_o that_o be_v concern_v or_o delight_n to_o practice_v with_o the_o rule_n and_o compass_n 4to_fw-la price_n bind_v 2_o s_o m●gnum_fw-la in_o parvo_fw-la or_o the_o practice_n of_o geometry_n with_o a_o new_a order_n and_o particular_a method_n thereof_o wherein_o be_v contain_v example_n of_o landscape_n piece_n of_o perspective_n and_o the_o like_a represent_v by_o eighty_o two_o plate_n each_o plate_n have_v a_o full_a descrptiion_n bind_v with_o fillet_n 4_o s._n likewise_o there_o be_v choice_n of_o copy-book_n map_n landscape_n cieling-piece_n book_n of_o bird_n beast_n flower_n and_o fruit_n colour_a or_o black_a and_o white_a also_o very_o good_a choice_n of_o italian_a french_a and_o dutch_a print_n there_o likewise_o you_o may_v have_v money_n for_o such_o like_a book_n or_o print_n in_o english_a italian_a french_a and_o dutch_a or_o other_o in_o exchange_n for_o they_o finis_fw-la
of_o the_o eye_n by_o reason_n that_o it_o be_v opposite_a to_o he_o which_o look_v upon_o it_o of_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n the_o point_n of_o distance_n or_o point_n of_o distance_n be_v a_o point_n or_o point_n for_o they_o make_v two_o although_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a which_o be_v to_o be_v set_v equal_o distant_a from_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n they_o call_v they_o point_n of_o distance_n because_o that_o the_o person_n must_v be_v as_o much_o distant_a from_o the_o figure_n or_o picture_n and_o from_o the_o base_a as_o these_o point_n be_v distant_a from_o the_o point_n ocular_a and_o they_o must_v always_o be_v within_o the_o horizontal_a line_n as_o h_n i_o be_v the_o horizon_n k_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n l_o and_o m_o be_v the_o point_n of_o distance_n which_o serve_v to_o afford_v all_o the_o abridgement_n as_o for_o example_n if_o from_o the_o end_n of_o the_o line_n e_o g_o one_o draw_v two_o line_n to_o the_o point_n k_o and_o from_o the_o same_o point_n f_o g_o one_o draw_v two_o line_n to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n m_n and_o l_o where_o these_o two_o line_n g_o l_o and_o f_o k_n shall_v be_v divide_v at_o the_o point_n x_o and_o g_o k_n and_o f_o m_o at_o the_o point_n y_fw-fr this_o shall_v be_v the_o line_n of_o sink_v or_o hollow_v and_o the_o abridgement_n of_o the_o square_n whereof_o f_o g_z be_v a_o side_n and_o the_o base_a the_o line_n that_o go_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n be_v all_o visual_a ray_n and_o those_o which_o go_v to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n be_v diagonals_n of_o point_n accidental_a point_n contingent_a or_o accidental_a be_v certain_a point_n where_o the_o object_n do_v end_n which_o may_v be_v cast_v negligent_o and_o without_o order_n under_o the_o plane_n it_o be_v because_o they_o be_v not_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n ocular_a nor_o to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n but_o by_o chance_n and_o at_o adventure_n where_o they_o meet_v each_o other_o in_o the_o horizon_n as_o for_o example_n these_o two_o piece_n of_o wood_n x_o and_o y_z do_v make_v the_o point_n v_o v_o v_o v_o above_o the_o horizon_n p_o and_z q_o and_o go_v not_o to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n which_o be_v r_n nor_o to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n s_n and_o t_o and_o sometime_o the_o body_n or_o object_n be_v so_o ill_o order_v that_o one_o must_v make_v these_o point_n without_o the_o horizon_n as_o we_o shall_v cause_v to_o be_v see_v in_o its_o place_n they_o serve_v also_o for_o the_o open_n of_o door_n of_o window_n of_o stair_n and_o such_o like_a thing_n the_o which_o shall_v be_v see_v hereafter_o 1._o fig._n 2._o fig._n 3._o fig_n of_o the_o point_n of_o the_o front_n the_o point_n of_o sight_n direct_v or_o of_o the_o front_n it_o be_v when_o we_o have_v the_o object_n whole_a before_o we_o without_o be_v more_o on_o the_o one_o side_n then_o the_o other_o and_o then_o one_o have_v the_o object_n whole_o right_a that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o it_o show_v nothing_o but_o the_o forepart_n when_o it_o be_v elevate_v and_o a_o little_a above_o if_o it_o be_v under_o the_o horizon_n but_o it_o never_o show_v its_o side_n if_o the_o object_n be_v not_o a_o polygone_a for_o example_n the_o plane_n a_o b_o c_o d_o be_v whole_o the_o front_n so_o that_o one_o can_v see_v nothing_o of_o the_o side_n a_o b_o nor_o c_o d_o if_o it_o be_v elevate_v but_o only_o the_o forepart_n a_o d._n the_o reason_n be_v for_o that_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n e_o be_v direct_o opposite_a to_o it_o it_o cause_v the_o diminution_n of_o the_o one_o side_n and_o the_o other_o this_o aught_o to_o be_v understand_v if_o the_o object_n be_v a_o elevation_n for_o when_o there_o be_v nothing_o but_o the_o plane_n it_o show_v all_o as_o a_o b_o c_o d._n of_o the_o point_n of_o the_o side_n the_o oblique_a point_n of_o sight_n or_o on_o the_o side_n be_v when_o we_o see_v the_o object_n on_o the_o side_n of_o we_o and_o that_o we_o see_v it_o not_o but_o athwart_o or_o with_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o eye_n our_o eye_n be_v nevertheless_o always_o over_o against_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n for_o than_o we_o see_v the_o object_n on_o the_o side_n and_o it_o show_v we_o two_o face_n for_o example_n if_o the_o eye_n be_v in_o f_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n the_o object_n g_o h_o i_o k_n will_v appear_v to_o it_o athwart_o and_o will_v show_v to_o it_o two_o face_n g_o k_n and_o g_o h_n and_o then_o it_o will_v be_v a_o point_n of_o the_o side_n we_o ought_v to_o do_v altogether_o the_o same_o in_o the_o point_n of_o the_o side_n as_o in_o the_o point_n of_o the_o front_n set_v a_o point_n of_o sight_n and_o those_o of_o distance_n etc._n etc._n brief_o the_o same_o be_v to_o be_v do_v as_o at_o the_o view_n of_o the_o front_n 1._o fig_n 2._o fig._n of_o the_o visual_a ray_n this_o be_v a_o general_a maxim_n that_o all_o the_o line_n which_o be_v perpendicular_a to_o the_o base_a within_o a_o geometral_a plane_n ought_v always_o to_o be_v draw_v at_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n when_o one_o will_v set_v the_o same_o plane_n in_o perspective_n for_o example_n in_o the_o little_a plane_n of_o the_o first_o figure_n the_o base_a be_v a_o b_o upon_o which_o all_o the_o line_n z_o be_v perpendicular_a to_o it_o this_o be_v suppose_v that_o if_o one_o give_v a_o less_o or_o a_o great_a line_n than_o that_o of_o the_o plane_n as_o the_o great_a line_n a_o b_o which_o have_v the_o same_o number_n of_o division_n with_o the_o little_a one_o and_o from_o all_o these_o division_n z_o one_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n all_o these_o line_n of_o z_o to_o e_z they_o will_v all_o be_v perpendicular_a to_o the_o base_a according_a to_o the_o reason_n of_o perspective_n we_o may_v also_o name_v they_o radial_a and_o proper_o visual_a ray_n the_o last_o of_o which_o be_v call_v extreme_n by_o reason_n that_o they_o be_v at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o base_a as_o be_v these_o a_o b._n of_o the_o diagonal_n or_o diametral_n and_o of_o their_o section_n it_o be_v also_o a_o maxim_n that_o all_o the_o diagonal_o of_o square_n in_o perspective_n be_v draw_v at_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n for_o example_n at_o the_o little_a plane_n of_o the_o second_o figure_n the_o diagonal_n d_o o_fw-fr f_o o_o be_v draw_v at_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n in_o the_o plane_n in_o perspective_n the_o which_o make_v that_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n do_v give_v we_o the_o abridgement_n of_o the_o object_n that_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n do_v remove_v from_o we_o in_o such_o manner_n as_o we_o have_v already_o say_v that_o if_o one_o draw_v from_o the_o end_n of_o the_o line_n of_o the_o base_a f_o g_o to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n l_o m_n they_o shall_v be_v diagonal_n and_o where_o the_o line_n shall_v divide_v the_o outmost_a ray_n f_o k_n and_o g_o k_n at_o the_o point_n o_o this_o shall_v be_v the_o abridgement_n of_o the_o square_n whereof_o f_o g_z be_v one_o side_n and_o where_o the_o same_o line_n shall_v divide_v the_o line_n z_o at_o the_o point_n qui_fw-fr one_o must_v draw_v parallel_n which_o shall_v give_v the_o abridgement_n of_o all_o the_o square_n and_o a_o like_a number_n of_o all_o the_o side_n as_o in_o the_o little_a plane_n and_o the_o more_o these_o point_n of_o distance_n be_v remove_v from_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n the_o more_o the_o object_n do_v abridge_v themselves_o and_o close_o together_o and_o this_o be_v it_o why_o all_o the_o beauty_n of_o the_o perspective_n depend_v on_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n which_o ought_v neither_o to_o be_v too_o near_o nor_o too_o far_o off_o from_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n the_o which_o make_v i_o set_v this_o three_o figure_n with_o diversity_n of_o removal_n for_o to_o cause_v a_o belief_n of_o the_o verity_n of_o that_o which_o i_o be_o speak_v let_v we_o suppose_v then_o that_o r_n be_v the_o point_n of_o sight_n and_o s_o s_o the_o outmost_a ray_n if_o one_o set_v the_o point_n of_o distance_n at_o t_o he_o shall_v divide_v the_o radius_fw-la s_o r_o at_o the_o point_n v_n which_o shall_v be_v the_o abridgement_n of_o the_o square_n whereof_o s_n s_n be_v one_o side_n the_o which_o be_v ridiculous_a to_o see_v a_o square_n which_o shall_v appear_v three_o time_n more_o hollow_a than_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v by_o reason_n that_o the_o point_n of_o the_o distance_n t_n be_v too_o near_o to_o the_o point_n of_o the_o sight_n r_o for_o it_o must_v be_v at_o the_o near_a that_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n be_v as_o far_o remove_v from_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n as_o the_o half_a
side_n behold_v it_o here_o take_v a_o compass_n and_o set_v one_o leg_n upon_o the_o base_a with_o the_o other_o take_v the_o most_o perpendicular_o that_o you_o shall_v be_v able_a the_o section_n that_o you_o desire_v to_o transport_v as_o d_o and_o carry_v it_o upon_o this_o line_n perpendicular_a as_o e_z o_o and_o mark_v your_o measure_n f_o then_o draw_v from_o d_o to_o f_o and_o you_o shall_v have_v the_o same_o as_o if_o there_o be_v two_o point_n of_o distance_n and_o so_o of_o all_o other_o section_n the_o seven_o advice_n that_o we_o shall_v not_o use_v the_o diagonal_a when_o one_o will_v use_v the_o outmost_a ray_n for_o the_o line_n or_o section_n as_o it_o may_v be_v g_o h_n he_o ought_v to_o set_v the_o object_n upon_o the_o base_a as_o be_v k_o l_o m_o n_o o_o and_o from_o thence_o to_o draw_v they_o to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n l_o which_o ought_v to_o be_v draw_v back_o as_o far_o as_o shall_v be_v possible_a to_o the_o end_n that_o the_o abridgement_n of_o the_o perspective_n may_v be_v the_o more_o please_a thereby_o for_o if_o the_o point_n be_v near_o to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n g_o the_o object_n will_v have_v too_o much_o hollowness_n i_o mean_v for_o example_n that_o a_o square_n will_v appear_v a_o parallelogram_n and_o from_o this_o point_n i_o to_o run_v through_o all_o the_o object_n k_o l_o m_o n_o o_o and_o to_o mark_v the_o section_n of_o the_o ray_n g_o h_n and_o from_o these_o point_n to_o draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o base_a or_o of_o the_o horizon_n as_o be_v here_o p_o q._n this_o method_n be_v the_o least_o in_o use_n although_o some_o do_v take_v it_o the_o eight_o advice_n for_o to_o abridge_v in_o divers_a manner_n if_o sometime_o one_o be_v take_v in_o a_o strait_a and_o that_o one_o can_v remove_v the_o point_n of_o distance_n we_o must_v elevate_v from_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o ray_n s_o r_o a_o small_a perpendicular_a as_o t_o s_n which_o shall_v receive_v the_o section_n and_o give_v a_o lesser_a abridgement_n and_o if_o one_o will_v have_v it_o yet_o more_o little_a he_o shall_v but_o only_o bend_v a_o line_n as_o be_v x_o the_o which_o by_o reason_n of_o its_o inclination_n cause_v that_o the_o section_n be_v close_o together_o then_o for_o to_o draw_v the_o parallel_n he_o have_v only_o to_o transport_v this_o line_n x_o or_o t_o upon_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o other_o ray_n as_o be_v five_o and_o from_o all_o these_o point_n to_o draw_v line_n parallel_n to_o the_o base_a and_o you_o shall_v have_v that_o which_o you_o desire_v 1_o fig_n 2_o fig_n 3._o fig_n the_o order_n for_o plane_n in_o perspective_n of_o planes_n view_v direct_o or_o in_o front_n one_o may_v have_v see_v at_o the_o three_o and_o four_o advice_n and_o the_o elevation_n follow_v will_v cause_v to_o know_v that_o it_o be_v not_o my_o purpose_n that_o one_o shall_v use_v plane_n geometrical_a for_o to_o make_v perspective_n for_o this_o will_v be_v to_o double_v the_o labour_n and_o no_o painter_n will_v take_v this_o pain_n see_v that_o i_o teach_v he_o to_o make_v the_o same_o thing_n by_o mean_n of_o the_o base_a but_o as_o there_o be_v no_o rule_n so_o general_a which_o have_v not_o its_o exception_n so_o there_o be_v certain_a figure_n which_o one_o can_v set_v into_o perspective_n but_o by_o the_o help_n of_o these_o plane_n further_o also_o one_o shall_v be_v trouble_v if_o one_o shall_v give_v one_o of_o these_o plane_n to_o be_v set_v into_o perspective_n and_o that_o one_o have_v not_o learn_v how_o he_o ought_v to_o procee_v these_o reason_n have_v oblige_v i_o to_o set_v these_o which_o follow_v the_o which_o will_v suffice_v to_o learn_v to_o set_v into_o perspective_n all_o those_o which_o may_v be_v present_v and_o also_o be_v imagine_v 1._o to_o contract_v or_o abridge_v a_o square_a a_o b_o c_o d._n one_o must_v draw_v a_o b_o at_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n e_o and_o from_o the_o same_o angle_n a_o b_o two_o diagonal_n f_o b_o a_o g_o and_o where_o they_o shall_v divide_v the_o ray_n a_o e_o and_o b_o e_o at_o the_o point_v h_n and_o i._n this_o shall_v be_v the_o square_a a_o b_o c_o d_o abridge_v into_o a_o h_n i_o b_o for_o to_o make_v it_o without_o the_o geometrical_a plane_n we_o must_v draw_v from_o b_o to_o f_o or_o from_o a_o to_o g_o or_o else_o transport_v a_o b_o upon_o the_o base_a as_o b_o k_o and_o from_o the_o point_n k_o to_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n f_o it_o will_v give_v the_o same_o section_n i_o upon_o the_o ray_n b_o e._n 2._o to_o abridge_v a_o square_n view_v by_o the_o angle_n d_o have_v make_v the_o plane_n a_o b_o c_o d._n we_o must_v draw_v a_o line_n which_o touch_v the_o angle_n b_o and_o it_o must_v be_v in_o right_a angle_n upon_o the_o line_n b_o d._n this_o base_a be_v produce_v we_o must_v set_v the_o rule_n upon_o the_o side_n of_o the_o square_n as_o a_o d_o and_z d_o c_o and_o where_o this_o rule_n shall_v divide_v the_o base_a there_o to_o make_v the_o point_v h_n ay_o then_o to_o draw_v h_n and_o b_o to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n p_o and_o b_o i_o to_o the_o other_o point_n of_o distance_n g._n and_o at_o the_o section_n of_o these_o line_n to_o make_v the_o point_n which_o shall_v give_v you_o the_o square_a k_o l_o m_o b_o for_o to_o make_v it_o without_o the_o plane_n you_o must_v set_v the_o diameter_n on_o the_o one_o part_n and_o the_o other_o of_o the_o middle_a b_o as_o h_z and_o i._n but_o as_o well_o in_o the_o one_o manner_n as_o the_o other_o you_o must_v not_o draw_v at_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n o._n 3._o to_o abridge_v a_o circle_n it_o must_v be_v enclose_v in_o a_o square_a a_o b_o c_o d_o and_o from_o the_o angle_n a_o d_o and_o g_o b_o to_z draw_z diagonal_n which_o shall_v divide_v the_o circle_n into_o eight_o part_n and_o where_o they_o shall_v divide_v it_o at_o the_o point_n o_o to_o draw_v upon_o the_o base_a the_o perpendicular_n e_o f_o then_o to_o draw_v two_o line_n diametral_a q_o r_o s_o p_o which_o divide_v themselves_o in_o right_a angle_n at_o the_o centre_n g._n the_o plane_n be_v order_v in_o this_o manner_n you_o must_v draw_v all_o the_o perpendicular_o at_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n h_n and_o where_o they_o be_v divide_v the_o diagonal_n a_o k_o and_o b_o ay_o to_o make_v point_n of_o the_o which_o the_o two_o latter_a m_o n_n be_v the_o draught_n of_o the_o square_n which_o be_v to_o be_v divide_v into_o four_o by_o the_o section_n of_o the_o diagonal_n at_o the_o point_n p._n then_o from_o the_o end_n of_o this_o cross_n they_o draw_v bend_a line_n by_o these_o point_n which_o give_v the_o shape_n of_o a_o circle_n in_o perspective_n this_o manner_n may_v pass_v for_o little_a one_o but_o we_o shall_v give_v one_o more_o exact_a for_o the_o great_a 4._o this_o figure_n be_v compose_v of_o the_o two_o first_o wherefore_o i_o will_v say_v nothing_o of_o it_o for_o he_o that_o shall_v have_v make_v one_o or_o two_o of_o they_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o make_v it_o easy_o 5._o the_o five_o depend_v also_o upon_o the_o two_o first_o but_o there_o be_v also_o more_o a_o border_n round_o about_o which_o they_o have_v not_o for_o to_o set_v this_o border_n into_o perspective_n we_o must_v draw_v these_o four_o ray_n a_o b_o c_o d_o at_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n g_o and_o where_o the_o inward_a ray_n b_o and_o c_o be_v divide_v by_o the_o diagonal_n a_o f_o and_o d_o e_o we_o must_v draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o base_a and_o you_o shall_v have_v that_o which_o you_o demand_v 6._o it_o be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o second_o except_o that_o it_o be_v compass_v about_o with_o two_o border_n wher●fore_o i_o will_v speak_v no_o more_o of_o it_o planes_n view_v oblique_o or_o on_o the_o side_n these_o plane_n be_v those_o that_o we_o will_v soon_o dispatch_v aught_o to_o be_v make_v all_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n which_o make_v i_o believe_v that_o it_o will_v be_v loss_n of_o time_n to_o repeat_v how_o one_o ought_v to_o abridge_v they_o in_o perspective_n for_o it_o seem_v to_o i_o that_o the_o figure_n do_v suffice_v to_o make_v it_o appear_v that_o there_o be_v no_o other_o difference_n from_o they_o that_o go_v before_o but_o the_o situation_n of_o the_o object_n which_o be_v here_o see_v on_o the_o side_n and_o the_o other_o be_v view_v in_o front_n all_o the_o a_o a_o a_o be_v point_n of_o sight_n and_o the_o b_o b_o b_o point_n of_o distance_n of_o a_o triangle_n the_o triangle_n according_a to_o the_o number_n aught_o to_o precede_v the_o square_n but_o according_a to_o reason_n they_o
mark_v they_o both_o and_o be_v divide_v at_o the_o point_n c._n the_o 3_o and_o the_o 6_o will_v give_v the_o section_n at_o the_o point_n d._n and_o the_o 4_o and_o 5_o will_v give_v the_o last_o at_o the_o point_n e._n this_o line_n a_o b_o be_v so_o divide_v we_o must_v transport_v it_o upon_o the_o base_a of_o the_o plane_n which_o one_o will_v abridge_v beginning_n to_o set_v the_o point_n b_o at_o the_o point_n f._n as_o he_o e_o and_o then_o to_o mark_v the_o other_o division_n c_o d_o e_o from_o the_o which_o one_o shall_v draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n o_o and_o from_o the_o section_n of_o the_o outmost_a ray_n to_o draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o base_a and_o where_o they_o shall_v divide_v the_o ray_n which_o bear_v the_o number_n of_o the_o angle_n there_o we_o must_v make_v point_n the_o which_o be_v conjoin_v by_o right_a line_n will_v give_v the_o figure_n which_o we_o desire_v for_o the_o thickness_n or_o border_n it_o shall_v be_v make_v by_o one_o of_o the_o two_o order_n aforegoing_a 1_o fig._n 2._o fig._n of_o the_o octogone_n or_o eight-angle_n the_o octogone_n be_v make_v of_o a_o circle_n divide_v into_o eight_o part_n of_o 45_o degree_n for_o each_o side_n from_o the_o which_o division_n draw_v line_n we_o have_v the_o shape_n of_o the_o octogone_n that_o be_v to_o to_o say_v a_o figure_n that_o have_v eight_o angle_n and_o as_o many_o side_n the_o fore_n go_v order_n do_v cause_n sufficient_o to_o know_v how_o one_o ought_v to_o set_v it_o into_o perspective_n either_o on_o the_o front_n or_o on_o the_o side_n i_o will_v only_o advertise_v that_o the_o plane_n abridge_v on_o the_o front_n be_v make_v according_a to_o the_o eight_o advice_n and_o that_o of_o the_o side_n according_a to_o the_o seven_o the_o point_n of_o the_o sight_n be_v a_o and_o that_o of_o the_o distance_n b._n the_o rest_n be_v sufficient_o see_v without_o a_o exposition_n of_o the_o octogone_a after_o another_o order_n the_o manner_n of_o make_v this_o octogone_n have_v be_v invent_v by_o serlio_n it_o be_v make_v in_o this_o fashion_n have_v frame_v a_o square_a by_o the_o ordinary_a way_n as_o be_v a_o b_o c_o d_o we_o must_v divide_v the_o base_a c_o d_o in_o ten_o part_n and_o leave_v 3_o thereof_o on_o each_o side_n and_o from_o the_o three_o division_n of_o one_o part_n and_o the_o other_o e_o f_o to_o draw_v line_n to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n g_o and_o at_o the_o section_n of_o these_o line_n by_o the_o diagonal_o o_o we_o must_v draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o base_a which_o touch_v the_o side_n of_o the_o square_n at_o the_o point_v h_n i_o k_o l_o then_o join_v together_o by_o the_o line_n of_o the_o point_n e_o h_n i_o e_o f_o k_o l_o f_o you_o shall_v have_v a_o octogone_o as_o may_v be_v see_v by_o the_o first_o figure_n of_o the_o hexagone_fw-mi or_o six-angle_n the_o same_o serlio_n have_v make_v also_o the_o hexagone_fw-mi after_o the_o same_o fashion_n let_v a_o square_a be_v draw_v as_o this_o before_o a_o b_o c_o d_o and_o that_o the_o a_o d_o be_v divide_v into_o four_o part_n from_o one_o of_o the_o which_o on_o each_o side_n e_o f_o let_v line_n be_v draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n h_n then_o from_o the_o section_n of_o the_o diagonal_o which_o be_v the_o midst_n of_o the_o square_a g_o to_o draw_v a_o parallel_n to_o the_o base_a which_o touch_v the_o side_n of_o the_o square_n at_o the_o point_v i_o k_o then_o draw_v line_n by_o the_o point_n e_o i_o e_o and_o f_o k_n f_o there_o will_v be_v frame_v a_o hexagone_n the_o second-figure_n i_o will_v say_v nothing_o of_o this_o octogo_v view_v on_o the_o side_n see_v that_o as_o we_o have_v already_o say_v so_o many_o time_n it_o be_v the_o same_o order_n with_o that_o of_o the_o sight_n of_o the_o front_n the_o three_o figure_n 1._o fig._n 2._o fig._n 3._o fig._n of_o the_o octogone_a double_a suppose_v that_o we_o have_v already_o make_v a_o octogone_o single_a for_o to_o make_v it_o double_a or_o to_o give_v it_o a_o thickness_n or_o border_n you_o must_v proceed_v in_o this_o manner_n set_a such_o a_o breadth_n or_o thickness_n as_o you_o will_v give_v to_o it_o within_o the_o square_n which_o contain_v the_o octogone_o single_a as_o here_o a_o b_o on_o one_o side_n and_o the_o other_o and_o draw_v from_o these_o point_n to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n c._n and_o where_o these_o line_n shall_v cross_v the_o diagonal_o at_o the_o point_n o_o draw_v the_o parallel_n d_o the_o which_o will_v make_v a_o welt_n or_o guard_n about_o the_o square_a then_o draw_v from_o angle_n unto_o angles_n occult_a line_n or_o point_n pass_v by_o the_o centre_n n_o and_o where_o these_o shall_v cross_v or_o divide_v the_o line_n of_o this_o inward_a square_n at_o the_o point_n e_o f_o g_o h_o i_o k_n l_o m_o it_o shall_v be_v the_o bound_n of_o the_o octogo_v of_o the_o inside_n of_o the_o hexagone_fw-mi double_a one_o may_v do_v the_o same_o with_o the_o hexagone_fw-mi figure_v within_o a_o square_n the_o which_o make_v i_o believe_v that_o there_o be_v no_o need_n to_o use_v any_o repetition_n see_v that_o one_o may_v see_v by_o the_o figure_n that_o whereof_o he_o may_v any_o way_n doubt_v the_o octogo_v view_v on_o the_o side_n be_v all_o of_o the_o same_o frame_n with_o that_o of_o the_o front_n the_o point_n of_o sight_n be_v a_o and_o that_o of_o the_o distance_n b._n 1._o fig._n 2._o fig._n 3._o fig._n of_o the_o circle_n the_o more_o that_o any_o circular_a form_n shall_v have_v part_n the_o soon_o and_o more_o easy_o shall_v it_o be_v convert_v into_o a_o round_a hence_o it_o be_v that_o serlio_n say_v that_o we_o must_v frame_v a_o demi-circle_n and_o of_o this_o circumference_n one_o may_v make_v as_o many_o equal_a part_n as_o they_o will_v for_o the_o more_o that_o it_o shall_v have_v of_o they_o the_o more_o this_o rotundity_n will_v be_v perfect_a for_o example_n the_o demi-circle_n a_o plomb_n or_o downright_a be_v divide_v into_o eight_o part_n which_o will_v give_v sixteen_o for_o the_o whole_a round_n and_o from_o these_o division_n z_o to_o elevate_v line_n perpendicular_a upon_o the_o base_a at_o the_o point_n e._n then_o we_o must_v draw_v two_o diagonal_n at_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n which_o be_v here_o far_o remove_v than_o the_o plate_n be_v broad_a but_o which_o one_o ought_v to_o suppose_v within_o the_o horizon_n ordinary_o which_o will_v give_v a_o square_a a_o h_n i_o b_o now_o the_o square_n be_v frame_v we_o must_v draw_v all_o the_o point_n e_o at_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n f_o unto_o the_o line_n h_n i_o and_o at_o the_o section_n of_o these_o line_n to_o draw_v parallel_n throughout_o then_o we_o must_v begin_v at_o the_o midst_n of_o one_o of_o the_o side_n of_o the_o square_n to_o make_v a_o point_n as_o a_o &_o another_o point_n at_o the_o angle_n opposite_a as_o if_o one_o will_v draw_v a_o diagonal_a as_o b_o continue_v so_o to_o do_v from_o point_n of_o angle_n to_o angles_n follow_v the_o diagonal_a line_n as_o a_o b_o c_o d_o e_o f_o g_o h_o i_o k_o l_o m_o n_z o_o p_o q._n these_o point_n will_v frame_v a_o perfect_a rotundity_n than_o you_o must_v bring_v with_o the_o hand_n bend_a line_n or_o circular_a and_o you_o shall_v have_v your_o round_n in_o perspective_n the_o perspective_n must_v have_v this_o rule_n and_o order_n to_o abridge_v the_o round_n very_o familiar_a and_o usual_a for_o it_o be_v oftentimes_o use_v as_o well_o for_o column_n bend_v roof_n arch_n open_v of_o gate_n and_o window_n as_o for_o many_o other_o rotundity_n of_o the_o circle_n double_a we_o must_v suppose_v that_o the_o first_o circle_n a_o b_o be_v that_o which_o we_o be_v now_o to_o make_v and_o that_o we_o will_v give_v it_o a_o thickness_n or_o border_n by_o make_v another_o more_o inward_a in_o this_o manner_n we_o shall_v give_v it_o such_o a_o breadth_n as_o shall_v please_v we_o as_o a_o c_o and_o from_o the_o centre_n the_o great_a demy-circle_n g_o we_o will_v draw_v the_o little_a one_o c_o d_o which_o we_o will_v divide_v as_o the_o other_o great_a one_o by_o draw_v occult_a line_n from_o the_o division_n of_o the_o great_a unto_o the_o centre_n g._n and_o at_o the_o section_n of_o these_o line_n of_o point_n of_o the_o great_a upon_o the_o less_o demi-circle_n at_o the_o point_n i_o we_o must_v draw_v perpendicular_o i_o as_o those_o that_o we_o have_v make_v in_o the_o great_a upon_o the_o base_a and_o to_o the_o end_n that_o they_o may_v confound_v nothing_o we_o must_v mark_v they_o with_o point_n from_o the_o point_n i_o of_o the_o base_a we_o shall_v draw_v to_o the_o
equal_a part_n and_o draw_v line_n to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n for_o to_o frame_v the_o band_n or_o chain_n g_o h_n i_o yet_o nevertheless_o there_o be_v more_o to_o do_v for_o we_o must_v take_v heed_n to_o give_v to_o the_o chain_n that_o go_v across_o the_o same_o largeness_n as_o to_o the_o other_o which_o go_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n o_o which_o be_v a_o square_a throughout_o all_o and_o that_o there_o be_v the_o same_o number_n of_o square_n between_o the_o void_a one_o the_o rest_n be_v see_v sufficient_o a_o pavement_n of_o little_a square_n octogones_n mingle_v with_o the_o square_n we_o shall_v never_o have_v do_v if_o one_o will_v set_v here_o all_o the_o fashion_n of_o pavement_n which_o may_v be_v make_v by_o the_o mean_n of_o the_o little_a square_n for_o a_o ingenious_a person_n will_v invent_v a_o infinite_a company_n according_a to_o his_o fancy_n the_o seven_o fashion_n be_v plain_a enough_o neither_o have_v i_o do_v it_o but_o only_o to_o open_v the_o ingenuity_n and_o to_o give_v mean_n to_o compose_v other_o thereby_o there_o be_v nothing_o to_o do_v but_o to_o divide_v the_o base_a into_o a_o quantity_n of_o part_n of_o the_o which_o we_o shall_v frame_v the_o little_a square_n as_o we_o have_v say_v heretofore_o and_o of_o these_o square_n to_o take_v a_o number_n as_o here_o nine_o whereof_o there_o be_v five_o all_o full_a and_o four_o at_o the_o half_a the_o full_a do_v give_v the_o inside_n of_o the_o figure_n 1_o 2_o 3_o 4_o 5._o and_o the_o diagonal_o of_o other_o 6_o 7_o 8_o 9_o give_v the_o pane_n or_o side_n the_o rest_n be_v sufficient_o see_v a_o pavement_n of_o single_a square_n view_v in_o front_n i_o have_v set_v this_o manner_n of_o pavement_n the_o last_o not_o because_o it_o be_v the_o hard_a see_v that_o it_o be_v the_o begin_n of_o all_o perspective_n and_o the_o most_o easy_a of_o all_o the_o plane_n but_o to_o cause_v to_o be_v know_v that_o it_o be_v the_o most_o useful_a and_o necessary_a for_o all_o the_o other_o may_v be_v make_v and_o be_v make_v ordinary_o when_o all_o be_v do_v serve_v only_o for_o ornament_n and_o this_o serve_v for_o a_o foundation_n upon_o the_o which_o we_o raise_v that_o which_o we_o desire_v to_o make_v appear_v as_o we_o shall_v see_v hereafter_o 1._o fig._n 2_o fig._n the_o plane_n of_o a_o garden_n abridge_v that_o which_o we_o be_v speak_v of_o be_v confirm_v by_o this_o plane_n for_o draw_v all_o these_o division_n which_o be_v upon_o the_o base_a to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n the_o diagonal_n will_v give_v the_o depth_n of_o the_o whole_a plane_n and_o the_o abridgement_n of_o the_o little_a square_n then_o take_v the_o same_o quantity_n as_o well_o for_o the_o alley_n as_o for_o the_o figure_n which_o the_o geometrical_a plane_n take_v up_o you_o shall_v have_v in_o perspective_n the_o same_o garden_n which_o be_v upon_o the_o plane_n as_o the_o figure_n show_v it_o what_o plane_n soever_o you_o have_v to_o abridge_v and_o to_o set_v into_o perspective_n the_o easy_a way_n be_v to_o enclose_v it_o into_o a_o square_a and_o to_o divide_v this_o square_n into_o many_o little_a square_n for_o set_v the_o square_a and_o the_o quantity_n of_o little_a square_n into_o perspective_n by_o the_o ordinary_a way_n you_o have_v but_o to_o take_v heed_n that_o you_o take_v the_o same_o number_n of_o little_a square_n in_o the_o plane_n abridge_v as_o in_o the_o geometrical_a plane_n and_o you_o shall_v make_v in_o the_o one_o the_o figure_n of_o the_o other_o the_o plane_n of_o a_o building_n abridge_v serlio_n in_o his_o treatise_n of_o pespective_n do_v high_o esteem_v this_o invention_n of_o set_v the_o plane_n into_o perspective_n as_o a_o thing_n very_o useful_a to_o chief_a builder_n or_o architect_n by_o the_o which_o they_o may_v cause_v to_o be_v see_v all_o at_o once_o a_o part_n of_o the_o building_n elevate_v and_o the_o rest_n in_o platform_n and_o as_o upon_o the_o base_a but_o see_v that_o it_o be_v the_o same_o order_n with_o that_o of_o the_o garden_n which_o we_o be_v make_v now_o we_o will_v say_v nothing_o further_o of_o it_o the_o figure_n will_v cause_v to_o understand_v the_o rest_n and_o by_o this_o little_a to_o gather_v how_o the_o great_a and_o more_o hard_o shall_v be_v in_o the_o second_o part_n you_o shall_v have_v the_o method_n to_o make_v to_o be_v see_v in_o perspective_n a_o perfect_a house_n where_o you_o shall_v see_v the_o building_n finish_v and_o accomplish_v and_o by_o the_o same_o mean_v all_o the_o division_n of_o each_o story_n from_o the_o carpenter_n work_v unto_o the_o cellar_n and_o the_o only_a space_n which_o the_o geometrical_a plane_n will_v take_v up_o the_o plane_n of_o a_o church_n abridge_v this_o plane_n of_o a_o church_n be_v make_v according_a to_o that_o we_o have_v say_v at_o the_o seven_o advice_n that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o all_o the_o side_n which_o be_v perpendicular_a to_o the_o base_a aught_o to_o be_v draw_v upon_o the_o base_a as_o be_v here_o the_o place_n of_o the_o wall_n and_o of_o the_o pilaster_n and_o from_o the_o base_a to_o draw_v they_o to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n and_o all_o the_o other_o side_n which_o be_v parallel_v to_o the_o base_a aught_o to_o be_v draw_v on_o the_o side_n and_o to_o mark_v upon_o a_o line_n as_o o_o p_o all_o the_o bredth_n as_o we_o see_v a_o b_o c_o d_o e_o f_o g_o h_o i_o k_o l._n and_o then_o to_o transport_v all_o these_o measure_n upon_o the_o base_a from_o the_o which_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n the_o section_n of_o the_o outmost_a ray_n will_v give_v the_o term_n for_o to_o draw_v the_o parallel_n which_o will_v give_v the_o abridgement_n of_o every_o thing_n the_o which_o be_v show_v by_o the_o letter_n a_o a_o b_o b_o c_o c_o etc._n etc._n this_o manner_n of_o abridge_n upon_o the_o outmost_a radius_fw-la be_v practise_v by_o many_o but_o he_o that_o will_v believe_v i_o will_v leave_v it_o for_o to_o take_v the_o order_n of_o the_o eight_o advice_n where_o we_o set_v a_o perpendicular_a line_n at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o base_a for_o to_o receive_v the_o section_n and_o to_o take_v away_o the_o default_n of_o this_o present_a practice_n which_o do_v not_o abridge_v it_o sufficient_o if_o it_o be_v not_o that_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n be_v very_o far_o remove_v for_o then_o the_o effect_n be_v whole_o alike_o to_o the_o other_o method_n the_o plane_n of_o a_o house_n with_o a_o garden_n the_o order_n of_o set_v this_o plane_n of_o a_o house_n in_o perspective_n be_v altogether_o the_o same_o with_o that_o of_o the_o garden_n whereof_o we_o be_v speak_v the_o which_o ought_v to_o suffice_v for_o the_o one_o and_o for_o the_o other_o that_o we_o may_v not_o repeat_v so_o often_o it_o be_v set_v here_o for_o to_o show_v that_o one_o may_v abridge_v all_o sort_n of_o planes_n whether_o they_o be_v compose_v of_o equal_a part_n or_o unequal_a the_o plane_n of_o a_o fortification_n abridge_v for_o to_o set_v all_o fortification_n and_o whatsoever_o other_o piece_n it_o be_v into_o perspective_n we_o must_v use_v the_o six_o and_o the_o eight_o advice_n it_o be_v the_o order_n that_o we_o speak_v of_o for_o the_o church_n and_o for_o the_o house_n which_o be_v to_o draw_v from_o all_o the_o angel_n line_n perpendicular_a upon_o the_o base_a and_o from_o the_o base_a ray_n to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n and_o from_o the_o same_o angle_n to_o draw_v also_o parallel_n to_o the_o base_a which_o shall_v mark_v the_o division_n upon_o the_o line_n on_o the_o side_n as_o a_o b_o the_o which_o line_n a_o b_o aught_o to_o be_v set_v upon_o the_o base_a and_o from_o these_o measure_n to_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n for_o to_o give_v we_o the_o line_n of_o the_o section_n c_o d_o but_o because_o that_o the_o place_n suffer_v we_o not_o to_o set_v it_o upon_o the_o base_a i_o have_v transport_v it_o under_o the_o figure_n as_o be_v a_o b._n then_o have_v set_v the_o point_n of_o distance_n in_o e_o of_o the_o height_n e_o f_o there_o you_o must_v draw_v from_o all_o the_o division_n of_o a_o b_o to_o the_o end_n to_o divide_v the_o line_n of_o the_o section_n c_o d_o into_o so_o many_o part_n the_o which_o line_n c_o d_o with_o its_o division_n aught_o to_o be_v transport_v to_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o outmost_a ray_n or_o on_o the_o one_o side_n and_o other_o d_o d_o and_o from_o all_o these_o point_n which_o be_v upon_o the_o line_n d_o c_o to_z draw_z parallel_n or_o else_o only_o to_o mark_v a_o point_n upon_o the_o ray_n which_o go_v from_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n which_o be_v proper_a to_o it_o and_o all_o
than_o the_o other_o have_v make_v from_o the_o centre_n a_o the_o demi-round_a or_o the_o whole_a circle_n b_o h_n i._n you_o must_v from_o the_o centre_n a_o and_o from_o the_o end_n of_o the_o diameter_n b_o draw_v ray_n to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n c_o then_z set_z upon_z b_o i_o the_o breadth_n or_o thickness_n that_o you_o will_v give_v as_o be_v d_o a._n and_o from_o this_o point_n d_o to_o draw_v to_o the_o distance_n e_o and_o at_o the_o section_n of_o this_o line_n d_o e_o upon_o the_o ray_n a_o c_o to_o the_o point_n f_o you_o must_v draw_v a_o parallel_n to_o the_o base_a until_o that_o it_o divide_v the_o ray_n b_o c_o at_o the_o point_n g_o then_o to_o set_v one_o leg_n of_o the_o compass_n at_o the_o point_n f_o and_o with_o the_o other_o leg_n to_o take_v the_o distance_n g_o for_o to_o make_v the_o demi-round_a or_o the_o whole_a round_n which_o shall_v be_v the_o thickness_n of_o the_o arch_n or_o of_o the_o round_a as_o may_v be_v see_v in_o the_o figure_n all_o the_o line_n k_o aught_o to_o be_v draw_v at_o the_o centre_n a_o and_o the_o other_o l_o at_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n c._n this_o may_v serve_v for_o round_a window_n make_v of_o stone_n and_o these_o line_n shall_v make_v the_o point_n as_o also_o for_o great_a vessel_n pipe_n bathe_v tub_n etc._n etc._n arch_n view_v oblique_o in_o perspective_n this_o order_n may_v serve_v when_o one_o shall_v be_v in_o haste_n and_o that_o one_o will_v not_o be_v so_o exact_a and_o also_o to_o avoid_v a_o multitude_n of_o line_n which_o the_o other_o order_n do_v oblige_v to_o make_v i_o say_v then_o that_o have_v frame_v the_o first_o arch_n n_n o_o as_o we_o have_v say_v heretofore_o we_o must_v make_v upon_o the_o first_o draught_n little_a parallel_n to_o the_o base_a in_o such_o number_n as_o you_o shall_v please_v as_o be_v these_o q_o then_o to_o take_v with_o a_o compass_n the_o breadth_n where_o the_o arch_n begin_v as_o be_v p_o o_o and_o to_o bring_v it_o upon_o all_o these_o little_a parallel_n q_o which_o shall_v give_v the_o point_n r_o by_o the_o which_o we_o shall_v bring_v a_o crooked_a line_n which_o shall_v frame_v the_o thickness_n of_o the_o archippus_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o according_a to_o perspective_n the_o object_n be_v enlarge_v when_o they_o come_v near_o to_o we_o and_o that_o the_o line_n o_o p_o ought_v to_o be_v small_a but_o in_o this_o the_o difference_n of_o these_o bredth_n be_v so_o small_a that_o it_o signify_v nothing_o and_o yet_o i_o give_v not_o this_o for_o a_o rule_n but_o for_o a_o ease_n to_o those_o that_o be_v in_o haste_n of_o arch_n flat_a or_o in_o manner_n of_o a_o handle_n of_o a_o basket_n or_o demicircle_n the_o order_n to_o set_v they_o into_o perspective_n be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o demi-round_a and_o of_o the_o three_o point_n as_o we_o see_v in_o the_o figure_n a_o b._n all_o the_o difficulty_n be_v to_o find_v the_o draught_n which_o be_v make_v in_o two_o manner_n the_o first_o by_o two_o centre_n and_o a_o line_n or_o thread_n as_o we_o have_v say_v in_o the_o order_n before_o speak_v of_o the_o oval_a by_o reason_n that_o the_o handle_v of_o a_o basket_n be_v proper_o a_o half-oval_n the_o second_o be_v practise_v thus_o if_o one_o give_v you_o the_o line_n c_o d_o for_o to_o make_v there_o a_o low_a arch_n which_o may_v have_v the_o height_n e_o f_o you_o must_v from_o the_o centre_n f_o make_v the_o demi-round_a c_o g_o d_o and_o to_o divide_v it_o into_o as_o many_o equal_a part_n as_o one_o will_v as_o this_o here_o into_o twelve_o and_o from_o all_o those_o division_n to_o draw_v to_o the_o centre_n f_o then_o again_o from_o all_o these_o division_n to_o draw_v perpendicular_o upon_o the_o line_n or_o diameter_n c_o d_o as_o be_v the_o line_n l._n after_o these_o work_n we_o must_v of_o the_o height_n which_o one_o will_v have_v the_o arch_n of_o make_v also_o a_o circle_n as_o from_z e_z f_o the_o demi-round_a h_n e_o k_o and_o from_o the_o section_n which_o this_o little_a circle_n shall_v make_v upon_o the_o division_n of_o the_o great_a we_o must_v draw_v little_a parallel_n until_o that_o they_o touch_v the_o plumb_n line_n or_o perpendicular_o which_o fall_v from_o the_o same_o division_n as_o for_o example_n l_o o_fw-fr and_o from_o all_o these_o point_n o_o frame_v the_o arch_n as_o we_o see_v it_o here_o make_v of_o point_n the_o other_o figure_n make_v yet_o the_o arch_n low_o and_o one_o may_v make_v it_o yet_o more_o couch_v keep_v the_o same_o rule_n and_o order_n the_o figure_n below_o make_v one_o of_o these_o arch_n to_o be_v in_o perspective_n view_v in_o front_n as_o it_o ought_v to_o appear_v be_v finish_v i_o will_v set_v nothing_o of_o the_o practice_n have_v already_o say_v that_o it_o be_v the_o same_o with_o that_o of_o the_o demi-round_n one_o may_v see_v in_o this_o figure_n the_o good_a effect_n of_o the_o arch_n when_o one_o give_v they_o well_o the_o centre_n or_o the_o draught_n of_o the_o roundness_n that_o they_o ought_v to_o have_v for_o the_o degree_n and_o the_o figure_n we_o shall_v have_v here_o after_o the_o manner_n of_o give_v they_o their_o just_a measure_n for_o to_o set_v arch_n or_o half-circle_n upon_o pilaster_n or_o column_n one_o may_v say_v that_o in_o the_o figure_n which_o we_o be_v about_o to_o behold_v there_o be_v pilaster_n which_o be_v not_o in_o the_o draught_n which_o go_v before_o the_o which_o have_v make_v i_o resolve_v to_o set_v this_o here_o which_o shall_v serve_v to_o make_v it_o know_v that_o it_o be_v the_o same_o order_n and_o that_o we_o have_v only_o to_o leave_v the_o place_n and_o breadth_n of_o the_o pilaster_n which_o we_o will_v give_v they_o between_o two_o arch_n the_o which_o be_v do_v by_o the_o mean_n of_o the_o plane_n or_o of_o the_o base_a even_o as_o we_o have_v see_v the_o demi-round_n which_o be_v between_o each_o pilaster_n the_o which_o be_v make_v as_o we_o have_v say_v in_o the_o last_o order_n arch_n in_o the_o three_o point_n the_o arch_n and_o the_o vault_n or_o bend_a roof_n in_o the_o three_o point_n be_v order_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n with_o the_o demi-round_a wherefore_o have_v make_v one_o of_o they_o we_o may_v very_o well_o make_v the_o other_o it_o suffice_v only_o to_o know_v the_o draught_n see_v that_o the_o figure_n show_v sufficient_o the_o rest_n for_o the_o draught_n we_o have_v already_o say_v that_o there_o be_v nothing_o so_o easy_a the_o breadth_n a_o b_o being_z give_v for_o to_o make_v there_o a_o arch_n in_o the_o three_o point_n we_o must_v open_v the_o compass_n for_o all_o this_o breadth_n and_o hold_v firm_a one_o leg_n at_o the_o point_n a_o with_o the_o other_o to_o make_v the_o arch_n b_o c_o then_z to_o bring_v back_o the_o leg_n to_o b_o and_o with_o the_o other_o to_o make_v the_o arch_n a_o c_o where_o they_o shall_v divide_v themselves_o it_o shall_v be_v the_o point_n of_o the_o arch_n c_o the_o other_o sort_n of_o the_o three_o point_n be_v the_o true_a which_o we_o have_v set_v heretofore_o mark_v ✚_o seeing_n that_o all_o the_o rest_n be_v order_v as_o in_o the_o demi-round_a we_o will_v not_o make_v any_o repetition_n thereof_o there_o be_v only_o here_o pilaster_n between_o two_o which_o be_v not_o in_o the_o other_o that_o we_o may_v cause_v the_o better_a to_o understand_v that_o which_o i_o have_v say_v here_o above_o that_o we_o have_v only_o to_o draw_v these_o measure_n from_o the_o base_a to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n o_o which_o shall_v divide_v the_o ray_n d_o e_z at_o the_o point_n f_o for_o to_o elevate_v the_o perpendicules_n before_o then_o have_v set_v the_o thickness_n g_o to_o draw_v the_o ray_n g_o e_o for_o the_o breadth_n of_o the_o pilaster_n h_o from_o this_o point_n h_n they_o elevate_v perpendicules_n which_o bear_v the_o same_o division_n with_o those_o on_o the_o forepart_n the_o which_o be_v join_v with_o right_a line_n and_o as_o in_o the_o demi-tound_a for_o to_o set_v into_o perspective_n vault_n or_o cross_a arch_n we_o must_v remember_v or_o see_v it_o anew_o that_o which_o we_o have_v say_v at_o the_o 28._o fol._n speak_v of_o set_v the_o great_a round_n into_o perspective_n by_o reason_n that_o we_o have_v divide_v the_o circle_n into_o many_o part_n for_o to_o make_v it_o the_o most_o exact_o that_o may_v be_v and_o by_o consequence_n the_o vault_n or_o arch_n more_o round_a and_o more_o just_a but_o as_o there_o be_v a_o great_a company_n of_o line_n in_o this_o division_n of_o 16_o part_n i_o think_v that_o it_o will_v be_v better_a to_o begin_v by_o a_o division_n of_o 8_o although_o
it_o be_v not_o so_o exact_a so_o will_v it_o also_o be_v less_o confuse_v we_o will_v take_v again_o the_o other_o in_o the_o follow_a leaf_n have_v then_o make_v the_o plane_n of_o a_o round_o divide_v into_o eight_o part_n 1_o 2_o 3_o 4_o 5_o 6_o 7_o 8._o we_o must_v draw_v from_o all_o its_o division_n parallel_n to_o the_o base_a unto_o the_o ray_n b_o a_o which_o shall_v give_v the_o point_n c_o upon_o the_o which_o we_o must_v elevate_v the_o perpendicular_n c_o d_o we_o must_v transport_v upon_o the_o first_o perpendicular_a b_o and_o d_o which_o be_v the_o line_n of_o elevation_n the_o measure_n of_o the_o half-circle_n b_o e_o f_o which_o shall_v give_v the_o point_n d_o h_n g_o from_o the_o which_o we_o must_v draw_v ray_n to_o the_o point_n a_o and_o at_o the_o section_n of_o the_o perpendicular_n c_o d_o we_o shall_v have_v the_o same_o division_n as_o in_o the_o plane_n 1_o 2_o 3_o 4_o 5._o for_o a_o half-circle_n we_o must_v draw_v crooked_a line_n as_o may_v be_v see_v in_o the_o arch_n of_o the_o first_o side_n the_o measure_n of_o which_o we_o must_v transport_v to_o the_o other_o for_o to_o have_v the_o two_o arch_n collateral_a from_o the_o rise_n of_o which_o we_o shall_v make_v two_o circle_n with_o the_o compass_n the_o one_o before_o g_o k_o from_o the_o centre_n m_o the_o other_o at_o the_o bottom_n 5_o l_o from_o the_o centre_n n_n and_o so_o we_o shall_v have_v the_o four_o arch_n which_o do_v meet_v ordinary_o in_o the_o cross_a vault_n at_o the_o outmost_a moulding_n ogee_n or_o circlets_z there_o remain_v nothing_o but_o to_o make_v the_o cross_n or_o the_o crooked_a diagonal_n which_o ought_v to_o rest_v and_o bear_v upon_o the_o corner_n g_o 5_o k_o l_o pass_v by_o the_o knot_n or_o fcutcheon_n o._n see_v that_o the_o circle_n be_v divide_v into_o eight_o part_n the_o arch_n which_o be_v but_o the_o half_a of_o the_o circle_n aught_o to_o have_v but_o four_o as_o have_v those_o of_o the_o side_n whence_o we_o ought_v also_o to_o divide_v into_o four_o the_o half-circle_n before_o g_o k_o at_o the_o point_n g_o p_o q_o r_o k_n the_o which_o ought_v to_o be_v draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n a_o unto_o the_o circle_n of_o the_o bottom_n 5_o l_o now_o that_o which_o follow_v be_v the_o secret_a of_o the_o cross_n it_o be_v that_o we_o must_v draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o horizon_n or_o to_o the_o base_a from_o all_o the_o section_n of_o the_o circle_n on_o the_o side_n 1_o 2_o 3_o 4_o 5._o at_o the_o division_n of_o the_o circle_n before_o in_o such_o manner_n as_o g_o which_o be_v the_o first_o division_n of_o the_o circle_n touch_v in_o a_o point_n the_o first_o section_n 1._o from_o 2_o to_o draw_v a_o parallel_n to_o the_o second_o division_n p_o and_o to_o make_v a_o point_n s_o from_o 3_o to_o the_o three_o division_n q_n which_o shall_v give_v o_o the_o place_n of_o the_o knot_n from_o 4_o to_o the_o four_o division_n r_n at_o the_o point_n t_o then_o to_o join_v the_o crooked_a line_n g_o s_o o_o t_o l_o and_o you_o shall_v have_v already_o a_o diagonal_a a_o d_o do_v as_o much_o on_o the_o other_o side_n and_o you_o shall_v have_v the_o cross_n entire_a and_o your_o vault_n complete_a for_o to_o make_v the_o same_o vault_n more_o exact_o he_o that_o shall_v understand_v well_o the_o forego_n order_n will_v not_o be_v much_o trouble_v to_o do_v this_o see_v there_o be_v nothing_o but_o to_o double_v the_o line_n and_o to_o take_v heed_n to_o the_o section_n which_o be_v in_o a_o great_a number_n by_o reason_n the_o circle_n be_v divide_v into_o more_o part_n one_o may_v learn_v to_o make_v the_o plane_n at_o the_o 28._o fol._n you_o must_v draw_v parallel_n from_o all_o the_o division_n of_o this_o plane_n from_o i_o unto_o 16._o or_o the_o half_a only_o to_o the_o ray_n b_o a_o which_o will_v give_v the_o point_n o_o upon_o which_o you_o must_v elevate_v perpendicular_o etc._n etc._n all_o the_o rest_n be_v do_v as_o we_o have_v say_v in_o the_o forego_n order_n but_o this_o be_v the_o more_o exact_a and_o do_v make_v the_o vault_n more_o easy_o because_o the_o division_n be_v more_o near_o the_o one_o to_o the_o other_o for_o to_o make_v the_o vault_n more_o straight_o than_o large_a there_o be_v two_o order_n in_o this_o figure_n the_o one_o for_o to_o straighten_v the_o vault_n on_o the_o side_n the_o other_o for_o to_o give_v a_o thickness_n to_o the_o cross_n we_o will_v begin_v with_o the_o former_a the_o two_o order_n of_o vault_n which_o we_o be_v about_o leave_v suppose_v that_o they_o be_v all_o square_a that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o the_o distance_n and_o breadth_n of_o the_o arch_n be_v equal_a as_o well_o on_o the_o side_n as_o those_o on_o the_o front_n and_o he_o that_o can_v make_v but_o of_o this_o fashion_n shall_v find_v some_o trouble_n if_o he_o be_v to_o set_v up_o a_o church_n where_o ordinary_o the_o arch_n of_o the_o side_n be_v much_o close_a than_o those_o of_o the_o front_n see_v here_o a_o fair_a invention_n by_o the_o which_o you_o shall_v give_v such_o measure_n as_o you_o please_v to_o those_o of_o the_o side_n by_o the_o mean_n of_o the_o base_a a_o q._n suppose_v then_o that_o the_o arch_n before_o it_o q_o be_v 40_o foot_n broad_a and_o that_o in_o that_o of_o the_o side_n you_o will_v allow_v but_o 15_o 20_o or_o so_o much_o or_o little_a as_o you_o please_v you_o must_v according_a to_o the_o four_o advice_n in_o fol._n 17._o set_v this_o measure_n upon_o the_o base_a and_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n which_o will_v give_v the_o sink_n of_o the_o same_o measure_n in_o a_o e_o as_o by_o example_n we_o have_v set_v here_o a_o c_o of_o 20_o foot_n draw_v from_o the_o point_n c_o too_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n which_o be_v a_o little_a far_o off_o here_o where_o our_o paper_n be_v too_o narrow_a for_o to_o cause_v it_o to_o be_v see_v it_o will_v divide_v the_o sink_n of_o 20_o foot_n upon_o the_o ray_n a_o d_o at_o the_o point_n e_o then_o come_v back_o to_o the_o base_a you_o must_v make_v a_o half-circle_n of_o this_o distance_n a_o c_o and_o divide_v it_o into_o as_o many_o part_n as_o the_o great_a arcade_n f_o g_o shall_v have_v of_o division_n as_o here_o 8_o and_o from_o all_o these_o division_n i_o to_o elevate_v perpendicular_o i_o h_n and_o from_o the_o point_n i_o h_n be_v draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n they_o will_v divide_v the_o ray_n a_o e_o at_o the_o point_n o_o which_o you_o must_v also_o elevate_v into_o the_o perpendicular_a o_o p_o you_o must_v make_v in_o some_o place_n separate_v the_o plane_n of_o this_o demi-round_a f_o g._n suppose_v that_o it_o have_v not_o be_v make_v for_o to_o take_v the_o division_n thereof_o and_o to_o carry_v they_o from_o e_z unto_z b_o and_o see_v that_o the_o plane_n of_o the_o figure_n forego_v be_v equal_a to_o f_o g_o take_v the_o measure_n of_o the_o half_a b_o c_o d_o e_o f_o and_o carry_v they_o upon_o the_o perpendiculc_n a_o f_o and_o from_o these_o point_n e_o f_o d_o c_o b_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n d_o and_o from_o the_o section_n which_o these_o ray_n b_o c_o d_o e_o f_o shall_v make_v at_o the_o perpendic●les_n o_o p_o you_o must_v draw_v crooked_a line_n which_o shall_v frame_v the_o arch_n of_o the_o side_n and_o draw_v parallel_n from_o the_o section_n 1_o 2_o 3_o 4_o 5_o 6_o 7_o 8_o 9_o to_o the_o division_n of_o the_o arch_n f_o g_o you_o shall_v have_v the_o point_n f_o r_n s_o t_o five_o x_o y_z z_o for_o to_o frame_v the_o cross_n even_o as_o we_o have_v already_o say_v heretofore_o for_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o joint_n of_o the_o cross_n you_o be_v only_o to_o make_v a_o little_a line_n of_o elevation_n a_o b_o which_o i_o have_v set_v at_o the_o top_n of_o the_o perpendicule_n elevate_v from_o the_o point_n o_o and_o this_o line_n a_o b_o be_v draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n d_o divide_v all_o the_o other_o perpendicules_n at_o the_o point_n c_o d_o for_o to_o give_v the_o height_n proportionate_a to_o every_o perpendicule_n elevate_v from_o the_o section_n of_o the_o cross_n that_o be_v to_o say_v from_o the_o section_n which_o must_v be_v make_v for_o to_o find_v the_o draught_n of_o the_o cross_n follow_v their_o order_n for_o example_n the_o first_o elevation_n a_o b_o shall_v be_v give_v at_o the_o first_o perpendicule_n g_o the_o second_o elevation_n c_o d_o at_o the_o second_o perpendicule_n f_o c_o and_o so_o follow_v for_o all_o the_o other_o which_o shall_v give_v the_o point_n c_o by_o the_o
a_o then_o to_o take_v these_o measure_n with_o a_o compass_n and_o carry_v they_o upon_o the_o perpendicules_n elevate_v from_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n each_o according_a to_o their_o order_n the_o first_o for_o the_o first_o step_n the_o second_o for_o the_o second_o etc._n etc._n for_o to_o find_v these_o return_v p_o you_o must_v from_o the_o same_o corner_n p_o draw_v to_o the_o distance_n qui_fw-fr and_o to_o take_v heed_n where_o that_o divide_v the_o line_n of_o the_o plane_n or_o the_o underpart_n of_o the_o step_n for_o example_n above_o the_o four_o step_n i_o have_v make_v the_o plane_n of_o the_o five_o step_n now_o to_o have_v its_o return_n p_o we_o must_v from_o the_o same_o point_n p_o draw_v to_o the_o distance_n qui_fw-fr and_o take_v notice_n where_o it_o shall_v divide_v the_o ray_n r_n which_o shall_v be_v at_o the_o point_n s_o and_o this_o point_n s_o shall_v be_v the_o point_n for_o to_o draw_v the_o line_n of_o return_n s_o t._n and_o so_o of_o other_o for_o to_o make_v stair_n which_o one_o may_v show_v from_o four_o side_n there_o be_v many_o way_n to_o make_v these_o stair_n see_v here_o be_v two_o which_o seem_v the_o most_o easi●_n the_o first_o be_v about_o to_o make_v one_o of_o these_o stair_n we_o must_v take_v the_o length_n of_o the_o first_o step_v and_o set_v thereon_o the_o quantity_n of_o step_n that_o you_o will_v have_v as_o upon_o the_o line_n a_o b_o i_o have_v set_v the_o point_n c_o c_o c_o for_o four_o step_n from_o these_o point_n we_o must_v make_v ray_n to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n d_o the_o ray_n shall_v be_v divide_v by_o the_o diagonal_n a_o f_o and_o b_o e_o at_o the_o point_v i_o from_o the_o which_o we_o must_v raise_v perpendicules_n and_o draw_v little_a parallel_n unto_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n g_o which_o shall_v give_v the_o point_n h_o which_o they_o shall_v raise_v as_o h_n k._n we_o must_v upon_o this_o line_n of_o elevation_n g_o set_z as_o many_o equal_a part_n as_o we_o will_v have_v step_n as_o here_o 4_o from_o these_o four_o point_n 1._o 2._o 3._o 4._o we_o must_v draw_v to_o the_o point_n d_o for_o to_o divide_v the_o perpendicular_n h_o k_o and_o to_o give_v to_o each_o the_o height_n that_o it_o ought_v to_o have_v as_o that_o which_o be_v make_v of_o point_n show_v it_o we_o must_v take_v these_o measure_n with_o a_o compass_n and_o transport_v they_o the_o one_o after_o the_o other_o begin_v at_o the_o first_o g_z 1._o and_o carry_v it_o upon_o the_o first_o perpendicular_a to_o the_o corner_n a_o as_o a_o l_o then_z to_o draw_v a_o parallel_n unto_o the_o other_o side_n b._n but_o here_o i_o have_v not_o set_v it_o but_o at_o the_o half_a for_o to_o make_v the_o plane_n to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o other_o for_o the_o second_o step_v you_o must_v take_v the_o second_o measure_n h._n 2._o and_o carry_v it_o upon_o the_o second_o perpendicular_a i_o then_o to_o draw_v parallel_n as_o at_o the_o first_o and_o so_o of_o all_o the_o other_o another_o manner_n the_o side_n m_o n_n be_v give_v we_o must_v make_v a_o parallel_n above_o for_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o first_o step_v as_o o_o p_o from_o which_o point_n o_o p_o we_o draw_v 2_o ray_n to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n q_n and_o also_o to_o the_o distance_n r_o s_n and_o these_o diagonal_o shall_v frame_v the_o square_n in_o the_o ordinary_a manner_n and_o this_o shall_v be_v the_o first_o step_n for_o the_o second_o we_o must_v set_v the_o measure_n of_o the_o breadth_n which_o we_o will_v give_v it_o upon_o the_o line_n o_o p_o as_o be_v o_o t_o and_o from_o the_o point_n t_o to_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n q._n and_o this_o line_n or_o ray_n t_o q._n shall_v divide_v the_o diagonal_o o_o where_o we_o must_v raise_v the_o second_o step_v at_o the_o point_n v._o the_o height_n of_o this_o step_n shall_v be_v take_v from_o the_o half_a of_o five_o x_o as_o m_n o_o be_v the_o half_a of_o o_o t._n this_o measure_n be_v give_v at_o the_o point_n y_fw-fr we_o must_v draw_v parallel_n unto_o the_o diagonal_a of_o the_o other_o side_n which_o be_v draw_v from_o the_o corner_n p_o then_o from_o the_o point_n y_o z_o to_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n and_o of_o distance_n for_o to_o frame_v the_o square_a as_o at_o the_o first_o step._n for_o the_o three_o step_v we_o be_v only_o to_o carry_v upon_o the_o line_n y_fw-fr z_o the_o measure_n five_o x_o which_o shall_v be_v y_o a_o and_o from_o the_o point_n a_o to_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n q_n for_o to_o divide_v the_o diagonal_a of_o the_o point_n y_fw-fr which_o shall_v be_v the_o point_n b_o and_o the_o place_n of_o the_o three_o step._n its_o height_n shall_v be_v the_o half_a of_o b_o c_o which_o be_v always_o that_o of_o o_o t_o in_o perspective_n all_o the_o rest_n be_v the_o same_o as_o in_o the_o first_o and_o second_o if_o there_o shall_v be_v a_o hundred_o you_o must_v work_v always_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n the_o three_o figure_n cause_v these_o step_n to_o be_v see_v clear_o without_o the_o confusion_n of_o draught_n which_o we_o shall_v make_v for_o to_o find_v their_o place_n these_o draught_n shall_v be_v make_v in_o white_a or_o in_o such_o manner_n that_o nothing_o may_v be_v see_v of_o they_o when_o the_o figure_n be_v finish_v stair_n view_v on_o the_o side_n in_o perspective_n you_o must_v set_v upon_o the_o base_a the_o number_n of_o step_n that_o you_o will_v have_v that_o be_v to_o say_v as_o many_o point_n at_o a_o equal_a distance_n as_o here_o the_o three_o a_o b_o c_o from_o these_o point_n you_o must_v draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n d._n then_o from_o the_o point_n a_o to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n e_o and_o this_o diagonal_a a_o e_o shall_v give_v the_o plane_n and_o the_o place_n of_o the_o step_n at_o the_o section_n of_o the_o ray_n b_o c_o at_o the_o point_v i_o and_o upon_o the_o ray_n f_o which_o be_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o wall_n the_o point_n g_o which_o be_v the_o midst_n of_o the_o plane_n of_o the_o step_n from_o this_o point_n g_o you_o must_v draw_v to_o the_o other_o distance_n h_n for_o to_o find_v the_o corner_n of_o the_o last_o step_n at_o the_o point_n k_o and_o the_o place_n of_o other_o at_o the_o point_n i._o then_o from_o all_o these_o point_n i_o to_o raise_v perpendicular_o for_o to_o give_v they_o their_o height_n you_o must_v from_o the_o point_v a_o b_o c_o which_o be_v upon_o the_o base_a raise_v little_a line_n for_o to_o serve_v for_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n upon_o the_o which_o shall_v be_v set_v the_o height_n according_a to_o their_o number_n for_o example_n a_o which_o be_v first_o shall_v have_v but_o one_o b_o which_o be_v the_o second_o shall_v have_v two_o and_o c_o which_o be_v the_o three_o shall_v have_v three_o draw_v from_o all_o these_o point_n 1_o 2_o and_z 3_o to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n d_o and_o you_o shall_v divide_v the_o perpendicular_o elevate_v from_o the_o plane_n to_o the_o point_n o_o which_o shall_v be_v the_o height_n of_o each_o step_n that_o of_o the_o other_o side_n be_v for_o to_o make_v it_o seem_v without_o point_n and_o without_o line_n this_o manner_n of_o step_n may_v serve_v for_o many_o thing_n as_o for_o a_o altar_n for_o a_o throne_n for_o the_o forepart_n of_o a_o church_n for_o a_o gate_n etc._n etc._n stair_n within_o a_o wall_n in_o perspective_n set_v as_o many_o division_n at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o wall_n as_o you_o will_v have_v step_n as_o here_o for_o three_o between_z a_o and_o b_o and_z draw_z a_o b_o to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n c._n then_o have_v determine_v the_o space_n that_o you_o will_v give_v to_o the_o step_n as_o d_o e_z you_o shall_v draw_v the_o parallel_n to_o the_o base_a e_o f_o which_o shall_v receive_v at_o the_o point_v i_o ay_o the_o section_n of_o the_o line_n draw_v from_o the_o point_n g_o h_n to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n c_o and_o from_o these_o point_n i_o ay_o you_o shall_v raise_v perpendicular_o i_o k_o i_o k_o which_o shall_v receive_v the_o height_n of_o the_o step_n draw_v from_o the_o point_v 1._o 2._o 3_o to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n c_o as_o be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o second_o figure_n 2_o figure_n for_o wind_a stair_n with_o rest_n in_o perspective_n we_o must_v remember_v the_o foregoing_a order_n about_o step_n and_o it_o will_v be_v easy_a to_o frame_v these_o wind_a stair_n but_o to_o avoid_v the_o pain_n of_o search_v we_o will_v unfold_v the_o whole_a matter_n here_o by_o reason_n that_o the_o
wind_a stair_n of_o this_o figure_n have_v ordinary_o twice_o as_o much_o at_o the_o bottom_n as_o they_o be_v broad_a when_o one_o will_v raise_v then_o into_o perspective_n he_o shall_v first_o set_v the_o horizon_n where_o he_o will_v then_o he_o must_v make_v a_o square_a according_a to_o the_o ordinary_a rule_n and_o double_v it_o according_a to_o the_o second_o advice_n of_o fol._n 16._o and_o to_o divide_v this_o square_n by_o a_o unequal_a number_n of_o little_a square_n that_o the_o wall_n which_o shall_v be_v in_o the_o midst_n may_v be_v of_o the_o measure_n of_o one_o little_a square_n in_o this_o figure_n each_o square_n have_v 9_o side_n or_o little_a square_n of_o each_o side_n the_o which_o be_v double_v make_v 18_o for_o all_o the_o hollow_a of_o these_o 18._o you_o must_v leave_v 4_o at_o each_o end_n for_o the_o rest_v there_o remain_v 10_o little_a square_n which_o we_o will_v make_v to_o contain_v 1_o foot_n eeury_n way_n of_o which_o we_o shall_v make_v ten_o step_n or_o degree_n as_o follow_v have_v leave_v 4_o square_n a_o b_o beginning_n at_o the_o point_n a_o which_o hold_v the_o place_n of_o the_o wall_n we_o will_v raise_v a_o good_a height_n the_o perpendicule_n b_o then_z the_o second_o c_z and_z the_o third_z d_o and_o so_o from_o the_o other_o angle_n of_o the_o square_n until_o that_o one_o have_v make_v the_o 10._o which_o we_o have_v here_o this_o be_v do_v on_o the_o one_o side_n you_o shall_v do_v as_o much_o on_o the_o other_o and_o all_o these_o perpendicules_n shall_v give_v the_o depth_n of_o the_o step_n for_o the_o height_n if_o they_o have_v one_o foot_n of_o depth_n or_o breadth_n we_o shall_v give_v they_o one_o half_a foot_n of_o height_n which_o be_v the_o half_a of_o the_o little_a square_n a_o o_o this_o height_n be_v take_v with_o a_o compass_n we_o must_v set_v it_o upon_o the_o first_o corner_n which_o shall_v serve_v as_o for_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n begin_v all_o below_o at_o the_o point_n a_o and_o to_o mark_v it_o as_o many_o time_n as_o we_o will_v make_v step_n as_o here_o 10_o unto_o the_o first_o rest_n from_o which_o we_o begin_v to_o ascend_v again_o on_o the_o other_o side_n opposite_a where_o which_o we_o shall_v take_v again_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o number_n follow_v be_v mark_v there_o on_o the_o one_o side_n and_o other_o unto_o the_o 23._o from_o all_o these_o 23_o point_n we_o must_v draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n e_o and_o to_o take_v heed_n to_o divide_v the_o perpendicules_n according_a to_o their_o order_n that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o have_v place_v the_o rule_n upon_o the_o first_o point_n and_o at_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n e_o we_o must_v divide_v the_o first_o perpendicular_a b_o unto_z c_o with_o a_o small_a draught_n for_o the_o first_o step_n for_o the_o second_o step_v we_o must_v from_o the_o second_o point_n divide_v the_o second_o perpendicular_a c_o unto_z d_o and_o so_o of_o all_o as_o well_o of_o one_o side_n as_o the_o other_o from_o all_o the_o angle_n of_o these_o small_a draught_n between_o the_o perpendicular_o we_o must_v draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o horizon_n unto_o the_o wall_n f_o which_o be_v raise_v in_o the_o midst_n as_o be_v the_o small_a draught_n i_o ay_o ay_o ay_o which_o i_o have_v make_v only_o on_o one_o side_n for_o to_o avoid_v confusion_n it_o be_v only_o these_o parallel_n which_o must_v frame_v the_o step_n all_o that_o be_v make_v unto_o that_o aught_o to_o be_v of_o occult_a line_n which_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v see_v when_o the_o figure_n be_v finish_v the_o rest_v aught_o to_o be_v take_v from_o the_o defect_n of_o the_o last_o perpendicular_o unto_o the_o wall_n as_o from_z g_z unto_o h_n their_o thickness_n h_n k_o be_v of_o one_o half_a foot_n as_o of_o one_o step._n the_o figure_n below_o be_v the_o same_o wi●h_n that_o above_o but_o this_o be_v make_v and_o the_o other_o show_v how_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v make_v stair_n wind_v upright_o in_o perspective_n you_o must_v set_v upon_o the_o base_a one_o side_n of_o the_o ascent_n and_o divide_v it_o into_o so_o many_o part_n as_o you_o will_v set_v step_n there_o for_o example_n the_o side_n of_o the_o stair_n let_v be_v the_o distance_n a_o b_o if_o you_o will_v have_v 16_o step_n for_o the_o whole_a circuit_n of_o the_o square_n each_o side_n shall_v have_v four_o this_o be_v why_o this_o measure_n a_o b_o be_v divide_v into_o four_o you_o must_v make_v thereof_o a_o square_n divide_v into_o sixteen_o according_a to_o the_o order_n aforegoing_a from_o all_o the_o outward_a division_n which_o divide_v into_o four_o the_o line_n of_o each_o side_n you_o must_v raise_v perpendicules_n which_o will_v give_v the_o bound_n of_o the_o step_n let_v then_o the_o perpendicules_n be_v a_o a_o b_o b_o c_o c_o d_o d_o e_o e._n this_n e_o e_o make_v for_o three_o by_o reason_n that_o the_o point_n be_v in_o the_o midst_n for_o that_o it_o serve_v for_o the_o nuell_n or_o spindle_n which_o be_v the_o centre_n of_o all_o and_o the_o half_a of_o the_o line_n before_o and_o of_o that_o of_o the_o bottom_n there_o follow_v f_o f_o g_o g_o h_o h_n i_o i_o k_o k_o l_o l_o m_o m_o n_o n_n o_o o_o p_o p._n you_o must_v set_v upon_o the_o first_o perpendicule_n a._n which_o we_o will_v make_v to_o serve_v for_o line_n of_o elevation_n the_o height_n of_o one_o step_n or_o degree_n q_n a_o and_o from_o the_o point_n qui_fw-fr you_o must_v draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n x_o for_o to_o have_v the_o measure_n of_o all_o the_o step_n at_o the_o section_n of_o the_o perpendicular_o q_o r_o s_o t_o v_o a_o q_o be_v the_o height_n of_o the_o first_o f_o r_o of_o the_o second_o g_o s_o of_o the_o three_o h_o t_o of_o the_o four_o and_o i_o five_o of_o the_o five_o this_o of_o all_o those_o of_o the_o bottom_n as_o a_o q_o be_v of_o all_o those_o before_o see_v that_o g_z s_n be_v the_o measure_n of_o the_o three_o which_o be_v the_o midst_n of_o the_o side_n it_o must_v also_o be_v the_o measure_n of_o the_o centre_n and_o of_o the_o nuell_n of_o the_o stair_n therefore_o have_v take_v this_o measure_n g_o s_o with_o the_o compass_n we_o must_v carry_v it_o to_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o square_a and_o mark_v it_o in_o go_v upward_o as_o many_o time_n as_o we_o will_v set_v step_n in_o the_o whole_a ascent_n as_o i_o have_v set_v it_o here_o eighteen_o time_n for_o eighteen_o step_n or_o degree_n all_o be_v order_v in_o this_o manner_n the_o rest_n be_v easy_a enough_o see_v that_o for_o to_o make_v the_o first_o step_n we_o must_v take_v the_o measure_n a_o qui_fw-fr and_o carry_v it_o upon_o the_o perpendicular_a d_o to_o the_o point_n i_o and_o from_o this_o point_n i_o to_o make_v a_o parallel_n unto_o the_o other_o perpendicule_fw-la b_o then_o from_o these_o two_o point_n i_o ay_o upon_o the_o perpendicular_o to_o draw_v to_o the_o other_o i_o which_o be_v at_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o square_a these_o three_o iii_o will_v frame_v the_o first_o step_n for_o the_o second_o see_v that_o its_o corner_n come_v to_o the_o perpendicule_n b_o which_o be_v on_o the_o side_n before_o you_o must_v give_v it_o the_o same_o measure_n a_o q_o which_o shall_v be_v 1_o 2._o and_o from_o the_o point_n 2_o to_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o fight_n x_o for_o to_o divide_v the_o perpendicule_n p_o or_o the_o point_n 2_o from_o the_o which_o point_v 2_o 2_o perpendicular_o you_o must_v draw_v to_o 2_o of_o the_o centre_n which_o will_v frame_v the_o second_o step_n for_o the_o three_o see_v that_o it_o meet_v upon_o the_o perpendicular_a p_o you_o must_v take_v the_o measure_n f_o r_n for_o its_o height_n and_o do_v as_o at_o the_o second_o and_o so_o of_o all_o the_o other_o he_o that_o will_v make_v they_o round_o need_v but_o only_o to_o reduce_v the_o square_n into_o round_n according_a to_o the_o order_n aforego_v and_o he_o shall_v have_v the_o same_o facility_n whole_o as_o in_o the_o square_a in_o whatsoever_o remain_v square_n set_v into_o round_n in_o perspective_n this_o order_n be_v the_o same_o that_o we_o have_v give_v in_o the_o plane_n for_o to_o set_v into_o perspective_n the_o round_o divide_v into_o 8_o as_o one_o may_v see_v in_o the_o figure_n a_o where_o the_o perfect_a round_n of_o the_o forepart_n of_o the_o cube_n give_v the_o draught_n how_o to_o abridge_v that_o above_o and_o that_o above_o with_o that_o before_o for_o to_o abridge_v all_o the_o other_o side_n as_o we_o see_v the_o figure_n b_o where_o the_o round_n be_v abridge_v on_o three_o side_n and_o at_o the_o other_o c_o where_o it_o be_v
of_o all_o the_o face_n of_o the_o cube_n the_o three_o figure_n d_o e_o f_o be_v pierce_v or_o hollow_v each_o on_o two_o side_n according_a to_o the_o plane_n of_o the_o figure_n where_o the_o round_a a_o as_o we_o see_v the_o cube_n d_o pierce_v by_o the_o face_n before_o and_o through_o that_o we_o see_v the_o bottom_n pierce_v likewise_o e_z be_v pierce_v by_o the_o side_n and_o f_o by_o the_o upper_a part_n and_o the_o face_n which_o lie_v upon_o the_o ground_n which_o can_v be_v see_v suppose_v that_o the_o cube_n be_v of_o matter_n which_o be_v not_o transparent_a these_o three_o figure_n which_o be_v under_o be_v as_o the_o piece_n which_o one_o have_v draw_v from_o each_o cube_n this_o g_z shall_v be_v draw_v from_o the_o cube_n d_o h_n be_v draw_v from_o the_o cube_fw-la e_z and_o i_o be_v draw_v from_o the_o cube_fw-la f._n that_o which_o cause_v to_o understand_v the_o easiness_n of_o set_v all_o square_a figure_n into_o round_n and_o that_o one_o shall_v not_o be_v trouble_v to_o set_v column_n in_o what_o place_n soever_o he_o will_v the_o reason_n why_o i_o have_v set_v none_o of_o they_o heretofore_o have_v be_v for_o to_o render_v the_o elevation_n more_o easy_a to_o conceive_v and_o to_o facilitate_v the_o order_n the_o which_o be_v well_o understand_v and_o remember_v one_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o make_v a_o round_a figure_n of_o whatsoever_o he_o will_v this_o be_v the_o begin_n of_o column_n we_o shall_v further_o speak_v how_o one_o ought_v to_o proceed_v for_o to_o make_v they_o perfect_a round_o stair_n in_o perspective_n for_o to_o elevate_v these_o three_o stair_n or_o round_o step_v view_v by_o the_o front_n which_o be_v in_o the_o first_o figure_n we_o must_v make_v a_o plane_n of_o three_o round_n the_o one_o within_o the_o other_o as_o it_o have_v be_v say_v in_o the_o plane_n fol._n 28._o and_o from_o all_o the_o point_n that_o frame_v the_o round_a to_o draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o base_a unto_o the_o ray_n a_o which_o be_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n a_o b_o which_o shall_v give_v the_o elevation_n by_o the_o ordinary_a rule_n which_o must_v be_v take_v with_o the_o compass_n and_o to_o carry_v they_o upon_o the_o perpendicules_a elevate_v from_o the_o point_n of_o the_o plane_n as_o we_o have_v do_v at_o the_o pilaster_n set_v into_o round_n round_o stair_n view_v from_o the_o side_n in_o perspective_n the_o order_n of_o figure_n or_o object_n view_v from_o the_o side_n be_v altogether_o the_o same_o with_o that_o of_o those_o of_o the_o front_n but_o that_o it_o may_v be_v know_v that_o we_o be_v not_o always_o bind_v to_o follow_v the_o division_n of_o the_o circle_n into_o 16._o i_o have_v make_v those_o of_o the_o side_n into_o 8_o as_o may_v be_v see_v in_o the_o circle_n make_v of_o point_n in_o the_o figure_n which_o be_v not_o shadow_v for_o all_o the_o rest_n it_o be_v as_o in_o other_o order_n the_o line_n of_o elevation_n c_o d_o which_o be_v draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n e._n 1._o fig._n 2._o fig._n for_o the_o wind_a stair_n or_o turn_v ascent_n this_o figure_n be_v the_o same_o with_o that_o before-going_a which_o i_o have_v not_o shadow_v on_o purpose_n to_o make_v the_o order_n to_o be_v the_o better_o understand_v and_o for_o this_o reason_n i_o have_v reserve_v for_o this_o the_o tree_n or_o the_o nuell_n of_o the_o ascent_n which_o one_o may_v find_v by_o make_v at_o the_o centre_n a_o a_o round_a in_o perspective_n or_o rather_o a_o demi-round_a see_v that_o we_o can_v see_v but_o the_o half_a as_o be_v b_o c_o at_o which_o demi-circle_n we_o must_v draw_v line_n to_o the_o centre_n a_o from_o all_o the_o division_n of_o the_o square_n of_o the_o first_o plane_n which_o will_v give_v g_z e_o f_o g_o h_o i_o k_n which_o will_v divide_v this_o arch_n b_o c_o into_o eight_z part_n and_o from_o the_o section_n o_o we_o must_v raise_v perpendicules_n and_o observe_v that_o they_o shall_v divide_v just_o at_o the_o point_n where_o we_o must_v place_v the_o step_n or_o degree_n which_o we_o shall_v have_v make_v as_o for_o example_n the_o step_n i_o shall_v be_v divide_v by_o the_o perpendicule_n elevate_v from_o its_o point_n upon_o the_o demi-round_a as_o we_o see_v in_o a_o the_o other_o step_n after_o which_o be_v the_o second_o shall_v be_v divide_v by_o the_o perpendicular_a of_o the_o point_n which_o k_o shall_v have_v make_v at_o the_o demi-round_a and_o so_o of_o all_o the_o other_o the_o rest_n which_o be_v in_o the_o figure_n as_o the_o door_n and_o the_o window_n shall_v be_v make_v according_a to_o the_o forego_n order_n of_o column_n or_o pillar_n in_o perspective_n that_o which_o we_o be_v speak_v of_o be_v not_o only_o for_o the_o cube_n but_o it_o ought_v also_o to_o serve_v for_o all_o that_o we_o will_v make_v round_o for_o example_n if_o from_o the_o square_a a_o you_o will_v elevate_v a_o round_a piece_n you_o must_v make_v a_o round_a within_o this_o square_a according_a to_o the_o ordinary_a order_n and_o at_o the_o height_n which_o one_o will_v give_v to_o this_o piece_n to_o make_v also_o another_o square_n and_o a_o round_o within_o as_o be_v b._n for_o to_o know_v to_o give_v the_o 2_o line_n d_o e_o which_o make_v the_o thickness_n or_o the_o diameter_n of_o the_o round_a we_o must_v take_v notice_n where_o the_o round_o divide_v the_o diagonal_a of_o the_o square_n and_o to_o hold_v for_o a_o general_a maxim_n that_o it_o ought_v always_o to_o be_v take_v at_o the_o round_a piece_n see_v from_o the_o side_n as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o figure_n c_o that_o the_o perpendicules_n be_v elevate_v from_o the_o section_n of_o the_o round_a upon_o the_o diagonal_a of_o the_o square_n at_o the_o point_n d_o e_z for_o the_o piece_n view_v by_o the_o front_n as_o the_o figure_n f_o they_o ought_v always_o to_o possess_v the_o demy-round_a g_o h_n i_o and_o to_o elevate_v the_o perpendicules_n of_o the_o diameter_n right_a g_o h_n and_o from_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o as_o well_o on_o front_n as_o on_o side_n we_o must_v elevate_v a_o line_n from_o the_o centre_n which_o shall_v serve_v to_o give_v the_o diminution_n to_o the_o column_n for_o these_o three_o piece_n below_o beside_o that_o they_o serve_v to_o make_v the_o other_o see_v clear_o and_o with_o their_o shadow_n they_o serve_v also_o for_o to_o show_v how_o we_o must_v proceed_v for_o the_o column_n this_o piece_n of_o the_o midst_n k_o be_v exact_o round_a without_o ornament_n nor_o intent_n to_o make_v any_o there_o the_o second_o mark_v l_o cause_v to_o be_v see_v that_o when_o we_o desire_v to_o make_v a_o base_a there_o we_o ought_v upon_o the_o square_n which_o must_v serve_v for_o a_o plinth_n whereof_o m_n n_n be_v the_o upper_a part_n to_o make_v a_o double_a round_o whereof_o the_o distance_n from_o one_o to_o the_o other_o may_v be_v the_o projector_n of_o the_o base_a and_o the_o round_a from_o within_o the_o plane_n of_o the_o shaft_n of_o the_o column_n from_o which_o they_o shall_v raise_v the_o perpendicules_n the_o three_o mark_v o_o be_v a_o column_n with_o its_o ornament_n which_o every_o one_o may_v make_v at_o his_o pleasure_n and_o we_o must_v take_v notice_n that_o the_o uppermost_a square_n of_o the_o capital_a answer_n to_o the_o plinth_n or_o top_n of_o the_o basie_n of_o cornish_n and_o moulding_n in_o perspective_n in_o pursuit_n of_o column_n which_o be_v the_o principal_a ornament_n of_o architecture_n we_o will_v set_v the_o cornish_n or_o moulding_n with_o their_o projector_n which_o we_o have_v not_o set_v hitherto_o for_o fear_v of_o give_v confusion_n to_o the_o elevation_n which_o it_o behove_v to_o be_v understand_v with_o clearness_n and_o easiness_n it_o be_v true_a that_o there_o be_v not_o many_o building_n make_v which_o have_v not_o some_o few_o moulding_n and_o projector_n for_o their_o ornament_n for_o to_o make_v they_o more_o please_v to_o the_o eye_n where-i_a thought_n fit_a to_o set_v here_o the_o manner_n not_o of_o frame_v they_o see_v that_o depend_v on_o the_o pleasure_n of_o every_o one_o nor_o to_o give_v they_o their_o measure_n and_o projector_n for_o that_o be_v to_o oblige_v myself_o to_o sit_v down_o here_o the_o order_n of_o architecture_n and_o a_o thousand_o other_o invention_n of_o ornament_n which_o one_o may_v find_v elsewhere_o and_o which_o i_o suppose_v be_v know_v but_o only_o to_o set_v they_o into_o perspective_n according_a to_o the_o order_n follow_v when_o any_o shall_v have_v occasion_n for_o such_o a_o order_n for_o to_o set_v then_o the_o ornament_n for_o a_o pilaster_n in_o perspective_n we_o must_v take_v the_o measure_n upon_o the_o middle_a line_n of_o some_o other_o with_o
draw_v right_o as_o be_v the_o door_n n._n for_o the_o open_n of_o window_n in_o perspective_n all_o the_o difference_n that_o there_o be_v in_o the_o open_n of_o window_n from_o those_o of_o the_o door_n be_v that_o the_o door_n have_v the_o demi-round_a of_o their_o open_n upon_o the_o plane_n and_o the_o window_n have_v it_o in_o the_o air_n by_o reason_n that_o the_o window_n make_v their_o open_n be_v elevate_v from_o the_o ground_n and_o the_o door_n do_v grate_n upon_o it_o wherefore_o we_o must_v make_v this_o demi-round_a above_o or_o below_o the_o window_n and_o within_o this_o demi-round_a to_o take_v the_o point_n for_o to_o open_v they_o for_o example_n if_o the_o side_n of_o the_o window_n have_v 2_o small_a square_n of_o breadth_n as_o a_o b_o and_o that_o one_o give_v it_o its_o whole_a open_n it_o will_v take_v up_o two_o more_o square_n c_o a_o whereof_o a_o be_v the_o middle_n and_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o demi-circle_n a_o b_o c._n but_o by_o reason_n that_o the_o window_n be_v elevate_v from_o the_o ground_n the_o demi-round_a also_o must_v be_v elevate_v as_o they_o be_v here_o above_o the_o window_n from_o the_o corner_n d_o and_o e_o which_o be_v the_o centre_n of_o these_o demi-round_n which_o shall_v be_v easy_o frame_v raise_v perpendicular_o from_o the_o square_n which_o be_v between_o c_z and_o b_o until_o that_o they_o divide_v the_o ray_n which_o pass_v by_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o window_n d_o e._n and_o from_o these_o section_n you_o must_v draw_v to_o the_o base_a and_o give_v they_o the_o measure_n of_o the_o little_a square_n of_o the_o plane_n 1_o 2_o 3._o from_o which_o point_v 1_o 2_o 3._o on_o high_a you_o must_v draw_v line_n to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n f_o which_o shall_v divide_v the_o parallel_n of_o point_n and_o frame_v the_o little_a square_n for_o to_o make_v the_o round_n of_o the_o open_n which_o shall_v be_v take_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o at_o the_o door_n as_o if_o one_o give_v within_o the_o high_a demi-round_a the_o point_n g_o for_o the_o point_n of_o the_o open_n from_o this_o point_n g_z you_o must_v draw_v 2_o line_n the_o one_o which_o fall_v plumbe_v g_o h_n the_o other_o which_o pass_v by_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o window_n e_o for_o to_o divide_v the_o horizon_n where_o it_o can_v which_o be_v here_o the_o point_n i_o from_o this_o point_n i_o you_o must_v also_o a_o line_n by_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o window_n k_o until_o that_o it_o divide_v the_o line_n plumb_n at_o the_o point_n h_n which_o shall_v give_v the_o window_n open_a k_o e_o g_o h_o we_o must_v do_v the_o same_o of_o all_o the_o other_o and_o take_v the_o point_n within_o the_o horizon_n as_o l_o be_v the_o point_n for_o the_o window_n m_o and_o n_n be_v that_o of_o the_o window_n o._n the_o window_n p_o hath_z none_o be_v parallel_n to_o the_o horizon_n the_o window_n which_o be_v opposite_a be_v make_v by_o the_o same_o method_n without_o the_o confusion_n of_o line_n the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o be_v equal_a with_o the_o wall_n for_o to_o facilitate_v the_o order_n thereof_o the_o door_n at_o the_o bottom_n be_v make_v as_o we_o have_v say_v and_o the_o window_n follow_v the_o method_n of_o these_o for_o the_o open_v of_o the_o window_n with_o chamfretting_n the_o order_n of_o this_o be_v as_o the_o other_o upon_o the_o side_n of_o the_o wall_n except_o that_o these_o can_v be_v open_v whole_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o chamfring_n which_o cause_v that_o the_o whole_a demi-circle_n be_v not_o allow_v but_o as_o much_o as_o the_o open_n can_v have_v of_o it_o they_o ought_v always_o to_o take_v their_o point_n within_o the_o horizon_n as_o we_o see_v q_n and_o r_n for_o the_o open_n of_o the_o window_n on_o high_a that_o below_o be_v parallel_n to_o the_o horizon_n of_o divers_a other_o open_n the_o open_n of_o cupboard_n and_o of_o chest_n be_v at_o least_o as_o necessary_a as_o those_o of_o door_n and_o window_n and_o the_o fault_n will_v not_o be_v less_o to_o forget_v these_o than_o not_o to_o set_v down_o those_o let_v we_o see_v the_o order_n in_o these_o two_o figure_n the_o cup-board_n a_o be_v open_v according_a to_o the_o order_n of_o the_o window_n and_o it_o will_v be_v loss_n of_o time_n to_o busy_a ones-self_n in_o repeat_v they_o here_o we_o be_v to_o observe_v only_o that_o one_o height_n be_v parallel_n to_o the_o horizon_n and_o the_o other_o below_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n b._n this_o manner_n of_o shop_n which_o be_v on_o the_o other_o side_n have_v its_o open_v with_o two_o shut_v whereof_o one_o be_v lift_v on_o high_a and_o the_o other_o come_v down_o below_o and_o each_o make_v its_o demi-round_a from_o the_o centre_n c_o and_o d_o which_v one_o make_v with_o the_o compass_n than_o we_o may_v take_v the_o open_n where_o we_o will_v as_o here_o at_o the_o point_n e_o from_o which_o we_o draw_v a_o ray_n to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n f_o until_o we_o divide_v the_o demi-round_n of_o the_o other_o end_n at_o the_o point_n g_o from_z which_z points_z e_z g_z we_o must_v draw_v to_o the_o centre_n c_o d_o for_o to_o have_v the_o shut_v which_o close_o up_o the_o shop_n as_o we_o see_v in_o the_o figure_n below_o there_o be_v 3_o chest_n open_v several_a way_n for_o to_o open_v the_o first_o h_n i_o have_v make_v the_o quarter_n of_o a_o round_n m_o in_o perspective_n follow_v the_o measure_n of_o the_o little_a square_n of_o the_o plane_n keep_v the_o breadth_n of_o the_o chest_n as_o this_o be_v of_o 2_o little_a square_n from_o which_o we_o must_v raise_v perpendicular_o and_o thereof_o frame_v the_o half_a or_o quarter_n of_o a_o round_a for_o the_o open_n which_o we_o may_v take_v at_o pleasure_n as_o here_o the_o point_n n_n from_o which_o we_o must_v draw_v a_o parallel_n unto_o the_o other_o quarter_n of_o the_o round_a o_o and_o from_o these_o 2_o points_z n_z o_o to_o draw_v to_o the_o centre_n p_o if_o we_o will_v open_v it_o wide_o we_o must_v make_v a_o demi-round_a instead_o of_o a_o quarter_n the_o chest_n i_o be_v the_o most_o easy_a of_o all_o the_o open_n for_o have_v take_v the_o breadth_n of_o the_o chest_n q_o r_n we_o must_v from_o the_o centre_n r_n make_v with_o the_o compass_n the_o demi-round_a q_o s._n then_o to_o take_v what_o open_v you_o will_v as_o t_o and_o to_o draw_v a_o ray_n to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n v_n which_o shall_v divide_v the_o other_o demi-round_a at_o the_o point_n x_o and_o from_o these_o 2_o point_n t_o x_o to_o the_o corner_n r._n he_o that_o will_v open_v they_o further_o have_v but_o to_o set_v the_o point_n of_o the_o open_n high_a within_o the_o demi-round_n as_o you_o be_v to_o the_o coffer_n k_o all_o the_o rest_n be_v order_v like_o as_o in_o the_o coffer_n i_o as_o one_o may_v see_v of_o plane_n and_o the_o first_o elevation_n of_o moveable_n i_o have_v set_v these_o plane_n in_o their_o order_n among_o the_o other_o have_v there_o not_o be_v one_o consideration_n which_o make_v i_o defer_v they_o until_o now_o which_o be_v that_o if_o i_o have_v handle_v they_o in_o the_o beginning_n without_o make_v know_v the_o necessity_n thereof_o they_o will_v have_v be_v also_o too_o soon_o forget_v and_o hold_v as_o unuseful_a they_o be_v now_o more_o seasonable_a and_o without_o doubt_n they_o will_v be_v well_o receive_v please_a and_o learned_a with_o pleasure_n see_v there_o be_v not_o only_a moveable_n nor_o piece_n of_o householdstuff_n which_o depend_v not_o thereon_o the_o first_o plane_n a_o serve_v for_o bed_n table_n chair_n stool_n low_a stool_n etc._n etc._n the_o other_z b_o which_o bear_v in_o length_n two_o time_n its_o breadth_n serve_v for_o long_a table_n cabinet_n court_n cup-board_n coffer_n trunk_n the_o three_o c_o which_o be_v long_o and_o narrow_a serve_v for_o bench_n or_o form_n and_o other_o thing_n which_o have_v need_v of_o six_o foot_n or_o pillar_n as_o great_a table_n and_o cup-board_n the_o knowledge_n that_o one_o have_v of_o other_o plane_n will_v give_v the_o facility_n of_o make_v these_o see_v there_o be_v nothing_o but_o to_o set_v their_o measure_n upon_o the_o base_a to_o draw_v they_o to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n and_o to_o abridge_v they_o by_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n for_o example_n for_o the_o plane_n a_o you_o must_v set_v upon_o the_o base_a these_o two_o measure_n d_o e_z and_o draw_v they_o to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n f_o then_o from_o one_o of_o the_o distance_n you_o must_v draw_v to_o one_o of_o these_o measure_n as_o here_o e_o to_z the_o distance_z g_z and_o where_o that_o shall_v divide_v
the_o ray_n at_o the_o point_v h_n ay_o you_o must_v draw_v parallel_n for_o to_o frame_v the_o 4_o little_a square_n which_o one_o may_v make_v to_o be_v for_o as_o much_o or_o as_o little_a as_o he_o will_n because_o for_o a_o table_n they_o must_v be_v of_o more_o bigness_n then_o for_o a_o settle_v or_o stool_n that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o they_o must_v have_v more_o breadth_n for_o if_o for_o this_o we_o allow_v 2_o inch_n for_o that_o there_o must_v be_v four_o the_o plane_n b_o be_v make_v of_o the_o same_o manner_n except_o that_o by_o reason_n of_o its_o length_n which_o be_v the_o double_a of_o the_o breadth_n we_o must_v draw_v from_o the_o point_n b_o to_o one_o of_o the_o distance_n for_o to_o find_v the_o half_a k_o for_o if_o one_o shall_v draw_v from_o the_o point_n l_o he_o will_v divide_v at_o the_o point_n m_o which_o will_v be_v the_o whole_a square_n and_o we_o will_v have_v but_o the_o half_a wherefore_o from_o the_o point_n k_o we_o must_v draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o section_n of_o the_o ray_n and_o from_o the_o corner_n l_o we_o shall_v divide_v also_o the_o ray_n for_o the_o first_o square_n at_o the_o point_n n._n the_o other_o plane_n c_o have_v no_o need_n of_o explication_n for_o we_o see_v well_o that_o it_o be_v make_v as_o that_o a_o and_o that_o you_o must_v double_v the_o square_a for_o to_o have_v 6_o little_a square_n we_o see_v at_o the_o figure_n below_o that_o from_o all_o the_o angle_n of_o these_o square_n you_o must_v raise_v perpendicular_o for_o to_o begin_v to_o give_v the_o frame_n to_o the_o piece_n that_o we_o shall_v make_v hereafter_o of_o the_o elevation_n of_o movable_n have_v raise_v the_o perpendicular_o of_o the_o plane_n as_o aforesaid_a we_o must_v in_o some_o place_n of_o the_o picture_n make_v the_o line_n of_o elevation_n upon_o the_o which_o we_o shall_v set_v the_o cross-line_n or_o travers_n and_o the_o height_n that_o one_o will_v give_v they_o for_o example_n the_o line_n c_o d_o shall_v be_v the_o line_n of_o elevation_n and_o c_o e_o and_o d_o f_o shall_v be_v the_o bredth_n for_o the_o travers_n from_o all_o these_o four_o point_n we_o must_v draw_v in_o some_o place_n within_o the_o horizon_n as_o here_o at_o the_o point_n g._n then_o have_v from_o the_o plane_n a_o b_o raise_v the_o perpendicular_o from_o all_o the_o angle_n we_o must_v from_o the_o same_o angles_n draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o base_a unto_o the_o ray_n c_o g_o which_o be_v the_o bottom_n of_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n which_o will_v give_v the_o point_n 1_o 2_o 3_o 4._o which_o we_o must_v raise_v into_o perpendicular_o and_o the_o section_n which_o these_o perpendicular_o shall_v make_v at_o the_o ray_n c_o e_o d_o f_o shall_v be_v the_o point_n to_o divide_v the_o perpendicular_o of_o the_o plane_n whither_o we_o carry_v they_o with_o the_o compass_n or_o that_o we_o divide_v they_o with_o parallel_n as_o we_o see_v in_o the_o figure_n that_o draw_v a_o parallel_n from_o the_o point_n e_o we_o shall_v divide_v the_o first_o perpendicules_n of_o the_o plane_n a_o b_o at_z the_o points_z o_o from_o which_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n h_n we_o shall_v divide_v the_o other_o perpendicular_o of_o the_o plane_n at_o the_o point_n p_o and_o do_v the_o same_o from_o the_o point_n f_o we_o shall_v frame_v a_o cube_n pierce_v round_o on_o all_o side_n or_o compose_v of_o square_a piece_n the_o which_o be_v well_o understand_v we_o shall_v easy_o make_v all_o the_o piece_n follow_v and_o whatsoever_o other_o may_v be_v it_o be_v easy_a to_o see_v that_o the_o two_o frame_n or_o foot_n of_o the_o table_n i_o and_o k_o be_v make_v by_o the_o same_o order_n that_o those_o above_o a_o b_o they_o have_v no_o difference_n but_o in_o the_o bar_n below_o which_o be_v more_o elevate_v in_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n at_o the_o point_n l_o which_o give_v the_o bar_n m_o and_o that_o which_o be_v under_o may_v be_v make_v into_o bowl_n or_o to_o leave_v the_o foot_n square_a as_o they_o be_v for_o the_o latter_a frame_n n_n and_o q_n there_o be_v no_o more_o than_o in_o ay_o and_o k_o except_o that_o they_o be_v see_v by_o the_o angle_n and_o the_o other_o be_v see_v in_o front_n the_o plane_n of_o these_o i_o and_o k_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n r_n and_o these_o draw_v to_o the_o distance_n s_o t._n these_o figure_n show_v the_o order_n of_o all_o piece_n of_o householdstuff_n for_o example_n if_o of_o the_o figure_n i_o or_o k_o we_o will_v make_v a_o bed_n there_o be_v nothing_o but_o to_o give_v to_o it_o its_o breadth_n and_o height_n for_o it_o be_v the_o same_o order_n in_o all_o the_o rest_n and_o if_o one_o will_v make_v a_o low_a stool_n or_o flat_a base_a for_o a_o table_n there_o be_v nothing_o but_o to_o make_v that_o above_o for_o a_o stool_n beside_o that_o above_o we_o must_v give_v it_o more_o height_n than_o breadth_n but_o all_o the_o rest_n be_v order_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n for_o to_o make_v the_o upper_a part_n of_o table_n stool_n etc._n etc._n have_v raise_v the_o perpendicules_n from_o the_o plane_n as_o we_o have_v speak_v and_o give_v the_o height_n that_o we_o will_v they_o shall_v have_v we_o shall_v have_v the_o frame_n for_o to_o make_v there_o a_o upper_a part_n whole_o by_o the_o line_n and_o which_o pass_v not_o the_o frame_n we_o have_v only_o to_o leave_v the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o cube_fw-la without_o mark_v any_o thing_n there_o and_o this_o shall_v be_v the_o uppermost_a be_v it_o of_o a_o table_n stool_n low-stool_n etc._n etc._n but_o if_o one_o will_v that_o the_o upper_a part_n shall_v have_v any_o projector_n or_o border_n we_o must_v from_o one_o of_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o frame_n or_o foot_n of_o the_o table_n draw_v a_o little_a parallel_n as_o a_o b_o and_o upon_o this_o parallel_n set_v the_o measure_n of_o the_o projector_n one_o will_v give_v it_o as_o we_o have_v set_v here_o a_o b._n then_o from_o the_o distance_n c_o and_o d_o we_o must_v from_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o square_n make_v of_o point_n which_o be_v the_o breadth_n of_o the_o frame_n or_o foot_n of_o the_o table_n draw_v small_a occult_a line_n as_o be_v a_o e._n now_o for_o to_o know_v how_o this_o measure_n a_o b_o shall_v give_v in_o perspective_n the_o breadth_n equal_a to_o all_o the_o side_n and_o corner_n of_o the_o table_n we_o must_v from_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n f_o draw_v a_o ray_n pass_v by_o the_o point_n b_o and_o continue_v it_o until_o that_o it_o divide_v the_o line_n c_o a_o e_o which_o shall_v be_v at_o the_o point_n g_o from_o this_o point_n g_o we_o must_v make_v a_o parallel_n which_o shall_v divide_v the_o other_o occult_a line_n at_o the_o point_n h._n then_o draw_v from_o the_o point_n g_o h_n to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n f_o we_o shall_v divide_v the_o other_o line_n diagonal_a of_o the_o corner_n at_o the_o point_n l_o and_z k_o and_o then_o we_o shall_v have_v the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o table_n with_o the_o projector_n which_o we_o have_v give_v to_o the_o line_n a_o b._n for_o the_o thickness_n of_o this_o upper_a part_n we_o may_v give_v it_o at_o pleasure_n this_o order_n may_v serve_v for_o to_o make_v the_o upper_a part_n in_o all_o whatsoever_o we_o will_v whether_o they_o be_v above_o or_o below_o the_o horizon_n whether_o they_o be_v on_o the_o front_n or_o side_n in_o short_a they_o make_v they_o all_o after_o the_o same_o manner_n for_o to_o elevate_v a_o court-cupboard_n and_o cabinet_n have_v make_v the_o plane_n and_o elevate_v perpendicular_o from_o all_o the_o angle_n as_o we_o have_v say_v we_o shall_v set_v upon_o the_o line_n a_o b_o which_o shall_v serve_v here_o for_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n the_o measure_n that_o we_o will_v give_v as_o well_o to_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o board_n as_o in_o their_o thickness_n as_o be_v c_o d_o e_o from_o the_o which_o point_v c_z d_o e_z we_o must_v draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o base_a unto_o the_o other_o ascent_n or_o column_n f_o g._n then_o from_o the_o point_n which_o shall_v be_v mark_v upon_o this_o ascent_n g_o f_o we_o must_v draw_v ray_n to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n h_n unto_o the_o other_o ascent_n of_o the_o hollow_a i_o k._n this_o hollow_a be_v give_v at_o pleasure_n set_v upon_o the_o base_a that_o which_o we_o will_v give_v it_o for_o example_n for_o to_o have_v the_o hollow_a or_o breadth_n of_o this_o cupboard_n i_o have_v set_v the_o measure_n f_o l_o from_o this_o point_n l_o we_o must_v draw_v to_o the_o distance_n m_o and_o where_o the_o ray_n f_o h_n shall_v be_v divide_v
at_o the_o point_n l_o that_o shall_v be_v the_o place_n of_o the_o last_o ascent_n the_o cupboard_n which_o be_v over_o against_o on_o the_o other_o side_n be_v order_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n and_o for_o to_o find_v the_o measure_n of_o this_o little_a cabinet_n which_o be_v in_o the_o midst_n bear_v up_o by_o two_o little_a column_n we_o must_v take_v the_o point_n l_o p_o which_o be_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o q_n n_n and_o the_o breadth_n of_o the_o little_a cabinet_n and_o draw_v they_o to_o the_o distance_n o_o and_o where_o the_o ray_n n_o h_n shall_v be_v divide_v we_o must_v draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o base_a which_o shall_v divide_v the_o ray_n t_o h_n at_o the_o point_n v_n from_o which_o raise_v perpendicular_o we_o shall_v have_v for_o the_o little_a cabinet_n of_o the_o middle_n the_o great_a cabinet_n of_o the_o second_o figure_n be_v of_o the_o same_o order_n with_o the_o court_n cup-board_n above_o there_o be_v none_o but_o that_o of_o the_o midst_n which_o be_v at_o the_o bottom_n which_o we_o must_v a_o little_a explain_v by_o reason_n that_o it_o be_v of_o the_o front_n and_o that_o one_o may_v be_v in_o some_o trouble_n for_o to_o determine_v its_o hollow_a i_o say_v then_o we_o must_v frame_v its_o plane_n as_o we_o have_v say_v heretofore_o and_o as_o we_o see_v it_o finish_v in_o the_o half_a for_o to_o give_v it_o the_o traverse_n equal_a to_o the_o first_o in_o the_o forepart_n we_o must_v from_o the_o first_o ascent_n r_n draw_v occult_a ray_n to_o the_o first_o perpendicular_a of_o the_o hollow_a s_n and_o there_o to_o make_v little_a section_n from_o which_o we_o must_v draw_v little_a parallel_n to_o the_o base_a and_o we_o shall_v have_v that_o we_o desire_v for_o the_o elevation_n of_o chair_n for_o to_o elevate_v a_o chair_n you_o must_v of_o the_o measure_v a_o b_o c_o make_v a_o plane_n by_o the_o ordinary_a rule_n and_o from_o the_o angle_n of_o this_o plane_n elevate_v perpendicules_n and_o follow_v the_o same_o method_n that_o we_o have_v give_v speak_v of_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o table_n or_o of_o the_o frame_n for_o window_n without_o the_o upper_a part_n there_o be_v nothing_o more_o in_o this_o then_o the_o back_n of_o the_o chair_n which_o one_o may_v make_v of_o such_o a_o height_n as_o they_o will_v here_o it_o be_v the_o height_n of_o a_o unto_o the_o seat_n k_o and_o this_o height_n be_v as_o well_o for_o the_o single_a chair_n as_o for_o those_o with_o rest_n to_o lean_v on_o we_o see_v sufficient_o by_o the_o figure_n that_o for_o to_o make_v they_o with_o back_n we_o must_v only_o prolong_v the_o perpendicules_n of_o the_o ascent_n on_o the_o side_n that_o we_o will_v make_v it_o as_o be_v here_o the_o first_o a_o e_o and_o from_o the_o point_n e_o drawing_z to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n g._n we_o shall_v divide_v where_o it_o ought_v the_o ascent_n elevate_v from_o the_o plane_n or_o from_o the_o foot_n h_n which_o shall_v be_v the_o point_n f._n the_o rest_n be_v clear_a enough_o by_o the_o figure_n when_o we_o will_v have_v rest_v there_o we_o need_v only_o to_o prolong_v the_o ascent_n before_o as_o they_o have_v make_v these_o behind_o for_o the_o back_n then_o to_o make_v there_o a_o bar_n which_o serve_v for_o a_o rest_n as_o be_v l_o m._n in_o the_o second_o figure_n below_o you_o see_v a_o form_n or_o a_o bench_n garnish_v with_o carve_v and_o two_o little_a couch_n to_o rest_v in_o whereof_o one_o have_v the_o back_n turn_v on_o this_o side_n and_o the_o other_o view_v oblique_o it_o will_v be_v to_o lose_v the_o time_n to_o instruct_v how_o to_o make_v they_o see_v that_o the_o order_n to_o elevate_v they_o be_v the_o fame_n with_o the_o forego_n which_o we_o have_v give_v for_o the_o movable_n which_o be_v that_o have_v make_v the_o plane_n we_o must_v elevate_v perpendicular_o etc._n etc._n one_o other_o fashion_n of_o movable_n in_o perspective_n certain_a moveable_n which_o close_o themselves_o those_o which_o they_o make_v to_o serve_v for_o seat_n table_n and_o bed_n etc._n etc._n be_v very_o easy_a to_o set_v into_o perspective_n we_o must_v only_o make_v the_o elevation_n as_o if_o for_o a_o cube_n as_o be_v a_o b_o c_o d_o or_o e_o f_o g_o h._n then_o to_o make_v there_o two_o diagonal_n a_o c_o and_o b_o d_o for_o that_o of_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o front_n or_o e_o h_n and_z f_o g_o for_o that_o of_o the_o side_n which_o shall_v serve_v to_o bring_v in_o the_o 2_o cross_n to_o take_v notice_n that_o there_o be_v a_o half_a which_o enter_v within_o the_o other_o as_o g_z k_o do_v pass_v within_o h_n i_o and_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o be_v fasten_v by_o the_o midst_n for_o to_o make_v they_o bend_v in_o this_o piece_n which_o be_v below_o i_o have_v make_v a_o table_n upon_o trestle_n that_o we_o may_v have_v the_o small_a moveable_n for_o to_o set_v they_o into_o perspective_n we_o must_v from_o the_o measure_v a_o b_o which_o be_v the_o interval_n for_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o trestle_n draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n c_o then_o have_v set_v upon_o the_o base_a the_o thickness_n of_o the_o same_o foot_n as_o be_v d_o and_z e_z we_o must_v draw_v they_o to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n f_o and_o observe_v where_o we_o shall_v divide_v the_o ray_n b_o c_o for_n to_o draw_v little_a parallel_n to_o the_o base_a which_o shall_v give_v the_o little_a square_n or_o the_o plane_n of_o the_o foot_n as_o we_o see_v in_o a_o b_o between_o this_o distance_n d_o and_z e_z we_o must_v set_v the_o breadth_n which_o we_o will_v give_v to_o the_o top_n of_o the_o tressel_n and_o draw_v it_o to_o the_o distance_n f_o which_o shall_v divide_v the_o ray_n b_o c_o at_o the_o point_n g_o h_n from_o the_o which_o point_n g_o h_n we_o must_v elevate_v 2_o perpendicular_o to_o such_o a_o height_n as_o we_o will_v have_v as_o here_o at_o the_o point_n i._o then_o from_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o small_a square_n of_o the_o plane_n to_o draw_v line_n bend_v unto_o the_o piece_n i._o the_o second_o tressel_n be_v order_v all_o alike_o with_o the_o first_o the_o form_n k_o nor_o the_o table_n or_o high_a stool_n l_o have_v no_o need_n of_o explication_n nor_o instruction_n for_o to_o set_v they_o into_o order_n see_v that_o they_o have_v nothing_o which_o be_v not_o common_a to_o they_o with_o the_o foresaid_a piece_n of_o movable_n set_v without_o order_n when_o the_o moveable_n be_v set_v in_o order_n along_o by_o the_o wall_n or_o according_a to_o the_o ray_n and_o the_o base_a it_o be_v easy_a to_o set_v they_o into_o perspective_n by_o the_o rule_n that_o we_o have_v give_v but_o suppose_v that_o one_o set_v they_o by_o chance_n and_o without_o order_n as_o these_o be_v we_o must_v do_v as_o i_o shall_v say_v you_o must_v make_v the_o geometrical_a plane_n r_o s_o t_o for_o the_o plane_n of_o three_o chair_n which_o you_o must_v abridge_v by_o the_o order_n that_o we_o have_v set_v at_o the_o irregular_a figure_n folly_n 40._o and_o the_o plane_n shall_v remain_v turn_v as_o be_v the_o chair_n or_o rather_o the_o chair_n turn_v as_o be_v the_o plane_n i_o say_v then_o that_o have_v set_v these_o plane_n into_o perspective_n as_o it_o be_v teach_v you_o must_v set_v the_o rule_n along_o by_o one_o of_o the_o side_n for_o to_o see_v what_o accidental_a point_n you_o shall_v have_v within_o the_o horizon_n for_o example_n have_v set_v the_o rule_n along_o by_o the_o side_n a_o b_o i_o shall_v have_v within_o the_o horizon_n the_o point_n c_o for_o the_o accidental_a point_n at_o which_o we_o ought_v to_o draw_v all_o the_o line_n of_o this_o side_n and_o of_o that_o which_o be_v opposite_a to_o it_o as_o we_o see_v that_o a_o and_o d_o draw_z to_z the_o same_o point_n c_o it_o be_v true_a that_o every_o plane_n set_v irregular_o must_v have_v 2_o but_o they_o meet_v sometime_o so_o far_o within_o the_o horizon_n that_o it_o be_v a_o hazard_n when_o one_o can_v find_v they_o both_o together_o these_o have_v each_o one_o within_o the_o horizon_n as_o a_o b_o giveth_z c._n a_o d_o which_o be_v the_o other_o side_n shall_v give_v another_o point_n but_o our_o paper_n be_v not_o long_a enough_o e_o f_o giveth_z g_z and_o h_o ay_o give_v k_o for_o these_o small_a square_n 1.2.3.4_o they_o be_v the_o plain_n of_o the_o foot_n of_o these_o chair_n which_o one_o may_v make_v more_o large_a or_o more_o straight_o at_o the_o pleasure_n of_o the_o artist_n now_o from_o these_o plane_n you_o must_v elevate_v perpendicules_n from_o all_o the_o angle_n and_o set_v on_o the_o side_n a_o line_n of_o elevation_n m_o n_n upon_o the_o which_o
only_o a_o three_o of_o the_o breadth_n for_o the_o descent_n as_o be_v a_o 9_o b_o before_o we_o pass_v any_o far_a we_o must_v know_v that_o which_o i_o call_v the_o middle_a top_n be_v piece_n elevate_v perpendicular_o upon_o the_o beam_n which_o bear_v the_o ridg_z where_o all_o the_o rafter_n do_v meet_v as_o be_v g_o h_n the_o rafter_n be_v piece_n of_o wood_n that_o give_v the_o descent_n of_o the_o roof_n as_o be_v h_n i._o the_o other_o piece_n which_o be_v set_v in_o the_o corner_n and_o which_o go_v unto_o the_o middle_a top_n be_v call_v stay_v and_o be_v ordinary_o long_o than_o the_o rafter_n as_o be_v h_n k._n three_o sort_n of_o roof_n be_v in_o use_n pavilion_n pinion_n and_o appentis_fw-la or_o penthouse_n like_o the_o pavilion_n have_v four_o side_n the_o pinion_n have_v but_o two_o and_o the_o appentis_fw-la but_o one_o for_o to_o make_v a_o pavilion_n in_o perspective_n we_o must_v know_v the_o place_n of_o the_o ball_n or_o middle_a top_n for_o to_o draw_v the_o stay_v thither_o the_o which_o have_v make_v i_o make_v this_o geometrical_a plane_n l_o m_o n_o o_o for_o to_o show_v that_o of_o the_o breadth_n of_o the_o house_n l_o n_n we_o must_v make_v a_o square_a l_o m_o n_o p_o from_o which_o we_o shall_v draw_v two_o diagonal_n which_o shall_v divide_v themselves_o at_o the_o point_n q_n some_o set_v the_o ball_n at_o this_o point_n q_n but_o that_o be_v too_o much_o advance_v and_o make_v this_o bend_n of_o the_o end_n lie_v too_o flat_a it_o have_v more_o comeliness_n when_o it_o be_v straight_a wherefore_o we_o must_v advance_v it_o towards_o the_o wall_n l_o n_n by_o the_o three_o part_n of_o the_o distance_n q_o r_n which_o shall_v be_v the_o point_n s_o and_o by_o this_o point_n s_o we_o must_v draw_v a_o perpendicule_n upon_o the_o line_n n_o p_o which_o shall_v be_v t._n then_o to_o transport_v these_o measure_n l_o t_n and_o t_o m_o upon_o the_o base_a and_o draw_v they_o to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n which_o be_v here_o far_o off_o then_o ordinary_a and_o to_o observe_v where_o they_o shall_v divide_v the_o ray_n v_o and_o from_o the_o section_n to_o elevate_v perpendicules_n unto_o the_o height_n of_o the_o wall_n which_o shall_v give_v the_o point_n x_o from_o which_o i_o must_v draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o base_a unto_o the_o other_o ray_n i._o then_o from_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o wall_n y_fw-fr to_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n for_o to_o divide_v those_o parallel_n at_o the_o point_n z_o and_o from_o these_o point_n to_o elevate_v the_o ball_n for_o to_o give_v the_o height_n to_o these_o ball_n we_o must_v know_v wherewith_o we_o will_v cover_v they_o and_o according_a to_o that_o to_o give_v they_o the_o measure_n that_o we_o have_v speak_v of_o suppose_v that_o it_o be_v of_o slate_n we_o must_v of_o the_o breadth_n of_o the_o wall_n make_v a_o triangle_n equilateral_a 1_o 2_o 3._o and_o from_o the_o point_n 3_o to_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n and_o to_o divide_v the_o ball_n at_o the_o point_n 4._o at_o which_o point_n 4_o we_o must_v draw_v line_n from_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o house_n which_o will_v give_v the_o shape_n to_o the_o pavilion_n for_o the_o roof_n with_o pinion_n there_o be_v not_o so_o much_o to_o order_n we_o must_v only_o of_o the_o breadth_n of_o the_o wall_n 5_o 6_o make_v a_o triangle_n equilateral_a 5_o 6_o 7._o and_o as_o much_o on_o the_o other_o end_n of_o the_o wall_n which_o shall_v give_v the_o point_n 8._o then_o to_o join_v this_o 7_o and_o 8_o the_o roof_n will_v have_v its_o shape_n and_o its_o measure_n the_o figure_n on_o the_o other_o side_n do_v show_v the_o same_o thing_n without_o be_v confuse_v with_o line_n this_o project_v which_o go_v beyond_o the_o roof_n be_v make_v according_a as_o one_o will_n this_o house_n on_o the_o floor_n be_v cover_v with_o a_o pavilion_n which_o be_v make_v by_o the_o same_o order_n as_o that_o on_o the_o side_n in_o this_o figure_n where_o be_v the_o letter_n i_o have_v set_v the_o horizon_n on_o very_o high_a for_o to_o make_v the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o house_n to_o be_v see_v and_o to_o give_v the_o more_o easiness_n to_o understand_v the_o order_n but_o as_o this_o be_v seldom_o meet_v with_o i_o have_v set_v the_o other_o figure_n above_o where_o the_o horizon_n be_v low_a as_o it_o be_v ordinary_o which_o nevertheless_o be_v not_o therefore_o any_o other_o rule_n for_o to_o make_v the_o roof_n then_o that_o below_o as_o one_o may_v see_v by_o the_o figure_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o roof_n in_o perspective_n in_o the_o figure_n aforego_v we_o have_v set_v the_o roof_n with_o small_a pinnacle_n view_v in_o front_n to_o which_o we_o must_v give_v the_o triangle_n equilateral_a for_o their_o height_n when_o we_o do_v make_v they_o of_o slate_n if_o they_o make_v they_o of_o other_o thing_n as_o of_o tile_n or_o thatch_n we_o must_v take_v their_o measure_n at_o the_o little_a figure_n below_o for_o to_o set_v this_o fashion_n of_o roof_n in_o return_n we_o must_v set_v upon_o the_o base_a from_o the_o foundation_n of_o the_o house_n the_o breadth_n that_o it_o have_v as_o be_v a_o b_o and_o of_o this_o breadth_n to_o frame_v a_o triangle_n according_a to_o the_o height_n that_o we_o will_v give_v to_o the_o roof_n as_o to_o this_o which_o have_v a_o triangle_n equilateral_a whereof_o c_z d_o be_v the_o height_n which_o must_v be_v set_v perpendicular_o at_o the_o first_o corner_n of_o the_o house_n at_o the_o whole_a height_n of_o the_o wall_n as_o be_v e_o f._n then_o to_o take_v the_o breadth_n of_o the_o house_n c_o which_o be_v the_o midst_n of_o a_o b_o and_o to_o draw_v it_o to_o the_o distance_n and_o where_o it_o shall_v divide_v the_o ray_n a_o at_o the_o point_n g_o to_o raise_v a_o perpendicule_n than_o you_o must_v from_o the_o point_n f_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n x_o and_o the_o section_n that_o shall_v be_v make_v of_o the_o perpendicule_n h_n shall_v be_v the_o point_n of_o the_o pinnacle_n to_o which_o you_o must_v draw_v from_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o house_n e_o i_o if_o one_o will_v have_v there_o any_o advancing_n he_o may_v set_v they_o there_o at_o his_o pleasure_n as_o we_o may_v see_v on_o the_o other_o side_n k._n for_o the_o slope_v we_o must_v only_o prolong_v the_o line_n where_o one_o will_v set_v the_o top_n of_o the_o roof_n as_o be_v here_o the_o line_n l_o m_o and_o to_o give_v it_o such_o a_o bend_a as_o we_o will_v to_o this_o there_o be_v as_o much_o of_o the_o height_n m_o n_n as_o the_o house_n have_v of_o breadth_n n_n o_o if_o from_o the_o point_n m_o o_fw-fr we_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n x_o we_o shall_v divide_v the_o perpendicule_n of_o the_o hollow_a at_o the_o point_n p_o q._n which_o we_o must_v join_v with_o a_o right_a line_n which_o shall_v finish_v the_o frame_n of_o the_o roof_n the_o figure_n of_o the_o other_o side_n make_v the_o house_n cover_v to_o be_v see_v after_o these_o fashion_n the_o figure_n above_o be_v only_o to_o make_v it_o see_v that_o we_o must_v always_o keep_v the_o same_o order_n although_o the_o orison_n change_v i_o have_v set_v a_o church_n within_o the_o floor_n which_o be_v cover_v with_o pinnacle_n and_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o two_o bend_n which_o have_v only_o the_o simple_a draught_n there_o be_v also_o a_o pavilion_n see_v by_o one_o end_n of_o which_o we_o have_v speak_v in_o the_o figure_n precede_v for_o to_o set_v a_o street_n into_o perspective_n it_o may_v suffice_v to_o see_v the_o figure_n for_o to_o know_v the_o order_n thereby_o which_o be_v very_o easy_a we_o must_v only_o make_v a_o plane_n of_o single_a little_a square_n by_o the_o ordinary_a way_n and_o to_o take_v one_o square_v or_o 2_o or_o 3_o for_o the_o breadth_n or_o length_n of_o every_o house_n and_o upon_o this_o breadth_n which_o we_o shall_v take_v to_o set_v the_o measure_n of_o the_o door_n and_o window_n for_o to_o have_v thereby_o the_o abridgement_n by_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n a_o as_o be_v the_o measure_n b_o c_o d_o e_o and_o f._n the_o first_o angle_n of_o every_o house_n may_v serve_v for_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n as_o we_o at_o the_o first_o house_n the_o angle_n g_o for_o the_o roof_n we_o have_v say_v already_o how_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v set_v when_o we_o will_v have_v street_n go_v a_o cross_n we_o need_v only_o to_o leave_v 1._o 2._o or_o 3_o little_a square_n without_o elevate_a any_o thing_n even_o as_o be_v h_n and_o i._n the_o figure_n below_o be_v to_o show_v that_o when_o one_o will_v advance_v or_o
have_v each_o three_o square_n on_o every_o side_n and_o the_o square_n that_o remain_v shall_v serve_v for_o the_o alley_n c._n he_o that_o will_v make_v some_o compartment_n within_o the_o square_n of_o the_o garden_n he_o must_v use_v the_o little_a square_n of_o each_o square_n divide_v they_o and_o give_v they_o such_o a_o figure_n as_o he_o will_v have_v so_o as_o we_o may_v see_v the_o little_a square_n a_o b_o and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n d_o e_o the_o hedgerows_a and_o arbour_n be_v place_v opposite_a to_o each_o other_o and_o of_o the_o breadth_n of_o the_o alley_n the_o little_a square_n with_o border_n when_o one_o will_v set_v border_n to_o the_o square_n he_o must_v set_v at_o the_o corner_n the_o height_n and_o bredth_n that_o he_o will_v give_v they_o and_o from_o these_o measure_n to_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n i._o for_o example_n in_o the_o figure_n below_o f_o g_z be_v the_o height_n and_o breadth_n of_o the_o border_n of_o the_o little_a square_a h_n from_o the_o corner_n of_o this_o little_a square_a f_o g_o we_o must_v draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n i_o and_o do_v all_o the_o rest_n as_o it_o have_v be_v say_v several_a time_n for_o the_o arbour_n we_o must_v from_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o square_n of_o the_o alley_n elevate_v the_o ascent_n or_o perpendicular_o o._n all_o the_o rest_n be_v do_v as_o in_o the_o arch_n view_v by_o the_o side_n fol._n 60._o the_o little_a wood_n which_o be_v at_o bottom_n be_v make_v by_o elevate_a perpendicular_o from_o all_o the_o angle_n of_o a_o pavement_n of_o little_a square_n etc._n etc._n for_o to_o elevate_v and_o set_v in_o perspective_n fortification_n i_o will_v not_o repeat_v here_o the_o order_n of_o abridge_n and_o set_v the_o plane_n of_o all_o sort_n of_o fortification_n in_o perspective_n that_o which_o we_o have_v speak_v thereof_o fol._n 39_o be_v plain_a enough_o for_o to_o elevate_v they_o there_o be_v no_o more_o difficulty_n then_o in_o one_o single_a wall_n but_o there_o need_v more_o time_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o multitude_n of_o angles_n which_o we_o must_v always_o bring_v to_o the_o line_n of_o elevation_n for_o to_o take_v there_o the_o height_n that_o they_o ought_v to_o have_v so_o as_o we_o have_v say_v elsewhere_o many_o time_n speak_v of_o other_o work_n the_o little_a line_n of_o elevation_n be_v divide_v into_o four_o part_n i_o he_o first_o from_o 1_o unto_o 2_o be_v the_o height_n of_o the_o parapet_n of_o the_o way_n cover_v from_o 2_o unto_o 3_o be_v the_o height_n of_o the_o rampart_n from_o 3_o unto_o 4_o be_v the_o height_n of_o the_o parapet_n of_o the_o rampart_n and_o from_o 5_o unto_o 1_o be_v the_o depth_n of_o the_o trench_n for_o to_o make_v the_o design_n of_o perspective_n there_o be_v not_o so_o excellent_a a_o master_n which_o have_v not_o some_o design_n in_o such_o piece_n as_o he_o will_v willing_o attain_v to_o if_o this_o be_v ordinary_a almost_o in_o all_o science_n it_o be_v necessary_a in_o this_o more_o than_o in_o any_o other_o by_o the_o great_a substitution_n of_o point_n and_o of_o line_n which_o we_o must_v therein_o exact_o observe_v and_o without_o which_o nothing_o can_v be_v do_v which_o may_v content_v those_o that_o have_v any_o understanding_n therein_o see_v that_o one_o be_v oblige_v in_o some_o manner_n to_o make_v design_n we_o must_v search_v out_o that_o which_o may_v help_v to_o make_v they_o exact_o that_o may_v be_v possible_a and_o as_o every_o one_o know_v that_o all_o the_o length_n of_o these_o work_n be_v to_o draw_v line_n parallel_v and_o perpendicular_o have_v then_o search_v the_o invention_n as_o well_o by_o experience_n as_o in_o the_o author_n to_o be_v able_a to_o make_v they_o ready_o i_o have_v find_v nothing_o which_o can_v help_v we_o in_o that_o but_o the_o board_n and_o the_o square_a which_o viator_n have_v leave_v we_o in_o his_o work_n all_o those_o that_o will_v pass_v the_o time_n in_o design_v aught_o to_o have_v one_o from_o the_o which_o they_o shall_v draw_v the_o delight_n and_o benefit_n which_o experience_n will_v make_v they_o to_o understand_v although_o that_o the_o figure_n give_v sufficient_a understanding_n how_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v and_o the_o manner_n of_o use_v it_o i_o do_v believe_v that_o i_o ought_v to_o give_v a_o more_o clear_a understanding_n thereof_o this_o plank_n or_o board_n a_o b_o c_o d_o aught_o to_o be_v perfect_o by_o the_o rule_n or_o square_v of_o a_o foot_n and_o half_a long_a of_o fifteen_o inch_n broad_a and_o half_a a_o inch_n thick_a that_o the_o wood_n be_v good_a very_o dry_a and_o well_o unite_v one_o may_v past_o a_o sheet_n of_o paper_n on_o it_o for_o to_o make_v it_o more_o smooth_a and_o to_o help_v the_o pen._n the_o square_a e_o f_o be_v a_o rule_n of_o a_o foot_n and_o half_a long_a as_o the_o board_n a_o inch_n broad_a and_o of_o thickness_n 2_o line_n which_o be_v helve_v at_o the_o right_a angle_n within_o another_o frame_n of_o a_o rule_n g_o h_n eight_o inch_n long_o one_o inch_n broad_a and_o three_o quarter_n of_o a_o inch_n thick_a for_o to_o draw_v line_n they_o hold_v this_o latter_a rule_n g_o h_n close_v against_o the_o board_n a_o b_o c_o d_o and_o the_o other_o rule_n e_o f_o be_v assure_o strait_a if_o so_o be_v the_o board_n and_o the_o rule_n be_v well_o order_v when_o one_o will_v work_v we_o must_v fasten_v the_o leaf_n of_o paper_n i_o k_o l_o m_o upon_o the_o board_n with_o 4_o little_a bit_n of_o wax_n n_o o_fw-fr p_o q_o and_o then_o from_o one_o only_a point_n you_o may_v draw_v line_n with_o assuredness_n that_o they_o will_v be_v right_a and_o when_o you_o will_v have_v perpendicular_o set_v the_o handle_n of_o the_o rule_n g_o h_n on_o the_o side_n c_o d_o the_o rule_n e_o f_o shall_v be_v perpendicular_a to_o c_o d._n for_o my_o part_n i_o find_v that_o this_o ease_v exceed_o and_o that_o without_o this_o invention_n you_o must_v always_o have_v the_o hand_n at_o the_o compass_n there_o be_v no_o further_a need_n of_o substitution_n but_o for_o the_o visual_a ray_n and_o there_o be_v also_o those_o that_o use_v a_o rule_n pierce_v at_o one_o end_n which_o they_o fasten_v with_o a_o needle_n to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n but_o this_o be_v too_o much_o entangle_v i_o will_v not_o counsel_v any_o to_o use_v it_o one_o may_v as_o soon_o do_v it_o with_o the_o common_a rule_n and_o so_o be_v not_o in_o danger_n to_o spoil_v any_o thing_n r._n be_v the_o common_a rule_n t._n a_o common_a compass_n v._o another_o compass_n which_o bear_v the_o ink_n for_o to_o make_v circular_a line_n see_v here_o be_v all_o the_o instrument_n that_o one_o have_v need_n of_o for_o to_o make_v the_o design_n of_o perspective_n for_o to_o draw_v little_a perspective_n into_o great_a and_o great_a into_o little_a see_v that_o design_n be_v make_v in_o small_a with_o more_o facility_n then_o in_o great_a it_o be_v credible_a that_o they_o will_v be_v make_v therein_o always_o the_o which_o have_v make_v i_o resolve_v to_o give_v the_o method_n of_o set_v small_a design_n into_o great_a upon_o cloth_n the_o painter_n use_v ordinary_o square_n or_o checquer_n that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o they_o divide_v the_o small_a design_n and_o the_o clothes_n where_o they_o must_v be_v paint_v into_o the_o same_o number_n of_o square_n and_o set_v proportional_o that_o which_o be_v within_o one_o square_a of_o the_o design_n into_o the_o square_n of_o the_o cloth_n which_o answer_v to_o it_o some_o do_v like_o well_o of_o this_o order_n but_o here_o be_v another_o which_o in_o my_o judgement_n be_v more_o easy_a more_o facile_a and_o more_o assure_v we_o must_v have_v a_o scale_n proportionate_a to_o the_o less_o design_n and_o another_o scale_n proportionate_a to_o the_o big_a when_o one_o will_v make_v a_o design_n the_o first_o thing_n that_o he_o resolve_v on_o be_v the_o scale_n which_o must_v give_v all_o the_o measure_n of_o all_o the_o other_o piece_n of_o the_o design_n for_o example_n in_o the_o less_o design_n a_o the_o scale_n b_o c_o of_o five_o little_a part_n which_o one_o may_v take_v for_o foot_n royal_a have_v be_v make_v the_o first_o upon_o this_o scale_n they_o have_v take_v the_o horizon_n the_o height_n and_o distance_n of_o the_o tree_n the_o breadth_n of_o the_o alley_n etc._n etc._n for_o to_o fetch_v this_o small_a into_o great_a observe_v how_o we_o must_v proceed_v first_o we_o must_v know_v if_o the_o perspective_n must_v have_v the_o natural_a horizon_n that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o picture_n be_v on_o the_o ground_n the_o horizontal_n line_n be_v at_o the_o height_n of_o our_o eye_n which_o be_v
a_o c_o and_z draw_z from_z c_o to_z e_z and_o where_o this_o line_n shall_v divide_v a_o g_o at_o the_o point_n h_n we_o shall_v draw_v h_n i_o which_o will_v appear_v of_o 24_o foot_n of_o sink_v in_o the_o picture_n according_a to_o the_o perspective_n this_o line_n h_n i_o be_v equal_a to_o that_o a_o g_o and_o contain_v as_o many_o foot_n or_o part_n so_o that_o if_o one_o draw_v from_o the_o point_n i_o to_o the_o point_n e_o the_o section_n of_o this_o line_n i_o e_o at_o the_o ray_n a_o g_o shall_v be_v for_o to_o draw_v a_o line_n k_o l_o sink_v of_o 48_o foot_n if_o from_o this_o we_o draw_v further_o to_o the_o distance_n e_o we_o shall_v have_v the_o section_n of_o the_o ray_n a_o g_o yet_o a_o line_n remove_v 24_o foot_n more_o than_o the_o other_o and_o if_o one_o will_v have_v a_o line_n sink_v 30_o foot_n we_o must_v from_o the_o point_n a_o reckon_v 6_o small_a part_n and_o from_o the_o six_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n g_o and_o take_v notice_n where_o we_o shall_v divide_v the_o line_n h_n i_o as_o here_o at_o the_o point_n m._n then_o from_o the_o point_n m_o to_o draw_v to_o the_o distance_n e_o and_o this_o line_n m_o e_o shall_v divide_v the_o ray_n a_o g_o where_o we_o must_v draw_v this_o line_n n_n if_o it_o be_v of_o 40._o we_o shall_v from_o a_o reckon_v 16_o and_o do_v all_o the_o same_o if_o it_o be_v 60_o we_o shall_v from_o a_o reckon_v 12_o and_o from_o 12_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n g_o unto_o the_o line_n k_o l_o which_o shall_v be_v the_o point_n o_o then_o from_o o_o to_o draw_v to_o the_o distance_n e_o and_o from_o the_o section_n of_o the_o ray_n a_o g_o shall_v be_v for_o to_o draw_v this_o line_n for_o the_o second_o figure_n by_o that_o which_o i_o have_v speak_v it_o be_v easy_a to_o find_v a_o point_n for_o such_o a_o sink_v as_o one_o will_v have_v there_o remain_v to_o show_v how_o we_o may_v find_v it_o within_o or_o without_o the_o ray_n a_o g_o or_o b_o c_o for_o this_o the_o line_n b_o c_o shall_v serve_v as_o a_o scale_n of_o six_o foot_n the_o one_o of_o which_o i_o shall_v divide_v into_o twelve_o inch_n that_o i_o may_v there_o find_v the_o half_a the_o three_o and_o the_o four_o of_o a_o foot_n all_o be_v thus_o order_v if_o one_o require_v of_o i_o a_o point_n which_o appear_v of_o 17_o foot_n long_o and_o of_o a_o foot_n and_o half_a within_o the_o ray_n a_o g._n i_o will_v draw_v from_o the_o 17_o part_n of_o the_o base_a to_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n e_o and_o where_o the_o ray_n a_o g_o shall_v be_v divide_v in_o p_o i_o will_v draw_v a_o line_n p_o q_n now_o when_o one_o require_v a_o foot_n and_o half_a within_o the_o ray_n a_o g_o i_o will_v take_v with_o a_o compass_n upon_o the_o same_o line_n p_o qui_fw-fr but_o on_o the_o side_n b_o c_o a_o foot_n 6_o inch_n which_o i_o will_v carry_v from_o p_o unto_o r._n and_o this_o point_n r_n shall_v be_v the_o point_n which_o have_v be_v demand_v and_o if_o one_o will_v have_v one_o yet_o at_o 29_o foot_n distance_n within_o the_o picture_n and_o seven_o and_o a_o half_a beyond_o the_o ray_n a_o g._n we_o must_v draw_v from_o c_o to_o the_o point_n e._n and_o where_o it_o shall_v divide_v a_o g_o to_o draw_v a_o line_n which_o shall_v be_v of_o 24_o foot_n then_o from_o a._n take_v five_o little_a part_n to_o draw_v they_o to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n g_o until_o that_o we_o divide_v this_o line_n at_o the_o point_n s_o and_o from_o this_o point_n s_o to_o draw_v to_o the_o d_o stance_n e_o where_o the_o ray_n a_o g_o shall_v be_v divide_v we_o must_v draw_v a_o line_n t_o v_n see_v they_o require_v 7_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a beyond_o the_o ray_n a_o we_o must_v upon_o the_o same_o line_n t_o v_n but_o on_o the_o side_n b_o c_o take_v 7_o part_n and_o 6_o inch_n with_o a_o compass_n and_o carry_v they_o from_o the_o point_n t._n to_o the_o point_n x_o and_o this_o point_n x_o shall_v be_v the_o point_n that_o one_o desire_v and_o so_o of_o all_o other_o at_o such_o a_o distance_n and_o removal_n as_o one_o will_v have_v of_o a_o general_a manner_n for_o to_o exercise_v perspective_n without_o set_v the_o point_n of_o distance_n out_o of_o the_o picture_n or_o field_n of_o the_o work_n by_o the_o sieur_n g_o d_o l._n this_o order_n oblige_v we_o to_o make_v a_o geometrical_a plane_n or_o at_o least_o a_o device_n of_o measure_n as_o well_o for_o th●_n plane_n as_o for_o the_o elevation_n that_o by_o the_o one_o or_o by_o the_o other_o it_o may_v be_v bring_v to_o set_v into_o perspective_n i_o will_v take_v for_o the_o object_n or_o subject_v the_o same_o example_n of_o the_o author_n which_o be_v a_o cage_n square_v cover_v with_o a_o point_n or_o a_o building_n cover_v like_o a_o pavilion_n or_o tent_n to_o the_o which_o we_o shall_v give_v the_o measure_n by_o the_o mean_n of_o a_o scale_n have_v then_o make_v the_o plane_n of_o this_o cage_n m_o i_o l_o k_o which_o i_o have_v set_v on_o the_o top_n of_o the_o figure_n it_o must_v be_v th●_n at_o such_o a_o distance_n as_o one_o w●u●d_v have_v that_o the_o object_n seem_v recoil_v within_o the_o picture_n as_o it_o be_v here_o of_o 17_o foot_n we_o mak●_n a_o line_n a_o b_o which_o shall_v be_v the_o base_a or_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o picture_n which_o we_o shall_v place_v according_a to_o the_o aspect_n th●●_n the_o object_n ought_v to_o be_v see_v then_o from_o the_o two_o end_n of_o this_o line_n a_o b_o we_o must_v draw_v two_o line_n parallel_n the_o o●_n to_o the_o other_o and_o undeterminate_v thrt_n be_v to_o say_v it_o be_v no_o matter_n if_o they_o divide_v the_o plane_n nor_o in_o what_o place_n ●_o be_v a_o g_o b_o g_o upon_o the_o one_o of_o these_o line_n as_o here_o this_o a_o g_o we_o must_v make_v little_a parallel_n to_o the_o line_n a_o b_o which_o ma●_n go_v unto_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n and_o by_o the_o mean_n of_o the_o scale_n to_o see_v how_o far_o each_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n shall_v be_v remove_v from_o this_o line_n a_o g._n the_o which_o shall_v be_v mark_v near_o to_o each_o line_n now_o from_o the_o place_n which_o one_o sh●_n choose_v for_o to_o view_v the_o picture_n which_o be_v here_o the_o point_n c_o at_o five_o foot_n near_o to_o b._n we_o must_v make_v a_o perpendicular_a 〈◊〉_d a_o b_o which_o shall_v be_v the_o line_n c_o t_o to_o this_o line_n c_o t_o we_o must_v give_v as_o many_o little_a part_n of_o the_o scale_n as_o we_o will_v have_v 〈◊〉_d be_v remove_v for_o to_o view_v the_o picture_n which_o be_v for_o this_o 24_o foot_n and_o at_o the_o end_n of_o these_o 24_o foot_n which_o be_v the_o poin●_n t_o to_o raise_v a_o small_a perpendicule_fw-la of_o the_o height_n of_o the_o eye_n which_o shall_v be_v the_o line_n c_o t_o of_o four_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a the_o cloth_n the_o wall_n or_o the_o paper_n be_v order_v for_o to_o set_v the_o plane_n in_o perspective_n and_o upon_o the_o plane●_n make_v the_o elevation_n we_o must_v divide_v the_o bottom_n of_o the_o picture_n or_o the_o base_a a_o b_o into_z as_o many_o part_n as_o that_o a_o b●●_n the_o plane_n this_o have_v 12_o thereof_o we_o must_v divide_v the_o great_a a_o b_o into_o 12_o which_o will_v be_v of_o value_n each_o a_o foo●_n above_o the_o point_n a_o b_o we_o must_v set_v the_o height_n of_o the_o line_n s_o t_o which_o be_v of_o four_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a take_v then_o with_o th●_n compass_n four_o part_n and_o a_o half_a of_o those_o which_o be_v upon_o the_o line_n a_o b_o and_o carry_v they_o perpendicular_o upo●_n the_o point_n a_o b_o which_o shall_v give_v the_o point_n e_o f_o and_o draw_v the_o line_n e_o f_o parallel_n to_o a_o b_o and_o this_o line_n shall_v b●_n the_o horizon_n see_v that_o in_o the_o plane_n the_o point_n c_o which_o be_v the_o place_n for_o to_o view_v the_o picture_n be_v remove_v ●i●_n part_n from_o b_o we_o must_v reckon_v as_o many_o part_n from_o b_o and_z from_z the_o fifth_z c_z elevate_v a_o perpendicule_n to_o a_o b_o which_o sh●_n divide_v the_o horizon_n at_o the_o point_n g_o which_o shall_v be_v the_o point_n of_o sight_n to_o which_o we_o must_v draw_v the_o ray_n a_o g_o b_o g_z which_o shall_v represent_v the_o parallel_n of_o the_o p●ane_a a_o g_o b_o g_o for_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n it_o shall_v be_v the_o point_n f_o and_o by_o reason_n that_o the_o line_n c_o t_o have_v 24_o foot_n
the_o second_o to_o retract_v that_o which_o one_o have_v do_v there_o and_o in_o this_o we_o design_v but_o once_o and_o as_o exact_o as_o the_o other_o i_o will_v not_o set_v down_o the_o frame_n of_o this_o instrument_n it_o have_v no_o difference_n from_o that_o which_o i_o have_v now_o give_v but_o only_o that_o instead_o of_o a_o leaf_n of_o glass_n we_o must_v set_v there_o a_o frame_n divide_v by_o little_a square_n with_o thread_n very_o slender_a as_o the_o figure_n show_v it_o the_o which_o i_o shall_v call_v a_o lettuce_n for_o the_o number_n of_o the_o square_n i_o leave_v that_o to_o the_o discretion_n of_o every_o one_o i_o shall_v say_v only_o that_o we_o must_v not_o make_v they_o too_o great_a for_o to_o work_v more_o exact_o nor_o too_o little_a for_o fear_v of_o be_v confuse_v for_o the_o order_n there_o be_v need_n that_o this_o piece_n h_n be_v place_v in_o such_o manner_n that_o one_o may_v see_v by_o the_o hole_n of_o the_o spectacle_n i_o all_o that_o we_o will_v design_n if_o the_o design_n which_o we_o desire_v to_o make_v must_v be_v great_a than_o the_o frame_n or_o then_o the_o lettuce_n be_v or_o as_o other_o will_n the_o checker-board_n we_o must_v make_v the_o square_n of_o linnen-cloth_n or_o of_o paper_n great_a than_o that_o of_o the_o frame_n and_o if_o it_o be_v lesser_a we_o must_v make_v the_o square_n lesser_a but_o we_o must_v always_o make_v square_n for_o to_o carry_v in_o each_o square_n of_o its_o paper_n or_o of_o the_o cloth_n that_o which_o we_o shall_v see_v within_o the_o square_n of_o the_o frame_n look_v upon_o it_o by_o the_o spectacle_n i_o and_o if_o all_o shall_v be_v represent_v proportionable_o the_o design_n will_v be_v as_o just_a for_o the_o perspective_n as_o if_o one_o have_v use_v rule_n and_o the_o compass_n i_o have_v set_v the_o two_o figure_n for_o to_o cause_v to_o be_v see_v how_o this_o piece_n h_n must_v be_v place_v for_o to_o use_v it_o in_o design_v upon_o a_o table_n and_o when_o one_o will_v paint_v by_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o manner_n we_o may_v make_v more_o exact_o all_o sort_n of_o perspective_n counterfeit_a picture_n and_o draw_v to_o the_o life_n i_o doubt_v not_o but_o many_o will_v say_v that_o this_o method_n be_v not_o new_a and_o that_o there_o be_v not_o a_o painter_n that_o know_v not_o how_o to_o enlarge_v and_o diminish_v picture_n use_v this_o checker-board_n that_o be_v true_a but_o i_o believe_v that_o not_o any_o one_o have_v ever_o use_v the_o spectacle_n which_o be_v the_o secret_a for_o to_o make_v every_o thing_n in_o its_o perfection_n measure_n and_o proportion_n of_o figure_n in_o perspective_n picture_n and_o work_v emboss_v for_o figure_n in_o perspective_n after_o that_o we_o have_v set_v down_o that_o which_o may_v serve_v for_o to_o make_v all_o sort_n of_o perspective_n with_o the_o mean_n to_o give_v they_o a_o please_a and_o ornament_n for_o to_o content_v the_o eye_n there_o remain_v no_o more_o but_o to_o find_v out_o a_o way_n for_o to_o deceive_v it_o altogether_o which_o be_v to_o set_v down_o the_o figure_n there_o but_o before_o we_o pass_v any_o further_a we_o must_v make_v a_o distinction_n of_o figure_n for_o it_o be_v another_o thing_n to_o represent_v a_o history_n then_o to_o intend_v to_o deceive_v the_o eye_n in_o a_o piece_n which_o shall_v be_v set_v at_o the_o bottom_n of_o a_o gallery_n of_o a_o hall_n or_o of_o a_o alley_n in_o a_o garden_n for_o to_o these_o all_o figure_n of_o repose_n or_o rest_a be_v the_o best_a and_o for_o a_o history_n they_o must_v be_v all_o lively_a and_o spirit_v by_o the_o diversity_n of_o their_o posture_n the_o multitude_n of_o orison_n which_o the_o painter_n take_v in_o their_o picture_n be_v the_o cause_n that_o they_o make_v a_o infinite_a company_n of_o fault_n there_o by_o not_o know_v to_o give_v the_o height_n that_o they_o ought_v to_o the_o figure_n proportionable_a to_o their_o horizon_n i_o will_v give_v they_o a_o rule_n that_o they_o may_v not_o fail_v there_o whatsoever_o horizon_n they_o shall_v have_v for_o the_o fig_n re_fw-mi having_z the_o eye_n within_o the_o horizon_n in_o the_o perspective_n which_o be_v set_v at_o the_o end_n of_o a_o gallery_n of_o a_o alley_n of_o a_o hall_n or_o of_o any_o other_o place_n for_o to_o deceive_v the_o sight_n we_o must_v always_o set_v the_o horizon_n at_o the_o natural_a height_n that_o be_v to_o say_v at_o 5_o foot_n royal_a which_o be_v the_o height_n of_o the_o common_a size_n he_o that_o will_v set_v there_o figure_n for_o to_o appear_v in_o the_o natural_a they_o ought_v to_o have_v the_o eye_n within_o the_o horizon_n for_o if_o the_o figure_n have_v the_o eye_n within_o the_o horizon_n as_o we_o have_v they_o will_v appear_v to_o we_o of_o our_o height_n this_o aught_o to_o suffice_v for_o the_o instruction_n but_o for_o to_o be_v more_o clear_a and_o to_o make_v myself_o better_a understand_v i_o shall_v make_v use_n of_o these_o three_o figure_n instead_o of_o many_o other_o which_o one_o may_v set_v there_o if_o he_o will_n the_o first_o figure_n a_o shall_v have_v the_o natural_a height_n and_o the_o eye_n within_o the_o horizon_n if_o i_o shall_v yet_o have_v ano_fw-la h_o r_o figure_n at_o the_o place_n b_o i_o must_v from_o the_o point_n b_o raise_v a_o line_n unto_o the_o horizon_n and_o that_o shall_v appear_v of_o the_o same_o height_n with_o the_o first_o he_o that_o will_v have_v a_o three_o at_o c_o let_v he_o always_o set_v the_o eye_n thereof_o within_o the_o horizon_n it_o shall_v be_v of_o the_o height_n of_o the_o other_o within_o the_o appearance_n in_o short_a although_o there_o shall_v be_v a_o thousand_o there_o be_v no_o other_o rule_n to_o be_v keep_v when_o the_o horizon_n be_v at_o the_o natural_a height_n i_o intend_v not_o to_o speak_v of_o child_n which_o oughr_n to_o be_v make_v in_o proportion_n to_o the_o great_a figure_n and_o according_a to_o the_o discretion_n of_o the_o painter_n for_o the_o figure_n have_v the_o horizon_n below_o when_o picture_n be_v make_v for_o hall_n where_o ordinary_o they_o hang_v they_o and_o place_v they_o somewhat_o high_a we_o must_v take_v the_o horizon_n low_o for_o to_o approach_v to_o the_o eye_n as_o far_o as_o shall_v be_v possible_a now_o for_o to_o give_v just_o and_o with_o proportion_n the_o height_n to_o each_o figure_n in_o what_o place_n soever_o we_o meet_v with_o they_o we_o must_v make_v one_o at_o what_o height_n we_o will_v in_o some_o place_n of_o the_o picture_n as_o be_v the_o figure_n d_o e_o which_o be_v here_o that_o which_o we_o have_v call_v the_o line_n of_o elevation_n in_o the_o proceed_n order_n for_o to_o find_v the_o height_n of_o other_o figure_n which_o one_o will_v set_v into_o this_o picture_n which_o shall_v appear_v as_o high_a as_o the_o first_o d_o e_z we_o must_v from_o the_o foot_n of_o this_o f_o and_o from_o the_o top_n of_o its_o head_n d_o draw_z line_n where_o we_o will_v within_o the_o horizon_n as_o be_v the_o point_n e_o and_o between_o this_o triangle_n d_o e_o f_o shall_v be_v find_v all_o the_o height_n of_o the_o other_o for_o example_n if_o i_o will_v find_v the_o height_n that_o the_o figure_n must_v have_v of_o the_o point_n g_o from_o this_o point_n g_o i_o draw_v a_o parallel_n to_o the_o base_a g_o h_n until_o that_o it_o divide_v the_o line_n f_o e_o which_o shall_v be_v at_o the_o point_n h_n from_o which_o i_o raise_v a_o perpendicule_n until_o that_o it_o divide_v the_o line_n or_o ray_n d_o e_o at_o the_o point_n i_o and_o this_o perpendicule_n h_n i_o be_v the_o height_n of_o the_o figure_n which_o we_o must_v take_v with_o a_o compass_n for_o to_o carry_v it_o to_o the_o point_n g_o if_o i_o will_v have_v another_o at_o the_o point_n k_o i_o have_v only_o to_o make_v the_o same_o operation_n and_o i_o shall_v have_v the_o perpendicule_n m_o n_n for_o its_o height_n and_o so_o of_o as_o many_o as_o one_o will_n for_o the_o figure_n have_v the_o horizon_n high_a when_o the_o horizon_n be_v high_a as_o one_o be_v sometime_o oblige_v to_o set_v it_o for_o it_o represent_v sometime_o which_o one_o have_v view_v from_o a_o high_a eminent_a place_n we_o must_v keep_v the_o same_o rule_n with_o the_o precedent_n although_o it_o seem_v the_o contrary_a in_o that_o of_o the_o horizon_n below_o all_o the_o figure_n be_v above_o the_o first_o and_o go_v always_o by_o diminish_v and_o for_o this_o of_o the_o horizon_n high_a all_o the_o figure_n raise_v themselves_o above_o the_o first_o and_o the_o further_a distant_a be_v always_o the_o most_o elevate_a but_o nevertheless_o the_o lesser_a in_o proportion_n and_o according_a to_o the_o
point_n and_o frame_v it_o into_o a_o pyramid_n whereof_o the_o sun_n be_v the_o base_a this_o truth_n be_v show_v in_o the_o ecliepse_n of_o the_o moon_n which_o be_v seldom_o whole_o cover_v with_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o nevertheless_o exceed_v it_o in_o greatness_n forty_o time_n by_o reason_n that_o the_o sun_n which_o be_v the_o body_n full_a of_o light_n be_v a_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o time_n and_o more_o great_a than_o the_o earth_n which_o it_o enlighten_v more_o than_o the_o half_a and_o by_o consequencee_n cause_v to_o give_v a_o shadow_n to_o it_o in_o a_o point_n the_o second_o have_v the_o body_n of_o light_n f_o g_o equal_a in_o greatness_n to_o the_o enlighten_v h_n ay_o it_o enlighten_v the_o half_a of_o the_o object_n and_o give_v its_o shadow_n parallel_n h_n i_o k_o l._n the_o three_o make_v appear_v that_o the_o lightsome_a body_n or_o the_o light_n m_o be_v less_o than_o that_o which_o be_v enlighten_v n_n o_o be_v not_o enlighten_v by_o the_o half_a the_o which_o cause_v a_o shadow_n unto_o it_o n_o o_o p_o q_o which_o enlarge_v itself_o according_a as_o it_o be_v remove_v from_o the_o object_n and_o make_v a_o pyramid_n whereof_o the_o light_n be_v the_o point_n of_o the_o difference_n of_o shadow_n by_o that_o which_o i_o have_v speak_v in_o the_o leaf_n aforego_v we_o must_v conclude_v that_o one_o and_o the_o same_o object_n may_v give_v divers_a shape_n of_o shadow_n or_o projection_n although_o that_o it_o be_v enlighten_v of_o the_o same_o side_n by_o reason_n that_o the_o sun_n give_v it_o of_o one_o fashion_n the_o torch_n of_o another_o and_o the_o day_n do_v not_o frame_v it_o the_o sun_n render_v always_o the_o shadow_n equal_a to_o the_o object_n that_o be_v to_o say_v by_o parallel_n as_o the_o first_o figure_n show_v it_o i_o shall_v teach_v in_o the_o leave_v follow_v how_o we_o ought_v to_o use_v this_o method_n and_o to_o give_v to_o every_o object_n the_o natural_a shadow_n which_o the_o sun_n will_v cause_v it_o to_o have_v all_o painter_n graver_n and_o other_o may_v if_o they_o please_v observe_v these_o rule_n when_o they_o will_v make_v any_o thing_n please_v and_o not_o to_o take_v the_o rule_n of_o the_o candle_n or_o torch_n for_o this_o as_o divers_a have_v do_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o torch_n be_v not_o give_v by_o parallel_n but_o by_o ray_n which_o issue_n from_o the_o same_o centre_n that_o which_o cause_v the_o shadow_n be_v never_o equal_a to_o the_o body_n but_o more_o large_a and_o be_v great_a always_o according_a as_o it_o be_v remove_v the_o which_o may_v be_v see_v in_o the_o second_o figure_n where_o the_o shadow_n be_v large_a than_o in_o the_o first_o although_o that_o the_o cube_n of_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o be_v of_o equal_a breadth_n and_o height_n see_v then_o how_o one_o shall_v be_v much_o deceive_v if_o one_o shall_v make_v the_o shadow_n of_o a_o torch_n like_v as_o that_o of_o the_o sun_n and_o of_o the_o sun_n as_o that_o of_o the_o candle_n see_v that_o the_o difference_n be_v so_o notable_a there_o be_v a_o three_o sort_n of_o shadow_n which_o be_v neither_o of_o the_o sun_n nor_o of_o a_o torch_n but_o only_o cause_v by_o a_o fair_a day_n the_o which_o have_v not_o strength_n enough_o for_o to_o frame_v the_o figure_n render_v only_o a_o confuse_a blackness_n at_o the_o object_n as_o in_o the_o three_o figure_n now_o this_o have_v no_o rule_n wherefore_o every_o one_o give_v it_o and_o practice_v it_o according_a to_o his_o fancy_n all_o these_o shadow_n as_o well_o of_o the_o sun_n as_o of_o the_o torch_n and_o of_o the_o day_n aught_o to_o be_v more_o dark_a than_o the_o part_n of_o the_o object_n which_o be_v not_o enlighten_v as_o a_o it_o not_o so_o dark_a as_o b_o by_o reason_n that_o a_o receive_v the_o reflection_n of_o the_o clearness_n which_o be_v about_o it_o and_o b_o have_v not_o the_o reflection_n that_o a_o which_o be_v in_o obscurity_n we_o must_v observe_v also_o that_o the_o part_n of_o the_o shadow_n most_o distant_a from_o the_o object_n be_v also_o more_o dark_a than_o the_o part_n near_o as_o g_o be_v dark_a than_o h_n by_o reason_n that_o a_o can_v communicate_v that_o little_a reflection_n which_o it_o receive_v unto_o g_o as_o it_o do_v to_o h._n 1._o figure_n 2._o figure_n 3._o figure_n for_o to_o find_v the_o shape_n of_o the_o shadow_n we_o shall_v observe_v at_o the_o begin_n of_o this_o book_n that_o the_o definition_n of_o perspective_n be_v to_o give_v upon_o a_o plane_n perpendicular_a to_o the_o horizon_n the_o representation_n of_o object_n which_o be_v upon_o the_o ground_n or_o upon_o a_o plane_n horizontal_n and_o for_o shadow_n it_o be_v altogether_o contrary_a see_v that_o one_o suppose_v a_o body_n elevate_v upon_o the_o plane_n the_o which_o be_v enlighten_v cast_v its_o shadow_n upon_o the_o same_o plane_n as_o we_o see_v that_o the_o body_n a_o give_v upon_o the_o plane_n the_o shadow_n b_o for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n we_o must_v suppose_v two_o thing_n the_o light_n and_o a_o body_n the_o light_n although_o it_o be_v contrary_a to_o it_o it_o be_v that_o nevertheless_o which_o give_v it_o its_o be_v and_o the_o body_n or_o the_o object_n give_v it_o its_o shape_n and_o its_o figure_n i_o shall_v not_o discourse_v here_o but_o of_o shadow_n for_o i_o suppose_v that_o we_o have_v learn_v to_o set_v the_o body_n or_o object_n into_o perspective_n for_o to_o understand_v these_o shadow_n more_o easy_o and_o render_v the_o order_n follow_v more_o easy_a we_o must_v mark_v that_o we_o must_v make_v use_n of_o two_o point_n the_o one_o of_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n which_o ought_v always_o to_o be_v take_v upon_o the_o plane_n where_o the_o object_n be_v place_v and_o the_o other_o of_o the_o torch_n or_o lightsome_a body_n see_v that_o the_o rule_n be_v general_a for_o the_o sun_n and_o for_o the_o torch_n with_o this_o only_a difference_n that_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v give_v by_o parallel_n and_o that_o of_o the_o torch_n by_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o same_o centre_n we_o will_v begin_v with_o that_o of_o the_o torch_n see_v that_o it_o will_v help_v the_o better_a to_o comprehend_v that_o of_o the_o sun_n which_o shall_v follow_v we_o say_v then_o for_o example_n that_o if_o one_o will_v have_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o cube_n a_o as_o we_o see_v b_o that_o we_o must_v from_o the_o point_n o_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n draw_v line_n by_o all_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n of_o the_o object_n as_o here_o by_o the_o plane_n of_o the_o cube_n o_o d_o o_o e_o o_o f_o o_o g_o then_o you_o must_v draw_v other_o line_n from_o the_o point_n of_o the_o light_n of_o the_o torch_n by_o all_o the_o same_o angles_n elevate_v and_o to_o continue_v these_o line_n until_o that_o they_o divide_v the_o other_o line_n draw_v from_o the_o point_n o_o for_o example_n have_v from_o the_o point_n o_o draw_v the_o line_n pass_v by_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n d_o if_o one_o draw_v from_o the_o point_n c_o a_o line_n pass_v by_o the_o same_o angle_n elevate_v this_o shall_v divide_v the_o other_o at_o the_o point_n h_n and_o the_o point_n h_n shall_v be_v the_o shadow_n of_o this_o angle_n if_o from_o the_o point_n c_o we_o do_v the_o same_o by_o all_o the_o angle_n elevate_v we_o shall_v divide_v the_o line_n of_o the_o plane_n at_o the_o point_v h_n i_o k_o l_o the_o which_o point_v we_o must_v join_v with_o right_a line_n and_o we_o shall_v have_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o cube_n as_o be_v to_o be_v see_v at_o the_o figure_n above_o and_o more_o clear_o at_o that_o below_o of_o shadow_n take_v from_o the_o sun_n the_o sun_n that_o glorious_a lightsome_a body_n be_v far_o great_a than_o the_o whole_a globe_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o i_o have_v already_o say_v in_o the_o begin_n of_o this_o treatise_n shall_v make_v all_o its_o shadow_n in_o point_n see_v that_o he_o do_v always_o enlighten_v more_o than_o the_o half_a in_o pursuit_n of_o this_o demonstration_n we_o shall_v conclude_v that_o all_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o sun_n ought_v to_o be_v less_o than_o the_o body_n that_o be_v oppose_v unto_o it_o and_o to_o diminish_v as_o it_o remove_v itself_o far_o off_o which_o will_v be_v true_a if_o there_o be_v any_o correspondency_n of_o the_o body_n enlighten_v to_o the_o body_n enlighten_v but_o all_o the_o object_n which_o be_v upon_o earth_n be_v so_o small_a a_o thing_n in_o respect_n of_o this_o great_a light_n that_o the_o diminution_n of_o their_o shadow_n be_v unperceivable_a by_o our_o eye_n which_o acknowledge_v they_o all_o equal_a that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o they_o be_v
neither_o large_a nor_o straight_a than_o the_o body_n that_o give_v they_o their_o shape_n for_o this_o reason_n we_o give_v all_o the_o shadow_n cause_v by_o the_o sun_n by_o parallel_n as_o we_o have_v see_v at_o the_o second_o figure_n of_o this_o treatise_n it_o follow_v from_o all_o this_o discourse_n that_o for_o to_o have_v the_o shadow_n of_o what_o body_n soever_o it_o be_v be_v oppose_v to_o the_o sun_n we_o must_v draw_v a_o line_n from_o above_o this_o great_a light_n which_o may_v fall_v plumb_n at_o the_o place_n where_o one_o will_v take_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n and_o from_o this_o place_n to_o draw_v a_o occult_a line_n by_o one_o of_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n of_o the_o object_n and_o another_o of_o the_o sun_n by_o the_o same_o angle_n elevate_v and_o the_o section_n of_o these_o two_o line_n shall_v show_v how_o far_o the_o shadow_n must_v go_v all_o the_o other_o line_n shall_v be_v draw_v parallel_n unto_o these_o for_o example_n for_o to_o take_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o cube_n a_o the_o sun_n be_v at_o b_o we_o must_v from_o under_o the_o sun_n c_o which_o be_v as_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n draw_v a_o line_n which_o touch_v a_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n as_o c_z d._n then_o from_o the_o o●her_a angle_n e_o to_z draw_z parallel_n to_o this_o for_o to_o find_v the_o end_n of_o the_o shadow_n we_o must_v draw_v a_o line_n from_o the_o sun_n b_o pass_v by_o the_o angle_n elevate_v f_o which_o shall_v divide_v the_o line_n c_o d_o in_o g._n then_o draw_v a_o parallel_n to_o this_o by_o the_o angle_n h_n it_o will_v divide_v the_o line_n e_o at_o the_o point_n i_o and_o we_o shall_v have_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o cube_n d_o g_o l._n he_o that_o will_v cause_v the_o shadow_n to_o cast_v before_o or_o in_o any_o other_o way_n he_o must_v determine_v the_o place_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o point_n underneath_o to_o draw_v the_o line_n of_o a_o angle_n and_o make_v all_o other_o line_n parallel_v to_o that_o as_o you_o may_v see_v by_o the_o figure_n below_o without_o repeat_v the_o practic_n which_o be_v the_o same_o as_o that_o above_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v equal_a to_o the_o object_n of_o the_o same_o height_n although_o that_o they_o be_v remove_v the_o one_o from_o the_o other_o experience_n teach_v we_o that_o many_o style_n or_o elevation_n of_o the_o same_o height_n remove_v the_o one_o from_o the_o other_o cease_v not_o to_o give_v their_o shadow_n equal_a in_o the_o same_o time_n i_o say_v in_o the_o same_o time_n for_o they_o do_v lengthen_v or_o shorten_v themselves_o according_a as_o the_o sun_n come_v near_o or_o retire_v himself_o the_o which_o he_o do_v every_o moment_n see_v that_o he_o never_o stand_v still_o wherefore_o when_o one_o desire_v to_o cause_v the_o shadow_n of_o some_o object_n to_o cast_v we_o must_v determine_v of_o the_o place_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o point_n under_o it_o to_o draw_v from_o thence_o the_o two_o occult_a line_n which_o give_v the_o term_n of_o the_o shadow_n as_o here_o the_o hedge-row_n a_o give_v the_o point_n of_o its_o shadow_n in_o b_o and_o if_o from_o the_o point_n b_o you_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n c_o this_o line_n b_o c_o shall_v be_v as_o well_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o hedge-row_n d_o as_o of_o that_o a_o and_o of_o all_o those_o that_o shall_v be_v in_o the_o same_o line_n unto_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n and_o you_o must_v hold_v for_o a_o maxim_n that_o the_o shadow_n do_v always_o keep_v the_o same_o point_n of_o sight_n with_o the_o object_n follow_v this_o experience_n that_o the_o object_n of_o the_o same_o height_n do_v give_v the_o shadow_n equal_a if_o one_o will_v give_v the_o shadow_n to_o the_o hedgerow_n e_o f_o which_o be_v of_o the_o same_o height_n with_o a_o d_o we_o must_v only_o take_v with_o a_o compass_n the_o distance_n a_o b_o and_o carry_v it_o to_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o hedge-row_n e_o for_o to_o have_v e_z g_z and_o from_o this_o point_n g_o to_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n c_o and_o to_o make_v always_o the_o same_o practice_n even_o when_o these_o alley_n be_v prolong_v infinite_o but_o if_o the_o light_n come_v from_o the_o bottom_n or_o from_o before_o as_o in_o the_o figure_n below_o must_v we_o change_v the_o order_n no_o we_o most_o only_o set_v forward_o or_o draw_v back_o the_o foot_n or_o that_o under_o the_o sun_n and_o draw_v line_n from_o the_o one_o and_o from_o the_o other_o by_o a_o angle_n as_o be_v h_n and_o i_o which_o shall_v give_v the_o bind_v of_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o hedge-row_n k_o to_o the_o point_n l_o and_o from_o this_o point_n l_o we_o must_v draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n m_o then_o from_o all_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n of_o the_o palissade_n we_o must_v draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o line_n h_n unto_o the_o ray_n l_o m_o and_o we_o shall_v have_v the_o natural_a shadow_n of_o the_o same_o palissade_n or_o hedgerows_a of_o the_o shadow_n when_o the_o sun_n be_v direct_o opposite_a to_o the_o eye_n as_o often_o as_o the_o sun_n be_v before_o our_o eye_n that_o be_v to_o say_v above_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n the_o side_n of_o the_o shadow_n that_o it_o shall_v cause_n shall_v be_v parallel_n as_o be_v all_o the_o visual_a ray_n wherefore_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n shall_v serve_v always_o for_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n and_o the_o other_o ray_n which_o shall_v determine_v the_o shadow_n shall_v be_v take_v from_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o sun_n for_o example_n when_o we_o will_v find_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o cube_n a_o we_o must_v by_o the_o angle_n of_o its_o plane_n b_o c_o draw_v ray_n to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n d_o as_o are_z b_o e_z c_o f._n then_o from_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o sun_n g_o draw_z also_o two_o ray_n which_o shall_v divide_v those_o at_o the_o point_n k_n l_o pass_v by_o the_o end_n of_o the_o line_n elevate_v from_o the_o angle_n b_o and_o c_o which_o be_v h_n and_o i_o in_o such_o manner_n as_o the_o shadow_n of_o this_o cube_n shall_v be_v b_o k_n l_o c._n the_o shadow_n of_o the_o two_o other_o piece_n m_n and_o n_o shall_v be_v take_v by_o the_o same_o order_n and_o so_o of_o all_o the_o other_o which_o may_v there_o be_v meet_v withal_o it_o come_v into_o my_o mind_n that_o one_o may_v be_v trouble_v if_o instead_o of_o a_o cube_n there_o be_v a_o pyramid_n by_o reason_n that_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o plane_n of_o the_o pyramid_n and_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n that_o pass_v by_o the_o point_n make_v but_o one_o line_n and_o by_o consequence_n can_v terminate_v nothing_o for_o to_o take_v the_o shadow_n from_o the_o point_n of_o this_o pyramid_n when_o this_o shall_v happen_v we_o must_v from_o a_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n as_o be_v here_o o_o draw_v a_o ray_n to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n p_o which_o shall_v make_v o_o q_n and_o from_o the_o same_o angle_n o_o elevate_v a_o perpendicular_a o_o s_n then_o from_o the_o point_n of_o the_o pyramid_n t_o make_v a_o parallel_n to_o the_o base_a until_o that_o it_o divide_v the_o perpendicular_a o_o s_n at_o the_o point_n v_o we_o must_v make_v the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n to_o pass_v by_o this_o point_n v_n and_o continue_v it_o until_o that_o it_o divide_v the_o ray_n o_fw-fr qui_fw-fr at_o the_o point_n x_o from_o this_o point_n x_o we_o must_v make_v a_o parallel_n to_o the_o base_a unto_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o pyramid_n which_o shall_v be_v divide_v at_o the_o point_n y_fw-fr the_o bind_v of_o the_o shadow_n we_o must_v draw_v to_o this_o point_n y_o from_o the_o angle_n z_o and_o o_o and_o the_o triangle_n z_o y_fw-fr o_o shall_v be_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o pyramid_n these_o wall_n which_o be_v at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o figure_n take_v their_o shadow_n as_o we_o have_v say_v of_o the_o cube_n a._n for_o to_o give_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o object_n pierce_v by_o the_o light_n when_o the_o object_n be_v square_a or_o of_o a_o right_a line_n we_o must_v from_o the_o point_n a_o from_o under_o the_o sun_n draw_v line_n parallel_n from_o all_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n then_o from_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o sun_n b_o draw_v a_o line_n to_o the_o angle_n the_o far_a remove_v c_o which_o shall_v divide_v the_o line_n a_o at_o the_o point_n d_o and_o to_o draw_v from_o the_o point_n d_o to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n e_o until_o that_o it_o find_v the_o last_o line_n of_o the_o plane_n f_o for_o to_o have_v
the_o rest_n of_o the_o shadow_n we_o must_v draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o line_n b_o c_o d_o by_o the_o corner_n g_o h_n i_o by_o reason_n that_o the_o sun_n enlighten_v two_o face_n and_o make_v the_o shadow_n large_a as_o be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o first_o figure_n that_o g_z c_z and_z h_z i_o be_v the_o diagonal_n of_o these_o square_a piece_n enlighten_v on_o two_o side_n and_o where_o these_o line_n draw_v by_o c_o g_z and_z h_z i_o shall_v divide_v the_o line_n a_o we_o must_v draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n e_o and_o we_o shall_v have_v all_o the_o projection_n or_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o object_n if_o it_o be_v a_o round_a as_o in_o the_o second_o figure_n we_o must_v make_v the_o round_a by_o the_o order_n of_o the_o arch_n on_o the_o side_n as_o fol._n 62._o and_o 63_o by_o elevate_a the_o perpendicular_n and_o when_o the_o round_n shall_v be_v frame_v with_o its_o thickness_n we_o must_v from_o the_o foot_n of_o all_o these_o perpendicular_o draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o base_a as_o l_o k_o then_o to_o take_v for_o the_o underpart_n of_o the_o sun_n l_o which_o be_v the_o parallel_n of_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o round_a then_o from_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o sun_n m_o to_o draw_v a_o line_n pass_v by_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o round_a n_n and_o to_o continue_v until_o that_o it_o divide_v this_o parallel_n l_o at_o the_o point_n o_o which_o shall_v be_v the_o bind_v of_o the_o shadow_n the_o empty_a part_n of_o this_o round_n shall_v be_v find_v draw_v a_o parallel_n to_o n_n o_o from_o the_o point_n p_o which_o be_v the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o round_a opposite_a to_o the_o sun_n until_o that_o it_o divide_v the_o line_n i_o o._n the_o rest_n of_o the_o round_n shall_v be_v find_v draw_v also_o a_o little_a parallel_n to_o n_n o_o from_o the_o point_n r_o which_o shall_v give_v s._n all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o round_n be_v find_v by_o make_v parallel_n to_o n_n o_o by_o all_o the_o point_n of_o the_o round_a of_o the_o perpendicules_n which_o we_o must_v continue_v until_o that_o they_o divide_v the_o parallel_n to_o the_o base_a so_o as_o i_o have_v make_v that_o of_o the_o midst_n l_o o_fw-fr i_o have_v mark_v they_o all_o with_o point_n but_o i_o be_o such_o a_o enemy_n of_o confusion_n that_o this_o have_v cause_v i_o to_o omit_v they_o the_o shadow_n take_v the_o shape_n of_o the_o plane_n where_o they_o be_v cast_v hitherto_o i_o have_v give_v the_o shadow_n within_o a_o plane_n unite_v be_v assure_v that_o he_o which_o shall_v understand_v they_o well_o shall_v not_o have_v any_o difficulty_n to_o practice_v these_o here_o and_o the_o other_o that_o follow_v because_o that_o it_o be_v all_o the_o same_o rule_n and_o that_o one_o only_a direction_n shall_v suffice_v for_o to_o make_v to_o understand_v how_o these_o shadow_n do_v raise_v and_o abase_v themselves_o according_a as_o they_o find_v their_o plane_n for_o to_o make_v it_o appear_v that_o these_o shadow_n be_v find_v by_o the_o same_o rule_n that_o the_o former_a be_v it_o not_o sertain_a that_o he_o which_o shall_v draw_v a_o line_n from_o under_o the_o sun_n a_o pass_v by_o the_o plane_n of_o this_o gate_n b_o and_o that_o from_o the_o sun_n c_o one_o shall_v draw_v another_o by_o the_o top_n of_o the_o gate_n d_o that_o these_o line_n will_v divide_v themselves_o out_o of_o our_o paper_n and_o will_v give_v the_o bind_v of_o the_o shadow_n so_o as_o i_o have_v say_v of_o other_o but_o the_o wall_n e_o hinder_v the_o line_n a_o b_o to_o prolong_v itself_o as_o it_o will_v do_v if_o the_o plane_n be_v unite_v oblige_v it_o to_o raise_v itself_o as_o we_o see_v e_z g_o wherefore_o it_o be_v that_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n c_o which_o ought_v to_o go_v very_o far_o to_o seek_v the_o line_n a_o b_o divide_v it_o against_o the_o wall_n at_o the_o point_n g_o and_o there_o mark_v the_o shape_n or_o the_o shadow_n of_o this_o gate_n whereof_o the_o top_n draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n h._n the_o shadow_n of_o this_o piece_n k_n ea_v its_o self_n with_o its_o whole_a length_n k_o i_o pass_v over_o this_o other_o piece_n i_o and_o we_o must_v mark_v that_o the_o shadow_n keep_v always_o its_o length_n although_o that_o it_o meet_v with_o something_o between_o two_o and_o it_o must_v be_v that_o the_o shadow_n which_o pass_v over_o something_o observe_v the_o figure_n and_o the_o form_n of_o the_o same_o thing_n as_o here_o the_o shadow_n m_o and_o n_o keep_v the_o shape_n of_o the_o piece_n l._n although_o that_o i_o have_v make_v the_o sun_n to_o appear_v in_o the_o other_o figure_n we_o must_v not_o think_v that_o he_o shall_v be_v so_o near_o the_o object_n it_o have_v be_v only_o for_o to_o give_v to_o understand_v that_o the_o ray_n do_v come_v from_o thence_o whenas_o he_o be_v in_o this_o height_n but_o nevertheless_o out_o of_o the_o piece_n as_o in_o this_o second_o figure_n which_o yet_o cease_v not_o have_v the_o line_n from_o under_o the_o sun_n a_o b_o and_o that_o of_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n c_o by_o reason_n that_o we_o ought_v always_o to_o suppose_v they_o for_o to_o find_v the_o bind_v of_o the_o shadow_n the_o shadow_n of_o the_o piece_n o_o be_v find_v by_o continue_v the_o line_n a_o b_o and_o make_v it_o to_o ascend_v the_o step_n and_o raise_v itself_o against_o the_o wall_n until_o that_o the_o ray_n c_o pass_v by_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o piece_n divide_v it_o at_o the_o point_n s_o then_o from_o the_o point_n s_o to_o draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n t_o for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o piece_n p_o we_o must_v remember_v that_o which_o i_o say_v at_o the_o begin_n of_o this_o treatise_n that_o we_o must_v always_o suppose_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n upon_o the_o plane_n where_o the_o object_n be_v place_v and_o so_o the_o ray_n c_o divide_v the_o little_a line_n a_o b_o sheweth_z how_o far_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o little_a piece_n p_o ought_v to_o go_v which_o must_v be_v draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n t._n the_o piece_n v_n give_v its_o shadow_n all_o along_o although_o it_o descend_v into_o a_o pit_n the_o shadow_n of_o the_o wall_n r_n be_v find_v by_o the_o same_o order_n that_o the_o other_o as_o also_o the_o line_n a_o b_o and_o ●he_v ray_n c_o cause_v it_o to_o be_v see_v for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o object_n when_o they_o have_v more_o breadth_n above_o then_o below_o when_o one_o will_v have_v the_o projection_n below_o or_o shadow_n of_o figure_n whereof_o the_o upper_a part_n have_v more_o breadth_n or_o length_n then_o the_o low_a how_o these_o two_o figure_n ought_v to_o be_v they_o make_v ordinary_o a_o plane_n from_o which_o they_o raise_v the_o perpendicular_n a_o b._n the_o plane_n be_v make_v we_o must_v from_o under_o the_o sun_n draw_v a_o line_n as_o i_o have_v already_o say_v and_o from_o all_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n draw_v parallel_n to_o that_o then_o to_o draw_v one_o from_o the_o sun_n c_o pass_v by_o one_o of_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o object_n as_o d_o until_o that_o it_o divide_v the_o line_n of_o the_o plane_n of_o the_o same_o angle_n a_o so_o that_o it_o make_v the_o line_n d_o e_z at_o the_o point_n f_o and_o to_o draw_v e_z and_o f_o at_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n g_o which_o shall_v give_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o square_n above_o the_o object_n then_o draw_v from_o the_o point_n of_o the_o figure_n h_n to_o the_o point_n f_o and_o l_o we_o have_v the_o whole_a shadow_n of_o this_o pyramid_n turn_v downward_o we_o may_v see_v well_o that_o the_o projection_n or_o the_o shadow_n of_o this_o cross_n below_o be_v make_v by_o the_o same_o order_n which_o i_o will_v not_o repeat_v that_o i_o may_v not_o be_v troublesome_a for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o object_n elevate_v from_o the_o ground_n this_o order_n will_v be_v render_v easy_a by_o that_o which_o i_o have_v new_o give_v see_v that_o in_o the_o one_o and_o in_o the_o other_o we_o need_v only_o to_o find_v the_o plane_n and_o from_o this_o plane_n to_o draw_v line_n parallel_n to_o those_o under_o the_o sun_n by_o all_o the_o angle_n then_o from_o the_o same_o angle_n of_o the_o object_n elevate_v into_o the_o air_n to_o draw_v also_o line_n for_o to_o divide_v those_o which_o be_v draw_v from_o the_o plane_n and_o to_o find_v the_o bind_v of_o the_o shadow_n as_o i_o have_v here_o already_o say_v many_o time_n in_o the_o figure_n forego_v the_o which_o make_v i_o believe_v that_o any_o one_o shall_v easy_o understand_v all_o that_o i_o can_v
make_v of_o the_o shadow_n take_v from_o the_o sun_n without_o that_o there_o be_v any_o need_n of_o other_o explication_n for_o the_o figure_n see_v that_o they_o be_v sufficient_o intelligible_a and_o all_o make_v by_o the_o rule_n which_o one_o may_v have_v learn_v by_o other_o heretofore_o but_o as_o every_o figure_n have_v always_o some_o particular_a observation_n it_o will_v not_o be_v beside_o the_o purpose_n to_o give_v notice_n thereof_o to_o the_o end_n there_o may_v be_v nothing_o which_o may_v not_o be_v easy_o understand_v i_o say_v then_o that_o in_o the_o first_o figure_n i_o have_v only_o make_v use_n of_o the_o plane_n a_o b_o c_o d_o for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o object_n e_o and_o f_o by_o reason_n that_o they_o be_v both_o upon_o the_o same_o line_n and_o of_o the_o same_o height_n in_o the_o second_o we_o must_v observe_v that_o the_o piece_n of_o wood_n g_o cast_v its_o shadow_n upon_o the_o wall_n h_n this_o shadow_n make_v the_o same_o figure_n that_o the_o corniche_a i_o which_o be_v below_o the_o which_o be_v see_v also_o at_o the_o staff_n k_o set_v against_o the_o same_o wall_n h._n for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o board_n l_o we_o must_v remember_v the_o order_n aforegoing_a of_o the_o object_n broad_a above_o than_o below_o for_o have_v draw_v the_o perpendicule_n m_o where_o it_o shall_v divide_v the_o ray_n n_n o_o we_o must_v draw_v the_o line_n from_o under_o the_o sun_n m_o p_o then_o from_o the_o board_n elevate_v l_o to_o draw_v a_o line_n which_o divide_v m_n p_o and_o this_o section_n shall_v be_v the_o bind_v of_o the_o shadow_n the_o shadow_n of_o the_o boul_a q_o shall_v be_v find_v also_o make_v two_o perpendicular_n to_o fall_v of_o which_o we_o must_v frame_v the_o plane_n then_o by_o the_o centre_n of_o this_o plane_n to_o draw_v the_o line_n from_o under_o the_o sun_n r_n and_o from_o the_o sun_n a_o tangent_fw-la as_o queen_n s_n until_o that_o we_o divide_v the_o line_n r_o at_o the_o point_n t_o and_o also_o another_o v._o which_o divide_v the_o same_o r_n and_o this_o distance_n t_o v_n shall_v be_v the_o greatness_n of_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o boul_a for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n at_o the_o sun_n in_o all_o sort_n of_o figure_n the_o shadow_n of_o these_o figure_n be_v find_v by_o the_o same_o order_n of_o other_o body_n that_o be_v to_o say_v by_o parallel_n as_o well_o of_o they_o from_o under_o the_o figure_n as_o of_o those_o that_o come_v from_o the_o sun_n with_o this_o only_a difference_n that_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o body_n or_o object_n be_v find_v by_o the_o help_n of_o their_o plane_n and_o that_o the_o figure_n have_v none_o thereof_o but_o instead_o of_o these_o plane_n we_o must_v from_o the_o aspect_n whereby_o we_o see_v the_o figure_n draw_v a_o line_n by_o the_o under_o part_n and_o upon_o this_o line_n make_v to_o fall_v perpendicular_o that_o which_o be_v most_o remarkable_a in_o the_o figure_n for_o to_o help_v to_o find_v the_o shadow_n and_o then_o this_o line_n from_o below_o shall_v serve_v as_o for_o a_o plane_n for_o example_n the_o figure_n be_v naked_a or_o clothe_v and_o without_o a_o cloak_n as_o the_o first_o that_o turn_v the_o back_n to_o we_o we_o must_v from_o under_o its_o foot_n a_o draw_v a_o line_n to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n b_o and_o upon_o this_o line_n a_o b_o make_v to_o fall_v occult_a line_n from_o all_o the_o point_n which_o can_v help_v to_o find_v the_o true_a shadow_n as_o from_o the_o hand_n c_o to_o make_v to_o fall_v a_o plumb-line_n which_o shall_v divide_v the_o line_n a_o b_o at_o the_o point_n d_o and_o from_o the_o elbow_n e_o to_o make_v one_o fall_v to_o the_o point_n f_o and_o yet_o another_o from_o the_o head_n g_o which_o shall_v give_v the_o point_n h_n from_o all_o these_o point_n d_o f_o h_n from_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o figure_n and_o from_o the_o end_n of_o his_o staff_n i._o we_o must_v draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o base_a then_o the_o height_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v determine_v of_o we_o must_v draw_v a_o line_n as_o k_o pass_v by_o the_o forepart_n touch_v the_o brim_n of_o the_o hat_n g_o and_o to_o continue_v the_o same_o until_o that_o it_o divide_v the_o line_n h_n at_o the_o point_n l_o which_o shall_v be_v the_o end_n of_o the_o shadow_n and_o also_o from_o the_o brim_n behind_o his_o hat_n m_n to_o draw_v a_o parallel_n to_o k_o g_o l_o until_o that_o it_o divide_v also_o the_o line_n h_n at_o the_o point_n n_n these_o point_n n_o l_o shall_v be_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o hat_n we_o must_v draw_v a_o parallel_n by_o the_o point_n c_o until_o that_o it_o divide_v the_o line_n d_o at_o the_o point_n o._n this_o point_n o_o shall_v be_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o hand_n which_o hold_v the_o staff_n wherefore_o draw_v from_o this_o point_n o_o to_o the_o point_n i_o this_o line_n o_o i_o shall_v be_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o staff_n we_o must_v also_o draw_v a_o parallel_n to_o the_o point_n e_o which_o shall_v divide_v f_o at_o the_o point_n p_o and_o shall_v be_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o elbow_n and_o so_o of_o all_o the_o place_n that_o one_o will_v as_o of_o the_o knee_n upon_o the_o parallel_n which_o pass_v under_o the_o foot_n and_o from_o all_o these_o point_n to_o mark_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o whole_a figure_n the_o little_a figure_n q_n have_v take_v its_o shadow_n by_o the_o same_o order_n i_o have_v not_o mark_v all_o the_o point_n nor_o the_o parallel_n for_o to_o avoid_v confusion_n when_o they_o be_v clothe_v at_o length_n for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o figure_n we_o must_v as_o i_o have_v say_v draw_v from_o under_o their_o foot_n a_o line_n to_o the_o point_n of_o sigh●_n r_n as_o this_o s_n r_n and_o from_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o garment_n on_o the_o one_o side_n and_o the_o other_o draw_v two_o parallel_n to_o the_o base_a as_o t_o v_n and_o between_o t_o v_n another_o x_o which_o be_v the_o midst_n of_o the_o figure_n then_o from_o the_o top_n of_o the_o head_n to_o draw_v a_o line_n y_fw-fr which_o shall_v be_v for_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n which_o we_o must_v continue_v until_o that_o it_o divide_v the_o line_n x_o at_o the_o point_n z_o and_o this_o point_n z_o shall_v h●●_n the_o bound_n where_o the_o shadow_n must_v end_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o shadow_n shall_v be_v draw_v between_o the_o two_o parallel_n t_o v_n and_o if_o any_o thing_n flow_v over_o as_o the_o two_o fold_n ✚_o and_o *_o we_o must_v draw_v they_o by_o parallel_n to_o you_o x_o until_o that_o they_o divide_v the_o ray_n v_n as_o we_o see_v that_o the_o ✚_o give_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o elbow_n and_o the_o *_o give_v that_o of_o the_o fold_n of_o the_o cloak_n for_o to_o find_v with_o facility_n the_o shadow_n by_o the_o sun_n if_o i_o will_v here_o set_v down_o the_o shadow_n of_o all_o the_o object_n which_o may_v be_v give_v it_o be_v to_o take_v in_o hand_n a_o design_n without_o end_n for_o the_o object_n may_v be_v give_v infinite_o for_o beside_o the_o great_a number_n that_o there_o be_v of_o they_o each_o will_v suffice_v to_o make_v a_o book_n see_v that_o it_o may_v be_v turn_v bend_a and_o lie_v down_o in_o divers_a manner_n each_o have_v its_o shadow_n different_a but_o this_o labour_n will_v be_v very_o unprofitable_a see_v that_o every_o one_o may_v make_v those_o which_o shall_v please_v he_o so_o that_o he_o remember_v well_o two_o or_o three_o rule_n which_o he_o must_v keep_v as_o i_o have_v show_v in_o the_o order_n of_o the_o shadow_n take_v from_o the_o sun_n where_o two_o sort_n of_o line_n give_v the_o mean_n to_o find_v all_o the_o shadow_n which_o may_v be_v the_o one_o come_v from_o under_o the_o sun_n pass_v by_o the_o plane_n the_o other_o which_o part_v from_o the_o sun_n by_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o object_n and_o go_v to_o divide_v this_o other_o line_n where_o the_o shadow_n must_v go_v but_o as_o these_o line_n must_v be_v each_o parallel_n that_o be_v to_o say_v those_z from_z under_o the_o sun_n parallel_n between_o themselves_o and_o those_o of_o the_o sun_n also_o parallel_n between_o themselves_o i_o believe_v that_o i_o shall_v oblige_v i_o give_v a_o invention_n to_o draw_v they_o ready_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o i_o have_v say_v elsewhere_o how_o we_o shall_v draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o base_a by_o the_o mean_n of_o a_o board_n well_o square_v as_o this_o here_o a_o and_o of_o a_o rule_n as_o b_o the_o which_o shall_v serve_v to_o draw_v line_n from_o under_o the_o sun_n when_o it_o meet_v direct_o opposite_a to_o
the_o face_n of_o the_o object_n as_o may_v be_v the_o line_n c_o d_o but_o if_o it_o enlighten_v by_o the_o angle_n we_o must_v use_v another_o instrument_n as_o that_o mark_v e_z which_o be_v a_o rule_n fasten_v to_o the_o end_n of_o another_o piece_n of_o wood_n well_o square_v and_o hollow_v of_o one_o side_n and_o the_o other_o in_o such_o manner_n that_o the_o rule_n f_o g_o may_v move_v with_o force_n to_o the_o end_n that_o have_v take_v a_o line_n bend_a as_o h_n d_o one_o may_v thereby_o make_v one_o which_o may_v be_v parallel_n to_o it_o which_o be_v i_o k_o with_o this_o false_a square_n or_o grasshopper_n it_o be_v so_o as_o the_o workman_n call_v it_o e_o f_o g_o this_o instrument_n do_v abbreviate_v exceed_o when_o one_o will_v make_v shadow_n of_o the_o sun_n for_o there_o be_v not_o a_o line_n and_o of_o what_o inclination_n soever_o it_o be_v whereof_o one_o may_v not_o draw_v parallel_n the_o use_n will_v make_v we_o to_o know_v its_o profitableness_n but_o for_o the_o shadow_n by_o the_o torch_n and_o the_o candle_n it_o be_v of_o no_o use_n at_o all_o by_o reason_n that_o all_o the_o line_n be_v draw_v from_o one_o centre_n the_o shadow_n take_v from_o a_o torch_n from_o the_o candle_n and_o from_o a_o lamp_n be_v find_v by_o one_o and_o the_o same_o order_n i_o have_v already_o say_v that_o for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n we_o must_v necessary_o have_v two_o point_n the_o one_o from_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o torch_n or_o of_o the_o candle_n or_o of_o the_o lamp_n which_o ought_v always_o to_o be_v find_v upon_o the_o plane_n where_o the_o object_n be_v set_v the_o other_o from_o the_o flame_n of_o one_o of_o these_o light_n from_o the_o first_o point_n which_o be_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o torch_n the_o bottom_n of_o the_o lamp_n or_o of_o the_o candle_n we_o must_v draw_v ray_n by_o all_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n of_o the_o object_n of_o which_o one_o will_v have_v the_o shadow_n and_o the_o second_o point_n which_o be_v the_o flame_n will_v give_v other_o ray_n which_o pass_v by_o the_o angle_n from_o the_o top_n of_o the_o object_n will_v go_v to_o divide_v these_o line_n draw_v from_o the_o plane_n and_o to_o mark_v where_o the_o shadow_n must_v end_v itself_o i_o shall_v show_v this_o by_o example_n use_v the_o same_o letter_n for_o these_o three_o light_n in_o which_o it_o shall_v be_v easy_a to_o see_v that_o it_o be_v all_o the_o same_o order_n in_o the_o one_o as_o in_o the_o other_o with_o this_o only_a difference_n that_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o torch_n or_o of_o the_o taper_n be_v set_v below_o and_o that_o it_o must_v suppose_v in_o other_o that_o they_o set_v it_o there_o i_o say_v then_o that_o if_o one_o will_v have_v the_o shadow_n b_o of_o the_o cube_n a_o that_o we_o must_v from_o the_o point_n o_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n draw_v line_n by_o all_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n of_o these_o cube_n as_o o_o d_o o_o e_o o_o f_o o_o g_o then_o from_o the_o point_n c_o which_o be_v the_o light_n or_o the_o fire_n of_o these_o luminary_n draw_v other_o line_n which_o must_v pass_v by_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o object_n elevate_v and_o continue_v these_o line_n until_o that_o they_o divide_v the_o other_o line_n draw_v from_o the_o point_n o._n for_o example_n have_v draw_v a_o line_n from_o the_o point_n o_o pass_v by_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n d_o if_o one_o draw_v from_o the_o point_n c_o another_o line_n pass_v by_o the_o same_o angle_n elevate_v p_o this_o of_o the_o point_n c_o being_z continue_v shall_v divide_v the_o first_o of_o the_o corner_n d_o at_o the_o point_n h_n and_o this_o point_n h_n shall_v be_v the_o shadow_n of_o this_o angle_n d_o p._n if_o from_o the_o point_n c_o we_o do_v the_o same_o by_o all_o the_o angle_n elevate_v we_o shall_v divide_v the_o line_n of_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n at_o the_o point_v h_n i_o k_o l_o the_o which_o point_v h_n i_o k_o l_o we_o must_v join_v with_o right_a line_n and_o we_o shall_v have_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o cube_n as_o be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o three_o figure_n by_o this_o example_n it_o be_v easy_a to_o see_v that_o it_o be_v all_o the_o same_o order_n in_o the_o one_o as_o be_v in_o the_o other_o in_o the_o leaf_n follow_v it_o shall_v be_v teach_v to_o find_v the_o under_o part_n or_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o candle_n and_o lamp_n of_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n see_v that_o the_o order_n for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n for_o the_o torch_n for_o the_o candle_n at_o for_o the_o lamp_n be_v altogether_o the_o same_o in_o the_o one_o as_o in_o the_o other_o as_o we_o have_v sai_fw-mi but_o now_o there_o will_v be_v no_o more_o need_n to_o set_v down_o distinction_n in_o the_o order_n follow_v for_o when_o i_o shall_v set_v a_o torch_n one_o may_v set_v a_o candle_n or_o lamp_n in_o the_o place_n by_o reason_n that_o the_o flame_n of_o the_o one_o have_v the_o same_o effect_n with_o that_o of_o the_o other_o wherefore_o from_o henceforth_o i_o will_v use_v the_o word_n of_o light_n for_o all_o three_o for_o the_o foot_n of_o these_o light_n which_o must_v be_v upon_o all_o the_o plane_n where_o they_o set_v the_o object_n they_o shall_v be_v find_v by_o this_o method_n have_v a_o torch_n light_v within_o a_o chamber_n whether_o we_o shall_v set_v it_o in_o a_o corner_n on_o the_o side_n or_o in_o the_o midst_n as_o this_o it_o must_v be_v that_o all_o the_o part_n of_o the_o chamber_n or_o of_o the_o hall_n as_o the_o board_n above_n and_o below_o the_o side_n and_o the_o bottom_n have_v a_o point_n that_o serve_v for_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n that_o from_o this_o point_n we_o may_v draw_v by_o all_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n of_o the_o object_n of_o which_o we_o will_v have_v the_o shadow_n as_o i_o shall_v show_v in_o the_o leaf_n follow_v content_v myself_o to_o show_v in_o this_o how_o we_o must_v find_v this_o point_n which_o i_o call_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n the_o torch_n be_v place_v in_o a_o this_o point_n a_o be_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n and_z b_o the_o fire_n or_o the_o light_n of_o the_o torch_n this_o fire_n or_o light_n b_o remain_v firm_a and_o never_o change_v but_o the_o foot_n must_v be_v find_v on_o all_o side_n for_o to_o have_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n at_o the_o wall_n on_o the_o side_n c_o we_o must_v from_o the_o point_n a_o draw_v a_o parallel_n to_o the_o base_a until_o that_o it_o divide_v the_o ray_n d_o e_z at_o the_o point_n f_o and_o from_o the_o point_n f_o to_o raise_v a_o perpendicular_a f_o g_z then_o from_o the_o point_n b_o which_o be_v the_o fire_n to_o draw_v another_o parallel_n to_o the_o base_a until_o that_o it_o divide_v f_o g_z at_o the_o point_n h_n and_o this_o point_n h_n shall_v be_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n as_o if_o the_o torch_n be_v lie_v by_o reason_n that_o its_o fire_n remain_v always_o at_o the_o point_n b._n for_o to_o find_v this_o foot_n of_o light_n at_o the_o board_n above_o we_o must_v from_o the_o point_n g_o draw_v a_o parallel_n to_o the_o base_a as_o g_z ay_o and_o from_o the_o point_n b_o to_o make_v a_o perpendicule_n to_o g_z ay_o which_o shall_v give_v the_o point_n k_o which_o shall_v be_v the_o point_n of_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n as_o if_o the_o torch_n be_v turn_v upside_o down_o for_o to_o find_v it_o on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o hall_n we_o must_v make_v the_o same_o order_n as_o on_o the_o side_n c_o and_o we_o shall_v have_v the_o point_n l._n for_o to_o find_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o hall_n we_o must_v from_o the_o point_n h_n draw_v to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n o_o until_o that_o we_o divide_v the_o perpendicule_n e_o at_o the_o point_n m_o then_o from_o this_o point_n m_o to_o make_v a_o parallel_n to_o the_o base_a which_o shall_v divide_v the_o torch_n at_o the_o point_n n_n this_o point_n shall_v be_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n for_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o hall_n the_o foot_n of_o the_o candle_n be_v find_v by_o the_o same_o order_n as_o that_o of_o the_o torch_n take_v the_o midst_n of_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o candlestick_n for_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n but_o when_o it_o be_v a_o p●ated_a candlestick_n or_o a_o arm_n set_v against_o a_o wall_n it_o must_v be_v that_o the_o arm_n or_o the_o branch_n of_o the_o candlestick_n determine_v the_o line_n or_o shall_v be_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n for_o example_n in_o the_o plate_n
p_o we_o must_v by_o the_o branch_n q_o draw_v a_o perpendicular_a to_o the_o base_a as_o r_n s_n then_o from_o the_o fire_n t_o to_o make_v a_o small_a parallel_n to_o the_o base_a which_o shall_v divide_v r_z s_o at_o the_o point_n v_n which_o shall_v be_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n for_o this_o side_n the_o point_n x_o shall_v be_v it_o for_o the_o board_n below_o the_o point_n y_fw-fr for_o the_o board_n above_o and_o z_o for_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o hall_n or_o chamber_n for_o the_o lamp_n it_o be_v the_o place_n where_o it_o be_v fasten_v which_o determine_v its_o foot_n as_o here_o *_o from_o which_o place_n they_o draw_v a_o parallel_n to_o the_o base_a unto_o the_o first_o ray_n and_o altogether_o the_o same_o as_o at_o the_o torch_n and_o at_o the_o candle_n for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n by_o a_o torch_n on_o all_o the_o side_n of_o a_o chamber_n the_o shadow_n take_v from_o the_o sun_n draw_v always_o towards_o the_o earth_n by_o reason_n that_o this_o star_n communicate_v not_o its_o brightness_n except_o it_o be_v above_o our_o horizon_n and_o by_o consequence_n elevate_v above_o all_o the_o object_n which_o cause_v that_o their_o shadow_n always_o descend_v but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o with_o the_o torch_n nor_o with_o the_o candle_n or_o with_o the_o lamp_n the_o which_o one_o may_v set_v above_o or_o below_o or_o on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o object_n which_o render_v their_o shadow_n on_o all_o part_n as_o we_o have_v say_v the_o figure_n aforego_v will_v help_v to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o object_n set_v on_o every_o side_n of_o a_o chamber_n for_o have_v find_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n as_o i_o have_v new_o speak_v there_o be_v no_o more_o difficulty_n see_v that_o this_o be_v all_o the_o same_o order_n as_o the_o cube_n of_o the_o 141_o f_o o_o whither_o we_o may_v have_v recourse_n but_o that_o we_o go_v not_o to_o search_v so_o far_o i_o shall_v say_v that_o for_o to_o have_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o table_n upon_o the_o which_o the_o torch_n be_v pass_v we_o must_v from_o the_o point_n a_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o torch_n draw_v ray_n by_o all_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o table_n c_o then_o from_o the_o point_n of_o the_o light_n b_o draw_v line_n by_o the_o corner_n from_o upon_o the_o table_n i_o until_o that_o they_o divide_v the_o ray_n c_o at_o the_o point_n o_o which_o shall_v be_v the_o bound_n of_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o table_n the_o shadow_n of_o the_o piece_n d_o shall_v be_v find_v draw_v from_o the_o point_n a_o by_o all_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n unto_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o wall_n e_o and_o from_o this_o angle_n to_o raise_v they_o perpendicular_o then_o from_o the_o point_n of_o the_o light_n b_o to_z draw_z line_n by_o the_o top_n of_o this_o piece_n d_o by_o observe_v the_o angel_n correspondent_a to_o the_o line_n of_o the_o plane_n and_o we_o shall_v have_v the_o shadow_n f_o of_o the_o figure_n or_o of_o the_o piece_n d._n the_o shadow_n of_o all_o the_o other_o piece_n shall_v be_v find_v by_o the_o same_o order_n wherefore_o i_o shall_v quote_v only_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n see_v that_o the_o fire_n shall_v be_v always_o the_o point_n b._n for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o piece_n g_o the_o point_n l_o be_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o piece_n n_n the_o point_n h_n be_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o piece_n i_o and_o m_o the_o point_n k_o be_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n the_o second_o figure_n have_v find_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n on_o all_o the_o side_n of_o the_o chamber_n as_o i_o have_v say_v in_o the_o forego_n leaf_n one_o may_v have_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o object_n in_o what_o place_n soever_o they_o be_v by_o the_o order_n that_o i_o have_v give_v for_o by_o example_n have_v find_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n qui_fw-fr and_o its_o fire_n p._n we_o must_v for_o to_o have_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o piece_n r_o draw_v ray_n from_o the_o point_n qui_fw-fr which_o pass_v by_o the_o plane_n of_o the_o piece_n r_n and_o to_o continue_v they_o infinite_o but_o because_o that_o they_o meet_v with_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o chamber_n or_o the_o wall_n t_o we_o must_v at_o the_o meeting_n of_o the_o angle_n s_o elevate_v all_o these_o line_n then_o from_o the_o point_n p_o draw_v other_o line_n by_o the_o top_n of_o the_o same_o piece_n r_n which_o shall_v go_v to_o divide_v those_o of_o the_o plane_n and_o to_o mark_v the_o place_n of_o the_o shadow_n upon_o each_o of_o they_o take_v care_n that_o the_o angle_n have_v reference_n to_o the_o line_n draw_v on_o the_o plane_n this_o order_n be_v so_o general_a and_o universal_a that_o he_o which_o shall_v well_o understand_v only_o how_o to_o take_v the_o shadow_n of_o a_o cube_n shall_v find_v no_o difficulty_n to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o any_o object_n whatsoever_o it_o be_v wherefore_o have_v give_v this_o order_n of_o the_o cube_n at_o the_o 141_o fol_z and_o this_o above_o which_o be_v altogether_o the_o same_o i_o believe_v i_o have_v sufficient_o instruct_v how_o to_o give_v all_o the_o shadow_n without_o be_v oblige_v to_o use_v repetition_n in_o all_o the_o other_o figure_n which_o follow_v where_o i_o shall_v only_o quote_v the_o point_n for_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o piece_n v_n the_o point_n x_o be_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o piece_n y_fw-fr the_o point_n z_o be_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o piece_n ✚_o the_o point_n &_o be_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n and_o p_o the_o fire_n or_o the_o light_n for_o all_o the_o piece_n of_o this_o second_o figure_n 2_o figure_n the_o shadow_n by_o a_o torch_n of_o a_o pyramid_n upright_o and_o another_o upside_o down_o this_o pyramid_n upright_o give_v its_o shadow_n by_o a_o torch_n as_o if_o it_o be_v by_o the_o sun_n by_o reason_n that_o in_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o there_o be_v but_o one_o line_n only_o upon_o the_o which_o they_o determine_v a_o point_n ●n_o which_o be_v for_o the_o point_n of_o the_o pyramid_n for_o example_n have_v make_v the_o plane_n b_o c_o d_o e_o and_o draw_v two_o diagonal_n for_o to_o find_v the_o midst_n of_o the_o plane_n f_o we_o must_v raise_v a_o perpendicule_n f_o a_n then_o to_o draw_v from_o these_o four_o point_n b_o c_o d_o e_o to_o the_o point_n a_o and_o the_o pyramid_n shall_v be_v frame_v for_o to_o find_v its_o shadow_n we_o must_v from_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n g_o draw_z one_o line_n only_o pass_v by_o the_o point_n f_o and_o prolong_v it_o infinite_o then_o from_o the_o fire_n or_o light_n of_o the_o torch_n h_n draw_v another_o line_n by_o the_o top_n of_o the_o pyramid_n a_o and_o continue_v it_o until_o that_o it_o divide_v g_o f_o at_o the_o point_n i_o which_o shall_v be_v the_o bind_v for_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o pyramid_n which_o shall_v be_v finish_v draw_v c_o to_o ay_o and_o e_z to_o i_o for_o this_o triangle_n c_o i_o e_o shall_v be_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o pyramid_n a._n for_o to_o have_v the_o shadow_n of_o this_o pyramid_n overturned_a we_o must_v cause_v perpendicular_o to_o fall_v from_o the_o square_n above_o and_o to_o frame_v the_o plane_n below_o thereby_o as_o we_o have_v say_v at_o that_o of_o the_o sun_n fol._n 138._o this_o plane_n be_v frame_v we_o must_v from_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n g_o draw_z line_n by_o all_o these_o angles_n then_o from_o the_o point_n h_n which_o be_v the_o fire_n draw_v also_o other_o by_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o square_n above_o which_o divide_v those_o of_o the_o plane_n shall_v mark_v the_o place_n of_o the_o shadow_n as_o we_o have_v say_v in_o other_o order_n of_o the_o torch_n the_o shadow_n of_o a_o cross_n have_v set_v a_o cross_n in_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o sun_n it_o seem_v to_o i_o necessary_a also_o to_o set_v one_o in_o the_o shadow_n of_o a_o torch_n to_o the_o end_n that_o by_o that_o and_o by_o this_o we_o may_v know_v the_o difference_n of_o the_o one_o from_o the_o other_o the_o order_n be_v see_v enough_o see_v that_o we_o have_v already_o teach_v at_o the_o 137_o fol_z to_o find_v the_o plane_n and_o that_o the_o rest_n be_v as_o in_o other_o order_n of_o the_o torch_n for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o round_a object_n by_o a_o torch_n have_v make_v the_o foregoing_a figure_n it_o come_v into_o my_o mind_n that_o one_o
may_v be_v in_o trouble_n if_o there_o shall_v be_v bowl_n cup_n viol_n flagon_n or_o other_o round_a piece_n which_o have_v ordinary_o more_o breadth_n above_o then_o below_o of_o the_o which_o we_o will_v have_v the_o shadow_n by_o a_o torch_n by_o reason_n that_o such_o piece_n seem_v more_o difficult_a than_o the_o square_n although_o that_o in_o effect_n it_o be_v all_o the_o same_o order_n there_o be_v nothing_o but_o to_o reduce_v the_o square_n into_o round_o so_o as_o i_o have_v teach_v in_o the_o fol._n 19_o 20._o 28._o 29_o and_o 86_o where_o we_o shall_v see_v all_o the_o order_n for_o to_o set_v the_o plane_n of_o round_a piece_n into_o perspective_n the_o which_o be_v know_v all_o the_o rest_n be_v very_o easy_a to_o understand_v i_o have_v say_v already_o at_o fol._n 138_o how_o we_o must_v find_v the_o plane_n of_o a_o bowl_n and_o by_o this_o plane_n to_o have_v just_o the_o greatness_n of_o the_o shadow_n by_o the_o sun_n but_o as_o this_o of_o the_o torch_n be_v different_a from_o that_o i_o believe_v it_o to_o be_v necessary_a to_o set_v that_o also_o down_o here_o by_o reason_n that_o it_o do_v facilitate_v the_o order_n of_o all_o the_o other_o round_n for_o the_o shadow_n of_o this_o bowl_n i_o say_v then_o that_o have_v make_v its_o roundness_n with_o a_o compass_n which_o be_v the_o the_o circle_n a_o and_o draw_v his_o diameter_n b_o c_o that_o we_o must_v under_o this_o circle_n make_v a_o line_n parallel_n to_o b_o c_o which_o touch_v the_o circle_n at_o the_o point_n h_n then_o from_o the_o end_n of_o the_o diameter_n b_o c_o to_o cause_n perpendicular_o to_o fall_v upon_o this_o line_n underneath_o as_o b_o d_o and_z c_o e_o of_o the_o which_z points_z d_o e_z we_o shall_v frame_v the_o ordinary_a way_n the_o plane_n d_o e_o f_o g_o whereof_o the_o diameter_n f_o g_o shall_v divide_v this_o d_o e_o at_o the_o point_n h_n this_o plane_n d_o e_o f_o g_o shall_v serve_v for_o to_o find_v shadow_n of_o this_o bowl_n a._n for_o after_o have_v draw_v from_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n i_o line_n which_o touch_v this_o plane_n on_o the_o one_o side_n and_o other_o as_o be_v the_o line_n i_o k_n and_o i_o l_o and_o also_o another_o line_n pass_v by_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o plane_n h_n which_o shall_v be_v the_o line_n i_o h_o m._n we_o must_v afterward_o draw_v other_o line_n from_o the_o light_n of_o the_o candle_n n_n which_o touch_v the_o bowl_n shall_v go_v to_o divide_v these_o line_n of_o the_o plane_n as_o from_o the_o point_n n_n to_o draw_v a_o line_n which_o touch_v the_o bowl_n between_o a_o and_o b_o and_o divide_v the_o line_n i_o h_n at_o the_o point_n m_o which_o shall_v be_v the_o end_n of_o the_o shadow_n for_o to_o have_v the_o beginning_n of_o this_o shadow_n we_o must_v from_o the_o same_o point_n n_n draw_v another_o line_n which_o touch_v the_o forepart_n of_o the_o bowl_n and_o divide_v also_o the_o line_n i_o h_n at_o the_o point_n qui_fw-fr this_o distance_n q_o m_o shall_v be_v the_o length_n of_o the_o shadow_n for_o its_o breadth_n we_o must_v also_o from_o the_o point_n n_n draw_v two_o line_n by_o the_o end_n of_o the_o diameter_n of_o the_o bowl_n z_o z_o and_o they_o shall_v divide_v the_o line_n i_o k_o at_o the_o point_n r_o and_o this_o i_o l_o at_o the_o point_n s._n wherefore_o if_o r_n s_o be_v the_o breadth_n of_o the_o shadow_n and_o q_o m_o the_o length_n we_o have_v only_o to_o join_v these_o four_o letter_n of_o crooked_a line_n which_o shall_v give_v a_o oval_n for_o the_o shadrw_n of_o the_o bowl_n a_o i_o have_v a_o little_a extend_v myself_o for_o to_o facilitate_v the_o shadow_n of_o this_o bowl_n by_o reason_n that_o i_o believe_v this_o only_a order_n sufficient_a for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o other_o round_n as_o of_o the_o figure_n v_n the_o which_o have_v two_o breadth_n unequal_a aught_o to_o have_v a_o plane_n of_o two_o circle_n and_o that_o below_o x_o which_o have_v three_o difference_n oblige_v to_o make_v a_o plane_n of_o three_o circle_n the_o one_o for_o the_o neck_n of_o the_o viol_n or_o flagon_n the_o other_o for_o its_o belly_n and_o the_o other_o for_o the_o foot_n all_o these_o plane_n be_v make_v as_o of_o the_o bowl_n i_o believe_v that_o it_o not_o necessary_a to_o use_v repe●itions_n the_o figure_n be_v able_a to_o teach_v of_o itself_o of_o the_o shadow_n upon_o many_o plane_n parallel_n the_o first_o plane_n that_o be_v the_o ground_n where_o the_o chair_n a_o be_v place_v the_o second_o plane_n be_v the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o table_n which_o be_v parallel_n to_o the_o first_o plane_n and_o either_o above_o or_o below_o the_o table_n it_o may_v also_o have_v one_o or_o two_o or_o more_o of_o these_o plane_n upon_o which_o we_o shall_v find_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o object_n which_o shall_v be_v there_o for_o example_n the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n it_o be_v c_o and_o the_o fire_n b_o from_o these_o point_n c_o b_o we_o must_v draw_v line_n by_o the_o underpart_n and_o the_o upper_a of_o the_o object_n d_o for_o to_o have_v its_o shadow_n e_z upon_o the_o table_n e._n but_o to_o have_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o chair_n a_o which_o be_v upon_o the_o ground_n we_o must_v find_v upon_o the_o same_o ground_n the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n which_o be_v upon_o the_o table_n the_o point_n c_o the_o order_n follow_v teach_v this_o we_o must_v from_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n which_o be_v here_o out_o of_o the_o paper_n draw_v a_o line_n by_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o table_n f_o then_o from_o the_o corner_n upon_o the_o table_n g_o to_o make_v a_o perpendicular_a g_z to_o fall_v which_o shall_v divide_v the_o line_n f_o at_o the_o point_n h_n and_o from_o this_o point_n h_n to_o draw_v a_o parallel_n h_n i_o which_o be_v equal_a to_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o table_n and_o which_o ought_v to_o facilitate_v to_o find_v that_o which_o we_o seek_v for_o have_v from_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n k_o draw_v a_o ray_n pass_v by_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n c_o unto_o the_o end_n of_o the_o table_n l_o we_o must_v from_o this_o point_n l_o let_v fall_v a_o perpendicular_a upon_o h_n i_o which_o shall_v give_v the_o point_n m_o from_o which_o point_n m_n we_o must_v draw_v a_o ray_n to_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n k_o and_o upon_o this_o ray_n m_o k_n must_v be_v the_o point_n of_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n which_o shall_v be_v find_v easy_o make_v a_o perpendicular_a to_o fall_v from_o the_o point_n c_o the_o which_o divide_v the_o ray_n m_o k_n shall_v give_v the_o point_n n_n for_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n this_o point_n n_n be_v find_v there_o be_v no_o more_o difficulty_n to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o this_o chair_n a_o because_o that_o it_o be_v all_o the_o same_o order_n as_o of_o other_o object_n which_o we_o have_v see_v in_o the_o leave_v aforegoing_a that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o we_o must_v from_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n n_n draw_v line_n by_o all_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o plane_n of_o this_o chair_n and_o from_o the_o light_n b_o to_o draw_v other_o line_n by_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o same_o chair_n which_o divide_v those_o of_o the_o plane_n and_o shall_v mark_v where_o the_o shadow_n ought_v to_o go_v the_o figure_n will_v make_v it_o know_v that_o all_o be_v to_o be_v order_v as_o i_o have_v say_v elsewhere_o the_o second_o figure_n i_o do_v not_o set_v down_o this_o second_o figure_n for_o that_o i_o have_v any_o particular_a thing_n nor_o different_a from_o that_o above_o but_o only_o to_o refresh_v the_o memory_n of_o that_o which_o i_o have_v say_v in_o the_o beginning_n that_o all_o the_o object_n cast_v their_o shadow_n diverse_o and_o according_a as_o they_o be_v set_v about_o the_o light_n as_o we_o see_v that_o which_o be_v upon_o the_o table_n give_v its_o shadow_n according_a as_o it_o be_v enlighten_v that_o be_v to_o say_v directly_z either_o on_o the_o right_n or_o on_o the_o left_a that_o which_o be_v find_v by_o the_o ordinary_a order_n of_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n p_o and_o of_o its_o fire_n or_o light_n o_o the_o most_o part_n of_o these_o object_n be_v broad_a above_o than_o below_o wherefore_o we_o must_v make_v their_o plane_n as_o i_o have_v say_v in_o those_o folio_n where_o i_o have_v speak_v of_o the_o like_a figure_n the_o shadow_n of_o board_v floores_n by_o a_o torch_n i_o have_v not_o set_v this_o figure_n in_o the_o shadow_n take_v from_o the_o sun_n by_o reason_n that_o this_o light_n be_v above_o
all_o the_o object_n that_o be_v in_o the_o world_n and_o by_o consequence_n can_v give_v a_o shadow_n which_o suppose_v the_o light_n or_o the_o light-some-body_n under_o the_o object_n one_o may_v object_v to_o i_o that_o experience_n cause_v it_o to_o be_v see_v every_o day_n that_o when_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n enter_v within_o a_o hall_n or_o a_o chamber_n the_o shadow_n of_o the_o floores_n and_o of_o other_o thing_n cease_v not_o to_o appear_v to_o which_o i_o answer_v that_o then_o this_o shadow_n or_o these_o shadow_n be_v not_o or_o be_v not_o of_o the_o sun_n but_o cause_v by_o the_o great_a brightness_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o such_o shadow_n may_v not_o be_v give_v by_o parallel_n as_o those_o of_o the_o sun_n but_o by_o ray_n from_o one_o and_o the_o same_o centre_n as_o those_o of_o a_o torch_n take_v the_o window_n where_o the_o sun_n pass_v or_o the_o place_n where_o it_o give_v for_o the_o point_n of_o the_o light_n and_o to_o do_v for_o such_o shadow_n as_o i_o be_o say_v of_o the_o shadow_n of_o a_o torch_n the_o order_n aforego_v which_o oblige_v to_o make_v planes_n and_o to_o draw_v line_n by_o all_o the_o angle_n for_o to_o find_v the_o bind_v of_o the_o shadow_n will_v be_v too_o long_o for_o this_o and_o the_o great_a number_n of_o line_n which_o one_o must_v draw_v there_o will_v make_v this_o figure_n very_o difficult_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o number_n of_o beam_n and_o joyst_n which_o there_o be_v meet_v with_o the_o which_o make_v i_o seek_v the_o mean_n to_o abridge_v it_o for_o to_o make_v be_v easy_a in_o the_o practice_n without_o go_v forth_o of_o rule_n and_o maxim_n of_o art_n have_v make_v the_o floor_n in_o perspective_n as_o it_o be_v teach_v in_o the_o 55th_o or_o 57_o fol._n and_o place_v the_o candle_n the_o torch_n or_o the_o lamp_n in_o what_o place_n we_o will_v we_o must_v search_v by_o the_o mean_n of_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n the_o place_n where_o the_o fire_n ought_v to_o to_o be_v or_o to_o speak_v more_o true_o the_o which_o we_o shall_v use_v in_o stead_n of_o the_o fire_n for_o from_o this_o point_n to_o line_n which_o pass_v under_o the_o object_n and_o mark_v out_o the_o bind_v of_o the_o shadow_n for_o to_o have_v this_o point_n of_o fire_n the_o light_n be_v at_o b_o we_o must_v from_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n c_o draw_v a_o parallel_n to_o the_o base_a d_o e_o until_o that_o it_o cut_v the_o ray_n e_o f_o at_o the_o point_n g_o from_o this_o point_n g_o we_o must_v elevate_v a_o perpendicule_n g_o l._n then_o from_o the_o fire_n of_o the_o torch_n b_o draw_v a_o parallel_n to_o d_o e_o which_o shall_v divide_v the_o perpendicular_a g_o l_o at_o the_o point_n l_o and_o this_o point_n l_o shall_v serve_v for_o the_o point_n of_o fire_n which_o shall_v give_v the_o place_n and_o the_o length_n of_o the_o shadow_n for_o example_n have_v to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o beam_n a_o we_o must_v from_o the_o point_n l_o make_v a_o line_n to_o pass_v under_o the_o angle_n which_o be_v towards_o we_o as_o h_n and_o see_v where_o this_o line_n l_o h_n shall_v divide_v the_o first_o joy_v at_o the_o point_n i_o for_o this_o shall_v be_v the_o place_n where_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o beam_n end_v from_o this_o point_n i_o we_o must_v draw_v a_o parallel_n i_o k_n and_o mark_v upon_o the_o joyst_n the_o place_n of_o the_o shadow_n o_o for_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o space_n of_o the_o joyst_n it_o will_v be_v find_v by_o draw_v also_o a_o line_n from_o the_o point_n l_o by_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o first_o joy_v m_n which_o shall_v divide_v the_o angle_n of_o the_o hollow_a at_o the_o point_n n_n from_o this_o point_n n_n make_v a_o parallel_n n_o p_o we_o shall_v have_v all_o the_o shadow_n mark_v q_o for_o the_o beam_n a._n for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o joyst_n beside_o that_o of_o the_o beam_n we_o must_v only_o draw_v a_o line_n of_o fire_n b_o by_o the_o angle_n s_o until_o that_o it_o divide_v the_o bottom_n of_o the_o floor_n at_o the_o point_n t_o do_v the_o same_o to_o all_o the_o other_o joyst_n and_o you_o shall_v find_v the_o shadow_n long_o at_o the_o far_a distance_n from_o the_o fire_n have_v mark_v upon_o one_o beam_n all_o the_o point_n t_o we_o must_v from_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n r_n draw_v line_n by_o each_o of_o these_o point_n and_o we_o shall_v have_v just_o between_o all_o the_o other_o beam_n the_o shadow_n of_o the_o joyst_n as_o be_v to_o be_v see_v at_o the_o point_n v._n the_o figure_n below_o be_v the_o same_o with_o that_o above_o with_o this_o difference_n that_o this_o be_v shadow_v and_o that_o the_o former_a be_v not_o by_o reason_n that_o the_o shadow_n will_v have_v hinder_v to_o see_v the_o letter_n and_o the_o small_a line_n there_o be_v more_o in_o this_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o jawmb_n of_o this_o gate_n which_o must_v be_v take_v from_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n as_o be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o x_o and_o y._n for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n by_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o light_n if_o the_o object_n be_v perpendicular_o to_o the_o base_a and_o more_o elevate_v than_o the_o fire_n of_o the_o candle_n a._n we_o ought_v only_o to_o draw_v line_n from_o the_o foot_n of_o this_o light_n b_o by_o the_o angle_n most_o advance_v of_o the_o object_n as_o be_v c_o d_o of_o the_o screen_n and_o from_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o wall_n e_o the_o which_o line_n b_o c_o b_o d_o and_o b_o e_o shall_v make_v the_o place_n of_o the_o shadow_n at_o the_o meeting_n of_o the_o angle_n which_o the_o shut_v of_o the_o screen_n make_v with_o the_o floor_n and_o also_o the_o return_n of_o the_o wall_n at_o the_o point_n g_o from_o which_o point_v g_z we_o must_v elevate_v perpendicular_o at_o the_o base_a g_o r_n which_o shall_v finish_v the_o shadow_n which_o the_o candlestick_n a_o give_v the_o reason_n of_o this_o be_v that_o the_o line_n a_o b_o be_v parallel_n to_o the_o line_n c_o h_n d_o i_o k_o and_o e_o l_o the_o which_o make_v that_o in_o what_o part_n soever_o the_o fire_n be_v upon_o the_o line_n a_o b_o whether_o on_o high_a or_o in_o the_o midst_n or_o all_o below_o it_o shall_v give_v always_o the_o like_a shadow_n we_o must_v observe_v that_o this_o order_n be_v not_o good_a but_o in_o piece_n which_o be_v more_o elevate_v than_o the_o fire_n as_o these_o here_o for_o when_o those_o show_v the_o upper_a part_n as_o the_o object_n m._n we_o must_v use_v the_o order_n aforego_v by_o draw_v line_n from_o the_o point_n of_o the_o foot_n and_o of_o the_o fire_n of_o the_o light_n of_o the_o shadow_n double_v when_o two_o light_n meet_v in_o the_o same_o subject_n or_o object_n it_o be_v of_o necessity_n that_o two_o shadow_n meet_v there_o because_o that_o each_o day_n or_o each_o light_n produce_v its_o own_o with_o proportion_n i_o say_v with_o proportion_n for_o if_o these_o fire_n light_n be_v equal_a at_o the_o same_o distance_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o shadow_n shall_v be_v equal_a but_o if_o there_o be_v the_o least_o disproportion_n as_o if_o the_o one_o of_o these_o light_n be_v a_o little_o great_a than_o the_o other_o or_o that_o these_o fire_n be_v a_o little_o great_a than_o the_o other_o or_o that_o these_o fire_n although_o equal_a be_v more_o or_o less_o advance_v the_o one_o then_o though_o other_o from_o the_o object_n these_o shadow_n shall_v be_v different_a for_o example_n the_o object_n o_o be_v enlighten_v with_o two_o candle_n the_o one_o near_o p_o the_o other_o far_o off_o q_o it_o be_v most_o assure_a that_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o candle_n p_o shall_v be_v much_o strong_a than_o that_o of_o the_o candle_n qui_fw-fr as_o be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o figure_n the_o order_n of_o these_o shadow_n be_v no_o other_o than_o those_o that_o i_o have_v give_v as_o well_o so_o the_o sun_n as_o the_o torch_n for_o the_o shadow_n of_o figure_n by_o a_o torch_n it_o be_v to_o be_v believe_v that_o my_o counsel_n will_v be_v follow_v that_o one_o shall_v not_o turn_v over_o the_o leaf_n for_o to_o learn_v the_o order_n which_o follow_v before_o they_o understand_v and_o remember_v well_o that_o which_o go_v before_o wherefore_o suppose_v that_o one_o understand_v well_o the_o order_n that_o i_o have_v give_v at_o 139_o fol._n for_o to_o find_v the_o shadow_n by_o the_o sun_n for_o all_o the_o figure_n of_o such_o posture_n as_o they_o may_v be_v i_o have_v nothing_o to_o say_v for_o these_o see_v that_o the_o line_n below_o which_o i_o make_v to_o serve_v for_o the_o plane_n and_o all_o
its_o ornament_n as_o be_v a_o b_o of_o which_o have_v take_v the_o breadth_n and_o make_v a_o square_a plane_n in_o the_o ordinary_a way_n and_o from_o this_o square_a to_o elevate_v from_o all_o the_o angel_n perpendicular_o we_o shall_v frame_v the_o body_n or_o solid_a part_n of_o the_o pilaster_n then_o we_o must_v only_o take_v that_o which_o project_n itself_o from_o the_o body_n for_o example_n the_o base_a of_o the_o pilaster_n c_o and_o transport_v its_o measure_n as_o in_o d_o e._n for_o to_o set_v it_o in_o perspective_n round_o about_o the_o pilaster_n we_o must_v from_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n f_o draw_v a_o line_n diagonal_a which_o pass_v forth_o of_o the_o square_n to_o the_o point_n e_o unto_o g_z it_o be_v no_o matter_n for_o the_o length_n then_o from_o the_o point_n a_o to_o make_v a_o ray_n pass_v to_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o projector_n h_n and_o at_o the_o point_n where_o this_o ray_n shall_v divide_v the_o diagonal_a at_o i_o it_o shall_v be_v the_o advancement_n of_o the_o whole_a base_a the_o same_o ray_n a_o h_n shall_v give_v the_o projector_n of_o the_o bottom_n by_o divide_v the_o other_o diagonal_a at_o the_o point_n k_o then_o for_o the_o projector_n before_o we_o must_v from_o the_o point_n i_o draw_v a_o parallel_n to_o the_o base_a until_o that_o it_o divide_v the_o diagonal_a which_o shall_v give_v the_o other_o corner_n of_o the_o projector_n before_o at_o the_o point_n l_o then_o draw_v line_n of_o the_o height_n of_o the_o base_a unto_o these_o point_n as_o be_v m_n to_o l_o from_z d_o to_o i_o from_o n_n to_o k_o you_o shall_v have_v the_o breadth_n and_o the_o height_n of_o all_o the_o base_a the_o capital_a be_v make_v of_o the_o same_o fashion_n here_o be_v for_o the_o first_o figure_n above_o those_o below_o shall_v cause_n the_o rest_n to_o be_v know_v and_o shall_v avoid_v confusion_n for_o the_o pilaster_n o_o we_o must_v observe_v that_o above_o p_o where_o the_o line_n d_o h_n ber_v all_o the_o section_n of_o the_o base_a wherefore_o from_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n a_o we_o must_v draw_v ray_n the_o which_o pass_v by_o the_o division_n of_o d_o h_n must_v mark_v they_o upon_o the_o line_n d_o i_o and_o n_o k_o and_o draw_v parallel_n from_o the_o point_n of_o d_o ay_o to_o m_o l_o the_fw-mi will_v be_v no_o more_o then_o to_o give_v the_o turn_n about_o or_o wheeling_n as_o the_o shape_n of_o the_o colum._n when_o you_o shall_v meet_v with_o square_n or_o flat-band_n either_o above_o or_o below_o they_o be_v make_v by_o perpendicular_a as_o for_o to_o make_v the_o plinth_n you_o must_v raise_v perpendicular_o from_o the_o point_n l_o i_o k_o the_o from_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n a_o to_o pass_v by_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o plinth_n qui_fw-fr it_o will_v give_v the_o height_n upon_o the_o perpendicules_n i_o and_o k._n then_o l_o must_v be_v equal_a to_o l._n i_o believe_v that_o this_o instruction_n for_o the_o base_a will_v suffice_v for_o to_o make_v the_o capital_a be_v the_o same_o order_n this_o last_o pilaster_n r_n be_v only_o for_o to_o cause_v one_o to_o be_v see_v without_o be_v mingle_v with_o line_n we_o have_v break_v they_o for_o to_o make_v the_o base_n and_o capital_a to_o be_v see_v not_o have_v have_v space_n enough_o for_o to_o make_v they_o appear_v whole_a a_o great_a cornish_a above_o the_o horizon_n in_o perspective_n it_o be_v the_o same_o order_n with_o that_o which_o we_o have_v explain_v but_o as_o it_o be_v somewhat_o difficult_a by_o the_o multitude_n of_o line_n i_o think_v it_o convenient_a to_o set_v it_o down_o again_o here_o for_o to_o avoid_v confusion_n i_o say_v then_o that_o have_v take_v the_o pourfill_v of_o the_o projector_n and_o the_o cornish_a that_o one_o will_v make_v we_o must_v set_v it_o at_o the_o place_n where_o one_o will_v make_v it_o as_o c_z which_o be_v the_o pourfill_v be_v at_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o wall_n a_o b_o for_o to_o find_v the_o height_n which_o it_o ought_v to_o have_v and_o to_o make_v those_o below_o see_v we_o must_v from_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n d_o draw_v a_o ray_n pass_v by_o the_o end_n of_o the_o pourfill_v e_z as_o be_v d_o f_o then_o to_o make_v a_o line_n diagonal_a from_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n h_n pass_v by_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o wall_n b_o and_o to_o continue_v it_o until_o that_o it_o divide_v the_o ray_n d_o e_z at_o the_o point_n f_o from_o which_o you_o shall_v draw_v the_o line_n f_o g_o which_o must_v be_v the_o angle_n in_o perspective_n for_o to_o receive_v all_o the_o measure_n f_o g_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o other_o end_n of_o the_o wall_n k_o l_o be_v draw_v from_o the_o other_o distance_n i_o as_o be_v the_o other_o diagonal_a in_o the_o figure_n mark_v 2._o we_o shall_v see_v that_o all_o the_o figure_n which_o be_v upon_o the_o line_n m_o n_n must_v be_v transport_v by_o visual_a ray_n from_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n d_o upon_o the_o line_n n_n o_o for_o to_o draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o horizon_n from_o all_o these_o point_n which_o shall_v give_v the_o whole_a cornish_a perfect_a but_o before_o we_o pass_v any_o further_a we_o must_v mark_v as_o i_o have_v already_o say_v that_o all_o the_o flat-band_n and_o square_n be_v make_v by_o perpendicular_o for_o example_n for_o to_o make_v this_o great_a square_n of_o the_o cornish_a have_v make_v the_o wave_n or_o ogee_n and_o the_o filet_fw-la under_o the_o filet_fw-la which_o must_v be_v the_o height_n of_o the_o square_n we_o must_v abase_v the_o perpendicule_n p_o q._n then_o for_o to_o know_v where_o it_o must_v be_v divide_v for_o to_o make_v the_o under_o part_n be_v see_v we_o must_v draw_v from_o the_o point_n of_o distance_n i_o by_o the_o point_n above_o the_o quarter_n of_o the_o round_n r_o unto_o the_o perpendicule_fw-la p_o q._n and_o you_o shall_v have_v that_o which_o you_o seek_v that_o which_o i_o have_v say_v of_o the_o great_a square_n must_v be_v understand_v of_o little_a one_o as_o be_v small_a moulding_n the_o filet_n &c_n &c_n because_o that_o they_o must_v all_o make_v that_o below_o to_o be_v see_v the_o three_o figure_n show_v that_o have_v find_v all_o the_o point_n and_o draw_v ray_n upon_o this_o line_n from_o the_o angle_n s_o t_o we_o must_v there_o trace_v out_o or_o shape_n the_o moulding_n out_o proportional_o i_o mean_v that_o when_o these_o shall_v project_v themselves_o as_o this_o here_o do_v because_o that_o its_o point_n of_o distance_n be_v near_o we_o must_v help_v the_o moulding_n that_o be_v to_o say_v a_o little_a bend_v down_o the_o quarter_n of_o the_o round_a set_v up_o the_o ogee_n enlarge_v the_o filet_n and_o mark_v at_o one_o end_v the_o same_o that_o at_o the_o other_o as_o at_o five_o x_o the_o same_o that_o at_o s_o t_o after_o that_o there_o be_v no_o more_o but_o to_o draw_v parallel_n to_o the_o base_a and_o all_o shall_v be_v do_v the_o four_o figure_n show_v the_o cornish_a whole_o make_v i_o have_v draw_v parallel_n from_o all_o the_o point_n of_o the_o line_n of_o the_o angle_n y_fw-fr z_o ay_o have_v make_v a_o end_n of_o the_o wall_n to_o pass_v upon_o the_o cornish_a for_o to_o give_v to_o understand_v that_o one_o have_v liberty_n for_o to_o make_v it_o throughout_o and_o that_o our_o rule_n be_v general_a for_o to_o make_v it_o where_o they_o will_v for_o to_o find_v the_o under_o part_n of_o the_o great_a projector_n for_o to_o find_v the_o projector_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o the_o body_n or_o of_o the_o wall_n a_o we_o must_v from_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o quarter_n of_o the_o round_n b_o make_v as_o small_a line_n of_o the_o length_n that_o one_o will_v have_v that_o it_o come_v forth_o as_o be_v b_o c_o then_o from_o the_o point_n of_o sight_n d_o to_o draw_v a_o ray_n e_o pass_v by_o the_o end_n of_o the_o measure_n c._n after_o that_o you_o make_v a_o diagonall_a from_o the_o distance_n f_o and_o make_v it_o to_o pass_v by_o the_o quarter_n of_o the_o round_n b_o and_o the_o section_n that_o it_o shall_v make_v at_o the_o ray_n d_o e_o at_o the_o point_n g_o that_o shall_v be_v the_o under_a part_n aswell_o of_o the_o bottom_n as_o of_o the_o side_n as_o be_v b_o h_n the_o which_o one_o may_v see_v more_o clear_o in_o the_o opposite_a in_o the_o body_n mark_v k_o the_o projector_n of_o the_o body_n or_o wall_n mark_v l_o be_v make_v as_o the_o first_o mark_v a_o there_o be_v only_o this_o difference_n that_o the_o body_n l_o have_v the_o projector_n m_o n_n great_a by_o one_o half_a then_o that_o above_o b_o c_o for_o to_o show_v that_o by_o the_o same_o order_n one_o