may looke into the Court and to the Gate and ouersee his neighbour the Bayly RIGO Mary syr here is watche and warde in deede this I thinke you learned of Varro for it is a part of his order CONO Thus experience teacheth Hereby is my storehouse RIGO Mercifull God what a sort of tooles haue you here CONO Hesiodus would haue a husbande haue all his furniture redy and wyll not haue him borowe in any case 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Of others borovve not lest they refuse to lend So thou shalt vvant the tyme shall passe and businesse neuer end Therefore I haue so furnished my Bailiffe as he hath of euery sort two Marcus Varro deuideth his husbandry necessaries into three partes vowels where he puts his owne seruantes suche as he hyreth halfe vowels where his woorking cattell be and mutes be these that you see whereof the smaller sort be these Axes Hatchettes and Sithes of all sortes Corne Sithes Grasse Sithes Stubble Sithes Handbils Syckles Kniues Peasehookes Spades Shouels Wedges Draggehookes great Sawes â—eâ—â—er Sawes Handsawes Timbersawes Pitch-forkes Iron hookes Iron forkes Twybilles Dung forkes Tonges Sheares Sysars Mattockes Fyles Cleauers Claspea Lanceâ—â— Stringes Cutting kniues Gelding tooles Clipping sheares Leauers Presses Rulers Garden Rakes Hammers Châ—ppe 〈◊〉 Winches Pulleys Wheeles Rakes single and double Yokes Collers Bridse reynes Headstâ—lles Halters â—raaces Cordes Haâ—nes Baskets Fannes â—â—hippes Fidels Strikes Spoakes Drawyng kniues Sâ—cks Walkes Bottels Weede hookes Brakes Hempe beâ—elles Duâ—aâ—es Spundelles Wharles Fyreshouels Fyre-stones Gâ—edâ—oâ—ns Handbarowes Dung Cartes Wheelebarowes Maundes Hampers Ropes and Line of all sortes The soâ—â—es and partes of Pâ—owes and Waynes I wyll shewe you when we 〈◊〉 into the court next the Heybarneâ— Hogsheds Tonnes and Uessels for Wine Beere and Water Pipes Tonneâ—s and suche like shall likewyse be shewed you when you come to the Brewhouse and Windselâ—er With Coâ—erakes Siues Sâ—rcâ—rs Boulâ—ing rubbes Bouâ—â—ars that you shall see in the Backhouse and instrumentes for all other purposes layd vp euery one in his place till they be to be occupied for it is very necessarie to haue of euery sort two as the number of your seruantes and necessitie requires that yf one be lost or broken you be not driuen to goe a borowyng or to leaue your woorke wherby your men shal be idle whyle your tooles be a seeking For to runne euery day to the Towne to get newe is not for a husbands profile Beside in the meane time your seruantes â—oyter and lose more then the value of their tooles RIGO Truely they be all placed in good order CONO I place fyrst by them selues suche as are most in vse that they may be the redier and next to them suche as be occupied once in a moneth or in a yeere I geue the keeping of them al by â—ale to my steward or my bayliffe that they may deliuer them out as neede is and lay them vp againe and charge them in any case to looke to them euery moneth that they may mend what is amisse in them RIGO Order is a iolly felowe and no goodlier a thing in a man then to doo euery thing orderly and to â—ay vp euery thing in such order as it may redily be found of which a singuler example dooth Iscomachus shewe 〈◊〉 Xenophon in his Phenician barke wherein a woonder it is to see what a deale of stuffe he hath bestowed in so small a vessell he caried with him all the furniture that a man should neede and euery thing in such order placed as they were at hand when neede was without any trouble CONO I mee selfe haue an inuentorie of all my husbandry implementes and so hath my Bayly and his Wyfe my steward hath the key of the storehouse and deliuers out and receaues as I tolde you what euery man needes for I wyllyngly neither borowe nor lend I haue a neighbour or twayne of whom sometime I borowe and send agayne but except them to none as Cato teacheth me RIGO The same Cato also as I remember teacheth to know a mans husbandry by his tooles therfore by your great number of tooles a man may gesse you haue a great deale of occupying CONO The double number of them makes the muster the greater otherwyse yf they were but to serue the turne they would not seeme so many RIGO I pray you goe forward with your description CONO You see a voyd roome before the Kitchin whiche is an entrie both to the Kitchin to the folkes Chamber and to the Oxhouses which ought to be neere togeather yf any missefortune shoulde happen to the cattell in the night that my men might speedely helpe them RIGO The Kitching is very well handled in that you haue so well pargetted the rooffe CONO It is because I haue a great number of seruantes whiche for lacke of other roome doo dine and suppe here beside the pargetting or seeling is a good safetie against fyre RIGO Here is a good handsome roosse by the Chimney well stored with redde Hearing Bacon and Marulmas beefe there is also a handsome sincke by the Kitchin. CONO This lettised wall that you see ioyneth to my Bayliffes chamber so that he may see what is doone in the Kitchin and about the house Hereunto is also ioyned my Larder a vault with three roomes one seruing for Butter and Milke the other for Beere and Wine the thirde for to keepe â—leshe in here haue I no wyndowes to the South nor to the West but all to the North and to the East because these quarters are least subiect to corruption and wyll longest preserue any thing Aboue in the loft yonder doo I lay my corne vpon a fayre floore closely fenced and seeled against Mise receauing the light by lattisse windowes from the North. Harde by is an other loft very close with like windowes towarde the North seruing for my fruite for that quarter is colde and not moist whereby it preserues best both Meate Corne and fruite Nowe yf you wyll goe through this doore you may beholde the backside of my house loe here a fayre threasshing floore wherevpon my Corne is sundry times threasshed fanâ—ed and winnowed and many other thinges doone cheefely in the Winter morninges though I haue beside a threasshing place in my barne On eache side are lodginges for my seruantes and other roomes and loftes for strawe and fodder for my cattell and there by the stables are also seruantes lodginges on euery side and my maides chamber neere the Kitchin and the wasshing house You see this forestall closed round about to the end that the cattel when they be watred and putforth while their houses be made cleane may be in safetie And here I keepe also Geese Duckes Peacocks Turkicockes and other poultry It is as you see so enclosed with stables barnes and other houses that nothing can get out Varro wyll in any case haue two courtes an inner court with a litle pond in it of standing
seasons and yet doo very well All Garden hearbes are commonly sowen before the tenth of Iune suche thinges as you would not haue seede you may sowe after this time Some thinges are sowed onely two times a yeere in the spring and in the ende of Sommer Others agayne at sundry tymes as Lettuse Colwoortes Rocket Radishe Cresses Corriander Cheruil and Dyll These are sowed about March or about September and as Columella sayth doo come eyther of the seede or of the slippe some of the Roote some of the Stalke some of the Leafe some of the Clot some of the Head some of both others of the Barke others of the Pith some both of the seede and the slippe as Rue wylde Marierum and Basyl this they cutte of when it comes to be a handfull hye others growe both of the Seede and the Roote as Onyons Garlyke and suche lyke And although al thing wyll growe of their seedes yet this they say Rue wyll not doo for it very seeldome springes therefore they rather set the slippes These that are set of the Roote doo commonly last longer and branche better putting foorth young slippes from his sides as the Onyon and Gith The stalke being cut they all doo spring agayne for the most part except such as haue speciall stalkes called of Theophrastus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is suche as when the stalke is cutte growe no more Gasa interprets it Secaulia The Rape and the Radysh their leaues being pulled away couered with earth doo growe and continue tyll Sommer The fruites of some is in the earth some without and some both within without some lye grow as the Cucumber and the Gourd sometimes hang though of greater weyght by much then the fruites of Trees some require stayes helpes to clime by as Hoppes Lupines Pease some seede groweth better The newer they be as Leekes Nigella Romana Cucumbers Gourdes therefore some vse to steepe their Cucumber-seede in Mylke or Water to cause them to grow the speedelyer On the other side of olde seede better groweth the Beete Garden Cresses Peniryal great Marierum Corriander In the Beete this is onely obserued that the seede commeth not al vp in one yeere but part the second yeere some the third and therefore of a great deale of seede springeth but a little Touchyng seede this is to be well seene to that they be not to olde and drye that they be not mingled or taken one for an other olde seede in some is of such force as it chaungeth the nature for of olde Colwoort seede springeth the Rape and likewyse of Rape seede Colwoortes Also that ye geather not your seedes to soone nor to late The very time as Theophrastus wryteth is at the spring the fall of the leafe and the rysyng of the Dogge but not in all places and kindes alike Of Seedes the soonest that spring are these Basyl Arach Nauen Rocket that commeth vp the third day after the sowing Lettuse the fourth day the Cucumber and the Gourde the fyfth day Parslin longer eare it come Dyl the fourth day Cresses and Mâ—stardseede the fifth day Beetes in Sommer the â—ixth day in Winter the tenth or the twelfth Leekes the nienetienth day sometime the twentieth Corryander later which if it be new except it be thrust togeather it groweth not at all Peneryall and great Marierom come vp after thyrtie dayes Parsley of all other the longest before it come vp appearing the fourtieth day after or many times the fiftieth You must also consyder that the weather in sowyng is of great force for the season being fayre warme they come vp the sooner Some sortes seede one yeere and neuer after come vp some agayne continue as Persley Smalledge Leekes Nigella that beyng once sowed come vp euery yeere Suche as continue but a yeere presently vpon their seeding dye other spring agayne after the losse of their stalke as Leekes Nigella Onyons and Garlyke and commonly all suche as put out from the side and all these require dounging and watring In sowyng beside some thinke you must haue regard to the Moone and to sowe and set in the encrease and not in the wane Some agayne thinke it best from that she is foure dayes olde tyll she be eyghteene some after the thirde others from the tenth tyl the twentieth and best as they all suppose the Moone being aloft and not sette THRA But nowe I pray you tell vs something of the ordering of the best Garden hearbes you haue MARIVS Some deuide their gardnyng time by the monethes as they doo their other husbandry THRA I care not whether by monethes or other wayes but I would faine knowe the orderyng of your Garden here for I knowe in hotte Countreys they garden all the Winter long but I am altogeather for our Countrey whose order we must here folowe MARIVS In these partes they commonly begyn theyr gardnyng yf the weather be fayre and seasonable in the ende of Februarie At this time therefore the Garden being dounged digged raked and cleansed they vse to plant Sperage and Rue THRA I pray you begin with Asparagus or Sperageâ— and the other potte hearbes euery one in his order and afterward with flowres and Phisicke hearbes MARIVS Asparagus was woont to growe wylde but now is brought into the Garden it is called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian Spanishe and Frenche it is almost all one the one calling it Asparago the other Asperge the Dutche men call it Sparages and Spiritus because it comes vp of it selfe for the Garden Sperage they were not acquainted with It is planted in two sortes eyther of the Seede or the Roote They take of the Seede as much as you may take vp with three fyngers and bestowing it in little hoâ—ls euery two or three seedes halfe a foote a sunder they set them in ritche ground in Februarie and couer the ground with doung The weedes that growe must be well plucked away after the fourtieth day they come vp as it were to one roote and tangled togeather the rootes haue sundry long threedes which they call the Sponge In ground that is drye the seedes are to be set deepe and well tempered with doung In wette groundes on the other side they are to be set shallowe in toppe of the borders lest the moysture destroy them The fyrst yeere you must breake of the stalkes that growe for yf you plucke them vp by the rootes the whole settes wyll folowe which are to be preserued for two yeere with dounging and weeding All the yeeres after you must not geather them in the stalke but pull them from the roote that the rootes being opened may the better spring which except you doo you hurt the spring Him that you meane to keepe for feede you must in no wyse meddle withall after burne vp the busshes and in Winter doung well the rootes with doung and ashes they are planted also
Hogges doung you set it in the ground Agayne you shall haue them wâ—thout stones yf you pearce the tree thorowe and fill it vp with a pinne of Wyllowe or Cornell tree the pith being had out the rootes of the tree must be cut and dressed in the fall of the leafe dounged with his owne leaues you shall also at this time proyne them ridde them of all rotten dead bowes If the tree prosper not powre vpon the rootes the lees of olde wine mingled with water Against the heate of the sunne heape vp the earth about them water it in the euenyng and shadowe them as wel as you may Agaynst the frostes lay on doung yenough or the lees of wine medled with water or water wherein Beanes haue been sodden yf it be hurt with woormes or such baggage powre on it the vrine of Oxen medled with a third part of Uinegar The Date tree in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian in Latine and in Spanish Palma in French Arbor de Dattes in Dutch Dactelenbaum the fruite in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Palmulae in Italian Dattoli in Spanish Dattiles in French Dattes in Dutch Dactelem it groweth in a milde grauelly ground delighteth in a watry soyle though it desyre to haue water all the yeere long yet in a dry yeere it beares the better and therfore some thinke that doung is hurtful vnto it About the riuer Nilus in the East partes it groweth plenteously where as they vse to make both wine and bread of it this tree in Europe for the most part is barrayne though it be planted of many for noueltie sake The stones of Dates are planted in trenches of a cubite in deapth and breadth the trenche filled vp agayne with any maner of doung except Goates doung then in the middest of the heape set your stones so as the sharper part stand vpward other would haue it stand towarde the East and after when first they haue sprinckled thereon a little salt they couer them with earth well medled with doung and euery day whyle it springeth they water it some remoue it after a yeeres growth other let it growe till it be great Moreouer because it delighteth in salt grounde the rootes must be dressed euery yeere salt throwen vpon them and so wyll it quickly growe to be a great tree The settes are not presently to be put in the ground but fyrst to be set in earthen pottes and when they haue taken roote to be remoued Date trees haue such a delight one in the other that they bend them selues to touche togeather and yf they growe alone they waxe barrayne They are planted as Plinie sayth of the branches two cubites long growing from the toppe of the tree also of the slippes and slyuers The same Plinie affyrmeth that about Babylon the very leafe yf it be set dooth growe THRA I remember you tolde me once the spring and scyens that groweth out of the rootes of some trees wyll very well be planted MARIVS I tolde you before that diuers of the trees whereof I spake might be planted of the branches and of the scyences hauing some part of the roote plucked vp with them and so I sayde the Chery might be planted as also the Hasel the Laurel the Myrtel and the Medlar likewyse the fayrest branches slipped of and the endes a little brused and thrust into the ground commonly doo growe to be trees as I mee selfe haue tryed both in the Mulbery the Peare tree and the Apple tree One thing I wyll adde beside that the trees that beare fruite ouer hastely doo eyther neuer come to their iust bignesse or the fruite that they beare dooth neuer long endure wherefore I thinke sprang fyrst that lawe of Moses that fruite trees should for three yeeres be counted vncircumcised and theyr foreskinnes with theyr fruite should be circumcised that is the burgens and blossomes should be plucked of lest he should beare before his time or when he hath borne lose his fruite but I keepe you too long in the describing of my Orchard THRA O no I rather whilest I heare you imagine mee selfe to be amongst them planting and viewing of theyr fruites but now remaineth that in steede of a conclusion to your talke you declare the order of preseruing them to that end specially that those thinges that are appoynâ—ed for remedie being not duely or in time administred be not rather a hurt then a helpe MARIVS Your motion is good fyrst therefore and generally dounging and watring is needefull for fruite trees a very fewe excepted and herein heede must be taken that you doo it not in the heate of the Sunne and that it be neyther too newe nor too olde neither must it be laide close to the foote of the tree but a little distance of that the fatnesse of the doung may be druncke in of the roote Pigeons doung and Hoggerdoung doo also heale the hurtes or woundes of trees The water wherewith we water them must not be Fountayne water or Wel water yf other may be had but drawen from some muddy Lake or standyng Poole Moreoner you must take heede as I also tolde you before when we began to talke of planting of an Orchard that your trees stand a good distance a sunder that when they are growen vp they may haue roome yenough to spreade and that the small and tender be not hurt of the greater neyther by shadowe nor dropping Some woulde haue Pomegranate trees and Myrtels and Bays set as thick togeather as may be not passing mene foote a sunder and likewyse Chery trees Plome trees Quinces Apple trees and Peare trees thyrtie foote and moe a sunder euery sort must stande by themselues that as I saide the weaker be not hurt of the greater The nature of the soyle is herein most to be regarded for the Hill requireth to haue them stand nearer togeather in windy places you must set them the thicker The Olyue as Cato sayth wyl haue fiue and twentie foote distance at the least You must set your plantes in suche sort as the tops be not hurt or brused nor the barke or rynde flawed of for the barke being taken away round about killeth any kind of tree You must also haue a regard of the shadowe what trees it helpeth and what trees it hurteth The Wallnut tree the Pine tree the Pitch tree and the Fyrre tree what so euer they shadowe they poyson The shadowe of the Wallnut tree and the Oke is hurtfull to Corne the Wallnut tree with his shadowe also is hurtful to mens heads and to all thinges that is planted neare it The Pine tree with his shadowe likewise destroyeth young plants but they both resist the winde and therefore good to enclose Uineyardes The Cypresse his shadowe is very smal and spreadeth not farre The shadow of the Figge tree is gentle though it spreade farre and therfore it may safely yenough growe amongst Uines The Elme
and the wylde Oke but the Fyners rather desyre the coles that are made of the Pine tree because they better abide the blowing and dye not so fast as the other The Cerre tree though the tymber be of no great vse yet serueth it wel to make cole of for the Brasse Forges because as soone as the bellowes leaue the fyre ceasseth and there is little waste in it but for building the tymber thereof is altogeather vnprofitable because it dooth easely breake and moulder away but being in â—ostes vnhewed it serueth well yenough within doore The aptest to take fyre is the figge tree and the Olyue tree the Figge tree because it is soft and open the Olyue tree for the fastnesse and the satnesse The Earth tree as Vitruuius sayth resisteth the fyre though Mathiolus as I sayde before goeth about to disprooue it In all the bodyes of trees as of liuely creatures there is skinne senowes blood fleshe vaynes bones and marowe theyr skinne is their barke of great vse among countrey people the vesselles that they geather their Uines and other fruites in they make of the barke of Lynd tree Fyrre Wyllowe Beech and Alder. The Corke hath the thickest barke which though he loose he dyeth not for so be benefâ—ciall hath nature been to him â— that becâ—use he is commonly spoyled of his barke she hath geuen him two barkes Of his barke are made Pantoffels and â—â—yppers and Floates for fyshing nettes and Angles yf the barke be pulled of the wood sinkes but the barke alwayes swimmeth The next to the rynde in most trees is the fatte the softest and the woorst part of the tree and most subiect to woormes therefore it is commonly â—ut away The sappe of the tree is his blood which is not alike in all trees for in the Figge tree it is milkie whiche serueth as a rennet for Cheese In Chery trees it is gummy in Elmes saltishe in Apple trees clommy and fatte in Uines and Peare trees watrishe they commonly spring the best whose sappe is clammiest The iuyce of the Mulbery is sought for as Plinie sayth of the Phisitions Next to the fatte is the fleshe and next to that the bone the best part of the tymber all trees haue not any great quantitie of this fatte and fleshe for the Box the Cornel and the Olyue haue neyther fatte nor fleshe nor marowe and very little blood as neyther the Seruisse nor Alder haue anâ— bone but both of them full of marow Reedes for the most part haue no fleshe at al in fleshe of trees there are both vaines and arteryes the vaines are broader and fayrer the arteryes are onely in such trees as wyl cleaue by meanes of which arteryes it commeth to passe that the one end of a long beame laide to your eare yf you doo but fillippe with your finger vppon the other end the sound is brought foorthwith to your eare whereby it is knowen whether the peece be straight and euen or not In some trees there are knoties on the outside as the wenne or the kernell in the fleshe of man in the whiche there is neyther veyne nor artery a hard knoppe of fleshe being clong and rolled vp in it selfe these are most of price in the Cedar and the Maple In some the fleshe is quite without veynes hauing only certayne small stringes and such are thought to cleaue best others that haue not their stringes or arteryes wyll rather breake then cleaue as the Uine and the Olyue wyll rather breake then cleaue The whole body of the Figge is fleshy as the body of the Mastholme the Cornel the wylde Oke the Mulbery and suche others as haue no pith is all bony The grayne that runneth ouerthwart in the Beech was taken as Plinie sayth in the olde time for his arteryes THRA There are other commodities beside the tymber to be geathered of these trees MARIVS Uery true for as I sayde before of the Medlar the Oke the Chestnut the Pine and the Beech these trees that growe in the Wooddes beside their tymber beare fruite also good and meete to be eaten So of the Fyrres the Pitch trees and the Pines we geather Rozen and Pitch to our greate commoditie and gayne as of the Oke the Beech the Chestnut the Medlar and the Pine we haue fruite both meete for man and also good for feeding of Hogges and other cattell In time of dearth both our forefathers and we haue tryed the good seruice that Akornes in bread hath doone yea as Plinie and others haue written they were woont to be serued in amongst fruite at mens tables Neyther is it vnknowen what great gaynes some countreys geat by Akornes Rozen and Pitch the Gaile also groweth vpon these Akorne bearing trees whereof I haue spoken before Amongest all the trees out of which runneth Rozen the Tarre tree a kinde of Pine is fullest of sappe softer then the Pitch both meete for fyre and light whose boordes we vse to burne in steede of candelles The Cedar sweateth out Rozen Pitch caled Cedria Moreouer of trees is Brydlime made the best of the Cerre tree the Mastholme and the Chestnut specially in the Wooddes about Sene and neare the sea side where they are carefully planted in great plentie by the Byrdlyme makers for they geather the berryes from the trees and boyle them tyl they breake and after they haue stamped them they washe them in water tyl al the flesh fall away Plinie affirmeth that it groweth only vpon Okes Mastholmes Skaddes Pine trees and Fyrre Byrdelyme is also made of the rootes of certaine trees specially of the Holly whose rootes and barkes withall they geather and lay them vp in trenches couered with leaues in a very moyst grounde some doo it in doung and there they let them lye tyll they rot then take they them out and heate them tyl they waxe clammy and after washe them in warme water and make them vp in balles with their handes it is vsed beside other purposes for the taking of byrdes Besides all this there sweateth out of trees a certayne Gumme knowen to all men as of the Chery tree the Plome tree the Iuniper the Olyue the Blackthorne the Iuie and Almond Out of the Iuniper commeth Uernish out of the Myrrhe Scorax out of the white Poplar Amber Plinie wryteth that Amber commeth out of certayne Pine trees in the fatte as Gumme dooth from the Chery tree And thus these thinges that I haue here at your request declared touching the order of plantyng and sowing I beseeche you take in good woorth you heare my wyfe calleth vs to supper and you see the shaddowe is tenne foote long therefore it is hye tyme we goe THRA I geue you most harry thankes that you haue thus freendly enterteyned me in this your fayre Orchard with the sweete desâ—ription of these pleasant hearbes and trees IVLIA Syr your supper is redy I pray you make an ende of your talke and let the Gentleman
mens heads and young mens armes are stirryng Father Nestor got great commendation for his counsell at the siege of Troy where as Peleus and Laertes were despised and accompted for benchwhistlers at home CONO Some are tickled with glory some with gaine gifts and rewardes retayne the Cockrowen Courtiers yea suche as haue one of their feete alredy in the graue Now yf we woulde content our selues with this lyfe and geue our selues to the true and perfect lyfe In Princes Courtes vve should not gape nor gase Nor yll successe in sutes should vexe our mynde No vayne nor fond deuise our eyes should dase Nor levvde affection should our fancie blynde All suche thynges should be left and layde asyde Novve lyues alas eache out of order quite And to our shame the tyme avvay dooth slydeâ— All seeke to lyue but none to liue vpryght As the Poet excellently wel wryteth in his Epigram it were the part of a mad man or a coxcome to runne headlong without any profite into danger when as he may liue godly and quietly at home without all trouble as our olde fathers were woont to doo RIGO It is very true the Poete accompteth him blessed to whom this lyfe can happen But in the meane tyme you are alone and leade your lyfe with beastes lowtes of the Countrey and trees that haue spent all your tyme before among wyse and honourable personages Socrates affyrmeth wysdome to be learned in Cities and not among beastes and trees CONO Socrates his iudgement though I wyll not gaynesay yet it appeareth by his disputations with Iscomachus in Xenophon that he dyd not disalowe the Countrey mans lyfe And as for my liuing alone it almost happeneth here to me as Cicero reporteth Scipio to say that he was neuer lesse alone then when he was alone for being alone I haue continuall conference with the grauest and wysest men For eyther I apply my self wholy to the sacred oracles of the Prophetes and the Apostles who teach the true wysedome by which both Kinges rule and Princes gouerne and by which our soules whiche we cheefely ought to regard are fedde whiche also shewe vnto vs the perfect way to that euerlastyng Court aboue or when I list I haue the company of the greatest Princes and Monarchies of the worlde with whom I conferre of the doubtful state and gouernement of common weales in reading the Histories and Chronicles of the worlde trauayling as it were throughout all nations or readyng the woorkes of such as write in husbandrie I occupie my minde in the beholdyng the woonderfull woorkemanship of GOD in Trees Plantes and Beastes whereby in the Creature I acknowledge the Creator And besides these dumbe companions my freendes come sometime to see me sometime Gentlemen sometime Noblemen sometime the Prince hym selfe vouchsafeth to vnite me so that there is scarcely any day but that some come vnto me some for their pleasure some for good wyll and some for their businesse For to my freendes and my neyghbours I neyther denie my counsell nor my trauayle Therefore is it very expedient that good choyse be made of Lawyers and discreete men for the Countrey alwayes prouided they geue their counsell free and without wages Many times beside you from the Court sende me hyther processe and arbitrementes to be tryed before me Thus haue I in the Countrey sweeter and pleasanter company then you haue eyther in the Court or Citie RIGO Tell me then I beseeche you howe you bestowe your time and howe you are occupied all the day for I doubt not but you doo as much as in you lyeth to spend the time as profitably as you may CONO I wyll tell you throughly and not dissemble with you yf ye wyll geue me the hearing and to begin I wyll vse the woordes and verses of the foresaide Poete though in other his writinges fearse honest yet in this speaking very graue wyse Fyrst serued on knees the Maiestie diuine My Seruantes next and ground I ouerlooke To euery man his taske I doo assigne VVhen this is doone I get me to my booke I vse commonly to ryse first of all mee selfe specially in Sommer when we loose the healthfullest and sweetest time with sluggishnesse Aristotle accompteth early rysing to be best both for health wealth and studie In the Winter yf I be loth to ryse yf either the vnâ—easonablenesse of the weather or sicknesse cause me to keepe my bed I commit all to my Steward whose faith and diligence I am sure of whom I haue so well instructed that I may safely make him my deputie I haue also Euriclia my maide so skilfull in huswyferie that she may well be my wyues suffragan these twayne we appoynt to supply our places but yf the weather and time serue I play the woorkemaister mee selfe And though I haue a Bailiffe as skilfull as may be yet remembring the olde sayeing that the best doung for the feelde is the maisters foote and the best prouender for the horse the maisters eye I play the ouerseer mee selfe That it is holsome to ryse betimes I am perswaded both by the counsell of the most graue Philosophers and besides by myne owne experience When my Seruantes are all set to woorke and euery man as busie as may be I get me into my Closet to serue GOD and to reade the holy Scriptures for this order I alwayes keepe to appoint mee selfe euery day my taske in reading some part eyther of the old Testament or of the newe that doone I write or reade such thinges as I thinke most needefull or dispatche what businesse so euer I haue in my house or with Sutars abrode A litle before dinner I walke abrode if it be faire eyther in my Garden or in the Feeldes if it be foule in my Galerie when I come in I finde an Egge a Thick a peece of Rid or a peece of Ueale Fishe Butter and suche like as my Foldes my Yarde or my Dayrie and Fishpondes wyl yeelde sometime a Sallet or such fruites as the Garden or Orchard dooth beare whiche victuals without any charges my wyfe prouideth me wherewith I content mee selfe aswell as yf I had the dayntiest dishe in Europe I neuer lightly sit aboue one houre at my meate after dinner I passe the tyme with talking with my wyfe my seruantes or yf I haue any with my ghestes I rise and walke about my ground where I viewe my woorkemen my pastures my medowes my corne and my cattel When I am in the Countrey I goe euery day yf the weather be good and no other great businesse about my grounde if not euery day at the least once in two or three dayes as often as I come to the Citie from the Countrey I doo the like to vnderstand howe my ground is husbanded and what is doone what vndoone neither doo I euer goe about it but some good commeth of my trauayle In the meane whyle I beholde the woonderfull wysdome of Nature and the
incomprehensible woorking of the most mightie GOD in his Creatures which as Cicero truely affirmeth is the delicatest foode of the Soule and the thing that maketh vs come neerest vnto god Here way I with mee selfe the benefites and woonderfull woorkes of God who bringeth foorth Grasse for thâ— cattell and greene Herbe for the vse of man that he may bring foode out of the Earth according to the Psalme Heere he preacheth to me The fruitefull Earth that tyld in sundry vvyse Vnto the eye her goodly fruites dooth yeelde The Violettes svveete that eache vvhere thicke doo ryse And stayne vvith purple dye the pleasant feelde The feelde vvith hearbes the hearbes vvith branches braue The glittring flovvres that shine like starres of lyght And springyng fast disclose the grace they haue Eache hearbe vvith sundry flovvre most svveete in syght What woorkeman is there in the world that is able to frame or counterfeyte suche heauenly woorkes Who could of a sclender grasse make Wheate or Bread and of a tender twigge bring foorth so noble a licour as Wine but only that mightie Lorde that hath created all thinges visible and inuisible With these sightes doo I recreate my mind and geue thankes vnto GOD the creator and conseruer of all thinges for his great and exceeding goodnesse I sing the song to thee O Lorde belongeth prayses in Sion or praise thou the Lorde O my soule c. beseeching GOD to blesse the giftes that he hath geuen vs through his bounteous liberalitie to enriche the Feeldes and to prosper the Corne and the Grasse and that he wyll crowne the yeere with his plenteousnesse that we may enioy the fruites of the Earth with thankesgeuing to the honour of him and the profite of our neighbour Then returning home I goe to writing or reading or suche other businesse as I haue but with study or inuention I neuer meddle in three houres after I haue dyned I suppe with a smal pittans and after supper I eyther seeldome or neuer write or reade but rather passe the time in seeing my Sheepe come home from the Feelde and my Oxen dragging home the Plowe with weerie neckes in beholding the pleasant Pastures sweetely smelling about my house or my heardes of cattel lowing hard by me sometime I list to rest me vnder an old Holme sometime vpon the greene grasse in the meane time passeth by me the pleasant Riuer the streames falling from the springes with a comfortable noyse or els walking by the Riuer side or in my Garden or neerest pastures I conferre with my Wife or Seruantes of husbandry appointing what I wil haue doone if my Bailiffe haue any thing to say if any thing be to be bought or solde for a good husband as Cato sayth must rather be a sellar then a byer Sometimes specially in Winter after sâ—pper I make my Minister to tell something out of the holy Scripture or els some pleasant storie so that it be honest and godly and such as may ediâ—ie Two or three houres after supper I get me to bedde and commonly as I saide before the last in the house except my Chamberlayne and my Stewarde RIGO In the meane time being farre from the Churche neâ—ther can you heare the sermons nor be present with your wyfe your household at seruice for your owne part though ye may supply the matter with reading yet your wyfe and your seruantes can not so doo CONO For my part without vaunt be it spoken I haue seruice euery day at certaine appointed houres where preacheth to me dayly the Prophetes the Apostles Basil Chrisostome Nazianzen Cyril Ciprian Ambrose Austen and other excellent preachers whom I am sure I heare with greater profite then yf I shoulde heare your sir Iohn lacklatines and foolishe felowes in your Churches My wyfe also being geuen to readyng readeth the Byble and certaine Psalmes translated into our owne tongue if there be any thing to hard or darke for her I make her to vnderstand it besides she hath priuate praiers of her owne that she vseth in the meane time I haue one that vppon the holy dayes if the weather or our businesse be such as we can not goe to Church readeth the Gospell teacheth the Catechisme and ministreth the Sacramentes when time requires but in the Sommer time if the weather be not vnreasonable we goe alwayes vpon the Sundayes and Festiuall dayes to our Parishe Churche where we heare our Curate and receaue the blessed Communion as for my household I bring them to this order that they alwayes serue God before their going to woorke and at their comming to meales It is written of Anthonie the Ermite that being demaunded of a certaine Philosopher howe he coulde in the solitarie wyldernesse without any bookes occupie him selfe in the studie of diuinitie He answeared that the whole world serued him for bookes as a well furnished Librarie in which he alwayes read the woonderfull woorkmanship of God which in euery place stood before his eyes In the like sort haue I my household seruantes well instructed in the cheefe groundes of true religion who leauyng to their vocation and innocencie of their life not caried away with the vaine entisementes and pleasures of Cities doo beholde the Maiestie of GOD in his woorkes and honour the Creator in his Creatures not only vppon the Sundayes but euery day through the yeere where they may also heare the litle Birdes other creatures in their kindes setting out the glory and Maiestie of God. RIGO You seeme to tell me of a Schoole of diuinitie and not of a husbandmans Cottage this was the very order of the Patriarkes and the Monasteries in the Primatiue Churche CONO In deede Chrisostome would haue all Christians maried folkes and vnmaried to leade their liues according to the rule and order of Monkes but of such Monkes as liued in those dayes not such good felowes as ours be nowe for the profession of a Monke in that age was no other but the life of the purest and perfectest Christians whiche kinde of life the olde Patriarkes as the Scriptures doo witnesse did leade RIGO I oftentimes woondred that hauing so goodly a house and so well furnished in the Citie as you haue what you meant to desire rather to dwell in the Countrey but nowe that I see the good order of your life I leaue to woonder any longer CONO It is naturall to me and left me by my parentes to delight in husbandrie for my Father my Graundfather my great Graundfather and as farre as I can fetche my petigree all my Auncestours were occupiers of husbandry and were all borne and died in this house that you see RIGO I remember not long since being in businesse with the Chauncellour Hypsographus a sober man your neighbour and one that delightes in husbandry it was my chaunce to see your father surely a man would haue taken him for olde Laertes in Homer or rather for Abram or Isahac and as the Chauncellour tolde
me he was foure score and tenne yeeres olde but so faire he bare his age as I tooke him to be scarse fiftie his memorie and iudgement seemed to serue him woonderous well he would talke of the orders of the Countrey of the antiquities there abouts of the stories of the Scripture so sweetely and eloquently as I was woonderfully in loue with him he had the Prophetes and the Euangelistes at his fingers endes so that I sawe the noble men had him in estimation not without great cause CONO In deede he tooke suche delight in the holy Scriptures as no day passed him without reading some part of them he vsed to goe commonly euery day to the next Parishe Churche neither woulde he misse any Sermon that he coulde heare of he brought both Preacher and Priest into order and caused them to frame their liues according to the rule of the Gospell RIGO You paynt me here the patterne of a Bishoppe or an ouerseer in deede the most part of these Priestes had neede of suche ouerseers to restraine their couetousnesse the spring of all their abuses CONO To returne to my quietnesse or my husbandry from whence I digressed doo you yet marueyle howe I can delight mee selfe with this so honest and profitable a quietnesse then which in the iudgement of the holiest and wysest men there is nothing more honest nor better neither is there beside any trade of life more meete for a Gentleman nor trauayle more acceptable to GOD then is the tilling of the ground The people in the olde time as Cato a man of great wysdome and a teacher of husbandry dooth witnesse as oft as they would geue a man the name of an honest man they woulde call him a good husbande comprehending in that name as muche commendation as they could geue him besides most mightie Kinges and Emperours were no whit ashamed to professe this trade as Xenophon reporteth of king Cyrus the like wryteth Quintus Curtius of Abdolominus Numa the king of the Romanes bare a singuler affection to husbandry for that he thought there was no kinde of life so sitte to maintaine eyther peace or warres or for the prouision of a mans life being rather a geuer of good life then richesse Moreouer Hiero Philometor Attalus Archilaus and a great number of Princes more were delighted with the profession of husbandry this knowledge is also hyghly commended by Homer the very fountaine in his time of wysedome whereas he describeth Alcinous the king of the Pheaces whose delight in the planting and pleasures of his Orchardes was woonderfull And Laertes the olde man that with his continuall occupying of husbandry brought his minde better to beare the absence of his sonne Hesiodus in his woorke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 geueth great prayse to Astrea that being banished the Citie gaue him selfe to the life of the Countrey Yea the ground hath beforetime been tilled by the handes of Emperours the Earth in the meane time reioysing to be torne with a Uictorers shaare and to be plowed with the handes of a tryumphant Conquerer eyther because they dealt with the like regarde in their seede as in their warres or vsed suche diligence in the Corne feeldes as they dyd in the Campe or els because all things handled with honest and vertuous fyngers prosper the better beyng more â—arefully looked to Serranus when he was called to honour was found sowing of seede The Dictators office was brought by the Purceuant to Cincinatus being all naked and besmeared with sweat and dust The Purceuantes had fyrst their name of calling Senatoâ—rs and Gouernours out of the Countrey to the Citie In like sort had this name at the first the Fabij the Pisons the Curij the Lentuli the Ciceroes the Pilumni and other auncient houses Horace telleth that of husbandmen haue been bread the valyauntest and woorthyest Souldiers affyrming that the hand that hath been vsed to the Spade prooueth often of greatest value in the Feelde Homer reporteth a great valiancie in Vlisses his Netheard in the slaughter of those felowes that woulde haue rauished his maistresse Most certayne it is that a great number of Emperours haue sprong from the Plowe And to let others goe it is knowen that the Emperours Galerius and Maximinus came both of them from poore Herdmen to the imperiall dignitie The like is written of Iustine Constancianus Probus and Aurelianus The stories report that M. Curius the Emperour was found in his house boyling of a Rape roote when he refused the great summes of golde brought by the Samnites Embassadours What should I speake of the antiquitie of it the holy Scriptures declare husbandry to be the auncientest of al trades And to begin with the very beginning of man and that neither Osyris nor Dionysius were the fyrst founders of this knowledge as the Panims fable but that the most mightie Lorde him selfe did fyrst ordayne it for Adam and his sonnes were all husbandmen Noe was a planter of Uines Abraham Isahac and Iacob were shepheardes Saul from his Asses and Dauid from his sheepe were called to the crowne Eliseus and Amos of shepheardes were made Prophetes Ozias as we reade professed husbandry Iesus the sonne of Syrache commending husbandry aboue the rest sayth he customaâ—ily vsed him selfe to hold the Plow to driue the Cart and to keepe Cattell but what neede we more Our Sauiour CHRISTE him selfe glorieth to be the sonne of a husbandman and frameth his parables of planting of Uines of Sheepe and Shepheardes moreouer as it is in Luke our Lorde seemeth to be a teacher of husbandry where he sheweth that â—rees are to be digged about and dunged that they may prosper the betteâ— For siâ—h this knowledge is of al other most innocent and without which it â—s most plaine we are not able to liue the best and the godliest men haue alwayes imbraced it and the olde fathers haue euer counted it the very Cosin Germane to wysedome Cicero calleth it the mistresse of iustice diligens and thriftinesse some others call it the Mother and Nurs of al other artes For wheras we may liue without the other without this we are not able to sustayne our life besides the gayne that hereof aryseth is most godly and least subiect to enuie for it hath to deale with the Earth that restoreth with gayne such thinges as is committed vnto her specially yâ— it be furthered with the blessing of god The only gentlemanly way of encreasing the house is the trade of husbandry and for this cause they were alwayes accompted the perfectest Gentlemen that content with the liuing their auncestours left them liued in the Countrey of their landes not medling with figging chopping and changing nor seeking their liuing by handycraftes M. Varro in his time sayth there was great complaint made that the Fathers forsaking the Plough and the Sicle began to creepe into the Towne and busied them selues rather with Pageantes and Midsommer games then with
it is almost all one with Millet neyther can it as Millet be fined without parching when it beginnes to spindel it must be well weeded least the weedes ouergrowe it being well drâ—st with Cheesyl and Milke it maketh indifferent good meate in bread it is not so muche vsed as Millet for the bread is very drye and croombleth lyke Sâ—â—d or Asshes being altogeather without moysture or cleauing but the common people remediyng that with Larde or Oyle doo make a shift with it as wel as they can They that dwell about Pontus are sayde to esteeme it aboue all other foode as the people of Nauare doo at this day In many Countreys it is vsed onely to feede Pigeons withall Of the number of outlandishe grayne is Ryse in share as Theophrastus sayth lyke Darnell hauyng a busshy toppe lyke Millet or Pannicle but no Eare his grayne is lyke the kinde of Barley called Zea the leaues are thicke lyke leaues of Leekes but broader the stalke a cubite hie the floure purple This grayne is but geason in Fraunce and Germanie but in Italy and Lumbardy common where it is called Elriso and Menâ—stro Del riso the Frenchmen leauyng the fyrst letter doo call it Rison the Greekes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Spaniardes call it Arross Plinie supposeth it to be engendred of the water Sedge There is made of it Furmentie as Horace calles it Ryse Furmentie It is sowed in March as Millet and Pannicle is The Indians they say do bruse it before they sowe it to make it the lighter of digestion And as Strabo reporteth they make drinke of it RIGO What say you to Sesamum that was greatly in vse in the olde tyme. CONO Sesamum is named with the Greekes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Italians Seâ—amo the Spaniard Aâ—onioliâ— the Frenchemen Iugiolin In tymes paâ—t it hath been more vsed and greatly commended both of Columella and Plinie At tâ—is day it is knowen to a very fewe as a great sort â—f seedes els are in so muche as the very Corne that we dayly seede of we scarsely knowe what it is Some reckon it in the number of Grayne and some of Pulse the stalke thereof is not lyke Millet or Pannicle full of ioyntes but playne and smoothe lyke a reede the leaues thereof ruddy the seede white not so bigge as Lineseede and is conteined in little knoppes like Poppie it is sowen before the rysing of the Seuen Starres after the maner of Italy Columella sayth that he hath seene it in Cilicia and Syâ—ia sowed in Iune and Iuly and reaped in Autume It requires a mellowe blacke moulde though it wyll growe vppon good sandy grounde and forced ground rayne is hurtfull vnto it after it is sowed where as it â—oth good to all other grayne no great Cattell nor Uermine wyll meddle with it it hurteth ground very muche because of the great quantitie and thicknesse of the stalke and the number of the rootes Plinie wryteth that it was brought out of India and vsed both for meate and oyle But to returne to such graine as we are acquainted with Amongst the Sommer seedes is Myscelyn to be reckoned The husbandmen doo sometime make a medley of sundry sortes of seedes and 〈◊〉 them partly for Cattell and partly for hope that though some of them fayle yet some wyll groâ—e But here must you beware lest you mingle not Winter Corne and Sommer Corne togeather for that were a great ouersight and one of them must needes perishe Some Barley may well be mingled with Oates or Buck as well for brewing as for feeding of cattell and Tares or other lyke Pulse may be myngled with Oates as very good foode for beastes They are to be fowed in tyme and place as I haue colde before in my seuerall entreatyng of them RIGO You haue well satisfied me for Grayne and Corne you may nowe yf it please you doo as much in Pulse CONO Pulse or Pedware is called of the Greekes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the other partes of the fruites of the grounde of these there are sundry sortes as you haue seene of Corne some put Millet Pannicle and Sesanum to this kind because Columoâ—llâ— sometimes puts them in the number of Grayne and sometime of Pulse but I folowyng Plinie herein doo put them amongest the kindes of Grayne accountyng those to be Pulse whose seedes are conteyned in coddes as Beanes Pease Lenâ—â—es Tares Chyâ—hes Fytches and such lyke which all are to be sowen in the Spring Of all kinde of Pulse the greatest honour is due to the Beane as Plinie witnesseth as to a Pulse that is most commodious for man and beast In Greeke it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian and Latine Faba in Spanishe Haua in Frenche Feue in Dutche Bonen This amongest all other Pulse groweth in height wâ—thout any stay it hath a thicke leafe a creasted flowre of diuers colours spotted white and blacke whiche Varro calles the lamentable letters it hath a long Codde his fruite within broade lyke the nayle of a man of diuers colours it appeareth at the fyrst with many leaues lyke a Pease and not with one alone lyke Wheate It is sowed fyrst of all other Pulse in the Spring tyme as Virgil wyll haue it and timely because of Fabalia whiche is the offall of the Beanes for both the Coddes and the stalke is a foode that cattel muche delightes in Columella reporteth howe he heard a skilfull husband say that he had rather haue the offall of Beanes timely sowed then the Croppe of that which is ripe in three monethes you must sowe them in the encrease of the Moone and after once plowing It is sayde that yf they be enclosed in Goates doung and sowed they wyll yeelde great encrease and that the partes that are eaten or gnawne in the encrease of the Moone wyll fyll vp agayne If they be sowed neere to the rootes of Trees they wyll kyll them Some holde opinion that yf they be steeped in Capons blood they wyll be safe from all hurtfull weedes and that layde in water a day or two before they be sowen they wyll growe the sooner The Beane delighteth in riche and wel dounged ground as all other Pulse dooth wette and lowe grounde it dooth not refuse though all the rest desyre drye grounde it wayeth not weedyng being able to ouergrowe them Of all other Pulse it onely springeth with an vpryght stalke full of knottes and hollowe And where as all other Pulse are long in flowre this flowreth longest flowring fourtie dayes together one stalke beginning when others end and not all at one time as Wheate they codde in sundry dayes the lowest part of the stalke flowring fyrst and so vpward styll in order So fruitefull are they in some places as you shall finde one stalke to beare a hundred Beanes The Beanes sticke close to their Coddes the blacke in theyr â—oppes the Latines call Hilum the Coddes Valuuli the woormes that breede
hath noted Flaxe vvhere he grovves dooth burne the feelde The lyke dooth Oates and Poppey yeelde And therefore but that women must haue something to occupie theyr handes withall it were more profite to sowe the grounde with corne and to bye linnen abrode especially yf you way the hart of your grounde and the charges of the makyng Hempe in Latine Canubis in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian Canabe in Spanishe Cannamo in Frenche Chamura and in Dutch Haueph is a plant of the Reedishe kinde hauing a very strong sauour it groweth with a single stalke and many times to suche a heyght that it matcheth with indifferent Trees it is of great necessitie for the vse of man and serueth both for makyng of Canuisse and framing of Ropes the stalke hath many knottes out of whiche proceedeth branches with narrowe leaues indented and sharpe Dioscorides describeth both the wylde Hempe and the Garden Hempe to haue leaues lyke the Ashe hollowe stalkes a stinkyng sauour and rounde seede There are two kindes of it the Male that is without floure and beareth a seede of sundry colours and the Female that to recompence her barrennesse dooth yeelde a white flowre it is sowed in Gardens Orchardes or other gooâ— grounde as Plinie would haue it after a Southwest wind with vs it is sowen in the ende of April for it can not away with cold some sowe it at the rysing of the starre called the Berward which is at the ende of Februarie or the beginning of March it loueth riâ—che grounde well dounged and watred and deepe plowed it is noughty sowing of it in raynie weather the thicker you sowe it the tenderer it wyll be and therefore many times it is sowen thryse though some there be that appoynt to euery foote square sixe seedes The Female or fyrble Hempe is fyrst pulled vp afterward the Male or the Carle when his seede is ripe is plucked vp and made vp in bundels layde in the Sunne for three or foure dayes and after is cast into the water with weyght layd vpon him for eyght or tenne dayes tyll he be sufficiently watred and as Flaxe tyll the Rynde waxe loose then taken out it is dryed with the Sunne and after broken in the Brake and then combed and hacked for Yarne and Ropes Of Hempe are made Cables Cordes Nettes and Sayles for Shippes garmentes for Labourers Shertes and Sheetes the Shales or Stalkes serue for the heating of Ouens or kyndeling of Fyres RIGO In the Countrey of Gulicke and some partes of Fraunce I remember I haue seene an hearbe planted of the common people with great diligence that serueth as they sayd for Dyars CONO You say true that hearbe Cesar in his Comentaries of the warres of Fraunce calleth Glastum in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian Gnado in Spanishe Pastel in Frenche with the common sort Guadum and Guesde in Dutch VVeyt the Dyars doo vse it and with them it is greatly esteemed and great gayne aryseth thereof vnto the people of Gelderland Iulyes and Turyn and diuers Countreys els the leaues as Plinie wryteth are lyke vnto Dock leaues Dioscorides wryteth of two kindes the wyld and the Garden Woade saying that the Garden Woade whiche Dyars vse hath leaues lyke Plantayne but something thicker and the wylde leaues lyke Lentyll with yellowe flowres with this hearbe Cesar sayth the people of Englande were woont to paynt theyr faces and bodyes to seeme more terrible to theyr enimies it requireth lyke sowyng and soyle as Wheate dooth but it is a great soker of the grounde and muche hurteth it it woulde haue a very riche and a fatte grounde and well dygged for the grounde were better to be turned vp with Spades then with Plowes for the sowyng of this Plant and it must be very well weeded It is sowed in Gelderland in April and after the common peoples rule in Easter wecke at the first fâ—llowing they marle the grounde after sowe it you must be very heedefull in the weedyng of it When it is growen a handfull hye and more they suffer it not to flowre but with an instrument for the purpose they cut it close by the roote washe it and carry it to the Myll and suffering it to growe agayne they cut it three or foure times and so leaue it to seede The greene hearbe they grinde in Milles like Apple Milles pressing it til they get out al the iuyce thereof then roule they it vp with their handes in rounde balles and so laye it vpon boorded floores to be dryed RIGO You haue greatly delighted me in describing vnto me the order of sowyng of seedes without whiche not onely the people of the Countrey but also the Courtiar and Citizen are not able to liue my desyre is nowe to vnderstande the order of Haruest the Countrey mans long looked for tyme and the reward of all his toyle CONO I wyl proceede in the accomplishing of your request When the Corne is ripe before it be scorched with the great heate of the Sunne whiche is most extreame at the rysyng of the lesser Dogge it is to be cut downe out of hande for delay herein is daungerous Fyrst because that birdes and other vermine wyll deuoure it and agayne both the Grayne and the Eare the toppe and the strawe being brittell and ouer drye wyl soone fall to the ground yf storme or tempest chaunce to aryse the greatest part thereof wyll to the grounde and therefore it must not be lingred but when it dooth looke yellowe in euery place and before that the Grayne be thorowe hard when they come to looke reddishe you must then haue it in that it may rather waxe in the Barne then in the Feelde Experience teacheth that yf it be cutte downe in due time the seede wyll growe in fulnesse as it lyeth in the Barne for the Moone encreasyng the Corne growes greater at the chaunge you must geather such seede as you woulde should be least fautie Varro sayth that the best tyme for Haruest is betwixt the Sunnestay and the Dogge dayes for the Corne they say dooth lye in the blade .xv. dayes flowreth .xv. dayes and ripeth in .xv. dayes Amongst Grayne Pulse the fyrst that is to be geathered is Rape seede And because the seede when the cod beginneth to waxe yellowe declareth ripenesse it must be geathered out of hand and sythe the seede wyll easyly skatter it must be layde eyther in playne smoothe places in the Feelde or vpon Canuasse and yf it be presently to be carryed the Wayne or Cart must be lyned with sheetes lest with iogging and tottring of the carryage the seede fall thorowe You must take good heede as well here as in all other Pulse that you preuent the rayne for the rayne falling the coddes doo open As soone as your Rape seede is of yf the grounde be plowed you may sowe Bucke or Branke as they call it so that of one peece of ground in one yeere you may make
you list to be thresshed In some places they haue a Pully in the middest wherewith they hoyse vp the Corne to the very Rafters of the house In Holland they haue fewe close Barnes but all houels and stackes so placed with hanging rooffes vppon postes that with pinnes and wynches they may heyghten it or let it downe as they list RIGO Those kynde of Barnes they say are not so subiect to Myse and Rattes nor so chargeable as the other CONO Howe so euer the Barne be you must place it as hie as you may least the Corne be spoyled with moysture or dampes Some thinke it better for them to be thatched then tiled the largenesse must be according to the greatnesse of your occupying Some to the ende Cattes and Weesels may the better come by they doo vaute the floore with Bryckes and laying rafters thereon doo lay on their Corne. The floore must be fayre and smoothe made so as the Corne may be well threasshed or troden out Columella woulde haue the floore faire paued with Flint or Stone whereby the Corne wyll the sooner be threasshed and the floore not huâ—t with beatyng and trampling of Oxen and when it is fande or wynnowed it wyll not be full of grauell and durt as the earthen floores yeelde But we content our selues with our earthen floores wel made and of good earth mixed with a little Chaffe and the groundes of oyle for this preserueth the Corne from Myse and Emets You must make it very eeuen and leauel and after it is mingled with Chaffe let it be wel troden so suffered to drye You must keepe also from it Beastes and Poultry whiche with tramplyng and skraping wyll make it rugged and vneuen When the floore is drye the Corne layde on it is beaten out with Flayles cleaned with Fannes though in some place they rather lyke to tread it out with Oxen and to wynnowe it after the olde fashion with the winde RIGO Well syr when you haue thus threasshed your Corne what wayes haue you to keepe it from Wyuels CONO The Garners or Corne loftes wherein your Corne thus threasshed and cleansed shal be layde must stande hye that they may be blowen through with the Easterne and Northerne windes to whiche no moysture from the places adioynyng must be suffered to come for the quarters of the Heauen that are coldest and dryest doo both preserue Corne the longest In Spayne and Apulia beyng hotte Countreys the wynde is not onely let in on the sydes by wyndowes but also at the bottome by grates Some agayne preserues it in vautes vnder the graunde where the drye earth dooth cherishe such fruites as she hath brought foorth vsed as Varro sayth in Spayne and Garthage aâ—d in our dayes we vse to keepe both Wine and Grayne in suche vaultes In Countreys that are very wette and watrishe it is better to make them in Garrettes as hie as may be hauing good regarde that it be well walled and floored Moreouer where as Corne is subiect to Wyuels and Uermine except it be very safely laide vp it wyll soone be consumed therefore you must make with Clay mingled in steade of strawe with heare then ouercast it within and without with white Potters Claye last of all steepe the rootes and leaues of wylde Cucumbers in water two dayes and with that water and Lime and Sand make plaister and washe therewithall the walles within albeit Plinie countes Lyme as hurtfull a thing as may be for Corne. Some mingle with Lyme the vryne of Cattell as a thing that wyll destroy Wyuels or the leaues of Houseleeke of Wormewood or Hoppes but specially yf you haue it there is nothing so good to destroy all suche Uermine as the dregges and bottome of Oyle some vse in the steade therof the pickle of Herringes Hauing in this sort ordered their feelinges their floores being dry they suppose that no hurtful woorme shal annoy what so euer Corne they lay in them Some lay vnder their Corne Fleewoort others thinke it an assured remedie yf they be often fanned wynnowed and thereby cooled but Columella thinkes it vntrue and that by this meanes the vermine shall not onely be not driuen out but they shal be dispearsed throughout all the Corne whiche yf they otherwyse be left alone wyll meddle with no more then the outward partes for a hand-bredth depth within there neuer breedes any Wyuels and therefore he thinkes it better to let that alone that is alredy corrupted and wyll goe no further then with farther medling to marre all for it is an easie matter when so euer ye neede to occupie it to take away that is taynted and to vse the rest But for al this experience teacheth vs that there is no so good a remedie to destroy the Wyuel as is the often fannyng and wynnowing in Sommer After the first two yeeres they holde opinion they wil not meddle with Corne but I weerie you with carrying you to muche about and yf it please you we wyll returne home RIGO If it be for your ease so to doo otherwyse there can be no greater pleasure to me then walking abrode to heare you talke of husbandry Are these that I see your Pastures where your fatte Oxen and your Mares and your Caltes goe leaping CONO They are so I lay all my Pastures seuerall for euery kinde of Cattell to be by him selfe in the hythermost that you see are my Cattell that I fatte in the next are my Horses my Mares and my Coltes in the next are my young breede Yeerelinges and Twayeerelinges The Meddowes that you see in yonder Ualley lye all to be mowed Here next to my house are my Sucklings that are brought to their dammes to sucke thrise a day and therefore ought to be neare howe be it suche as feede farre of must diligently and dayly be looked to for feare of diseases RIGO Since I haue troubled you this farre I can not leaue till I vnderstand all your orders CONO No trouble at all to me but rather as I said before the recording hereof is my great ioy for in talking of these matters you bring me abedde RIGO I pray you then take the paines to describe me the ordering of Pastures and Meddowes when as there seemeth to be a great affinitie betwixt them and Corne grounde and because they are sometimes also to be plowed mee thinketh this part remayneth to be spoken of CONO With all my hart I wyll satisfie your desyre in as muche as I am able and in deede since I haue all this whyle spoken of Corne grounde it is not out of order to tell you my minde of Pasture and although Cato in some places dooth geue the preeminence to the Uineyarde yet other olde wryters doo most of all preferre Pastures as the grounde that requireth least a doo about it and therefore they were called as Varro sayth Prata because they were parata alway in redinesse and needed neither great charge nor labour
would haue to serue you in Winter in October in warme stonie places for sallets in Winter they vse at this day when his leaues be out to fold them vp together tye them round in the toppe with some small thing couering them with some little earthen vessell the rootes still remayning to nourishe them withall thus dooing they wyll growe to be white and tender and to loose a great part of their bitternesse It is said that they wyll be whyte yf they be sprinckled a fewe dayes abroade and lying vpon sand be wasshed with the rayne and thus is Endiue with his encrease preserued all Winter Some there be that contentyng them selues with lesse charges and labour doo onely couer them with earth others agayne with strawe this order of wintering of it is nowe in euery place growen to be common THRA I see also in this pleasaunt Garden Colwoortes that we Countrey folkes be so well acquainted with MARIVS Is it meete my Garden shoulde want that whiche as you knowe Cato preferreth before all other hearbes in describing the woonderful properties and vses thereof and this place I onely appoynt for suche common potte hearbes as Colwoortes Beeâ—es Endiue Onyans Rapes Nauenes Leekes Carrettes Raddishe Garleeke and Parsneppes the woorthyer sort I place by them selues and as the nature of euery one requireth Colwoortes is commonly called in Latine Brassica or Caulis in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Frenche Choux in Italian Caule in Spanishe l'erza in Dutche Koil The olde wryters made diuers sortes of it as at this day there be One sort with great and broade leaues a bigge stalke and very fruitefull This sort is commonly knowen whiche being the pleasaunter in Winter when it is bitten with the frostes is sodde with Baken and vsed in porredge The tender part of the toppe being a little boyled is serued for sallettes dressed with oyle and salt The second sort with the croombled leafe of that resemblance that it hath to Smallage is called Selinocis or Apiaria of the common people crompled Col or wrinckled Col. The thirde sort whiche is properly called Crambe hath a smaller stalke and leafe smoothe tender and not very ful of iuyce The fourth sort is the great Cabbedge with brode leaues and a great head called in Dutche Kappes in Frenche Cheux Cabuz of the olde wryters Tritiana Brassica and this kind is only most set by In Germanie there is one kind of them that they call Lumbardy Colwoort or Sauoy Colwoort sweeter then the other and not able to endure the Winter and an other with very brode leaues croompled and full of wrinckles but a great deâ—le blacker whiche the Italians call Neâ—â—â—caules and the Latines Nigra Brassica of the number of thâ—se that they call commonly redde Col of the olde wryters Marucina Brassica There are besides other sortes takyng their names of they Countrey where they growe as Aricina and Cumana The best time for setting and sowyng of Colwoortes is after the Ides of April In colde and raynie Countreys the oftner it is dounged and raked the better a great deale wyl the Colwoortes be some vse to sowe them about the Kalends of March but then the cheefest of it goeth out in leafe and when it is once cut maketh no good stalke for the Winter after yet may you twyse remooue your greatest Col and if you so doo you shal haue both more seedeâ— and greater yeelde for it so aboundeth with seede as it is sowed with no lesse aduauntage then Rape seede For the making of oyle Colwoortes may be sowen all the yeere long but chiefly in March after it is sowed it appeareth within ten dayes except your seedes be olde and drye for olde seede wyl growe to Rapes as olde Rape seede wyl to Colwoortes Some say it prospereth best in salt ground therfore they vse to cast vpon the ground Saltpeter or Ashes which also destroyeth the Caterpiller it is remooued in Iune chiefely when it hath put foorth sire leaues and that when the weather is rayny so that you couer the roote before with a little freshe doung and wrappe it in sea-weede and so set it More diligence is to be vsed about the Cabbedge it must be sowen in March in the full of the Moone that it may remayne in the grounde two Moones and in May you must take them vp and set them agayne two foote asunder The ground must be well digged where you set them and as fast as they growe the earth must be raysed about them so that there appeare no more then the very toppes of them for to cause them to growe sayre and great you must as oft as you remooue them banke them vp with earth about them that nothing but the leaues appeare And this you must often doo to all the kindes of them the hoare frostes make them haue the greater sweetenesse The Uineyardes they say where Colwoortes growe doo yeelde the woâ—â—ser Uines and the Col corrupteth the wine THRA I pray you proceede with the rest of these pot hearbes MARIVS You see hereby Spinage so tearmed as you knowe of the prickly seedes called in Latine Spinacia and euen so in Italian Spanishe Frenche and Datche it is sowen as those before in March Apryll and so tyll September yf it may be well watred it commeth vp in seuen dayes after the sowing you shall not neede to remooue it The seede must presently after the sowing be couered and afterward well weeded it refuseth no kinde of grounde but prospereth in euery place you must often cut it for it continually groweth it is to be boyled without any water where in the boyling it doth yeeld great store of iuyce and contenting it selfe with his owne licquour it requireth none other Afterwarde being beaten and stirred with the ladell tyll the clamminesse be gone it is made vp in little balles the iuyce strayned out and boyled vppon a Chafyndishe with Ole or Butter some adde therevnto Uergius or the iuyce of soure Grapes to make the taste more tarte I shewe you in order as you see all my Kitchin hearbes nowe followeth Sorel called in Latine Acetosa in Italian likewyse in Spanishe Romaza in Frenche Oxella in Dutch Surick of the sowrer therof There are sundry sortes of it we haue at this day two kinde the Garden Sorel and the wylde whiche are pleasant both in broth and sallettes and of this hearbe the wyld sortes are both sowrer in taste and smaller in leafe it is sowed as all other potte hearbes are and it groweth of it selfe in Meddowes and Gardens Cummin and Corriander require well ordered ground they are sowed in the Spring and must be wel weeded Cummin is called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Cuminum and almost like in all other languages it is sowed best as they thinke with curfyng and execration that it may prosper the better Corriander called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Coriandrum and in almost by the
side Woormewood though it growe in euery place yet this that you see here is Romane or Pontike Woormewood the Latines call it Cerephium or Aâ—sinthium Romanum the Dutchmen Romische wermut the Italians Assenso the Spaniardes Encensos the Frenchmen Aluine and Absince this kinde is sette in our Gardens and thought to be the best Sauine whiche we haue here also in our Gardens for diuers diseases of cattell is called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Sabina in Dutche Seuenboun in Italian as in Latine in Spanish likewâ—se in French Sauinier it hath leaues lyke Iuniper or Cypres alwayes greene there are two kyndes of it one lyke the Tamariske the other lyke Cypres it is a bushe rather spreadyng in breadth then growyng in heyght the berries whiche he beareth may be geathered in the ende of Sommer or any other tyme. THRA But many times we see Gardens to be destroyed with woormes and vermine what remedy haue you for this MARIVS Of the faultes of the ground and the remedy thereof as the amendyng of eyther too much moysture or drynesse I spake in the beginnyng touchyng Woormes Flyes and other vermine that annoy the Gardens which for the most part are these Caterpillers Snayles Moles Myse Gnats and Antes There are that say that yf you mingle with your seedes Soote or the â—yce of Houseleâ—ke or Singreene the Caterpillers wyl not meddle with the hearbe that springeth of such seede and that they wyll doo no harme to your trees yf you sprinckle them with the water wherin the asshes of Uines hath been layde moreouer the stalkes of Garlicke made in bundels and burnt in Orchardes or Gardens destroyeth the Caterpillers They wyll not breede as they say yf you burne about the rootes of your hearbes or trees quicke brimstone and lyme the same they report of lye made of the Figge tree Antes wyll not annoy your corne or hearbes yf you encompasse it rounde with chalke or put into their hilles the asshes of burnt Snailes and yf some of them be taken and burnt the rest wyll not come neare the sauour yf Assa foetida be layde in oyle and powred vpon theyr hilles it vtterly destroyeth them they wyl not touch the trees nor the hearbes yf you annoynt the stalkes with bitter Lupines or lyme layde with oyle You must shake of the Caterpillers in the mornyng or late in the euenyng when they he nummed also water wherein Dyl hath been sodden cast about in the Orchard when it is colde destroyeth them It is written that yf you set Chiches about your Garden Caterpillers wyll not breede and yf they be already bredde you must seethe the iuyce of Woormewood and cast among them The doung of Bullockes burnt vpon the coles destroyeth Gnattes the lyke also dooth brimstone a Spunge wette with vineger and hanged vp draweth also swarmes of Gnattes vnto it also y mawe of a Sheepe newe killed not washed nor made cleane yf it be layde in the place where Motâ—â—as or other suche vermine doo vse and couered a little the vpper part you shal after two dayes fynde all the noysome vermine crept into it thus must you doo twyse or thryse tyll you thinke you haue destroyed them all Of killyng and driuing away Moles Sotion the Greeke wryteth that you must take a Nut or any like fruite and makyng it hollowe within syll it vp with Chaffe Rosen and Brimstone afterward stoppe the vent holes that the Mole hath in euery place that the smoke breake not out only leauing one open where you shal lay the Nut in such sort as it may receiue the winde on the backe part that may driue the smoke into the Mynes There are also trappes to be made for the destroying of Moles a frame is to be set vp vppon the newe hilles with a peece of wood so hollowe and framed that it may receiue as it were in a sheathe an other peece of wood made in fashion like a knife to this is ioyned an other little sticke that lyeth in the hole and is fastened to a catche without that as soone as the Mole toucheth the sticke within she is taken presently as it were with a payre of sheares Myse are taken yf ye powre into a platter the thickest mother of oyle and set in the house a night as many as come at it are taken also the roote of Bearfoote mingled with cheese bread floure or grease killeth them Tarte and very sharpe vinegre mingled with the iuyce of Henbane and sprinckled vpon the hearbes kylleth the Fleaes or little blacke woormes that be in them No kinde of vermine wil annoy your hearbes yf you take a good sort of Crefyshes and cast them in an earthen vessell with water sufferyng them to woorke abrode in the Sunne for the space of ten dayes and after with their lycour sprinckle your hearbes But I keepe yoâ— to long in this ilfauoured Garden yf it please you we wyll walke into the Orchard adioyning THRA With a very good wyll although the goodly faire colour and sweete sauour of these hearbes and flowres besyde the fayre headges enclosyng it as it were with a gorgeous greene tapestry make me that I could abide here euer MARIVS Both the Garden and the Orchard are inclosed with seuerall hedges and ditches whereby they are defended from hurtfull beastes and vnruly folkes as I tolde you at the fyrst when I began to speake of the enclosyng of Gardens and Orchardes THRA Euery thing liketh me passing wel Good Lord what a pleasant ground what a Paradise is this mee thinkes I see the Orchardes of Alcinous the trees are set checkerwise and so catred as looke which way ye wyl they lye leuel King Cyrus him selfe neuer had better If Lysander had euer seene this Orchard he would haue wondred a great deale more then he dyd at Cyrus his Orchard MARIVS Such gorgeous Gardens and Orchardes as Princes haue I neither desyre nor meane to counterfeyte but vsyng the diligence of a poore Countrey Gardner I builde as they say my walles accordyng to my wealth I framed the order and sette the most part of these trees with myne owne handes folowyng herein the Fathers of the olde tyme who delighted them selues cheefely with this kinde of Philosophie So then as I thinke the Trees and Wooddes to be the greatest commoditie geuen to men for besides the house pleasure that they minister vnto vs the gracious Lorde that is the geuer of all good thinges hath also geuen vs a number of other goodly commodities by them which at the fyrst serued men for foode coueryng clothyng which commodities the very Ethnickes had in estimation But vnto vs that knowe God by whom we haue receiued our preeminence aboue all other creatures which benefyte we ought with thankes to acknowledge the holy Scripture dooth teache a more hygher and mysticall consyderation for before that gracious Lorde had framed man wylling to prouide him of foode and apparrel â–ª he caused
of them there are sundry sortes Almonds and Figge trees must also be set nearer And because there is a naturall freendshippe and ioue betwixt certayne trees you must set them the nearer togeather as the Uine and the Olyue the Pomegranate and the Myrtel On the other side you must set farre a sunder such as haue mutual hatred among them as the Uine with the Filberde the Bay. There are some of them that desyre to stand two and two togeather as the Chestnut the droppinges also doo great hurt of all sortes but specially the droppinges of Okes Pinetrees and Mastholmes Moreouer the shaddowes of diuers of them are hurtfull as of the Walnut tree whose shaddowe is vnholsome for men and Pine tree that kylleth young springes yet they both resist the winde and thereâ—ore are best to be set in the outer sides of the Orchardes as hereafter shal be sayde Of the place and the order perhaps you thinke I haue sayde yenough and looke that I shoulde proceede to the order of plantyng and settyng THRA What tâ—mâ— is the best for plantyng and settyng of trees MARIVS The â—heefest time of plantyng as Florentine sayth is the ende of Sommer for theâ— is nature most occupied about the roote is in the spring about the vpper partes and therefore grafâ—yng is meeresâ— in the Spring and settyng in the ende of Sommer for the plantes are watred all the Winter and therefore it is beâ—t sortyng or plantyng from the settyng of the seuen starres 〈◊〉 the twelft of December In the spring tyme you may sette those thynges that you forgatte before at what season so euer it bâ— looke that you sette them in the afternoone in a fayre westerly winde westerly winde in the wane of the Moone Plinie sayth that this note is of great importance for the encrease of the tree goodnessee of the fruite if the tree be planted in the encrease of the Moone it groweth to be very great but yf it be in the wane it wil be smaler yet a great deale more lastyng THRA But are there more wayes then one of plantyng and setting MARIVS A great sort we plant eyther by graffing setting of the kernell or the stone setting the rootes stockes or slippes grafting betwixt the barke and the tree some are planted in some of these sortes others in all In Babylon as they say onely the leafe sette comes to be a tree fyrst I wyll speake of graffing and then of the rest There are that appoynt but three kindes of graffing betwixt the barke and the wood in the stocke and emplastring or inoculation The fyrst for they call grafting the seconde imbranching the thirde inoculation or imbudding Suche trees as haue thickest barkes and drawe most sappe from the grounde are best graffed betwixt the barke and the wood as the Figge the Chery and the Olyue those that haue thinne ryndes content them selues with lesse moysture as yf the sappe leauing the barke shoulde geather it selfe to the hart as the Orenge tree the Apple tree the Uine diuers others in these it is best to open the stocke and graffe in the wood Some trees are also best graffed vpon other some the Figge that prospereth best vpon the Mulbery stocke and the Plane tree the Mulbery vpon the Chestnut and the Beech the Apple the Peare the Eline and the white Poplar wherin yf you graffe you shal haue your Mulberies white vpon the same stocke are graffed the Peare the Quince the Medlar and the Seruisse the Peare vpon the Pomegranate the Apple the Quince the Mulberie and the Almon. If you graâ—â—e your Peare vpon a Mulbery you shall haue redde Peares the Apple is graffed vppon all Peare stockes and Crabbe settes Wyllowe and Poplar beyng graffed vppon the Qâ—ince it bringeth foorth the fruite whiche the Greekes call Melimela it is also graffed vppon the Plomtree but being graffed vppon the Plane tree it bringeth foorth redde Apples The Medlar being graffed vpon the Thorne the graft groweth to great bignesse but the stocke continues small vppon the Pine tree it bringeth a sweete fruite but not lastyng The Peache graffed in the Thorne or the Beeche groweth to be very fayre and great the Almond and the Peache being ioyned togeather and graffed in the Plumtree wyll beare a Peache with an Almond in the stone The Fylbert wyll onely be graffed in the Wylding not agreeing with any other The Pomegranate delighteth in diuers stockes as in the Wyllowe the Bay the Ashe the Damson the Plome and the Almond vpon all which he prospereth well The Damson groweth very well vpon any kinde of wylde Peare Quince and Apple The Chestnut lyketh wel the Wallnut and the Beeche The Chery refuseth not the company of the Peache nor the Turpentine nor they his the Quince wyll wel be graffed vpon the Barbery the Myrtel vpon the Sallow the Plome vpon the Damson the Almond vpon the Fylbert the Cytron because of his tender tree and thinne rynde wyll scarsely beare any other graffe and therefore contentes him selfe with his owne branche The Uine that is graffed vppon the Chery tree as Florentinus promiseth wyll beare Grapes and graffed vpon the Olyue wyll bring foorth a fruite that bearyng the name of both his parentes is called Elâ—oâ—laphylos In fine all young trees that haue sappe in the barke may be graffed yf it be greater it is best graffing neare the roote where both the barke and the wood by the reason of the nearenesse of the ground are ful of sappe He then that wyll graft eyther in the stocke or betwixt the stocke and the rynde let him geather his graffes from a fruiteful tender tree and full of ioyntes and out of the new spring except he meane to graffe an olde tree when as the sturoyer the graffes be the better they are otherwyse the last shootes of such trees as haue lately borne wyll be the best You must geather them on that side the tree that lyeth vpon the North others lyke better the East side then the shaddowy Virgil forbâ—ddeth those that growe vpon the toppe thinking them better that growes out of the side To be short your graffes must be full of buddes lately growne out smoothe the rynde smoothe good and redy to growe they must be of the last yeeres growth whiche is knowen by the knottes or ioyntes that declare euery yeeres growth beside graffes of all trees are not to be geathered alike for Uines and Figge trees are dryest in the middle partes and take best of the toppe and therefore from thence you must geather your graffes Olyues are fullest of sappe iâ— the middest and the outer partes dryest Those best agree togeather whose ryndes are neerest of nature and doo blossome and beare both about a tyme You must geather your graffes in the wane of the Moone tenne dayes before you graffe them Constantine addeth this reason that it is neede the graffe doo a
little wyther that he may the better be receiued of the stocke You must appoynt your graffing tyme in the spring from Marche when as the buddes doo begin to burgen but not come out although you may graffe the Peare when his leaues be out vntyl May for gâ—affing in rayne is proâ—itable but not for imbranching The Olyue whose springes doo longest budde and haue muche sappe vnder the barke the abundance whereof dooth hurt the graffe must be graffed as Florentine sayth from May tyll Iune Columella would haue the Olyue graffed from the twelfth of March tyll the fyrst or sixth of April and the time of graffing to be the Moone encreasing in the after noone when there bloweth no South winde When ye haue founde a good graffe take your knife being very sharpe and pare it about a three fingers from the ioynt downeward so much as shall be meete to be sette in the stocke that part that is vnder the ioynt not perishing the pith you must cutte with your knife as yf you shoulde make a penne so as the wood with the wood and the barke with the barke may ioyne togeather as iust as may be Whiche beyng done yf you meane to graffe in the stocke you must fyrst sawe it smoothe and then cleaue it in the middest with a sharpe knife about three fyngers and to the ende you may handsomely put in your graffe you must haue a little wedge of wood or iron Plinie thinkes it better of bone whiche wedgâ— when you wil graffe betweene the rynde and the stocke must be made flatte on the one side and rounde on the other and the graffe must be pared also flatte on that side that must stande next the wood takyng alwayes good heede that the pith be not perished the other part must only haue the rynde pulled of whiche after you must set in the cleft or betwixt the barke tyll you see all partes agree togeather Some doo cut the poynt of theyr graffe three square so as two sides are bare and the other couered with his barke and in that sort they vse to graffe in a stocke one against another but it is thought best to graffe no more but one When you haue thus set in your graffe in the stocke plucke out the wedge but here is a great carefulnesse and heede to be vsed And therefore good grafters thinke it best to holde the graffe euen with both handes least in the binding and pulling out of the wedge the graffe be hurt or stande vneuen For auoydyng of whiche some vse for to binde the stocke about and after to put in the wedge the bandes keeping it from openyng to wide The harder they be set in the longer wyll they be eare they beare but wyll endure the better you must take heede therefore that the cleft be not to slacke nor to strayt When you haue thus graffed binde the stocke with a twigge and couer it with Loame wel tempered with Chaffe two fyngers thicknesse and putting Mosse round about it tye it vp so that there come no rayne at it nor be hurt with the Sunne or the Winde This is the order both in the olde tyme and at this day vsed though in Columellas tyme as it appeareth they were not woont to graffe but onely betwixt the barke and the wood for the olde peoâ—le as Plinie wryteth durst not as yet meddle with cleaâ—yng of the stocke at length they presumed to make holes and graffe in the pith and so at last waxed bolde to cleaue the stocke Cato would haue the stocke couered with Clay Chalke mingled with Sand and Oxedoung and so made in morter Sometâ—me they graffe with the toppe of the graft downewarde and they doo it to make a little tree spreade in breadth It is best graffing next the ground yf the knottes and the stocke wyl suffer and â—linie woulde haue the graffe growe foorth not aboue sixe fyngers If you wyll graffe a little tree cutte it neare the ground so as it be a foote and a halfe hye If you woulde carry your graftes farre they wyll longest keepe theyr sappe yf they be thrust into the roote of a Rape and that they wyll be preserued yf they lye betwixt two little guttes runnyng out of some Riuer or Fishpond and be wel couered with earth THRA I doo nowe greatly desyre to heare you say something of emplastâ—ing or inoculaâ—ion that is in graffing with the budde or the leafe whiche you call in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â— which kinde of graffing I see those that are geuen to newe fashions delight much in MARIVS This is no newe maner of graffing but we finde that it was vsed both of the Latines and of the Greekes when takyng of a leafe or little budde with some part of y rynde with hym we graffe it into an other branche from whiche we haue taken as much barke This order Columella saith the husbandes in his dayes were woont to call emplastring or moculation and before Columellas dayes Theophrastus in his booke de causes plantarum dooth shewe the reason of inoculation Plinie dooth say it was fyrst learned of Dawes hydyng of seedes in caues and holes of trees This kinde of graffing as Columella dooth wryte and our Gardners them selues confesse is best to be vsed in sommer about the twelft of Iune yet Didymus sayth he hath graffed in this maner and hath hadde good encrease with it in the spring time And sith it is the dayntiest kinde of graffing it is not to be vsed in all trees but alonely in such as haue a strong a moyst and a sappy rinâ—e as the Olyue the Peache and the Figge which are full of Milke and haue a bigge barke Of that tree that you meane to graffe chouse the youngest and the fayrest branches you can and in them take the budde that is likeliest to growe and marke it rounde about two inches square so as the budde stand euen in the middest and then with a sharpe knife cutte it rounde about and flawe of the rynde takyng good heede you hurt not the budde and take out the peece Afterwards goe to the tree that you meane to graffe on and choose likewyse the fayrest branche and pare away the rynde a little space ioyne in your budde so iust as the ryndes may agree togeather so close as neyther water nor winde may enter in You must looke that you hurt not the wood and that the ryndes be of one thicknesse When you haue this donne binde it vp so as you hurt not the budde then claye it ouer all leauyng libertie yenough for the budde Cut of all the spring that growes about it that there be nothyng left to drawe away the sappe but that it may onely serue the graffe after one and twentie dayes vnlose it and take of your coueryng and you shal see your budde incorporated in the branche of a strange tree Columella speaketh of an other sort of graffing to bore a hole in
yf a man doo geat vpon one acre .xx. s. a yeere it is thought a great matter THRA But the Uine asketh great charges and great trauayle about it and it is subiect to many mishaps as the cold frostes of Winter the blastes burning of Sommer and from the fyrst appearing til the third of May which is the last decretorie day of the Uine the hurt of the colde and frost is feared When it hath scaped this daunger then commeth a greater mischiefe which lightly euery yeere dooth great harme for eyther with blastes in the Dogge dayes or for lacke of rayne the Grapes are wythered and spoyled or els with ouermuch rayne they waxe sowre and not ripe Sundry other mishappes there happen that the Uine is subiect to MARIVS I graunt so is your Corne likewyse for both it asketh great charges and such casualties oft times vndooeth the poore husband For in all kinde of husbandry yf there be not great diligence and good skill imployed there wyl be but small commoditie reaped And especially the Uine requireth great husbandry about it for it is tender and soone harmed and therfore in choyse of the Uineyard there must be good heede and both the nature of the countrey and the disposition of the Heauens to be well consydered Most men plant theyr Uines without any great care or heede of them and when they growe vp vse little diligence in the trimming of them by whiche negligence many times they wyther before they be ripe Others agayne thinke it makes no great matter what grounde they bestowe about it most times lay out for this purpose the worst ground they haue as though it would serue for this plant that wyll serue for no other thyng Some agayne reape all the commoditie they can the fyrst yeeres not prouidyng for farther time and so complaine that their gaynes dooth neyther answeare their trauayle nor their charges whereas in deede their owne folly and negligence is the cause for yf there be diligence and paynes bestowed vpon it as Columella prooueth by many reasons there is no husbandry so profytable as the plantyng of Uines THRA I doo not deny but that there is great profyte in it where the grounde is meete for Uines and not so fitte for Corne otherwyse I thinke the sowing of Corne to be an easier matter and speedyer way to enriche the husband MARIVS Surely as touchyng the easinesse of the husbandry and the greatnesse of the gayne the olde wryters haue euer preferred the Uineyard afore the Corne feelde for as Columella reporteth Siserna wryteth that the labour of one man is sufficient for eyght acres of Uines or at the least for seuen of the encrease I haue spoken before THRA Mary syr at this day one man thinkes three acres too much for him but not to trouble your talke I pray you goe forward with the husbandry of your Uines MARIVS The ordering of the wine bearyng Uines as the sortes of Uines are sundry neyther can they be conteyned in certayne numbers for there is as many sortes as there is of ground Homer geueth the cheefest prayse to the wine of Maronia and Pramnium Virgil most commendeth Rhenishe wine others the wine of Aminea Lamentana Candy and Corsega but I meane to speake of those that are common in our dayes In Italy at this day they make most account of wine of Corsega Romani and Mesina In Spayne they cheefest esteeme wine of S. Martin of Ribodaui and Giberaltar In Fraunce the greatest prayse is geuen to the wine of Orleans Anjou and Greues Germany began but of late to meddle with planting of Uines for Varro wryteth that the Frenchemen and the Germanes had in his tyme both Uines and Olyues but at this day the Rhine the Necker the Mene Mosel and Danow may compare with any Countreys for goodnesse of theyr Uines THRA I see that the Uines are diuersly dressed otherwyse in Italy then in Fraunce and otherwyse in Fraunce then in Germany euery Countrey vsyng his seuerall fasshion MARIVS True for as Plinie after Columella teacheth the Uine may be planted fiue sundry wayes for eyther his branches are suffered to runne in safetie vpon the ground or els without any stay growe vpryght or hauyng a stay or a proppe set for them they climbe vp by it or els runne vp by a couple of suche proppes called of Liuy a yoke or els susteyned with foure of those yokes whiche of the resemblance that they haue with the hollowe gutters of a house are sayde to be guttered others agayne suffered to runne vpon frames lyke Arbers seruyng to sitte vnder and are called Arber vines others runne vp by the walles of houses Moreouer the yoked Uines called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are tyed togeather and ioyned with three or foure proppes as yf they were yoked some doo let them runne vpon trees as commonly in Lumbardy they are suffered to climbe vppon Elmes Wyllowes and Ashes where they greatly prosper neyther doo they like all maner of trees for they hate the Nuttree the Bay the Radishe and the Coll as agayne they loue the Poplar the Elme the Wyllowe the Figge and the Olyue tree The Uines that are yoked or stayed vp with proppes receiue more ayre and beare their fruite the hygher and ryp◠the better but aske more trouble in the lookyng to and these are so ordered that they may be plowed wherby they are the more fruitefull because they may the oftner and with the lesse charge be tylled The Uines that creepe vppon the ground make much wine but not as Columella sayth so good THRA Nowe to your orderyng of them MARIVS Fyrst I wyll speake of the ground and of the diggyng of it and after of the plantyng and cuttyng of them And fyrst you must take for a speciall note that euery Uine wyl not agree with euery place nor yeelde his wine in like goodnesse of suche force is the qualitie of the ayre neyther wyll all kynde of ground serue for Columella dooth counsell to sette the Uine in a wylde ground rather then where Corne or Busshes haue growen for as for olde Uineyardes it is most certayne they are the woorst places of all other to sette newe in because the ground is matted and as it were netted with the remaynes of the olde rootes neyther hath it lost the poyson of the rotten and olde stinkyng rootes wherewith the soyle glutted as it were with venime is benommed And therefore the wylde and vntyld ground is cheefely to be chosen which though it be ouer growen with shrubbes and trees may yet easily be ridde If such wylde ground be not to be had the best is the plaine champion lande without trees yf neyther suche a grounde then the lyght and thinne busshie grounde or Olyue grounde The last and woorst as I sayde is the olde rotten Uineyard which yf necessitie compell you to take you must fyrst ridde the grounde of all the olde rotten rootes and then couer it eyther
and better is the Olyue that is geathered with the bare hand then with gloues there is an olde lawe for Olyues bruse not the Olyue nor beate him Those that passe the reache of the hand must be rather beaten downe with Reedes then Powses the oyle is encreased from the rysing of the Bearward to the sixeteenth of the Kalendes of October after the stone the meate doo growe Of oyle some part serueth for meate and other for the sowpling of the body and therefore as Varro sayth it accompanieth his maister not only to the Bath but also to the Feelde or where so euer he goeth The Olyue whereof you make your oyle must be taken from the ground and yf it be foule must be washed for the drying three dayes is sufficient yf it be frosty weather they must be pressed the fourth day euery fyrst heape must be put in earthen pottes and oyle vessels where with hard and rough stones they are grinded The geathered Olyue yf it lye to long in heapes putrifieth by reason of heate and makes vnsauery oyle Mylles are more handsome for the makyng of oyle then the Trough the Foote for the Mylles may be handled with great discretion the whole store may be raysed or let downe according to the quantitie of the Berry lest the stone which would marre the taste of the oyle should be broken The presses cheefely and the oyle houses ought to be warme for the speedyer runnyng of the oyle which with colde would make the longer stay And sith heate and warmth is so needefull you must prouide that your house lye towarde the Sunne so shall you neede neither flame nor fyre whiche with knoke or soote may corrupt the taste of your oyle The lawes and order of geathering and bestowing of Olyues hath Cato described the maner of preseruing them is declared by Columella whiche were too muche for me to speake at this time THRA Goe on then and let vs heare what you can say of Apple trees whose vse is more commonly knowen vnto vs. MARIVS The Apple called in Latine Pomum in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 There are that put this difference betwixt the Apple and the Nut that what so euer fruite is to be eaten soft without and hard within is an Apple and the contrary a Nut. Pomum generally spoken is to be vnderstoode of all that the Greekes comprehend in the woord 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as Beaches Quinces and Peares wherevnto the Lawyer agreeeth but in this place I speake of Apples according to the common phrase as for Quinces Pomegranâ—tes Turky Plomes I wyll speake of in theyr due places There are such sundry sortes of Apples differing both in shape and sauour as are skarcely to be numbred In the olde time the cheefest Apples were Septians very great and round Martians Claudians Maâ—â—ans and Appians so called of theyr first founders some againe tooke their names of theyr countreys as Camerians and Grecians so others of theyr colours as reâ—de sanguine silken and golden We haue at this day that are cheefe in price the Pippin the Romet the Pomeroyal the Marâ—â—gold with a great number of others that were too long to speake of There is but one maner of plantyng and graffing of them all sauing that the Peache the Lemon the Ahrecoct the Quince and the Cytron which are all of Dioscorides accounted in the number of Apples require a little more diligent care as shal be sayde hereafter then the others for they are al both planted and graffed the maner of an Impe Garden Cato describeth Apple trees are set eyther in February or in March or yf the countrey be hotte and dry in October and Nouember But al kindes of Apples doo better prosper by graffing and inoculation or imbudding as I sayd before about March or April or at what time so euer the sappe be in the rinde They are also graffed by implastâ—yng about the tenth of Iune though some as they say haue had good successe in dooing it after the entrance of the Sunne into Aries as I haue sayde before where I spake of implastring and graffing The Apple is commonly graffed vpon the Crabbe stocke or vpon the Bramble being fyrst planted and the yeere after cutte of wâ—thin a foote of the earth vpon this stocke you may graffe as I sayd the tender young graffes of any Apples Palladius sayth you may graffe the Apple vpon the Perry the Hawthorne Plome tree Seruisse tree Peache Plane tree Poplar Wyllow and Peare but in suche difference of countreys we can set downe no certayne order for them all and therefore as farre as myne owne experience and the knowledge that I haue learned of others wyll stretche I wyll gladly shewe you There are that accordyng to the olde order doo graffe the Apple eyther vppon a wylde Perry or vppon a Quince whereof they haue a most excellent fruite called of the olde wryters Melimela If you graffe vppon the Plane tree you shall haue a redde fruite you may also wâ—ll graffe your Apple vpon the Damson tree and yf you graffe vpon the Cytron you shall haue them beare as Diophanes sayth fruite almost all the yeere long The Apple loueth a fatte and a good ground well watred rather by nature then by industry In mountayne countreys they must alwayes be set toward the South it prospereth well yenough so it be something holpen with the Sunne neyther doo they refuse eyther rough or marrishe groundes A leane and a barrayne soyle bringeth out woorme eaten and fallyng fruite the noysome woormes are destroyed with Hogges doung mingled with mans vrine and powred vpon the rootes And yf the tree be very full of woormes being scraped downe with a brasen scraper they neuer come againe yf the place whence you scraped them be rubbed ouer with Bullockes doung some adde vnto vryne Goates doung and powre vpon the rootes the lees of old wine The tree that is sicke or prospereth not is holpen being watred with Asse doung and water sixe dayes they must be often watred at the setâ—yng of the Sunne tyll the spring be come out Plinie wryteth that the water wherin Lupines hath been sodde powred vpon the tree dooth the fruite good They say yf the tree be much watred with vrine the fruite wylbe redde Others agayne set vnder theyr trees Roses thinking thereby to haue theyr Apples redde Apple trees as I saide before must be set euery sort by them selues as Columella biddeth lest the small trees be hurt of the great because they be not all of one growth nor strength Beside you must set them very thinne that they may haue roome to shoote out their branches for yf you sette them thicke they wyll neuer beare well and therefore you must set them fourtie or at the least thyrtie foote a sunder the Apple declareth his ripenesse by the blacknesse of his kernelles They are geathered after the fourteenth of September or there about according to theyr kinde and not before the
that you demaunde more then I promised yet since you force me I wyll not refuse it least you shoulde thincke I would fayle you in any thing As touching Woods Ancus Martius as Petrus Crinitus wryteth was the fyrst in Rome that euer dealt in them the olde Fathers had alwayes a speiall regarde of Wooddes wherefore Virgil sayth Yf that of Woods I frame my song Woods vnto Princes doo belong Yf that of Woods I lyst to singâ— Woods may full well beseeme a King. It was ordayned by the Romanes that the Consuls shoulde haue the charge of the Woods that there shoulde no Tymber be wanting for bulding of Houses and Shyppes and other Tymber woorkes both publique and priuate The state of Venis at this day obserueth the same order poynting a priuate officer for their Wooddes who hath in charge as well to see to the yeerly planting of theÌ„ as to let that there be wanting no Tymber for their necessary vses The Wood that you tolde me you passed by is of Okes Beeches and other Mast trees some part seruing for Tymber and other for Fewell Of these therefore wyll I fyrst beginne to speake and then of Olyue Groues and Wyllowes some of them be wylde and grow of them selues not needing any looking to but suche as dayly experience shewes are nothing so good as those that are planted Wooddes and Forestes doo cheefely consist of Oke Beeche Fyrre tree Byrche Pine Pitch tree Mastholme Corke wylde Olyue Medlar Crabbe tree Iuniper Cornel and Pyrry other Wooddes haue other trees according to the nature of the ground The great Wood of Harteswald in Germany as it runneth through diuers Countreys beareeth in some place onely Oke in others Beeche in others Fyrres The Forest of Arderne for the most part beareth Oke Montisicello Larshe Fyrre Cornel and Tamarice Monte. D S. Cothardo great abundance of Chestnut trees These wylder sort though they growe of them selues may yet well be planted yf you haue meete grounde of the Acorne and the berry eache of them liketh some one kinde of ground better then an other as fyrst Theophrastus and after Plinie hath declared In the mountaines delighteth the Fyrre tree the Cedar the Larsh the Pitche tree and such as beare Rosyne as also the Holme the Terebinth the Chestnutte the Mastholme the Oke the Beeche the Iuniper the Cornel and the Dogge tree though some of these also prosper well yenough in the playne The Fyrre the Oke the Chestnutte the Fyrrebeech the Mastholme and the Cornel growe aswell in the Ualley as on the Mountayne vpon the playnes you shal haue the Tamarix the Elme the Poplar the Wyllowe the Hasel the Wallnutte the Hornebeame the Maple the Ashe and the Beeche You shall not lightly see the Plome tree the Apple the wylde Olyue nor the Wallnutte vppon the Mountayne all suche as growe as well in the playne as vppon the Mountayne are larger and fayrer to the eye growing in the playne but are bâ—tter for Tymber and fruite vppon the Mountayne except the Peare and the Apple as Theophrastus sayth In marrishe ground delighteth the Wyllowe the Alder the Poplar and the Priuey And although the most Wooddes doo spring of their owne nature and accord yet are they by planting labour and diligence brought to be a great deale more fayre and fruitefull for as afore I told you howe fruite trees were nourished and brought vp in Impe Gardens so are these wilde and fruitelesse trees set and planted for Tymber and Fewell He that is disposed to plant a Woodde must fyrst according to his soyle choose his sets and yf he haue them not springing of his owne let him make an Impe Garden of the seedes enclosing well the grounde with Hedge Rampyre or Dytch lest Shepe Goates or any other cattell come in to byte and brouse it for what so euer they haue once bitten as yf it were infectted with a deadly poyson perisheth and therefore those that meane to plant Woods eyther for Tymber Fewell or Mast must carefully prouide agaynst these hurtfull enimies The country lawes haue therein well prouided that where suche springes are they shall feede no Goates nor such cattell Amongest the Mast trees and suche as serue for Tymber the fyrst place of right belongeth to the Oke called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Quercus â— in Italian â—uercia in Spanish Roble â— in French Chesne in Dutch Eichenbaum he that wyll then plant an Oke Grone must prouide him of ripe Acornes not ouer dryed nor feutâ—e or any way corrupted these must he sow in good ground well tylled with as great carefulnesse as he plantes his Orchard and well enclose it that there come no cattell in it which when they be something growen you must about February remooue to the place where you entende to plant your Wood yf you cutte proyne them it is thought they wyl prosper the better for Mast but yf you reserue them for Tymber you must not touche the tops that it may runne vp the straighter and higher In remoouing them you must make your trenches a foote and a half deepe couering the rootes well with earth taking good heede you neyther bruse them nor breake them for better you were to cutte them The Oke agreeth wel yenough with all maner of grounde but prospereth the better in Mâ—rshes warry places it groweth almost in al groundes yea euen in grauell and sande except it be ouer dry it liketh worst a fatte ground neyther refuseth it the Mountayne We haue at this day and Oke in Westphalia not farre from the Castell of Altenam whiche is from the foote to the neerest bowe one hundred and thyrty foote and three elles in thicknesse and an other in an other place that being cutte out made a hundred Wayne lode not farre from this place there grewâ— an other Oke of tenne yardes in thicknesse but not very hie the Rouers in Garmany were woont to vse for theyr Shyps hollowed trees whereof some one as Plinie sayth would carry thyrtie men The next amongst the Mast trees is the Beech in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Fagus in Italian Faggio in Spanishe Haya in Frenche Faus in Dutch Buchen planted almost after the same maner that the Okes be The Mastholme in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Hex in Italian where it is better knowen â—liâ—e in Spanishe Enzina in Frenche Haussen it groweth hye yf it haue a ground meete for it it prospereth vppon hilles and likes not the playne it beareth Acornes lesser then the Acornes of the Oke a leafe like a Bay and is continually greene The like hath the Corke tree in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â— in Latine Suber in Spanishe Alcornoque in Frenche Liege whiche is counted amongst those that beare Mast the barke whereof we occupie for the flotes of our fisshing nettes and in Pantofels for Winter all other trees sauing only the Corke yf you spoyle them of their barke doo dye An other
come in here into this Arber MARIVS Come let vs goe Soli Deo laus gloria per Christum Iesum The ende of the second Booke ¶ The third Booke of feeding breeding and curing of Cattell Hippoconus Euphorbus Hedio Eumaeus THAT the breeding and feeding of Cattell is a part of husbandry and neare ioyned in kinrede to the tylture of the ground not onely appeareth by Virgil the prince of Poets who hath in his Georgicks throughly set foorth the order thereof but also by the witnesse of the more auncient Philosophers Xenophon Aristotle The like dooth our common experience at home dayly teache vs for albeit that trade of tyllage keeping of cattel is diuers and the maner of occupying many times contrary the one to the other as where the grasyer and breeder requireth a ground full of grasse and pasture the husbandman on the other side a ground without grasse and well tytled yet in these theyr diuers desyres there appeareth a certayne felowship and mutuall commoditie redounding in their occupying of one the other which Fundanius in Varro dooth seeme by an apt comparison to prooue as in a couple of Shalmes or Recorders sayth he the one differeth in sound from the other though the musicke and song be al one the one sounding the Treble the other the Base in like maner may we terme the grasyers trade the Treble and the tylâ—ers occupation the Base folowing Dicaearchus who reporteth that at the beginning men liued onely by breeding and feeding of cattell not hauing as yet the skil of plowing and tylling y ground nor planting of trees Afterwardes in a lower degree was found out the maner of tylling of the ground and therefore beareth the Base to the feeder in that it is lower as in a couple of Recorders the Base to the Treble So this vsing to keepe cattell for plowing caryage dounging of our ground and other commodities and on the oâ—her side to tyll the ground for feeding and mayntenance of our cattell it comes to passe that though the maner of occupying in tyllage and keeping of cattell be diuers yet one of them so serueth the turne of the other that as it seemeth they can not well be a sunder for without the seruice of Horse and Oxen we can neyther plow nor doung our ground and Chaffe Straw and other offal of Corne is meete to be spent vpon the ground then to be solde both for the Farmers behoofe and the lordes and better bestowed vpon the houshold cattell then vpon the forreyners Besides the doung of the cattel enricheth the ground and bringeth great encrease and whereas there is no place as Columella sayth but in the tyllage of their ground they haue as muche neede of cattell as men the cattell serue not onely for the tylling of the grounde but also to bring in Corne to beare burdens carry doung for the grounde and also for breede and encrease of the stocke whereby they haue their name iumenta of helping because they helpe and further vs eyther in our labours by plowing or bearing Neyther is it onely sufficient to nourishe and bring vp this kinde of great cattell called iumenta but also the other lesser sort of beastes as Sheepe Swyne Goates and of foules Geese Peacocks Duckes Pigeons Hennes Chickinnes and other poultry and thinges belonging to husbandry wherewith the good husband beside his owne sustenance maketh great gayne and yf the ground be for it and Pales fauourable there aryseth oftentimes as great profyte as in sowing of Corne and that with smaller charges For a proofe that feeding is gainefull the woordes pecunia money and peculium substance or richesse being both deriued from the Latine name of cattels may very well serue for in the olde time they vsed their cattell in steade of money and theyr common penalties fines taken in cattell the greatest was thyrtie Oxen two Sheepe euery Oxe valued at .v. s. vi d. and euery Sheepe at .vi. d. the smalest was a Sheepe the very like is yet obserued with the noblest and warlikest people whose substance lyeth altogeather in cattell Cato being once asked by what part of husbandry a man might soonest be made riche made aunswere by great grasing and being asked agayne whiche way he might geat sufficient liuelihood he aunswered by meane grasyng Moreouer that the woorthynesse and first originall of keeping of cattell is of greatest antiquitie and that the trade thereof hath alwayes from the time of the Patriarkes hitherto been counted most honest as well the scriptures as prophane histories doe witnes which kinde of life how acceptable it hath alwayes beene to God by those that liued in the first worlde doth plainly appere The scripture sheweth how graciously the Lorde accepted the sacrifice of Abel a keeper feeder of sheepe besides Seth Noe Abraham Loth Iacob Iob Amos. Holly and blessed men are commended for keeping and feeding of Cattell whereby atteyning to greate wealth they sustayned them selues their wiues their Children and their huge families The Sonnes of Iacob when as they were demaunded by the kynge of Egipt what maner of life they ledde made aunswere that they were feeders and keepers of Cattell from which trade Lot Morses Saule and Dauid were by the will of God aduaunced to the Crowne As amonge the Gentiles the most auncient and famous Princes were some of them brought vp by Sheaperds som sheaperds them selues Romulus Cyrus being mighty Emperours were brought vp amonge sheaperdes Besides Galerius Maximinus Constantine Probus Aurelianus came all from the Oxstall to the Imperiall Seate Homer commendeth â—lâ—sses his swinherd for his greate valiance and noblenes That the valyant and noblest people haue professed this trade the Italians Germanes and Swytzers can testifie whose Countryes being now growne to more delicaâ—ye then they were wont to be were wonted alwayes when their doinges were most famous to glory and vaunt them selues of this life as at this day the Goodlyest and wysest dooe And therefore the auncient writers as wel Greekes as Latyns doo count the chefest wealth to bee in the numbers of sheepe Cattell and Fruite for which estimacion the Cattell were supposed to bee cladde in Golden Coates whence sprange first the fable of the Golden fleese of Colchos which Iason and his companions attempted to fetch of the Golden apples kept by the daughters of Atlas Besides the signes of Heauen the seas Mountaines Countreyes doo beare their names of Beastes among the 〈…〉 the Bull the mountayne Taurus and the 〈…〉 tooke his name of Calues Moreouer the 〈…〉 the worthier in that it hath some resemblance of the 〈…〉 gouernour and therefore the Prophets in their Oracles and Poetes in their verses doo often times call kinges and princes by the names of shepheardes and feeders of the people Yea the LORD of the whole world dooth call him selfe a shephearde Since it appeareth by these examples of what worthynesse keeping of cattell is and how neare it is linked
placed as it may alwayes be in the masters eye and to be lightsome least the Horse being vsed to the dark his eye dasel at the light Some thinke they will be the gentler if they be vsed to the light and the fayrer if they haue the sunne at his rysing in somer time let as mutch ayre come to them both day and night as you can In winter your stable should rather be warme then hot and therfore your stable must stand toward the south but so as the windowes may open toward the North which being kept shut in winter may be warme opened in somer you may let in the coole ayre EVPH. The like we vse in our oxe stalles HIPPO Besides whereas the bodies of Cattell haue nede of rubbing as well as mens bodyes for many times it doth the Horse as much good to be stroked downe the backe with your hand as to feede him The Horse is to be continually curryed in the morning at night and after his labour In currying of them we must begin at the head and the necke for it is a vaine thing to make cleane the lower partes and leaue the other foule It is good also to obserue due times for his feeding his watering his trauayle Thus much of his exercise Now followeth to speake of his dyet and because we haue spoken before of his pasture we must also say sumwhat of his other feding The better a man would haue his Horse to proue the better must he looke to his meate for the good feeding the country people say is a great helpe to the goodnesse of the Horse If the Horse be young as I said before of Coltes he must be fed with grasse chaffe and hay if he be elder and mete to trauaile his foode must be the dryer as Chaffe Barley Oates and Hay Chaffe doth not so well nourish by reason of y drynesse but it keepes the body in good plight and because hard meate is hardest of digestioÌ„ it is therefore to be geuen to those that labour The stocke or studde must be pastured in large pastures and marshes as also vpon mountaines and hilly groundes but euer well watred not dry rather champion then woddy and rather soft sweete grasse then hye and flaggy if y pasture be too short they sooner weare their foreteeth are toothlesse before their full age And where as euery kind of Creature is naturally moyst a Horse ought cheefely whether he be young or old to be fed with moist pasture for y better conseruatioÌ„ of his natural temprature Some would haue you in no wise to geue your Horse grasse in the spring time but in Iune or the fall of the leafe they would haue you geue them grasse with the deaw vppon it and in the night season Oates Barly Hay Howbeit in y colder couÌ„treys in Germany France England where the pasture is very good they doubt not to skowre their Horses with greene grasse and weedes of the meddowes and in the chotter countryes they doo the like with greene blades of wheate or barly Sâ—me vse to geue theÌ„ Aples shared in peeces to skoure theÌ„ withal thus much of skouring of Horses Generally who so euer will haue his Horse helthy and aâ—le to endure trauaile let him feede his Horse with Oates mingled with chaffe or strawe so shall he be temperatly well fed and yf so he labour much geue him the more Oats His meate must be geuen him as some thinke best in a lowe manger set so lowe as they are forced to eate their meate with some difficultie or trauaile which they say is to make them bend their neckes by which excercise both the head and the neck groweth bigger and they wyll be the easier to be bridled besides they wyll be the stronger by reason of the hard setting of the forefeete Howbeit in some places they vse hie standing mangers after what sort so euer they be they must alwayes be kept clene and well swept before you cast in their meate Their prouender though diuers Horscorsers that liue by sale of Horse do feede them with sodden Rie or beanemeale sodde pampering them vp that they may be the fayrer to the eye yet is it not good â—oode to labour with The best prouender that is is Oates and for defâ—wâ—e of them Barly you must beware you geue them neyther Wheate Ric or any dry pulse their prouender must be geuen them rather often litâ—ell then once or twyse a day in greate porcâ—ons least you gluâ—te them therewith they are vsed to be fed comonly â—iue times a day when they stand in the stable keeping an equall number of houres betwene y times when they trauaile you may geue them meate seldomer but in greater quantitie yf their iournies be long they must haue prouender besides in the night alwayes remembryng as I said that you glâ—â—â—e them not The better a Horse feedeth the better wyll he labour you must also beware that you geue him no prouender neyther Oates nor Barly after any great labour till he be thorowe colde notwithstanding you may geue him a little hay to coole his mouth The hay must be sweete and wel made and 〈◊〉 shaken before it be cast in the racke and specially seene too that there be no feathers of any fowle amongest it If the 〈…〉 very hotte after his labour let him be well couered and softly walked tyll he be colde before you set him vp when he is sâ—â— vp 〈◊〉 him well leâ—â—t the coldnesse of the ground stâ—â—ke into him in any wyse washe him not when he is hot but when he is through colde water him and washe him wiping him dry when you bring him in If the Horse forsake his meate some vse to stampe Garlike and Pepper and to geue it him rubbing his teeth well till his stomacke come to him some would haue a cloute wette in salt water tyed vpon a sticke and thrust into his Iawes In watring you must looke well vnto him for as Aristotle saith beastes doo feede and are nourished the betâ—eâ— yf they be well watred Horses and Camels do loue best to drinke a thicke troubled water in so much as yf y water be cleare they wyl trouble it with their â—ecte For the most Bullockes againe desire a fayre cleare water and 〈◊〉 The same Aristotle also affirmeth that a Horse may suffer thyrstâ— 4. dayes without drinke Varro wylles you to water your Horses twyse a day which order we obserue that is once in the morning and againe in the afternone but in winter yf they drinke but once a day it suffiseth before you water him he must be well rubbed and then ledde into the water vp to the knees specially yf he be leane yf he be fatte he may goe the deâ—per Notwithstanding there are some that holde opinnion they ought not to goe so deepe as their stones touche the water specially if the Horse be young After Marche the
at any time you shal thus remedy theÌ„ wash al the foote with warme water afterward make them cleane with a sharp knife which when you haue done take old chamber lye as hot as may be melt therin Goates suet or if you haue not y Oxe tallow anoint al the feete til they be hole EVPH. They say that betwixt an Asse a Mare is gotten the Moyle as a third kinde of two sundry kinde neyther resembling the father nor the mother HIPPO It is very true as of the shee Asse the Horse is engendred the shee Moyle but altogeather stubborne vnreasonable dul Also of the Mare the wyld Asse being broken are bredde Moyles that runne passing swyâ—tly are wonderful hard hoofed but rugged of their body mischeuous stomaked yet easie to be handled the Mares for breede must not be vnder foure yeeres nor aboue ten they are faied in the twelfth moneth as Horses and Asses are as Aristotle saith but Columella sayth their foling time is not before the .13 moneth The female conceaueth as experience teacheth assuredly after the seuenth day the male doth neuer better horse theÌ„ wheÌ„ he is most tired She that conceaueth not before she hath cast her coltes teeth is taken to be barraine as she likwise that takes not at the first horsing Those that are gotten betwixt a Horse an Asse in olde time were called Neyars such as were brought forth betwixt an Asse a Mare they called Moyles The Moyles them selues they say doo neuer ingender yf at any time they did it was taken for monstrous accounting the cause of their barrâ—nnesse y contrarietie of their kinds which matter a long time troubled both Aristotle the rest of the Philosophers Though Aristotle hath other where written that Moyles doo both ingender bring forth and with him agreeth Theophrastus affirming y in Capadocia they do coÌ„monly bring forth ingender of themselues The like doth Varro before him Dionysius and Mago affirme that the breeding of Moyles in the countreys of Aâ—fryk is neyther monstrous nor geason but as common as our breede of Horses but the Moyle is both fayrer and better stomaked that is begotten of an Asse and a Mare The Stallion that you meane to haue for your race of Moyles must be as fayre as you can geat hauing onely this regarde that he be large of body bigge necked broade and strong ribbed large and brawâ—y brested his thyghes full of synowes and his legges well knitte of colour blacke and spotted for Asses though they be commonly dunne yet that colour agreeth not well with a Moyle some say that what colour you would haue your Moyle to be with that coloured cloke you must couer your Asse The Asse so proportioned as I haue declared that you meane to appoynt for your Stallion you must strayghtwayes take from his damme put him to some Mare that hath a Colt sucking of her you shall easely deceiue the Mare by setting her in a darke place remouing her owne Colt from her and putting to her in steede therof the Asses Colt which she wyll nurse as her owne Afterwards when the Mare hath been vsed to it a tenne dayes she wyl continually after y time geue it sucke The Asse being in this order brought vp wyll better acquaint him selfe with the Mares sometimes though he be sucked only with his owne damme being brought vp when he is young amongst Mares wyl wel yenough keepe company with them as Columella sayth but our Asses are of themselues desyrous yenough of the Mares that they neede not to be trayned to the matter for it is a woonderful Coltishe beast vnreasonably weapned He must not be lesse theÌ„ three yeeres olde wheÌ„ he couereth your Mares which must be in the spring time when you may well feede him with grasse good store of Oates Barly neyther must you put him to a young Mare for if shee haue not been horsed before she wil so beate her woer y she wil make him like the worse as long as he liueth for remedy wherof you must at y first put to the Mare a vilder Asse y may woe her before but not suffered to Horse her when you perceaue y shee is Horsing away with y raskall put to your Stalion A place fitte for this purpose the countrey people as Columella saith were woont to haue which they called a frame or a brake with two rayles on both sides a little distance betwene y the Mare can not striue nor turne from y Horse the lower part inclosed and the Mare standing lowe so the Asse may the better leape her hauing the vpper ground for his helpe which when shee hath conceaued at the twelue months end brought forth the yeere after she must be suffered to run emptie that she may the better bring vp her Colte The she Moyle being a tweluemonth old must be taken from the dam let run vpon mountaynes or wylde places for the hardning of his hoofes the better enduring of labour for the Male is y better for burden the Female the quicker and liuelier both the kindes doth trauayle wel tyll the ground if the plowman be not vnreasonable or the grounde so stiffe as it requireth a drawght of Oxen or Horse They wil leaue striking and kicking if you vse to geue them wine as Plinie reporteth who likewyse writeth that a Moyle wil liue fourescore yeeres EVPH. Since you haue begunne with trauayling beastes what can you say of the Cammell HIP. The Camell is cheefely vsed in the East partes which some suppose to be the seruisablest cattel for man that is as it were therevnto only framed for he is bumbast vpon y backe for bearing of burdens Also he hath foure knees where as the Horse the Asse such others haue but two for his hinder legges bowe forward as a mans knees doth wherwith he kneeleth to receiue his burden There are two kindes of them y Bactrian and the Arabian the Bactrian haue two bunches vpoÌ„ their backes and the Arabian but one the other on their brest to leane vpoÌ„ both sortes of them lacke their teeth aboue as y Bullocke doth they al serue in those countries for burden to carry men in y wars they are as swyft as Horses but some a greate deale more then others neyther wyll they breake their pace nor carry more burdens then they are vsed to they beare a naturall hatred to the Horse and can forbeare drinke for foure dayes he drinkes when he may both for that is past and to come troubling the water before with his foote otherwyse he delighteth not in it he is fed beside his pasture and such thinges as he gettes in the woodde with Oates or Barly Salt he engendreth backward as the Elephantes Tygers Lions Connies and such other whose instrumentes grow backward when they meane to goe to rutte they seeke the secretest and
be aboue eyght yeeres is not to be kept for shee then becometh barraine Those which want hornes as in the male kindes of all others be the best for the horned by reason of theyr weapons are hurtful and vnruely Besides the female of such as lacke hornes doo geue alwayes greater plentie of milke but Columella as he commenâ—eth the Pollardes in a temperate and milde countrey so in a boysterous and a stormie region he would haue them horned Such as haue hornes doo shewe their age by the cirkels of their hornes it is thought that they see as well by night as by day and that they alwayes lay theyr faces turned one from the other and in that order also feede Cold as it is sayde is very hurtfull to this kinde of cattell specially to those that be with young as likewyse the extreame heate The witte of this beast Nutianus reporteth he once had experience of wheras a couple of them chaunced to meete vppon a very long and narrow brydge and the straightnesse woulde not suffer them to turne and to goe backwarde blindfolde in suche a strayght considering the swyftnesse of the streame vnder them was more vnpossible the one of them lying downe the other passed ouer his body Varro doth commend sundry little flockes kept seuerall then greate flockes togeather vsing for example one Gaâ—erijus because a great flocke is sooner subiect to the murrine thinking fyfty to be yenough for one flocke Columella also affirmeth that there ought not to goe aboue one hundred of them togeather whereas of Sheepe he alloweth a thousand in one flocke The byting or brusing of them is poyson to all kinde of trees and therefore were they in olde time sacrifysed to Bacchus because they were so hurtfull to Uines Theyr stables Columella would haue to stand vpon a stony ground or els to be paued for this beast needeth nothing vnder him but a fewe bowes when he lyeth abroade the shepheard must often sweepe and make cleane their houses not suffering any doung or moysture to remayne in them that may be hurtfull to the flocke for as I sayde before they are seeldome without feuers and much subiect to the pestilence And whereas other cattel when they haue the Murrayne amongst them as soone as they be infected beginne to languishe and pine away onely these Goates as soone as they be taken though they be neuer so lusty to looke vpon suddenly fall downe togeather and dye as thicke as hayse whiche disease dooth cheefely happen by too muche ranknesse of pasture And therefore as soone as you perceaue one or two of them fall downe let the whole flocke blood with as much speede as you may and suffer them not to feede all the day but shutte them vp the foure middle houres of the day Yf they be diseased with any other sicknesse you must geue them the rootes of Reedes and of the great white Thystle stamping them with iron Pestels and strayned with rayne water let them drinke it and yf so be this medecine heale them not your best wyl be to sell them or to kyll them and pouder them and when you bye newe bring them not home too hastâ—ly tyll the disposition of the ayre be altered If they fall seuerally sicke cure them in such sort as you do your Sheepe Florentinus saith yf you stampe with water the Guysard of the Storke and geue them to drinke a spoonefull a peece it preserueth both Sheepe and Goate from al murrayne and pestilence If their bellyes be swelled with water which the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Dropsey yf the skâ—nne be laâ—mâ—ed a little vnder the shoulder it lets out the hurtfull matter and you may heale the sore with Tarre EVPHOR You haue for your part very well satisfyed vs touchyng the good ordâ—â—yng of your cattel there remaynes yet one thyng for you whiche we all forgate to speake of and that is the orderyng of Mylke our cheefest foode and sustenaunce HEDIO Seeing that of this cattell whereof I haue enâ—treated the profyte of the Milke is not small it is no great reason we shoulde ouerpasse the orderiâ—g of the same â—or Milke as Varro sayth of all liquid thinges wherewith we seede is the greatest nourisher Milke differeth in goodnesse â—ecording to the nature of the beastes that geue it as the Milke of Women of Kine Sheepe Goates Asses Mares and Cammeâ—s the greatest nourisher is Womans milke the next Goates milke whereby the Poets faine that their god Iupiter him selfe was nursed with Goates milke the sweetest next to Womans milke is the Cammels milke the holesomest is Asses milke the Asse as soone as she is with Colt geueth milke the Cowe neuer tyll she haue Calued most comfortable to the stomacke is Goates milke because he rather feedeth on bruttes and bowes then vpon grasse Cowe milke is most mede â—mable and most of al looseth the belly Sheepes milke is sweeter and nourisheth more but is not so good for the stomacke by reason it is fatter and grosser All milke that is milked in springtime is watrisher then the milke of sommer as likewise is the milke of young cattell it is holsomest being sodden specially with the Prebbles of the Sea. The Sheepe about Poncus neare to the Ryuer Astace doo geue as Plinie sayth blacke milke All milke generally as Dioscorides wryteth is of good nourishment but fylleth the stomacke and the belly with winde that whiche is milked in the spring is thinnest but looseth the belly most The difference of milke is taken as Varro sayth of the pastures the nature of the cattell and the milking Of the pasture when the caâ—tell is fedde with Barlye Strawe and all other hard and drye meates and this greatly nourisheth For purging of the belly the grasse pastures specially where the cattell feede of purging hearbes as Cardamus in his booke de plantis teacheth that yf you wyll purge Melancholy you must feede your mylche Goaâ—e or Asse with Polipodi and for all other humours Sene for the Dropsie with Spurge or Agarick for cleansyng of the blood with Fumitorie or Hoppes and yf you wyll but only loose the belly with Mercury or Mallowes so farre Cordanus Our countreymen doo cheefly commend for milke the pastures where groweth Spery and Clauergrasse and that is all bedeckt with yellowe flowres For the cattel the difference is betwixt the sicke and the healthy the young and the olde and for the milking that is best that is not long kept after the milking nor that is milked immediatly vpon the Caluing a grosse vnholsome kinde of milke To trye whether milke be mingled or not you shall take a sharp Rushe and putting it into the milke let it droppe from thence vppon your nayle and yf the droppe runne abroade it is a signe there is water in it yf it keepe togeather it shewes it to be pure and good Of milke is made Butter whose vse though it be cheefely at this day among the Fleminges
When you haue thus after his thyrst killed him you shal eyther skalde hym with water or with a flame made with strawe or stickes syng him for the maner of such as flea him I lyke not After that hangyng him vp by the heeles you shall plucke out his bowels and put them to dressing his fleshe being cold hard you shall lay vppon a table and cutting out the head the gammon and the fleetches pouder them with salt thrusting greate store thereof in euery place specially where the bones be that donne put it into your pouldring tubbe strowing salt yenough vnder it some would haue you salt in the wane of the Moone Before you pouder it you must presse and drye out al the blood and the water Some before they salt it doo plucke out the bones thinking it the best way for preseruing it and to keepe it longest sweete Others agayne doo not strayghtwayes put it into the pouldering tubbe but doo leaue it vppon a table for ten dayes after and then hang it vp in a pure ayre to drye in the larde And when it hath ben dryed in the winde certaine dayes by little and little they let the smoke come to it and afterwards more abundantly The Bacon wyll be the sweeter yf beside the smoke the winde may come to it yf you hang it in greaâ—e smoke at the fyrst it wyl be rustie Dydimus sayth that the Bacon wyl long continue sweete yf after the dressing cooling and drying it be hanged vp in shaddowy and moyst places rather toward the North then toward the South and that it wyll be sweeter yf it be couered with Snowe and Chaffe the tubbâ—s that you poulder in must be such as haue had Oyle in rather then those that haue had Uineger Although I haue before spoken of the woorthynesse and antiquitie of shepheardes and heardsmen yet must I here say that it is in vayne to meddle with the ordering and keeping of cattell except you haue handsome and skilful men that may take the charge For the knowledge of keeping of cattell hath a discipline wherin a man must from his very Chyldehood be brought vp and surely it is meete that the husband or Bayliffe haue ben brought vp or trayned in all these trades and to come by degrees to his maisters pryze As from a swyneheard to a shepheard from a shepheard to a netheard c. And most true it proueth in this that commeth to passe in all other gouernmentes that such are best able to take charge of gouernment that passing by degrees and offices haue from being vnder gouernment come to gouerne them selues for though where the flocke is but small and feeding not farre of is brought home euery day Chyldren and young folkes are able to serue the turne yet where the flockes be great and must be kept night and day in Forestes and wylde feeldes as I sayd before of the flockes that wintred in Appulia and sommered in the mountaynes of Kiete here I say the shepheards must both be men of lusty age strengh and diligence as also skilfull in that belongeth to theyr office for neyther old men nor chyldren are able to endure the hardnesse of clyming the hilles nor the sharpnesse of the cold mountaynes which they must alwayes doo that follow theyr flockes specially they that keepe Bullockes and Goates that delight to feede vpon Rockes and Clyues You shal se on the mountaines of Swycherland great goodly fellowes furnished in warlike maner to followe their heardes and flockes and to lodge in the wylde desartes farre from the company of men and there also to make both Butter and Cheese wherfore such as are meete to take charge in these places must be light swyft well limmed and not only wel able to followe their flockes but if neede be to defend them from wyld and rauening beastes to lyft great burdens to followe the chase and to be good archers in fine such a one as Homer doth make his EVMEVS to be And therefore the olde husbandes in hyring of a shepheard did alwayes couenant among others that he should be sound of body and limme and free from filching and theft In Slauony the heardsmen doo vse to haue theyr wyues abrode with them as companions of theyr iourney to dresse their meate such things as they neede suche thinges as are for the health of his beastes the shepheard must alwayes haue in a redynesse Varro would haue him both for this purpose for the better order of his reckoninges with his maister to wryte and reade Of the number of the heards men how many euery flocke ought to haue is to be measured by the countrey and kinde of the cattell The same Varro alloweth for euery foure score Goates one shepheard which Atticus alloweth to a hundred to euery fyftie Mares two men in our countrey one shepheard suffiseth for a hundred or two hundred Sheepe yea many times for three hundred and aboue specially where they be euery day brought home One swyneheard wil keepe twentie or thirtie Hogges or more if the ground be thereafter the lyke for Bullockes and Kine For Horses we seeldome haue heardsmen but euery man keepeth them at home eyther in stables or pastures not commonly exceedyng the number of twentie In what order you shall feede your cattel eyther in Sommer or in Winter and when towardes the South and when to the West I haue tolde you before The Dogge though the Lawyer alloweth him not in the number of cattel and though he yeeldes of him selfe no profyte yet is he as the shepheard for his trustinesse watching of the flocke to be esteemed and set by for they haue been seene to fight in the defence quarell of their maister Yea diuers of them haue been knowen after their maisters death vppon great affection and loue to famishe themselues wherevpon the price of good Dogges grewe to be very great It is written that Alcibiades gaue for one Dogge eyght score poundes There is not a more necessary creature then the Dogge about husbandry for beside his singuler faythfulnesse and watching in the night time he is also a quarter maister in keeping of the cattell and very needefull for the defence of them specially Sheepe Goates whiche would be soone destroyed by Woolfes Foxes Grayes and other vermine yf Dogges were not set to be their keepers Swyne feeding in heardes yf the wylde beastes inuade them making as it were a larum with their gruntyng and crying assemble them selues in their owne defence The greater cattell defende them selues some with their heeles some with their hornes onely the poore Sheepe hath no souldier but the Dogge Of Dogges that serue for profite there are but three sortes for of the fourth which are but for pleasure I make no account One of the sortes is such as by sent or swiftnesse serue for the chase and killing of wyld beastes these what maner of ones they should be and how they should be ordred Xenophon and
and yeeldeth good aduantage hath with their broode and feathers for beside the profite of theyr Egges you may twyse in the yeere at the spring and the fall of the leafe pull them Moreouer they are a very good dishe for the â—able yea being more watchfull then the Dogges they geue warning when they sleepe And therfore they wâ—re with the Romanes had in great honor because they with their gagling bewrayed the enimie that otherwyse in the night time had taken the Towne Plinie wryteth of a Goose that would neuer be from the Philosopher Lacydes Your choyse must be of those that be of the fairest kinde Varro liketh best the white ones which colour was most esteemed in the olde time as appeareth by the presentes that were geuen the same Varro accounteth the gray for a wyld kind They are kept in Marshes Fennes Lakes Moorish commons for to Corne ground Medowes and Pastures it is a very hartful Foule she biteth whatsoeuer young spring she may reache what she once hath bitten doth neuer lightly prosper againe Besides she stencheth the ground with her vnprofitable or rather most hurtfull dounging wherefore as I sayde it is best to keepe them in Fennes Lakes and Marshes If you haue store of such ground you shall doo well to keepe them for you can not well keepe them without good store of water and pasture The Goose delighteth in such meate as is naturally moyst and colde and shunneth naturally such thinges as are hurtfull for her as the leafe of the Bay and as Alianus wryteth the Oleander the best and meetest time for them to breede in is from the Kalends of March to the tenth of Iune They tread most commonly in the water whyle they swymme in the Ryuers or Fishponds Columella would haue you keepe for euery Gander three Geese thinking by reason of theyr vnweldynesse this number to suffise within your courte you must make them for theyr better safety seuerall and secrete pennes in sundry partes thereof where they may sitte breede Some would haue the Goose roome framed in such order as euery Goose may haue her place to her selfe which yf any man thinke too troublesome he may make one sufficient wyde roome to serue them all The places where they shall lay must be dry and well strawed with strawe or such soft matter and well defended from vermine The Goose must not be suffered to lay out of her nest but when you shall perceaue they seeke it you must grâ—pe them and yf they be with Egge which you shâ—ll easely feele shut them vp in theyr nestes which you shall not neede to doo aboue once or twyse for where she hath once layde shee wyll alwayes of her selfe seâ—ke to be They wyl laye as some hold opinion thryse in the yeere yf they be not suffered to sitte as it is best you doo not for theyr Egges are bettâ—r to be hatched vnder a Henne then of them selues and wyll â—etter a great deale prosper The Egges of Geese Swans were vsed as Alianus witnesseth as a most daynty dyshe at â—â—nkettes among the Kinges and Princes of the Indies Aristotle affirmeth that the Goose alwayes vseth to sitte and neuer the Gander contrary to the order of many other Fouleâ— continuing alwayes tyll shee haue hatched After the last laying you shal suffer them to sitte and marke euery ones Egges with a seuerall marke that they may be sette vnder theyr owne Goose for it is thought they wyll neuer hatch a strangers Egges without she haue her owne vnder her Of Goose Egs as of Pehennes Egges you shall as I sayd before neuer sette vnder a Henne aboue fiue nor vnder three but vnder the Goose you shall set at the least seuen and at the most fifteene You must keepe to lay vnder your Egges the rootes of Nettles which they say preserueth them against the stinging of Nettels which otherwyse many times killeth the Gosling yf they sling them The Egges wyll not be hatched yf the weather be cold before the thyrtieth day yf it be warme in lesser time howbeit for the most part the Gosling is hatched the thirtieth day after the sitting Some doo vse to set by the nestes Barly steeped in water or Malte whereby the Goose shall not be forced to be any whyle absent from her Egges When your Goslinges are come foorth you shall for the fyrst tenne dayes feede them with the Goose in the nest Afterwardes when the weather is faire you may suffer them to goe abrode taking good heede that they be not stinged with Nettles nor that you let them goe a hungerd into the pastures but to geue them afore they goe abrode the leaues of Endiue or Lettuse chopt to asswage their hunger for yf you put them a hungerd into the feelde they straine and breake their owne neckes with pulling at the tough and stubburne weedes by reason of the sudden starting backe againe of the weede The Goslings of diuers broodes must not goe togeather nor be shutte vp togeather for hurting one another When they be foure monethes olde or somewhat before is the best time for fatting them the young ones are soonest easeliest fatted If you geue theÌ„ ground Malt wheate floure you neede to geue theÌ„ nothing so you let them haue drinke yenough and keepe them from going abrode The Grekes did vse to put to two partes of ground Malt foure partes of Bran tempring it with water letting them drinke thrise a day at midnight If you would haue theyr Lyuers soft and tender you shall mingle dry Figges well beaten with water and making pellets thereof cram them with it for the space of seuenteene or twentie dayes The Iewes at this day being the skilfullest feeders that be doo vse a strange order in the fatting of them wrapping the Goose in a linen Aporne they hang her vp in a darke place stopping her eares with Peason or some other thing that by neyther hearing nor seeing of any thing shee be not forced to stroggel or crye after they geue her pellets of ground Malt or Barly steeped in water thryse a day setting by them water and grauell by which maner of feeding they make them so fatte as the Lyuer many times commeth to be fiue pound in weyght Whylest I was at the councell of Wormes there was a Lyuer of a Goose brought me by a Iewe that wayed foure pound Plinie is also a witnesse of the greatnesse of the Lyuers of fatte Geese affirming that they wyll growe after they be out of the bodyes being sprinckled with milke The common order of fatting with our countrey people is to shutte them vp in a darke and a narrowe place and to set before them Barly or Beech wheate geuing them water with a little Sand or Grauel in theyr Troughes and with this order they haue them fatte in fourteene dayes After haruest they wylbe fatte with the Grotten or Stubble They are plucked as I sayd before twyse in the yeere in the spring
Thyme Cassia Rosemary Sauery Smallage Uiolettes Sage Lauender Myrrhe wylde Marierum wylde Thyme Balme sweete Marierum Saffron Beanes Mustardseede Poppey Mellilot and Roses And yf there lye ground neare it for the purpose sowe it with Rapeseede and Beechwheate for they woonderfull delight in the flowres hereof Plinie writeth that Bees delight greatly to haue Broome flowres neare them of trees they most delight in these The Pine the Wyllowe the Fyrre tree the Almond the Peache the Peare tree and the Apple and such as the flowres thereof be not bitter Of the wylde sortes the Terebinth the Lentise the Lyndtree the Cedar and the Mastholme The best Hony as Palladius saith is made of Tyme the next of wylde Tyme the third of Rosemary You must remooue from your trees Yew tree the Box and the Cornel Plinie would also haue the Olyue away Banishe also all the kindes of Sporge for with that as also with the flowres of the Cornel they fall into a Flixe and dye Besides you must suffer no Woormewood nor wylde Cocomber to growe neare them for they both destroy the Bees spoyle the Hony. And because the flowre or fruite of Elmes dooth specially hurt them therefore in such partes of Italy where plenty of Elmes growe the Bees doo not long continue Touching your Hiues they are made of diuers fashions according to the maner of the countrey Some are made rounde some square some three foote in height one in bredth made very narrowe toward the top least the Bees should ouerlabour them selues in filling of them Some make their Hiues of Lanterne horne or Glasse to the end as Plinie sayth that they may viewe the maner of their woorking Varro maketh mention of earthen Hiues well plaistred within and without with good Oxe doung so as the roffenesse and ruggednesse can not displease them but for all that the earthen Hiues be the woorst that may be because in Sommer they be too hotte and in Winter too colde The best Hiues are those that are made of Corke wicker or ryndes of trees because they keepe out both cold and heate the next are suche as are made of Strawe and Bentes matted togeather two foote in bredth and so much or more according to the number of your Bees in heigth In som places they make them of one peece of wood cutte and hollowed for the nonce or of ioyned boordes fiue or sixe foote in heigth and these neyther are to hotte in Sommer nor to cold in Winter Of these woodden Hiues the best are those that are made of Figge tree Pine Ashe and Walnutte of suche length as I tolde you and a cubitte in bredth Besides they would be couered with eyther Lyme or Oxe doung for so saith Florentine you shall keepe them long without rotting You must also boare them through slopewyse whereby the winde gently entring may dry vp all cobwebbes or such like noyances You must alwayes haue good store of Hiues lying by you that may be remoued and easely carryed where you list for the fixed or standing Hyues be discommodious as which you can neyther sell nor remoue though Celsus seeme to commend the standing Hiues because they are neyther subiect to stealing nor burning being made of Brycke or Loame Your Hiues as Columella out of Celsus dooth teache must stand vpon some table of stone a yarde from the ground and so much in bredth so smothed and playstered as neyther Toade Euette or Snake may creepe vp and in such order they must be placed as there may be betwyxt euery one a little wal or particion being open both before and behind If you haue no such particions then place them so as they be a pretty way distant one from the other that in dressing and looking to any one of them you shake not nor hurt the other for a little â—â—â—ling dooth soone marre all theyr houses and many times spoile the Bees It is yenough to haue three rankes of them one aboue the other for the keeper shall haue yenough to doo to ouer looke the vppermost The part where the Bee doth enter must stand a little lower then the hinder part so as the rayne can not run in and the water yf there be any may easely voyde And because colde dooth more annoy the Bee then heate you must arme your Hiues well behind agaynst the hurt and bitternesse of the North wind and let the sunne come bountifully to them in the Front. And therefore it is best for you to make the holes where they come in and out as small as you may that they suffice only for the bignesse of the Bee partly for auoyding of cold partely to keepe out Euets Beetels Butterflyes Battes Mothes and such other hurtfull vermine that would otherwyse destroy the Coames wherefore it is good you haue two or three such small holes togeather in euery Hyue for the commodity of the Bee and restraynt of the enimy PVLLARIVS Well I pray you let vs know when the Bee beginneth to labour and when he ceaseth MELISSEVS Because I haue declared vnto you before theyr toyle theyr diligence and order of theyr trauayle I wyll now likewyse shewe you what time they begin to labour In the winter time from the setting of the seuen starres tyll the beginning of the spring they keepe theyr houses and come not abroade by reason of the cold in the spring they come strayght abroade and from that time forward yf the weather let them not they neuer rest day First of all they frame theyr Coames and Wax that is they make theyr houses and chambers whereof they make so many as they thinke them selues able to fyll then fall they to breeding and last of all to making of Hony. Theyr Wax they make of the flowres of trees and plantes theyr Hony of the gummes and clamminesse of trees that are glewy as Wyllowe Elmes Reede Iuyce Gumme and Rozen Aristotle sayth they make theyr Coames of flowres theyr Wax of Gummes and theyr Hony of the dewe of the ayre that falleth cheefely at the rysing of the starres and that there is no Hony made before the rysing of the seuen starres and theyr Coames of flowres and that the Bees doo not of them selues make the Hony but only geather the honyed dewe that falleth because the keepers finde the celles to be filled in some one or two dayes and that the Hony being taken away in the ende of Sommer the Hyues are not found to be furnished agayne though there be flowres yenough at that time This and much more hereof sayth Aristotle whom Plinie following him affirâ—meth Hony to be made of the ayre most of all at the rysing of the starres cheefely the Dogge shining out early in the morning therefore you shal find in the morning betimes the leaues of the trees bedewed with Hony as you shall likewyse haue the Apparayle Heare and Beardes of such as haue been early abroade In the morning our common people call it
and after that you haue made them very cleane stampe them togeather with freshe Butter and putting them into an earthen vessell close couered set them vp in some moyst dampishe place suffering it there to remaine for the space of fifteene dayes afterwardes let the same Butter be melted with a soft fire and being well strained lay it vp for your vse There haue I also an other excellent hearbe called in Latine Cardiaca I know no name for it in English except you will call it Motherwort and in deede it is the very true Motherwort it groweth by high wayes and neare to stone walles it hath a leafe something like a Nettell but more indented the leaues next to the roote being iagged like the Crowfoote it groweth bushing with many stalkes I haue seene it plentifully in Surry and some store of it about Maydstone in Kent it is of great force against any sicknesse of the hart whereof it taketh his name it helpeth Crampes Palseys it clenseth the brest from fleame it killeth Woormes in the body openeth cold obstructions prouoketh Urine and womens Courses being made in powder and a sponefull of it geuen in Wine it wonderfully helpeth the hard labours of women CHENOBOSCVS I maruayle you haue no store of Betony also for I haue seene the Bees labour diligenttly vpon it and haue heard that it is of great vertue MELISSEVS I have great store in deede of it but that I forgat to tell you of it it is knowen so commonly as I neede not to discribe it vnto you whosoeuer is troubled with breaking of wind and weakenesse of stomacke and those whose stomackes retaine not their meate or whosoeuer feeles a sowre belching from his stomacke and is therewith often troubled let them continually vse Betony eyther the hearbe and flowre boyled in Wine or the water distilled or the Conserue as they cal it of the flowres And yf so be you lacke the Conserue or the water you may vse the dry hearbe in powder eyther by it selfe or with Hony women that are troubled with the mother may vse this hearbe for their remedie To be short the flowre leafe and roote of Betony sodden drunke or howsoeuer you wyll in Electuarie Conserue Sirope Potion or Pouder as you list to take it is singuler good in y diseases of y stomacke liuer spleen kydneyes and bladder it freeth the Matrice from obstruction and draweth from thence all hurtful moystures For consumptions of the Loonges Coughes Dropsies continuall and putrifyed Feuars proceeding from the stomacke boyle the leaues and flowres of Betony in Honyed water and you shal haue present helpe Thus haue I shewed you what kind of hearbes I haue planted about my Bees to the ende they should haue foode at hand of the sweetest and the holsomest I haue shewed you also the vertues of the hearbe the flowre and the water that you may vse for your owne commoditie only this warning I geue you that you doo not distill them as the vnskilful doo in stilles of Lead Tinne and Brasse which poysoneth and spoyleth the water but in Glasse Stils set in some vessel of water vpon the fyre wherby your water shal be most perfect and holsome The difference of these two distillinges appeareth plaine for example in Wormewood which yf you distil in your common Styllatories the water commeth out sweete hauing gotten a corrupt qualitie by the nature corruption of the mettal whereas yf you do it in Stils made of Glasse looking that the Glasses be wel closed round about your water shal haue the very taste sauour and propertie of the hearbe With these Glasse Stils you may so order your fire as you may draw out of euery hearbe the water spirit oyle and salt to the great comfort of sicke and diseased persons I set besides great plentie of Sauery Heath Tamariske without the Beeyard Broome in whose flowres the Bee much delighteth I keepe you here peraduenture too long in so small a matter Small is the thing yet small is not the gaine If gratious gods permytte and Phebus not disdaine As the heathen Poet wryteth but I wyll here make an end of my talke that hath perhapes been thought too long FINIS Soli Deo. Lucullus Scipio Ciâ—ero Nestor 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Socrateâ— The vse of a solitaâ—â—â— lyfe The best doung 〈◊〉 grounâ— is the maâ—â—ters foote Aâ—adem â—uâ—stâ—o lib. 1. Psalm 104. A good husband must râ—ther be a sellâ—r thâ—n a byer The saying of saint Anthonie Homelie 56 â—pon the. 16 of Matth. and in other places The commendation of husbandry Emperourâ— and kinges professouâ—s of husbandry Serranus Cincinatus HusbandmeÌ„ come to be Emperours The antiquitie of husbandry The fyrst planter of Vines Husbandry the mother and nurse of all other artes The woorthynesse of husbandmeÌ„ Gene. 3. Husbandry pleasyng to God. Leuit. 26. Geor. â— Who is happy Horacâ— VVho â—s riche The order of building of a house for the Countrey The seate of a house Neighbourhood The Kitchin Larder Corneloft Appleloft Barnes Stableâ— The choâ—se of a â—â—â—â—iffe oâ—â—uâ—bandry What thinges oughâ—â—o be in a Bayliffe oâ— husbandry The traynyng of a Bayliffe The Bayliffes vvyfe Of the tyllyng and husbanding of the ground The good nature of the husbandman The degrees and sortes of ground Of Cornâ— ground Hovve to knovve the goodnese of the grounde Signes of the goodnesse of the ground Grounde vvyl change The disposition of the heauens to be obseruâ—d Italy the garden of the vvorlde The fruitefulnesse of Germanie The fruitefulnesse of Barbary Of dounging of grouÌ„d The sortes of doung Vryne Olde doung best for Corne and nevve doung for Meddovve The obseruing of the VVinde and the Moone in mending of the grouÌ„d VVet doung hurtes the feelde Marle a fat kinde of earth vsed commonly at this day in diuers partes of Sussex and â—enâ— for the enriching of lande Chalke vsed for mending of ground Dounging vvith asshes The mâ—ner of plovving The partes of the plow. This dravving vvith the head is vsed in the vpper partes of Fraunce and Spayne The like is vsed vvith vs in Norfolke and I inconshyâ—d Dead mould Tryall of good plovving The plovving of a hill The best time of plovving Plowyng in the nyght Diuers Latine vvoords belong to husbandry interpreted Agri Voâ—a Of seede their diuersitie Olde seede not to be sovven The order of sovvyng Harrowing Rakyng Rovvlyng The tyme for sovvyng Late sovveing alvvayes â—ayleth Sommer grayne A generall rule VVheate The tyme for VVheate sovvyng Barley Zea. Far. Adâ—â—reum Rape Oateâ— Buck. Sommer Barley Myllet Panicle Ryse Sesamum Of Pulse Beanesâ— Pease Frenche Beanes Lyntels â—hyche Cicâ—rcula Tares and fodder for Cattel Lupines Fenugreeke Fodder for Câ—ttell Medica Cytisus Sperie Flaxe Hempe VVoade Haruest Rape harâ—est Haruest for VVinter Barley Hâ—mpe hâ—ruâ—â—t Rye and VVheate haruest The haruest of all oâ—her Corne and Pulâ—e Diuers sorts of reapyng Plovving after Haruest The Barne Garners Agaynst breedyng of VVyuels Of pasture medovve
The diligeÌ„ce of Caius Cresinus The lettyng of a Farme The vse of Gardens of great antiquitie An euyll Garden token of an ill husvvyfe Oâ— Lettusyns The time of sâ—â—rchyng for vvater Th◠〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 of Gardens Enclosyng of Gardens The making of a quickset hâ—dge An other nevver and bette◠〈…〉 hedge An other sort of hedging VVhat to be consydered in the choâ—se of Garden ground Ayre VVindes The ordâ—ring of Gardens Beddeâ— Of digging and dounging of Gardens Of sovving Three seasons to sovv in Of seedes VVhat seede spring soone and vvhiche slovvly The vveather for sovvyng The Moone The time for gardning Of potte hearbe Asparagus Rue Lettuse Endiue Colvvoorts Spinage Sorell Cummin Coâ—riâ—nder Smalledge or Parsley Fenel Dâ—ll Cheruile Beetes Gaâ—den Cresâ—es Garden Poppy Mustâ—â—dseede Radishe Rapes The little Rape Nauens Parsnâ—p Râ—dde and yellovve Carrettes Leekes Onyonâ— Fissile Onyons Garlicke Malovveâ—â— Purcelaine Straberrieâ— Raspiâ—â— Liquerisâ— Small Reazins Hoppes Reade the perfect ordeâ—ing hâ—â—â—of in mâ—â—ster Reynolde Scots booke of Hoppe Gaâ—dens Coucumbers Gourdes Artichoch Saffron Rosemary Sauge Mâ—ntes Pimpeâ—nâ—l Hysope Sauorie Basyl Marierum Tyme Lauender â—lovvregenâ—le Lauendercottâ—n Myâ—tâ—l Gilyfloures Roses Muskâ—â—ses Lillyes Violets It is but the opinioâ— of a Gardne Berfoote or Settervvort Angellicâ— Helecompany VVormevvoode Sauine Against Caterpillers Gnattes Moles Myse Garden Fleas Of Orchardes Hovve to 〈…〉 Dropping of trâ—â—â— Freendship amongst â—â—ees Shaddovves of trees Time of plantyng Time for grâ—fâ—ing The obseruation of the Moone The kindes of planting and graffing of treeâ— Three kinds of gâ—affing VVhat trees are best to be graffed betvvixt the barke and the vvood VVhat treâ—â— agree best togeather To haue redde Peares and Apples A Peache â—ith an Almond in it Olyue grape The choyse oâ— graâ—â—ing The knottes The time for graffing The maner of graâ—fiâ—g To keepe your graffes Of emplâ—stâ—â—ng and inocuâ—ation VVâ—â—rble graffing PropagatioÌ„ and his kindes Of impe Garden The Vine Tâ—e inuention of the Vine The Vineyard most gayneful Corne feeld and Vineyardes compared Trees whiche be frends or foes to the Vine The ordring of Vines What ground is best for the Vine VVhat quarter of the heauen the Vine must lye agaynst The time for planting of Vines Graffing of Vines VVhat graffes to be chosen The length of the setter The 〈…〉 What doung is best for Vines Where the doung must be laide Pisse the best doung The order of digging or stirring the grounde Dâ—â—ssing of Vines Propping of Vines Gâ—ldyng or plucking of of leaues The Olyue Apples Agaynst hurtfull vvoormes To keepe Apples The Peare To keepe Peares The Quince To keepe Quinees The Seruisse tâ—â—e Pomegranates Cytrons The Mulbery tree The Cornel Ziziphus Italian â—â—beâ—ts The Bay. Nutte trees The Almond tree Wallnuts Chestnuts The Chery tree Plome trees The Peache tree The Abrycoâ—â— The Date Shadovve of trees Dropping of tâ—â—â—s Proyning Sâ—arefying Ablâ—â—ueâ—ton Remouing VVheÌ„ trees beare not or holde not their fruite a remedy Of VVod. The Oke â—eechvvood Mast and his differences The Elme Ash groues The Pine. Fyrre trees The Pytch tree The Alder. Poplar vvhite and blacke VVyllovves Osyars For planting of Osâ—â—res The Fyrre Thâ— Mastholme The Larsh The Ashe Iuniper The Cedar The Cypresse The Pine. The VValnutte tree The wylde Olyue The Hâ—lly The Date tree The Corke VVhat turne each tymbeâ— serues For Shyps For Houses For vvater courses For beâ—â—ing of 〈◊〉 For hastes and handles â—oâ— Tarâ—ets 〈…〉 â—aues â—or vvâ—teâ— vvooâ—â—â—â— â—or coâ—â—ng The barke Byrdlyme Vernishe Amber The vvoorthinesse and antiquitie of keeping of cattell The vvorthines and antiquity of keeping of Cattell Of Horses The hofe The legges The knees The thyâ—s The brest The necke The mane The hed The mouth The eyes The eares The nostâ—â—l 〈◊〉 â—houlder The 〈◊〉 The StallioÌ„ The Mares Age. Stables Curriyng Dyet Skovvring Prouender Asses Moyles Cammelles Bullockes The Murâ—in and his diuers kindes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Crudity The Tayle The Flixe Laske iâ— Calues The Cough The Feauer Haltyng Skabbes Hidebound For the Mureyne For the loongeâ— Settring of cattell The Galle or Yellovvs For the Liuer The Blaine The Sprengeâ— The Staggers The Dasâ—e Pissing of blood Panteys Taynt Hydebound Gargyse For al diseases The Buffes Sheepe The choyse of Evves Rammes VVhen to bye sheepe Sheepecots Shearing of Sheepe Maister 〈◊〉 for 〈…〉 The mâ—rreyne of the Loongâ—s Lâ—mbes Eating vvoormes or venemous grasse Master Ihon Franklin Goates Milke Black milke Error in the vnderstanding of Dioscorides Butter Cheese VVellcurds Melca Svvyne A vvonderfull knovvledge in Svvyne A childe eaten by a Sovve Of diseases in Svvyne and the cure Quinsey Measled Svvyne Of â—hephâ—ardâ—s Dogges The Bandog for the hous The shepheardes Mastie Madde Dogges Cattes The â—â—orâ—e 〈…〉 bâ—oode The choise of the Cock. To haue Cock chickins or Hen Chickins Against hurt of thunder Agaynst the Pippe Choyse of Pouâ—â—y 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 Making of Capons Of Egges Fatting of Geese Duckes Peacocks Diseâ—ses Turkie Cockes Lady Hales a mâ—â—roâ— of Gentilvvomen Pigions Phesantes Turtles Thrushes and Blackbyrdes Quayles The 〈◊〉 Of Fisheponds Bees Industry of Bees Bees theyr common vveales The birds of the Muses Virgil. Virgil Virgil. Bees foreshevvers of stonnes The puniâ—â—ment of loyterers The kyndes of Bees The theefe The drane Breeders The best sort of Bees The shape of the kyng VVhat to be consydered in buying of Bees Transporting of Bees The taking of vvild Bees To find out the Bees Standing for Bees VVhat voâ—mine annoyeth the Bees The valley better for the Bee then the hyll Faâ—re vvater 〈◊〉 for Bees Hearbs that Bees delight in Hearbs noysome to Bees Of the Hiues Hovv you must place your Hiues VVhen the Bee resteth The beginning and order of his trauaile Manna The best Hony of Time. Beesâ— theyr vvinter foode Going avvay of Bees and the tokens thereof Bees delight in nevve Hiues 〈◊〉 of 〈…〉 and 〈…〉 Diuers â—â—nges in 〈◊〉 Hiue The shape of the king To keepe the king at home Gâ—lâ—ing o◠〈…〉 the Hiues The Drone Time for 〈…〉 Fashionyng of the Coames The best Hony. Three sortes of Hony. Bread corrupteth Hony. The Making of VVax Bees decayed The repaâ—ring of them Breeding of Bees To reuyue Bees that bâ— dead Making of Bees Bees made of a Steere Signes of sicknesse in Bees The diseases of Bees and the remedies VVhat hurts Beâ—s To keepe Bees from Beares Hiues purâ—ed in the sâ—â—ng Smoke good for Bees Oâ—stri Tymes for sâ—â—â—mâ—ng To destroy Butterflyes No stuning of Bees in VVinter Black thorne VVoodbine Balme Angellica For vvant of Treacle you may take the vvhole dram Cardus Benedictus Penygrasse Scabious Veronica Aueus Cardiaca Betony Olde English rules for purchasing land Who so wil be wise in purchasing Let him consider these poyntes folowing FIRST see that the lande be cleare In title of the selleare And that it stand in danger Of no vvomans dovvne See vvhether the tenure be bond or free And release of euery feoffee See that the seller be of age And that it lye not in morgage VVhether a tayle be thereof founde And vvhether it stand in statute