sheweth outward I say then If the Roofe be high then the deuisions to be wide of space and rising or bearing out well and if a man will beautifie it with Paynting it must bee well done and conformably paynted according to the greatnesse and distance thereof It ought also to be made of light and browne colours and in the middle of the field you must set a gylt Rose but if a man will colour it then the field must be blue as piercing but the Roses must be bound with some works or branches that they may not seeme to hang in the ayre and the Cornices which close vp the fouresquare or other fields must bee well gylt or beautifyed with the same colour but if so bee the Roofe is not high inough then you must make the worke thinner and smaller as also the paynting and that you may vnderstand it I haue set two figures to shew you which notwithstanding are all one the one of bare wood the other paynted as I sayd before And this Order I obserued in the Roofe of the great Librarie in the Palace of Venice in the time of the Prince Andreagriti because the Roofe was lower then it should be in respect of the widenesse and length of the Hall and I made it of thinne worke for the reason aforesayd The Timber worke of the seeling aforesayd The Ornaments and Garnishing of the same worke Another maner of Sieling The Garden being an Ornament to the Building therefore these Mazes and Knots are set in Figure LAstly our Author speaketh of Armor to shew how a man shall make colonâ— and place them according to state workemanship or nature that thereby a man may perceyue of what stocke or froÌ„ whence it is deriued 〈◊〉 for saith 〈◊〉 wee sée that in former times men mâ—â—â— figured Princeâ— in their maiesty Bishops in Pontifical Robes Caâ—â—â—â—nes armed and euery maâ—â—â— such hâ—â—â—â—e as bâ—â—â—tted his calling and condâ—â—â—â— And â—â—â—e will hâ—â—â— men to make colour armes that arâ— to be so 〈◊〉 vpon or before houses with beastâ—â—â—â—â—ds c. 〈◊〉 silâ—er blue red green â—nd blaâ—â— colours 〈◊〉 no â—â—â—tall vpon metall noâ— colour vpon 〈◊〉 But for that workemen here in this Country make no Armes after their owne pleasures we wil let them passe in place thereof set downe a figure of Letters the which the workeman hath occasion many times to cut or place aboue Gates Doores in Fréeses and other tables therein to set names titles deuices or other superscriptious at the pleasure of the owners or to know a 〈…〉 any other common places oâ—â—â—ice or otherwise Neuerthelesse for that here there are roofing workes 〈◊〉 to fâ—ll the place I will set the Figures of the Armes which he hath made after the Letters that the Bookâ— may bee complete The workeman hauing nâ—â— knowledge of learning should be much troubled to seeke farre and néere for one that should write them for him and although that he hath them in writing neuerthelesse for want of knowing the pr oportions they may be spoyled in working and to bring his worke in contempt as also those that drew them for him Therefore although they are drawne by Lucas Patiolus Geotry Tory and Albertus Durer who neuerthelesse agree not all together therefore I will set these hereafter downe for a common rule following our Author who letting passe all superstition hath brought the Columnes Pedestals into a due 〈…〉 whose authoritie I should almost say that a man may make theâ—e letters greater or smaller according to the orders of Columnes but to write thâ—â—imetry or not that I may not digresse too far out of the way I will follow Vitruuius where hee sayth that a Ionica Columne is 9. parts high and 〈◊〉 shewing of diuers Authors this forme of Letters is also found in Ionica and so I leaue them of 9. parts and whether a man would make them by Corinthia or Composita order of 10. parts it would not be amisse for as the Corinthia is most vsed for the slendernesse so these Letters for the most part are made of 10. parts by the Dorica and Thuscana they are made of eyght By that reason thereof it were not much to bee contemned considering the grossenesse of the worke also according to Vitruuius writing a man may alter the Simetries as it is sufficiently shewed in other places for vpon some occasions they are greater smaller yea and shew altogether false to that they are To learne easily to make thess letters first you must make a perfect fouresquare and set it in as many parts as you wil giue vnto the letters but if they be of 6.7.8.9 or 10. parts more or lesse the smallest draught shall be the third part of the thickenesse and the crosse draught the halfe The corners shall at least haue as much Proiecture as the thicknesse of she letter taken with the Compasse But although one letter is within the fouresquare and the otâ—â—â— without you may sée in the figure where you may set the Compasse to draw the round you may set the O. of the same measure that you set the Q. The tayle of the Q. is a quarter and a halfe of a fouresquare and sinckes a halfe fouresquare some make it shorter I will not vphold these letters to be the best but euery man take them he liketh best it is also no néed to take so much paynes with euery small letter but it falleth out oftentimes that a man is to make them a foot or sixe more or lesse high which a man shall neuer bring to good passe without following a sure proportion III A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X Y Z The end of the fourth Booke The fift Booke of Architecture made by Sebastian Serly wherein there are set downe certayne formes of Temples according to the Ancient maner and also seruing for Christians Translated out of Jtalian into Dutch and out of Dutch into English LONDON Printed for Robert Peake and are to bee sold at his Shop neere Holborne Conduit next to the Sunne Tauerne 1611. THE FIFT BOOKE Of diuers maners of Temples The foureteenth Chapter ALthough wee see and find diuers formes of Temples and Churches in Christendome as well ancient as moderne yet for that I haue formerly promised to shew some Orders thereof to accomplish the number of my Bookes therefore I will intreat of them and set downe twelue seuerall maner of Temples with their grounds and measures and for that the round forme is the perfitest of all others therefore I will begin with it but though in our time whether it be by reason of small deuotion or cruelty of men there are no more great Churches begun to be made and that men finish not them which in former time haue beene begun therefore I will make mine so small as they may passe in reasonable maner for that with small cost they might in short time be made The Diameter of
The first Booke of Architecture made by Sebastian Serly entreating of Geometrie Translated out of Jtalian into Dutch and out of Dutch into English LONDON Printed for Robert Peake and are to be sold at his shop neere Holborne conduit next to the Sunne Tauerne ANNO DOM. 1611. TO THE HIGH AND MIGHTIE PRINCE HENRY Prince of VVales SJR NO vaine ambition of mine owne Desire much lesse presumption of my none Desert incited me to present this Volume to your Princely view but rather the gracious Countenance which euen from your Childehood you haue euer daigned to all good endeauours invited Mee also after so many others to offer at the high-Altar of your Highnesse fauour this new-Naturalized VVorke of a learned Stranger Not with pretence of Profit to your Highnesse who want not more exquisite Tutors in all excellent Sciences but vnder the Patronage of your powerfull Name to benefite the Publicke and conuay vnto my Countrymen especially Architects and Artificers of all sorts these Necessary Certaine and most ready Helps of Geometrie The ignorance and want whereof in times past in most parts of this Kingdome hath left vs many lame VVorkes with shame of many VVorkemen which for the future the Knowledge and vse of these Instructions shall happily preuent if the euent but answere in any measure to that Hope of mine which alone both induced this Desire and produced this Designe VVherein I must confesse my part but small sauing my great aduenture in the Charge and my great Good-will to doe Good All which together with my best Seruices I humbly prostrate at your Princely feete as beseemes Your Highnesse most humble Seruant Robert Peake To the Louers of Architecture OVr learned Author Sebastian Serly hauing great foresight to shew and explaine the common rules of Architecture did first publish his Foâ—râ—h Booke entreating of Architecture and after his Third Booke declaring excellent Antiquities Fearing that if hee had begunne with Geometrie and Perspectiue common workmen would haue thought that the two sornter although small had not beene so needefull to studie and practise as the other Which friendly Reader considered hindered mee long either from Translating or Publishing the two former being perswaded by sundry friends and workemen to haue desisted my purpose both from translating or publishing The which J had surely effected if I had beene ouer-ruled by their requests and perswasions alleadging strong reasons that the common Workemen of our time little regarded or esteemed to Worke with right Simmetrie the which is confused and erronious in the iudgement of the Learned Architect if they will follow the Order of Antiquities hereafter ensuing Wherefore least my good meaning together with my Labour in Translating and Publishing should not be regarded and esteemed as worthie considering it not onely tendeth to the great profit of the Architect or Workeman but also generally to all other Artificers of our Nation I aduise all generally not to deceiue themselues nor to be selfe-conceited in their owne workes but well vnderstand this my labour tending to common good and be perswaded that who so shall follow these rules hereafter set downe shall not onely haue his Worke well esteemed of the common people but also generally commended and applauded of all workemen and men of iudgement Vale. ¶ The first Booke of Architecture made by Sebastian Serly entreating of Geometrie ¶ The first Chapter HOw needfull and necessary the most secret Art of Geometrie is for euery Artificer and Workeman as those that for a long time haue studied and wrought without the same can sufficiently witnesse who since that time haue attained vnto any knowledge of the said Arte doe not onely laugh and smile at their owne former simplicities but in trueth may very well acknowledge that all whatsoeuer had bene formerly done by them was not worth the looking on Seeing then the learning of Architecture comprehendeth in it many notable Artes it is necessary that the Architector or workeman should first or at the least if he cannot attaine vnto any more know so much thereof as that hee may vnderstand the principles of Geometrie that he may not be accompted amongst the number of stone-spoilers who beare the name of workmen and scarce know how to make an answere what a Point Line Plaine or Body is and much lesse can tell what harmonie or correspondencie meaneth but following after their owne minde or other blinde conductors that haue vsed to worke without rule or reason they make bad worke which is the cause of much vncut or vneuen workemanship which is found in many places Therfore seeing that Geometrie is the first degree of all good Art to the end I may shew the Architector so much thereof as that he may thereby be able with good skill to giue some reason of his worke Touching the speculations of Euclides and other Authors that haue written of Geometrie I will leaue them and onely take some flowers out of their Garden that therewith by the shortest way that I can I may entreat of diuers cutting through of Lines with some demonstrations meaning so plainely and openly to set downe and declare the same both in writing and in figures that euery man may both conceiue and vnderstand them aduertizing the Reader not to proceed to know the second figure before he hath well vnderstood and found out the first and so still proceeding hee shall at last attaine vnto his desire A Poynt FIRST you must vnderstand that a poynt is a priche made with a Pen or Compasse which can not bee deuided into any parts because it conteineth neither length nor bredth in it A Line A Line is a right consecutiue imagination in length beginning at a poynt and endeth also at a point but it hath no bredth Parable When two Lines are set or placed of a little wydenesse one from the other those two lines according to the Latine phrase are called Parable and by some men they are named Equidistances Superficies When those two Equidistances aforesayd are at each end closed together by another Line it is then called a Superficies and in like sort all spaces in what manner soeuer they are closed and shut vp are called Superficies or plainnes Perpendicular Straight corners When there is a straight vpright Line placed in the middle of a crosse straight line then it is called a Perpendicular or Catheta Line and the ends of the crosse or straight Line on both sides of the Perpendicular are called Straight corners Obtusus Acutus When a leaning or straight Line is placed vpon a straight Line without Compasse or equalitie as much as the same Line bendeth so much shall the corner of the straight Line be narrower below and the other so much broader then a right or euen corner and the straight corner in Latine is called Acutus which signifieth sharpe and the wider corner Obtusus which signifieth dull Piramidal A corner or point called Piramidal and also Acutus in Latine is when two euen long straight
superficies are not of one selfe same space which may be séene by these foure square figures following for the first line holdeth on either side ten which is forty and the space contaynes ten times ten which is an hundred The other line vpon the two longest sides contaynes fiftéene spaces and on the shortest sides fiue making forty also but fiue times fiftéene make but seuentie and fiue IF the Quadrate stretcheth further out so that the two longer sides were eyghtéene a péece then the shortest sides must each haue thâ—o to haue forty vpon the line but the space should contayne but sixe and thirty And hereby you sée what a perfect forme may doe against an vnperfect And this rule the workeman shall vse that he may not be deceiued when he will change one forme 〈◊〉 to another If a man should make thrée pointo which should not stand vpon a right liue and desiring to haue a circumference made the compasse must passe along vpoÌ„ each of these poynts To doe it from the poynt one to the poynt two hâ—e must draw a line and from the pornt two to the poynt thrée another which two liues shall each of them be denided into two equall parts and setting the squiers halfe way in them as you soo it in the figure by that crosse it will shew you the Center wherein you must seâ— one foote of the Compasse and with the other draw the Circle through all the sayd thrée poynts YOu may find the Center of thrée poynts another way without your Compasse moking a two cornerd superficie from the our poynt to the other through the which Corners two straight lines being drawne long enough downwards where they crosse one ouer the other they will shew you the Center of the thrée poynts BUt for the a workman holds this to be a superfluens spéeche and a thing of no moment it may be that a workman may haue a péece of a round worke to doe which he is to perfit and make full round by this rule hee may finde the Center CircumfereÌ„ce and Diameter thereof as the figure sheweth WE find in Antiquities and also in moderne works many Pillars or Colomnes which beneath in the ioynto at the Bases are broken asaudeâ— which is because their Bases were not well made according to their corners or cise because they are not rightly placed so that they haue more weights vpon them on the one side then on the other whereby the Cantons breake which the lines and helpe of Geometry may preuent in this maner That is Hee must make the Pillar round vnderneath and his Base hollow inward so that when you place the Pillar by the Lead it may presently settle it selfe without any hurt To finde this roundnes you must set the one poynt of the Compasse vpon the highest part of the Pillar that is vnder the A. and the other poynt thereof vpon B. and then drawe or winde it about to C. and that shall bee the roundnesse making the hollowing of the Base according to the same measure you may doe the like with the Capitall as you sée in the Pillar by it IF a frokeman will make a Bridge Bowe or any other round Arched piece of worke which is wyder then a halfe Circle although Masons practise this with their lines whereby they make such kinde of workes which shew will to mine sight yet if the workeman will follow the right Theoricke and reason thereof hee must obserue the order heretofore shewed When he hath the wydenesse of the height then he must make halfe a Circle out of the middle after that vpon the same Centre hee must make another lesser Circle which must be no greater then he will make the height of the Bow or Arche then he must deuide the greatest Circle in equal parts which must al be drawen with lines to the Centre then you must hang out other Perpendiculars vpon your Lead and where the lines that go to the Centre â—ut through the lesser Circle from thence you must draw the crosse lines toward the Perpendicular and where they close together there the Bowe or Arche which is made shall be closed as by the points or prickes hereunder is shewed BUT if you destre to make the Bow or Arche lower then you must follow the rule aforesayd and make the innermost Circle so much lesse which is to bee vnderstood that the wore parts that you make of the greater Circle so much the easher you shall drawe the crooked lines which you would haue from this rule there are many others obserued as herealter you shall see Calling the former rule to minde I deuised the manner how to forme and fashion diuers kindes of vessels by the same and I thinke it not amisse to set downe some of them This onely is to bee marked that as wide as you will make the vessels within so great you must make the innermost Circle The rest the suilfull workeman may marke by the figures that is how the lines are drawne to the Center and the Parables and out of the small Circle The Perpendiculars hanging the vessels are formed the foote and the necke may be made as the workeman will BUT if you will make the body of the vessell thicker then you must make the halfe Circle so much the greater and make the belly hanging downe vnder it to touch the great Circle by the falling of the Perpendiculars vpoÌ„ the crosse line as by these Figures 3.4.5 it is shewed whereby a man by this meanes may make diuers vessels differing from mine The necks and couers of these vessels are within the small Circles the other members and Ornaments are alwayes to bee made according to the wil of the ingenious workman IT is an ercellent thing for a man to study or practise to do any thing with the Compasse whereby in time men may find out that which they neuer imagined as this night it happened vnto me for that seeking to find a néerer rule to make the forme of an Egge then Albertus Durens hath set downe I found this way to make an Anticke vessell placing the foote beneath at the foul of an Egge and the necke with the handles aboue vpon the thickest part of the Egge But first you must frame the Egge in this manner Make a straight crosse of two lines and deuide your crosse line in ten equall parts that is on each side fiue Then set the Compasse vpon the Center A. and with the other foote thereof draw in two parts that is to C. making halfe a Circle vpwards That done set one foote of the Compasse vpon the poynt marked B. and with the other draw in the vttermost poynt C. drawing a péece of a Circle down-wards toward the Perpendicular other side you must make a point below Then take the halfe of the halfe Circle aboue that two parts and place it at the vndermost point of the Perpendicular vpwards aboue O. where the Centre to close the Egge shal stand the rest
for my part would not make it so high but to sée the same in a place that hath great distances and which standeth not very high it sheweth to bee in good proportion The Capitall is farre from Vitruuius order of writing for it is higher without the Abacus then Vitruuius maketh it with the Abacus notwithstanding according to common opinion they are the fayrest Capitals that are in Rome and not onely the Capitals of the Tabernacles but they also of the Chappels are of the like forme and those of the Portall also in such sort that I iudge as I sayd at the beginning that I haue not found a building of greater obseruation of order then this but if I should wryte all that are in it both within and without I should peraduenture be ouer tedious therefore I wil make an end of this wonderful Building and speake of other Antiquities THis Temple of Bacchus is very ancient and also whole inough and also for worke fayrenesse of stones Plaister both in the Panement and in walles also in the Tribunes or round toofes in the middle and in the roofe of the round walke made altogether after the order of Composita the whole Diameter within from Wall to Wall is 100. Palmes long whereof the middlemost body set about with Pillars containeth 50. Palmes in the intercolumnes I find great difference to liken the one to the other because that the middle most intercolumnes or spaces betwéene the Columnes where you come in and out of the Portall are 9. Palmes and 30. minutes and the other right ouer against them are but 9. Palmes and 9. minutes those that are ouer against the greatest Chappelare 8. Palmes and 31. minutes and the other foure Columnes resting hold 7. Palmes 8. minutes and some 7. Palmes 12. minutes The widenesse of the entry within and of the foure cornerd Chappell ouer against it follow the intercolumnes and so doeth the widinesse of the two great places or round Chappels their intercolumnes The other places or Chappels are 7. Palmes and 5. minutes broad The measure of the Portall before may be taken by the measure of the Temple which Portall is round Reâ—sed without before the Portall there walking place made in forme of an Egge which was 588. Palmes leng and in the middle it was 140. Palmes broad and as it appeareth by the decayed monuments it was sull of Pillars as it may be séene in the Figure The ground of the Temple of Bacchus H Here before I shewed the ground of the Temple with the measure thereof now in this Figure I will shew the Ortographie thereof within for without it is wholy defaced the height from the Pauement to the vppermost part of the roofe is 86. Palmes the thicknesse of the Columnes is two Palmes and 14. minutes the height of them is 22. Palmes and 11. minutes The height of the Base is one Palme and 7. minutes The height of the Capitall is 2. Palmes and a quarter The height of the Architraue is one Palme and a quarter so much also the Fréese holdeth But the height of the Cornices are two Palmes and a halfe The particular members as of the Bases Cornices and Capitals you sée here vnder proportioned according to their greatnesse and marked in their seuerall places This Temple standeth without Rome and is dedicated to S. Annc. THE Ichnographie hereunder placed is the aforesayd walking place before the Temple of Bacchus with a lodge round about it as you may perceiue by some very ruinous places thereof and all about betwéene each intercolumne there was a place or seat beautified with small Pillars where it is thought a certains Idoll stond and as it is sayd this walking place was made Quale wife yet very long as of 588. Palmes and 140. Palmes broad The Temple of Bacchus as I sayd is full of many Ornaments and of diuers Compartements whereof I haue shewed some part but not all The thrée inuentions hereunder placed are in the same Temple some of faire stone and the other of Pilaister THis Temple of peace the Emperor Vespatian caused to bee made by the Market in Rome which Temple is come mended of Plinie for it was much beautified with grauen worke and Pilaister of Stucco and besides these Ornaments of the said Temple after the death of Nero Vespatian caused all the Images both of Copper and Marble to bee placed therein which Ring Nero had gathered together out of diuers places which were no small number Vespatian also placed in it both his owne and his childrens Images made of a new kind of Marble brought out of Ethiopia called Bassalto being of an Iron collour a kind of stuffe much commended in those times In the said Temple and the principall Chappell thereof there stood an Image of white Marble very great made of many pieces of which reliques there are many pieces yet to bée séene in Campidoglo eassly vpoÌ„ it wherby a man may guesse and among other pieces there is a foote whereof the greatnesse of the Image and it was the nayle of the great Toe is so great that I sate made by an excellent workeman THis Temple is measured with Elles and the Elle is deuided into 12. parts called ounces the measure which standeth in the middle of the ground of the Temple is halfe an Elle First the length of the ladges about is 122. Elles the bredth is 15. Elles the widenesse of the places before in the lodgis containe 10. Elles the thickenesse of the Pillars at the entrie is fine Elles and betwéene the one Pillar and the other is 10. Elles the goings in on both sides both of the Portall and of the Temple are 16. Elles wide the length of the whole Temple is about 170. Elles the bredth containeth 125. Elles the principall place in the middle of the Temple is 35. Elles The sides of the Pilasters against the which the round Columnes stand are 9 Elles and a halfe and the thickenesse of these Columnes are 4. Elles 4. ounces and a halfe and they are canelert euery one hauing 24. Canels the caue or hollowing of each Canell is 5. ounces broad and the list thereof one ounce and a halfe the bredth of the principall Chappell is about 32. Elles and is halfe a Circle Those on the sides marked A. B. are 37. Elles broad land goe 16. Elles into the Wall which is lesse then halfe a Circle the thickenesse of the Wall round about the Temple is 12. Elles altough in many places because of the Bowes it is much thinner The Circumferences of the Chappels are 6. Elles thicke betwéene the one Pilaster and the other if is 45. Elles you may conceane the quantitie of the measure of many places and windowes with other particular things by the measures aforesayd for the Figure is proportioned Touching the Ortographie which is the Figure heceafter following because the ground is all ceâ—â—â—red ouer with the ruines thereof I could not measure it from the ground to
Methopen agrée well inough but the Dorica Cornice although it be very full of members and well wrought yet I found it to differ much from Vitruuius instructions for being licencious inough of members was of such a height that the two third parts of such height should haue béene inough to the Architraue and the Fréese But I am of opinion therefore by the licence of these or other Antiquities that a workeman in these dayes should not erre which error I meane is to doe contrary to Vitruuius precepts nor to bee peremptory that hee will make a Cornice or other thing iust of the same proportion as hee hath séene and measured and then set it in worke because it is not sufficient for him to say I may doe it for ancient workemen haue done it without consideration whether it be proportioned according to the rest of the building Besides although an old workeman was so bold yet we must therefore not bee so but as reason teacheth vs wee should obserue Vitruuius rules as our guide and most certayne and insallible directions for that from that time of great Antiquity till now there is no man found to haue written better nor more learnedly of Architecture then he and as in euery Arte there is one more learned then another to whom such authority is giuen that his words are fully without doubt beléeued Who then will deny if he be not ignorant that Vitruuius for Architecture is worthy of the highest degrée and that his writings where no other notable reason or cause is to mooue vs ouâ—ht for the worthinesse thereof to be inuiolably obserued and to bee better credited then any works of the Romanes which Romanes although they learned the vpright maner of building of the Greciens neuerthelesse afterward when they became Rulers ouer the Grecians it may be that some of them thereby became licencious but certaynely if a man might sée the wonderfull works which the Grecians then did make which are now almost all spoyled and cast downe in time of warre hee would assuredly iudge the Grecians worke to surpasse that of the Latines farre Therefore all those workemen that shall condemne Vitruuius writing specially in such cases as are clearely vnderstood as in the order of Dorica whereof I spake should erre much in the Art of Architecture to gainesay such an Author as for so many yéeres hath béene and yet is approoued by wise men learned Now hauing made this digression which was necessary for the good of those that would not haue considered so much turning againe to the purpose I say that this ground was measured by the old Romane foote and first the place in the middle marked A. which is called Orchestra is in the Diameter 194. foot and is halfe a Circle from one corner to the other of the stages or seates marked H. it is 417. foote the place marked B. called Proscenium is very spacious and where C. standeth is the Gallery which they call Porticus of the Scene in the middle whereof stood the Pulpit that part marked with D. was a Portall with Stayres on both sides which went vp to the places marked E. called Hospitalia the two Galleries on the sides marked G. they vsed to walke in Of which things men can sée no more aboue the ground for that they are couered with other houses Touching the seuerall measures as well of the Scene as of the Theatre and of the degrees I will say no more for that in the Amphitheatre called Coliseo I will declare it more at large whereby a man may conceaue how this stood but that part without which went about the Theatre I will shew in the second Figure which was measured before this with a common Ell which is deuided into twelue parts which parts are called ounces and euery ounce hath fiue minutes of which Ell this is a third part The third part of the Ell. THis Figure following representeth that part without of the foresayd Theater and is measured with the Ell aforesayd and first the thickenesse of the Columnes beneath in the nether part of the first order is an Ell and 43. minutes in Diameter and the thicknesse of the Diameter aboue vnder the Capitall is an Ell and 16. minutes the height of the Capitall is halfe the thickenesse of the Columnes beneath the which Capitall is more perfecter marked in the fourth Booke in the order of Dorica in Folio E. 3. And the same Capitall is marked with B. Likewise also the impost whereon the Arch râ—steth is as high also as the Capitall and standeth also in the same leafe E. 3. The Pilasters beside the Columnes are 19. minutes the widenesse of one Arch is 7. Elles and 9. minutes and the height is eleuen Elles and sixetéene minutes the height of the Architraue is 49. minutes the height of the Fréese is one Ell and eyght minutes The height of the whole Cornice is an Ell and fourtie minutes the widenesse of the second Arch of the second order is as wide as that below but the height is ten Elles and fourtie and eyght minutes the height of the Pedestall vnder the Columnes of this second order is an Ell and fourtie and eyght minutes the thickenesse of the Columnes is an Ell and twenty foure minutes the height of the said Columnes without Bases or Capitals is 11. Elles 27. minutes the height of the Bases is 44. minutes the height of the Capitall that is within the Volutes from the list of the Columnes to aboue the Capital is 36. minutes but the Volute hangs ouer the Astragall or Bozell 20. minutes and a halfe which in all from beneath the Volutes to aboue the Abacus is 47. minutes and a halfe the breadth of the Abacus of the sayd Capitall is one Ell and a halfe but the breadth of the Volutes is two elles the height of the Architraue is 59. minutes the height of the Fréese is 58. minutes the height of the Cornice is an Ell 48. minutes which Cornice in truth is halfe so much more as it should be if we will credit Vitruuius precepts But I pray you gentle Reader estéeme me not presumptuous neither yet account me for a corrector of the works of Antiquitie from whence men learne so much for my meaning is onely willingly to let you vnderstand and know that which is well made from that which is ill made and that I will not doe after my owne conceite as if you were taught by me but by the authority of Vitruuius and also of good Antiquities which are those which best agrée with the doctrine of that Author The Base of this second order and the Pedestall vnder it the Impost of the Arches and withall the Architraue Fréese and Cornice you shall altogether find in the fourth Booke of the order of Ionica in Folio K. the second and are all marked with T. Likewise you shall find the Capitall in the same fourth booke behind in the leafe I. the 4. marked
the Wall about the Orchestra is 3. foote and a halfe the Hospitalia marked X. is in length 40. foot and a halfe and in bredth 30. foote the widenesse of the Porticus about the Theatre is 11. foote the Pillars are thicke and broad 3. foote and 3. quarters the widenesse of the Arch is 9. foote the iust bredth of the Orchestra marked B. is 20. foote the place of the Pulpit C. is in length 40. foote and a halfe but the bredth is 12. foote the going through is 9. foote The place marked D. should be the Porticus behind the Scene yet there is no shew of any Columnes but it sheweth that there was a wall standing by the water side The bredth of this place is 19. foot and a halfe Without this Theatre there standeth the foundation of two Buildings but they are so much decayed that you can find no end of them neuerthelesse the Building marked F. for as much as you see of it sheweth that it was ioyned to other things The widenesse wherein the F. standeth is 31. foote The 2. small places or stancies holding vp the one side are eyght foot and a halfe and on the other side ten foot and a halfe The Arches where the foure Columnes stand which I take be made in that manner are in length 27. foot and a halfe and in bredth ten foot and a halfe The bredth of the Building marked E. is twenty foot the hollow places in the sides are 17. foote the length of all together is 60. foote and is distant from the Theatre one hundred and one and fortie foot and from the other Building seuentie foote and a halfe The halfe of the olde foote THE Figure vnder this marked A. I thinke to haue bene the Scene of a Theatre it standeth betwéene Fondi and Torracina but there is so little to be séene of the Theatre that I measured it not neither did I measure this part of the Scene which is more decayed then it sheweth here but as I fote on horse-back I made a slight draught thereof The Doore marked B. standeth at Spoletâ— and is very olde made after the Dorica maner which likewise I did not measure but made onely the inuention and forme thereof The Gate marked C. is betweene Foligus and Rome out in the stréet and although it séeme a licentious and vnséemely thing that the Arch should breake the passage of the Architraue Fréese and Cornice yet neuerthelesse the inuention disliked mee not I measured onely the bredth and the lâ—nâ—th the which I found to bee eighteene foote and one and twenty foote and a halfe I thinke it had béene a small Temple or a Sepulchre but be what it will it sheweth well to a mans sight IT is sayd that this building was called Porticus of Pompeo others say that it was the house of Mario but it is called by the Common people Cacabario which building as farre as I can learne was onely made for men to ease themselues in for there is no dwelling in it at all and although this building at this day is almost decayed yet it was very great and contayned many places as you sée by many houses of this building which are found in the earth Where the Line standeth is now the way to goe from Campo Floro to the Iewes place and where the Crosse is now the houses of Sancta Crose stand where G. staÌ„ds is the Iewes place where the M. standeth bee the Marcellarii where the C. standeth is the Churchâ—yard of S. Saluatorie and where the E. ie cut through is the Fore-front of the houses of Celsis so that thereby you may see the great compas thereof The thrée round things were Stayres to goe vp to the two emptie Roundles And for that there is no shew of Stayres to be séene in those two it is to bee conceaued that they were open places to make water in for such things are necessary The ground of this worke is measured by the same Ell that the Theater of Marcellus was measured withall which measure you you shall finde here after the Obiliscen and halfe an Ell shal be thirty minutes And first the thicknesse of the Pilasters is thrée Elles and a halfe the thicknesse of the Columnes is two Elles the Intercolumnes are on all sides nine Elles and a halfe the Pilasters of the foure Corners are so much more theÌ„ the outermost Corners stand ouer them which Corners were made with good iudgement for they vphold the Corner by strength and with beauty of worke Hereby workemen may learne how to make Corners with Columnes and with Pilasters bound together that the Corner may also be foure square as the Columne is which giueth the Corner more fastnesse then if the same Corner were drawne along the Pilaster and for the Corners which are drawne in if you see them ouer the side in Diagonall maner where the two round Columnes couer the Corner then they will séeme vnperfit Corners and specially because they are séene on all sides TOuching the Ichnographie I haue sayd inough now I must speake something of the forme aboue the ground although there is not much thereof to be séene neuerthelesse there is yet so much standing vpright although it be hidden that thereby the backe part therof without is to be conceaued which in trueth is an ingenious inuention for a fast worke and especially in the first order which you call Dorica although it hath neyther Architraue Trigliph nor Cornice But yet there is the forme and that very subtilly made with great strength and fayre Building as well of hard stone as of Bricks as you may sée in the Figure following The thickenesse and bredth are shewed before the height of the Columnes with Bases and Capitals seuentéene Elles and the height of the Arches fiftéene Elles The height of the Cunco that is the shutting stone aboue the Arch is 2. Elles the height of the binding which is in stead of an Architraue is 2. Elles and so much is the Facie aboue it The second order séemeth vnsupportable for that there is a waight of Pilasters standing aboue an open hole a thing which in trueth is false erronious to speake in reason Neuerthelesse for that the first Order is so fast and strong by meanes of the shutting stone aboue in the Arch as also with the crosse stone vpon it with the fast Facie vpon that and by reason of the good shoulders of the Arch which altogether shew to be such a strength as in effect it is that the Pilasters that rest vpon it séeme not to oppresse the worke as they would if it were a simple Arch with an Architraue Fréese and Cornice for which cause I blame not this inuention therein The widenesse of this Arch is 4. Elles the height is nine Elles the bredth of the Pilasters is two Elles and an halfe the thicknesse of the Columnes is an Ell and a sixt part in Diameter the height of the Columnes is eleuen Elles
and an eyght part with Bases and Capitals and are made after the Corinthia manner The height of the Architraue Fréese and Cornice is two Elles and thrée quarters Although I can giue no particular measures of this Cornice Fréese and Architraue because such things are not to be séene yet there is onely so much wall that thereby a man may conceaue the Freeses Cornices and Architraue The third part of the Ell wherewith this is measured AMong other faire Antiquities in Rome there are two Columnes of Marble all cut full of Histories very good imbust worke The one is called Antonianas Columne the other Traians Columne and for that Traians Columne is the wholest I will speake somewhat thereof This Columne as men say the Emperour Traian caused to be made which is all of Marble and made of many pieces but so closely iorned together that they séeme to bee all one piece and to giue the particular measure thereof I will begin at the foots of the Basement thereof And first the degrée or step in the first rest is thrée Palmes high the Plinthus of the Base is a Palme and eyght minutes high the carued or grauen Base is as much the flat of the Basement is 12. Palmes and sixe minutes high the grauen Cornice is a Palme and an halfe high The place where the Feston hangeth in is two Palmes and ten minutes high the whole Base of the Columnes is sixe Palmes and 28. minutes and is deuided in this manner the Plinthus where the Eagle standeth vpon one corner but you must imagine that there is one at euery corner is thrée Palmes and ten minutes high the Thorus aboue it is thrée Palmes and eyght minutes high the Cincte is ten minutes high The height of the Columne that is the body is 18. Palmes and 9. minutes the Astragall with the Quadrants or lists vnder the Echine is 10. minutes The height of the Echine is 2. Palmes and 2. minutes the height of the Abacus is 2. Palmes 11. minutes about vpon this Columne there is a Pedestal of a round forme through the which men crept froÌ„ the winding Stayres and may goe easily round about because the plaine ground thereof is 2. Palmes and a halfe broad the height of this Pedestall is 11. Palmes but the Base is two Palmes and the Cornice aboue is a Palme high The Crowne aboue the Pedestall is thrée Palmes and a halfe high the thickenesse of this Pedestall is 12. Palmes and ten minutes the thickenesse of the Columne aboue is 14. Palmes and the thicknesse below is 16. Palmes the roundnesse marked A. in flat forme sheweth the thicknesse aboue and the Circle marked B. is the thicknesse below The vndenesse of the winding Stayres is 3. Palmes and the Spill foure Palmes The bredth of the Basement is 24. Palmes and 6. minutes in the which space are cut two Compartements wherein is contained an Epitaph vnder which many Trophees are cut and in the Epitaph are these letters hereunder written S. P. Q. R. IMP. CAESARI DIVINERVAE F. NERVAE TRAIANO AVG. GERMANIC DACICO PONT MAX. TRIB POT XVII COS. VI. PP AD DECLARANDVM QVANTAE ALTITVDINIS MONS ET LOCVS SIT EGESIVS This Columne is histographied with excellent good cut worke and drawne along with Berries it is also flinted in Doricall manner in the flintings the Figures are made in such sort that rising vp or bearing out of the Figure the forme of the Columnes and flinting is nothing disparaged betwéene which Figures there stand some Windowes which giue light to the winding Stayres and although the said Windowes are placed orderly yet they hinder not the Historie at all and yet they are 44. in number and I will shew the whole Columne in the Figure following but these are the members thereof openly written and set downe All these members are measured with the olde Romane Palme as you find it before vpon the round I Haue before sufficiently spoken of the bredth of Traians Columne and of the particular maner thereof now I will shew the whole Columne proportioned as it is So then the Columne marked with T. representeth Traians Columne but from whence the Obelisces spring or procéede and how they were brought to Rome and to what end they serue I will not speake of for that Pliny declareth it at large onely I will set the measure here and shew the forme of some things which I haue séene and measured within Rome And first the Obelisce marked O. is without the Capena and is all grauen and cut with Egyptian letters the thicknesse thereof in the foote is ten Palmes and a halfe the height is 80. Palmes and this onely was measured with the ancient Palme but the other thrée by it were measured by a moderne or vsuall Ell of 60. minutes whereof the line that is betwéene the Obelisces is the halfe and is deuided into 30 parts The Obelisce marked P. standeth in Vaticano that is at S. Peters and is of Egyptian stone in the top whereof they say the Ashes of the Emperour Gaius Caesar stand the thicknesse thereof below is 4. Elles and 42. minutes the height is 42. Elles and a halfe the part aboue is thrée Elles and foure minutes thicke and vnder at the foote standeth these letters DIVI CAESARI DIVI IVLII F. AVGVSTO TI. CAESARI DIVI AVGVSTI F. AVGVSTO SACRVM The Obelisce marked Q. lyeth at S. Rochus broken in the middle of the stréet in thrée pieces and 〈◊〉 say likewise there lyeth buried in the earth a Ladie called A lâ— Augusta the thickenesse beneath of the said Obelisce on each Facie is two Elles and 24. minutes the height is 26. Elles and 24. minutes the thickenesse aboue holdeth an Ell and 35. minutes the Basement was all of one piece and the Obelisce marked R. is in circo Antonino Caracalla and is broken as you sée in the forme The thickenes of the Obelisce is two Elles and 25. minutes below and aboue one Ell and 33. minutes the height is 28. Elles and 16. minutes and all the Pedestals are proportioned thereafter And although paraduenture there are more of them in Rome which I haue not séene yet these which I haue séene are here set downe to your sight as being hast knowne The Degrées ioyned thus The third Ground The second Ground This Space from the â—â—e Shaft to the other were Degrées where the people sate easily Steps betwéene the Degrées The fourth Ground The first Ground I Haue shewed the Ichnographie of the Romish Colisco in foure sorts euen like as the building is of foure sorts or orders now I must shew the Profill thereof by the which a man may conceaue a great part of the inward things therefore the Figure following sheweth the whole building aboue the earth as if it were cut through in the middle In which Figure first you sée all the degrées whereon the Spectators sate there also you may perceiue how many wayes the goings vp were which in truth were very easte to
this Arch séeeth but foure places where Histories are grauen and 5. Columnes in this third story in the second story but 4. windowes and 5. Pilasters and aboue them 5. Columnes the third Cornice you cannot come vnto HAuing spoken of many Antiquities and placed them in Figure it is requisite that I also shew some of those that were made in these dayes and specially of Bramants worke although I haue not altogether omitted it hauing shewed the wonderfull worke of S. Peters Church and other things belonging to holy Temples And in truth a man may well say that he restored good and perfert Architecture as yet by the meanes of Iulio P. M. many fayre pieces of worke were made by him in Rome do witnesse of the which this set here is one this is a Gallery made in Beluedere in the Popes Court wherein are two fayre things to be séene the one is the strength thereof the which for that the Pilasters are of so great bredth and thicknesse will last while the world endureth the other for that there are so many accompagments so well set out with good inuention and excellent proportion this worke is measured with the ancient Palme The bredth of the Arches is 18. Palmes and so much are the Pilasters the bredth of the Pilasters is deuided into 11. parts one part on eyther side of the Pilaster which beareth the Arch shall haue which is two parts other two parts shall be giuen vnto one Columne that is 4. parts 2. parts shall be giuen to the little Pilasters of the Niches or hollow seates and 3. parts to the Niches themselues so are the 11. parts distributed The height of the Pedestals shall be halfe the widenesse of the Pilasters The height of the Base of the Pedestals shall haue one part of the before sayd 11 parts The Cornice is the 9. part lesse then the Base The height of the Columnes with Bases and Capitals are of 9. Diameters and thereunto also the seuenth part The Base is halfe the thickenesse of the Columnes The Capitall is of the same thickenesse and the seuenth part for the Abacus The height of the Architraue Fréese and Cornice is as much as the Pedestall without his Base And this height is deuided into 11. parts foure for the Architraue 3. for the Freese because it is vngrauen and 4. for the Cornice as the halfe Circle of the Arch is drawne then the heights of the lights will be double after that the imposts being drawne in their places the which are of halfe a Columne thicke and so the Niches or seates and the Quadrans aboue them haue their certaine proportion BEcause I could not by reason of the smalnesse of the Figure perfectly shew the parts of the Gallery aforesayd therefore I haue shewed them hereunder in greater forme the part C. is the Pedestall of this Gallery and vpon it the Base of the Columne slandeth proportioned according to the great the part B. sheweth the impost of the Arch with a part thereof The Figure marked A. sheweth the Architraue Fréese Cornice aboue the Columnes The generall measures touching the height are already shâ—wne therefore not to be mentioned againe for they are proportioned after the great In this Cornice the workeman was very iudicious that he suffered the Corona to go through vnbroken and suffered the other parts of the Corona to beare outwards which is very séemely and the crowne the stronger and kéepeth the whole worke from water with which inuention the workeman may helpe himselfe in diuers accidents for the reaching out of Cornices stand not alwayes well but in some places well and in some places ill and the bearings out vntolerable where the Columnes on the sides haue no Pilasters of these bearings out I will say more in the fourth Booke in the handling of foure maner of Simmetrie of Columnes IN the leafe before I shewed a piece of worke of Bramants making and now I will shew another of his workes from whence a wise workeman may helpe himselfe much by meanes of the diuers and sundry ornaments that are in it In this Gallery the workeman would shew thrée stories or orders one aboue another viz. Dorica Ionica and Corinthia and in trueth the orders were faire well set out and placed notwithstanding that the Pilasters of the first story or order being Dorica were somewhat too weake and the Arches too wide to the proportion of the Pilasters and therewith the weight of the wall of the Ionica order standing vpon it was an occasion that it was broken ruinated and decayed in short time But Balthazar of Sciene a skilfull workeman repayred the decayed ruines making counter Pilasters with vnder-Arches therefore I haue said wise workemen may learne of this building not onely to imitate fayre and well made things but also to beware of errors and alwayes to consider what wright the nethermost story is to sustaine therefore I counsell a workeman rather to be timerous then ouer-bold for if he be timerous he will alwayes chuse the surest way and make his worke with consideration and will vse counsell yea of such as are lesse skilfull then himselfe of whom sometime men often learne but if he be high-minded and trusteth too much to his own skill and knowledge then he will scorne another mans counsell whereby oftentimes he deceyueth and ouer-shooteth himselfe so that oftentimes his worke falleth out badly Now I will turne to speake of this Gallery and set downe some notes of the proportion thereof The widenesse of the Arch shall bee deuided into eyght parts whereof thrée parts shall be for the bredth of the Pilasters and the height of the Arch shall containe 16. of such parts The forepart of the Pilasters shall be deuided into foure parts whereof two parts shall be for the Pilasters of the Arches and the other two shall be for the thicknesse of the Columnes the height of the Pedestals shall containe halfe the widenesse of the lights the height of the Columnes shall bee eyght parts of their thicknesse with the Bases and Capitals The height of the Architraue Fréese and Cornice is a fourth part of the length of the Columne The second story shall bee lesse then the first by a fourth part viz. That from the Pauement of the Dorica story to the highest of the Cornice shall be deuided into 4. parts and 3. of them shall be for the whole story of the Ionica worke and so shall all the parts particularly bee lessened in themselues a fourth part The like also shall be done with the third story which is Corinthia in regard of the second order although it standeth not here because the Figure is drawne too great but not to put the Reader in a maze or doubt at the Columnes which stand here in the middle as desirous to know how they end at the top you must vnderstand that you shall finde such inuention in the fourth Booke in the Order of Dorica in the side H 2. that although
that those Columnes are Ionica in the sayd Booke notwithstanding you may make them Corinthia And that the workeman might the better vnderstand the members and Cornicements of this worke I haue shewed them in greater forme and proportioned them according to the principall I speake of the members of the first story for a man could not easily come to measure the other AT Beluedere at the entry of the Popes Court through the Callery which I haue set downe before for the places alwayes goe vpwards there is a going vp which is very fayre at the head wherof you come to a plaine which hath the forme of a Theater the ground whereof is shewed vnder this and thereto I haue set the Profill that you may vnderstand it Here I haue kept no account of the measures destring onely to shew the inuention of the stayres and the halfe Circle as it standeth This halfe Circle is very much eleuated from the Court of the Popes house to the Palace-ward and behind the halfe Circle you 〈◊〉 a great playne with fayre appertements at which place you goe through the two Gates which you sée in the sides of this haâ—â—â— Circâ—â— in which places there are many faire Images and among the rest Laocoon Apollo Tyber Venus Cleopatra and Hercules Tâ—â—â—â— the Orthography of the ground shewed Folio 69. and as I haue sayd I will not speake of the measure â—â—â—â—eof but onely of the inuention and although that here on eyther side onely one Pilaster with his Columnes â—s shewed yet is it not vnlike some Galleries whereof I haue spoken before and that appeareth by the double Coâ—â—mnes together with the Niches or hollow seates with the Quadrans aboue them In Beluedere there are many other things which I haue showne among other things there are wonderfull winding Stayres in the ground whereof there standeth a Fountayne flowing excéedingly with water the which going vp is all full of Columnes in the innermost part which Columnes are of foure Orders viz. Dorica Ionica Corinthia and Composita but that which is most wonderfull and ingenious is that betwéene one and the other Order there is no difference or distance but men goe from the Dorica to the Ionica and from the Ionica to the Corinthia and from the Corinthia to the Composita with such cunning that a man cannot perceiue where one Order endeth and goeth into the other so that I am of opinion that Bramant neuer made a fairer nor costlier piece of worke then this Wyll out Reme at Mente Mario there is a very fayre place with all things belonging to a place of pleasure of which particular parts I will rather refrayne to speake then not shew them sufficiently onely I will speake of a Gallery with the Facies thereof made by an excellent workman Raphael Durbin who hath made diuers appertements and beginnings to othâ—r workes as the Courtill although that it is fouresquare yet he had fashioned it round as the foundation partly sheweth That Vestibulâ—â—n marked A. and the two places B. and C. stand not in such forme but I haue placed them there to fill vp the ground for the part C. endeth in an hill as also the part E. but in the other side of the Gallery mâ—â—ked F. there is no halfe Circle and that was left out not to pinch some of the appertements but to accompany other members by it The order of this Gallery is very fayre the roofe whereof is concordickly altred for that the andole part is with a round tribune and those two on the sides are crosse-wise In which roofe and also in the walles â—anvan Vdenon hath made wonderfull great pieces of paynted worke so that regarding the fayre and excellent workemanship of Architecture with the beautifying of paynting together with diuers ancient Images this Gallery may well be called one of the fayrest that euer was made And whereas it is spoken of an halfe Circle which doth not answere the rest neither the workeman not willing to leaue it vndecked or vnfurnished his Disciple Iulio Romano in the Facie thereof paynted the great Gyant Poliphemus with many Satyres round about which worke Cardinall de Medicis that after was Pope by the name of Clement caused to be made The measure of this Gallery I will not set downe but the inuention shall suffice the workeman for that all things are proportioned according to the great and hereafter you shall see it made vpright together with the Facie of the Gallery but the Niches or hollow seates on the sides are not there Bâ—â— thee part following marked B. A. you may conceiue the roofe of the aforesayd Gallery the sayrenesse whereof consisâ—eth march in the corner marked ✚ the which giueth to vnderstand also the thrée others being well placed and sâ—ew well in the heading vp of the tribune in the middle going alwayes binding with the duplication of Pillars to each Facie of the Pilasters which Pillars in regard the Coronas remayne whole make not the Pilaster shew bâ—â—e but rather â—â—ch bre kâ—â—â— oâ— Pilasters into two Pillars maketh a large seeing vpwards and stands neuerthelesse in manner and place 〈◊〉 a fraâ—e Pillar for the Base of the sayd Pilasters follow also And for that in the Figure following in the Pilaster there is but one Pillar with a peece shewed yet to make it better to be vnderstood is that each Facie of the Pilasters within the Gallery is to be deuided into thrée of the which a man may make two flat Pillars and at the corners one Intercolumne so that as it is sayd although there are two flat Pillars with one Intercolumne yet altogether it is but one Pilaster AMong other Cities of Italy Naples is called La Gentile and that not onely in respect of the great Barons Lords Earles Dukes and great numbers of Gentlemen therein but also because it is so well furnished with stately Houses and Palaces as any other parts of Italy And among other pleasant places that are without the Citie there is a place called Poggio Reale which King Alphonsus caused to be made for his pleasure in that time then most fortunate when Italy was in peace and now vnfortunate by reason of the discords therein This Palace hath a very faire scituation and is well deuided for Roomes for that in each corner thereof might bee lodged a strong company of men in the middle there are sixe great Chambers besides the Roomes vnder the ground together with some secret Chambers The forme of this faire building in the ground as also the building that standeth vpright is here set downe in the next leafe the measure thereof I set not downe vnto you onely because I will shew you the inuention for a workeman may imagine of what greatnesse he will haue a Chamber being all of one greatnesse and then from those Chambers he may imagine all the measures of the rest of the building which building the Noble King vsed for his pleasure because men accustomed to dwell in the
Countrey in the Summer time The Court of this Palace is compassed with double Galleries and in the middlemost place marked E. men go downe a payre of Stayres into a fayre eating place in which place the King and his Lords vsed to banquet and eate at pleasure in which place he caused certayne secret places to bee opened whereby in the twinckling of an eye the place was full of water so that they sate all in water likewise at this Kings pleasure all the water voyded out of the roome againe but there wanted no shifts of clothes to put on nor yet rich and costly beds for them to lye in that would rest themselues O voluptuous Italians how are you impouerished by your discords I will not speake of the most beautifull Gardens filled with all kind of flowres with diuers compartements of the Orchards and Trées of all kind of Fruits with great abundance of Fish-ponds and Fishes of places and cages of diuers Birds both great and small of fayre stables filled with all sorts of Horses and of many other fayre things which I will not speake of for that Marcus Antonius Michaell a Gentleman of that Towne very learned in Architecture hath séene it and hath written of it at large in a Latine Epistle which he sent to a friend of his But to turne againe to the parts of the said Palace which is right foure square it is within Galleried round about one aboue the other in the foure Corners within the thicknesse of the walls stand the winding stayres to goe vp into the building The foure Galleries without marked B. are not there but for the commoditie and beautifying of the house they would stand well there IN this Figure hereunder I haue shewed the Orthographie both within and without the part marked A. sheweth the part without the part marked B. representeth the Galleries within the part C. sheweth the ruines within I haue not set downe the couering or roofe of this house for according to my opinion I would haue playstered such a building that it might onely be vsed for a walking place to behold the countrey about The ground of the Poggio Real of Naples COnsidering the fayre Building of Poggio Real I haue thought good to set downe such an other here in this place but in other forme for appertements and peraduenture with more ease for that the places are all of one greatnes which is not so good a forme but it is necessary that the first should be greater then the second In this place I make you no place for lights within for that it is a place in the countrey being not cumbred on the sides it hath light inough on all the foure corners but some men may say that the Hall with the foure Chambers because they haue no light but through the galleries are darke for it is no perfect couer to which I answere that the house being made to be vsed in the time of great heat hauing no place in the middle the Hall and the Chambers will alwayes be cold by reason the Sunne cannot come vnto them These places will be very pleasant at none time for that the said places haue not so great lights as the other dwellings yet haue they so much light as they néed such like may be séene in Bolonia which are made in this manner with Galleries and daily inhabited This Building is so dispused that the corner places being of great thickenesse the rest shall be strong inough yea although the walls had no great thicknesse in regard they are all counterforts one to the other yet shall they be of sufficient strength I will not speake of the measures for that this being proportioned the skilful workman may imagine according to his pleasure that caused it to be built first the greatnes of the roome then deuide it into so many féet or other measures thereby to measure all the rest of the building as the situation of the place may beare it Then this building aboue all things shall be placed that the Sunne may rise vpon one of the corners and so shine vpon all the sides thereof for if it stands with one side to the East and the other to the West then it will follow that the North side shall neuer enioy the Sunne-shine vpon it which were rumaticke and vn wholesome MEn may build in diuers and sundry sorts vpon the ground aforesayd but for that this is a place of pleasure I thought good for the brauenesse thereof to make it after the Corinthia maner I will not trouble my selfe to speake of the measures nor heights for in my fourth Booke in the Order of Corinthia O 2. you shal find a Treatise which together with the iudgement of the wise workman will serue to set down this measure And for that in this Facie there is no shortening at all whereby you may know the Galleries the flat and closed places eche from other therefore I will set downe the two highest sides at eche end you must conceaue it to haue flat Pillars from beneath vpwards that part betwéene both which is lower you must suppose hath two Galleries one aboue the other the Columnes whereof would be round the same is to be vnderstood to be both behind and on both sides Men may also make aboue the Galleries a Tarrace or Pauement to defend the raine the Gallery being made with a Leane-to or Raile out of the Cornices of the first order of the Figures aforesayd and so also the Hall in the middle together with the 4. Chambers of the second story would haue more light For 2. causes I haue made the small windows aboue the great in the first story The 1. is if you will make the windowes so low that a man sitting may easily sée out of them then if you should make the windowes no higher then the doore there would bee too much space betwéene the windowes and the roofe of the house which would greatly darken the house and otherwyse the windowes bring much more light into the Hall The 2. is that the Chambers by the Hall néed not bee of such height but you may make hanging Chambers therein whereto those windowes will serue I might speake of many other things which I referce to the iudgement of the workeman AT first I was not minded to set this ground nor yet the building of the 100. Columnes placed in M. 1. in this Booke for that they are things which the Author hath made by reports and heare-say which I estéeme not worthy to be set by things that are counterfeyted and measured yet that it should not be sayd that I haue published this Bo ke lame and vnperfect and not full as the Author made it which might haue giuen slanderous and enuious persons occasion to scorne and scandalize this Booke therefore I haue not onely set this héere but also added this other Figure following by him set downe in the leafe R. 3. And now to turne to this ground our
Author sayth that in Ierusalem as it was told him on a hill there is a building cut out of a reasonable greatnesse in manner hereunder set downe and for that by meanes of the widenesse of the middlemost part the roofe should not fall in therefore the two Pilasters were left in the middle and withall two of a middle sort by them with two lesse also before vnderholding the roofe which altogether were cut out of the rocke with instruments In the first entry are foure little Chappels In the middle there are 18. and behind there stand 2. and a doore locked which sheweth that men went further the greatest Chappel is wide the length of a man whereby you may iudge the greatnesse of the building This place hath no light nor can be perceaued that it had any light The Chappels are taken out as the Figures A. and B. FOr that our Author before speaketh of an Arch triumphant in Verona called Dei Bursari which he termeth to be barbarous and confused of parts and members as according to the writing of Vitruuius of good Antiquities in effect it is Neuerthelesse for that Iohannes Carottus which our Author alledgeth hath set it downe for an ornament of Verona in his booke of Antiquities much better and with more deliberation then all the rest of the Figures by him made for in trueth the rest are very grosse Therefore I thought it good to shew it here to the curious Reader that he may sée and also note by Vitruuius rule aforesaid what is good or ill in it which may peraduenture please some of this countrey better then another because they vse to séeke for much worke in their Architecture And for that this Figure was too great in forme therfore I haue here set downe but the halfe and you must conceaue the other side that is an Arch with windowes and other ornaments like these the foot of Verona wherwith this building is measured standeth here on the sides in halfe proportion of which foot one small standeth in the Pedestal vnder the great Columne whereby the measure is to be conceyted for the sayd Carottus giues no other warrant of all his Figures but onely of the Figure of the wonderfull spectacle as hee termeth it with the Theater aboue it but aboue all with the goings vp to the hill where a Temple of Ianus standeth as our Author sheweth afterward in Folio l. 3. in this present Booke Of this building Carottus saith more then of all the rest and for that I may satisfie the Reader at full of all that is sayd in this Booke therefore I haue caused this figure to bée printed alone because it was too great and in my opinion too grose to set hereby Vale. The end of the third Booke Translated out of Italian into Dutch and out of Dutch into English at the charges of Robert Peake and are to be sold at his house neere Holborne Conduit next to the Sunne Tauerne 1611. The fourth Booke Rules for Masontry or Building with Stone or Bricke made after the fiue maners or orders of Building viz. Thuscana Dorica Ionica Corinthia and Composita and thereunto are added examples of Antiquities which for the most part agree with the instructions of Vitruuius with some Figures more added vnto them which were not in the first and some deuices of the Author which are corrected and hereunto annexed Translated out of Jtalian into Dutch and out of Dutch into English LONDON Printed for Robert Peake and are to be sold at his shop neere Holborne conduit next to the Sunne Tauerne ANNO DOM. 1611. To the wel-willers of Architecture VItruuius sayth that such as haue built without learning or instruction although workemen could neuer make any famous or commendable pieces of worke no more can others being no workemen such as haue followed the letter or writing onely and made no proofe of which some haue presumed to father their doings vpon Vitruuius yet in diuers places of their writings which are found they could not close vp their rules orderly but haue left many things doubtfull and more haue esteemed that to be good and commendable which in worke is not to bee endured The cause of this errour is that the last Booke of the sayd Vitruuius wherein the Figures are was lost whereby men might haue knowne and sound out his meanings so that hereby it appeareth that some Antiquities haue beene very bare in their workes and especially in their Orders of Dorica because Vitruuius nameth no Dorica Bases but in stead thereof speaketh of an Attica Now it may be regarding that he there speaketh not of any Order of Attica therefore they durst not make any Dorica Bases or Columnes on the contrary others possibly contemning the darknesse of the writer or for want of knowledge haue so far exceeded their Author in many things that they haue not onely forsaken and left the examples and reasons of good Antiquities but also more then that haue made their workes vnseemely and ridiculous to mens eyes as may be seene in diuers antient works whereby gentle Reader many workmen well seene in both haue beene cumbred therein and especially in this our time Bramant of Castle Durant Balthazar of Scienne and many others for that not onely by meanes of Iulius the 2. Pope but also by others good Architecture was bettered in their times who after long disputation and searching of many aswell Authors and Commentaries together with the examples of good Antiquities haue with authority to make an end of all doubts not only added this Spira Attica of the Dorica but also as many orders as now are vsed beginning at the Thuscan as the grossest and slenderest of all the rest and haue reduced the same into a certaine and common forme together with their ornaments and measures which vnles Sebastian Serlius a workeman and scholer of the sayd Balthazar hath written and set out in figures so that leauing the obscurities of Vitruuius we may make an incorrigible worke And for that all those that loue workemanship vnderstand not the Italians therefore in my opinion I haue translated the most certayne and best rules out of Italian into Dutch and out of Dutch into English onely the names of all Procels Bases Capitals Cornices c. which are not named in Dutch nor English for that Bastian by Vitruuius termes vseth the common and moderne Italian words which by some should be as hardly vnderstood as the Latine But I would commend him that seeing we take vpon vs to follow Vitruuius writings that we giue him the name of Vitruuius that the learned might bee vnderstood of the workeman and the workeman also vnderstood of the learned And for that the workeman might the better read it I haue printed it in our ordinary Dutch letter And although this fourth Booke of seuen was first set out because it is the best yet the other also are no lesse fit and conuenient to further Architecture or Art of Building as in
would first serue for a place to stand drie in making the walking place aboue broader and easily for defence in time of warre and for more securitie it might within be filled vp with earth It might also be the workemans chance to build about an Hill and to frée himselfe thereof from the waters that alwayes with the rayne fall from it make the earth to â—â—nke it is therefore necessary for the workeman to set the like buildings against such an Hill whereby he shall be assured from such suspicion and it will also be a great strengthening to the worke The like inuention Raphael Durbin vsed at Monte Mario a little aboue Rome in the Vineyard of Clement the seuenth by him begun in the time of the Cardinall Ieronimi Genga and without Pisera for the defence of water against a Hill was made the like ANcient workemen in this kind of rusticall worke haue vsed many and seuerall kinds of Buildings as you may sée hereunder wherewith a workeman may helpe himselfe in many things as necessitie requireth the measure shall be that the light shall be a perfect fouresquare and the wall betwéene both shall be a fourth part lesse That Supercilie or Architraue shall haue the fourth part of the light and shall be made of Pennants which run vpon the Center in vnequall numbers and aboue the Supercilie shall be layd an halfe Circle deuided in nine equall parts the lines being also drawne vpon the Center The Cunei or Arch-stone being formed and the thrée pieces layd betwéene it with the Facie aboue it will in this sort be an euerlasting worke But for that the Cunei of the Architraue must lye fast it shall be needfull to fill the halfe Circle with Brickes And for the more beautifying you may vse Rootes as the ancients vsed to doe as you may at this day sée in Rome at S. Cosmians and Damian which although the stones be old yet it is very strong AS in the beginning I said the workeman may vse this Gate in diuers places but not for Fortresses for the passage through serues not for Artillerie or other great preparation for wars neuerthelesse this part may well serue for the outtermost Port or Gate The proportion shall be that the light or opening shall be twice so high as the bredth The Arch-stones of the halfe Circle shall be nine drawing vpon the Center of the Circles The Facie vnder the Arch shall be the seuenth part of the Gates from the Facie downewards to the Pauement shall bee deuided into seuen parts and an halfe and shal be sixe stones broad thrée whereof shal be each a part and an halfe the other thrée of one part and thus the seuen parts and an halfe are deuided The height of the middlemost Arch-stone or the closing stone which you will shall be halfe as broad as the Gate The Facie aboue the Arch-stone must bee as broad as a foot that is the thinnest part of the sayd Stone but the middlemost Arch-stone and also the foote vnder shall be a fourth part broad THe proportion of this Gate viz. the opening is twise as high as broad the Pilaster and the Arch are a fift part of the bredth of the light the great Pillar shall be once so broad againe and the height of sixe bredths The height of the Base shall be a fourth part and the Capitall a third part and so great the Capitall or impost vnder the Arch shall bee The Facie in the place of the Architraue shall be as high as the Capitals the Fréese also as much and also the Cornice following the rule aforesayd the rest may bee found with the Compasse a imposte ALthough the Gate hereunder set downe is much different from the fashion of the rest yet for that it is Thuscan worke and ancient I thought good to set it here the which in former time was in Rome En Capo de la militia Traiana although by the decayes thereof now not to bee séene the two Niches or seates that stand by it on the sides are out of their places with which the ingenious workeman may serue his turne withall if he place them where they should stand The proportion of them by the rule aforesayd may easily be found touching the gate it selfe I will set downe no measure for it is very easie to be found THis maner of Gate is couered by the sixt part of the Circle and is very strong worke yet the Peunants will not agrée with other Buildings of Stone therefore it a man will make such worke it would stand well in a wall of Bricke Touching the proportion I will not speake for that it is easie with a Compasse to find the measure thereof But the Niches or seates placed by it to fill vp the place the workeman may at his pleasure set where he thinketh best and they may not onely serue for Niches but also for windowes if they should bee vsed for Niches to place Images therein it is necessary that the height should excéed the double proportion of the bredth or somewhat more that they may be more fit and correspondent for Images to stand in which is alwayes referred to the workeman IN times past the Romanes vsed to mingle Dorica Ionica and sometime Corinthia among their rustical buildings but it is no errour if a man mixe one of them in a piece of rude worke shewing in the same nature and Arte for that the Columnes mixed with rough stones as also the Architraue and Fréese being corrupted by the Pennants shew the worke of nature but the Capitals and part of the Columnes as also the Cornice with the Frontispicie or Geuell shew works of Art Which mixture in my conceyt is a good sight and in it selfe sheweth good strength therefore sitter for a Fortresse then for any other Building neuerthelesse in what place soeuer the rusticall worke is placed it will not doe amisse In such mixtures Iulius Romanus tooke more delight then any other man as Rome witnesseth the same in sundry places as also Mantua and without Rome the fayre Palace called vulgariter El. Te. Which in trueth is an example in these dayes both of good Architecture and paynting The proportion of this Gatâ— is to bée made thus the widenesse must be of double proportion that is twice so broad as high iust vnder the Arch. The Pilaster shall be the seuenth part of the widenesse and the Columnes twice as thicke as the Pilasters the height with the Capitall shall be eyght parâ—s The Capitall Freese Achitraue and Cornice shall bee made as iâ— sayd before also the Fastigium Frontispicium or the Geuell shall also bee shewed in Dorica order The halfe Circle of the Arch shall bee deuided in eleuen parts for the stones of the Arch but the closing-stone shall bee greater the which stone the workeman may at his will hang somewhat out The Facie which doâ—th vphold the Arch shall bee halfe the thicknesse of the Columnes from thence downewards you
parts high That Pedestall shal be 3. Columnes thicke in height the bredth or forepart like the Plinthus vnder the Columne The inter-Columnes on the sides shall be one Columne thicke and in the Corners shall stand the fourth part of a Columne the wings on the sides wherein the Niches are shall be of the thicknesse of a Columne and a halfe but the Niches a Columne broad and 3. in height The Architraue shall haue the halfe thicknesse and the Trigliph also as broad but the height without the Capitall shall bee a 4. square and two 3. parts whereby placing the Trigliphes on the right side and on the left right aboue the Columnes and betwéene both 3. Trigliphes and 5. Methophes more the diuisions shall rightly come to be 4. square in the spaces The Corona and the Frontispicie and all the other parts as well below as aboue shall be made as is taught in the beginning And for that the Trigliphes on the sides differ from Vitruuius doctrine yet notwithstanding I haue seene them in Antiquities stand vpon the corners the workemen may at their good pleasures make them in worke or beare them out as occasion shall serue Further I had no meaning to set any grounds or platformes in this fourth Booke for that it is intended to be intreated of elsewhere yet such forefronts as are hard to be vnderstood I wil set the Ichnographie or ground for more light to the Reader ALthough in Antiquities as farre as is found when workemen had placed the Epistilia vpon the round Columne they set nothing else but the Fastigium vpon that vsing the some order in Churches and Temples and not in any other buildings Neuerthelesse I will not omit to set downe some maner of Houses without Arches for if you will make Arches with their fouresquare Pillars and round Columnes before them for beautifying of the worke séeking to make much light in your Callerie the Pillars with the Arches will hinder a great deale of light Then if you will set the Arches onely vpon the round Columnes that were altogether false for that the foure corners of the Arch would surpasse the roundnesse or body of the Columnes therefore I intend to make some Houses and other Buildings without Arches both of this order and also of the other This shall therefore be made in this maner that the greatest inter Columne shall be the thicknesse of foure Columnes and the smallest of one and an halfe The height of the Columnes shall be of nine parts with Bases and Capitals the Architraue Fréese and Cornice c. shall bee made according to the former rule the widenesse of the windowes are of two Columnes thicknes the height a fouresquare and two third parts and their Pilasters one sixt part of the light hauing the Cornice aboue like the Capitall The doore shall be of the bredth of thrée Columnes and seuen in height and so shall the lights of the windowes and of the doores bee all one height The Trigliphes and Methophes shall bee deuided as you may perceiue The second story shall bee lesse or shorter by a fourth part according as Vitruuius giueth counsell so also shall the Architraue Fréese and Cornice bee a fourth part lessened the windowes thereof with the Pilasters should bee as broad as the lowest The ornaments in the Niches shall stand in Perpendicular with the Columnes and the hollowings of the Niches shall be as broad as the inter-Columnes their heights shal be of two foure squares and an halfe the third story shall be shorter a fourth part then the second The Architraue Féese and Cornice accordingly but being together deuided in thrée parts one shal be for the Architraue the second for the Fréese and Mutiles or Mogdilions and the third for the Cornice You shall find the particular measures hereof after the Composita the windowes shall also be as broad as the lowest but the Niches shall be a fourth part lesse the rest you shall lightly â—â—nd ALthough in the Thuscan Order in the Facie 13. I haue shewed the like inuention this notwithstanding differeth for that this Gallery would bee round roofed and where the Arches are the crossings would be made as you see in the ground And for that the Columnes cannot vphold the sides alwayes giuing out therefore aboue the Columnes you shall lay or fasten Iron bindings in the sides as you sée it in the platforme but they will last longer if they be made of brasse The proportion of this Facie shall be made thus The greatest Intercolumnes shall be 4. Columnes thicke and the least two The height of the Columnes with Bases and Capitals shall hold 7. times their thickenesse The Epistilium shall bee thrée foure parts of a Columne thicke aboue the which there shall be a halfe Circle made the brâ—adth thereof shal be halfe a Columnes thicknesse vpon the Arch you shall set the Cornice of the height of the Epistilium Betwéene both the Arches there shall be the maner of a window made the widenesse whereof shall be like the Intercolumnes vnder it and the List or edge as broad as the Arch. That Câ—â—â—t as Trochile and the Echine aboue the windowes and part of the Cornices shall neuerthelesse beare out somewhat aboue the windowes for to beautifie the same The widenesse of the Doores shall bee two Columnes and one fourth part The Pilaster or Antipagmentum shall bee a sixt part of the light the height of the light shall reach to the Supercilie iust vnder the Capitall of the Columne which forme of Capitals shall follow aboue the doores and windowes The light of the windowes shall bee in breadth two Columnes in thicknesse but these thicknesses aforesayd in these cases are to be vnderstood as the Columnes fall out The length of the light shall be a foure square and a halfe The Niches shall also be of the same height The Roofe aboue or the second Stage as you will terme it shall bee lesse or shorter a fourth part deuided in this sort The Podium or part brest high of one Columne and a halfe in thicknesse The rest shal be deuided in fiue one of them shall be Architraue Fréese and Cornice The Niches with the Ornaments shall stand in Perpendicular aboue the windowes betwéene the Arches but shal be in bredth fiue parts two parts shall be the Columnes the rest the Niches with the Pilasters The Cornice aboue the Niches shall be the bredth of one of these Columnes and the Bases the halfe bredth thereof The windowes betwéene the Niches shall in the light contayne one fourth part lesse then the doore and of double height but of the rest of the Ornaments for that this worke is somewhat mixed you shall find further satisfaction in the Ionica and Corinthia The Trigliphes in this compâ—â—â—tion betwixt the one and the other will not make their Methopes right foure square because I haue set thrée Trigliphes aboue each window and as many ouer euery of the Niches as you may
to the pleasure of the workeman it may also serue for windowes Aneenes or Pâ—olâ—â—â—â—â—des THe light of the Gate following is more then of double proportion viz. of two fouresquares and a quarter the flat of the Pilasters shall be the 8. part of the bredth of the light and the Columnes shall be twice as thicke the same Columne shall be lessened aboue a sixt part the height shall be of 9. parts with Bases and Capitals according to the measure aforesaid And although these Columnes hold a part more then the rule aforesayd yet it is not therefore trueth for that the 2. third parts stand onely without the wall bearing no other waight then the Frontispicium further if by any accident these Columnes should excéed 9. parts yet were it not to be blamed for they are onely set for an ornament being made fast in the wall The height of the Architraue shall be like the Supercilies ouer the doore the Fréese shall be cut and shall be made higher as is before if it be not cut you may lessen it so much lower the Cornice shall be higher like the Epistilium or Architraue with the other parts you must handle as it is said in the beginning of this order The Frontispicie shall bee referred to the will of the workeman eyther to make it higher or lower by any of the aforesayd rules By this inuention a workeman may helpe himselfe in many things making the light high or low as need shall require as sometimes of a fouresquare or of two third parts but if the workeman bee not otherwise compelled I should best commend the double proportion that is of two fouresquares ALthough I haue set this rusticall Gate in the order of Thuscana and not onely in many places applyed it to the Thuscana but also mixed it with the Dorica yet I haue placed it here with the Ionica although it is not therefore to be set in all buildings that are made after the Dorica neuerthelesse to good intent and purpose as without in the countrey in such a case also it is not to bee discommended in a Citie or Towne for a Marchants or Lawyers house in which places it is tolerable But in what place soeuer a man will make it in a maner of bearing ouer then the proportion of this worke shall be thus the light vp to the Arch shal be two fouresquares and the Pilaster the 8. part of the bredth of the light the Columne shall hold the fourth part thereof but the height shal be 9. parts with Bases and Capitals The Arch of the halfe shal be deuided in 13. parts and a quarter because the middlemost stone shall holâ— a quarter more then the rest The Architraue Fréese and Cornice are together the fifth part of the Columnes of which thrée pieces the workeman shall make 11. parts 4. for the Architraue 3. for the Fréese and 4. for the Cornice The height of the Podium shal be the bredth of the light The Cornice and the Base may be taken out of the aforesayd Stilobato but the other Base Capitall Architraue and Cornice shal be made as it is sayd in the beginning The Arch-stones and the other that bind the Columnes you may sée in the Figure ALthough the height of this Arch is not of double proportion as the most part of those which I haue shewed yet it is not false but is made by good discretion for that it may sometime fall out that in the compartition of a Facies vpon occasion of any necessary height and to make the Arches vnequall which should be so to place the principall gate in the middle which in such case should not attayne to such height but if we be not constrayned by any necessity I more commend the double height then any other proportion The widenesse then betwéene one Pilaster and the other shal be 3. parts and the height 5. but afterwards the widenesse being deuided in 5. then the whole Pillars which stand before the 2. Pilasters haue 2. parts and the thicknesse of the Columnes shal be of one part the Pilasters shall each of them be of halfe a Columne in thicknesse likewise the Arch and the Impost which vpholdeth the Arch are of the same height made as it is shewed in the Theater of Marcellus marked T. The Columnes shal be 9. parts high with Bases and Capitals made according to the rule in the beginning of this Chapter set downe the doore in the middle shal be halfe the widenesse betwéene the Pilasters the height shal be found in this maner The Pilaster being made of the sixt part of the light the Cornice like the eyes of the Impost placed aboue it and the Scima vpon that making afterward the Fréese the fourth part lesse then the Antipagmentum then the height will find it selfe which will be little lesse then two fouresquares The Frontispice shal be made according to a rule set downe in the Dorica the Architraue Fréese and Cornice shal be made in height of the fourth part of the heights of the Columnes by the rule aforesayd The Story aboue shal be lower by one fourth part so shall the Architraue Fréese and Cornice bee of the fift part of that height which shal be the fourth part of the height of the Columnes but touching the deuision of the particular members you shall find them in full measure in the Order of Composita The windowes being made with Arches shal be in bredth like the doore likewise the Pilasters and the Arches but their height shal be two fouresquares and a halfe which is to giue more light in the chambers The Columnes shal be flat and one fourth part shorter thâ—n the lower The bredth of the Niches betwéene the Columnes and the windowes is one Columne and a halfe the height of foure Columnes thicknesse Thus of any parts or members that bee resting you shall find meanes to make them by the prescription of the aforesayd rules of that order for of this Corinthia you shall find the measure in the beginning of that order Aboue this story he that will may make a walking place well defended from water and that the height of this Podium were of reasonable height to leane vpon or to rest vpon with a mans armes these Facies would bee a great beautifying to the building and much ease to the inhabitants SOmetime as is sayd a workeman shall find a great number of Columnes but so low that they will not reach high inough for his worke if he cannot helpe himselfe therewith and apply such members to serue the building which he hath in hand therefore if the height of the Gallery riseth higher then the Columnes then in the middle of the Facie you may make an Arch being vpholden by the Architraue which shal be aboue the Columnes which Architraue shall bee the Impost or vpholding of a round roofe But where the Arch shall be there shall be a Crociere as the workeman may see in this ground and for
strengthening thereof let there be Iron or mettall barres layd ouer as it is taught in the Dorica Order But the deuiding of this Facie shal be such that the middlemost Intercolumne shal be of 6. Columnes thicknesse and the height of the Columne with Bases and Capitals shal be of 8. parts the Architraue holdeth as much as the Columne is in thicknesse aboue likewise the Arch aboue the which the workeman shall make a Cornice which height shall hold a fourth part more then the Architraue without the Thorus vnder with the List which Cornice shall also serue for a Capitall vpon the Pillars aboue the Columnes and shal be of the same bredth that the Columne is aboue The Intercolumnes on the sides shal be of 3. Columnes in thicknesse the height of the doore shal be so that the Architraue vnder the Arch shall serue for the Cornice aboue the doore changing partly her members as it is figured Vnder the Cornice there shal be a Fréese set which shal be a fourth part lesse then the Architraue the Supercilies with the Pilaster of the same height But as much as shal be vnder the Supercilies to the stayres of that halfe the bredth of the light shal be made and so the light shal be of two fouresquares The windowes shall stand as the eyes of the doore stand and their widenesse shal be of two Columnes thicknesse but the height shal be taken in Diagonall maner the second Order or Story shal be a fourth part lesse then the first the Podium being taken of a reasonable height that which resteth shal be deuided in 5. parts foure whereof shall be for the height of the Columnes the other for the Architraue Fréese and Cornice obseruing the giuen measures of such a Story The bredth of the window in the middle is with the Antipagmentum as wide as the light of the doore but the light shal be double in height in the Ornaments aboue workemen may follow and obserue the rule set downe The windowes on the sides shall be like those that stand below and their height like the greater the raysing vp in the middle aboue the second story shall also be a fourth part lesse then the other and euery part thereof lessened accordingly for the light thereof the order of the loweâ— story is obserued but the making of this third story or the not making thereof is at the pleasure of the workman AS it is said in the beginning of this Booke the maner and order of the Ionica being made after the Feminine kind it is so likewise a materiall thing that hauing a Chimney to make of that order wee must as néere as we can make some shew of that sexe therein the proportion whereof shal be thus that the height of the opennesse being placed it shal be from the ground of the Chamber or Hall to the Architraue eyght parts high and that shall be according to the placing of the Columnes which shall be such like monsters or strange formes as we call them made in this maner which shal serue for Mogdilions The Architraue Fréese and Cornice shall be the fourth part of the height as it is before sayd The table vpon the Capitals which couereth the Architraue and the Fréese I iudge that ancient workemen haue vsed to finde more space to write in and also for that they were desirous of nouelties which table whether it be made or not made is referred to the will of the workeman The second order with the Dolphins is made for two causes the one is to make the mouth of the Chimney which doeth receyue the smoke wider the other is to make a Piramicall forme making the necke of the Chimney in a Chamber but it is still at the will of the workeman to make them more or lesse or not at all THis other maner of Chimney is very easie for small roomes and they are vsed to be made lower then a mans sight that the fire which is enemy tomâ—â—s eyes may warme the rest of a mans body The widenesse of this Chimney is a full fouresquare the Pilaster shall haue a sixt part of the widenesse the Cimatie the seuenth part of the Pilaster Of the rest you may make 12. parts 3. shal be giuen to the first Facie 4. the second and 5. the third Facie and for more beautifying a man may also make the Astragals as you sée them here in the sides The height of the Volutes shal be like the 3. Facies without the Cimatie and of them must be made 3. equall parts one part for the Fréese with the chanelature or hollowing and the other for the Echine with the Astragall and List the third shall bee giuen to the Volutes which shall hang on the sides like the Cimatie but the leaues shall hang downe as low as the Architraue The height of the Corona with the two Cimaties and the Scima are like the second and third Facie together with the Cimatie but the Proiecture of Corona Cimatie and Scima each of them hold as much as the height This like forme I haue made in worke very well liked of but as is sayd of the other if by occasion of worke it taketh ouermuch place then you may make the Pilasters of the 8. part of the widenesse so will they be much more séemely of themselues That part made ouer for an Ornament is also at the workemans will for this Chimney is to stand in the thicknesse of a wall so that this Ornament of this Order would serue for a window or doore Here endeth the Ionica Order of building and there followeth the Corinthia Of the order of Corinthia worke and the Ornaments thereof The eyght Chapter OF Corinthia worke Vitruuius speaketh onely in his fourth Booke and the first Chapter in a maner as if he would say that the same which is sayd of the Ionica Columne is in Corinthia worke and in his second Chapter hee speaketh of Mogdilions among the Coronas therefore not giuing any other rules or measures of the other parts but the ancient Romanes vsing this order of Corinthia much as also the rest made the Bases of these Columnes with a great number of members or parts full of worke of which Bases to set downe some rules I will speake of one of the fayrest buildings in Rome that is the Pantheon called by the name of Our Lady de Rotonde setting downe all the measures thereof The Columne of Corinthia worke is made by a common rule consisting of 9. parts in height with Capitals and Bases the Capitall whereof shall be as high as the Columne is thicke below but the Base shall be of halfe the thickenesse of the Columne Of this halfe or height of the Base there shall be foure euen parts made whereof the one is for the Plinthus the other three shall be deuided in fiue equall parts whereof one part shall bee for the Thorus aboue but the Thorus vnder shall be a fourth part thicker so that which resteth
be made thus Vnder the sayd Cornice the Supercilie shal be also made of the like height and from thence downewards there shal be 2. equall parts made to the Stayres whereof one shal be the bredth of the light and likewise the Cornice of the doore as the eyes shall come with the windowes and the Cimatie of the Pedestall shall also come in like sort vnder the windowes The light of the windowes shal be taken Diagonall wise and the Antepagmentum a sixt part of the light The particular members of the Pedestall Base and Capitals shal be made as in the first part of this Order it is sayd Aboue the Columnes the Architraue Fréese and Cornice shal be set deuided in such maner as is shewed in the beginning The height of the second Story shal be a fourth part lesse then the first and all the members lessened accordingly as you may sée and measure it in the figure she eleuation aboue this I estéeme not for a whole Story but much lower the height thereof is as much as the widenesse of the Arch below and the Cornice which serueth for Architraue and Fréese shal be the fift part of the height of that Story which measures you may take from the Capitall Dorica and for more Ornament a man may set a Fastigies aboue but setting it in the middle it would hardly agrée with the two small aboue the Niches vnlesse it ran round whereby the worke should be changed and shew better to the sight WHen a workeman will build a Temple the higher the ground or Pauement is eleuated so much statelyer the building will shew for so right ancient workemen haue done although they vsed other formes of Temples much different from this here set downe for they made a body alone but wee that are Christians make our Temples in three parts setting one part in the middle and 2. parts on the sides and sometimes the Chappels are made without the sides as you sée in the ground The widenesse of this Facie shall be of 32. parts one whereof shal be the thicknes of a Columne the middlemost inter-Columnes shall containe 7. parts the greatest inter-Columnes on the sides shall bee 4. parts and an halfe The inter-Columne with the Niche shall be 2. parts and so the 32. parts shal be distributed The Arches with the Pilasters shall be halfe a Columne broad the widenesse of the Doore shal be of 3. parts and an halfe the height of 7. parts the Impost vnder the Arch is as broad as the Arch. The height of the Pedestall is 3. parts the height of the Columne with Capitall and Bases is 9. parts and a halfe The Architraue Fréese and Cornice shal be the fourth part of the height of the Columnes and so for the particular members and parts resting the first rule shal be obserued The windowes Niches and other ornaments a man may conceaue in the figure and measure The second storie shal be a fourth part shorter then the first and all the members lessened accordingly but the Architraue Fréese Cornice shal be placed in 3. equall parts as I sayd of the other The Fastigies shal be made as Vitruuius hath shewed in the order of Dorica The 2. sides that stand for beautifying and vpholding shall bee the fourth part of a Circle whereof A. and B. is the Center and aboue each Arch that parteth the Chappels a man may set such things which will be a great vpholding to the middlemost worke and also along vpon them the water may fall from the vppermost toofe to the nethermost THe deuiding of this worke ensuing shal be thus that the Pillar shal be the third part of the widenesse of the Arch but the thickenesse of the sixt part the thickenesse of the Columne also as much The height with Base and Capital of ten parts and an halfe the Arch Pilaster and impost of the halfe Columne the measure of the Impost a man may take from the Dorica Chapter altering the members the same shall also serue for a Cornice aboue the doore and for supporting of the windowes aboue the shops the height of the Arch for sometimes vpon occasion a man shall be forced to haue it so low as you sée shall be of 3. parts in the bredth and 5. in height and the doore also shall haue the same proportion The Antepagmentum shall be the sixt part of the light and if the workeman will make the height of the Arch of double proportion the doore also will be of such proportion but the Columnes should néed a great stone vnderth Bases with which things ancient workemen holpe themselues The height of the Architraue Fréese and Cornice are of 2. Columnes thickenesse as it is said in the first part of the rules or in maner of some Antiquities aforeshewed And for that the space vnder the Arch to the soller which is euen with the flat of the Cornice should be too great to make crossewise in such case my aduice should be to make an Arch right behind the Columne and to make each space kettlewise as you sée in the ground The height of the second story shal be one 4. part lesse then the first deuided in this maner the Podium shall bee as high as the thickenesse of two of the lowest Columnes and from thence vp wards shall be made 5. parts one for the Architraue Fréese and Chrnice and 4. for the Columnes the Arches with the Pilasters shall be of halfe a Columne and for the rest you shall obserue the generall rule and if the Facie standeth in any place or market as it is shewed by the winkels or shops it will be easie and comely to make a leaning aboue the vppermost Cornice but for safety from rayne snow and frost aboue all other things it shall bee requisite to make a roofe or pauement well closed and leaning forward because of the water but it will be surer if it be couered with lead And although good workemen condemne and shun the setting of a Columne in an emptie place which I also commend not neuerthelesse for that I haue séeme the like matter vpon the Porticus of Poâ—pcy in Rome but made after the Dorica maner therefore I haue presumed to set the like if it may serue any mans turne FOr that the Venetians in their buildings vse much Corinthia worke and also many windowes and Podiums therefore I haue made one here which is full of windowes Podiums haue also made Story vpon Story which is more commodious then bearings out and leanings ouer are and the building will haue a better shew for that all the things which a man may sée within will be séemely The Compertition of this Facie shall be thus The bredth shal be deuided in 30. parts and one of those parts shal be the thicknesse of a Columne the middlemost Intercolumnes shalke of 4. but all the rest of 3. and so the 30. parts shal be distributed The height of the Columnes shal be of
worke which we may see with our eyes And in trueth the workemans foresight ought to be such that as occasion serueth he may make many things by the sayd simple and compound worke respecting both the nature and the subiect And therewithall the workeman sometimes to whose iudgement many subiects may be referred shall be abandoned and left by Vitruuius counsel that could not conceaue all whereby he should be brought into a straight and compelled to do as he seeth case I meane for that Vitruuius in my opinion speaketh not at all of this Composita by some called Latina and by others Italica which the old Romanes peraduenture being not able to goe beyond the inuention of the Greekes finders of the Dorica after the example of men and of the Ionica resembled to women and the Coriothia after the forme of maydes of the Ionica and Corinthia made a composition piecing the Volute of the Ionica with the Echino in the Capitall Corinthia and these they vsed more in Arches tryumphant then in any other things which they did with good foresight for that they tryumphed ouer all those countries froÌ„ whence the sayd worke had their beginnings and so they might well at their pleasures as commanders ouer them set these orders together as they haue done in the great building of the Romish Coliseo And hauing therein placed the 3. orders one vpon the other viz. Dorica Ionica and Corinthia they placed Composita aboue them all which by euery one is called so although as men may perceyue the Capitals are almost Corinthia But it was an excellent iudgement in my opinion of them that hauing placed this order in the highest part of the Coliseo which being farre off from mens sight men should haue seene if they had set the Architraue Freese and Cornice of the Ionica and Corinthia aboue the Columnes that such worke by long distance of time would haue prooued bad but placing the Mutiles in the Freese they made the worke rich and it holpe the Proiecture of the Corona and withall it wrought another effect which was that the Architraue Freese and Cornice seemed to be one Cornice alone by meanes of the Modiglions that were set in the Freese for that they seemed great obseruing their proportion THE height of this Columne Composita shall with Base and Capitall be of 10. parts the Base shall be of halfe the â—â—lumne thickenesse and it shall bee made Corinthia with the measure set downe by the Corinthia arâ—â—â—ts is yet séene in the Gate of the Arch tryumphant of Tiâ—us and Vespasian in Rome You may make the Columnes chaneled as you doe the Ionica and sometime like the Corinthia make the Volutes somewhat greater then the Caulicoli of Corinthia which Capitall you sée in the Arch aforesayd and is set downe here in Figure for the Architraue Fréese and Corona if it stand farre from mens sight then the Architraue shall bee as high as the Columne is thicke aboue the Fréese wherein the Mutiles are shall bee of the same height The Cimatie of the Mutiles shall be of a sixt part the Proiecture of the Mutiles shal be like the height The height of the Corona with her Cimatie holdeth as much as the Architraue and that deuided in 2. parts one shall bee the Corona the other the Cimatie the Proiecture thereof shall be like the height and this is a common rule although that in the Figure ensuing marked C. you may sée the members and measures of that which is in the Coliseo aforesayd and for that this Columne is the slenderest of all others therefore the Pedestall ought to lice séemelier then the rest following the common rule the height thereof shal be a double bredth that is slat and of that height there shall be â—yght parts made one for the Base and one for the Scima but of the particular members you may take the example here on the side in the Figure which altogether are proportioned according to the Pedestals of the aforesayd Arch tryumphant and so being a Columne of ten parts the Pedestall shall also be ten parts in it selfe proportioned after the Columne And although men make all Pedestals in Perpendicular yet in Athens a most ancient Towne there are some that are somewhat lessened in the vpper part which I discommend not FOr that ancient workemen haue vsed diuers mixings of worke therefore I will not set downe those that are best knowne and composed for that the workeman may chuse out of them such as he thinketh will serue his turne best The Capitall hereunder set marked T. is composed of Dorica Ionica and Corinthia the Abacus and Cimatie is Dorica the Echine and Strike is Ionica the Astragal and Leaues are Corinthia as also the Base with the two Thorus is Dorica but by the 2. Scoties and the Astragals as also because of the beautifulnesse thereof it shewâ—th to be Corinthia which things are in Tresteuere in Rome the Capitall X. and also the Base are of 2. kinds Dorica and Corinthia The Abacus of the Capitall and also the Base is Dorica but the Base by meanes of the liuelinesse of the worke may be named Corinthia and so are the Leaues of the Capitall of Corinthia but for that the Abacus is fouresquare and all the other members round therefore you shall cut the Rose vnder the Abacus in the 4. corners as you sée it in the Figure The Capitall A. with the monstrous horse in place of Caulicules may be called Compositâ— and is in the Basilico del foro transitorio The strikes of the Columne are different from others as you may see them beside the A. The Base X. is Composita and is in Rome the Capitall is méere Corinthia and is at the 3. Columnes beside the Colises The Capitall C. is composed of Ionica and Corinthia and is in an Arch tryumphant in Verona The Capitall D. is in the same Arch on some flat Columnes The Base Y. is Composita with the Astragalus which standeth vpon the vppermost Thorus and is of Antiquitie in Rome YOu sée not many Arches tryumphant made of Composita and the most part are made of pieces taken on t of other buildings neuerthelesse hauing shewed a generall rule for them therefore I will not set downe any other inuention of Edifices of that kinde for the prouident workeman as necessitie requireth may helpe himselfe with the inuentions aforesayd changing them into Composita But I will shew two orders of Chimneys of each sort of worke the one within the wall the other without This Chimney which should stand cleans within the â—â—all if you will make it in a small place the height shal be no higher then to a mans shoulders that 's mans eye and sight may not be hurt by the fires and the widenests e shal be according to the bignesse of the place wherein it should bee set The height by to the Architraue shal be deuided in 4. parts one shal be the bredth of the
Antepagmentum or the Pilaster wrought in such maner as you sée it heere set downe And in this Composita because it is fréeâ—â—â—en the other I haue made this Pilaster very much differing from the rest neuerthelesse taking a part of this inuention from an ancient stoole which is at S. Iohn de Laâ—eraâ—eÌ„s in Rome The Architraue shal be of halfe the bredth of the Pilasters the Cimatie of the sixt part the rest shal be deuided in 7. whereof 3. parts shal be for the first Facie and 4. for the second The Asteagalus shal be made of a halfe part taken betwéene both the Facies The Fréess because it is cut shal be made the fourth part higher then the Architraue the Cornice is the height of the Architraue and there shal be 7. parts made of it 2. for the Cimatie vnder the Corona other 2. for the Corâ—â—â—a and one for the Eimatie thereof The 2. that reâ—â—ine are for the Scima and the Proiecture of all shal be like the height But if you make the Pilaster of the Art part of his height and the other members duniâ—ished accordingly it will be much more séeruely and specially if the worke bee of small forme For the ornaments aboue the Coriâ—ce you may chuse whether you will maks them or not that iâ— referred to the workeman AMan may make other drnaments of Chimneyes of this Composita worke in diuers formes as this because it is more licentious then the other maner of building and for a changing of the other forme you may also make this by this rule The height of the Architraue being of a reasonable mans stature you shall deuide the same in 8. parts whereof one shal be for the bredth of the Modiglions or Rolles Vitruuius calleth them Prothyrides The height of the Pedestals shal be as high as if they were to sit vpon The order aboue the Modiglions which holdeth no rule at all shal be two parts and an halfe of the bredth of the Modiglions And for that also I haue sayd this maner is without rule therefore the leaues and other parts shal be referred to the workeman Men may also sometimes set the Dorica and the Ionica and sometimes the Corinthia aboue the Modiglions and for that the funnell which receyueth the smoke is wyde therefore you may make the small order aboue it which will giue it a fayrer forme then the vsuall which goeth like a Piramides or sharpe vp Of foure maner of Simmetries THe Workenan is to haue a great iudgement because of the diuersitie of composition in Ornaments of buildings for that there are some places in Architecture of the which there may almost certayne rules be giuen for they are no accidents that happen contrary to our opinions for euery day we sée some Columnes that with their different positions shew different measures in themselues according to the places where they stand These alterations are so made in buildings in 4. wayes that is setting the Columnes almost in an Insule without any companion to helpe it eyther on the sides or behind These certaynely beare a great waight and in their height they goe not aboue the aforesayd rule the example hereof is in the first Columne marked A. but if you place them against the wall though they bee round by the which being vnderholden and holpen a man may make another thicknesse higher aboue the same the example thereof is in the Columne B. Or also drawing alone two third parts from the wall there may yet a thicknesse or wall go higher then the other for that you sée the like in some buildings that rise to nine thicker a halfe and most in the Coliseo of Rome in the Order of Dorica as it is shewed in the 3. Columne C. but they are more holpen when they haue Pilasters on the sides which bearing all the waight giue the workeman meanes to make the Columnes more séemely and so slender that they may be sayd rather to be placed there to fill a roome for beautifying then for strength You may also draw a Columne two third parts out of the wall and on each side set halfe a Pillar which will helpe the Columnes so well that you may make another thicknesse aboue and in this case the Architraue Fréese and Cornice may beare out vpon the round Columne yea although it were flat because the halfe Pillars would hold the Architrane c. on the sides but vpon one Columne alone it is vicious to make such worke bearing out for the other parts besides should be abandoned without any helpe This example you sée in the Columne D. But when the Columnes haue any waight to beare vp without the helpe of another and shall haue fit Intercolumnes it shall not be thought méete to excéede order yea although they haue Story vpon Story to beare vp it is reason that they should be made bâ—tter that the worke may be more durable and although the Pedestall be a great helpe to rayse vp Columnes neuerthelesse if the Columnes be high inough I would thinke it better if the Columnes had them not specially in the lowest Story but in the third and fourth Story with reason Podiums and Pedestals also serue to rayse vp Columnes which the 〈◊〉 Romanes obserued in Theaters and Amphitheaters But touching the setting of Columne vpon Columne there are diuers reasons The first is that the Proiecture of the Pedestals of the Columnes placed aboue should go no further out then the thicknesse of the vndermost Columne and this should be a most certayne reason but for that the second Story should lessen much from the first and would serue no more for any other Story considering the great lessening ensuing another reason and more to the purpose is this That the flat of the Pedestall ought at least to be in Perpendicular with the Columne below and to set the Columne aboue this Pedestall lessened a fourth part from that which standeth vnder as well in thicknesse as in height so this rule agréeth with that of Vitruuius in Theatrum which figure is aboue the Columne A. and if you will not lessen the Columne so much then you must make the vppermost Columne as thicke as the nethermost is in the vppermost part but in this case the flat or massy part of the Pedestall would be broader then the nethermost Columne is thicke below neuerthelesse those of the Theater of Marcellus worke that effect The example hereof is in the Columne B. and these thrée reasons are probable inough But the ancient Romanes in the great Edifice of the Coliseo made the Columne Ionica Corinthia and Composita all of one thicknesse and the Dorica vnder all the other they made thicker about the twentieth part And this in my opinion they did by good aduice for if they had lessened all the Columnes the fourth part one aboue the other the last in so great a building by reason of the great distance would haue shewed very small which we now sée
to be of good correspondence by reason of the height The shewing of this is in the Columne C. And as the Columne aboue the Columne D. is lesse then that which standeth lowest one fourth part for that if a man hath a reasonable house to make of 3. Stories so I would not thinke it amisse that a man should lessen euery Storie the fourth part according to Vitruuius aduice but if the building be high then you were better obserue the Order of the Coliseo that the Stories Dorica Ionica and Corinthia may each bee about one height but the Story aboue increaseth in height about the fift part and this is so as I haue sayd because of the great distances which part by meanes of the great distance séemes to be of the height that the rest are and although that the shewing of these Columnes is Doricall yet it is so in all sorts of Columnes Of Bricke HAuing spoken of so many and diuers Ornaments of stones it is requisite that I should also shew how they are to be placed in worke and specially when a man is to mixe hard stones bricks together which requireth great diligence and Arte for that bricks are like flesh in a péece of worke and hard stones like the bones to knit and hold them together which two things if they be not well and fastly bound together they will in time decay and therefore the foundation being made in such maner as the place affordeth it is requisite that the prouident workeman should make ready all the hard stones and also the bricks with the rest of the stuffe belonging thereunto and so should come to lay and ioyne the hard stones and the bricks together all at one time and it is requisite that the hard stones should be set so farre within the wall that although there were no morter to hold them together yet they should of themselues stand fast in the wall which doing the worke will be strong and continue hard The example hereof is séene in the other side by the figure A. where it is also shewed how a man may make places brest high without feare And if you haue Pedestals with Columnes to set vpon them where hard and soft stones are mixed together if the hard stones be not well ioyned with the soft as you sée in the figure B. the worke will not continue long And if the Columnes be of diuers péeces some of them that is the least shall goe déepe into the wall to hold the other the faster But if the Columnes bee of one péece them they would stand at least a third part within the wall but the Bases and Capitals must enter much more into the wall and aboue all the Corona and other Cornices which beare farre out from the wall The innermost part that is vnwrought must counteruayle that which is without that it may beare it selfe but if at the same time a man will make any worke or Facie vpon the stones then it is requisite that the workeman before he begins to lay any worke aboue the ground should make ready all his stones together with the other stuffe belonging thereunto and so laying and knitting the stones with the bricks together I say that he shall doe well to set some of the stones so déepe into the wall that they may hold the other péeces together by force ioyning well in as you sée it in the figure C. that in time they may not ryue and breake asunder one from the other But that the wall made of bricke should not sinke and sinking should breake the thinnest parts by reason of the waight aboue it is necessary to haue bricke well burnt and morter well tempered betwéene the stones little morter wel layd and ioyned one vpon the other And aboue all such worke would not be made by any force nor waight vpon waight to be packt in haste but you must let it rest somewhat from lay to lay for if a man wil worke in haste and set great waight vpon it it is most certayne the wall will sinke and the stones being not able to beare she waight will breake but if it be made with leyser then the stuffe will be as it should be neuerthelesse I would alwayes more commend the worke that is wholy bound in the wall then that which is ioyned together or couered and specially in my opinion men should not make them in walles that stand outward for that the houses which haue béene made so in former time by ancient workemen and were couered ouer with Marble and other fine stones are now séene all without stones before and nothing but the wall of bricke that stood behind them standeth still but those buildings where the hard stones are bound and ioyned into and with the bricks are yet standing neuerthelesse if you will make such worke simple I thinke this the surest way although some workemen in diuers places of Italy haue made some building with simple walles leauing places in them for hard stones to be put in and after at another time haue put in such Ornaments neuerthelesse for that such things are not well fastened in the wall but in a maner hackt you may in many places sée the péeces falne and euery day more and more decay Of Doores of Wood and of Metall The tenth Chapter AS I thinke I haue sufficiently spoken of the Ornaments belonging to building of Stone now I will speake of Doores that shut the houses whether they be of Wood or Metall I will set downe some Figures thereof of the hookes I will say nothing for all the world knowes them well enough neuerthelesse those that were vsed in ancient time as you see them in the Figure A. were easilyer to be opened and shut then those which are now vsed in all Countries as in the Figure B. But whether these Doores are of Wood or Metall their Ornaments shal be made in such maner that the fayrer the Ornaments of Stone are the Ornament of the Gate also shall bee correspondent that they may be one like the other and to the contrary if the Ornament bee slender then you shall make the Doore of Wood or Metall thereafter which is to be referred to the workeman and to giue you a shew of such Ornaments you shall here see fiue maners of Ornaments which for the most part are taken out of Antiquities Of the Frames of Doores IF men make Doores Gates or Leaues as we terme them all of one piece so that there needeth in that case neyther wood nor yron vnto them they make the hookes of the same piece or Mettal But those that are made of wood and then couered ouer with Copper of reasonable thickenes which if it bee of flat plates you must fasten one vpon the other and yet although they be well ioyned pind or payled together neuerthelesse the nature of wood is such that it will â—â—â—â—ke or swell as the time of the yeere is brie or moyst if therefore
Pauement to the Roofe shall be as high as broad that is of 36. foot from the Pauement till you come aboue the Cornice it shal be 23. foot which height deuided in fiue one part shal be for Architraue Fréese and Cornice the other 4. parts shall bee for the height of the Pillars which separate the Chappels The particular measures hereof you finde in my fourth Booke in the order of Corinthia for that this Temple is made of such worke The height of the round Columnes shal be 12. foot The Architraue that holdeth vp the Arch is 2. foot The Gate as it is sayd in the ground shal be beâ—â—tified with foure flat Pillars of such forme and measure as those that stand within the Temple and also with such Cornicements the Gate or Doore shall haue an Arch standing vpon two Pillars betwéene the flat Pillars the Roofe of this Temple may be beautified as you see it in the Figure and richlyer also making the Windowes aboue the Cornice hanging downewards as you sée and couer the Temple with Lead which is best and so the windowes shall bee preserued well ynough ALthough this forme is fiue cornerd which in Building is not so handsome therefore within I haue made it of ten corners The Diameter of this Temple is 62. foot long the Diameter of the Lanthorne is 12. foot the fiue great Chappels are 15. foot in fouresquare without the thrée Niches which are tenfoote wide The small Chappels are 15. foot broad and goe 4. foot into the wall to the halfe Circle which is 13. foot wide The great Chappels shall haue two windowes and the small one the widenesse of the doores is 7. foot and an halfe The Gallery without shal be 10. foot broad and 24. foot long The 4. Pillars thereof shal be 2. foot fouresquare The middlemost space betwéene the Pillars shall be 10. foot and the other 2. spaces shal be 4. foot The sides of the Gallery shall haue a leaning place made with Balusters In the sides of the Gates there shall stand 2. payre of winding stayres to goe vp vpon the Portall and also round about the Temple This Temple is 9. foot eleuated from the ground and it may be made hollow vnderneath ALthough this Temple is shut yet I will show the measure within it is as high as broad within that is 62. foot The Lanthorne is also as high as broad to the Cornice the Roose is of halfe a Circle The roofe of the Temple is also halfe a Circle high 31. foot the rest netherwards The Cornice shall haue two foot and an halfe formed like the Impost of the Theater of Marcellus in the fourth Booke in the order of Ionica marked T. Folio 37. This Cornice shall be set without like the innermost but greater The fouresquare Pillars of the Portall are 14. foot high with Bases and Capitall Dorica The Architraue is halfe the thickenesse of the height of the Pillar about the Arch the Cornice is the fourth part lesse then the great but of the same forme and shall serue for Capitall vpon the Pillars Aboue this Cornice there shal be a place brest-high made with Iron Balusters The two pieces aboue this Temple shew the Chappels within and that with the crosse she weth the greatest Chappell whereof the light is 25. foot The other piece marked L. she weth the lesse Chappell which is also 25. foot high the Pilasters that separate the Chappels are thrée foot broad the height is 19. foot and there shall be a Cornice made which shall goe round about the Temple seruing for Capitals vpon the sayd Pilasters which forme shal be made after the Dorica Temple but a little altered the Cornicement vpon the Lanthorne may be made with Architraue Freese and Cornice THe ground of the Temple following shal be sixe cornerd being in Diameter 25. foote and the wall 5. foote thicke The widenesse of the Chappels are 10. foote and stand 4. foote within the wall The widenesse of the Niches is 2. foote The Doore of the Temple is 5. foote wide adorned with double Pillars which are a foote and a quarter thicke The going vp is 5. steps or more if you will yet vneuen Each Chappell hath a Window of foure foote and a halfe broad which will bring in light inough although there be no Lanthorne On the 6. corners without the Temple there shal be flat Pillars made of 2. foote and a quarter broad comming out a little And if you would make the Temple greater and for want of stones you could make it no thicker Columnes then you might make it Corinthia or Ionica or Dorica if you will and then you may helpe your selfe with Pedestals NOw I haue shewed the ground of the 6 cornerd Temple 〈◊〉 must shew it standing vpright and aâ—so describe it as well within as without for although the Temple be wholy closed vp yet I haue set a Chappell aboue euer it to see it within for that they are all fiue or one forme and the going in also is of the same forme But ouching the outermost part I say that the height from the pauement below till you come aboue the Cornice shal be 18. fâ—ote The Cornice round about the Temple shall be made of a foote and a halfe but the members of the sayd Cornice shall be made according to the Chapter of Dorica for that it shall also serue for Capitall vpon the Pilasters at the 6. corners Touching the Plinthus with the Cimatie for that it shall serue for a Corona it shall go but right through aboue the Pilasters as you may see in the Figure The Portall before shall bee beautifyed with round Columnes with flat Counterpillars whereof the middlemost Intercolumnes or spaces betweene the Columnes shal be 7. foote and a halfe The Columnes shall bee a foote and a halfe thicke but the space betwéene each 2. Columnes and Pillars shall be halfe a foote these sayd Columnes shal be 8. foot and three fourth parts high The Capitals shal be Dorica but the Bases because they stand below at the foote in the rayne and the wind and also for that they should bee the Bases for the flat Pillare and the great Pilasters going about the Temple on all sides therefore they shal be made Tuscana The height of the Architraue shall bee a foote whereon the Arch shall stand and the Doore shal be adorned as you sée it in the Figure The going in shal be 5. steps at the least The Roefe shall be couered with a thing which in those Countreyes lasteth long and is easy to bee had otherwise it were best to be of Lead and this is touching the worke without To speake of the inâ—â—ard part it is sayd that 1. Chappell serueth for all the bredth of these Chappele hold each of them 10. foot and in height 13. foot and a halfe and enter 4. foot into the walâ— on â—ach side they haue a Niche which to 2. foot broad aboue the Altar there is a window
one part shall be for the Architraue Fréese and Cornice which shal be made after the Dorica the other 5. parts are for the wall with the Pillars which also are 2. foote and a halfe broad like the outermost but for Capitall and Base like the Dorica The measures both of Capitals Bases Architraue Fréese and Cornice you shall also find in the aforesayd fourth Booke in the Order of Dorica The bredth of the going in of all the Chappels is 12. foote but the height of the sayd Chappels is 24. foote The 4. greatest Chappels which stand in the corners are 14. foote within fouresquare with their Pilasters with Arches vpon them The height of all the Niches as well of those that are 10. foote broad as those of 12. foote shall all be 15. foote high The Lanthorne shall hold 13. foote in Diameter and the rest the Architector shall easily find with the small foote THis ground standing hereunder may be named crosse-wise whereof the principall place in the middle containeth 48. foot in Diameter The 4. Niches with the 4. goings through are each 10. foot broad but the goings through are 15. foote long The foure small Temples hold in Diameter 36. foote and their Niches and Windowes wherein you may place Altars and the Doores are each sire foot wyde The 4. places within the 4. corners may be dwellings for Priests other Church Officers and are 16. foot fouresquare aboue them you may place foure Towers and go vp into them through the stayres The foure round formes may be Vestries and other places for men to withdraw themselues This whole fouresquare without inclosing the innermost round Temple contayneth on all sides 88. foot The principall going in shall haue 9. steps and the Doore may also bee greater thou the other two in the sides FRom the ground before shewed here standeth the Orthography of the sayd Temple with one of the sides that is before although a man should set them out all foure at least thrée in this maner The height of the first Story beginning at the highest step of the going vp to the vppermost part of the Cornice shal be 38. foote which height deuided in 6. parts one shal be for the Architraue Fréese and Cornice and this shall inclose the whole Temple round about From this first Cornice to the second of the middle Temple it shal be 13. foote of this height you shall make 5. parts whereof one shall be for the Fréese Cornice and Architraue The same great part of the Cornices shall also serue for the Lanthornes of the 4. least Chappels which Lanthornes within shall contayne 8. foote in Diameter The 3. Order agaynst the 4. Towers shall haue but a flat Facie right like the foote of the greatest Lanthorne which standeth vpon the round roofe The sayd Lanthorne within shall hold 10. foote in Diameter and the height without the Kettle stone shal be 16. foote this height deuided in 5. the one part shal be for the Cornicement of this Lanthorne and the other shal be Corinthian Pillars The fourth Order of the Towers shall also be of the same height and beautifyed with the same Cornicement and although that from this Cornicement netherwards the Order of the Towers stands not very handsomely because they are forced to yéeld to the Cornicement of the Temple yet according to Antiquity it is a fault to be borne withall The vppermost parts which in no sort are tyed to any thing shal be as high as the thickenesse of the sayd Towers The 5. part of that height shal be for the Cornicement and the rest for the Columnes made after the Ionica Aboue the Cornice the leaning place shal be made with the round roofes as you sée HEereunder followeth the Orthographie of the aforesayd Temple within that is the halfe of the 3. Temples And for that the middlemost Temple should receiue more light then from the Lanthorne as the other also doe by the windowes below it is requisite to make the Cornice without higher then the innermost that a man may almost receiue the light perpendicular-wise as you may consider it in the Figure From the Pauement to the highest part of the Cornice it shal be 44. foot The Cornice because there are neyther Columnes nor Pillars about a man may make bastard and at his pleasure so it haue not much bearing out that it may not take away the sight of the roofe The Cornice shal be a foote and a halfe high and may bee made according to the Capitall of Dorica The height of all the Niches are all 15. foote aboue the Niches there shall a Facie goe round about the whole part of the Temple as well the small Temples as the great Aboue the Facie the halfe round roofes of the 4. Chappels shall stand Aboue these 4. Chappels there shal be a playne made a little hanging to cut off the water with a place bresthigh round about where by the Stayres a man may go through to the Towers and if that this Temple standeth in any open place then there will be a faire walke aboue it you must be carefull that you let no snow lye vpon it for it soketh in and hurteth the roofe The Doores on the sides haue also 9. steps although they stand not marked in the ground and as these and the like houses stand so high or not so high from the earth a man may well make them places of deuotion or otherwise We sée commonly that round about the Churches all corners lye full which is vnciuill for sanctified places therefore I would thinke good that it should be walled round about as high as the steps that it might not be so ready for people to goe in and that it were hallowed for a Church-yard The Towers that should stand behind in this halfe because they stand not vpon this Diameter and also for lesse cumber for that men may conceiue how they are placed therefore they are not set downe in this Figure and what there wanteth more it is referred to the discretion of the workeman who in building thereof shall find many accidents which a man cannot write nor remember all at once ALthough the aforesayd Temple is shewed to bee crosse-wise neuerthelesse this that is heere set downe is much liker and first I will speake of the first going in which shall serue for all the rest for that they are all of one forme The widenesse is 30. foot and the length 37. foot The wall is seuen foot thicke in the middle on eyther side there are two Niches which shall each of them be tanne foot broad The Doore is eyght foot wyde the going through to goe into the Circle is 22. foot wyde The Pilasters there are seuen foot thicke the Niches foure foote Within the Pilasters the stayres shall stand to goe vp and that the Pilasters should bee the faster to beare the Tribune in the foure corners behind against the Pilasters you shall make these eyght cornerd Chappels of