the grinding muscle His position is in the Cheeke tab 6. fig. 2. and tab 7. fig. 3. I ta 4. fig. 2. V and it hath a double head one neruous proceeding from the ball of the cheeke tab 6. fig. 2. Λ vnto the suture where the Iaw-bone meeteth with a part of the Iugall or yoake-bone and passeth along vnto the vtmost angle or the Iaw which wee call his acute or sharpe processe the other head is fleshy and passeth from the yoake-bone ta 6 fig 2 x and ta 7. fig 3 at ◠toward the chinne and is implanted very strongly table 6 figu 2 μ with a broad insertion to the whole latitude of the lower Iaw so as it representeth saith Galen in the 4. chapter of his 11. Booke de vsu partium the corner of a blunt or obtuse triangle the top whereof is neare the ball of the cheek Λ one side toward the end of the yoake-bone from Λ to ◠another side toward the lower Iaw from χ to μ and the third and last as it were a Basis ioyneth both the forenamed sides to all the parts of the lower Iaw being extended or streatched according to his length The Fibres of these heads do intersect themselues like this figure χ and thence it is that His fibres they moue the Iaw as well on both sides as also forward and backeward for there is a diuers motion required in chewing or grinding the meate and in compasse for as the vse and action of the temporall muscles was vehemently to ioyne the teeth the two iawes together and so to breake whatsoeuer should light between them so the action of these chewing or grinding muscles is to leuigate or shred small the meate that is before broken by the temporall muscles To this action the tongue doth not a little helpe which like a hand turneth and returneth the meate in the mouth that all his partes may come vnder the Breake which motion of the tongue is performed by a muscle of the Tongue called Linguae Masticator or the Tongues Chewer and not onely so but also the muscles of the cheekes are of great vse toward the performance of the foresaid worke The third payre of muscles Tab. 7 fig. 4. neere to B is situate vnder the temporal muscle in the lower part of the cauity of the Temple bones and taketh his beginning partlie The 3. paire of muscles of the lower iaw from the vpper and vtter parts of the processes called Allformes or like vnto wings which are sharpe and vnequall and partly from the roofe and sharpe top or height of the bone called Sphenoides or the wedg-bone which in the cauity of the temples looketh directlie against the yoke-bone where it hangeth ouer a large rift made by the same Sphenoides the greatest cheeke-bone The originall or head of this muscle is partly neruous and partly fleshy and hauing gotten this fleshinesse it is led obliquely backeward and is inserted into the necke of the lower iaw and into the inside of his head His vse is to mooue and lift forward the Iaw as the next that followeth mooueth it backeward The fourth muscle is another Mansorius which Galen in his fourth Booke of Anatomicall The 4. muscle of the lower Iaw administrations the fourth Chapter and diuers other places calleth the muscle lurking in the mouth Tab. 7. fig. 4 O because it lyeth hid in the great bosome of the inside of the Iaw This muscle is thicke and short and ariseth very neruous from the inward cauity or hollow pipe of the wingy processes of the wedge-bone called Sphenoides afterward becomming fleshy large and thicke it descendeth with right fibres and is inserted with a strong neruous and broad tendon to the inner and backe-part of the lower Iawe where the roughnesse is and where the bosome or hollownes is fashioned that it might not take vp too much roome about the Almonds of the throate And this muscle sayth Galen helpeth the temporall muscle to which it groweth strongly neere the production and insertion of his tendon for it draweth the Iaw inward and vpward and shutteth the mouth because it is a matter of labour to draw a heauy thing vpward and to breake and grinde a hard substance besides when the Iaw is brought forward it draweth it backward againe The fift Muscle called Graphioides or Digastricus double bellied Table 7 figure 3 OP and figure 3 NO Table 6. figure 2 O is thinne and small arising membranous and very broade from the Apendixe called Styloides from whence Galen called it The Fyfre and last muscle of the lower iaw His variable substance Graphioides because the Ancients vsed to write vpon waxen Tables with a Probe which they called Stylus and immediately becommeth fleshy and round and passeth vnder the lower part of the vpper Iaw and the eare and in the middest where it is curued or crooked at the turning of the lower iaw it looseth his flesh and becommeth Neruous and againe reconering his flesh is inserted into the middle of the iaw fast by the lower part of the chin where the inner bone becommeth a little rugged for his better insertion and where both the Muscles of each side do meete albeit about his middest it cleaueth to the bone called Hyoides There is also in this place a kinde of forme of a Pulley for because these Muscles do not arise from the lower parts of the necke but rather from the vpper they could not mooue the Iaw downward vnlesse they had bene wound about the lower angle of the lower Iaw as it were about a Pulley The vse of this paire of Muscles is to draw the Iaw downward so to open the mouth and by consequence to draw the tongue toward the throate but if one of them onely do The vse of these muscles together mooue it leadeth the Iaw obliquely to his owne side It was called Digastricus because it hath two Venters or Bellies being fleshy in the beginning and in the end and in the middle Tab. 7. fig. 3 betweene O P fig. ◠between N and O neruous or tendinous which is peculiar to this and to the second paire of muscles of the bone Hyoides tab 7. fig 3 V What muscles haue 2 bellies V and to the fift proper paire of the Larynx or throttle partly for more strength partly that it might not take vp too much roome because the place is but narrow and there are many Instruments to fill it vp especially the muscles of the tongue and of the Hyois and therefore also they were made small and thin round and long their motion beeing but easie for the Iaw fals downward with his owne weight and therefore needed no strong retractor Finally because a part of the square muscle which with Galen we reckoned among the muscles of the cheekes groweth more strongly to the bone of the lower Iawe the right The reason of Arantius his opinion and the left meeting at the middle of
the question wherin Galen is interpreted of Galens Philosophy It is true that he acknowledgeth in euery perfect organ one similar particle which is the principall cause of the action but yet hee neuer meant to referre the cause of the perfect action onely to the temper of that particle so hee acknowledgeth the temper of the Christalline humor to be the efficient cause of vision or sight together with his purity smoothnesse and scituation which are all organicall For if the position of the Christalline humor be changed if it be drowned too deep in the glassy humour although What we must resolue vpon according to Galen the temper of it remaine neuerso exquisite yet the vision cannot bee perfect In a word therefore I answere that the originall of the action dependeth vpon the similar part and his temper but the perfection of the action followeth the frame of the whole organ And this Galen teacheth in the sixt chapter of his book de differentijs morborum and in his book de optima corpor is constitutione where he willeth and resolueth that the actions doe first of all and originally issue from the similar particles but their accomplishment and perfection dependeth vpon the frame of the whole organ Whether the Spermaticall parts be generated of seede QVEST. VII MAuing thus handled the distinction of the parts the natures of them all it remayneth that we entreat of those parts which are called Spermaticall Three questions concerning spermatical parts concerning which there are three questions among the rest most notable Whether they be immediately made of the seede whether they can grow together againe or bee restored and whether they bee hotter then the sanguine or bloudy parts or no all which we will dispute in order The first question is hard The first question to be determined and therefore we must be constrayned to take our rise a little higher for that the nature of seede which is intangled in many folds of difficulties must first be vnfolded notwithstanding because wee shall haue fitter oportunity in the booke of the generation of man to search more narrowly into the mysteries of this secret wee will content our selues in this place briefly to run ouer those things which shal most concerne the matter we haue in hand It is agreed vpon betweene the Physitians and the Peripatecians that seede is a Principle of generation But the Philosophers doe acknowledge it onely to be a formall and efficient Principle the Physitians both a formall and a materiall formall by reason of his spirits materiall by reason of his body The Physitians therefore doe determine that the The Peripateticks thinke that all the parts are generated of bloud The first reason spermaticall parts are generated out of the crassament or thicke substance of the seede the Peripateticks onely out of the bloud This latter opinion is not without his patrons and abettors and beside supporteth it selfe by these arguments If the Spermaticall parts were made of the seede as of a materiall principle then the actiue and the passiue the act and the power the mouer and that which is moued the matter and the forme the maker and the thing made should be the same which true and solid Philosophy will not admit Againe according to Aristotle in the second booke of his Physickes the Artizane is neuer a part of his owne workmanship the seede is the artizane Galen calleth it Phidias who was The second Aristotle Phidias the Statuary an excellent Statuarie and made among other peeces Mineruas statue of Iuory 26. cubits high c. And in the 20. chapter of the first book de generatione Animalium The seed is no part of the Infant that is made sayth the Philosopher no more then the Carpenter is a part of the woode which hee heweth neyther is there any part of the art of the artificer in that which is effected but onely by his labour through motion there ariseth in the matter a forme and a shape Moreouer it is an axiome of Physicke That wee are nourished by An axiome in Phisicke The third those things whereof we are formed framed and do consist but all the parts of man are nourished with blood and therefore they are all generated of blood also Furthermore if the principall parts the Heart and the Liuer bee made of blood for their substance is fleshy and Hippocrates calleth them both fleshy Entrals why is it not so The fourth Hippocrates with the other parts which al men admit and consent to be made and perfected after them Adde heereto that if the seede of the Male be both the efficient and the matter of the Infant The fift there is no reason but the male may alone beget an infant in himselfe shall the Nature of the seede be idle and at rest which all Philosophers with one consent doe agree is alwayes actiue and operatiue Finally is it possible that so small a moment of seede as ordinarily The sixt sufficeth for the generation of Man should bee sufficient for the delineation of so many hundreds nay thousands of Bones Gristles Ligaments Arteries Nerues Veynes Membranes c Wherefore the seede hath not the nature of a materiall but onely of an efficient cause of mans generation There are aâ—so two places in Galen which seeme to fauour the opinion of the Peripatetikes The first is in the second Booke De Naturalibus Facultatibus where hee sayth The Seede is an â—ffectiue Principle of the Creature for the materiall is the Menstruall Blood The other in the third Chapter of the same Booke where he speaketh verie plainly There is great difference saith he betweene the workemanship of Phydias and of Nature For Phydias of waxe can neuer make Iuory and Gold but Nature keepeth not the olde forme of any matter generating of bloud bloudlesse parts As for example Bones Gristles Nerues Veines Arteries all bloudlesse yet made of bloud But the trueth is that Galen was of another minde to wit that all the Spermaticall parts were made of seede as appeareth in his Bookes de Semine where hee inueyeth purposely The contrarie opinion of the Physitians Authorities of 〈◊〉 against Aristotle concerning this matter teaching that the seede is both the efficient and the materiall cause of their generation The efficient in respect of the Spirites the matter in respect of the Crassament of it And indeede that admirable and vnimitable ingenie or discourse of Hippocrates did first bring this light into the worlde as appeareth in his Bookes De Natura pueri de Principijs and the fourth De Morbis And Aristotle himselfe is constrained to confesse as much in the first Booke of his Physickes and in his Aristotle Bookes De gener Animalium where he sayth that some parts are made onely of an Alimentarie excrement some of an Alimentarie and a Seminall together Besides not to stand vpon authorities wee haue waight of Reason to prooue it The seede of
that the spermaticall parts may reunite The first argument to the first intention as Chirurgians vse to speake and this they establish by these arguments Where the Efficient Materiall and Finall causes of coalition are there is nothing to hinder a reiunction but in young growne and aged men this threefold cause is present therefore in all such there may be coalition the Maior proposition of it selfe is cleere enough the Minor is thus confirmed The Efficient cause of coalition is the forming faculty which vseth heate as her instrument this faculty is seated naturally in euery part but more manifestly in the solid parts then in the fleshy The Matter of the spermaticall parts is seede of which there is sufficient plenty as for nutrition and accretion or growth so also for a newe generation Hippocrates also Galen and Aristotle Hippocrates Galen Aristotle doe agree that the seede is an excrement or rather surplusage of the last concoction now the last and most absolute aliment is plentifull enough neuer fayling vnlesse it be in the vtmost limit of decrepit age and therefore the excrement or surplusage of it is not wanting Moreouer according to Hippocrates veines arteries nerues and all spermaticall parts haue the power of procreating seed Neither is the Finall cause wanting for a broken bone and a diuided veine doe after a sort desire and striue to be reunited because the solace and comfort of Nature consisteth in vnion as her sorrow and desolation in solution They haue also another argument not inelegant Hollow vlcers are filled vp with new flesh intertexed The second argument and wouen with small and capillarie veines arteries and sinewes for that flesh is sensible it liueth and is nourished therefore of necessity by veines arteries and sinewes Who is so mad that he dare exclude the teeth out of the number of spermaticall parts but they grow againe after they be extracted Hippocrates in his book de Carnibus maketh The third argument Hippocrates a threefould generation of the teeth The first from the seede in the wombe the second from milke the third from more solid aliments Now if by the transmutation of the aliment the spermaticall parts doe encrease why shall they not be reunited seeing that accreation The fourth The fifth Galen is one of the kinds of generation Galen in the seauenth chapter of the fift booke of his Method and in the fourteenth of his Method writeth That he hath seene many sculdered reunited arteries He telleth a story of a young man who had an artery diuided in his arme which afterward did perfectly reunite againe Also in his 91. chapter of his booke de arte parda and in the fift chapter of the sixt booke of his Method hee affirmeth that the bones of Children may reunite These are the reasons which they vrge and wherewith they goade vs to subscribe that spermaticall partes euen according to the first intention may reunite themselues Those which haue giuen vp their names against this opinion doe labour to prooue the contrary by authorities and by reasons And first they oppose the sixtieth Aphorisme of The contrary opinion Authorities for it the sixt section If a bone a gristle a nerue or the fore-skin bee cut they neuer reunite againe Galen in the 8. and 10. chapters of his first booke de semine as also in the 87. chapter de arte parua writeth that the fleshy parts doe easily conglutinate spermatical neuer And in the 91. Hippocrates chapter Artis paruae he esteemeth a fracture in a bone to bee incurable because bones doe not reunite according to the first intention These authorities are seconded by Reason first both Reasons the Efficient and Material causes of reunition are wanting The Efficient is the formatiue facultie which is onely in the seede whose drowsie lusking faculty is onely brought into act by the heate of the wombe True it is that there remaineth in the solid parts a faculty conseruing the figure of the part but to make any thing anew is proper onely to the seede the Efficient therefore is wanting Neither is there any Matter at hand as the seede which being generated onely in the testicles how can it be transferred to the head the arme or any other part What is to be thought Three conclusions and 3. foundatiōs The first foundation A double reunition Out of these waues and stormes of opinions that wee may redeeme and establish their minds that are yet incertainely tossed to and fro and set them safe aland in a quiet harbor wee will determine the whole question by three conclusions and these conclusions shall haue three foundations The first is taken out of the determinations of Galen in the 90. and 91. chapters de arte parua and is on this manner There is a double reunition of dissolued parts One after the first scope another after the second scope or intention The first intention is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is in Agglutination which we call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The second 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is in Colligation which wee cal 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The first is sometimes accomplished without any medium that is ought comming betweene as in flesh which being cut or diuided is What are the first and second intentions in Coalition presently glued together sometime with a medium of the same kinde which we call medium homogeneum The second intention is accomplished with a medium of another kind which wee call medium heterogeneum as with a Callus Cicatrice or scarre and such like which are not of the same kinde with the part dissected or separated Now that parts may reioyne according to the first intention and by a homogeny medium or meane many things are required First the strength of the Efficient to wit of the formatiue faculty and of the natiue heate Againe a due disposition of the Matter which must be plentiful that it may What things are required to the first intention suffice nutrition accretion and a new generation Moreouer it must bee ministred not by little and little but togetherward that is it must bee sodainely and at once altered that nothing of a diuers kinde may interpose it selfe betweene the disioyned parts in the time of that alteration Another foundation is this Of spermaticall parts some are soft as veines some harder The second foundation The third as arteries and nerues some hardest of all as bones The third foundation That in Infancy and Child-hood all the spermatical parts are exceeding soft and the bones like curdled or gathered butter and coagulated or sammed cheese but in those that are growne to further yeares they become dryer and in old men very dry because our life is nothing else but a drying of the spermaticall parts These foundations being thus layd we conclude thus triplewise First that fleshy parts The triple conclusion are easily regenerated and doe reunite according to the first intention but
Sence by the nerues òr sinewes For my owne part I doe not deny but that many vessels are carried vnto and doe determine in the skin From the Axillary Iugular and Crurall veines many small Surcles and as many Arteries bearing them company interlaced also it is with manifold Nerues but yet I am not resolued that the skinne is wouen together of their threds Galen thought the skin was the first part of the Infant that was formed the trueth of which assertion we shall discusse in another place Some thinke the Skin is made Other opinions of the superficies of flesh dryed because in woundes the flesh dryed degenerateth into a Cicatrice or Scarre which is very like the nature of the skinne this may bee confirmed by the authorities of Aristotle and Galen Aristotle auoucheth that as the flesh groweth old so it turneth into skinne Galen that the skinne is produced out of the flesh which is vnder it But because between the flesh the skin there are many bodies interposed to wit the Fat and the fleshy Membrane which is truely neruous vnlesse it be about the neck the face I cannot see how the skin should grow out of the flesh And that skin or scar rather which resulteth vppon wounds when the flesh is softned dryed by Epulotical medicines as they call them is not a true skin but illegitimate ingendred of a substāce of another kind for it is harder then the true skin more thight therfore neuer hath any haire growing vpon it The differēce between a scar and the true skin Another opinion But proued false and in tanning it will fal away whence comes the holes in Sheep skins when they are made into Parchment Some thinke it is compounded of flesh and sinewes mingled together because in many places of Galen the skin is called a bloudy nerue but this is prooued to bee false by this one argument because where there is most store of nerues there the skinne is not the harder for thē as in the palme of the hand there are more nerues then in the crown of the head and yet the skinne in the crown is much harder then that of the palme I think The determination and for this time determine that the skin is ingendred together with the other parts to wit of seed and bloud mixed together and may therefore be called a fleshy nerue or a neruous flesh because it hath a middle nature between flesh and a knew for it is not vtterly without bloud as a nerue nor so abounding with bloud as flesh That there is bloud in it appeareth An argument that the skin is made of seede and bloud euidently if it be neuer so little wounded that it is of seed this one argument may serue for all that when it is perished it can neuer bee restored for it is impossible to heale a wound where any part of the skinne is taken away without a scarre or Cicatrice more or lesse Whether the Skin performe any common and officiall action QVEST. IIII. MAny Physitians haue the same opinion of the vse and action of the Skinne which they haue of the vse and action of Bones The Bones haue a common The common opinion or official vse so sayth Hippocrates they giue the body stability vprightnes and figure but that they performe no common or officiall action I account Hip. lib. de natu ossium that a common action which is seruiceable either to more parts or to the whole creature In like manner the skinne hath indeed a common vse because it couereth the whole body cherisheth it tyeth it together but it is not thought to performe any officiall or common action Galen speaketh very plainely The skin saith he concocteth not as the stomacke it distributeth not as the Guts and the Veynes it breedeth not bloud as the Liuer it frameth not any pulsation as the Heart and the Artcries it causeth not respiration as the Lungs and the Chest it mooueth not with voluntary motion as the Muscles Notwithstanding all this one common action may bee attributed vnto it to wit an Animall action The common action of the skin is animal For although all sensation is passion because to be sensatiue is to suffer yet there is no sensation without an action The better learned Philosophers in all sensation doe acknowledge a double motion one Materiall another Formall the former motion is in How sensation is made the reception of the species for we must craue liberty to vse our Schoole tearmes the latter in an action the first is in the Instrument by reason of the matter the latter by reason of the power is in the soule the first is not the effectuating cause of sensation but a disposition thereto the latter is essentially sensation itselfe Whereas therefore the skinne is apprehensiue of those qualities which strike or mooue the tactiue sense and is thereupon esteemed the iudge and discerner of outward touching it performeth vnto the whole creature not onely a common vse but also a common or officiall action Beside it hath another The priuate action of the skin priuate action to wit Nutrition to which as handmaids do serue the Drawing Reteining Concocting and Expelling Faculties more then these hath no part in the body of man which serueth for the behoofe of the whole Wee conclude therefore that the skin besides his common vse and priuate action performeth to the body a common and officiall action to wit Sensation QVEST. V. Whether it be heate or colde whereby Fat is congealed THE diuers yea contrary gusts of opinions amongst ancient Physitians about the generation of fat hath raised such a tempest in our Art that the Waues are not to this day setled There needeth therefore some Aeolus mulcere hos fluct us to appease these waues to call in the windes or to abate them into a calme which we will at this time intend to do in want of better helpe as well as we may And because we would not bee accumbred with the variety of names which are vsually giuen to this substance you shall vnderstand that pingueà o adeps auxungia and The names of Fat 2 de partib Animal 4. 11. de simpl med c. Facultat sevum are promiscuously vsed by Physitians albeit Aristotle and Galen haue taken great paines to distinguish them euery one from another To which places we refer those who desire heerein satisfaction For we will onely paine our selues about the temper and generation of fat at this time Galen is of opinion that fat is congealed by colde and that he expressely declareth together How Fat is curdled Galens opinion by cold with the manner of it in this manner VVhen the asery and more oyly part of the bloud sweateth through the thin coates of the Veines in maner of a dew and lighteth vpon the colder parts such as are Membranes it is then by the power of the cold condensed And hence it
genitura de morbo sacro or of the Epilepsie de aere aquis locis for ther he saith That seed yssueth from al moysture which Hippocrates is contained in the body And in another place Seede falleth from all the parts sound seed from sound parts and sicke or diseased from diseased parts Hence it is that lame men beget lame children bald men bald children and Spleniticke men children afflicted with the Spleene This opinion is confirmed by foure reasons First because in the acte of Generation or Confirmd by foure reasons Copulation the whole bodie is delighted and as it were stupified with an extasie of pleasure or if you wil suffereth a pleasant Convulsion Whence it was that coition is called parua Epilepsia a light Fit of the Falling sicknesse as we saide euen now The second reason is because the Childe beareth the Carracter of the Fathers imperfections Balde men balde children Lame men lame children and so likewise in all the Cense of Hereditary diseases Thirdly because those that are immoderate in the vse of Venus doe waste and consume all the parts of their bodies Finally because children do resemble their parents in all parts of their bodies There is an elegant History of a Boy in Calcedo who bare in his right arme from his An elegant history birth certaine markes which were seared before in his Fathers right arme also But this opinion is gainsayed and disprooued by Aristotle in the 17. and 18. chapters of his first Booke de generatione Animalium that with weighty arguments which we list not Aristotle Fernelius heere transcribe Fernelius also in the seauenth Booke of his Physiologia and the second Chapter addeth other reasons to which we referre the studious Reader It shall suffice vs in this place to answere the former arguments The argument drawne from the vniuersall pleasure and tickling delight of the whole body The former arguments answered is of no force for euen in itching the whole bodie is tickled though onely one part itcheth Moreouer if the pleasure were therefore conceiued because the seed floweth from the whol body it shold not be perceiued in all the body at once but by degrees first in one part then in another as the seede fell from this or that part For we cannot imagine that in one moment of time the seed is deriued from al the parts into the Testicles and so into the Why all the body is tickled in coition eiaculatory vessels We therefore acknowledge another cause of that pleasure whereby the whole body is delighted in Coition to wit the high heate froathinesse and aboundant spirites of the Seede for that Seede so qualified as it tickleth the partes of Generation which are of exquisite sense vvith his suddaine motion it draweth the vvhole bodye into a sympathy and consent with them For as if a Membrane be affected any way with paine all the Membranes of the body conceyue a sense of dolour therewith so when a Membrane is tickled the vvhole body receyueth a sense of delight and is likewise mooued therewith That lame men beget lame childeren or maymed maymed is not perpetually true for we see oftentimes that lame men beget perfect childeren and hee that wanteth a ioynt begetteth a childe with all his ioynts That in immoderate coition the whole body is resolued and consumed happeneth because the remaynders of the Aliment and the Spirits are in such men exhausted whereof when the partes are defrauded then they must of necessity waste and consume And therefore Auicen sayeth that the great expence of Seede wasteth the bodye fortie times so much as the expence or the losse of bloud if the losse of them both bee proportionable Finally that which they obtrude concerning the likenesse of Childeren to their Parents belongeth to a higher contemplation and shall bee disputed at large by and by in a more conuenient place yet thus much in the meane time wee say for answere that the similitude they speake off proceedeth not so much from the crasse and thicke matter of the Seede as from the formatiue faculty seated in the particular partes and communicated to the Testicles and at length to the Seede by the influent Spirites which are neare of kinne vnto those which haue their perpetuall residence in the parts of the body Wee therefore doe protest against that old errour as a beggerly rudiment receiued from hand to hand among the Auntients that the Seede falleth from all the partes of the body Some there are who deriue the greatest part of the Seed from the Brayn and the Spinall Another opinion of those that deriue the seed from the brayne marrow This opinion of theirs I will illustrate by authorities examples and reasons The authoritie is that of Hippocrates in his Book de Genitura where he sayeth that the Seede is diffused out of the Brayne into the Loynes and the marrow of the backe from thence into the Kidneyes from the Kidneyes it attayneth through the middest of the Testicles to the priuy partes In his Booke de Natura ossium hee wryteth that the Iugular Authorities to proue it veynes proceede from both sides of the heade into the Testicles and thither conuay the Seede wherefore from the Brayne to the Testicles Hippocrates sheweth a double way the spinall marrow and the veines behinde the eares Plato in his Timaeus defineth Seede to be A defluxion of the spinall marrow Alemaeon A small portion of the Brayne whence it is that the common people think that the braines and marrow of the bones do engender much seed For the confirmation of this opinion there are elegant Histories in Hippocrates Book Histories de aëre aquis et locis The first is of such men as were called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the other of the Scithians There were in tymes past among the inhabitants of Europe certayne men called macrocephali who were had in great esteeme whose heades were long and such were accounted Macrocephali what they are noble and generous spirites And therefore the Nurses were wont to presse the tender heads of Infants and to lengthen them with swathes till at length those that by custom and constraint had long heads begat children with long heads naturally and by conformation without any constraint at all The Scithians hauing no skill at all in Horse-manshippe and riding without stirrups The Scythians cut the veines behind the eares grew all of them almost to be troubled with the hipgowt or sciatica which disease that they might cure they caused the veines behind their eares to be opened which being cut a sunder they after proued barren and some thought this came to passe because the cicatrice or scarre closed vp the way of the seede descending from the Brayne To which conceit a Lawyer it may be alluding wrote that Theeues should haue their eares cutte off least they should beget young Theeues They conclude therfore that the greatest part of the fruitfull and best
their courses and of Milke their Aliment faileth the soonest It is also worth our obseruation that large and great creatures do carry their burthens Why great creatures carry their yong long the longest because they doe not so soone attaine the perfection of their increment or growth So an Elephant bringeth not forth before the second yeare after her conception but house-doues breed euery month Man being of all Creatures the most perfect the most wise the most temperate and as it were the measure of all others hath also moderate times of gestation that is the 7. and the 9. months if Nature be not interrupted or preuented QVEST. XXXII Whether in a desperate byrth the Caesarian Section be to be attempted ARistotle in his seauenth Booke de Natura Animalium sayeth that among all Why the birth of man is most difficult creatures a womans trauell is most laborious and difficult as wel because she leadeth a soft and sedentary life as for that a mans Brain is the largest and so his head great especially as long as he is in his mothers womb now the head A miracle of Nature in the birth vseth to come forward in the birth This birth as sayeth Galen in the eight Chapter of his fifteenth Booke de vsu partium exceedeth all admiration for the mouth or orifice of the wombe which all the time of the gestation is so closed that a needles poynt cannot passe into it in the birth is so enlarged that the Infant yssueth out thererat But there are many obstacles which intercept the passage of the Infant by the orifice and What things hinder the outgate of the infant necke of the wombe as the thicknesse and magnitude of the Infant or naturall straytnesse of the inward orifice and of the neck a distortion inslamation some tumor against nature a fleshy Caruncle a scarre or the faulty confirmation of the share-bones For oftentimes in the inner part of the share-bone there is a sharp processe which intercludeth the passage of the Infant vnto the birth blace and then there is no hope that the woman can be deliuered Wherefore either the Infant must perish or the mother or both together In this so The wombe must be presently opned if the mother be dead hard and desperate an extremity the question is what may be attempted wee answere If the mother be dead and the childe yet liuing then presently without any delay the wombe of the mother must be ript open And those children that are thus taken foorth are called Caesares or Caesones from the cutting of the mothers wombe from whence the Caesars had their names After this manner as Pliny reporteth in the ninth Chapter of the seauenth Booke of his Naturall History was Scipio Affricanus the elder Iulius Caesar and Manilius borne But if the mother be yet aliue and the Infant by no other meanes can safely bee brought foorth the same section or opening of the wombe may bee administred for common experience and the authority of antient Physitians doe assure vs that the wounds of the muscles Though the mother liue yet this section may be attempted Hippocrates Paulus of the lower belly and of the Peritonaeum or rim are not mortall Hippocrates in the third Section of his sixt booke Epidemiωn commaundeth vs to cutte our Dropsie patients instantly now this Section for the Dropsie is a wounding of the Epigastrium or lower belly and the Peritonaeum as for the wombe it selfe Paulus Aegineta teacheth vs that the wounds thereof are not mortall It appeareth vnto vs saith he that though the whole Matrix bee taken away the woman will ordinarily suruiue Concerning this Caesarian section Franciscus Rossetus the French Kings Physitian hath Franciscus Rosset set foorth an elegant Booke so beautified with Histories and abounding with good arguments that wee should abuse our time and your patience to transcribe them in this place wherefore wee remitte those who desire further satisfaction heerein to that learned Authour QVEST. XXXIII Whether in the Birth the Share and Haunch-bones doe part asunder THE workes of Nature in the conformation life and nourishment of the Infant are indeede full of admiration but her last endeuour in the birth thereof is indeede the crowne of all the rest as that which exceedeth all admiration For the orifice of the wombe which after the first apprehension and conception The wonderfull indeuour of nature in the birth of the seede was so exquisitely closed that it will not admit the point of a Probe now that the Infant with turning kicking and breaking of the membranes prepareth toward his enlargement it is so relaxed as if it were a gate wide open But because Nature is so wise and prouident that shee vndertaketh nothing without due preparation therefore in the last moneths of gestation she lyneth the inner surface of the orifice with a slimy and mucous humor which thereupon becomming moyst and soft doth more easily distend or inlarge it selfe without feare of laceration or tearing Now whereas the wombe is contayned within the capacity of the hanch-bones and is walled about on the fore-side with the share-bones on the backe-side with the holy and rump-bones and on either side with the hanches whereof some are ioyned together with a fast and immouable articulation other by the mediation of a cartilage or gristle whether in the birth there bee a divulsion or separation of these bones that now is the question we haue in hand Some learned men are of opinion that the share-bones and the haunch-bones are seuered That the bones are parted in the birth Authorities Hippocrates which also may bee confirmed by the authorities of many right learned men and by reasons which carry with them a faire shew of trueth Hippocrates in the end of his Booke de Natura pueri wrote on this manner In the very birth the whole body is as it were vppon the racke but especially the loynes and the hanches for their Coxendices are distracted and parted asunder And Auicen in his third Booke Fen. 21. Tract at 1. Cap. 2. sayeth When the Infant Auicen is borne the wombe is opened with such an apertion as cannot be made in any other place and it is necessary that some iunctures must be separated which are so sustayned by the helpe of God so disposing and preparing and afterward doe returne to their naturall continuation and this action of all the workes of Nature is the strongest and most forcible Rabbi Zoar vppon the first of Exodus Rab. Zoar. Thou shalt not easily finde any thing in the whole administration of Nature more to be admyred then that distraction of the share-bones in womens trauell which indeed is done by the prouidence of God to whom Nature is but a seruiceable hand-mayd for otherwyse no strength almost is able to seperate them The like also we haue seene in the shooting of Stagges hornes which euery yeare fall and grow againe Seuerinus Pinaeus in
his Physiologicall Anatomicall work is of the same opinion which also he strengtheneth by some reasons Before the seuenth moneth sayth he the wombe Pinaeus opiniō His first reason and with it the Infant doth alwayes ascend after the seauenth moneth hee descendeth and prepareth himselfe toward his enlargement At that time the priuities of the woman with childe are moystned with a mucous slime and the parts are dilated and relaxed with which humour also by degrees the gristles of the share-bones are inebriated that in the birth they might bee the more laxe Furthermore almost all the gristles of the body in progresse of The second time doe dry into a bony substance as may be seene in the chinne but the cartilage which tyeth together the share-bones remayneth gristlely to the end of our life neither euer becommeth bony because in the birth it is to be distended and enlarged Moreouer if you The third well consider virgins of 16. or 18. yeares old and againe take notice of them after they haue conceiued thou shalt perceiue that their hanches are distended their Hypogastrium enlarged and their buttockes become broader especially when they are neere the time of theyr deliuerance and therefore it followeth that those partes are dilated Moreouer those who The fourth haue liued long virgins haue harder trauels then yonger wenches because their gristles in those places are more dried and lesse relaxed Finally such as neuer haue conceiued haue thinner gristles and such as haue oftenest conceiued haue them most thicke and are broadest in the hanches Wherefore in the birth The fift the share-bones are parted assunder one from another and the hanch-bones from the Os A history Sacrum or holy-bone And for the confirmation of this his opinion he telleth a Story of a woman who was new deliuered and shortly after hanged whose share-bones were so distracted that one of the Coxae was lifted vp and the other depressed For my owne part that I may freely speake what I thinke I do not think that these bones in the birth can be vnioynted for they are so fast knit together that no violence can seuer Our opinion that the bones cannot be seuered them And if they bee separated asunder how shall they be againe coupled with what Cement or Glue shall they be vnited For a new Synchondrosis or articulation by the mediation of a Cartilage cannot be made If you say with Hippocrates that they chinke a little I will not be against it Also that the gristly end of the Holy bone which they call Coccyx or the rumpe may be totally retracted and so giue way to the infant that there should bee a Pinaeus Arguments answered To the first greater space left for his out-gate that I can well beleeue As for Pinaeus arguments they may thus be in order answered It is indeede said and saide truly that in the last months of Gestation the inner orifice of the wombe is lined with a slimy humor proceeding eyther from the vterine vessels or from the humours sweating through the Membranes or otherwise from the reliques of the infant but that humor say we cannot attaine vnto the Share-bones or to the Cartilages betweene them neither yet vnto the hanch-bones because the womb doth not imediately touch the share-bones for betwixt the wombe and the bones lyeth the bladder lurking betweene the two coats of the Peritonaeum and compassed round about with the Peritonaeum as it were with a purse or Sachell And whereas he saith that the Cartilage which knitteth together the Share-bones neuer To the secōd becommeth bony but alwayes remaineth gristly that it might bee relaxed in the birth it is but a slight reason for neither in men is that gristle euer found to be bony In young wenches after they haue conceiued their hanches are distended and the capacity becommeth To the third larger and that because at that time all the parts of their bodies do grow the heate which before was well neere choaked with the aboundance of humors beginneth to shine foorth and gather strength Elder Maidens hauing conceyued haue harder trauelles then yonger not because the gristles are drier but because their wombs are drier for those that To the fourth vse to conceiue and beare children haue moister wombes larger vessels and all the capacities more large and ample and therefore their trauell is more easie One History dooth nothing mooue vs for we haue seene many who haue perished in the very brunt of their trauell To the fift in whom there hath appeared no such matter and we obserue that women in their trauels do more complaine of the paine of their Os sacrum and rump then of the region of the share-bones And thus are we come to an end of our long Discourse of the History of the Infant and the Controuersies thereto belonging wherein how we haue acquitted our selues it resteth in thee gentle Reader to iudge this one thing wee know that wee haue wrought out our way through many difficulties which if they shall prooue as profitable and pleasant vnto thee as they haue beene to vs difficult to ouercome wee haue aboundant recompence Now we proceede in our entended iourney to the Chest wherein what Admirarable rarieties Nature hath bestowed we referre thee to our Discourse to be satisfied The End of the History of the Infant and of the Controuersies thereto belonging THE SIXT BOOKE Of the Middle Region called the Chest or the Thorax which conteyneth the Vitall partes to to which also wee will referre the Necke with the VVeazon The Praeface HAuing thus absolued the Lower Region with the parts thereof as wel Nutritiue as Generatiue togither with the history of the Infant it followeth that we ascend by the staires of the ridge to the middle Bellie wherein as in a curious Cabinet Nature hath locked vp the vitall Instruments and wheeles whereby the Watch of our life is perpetuallie mooued from the first houre to the last minute by so iust a counterpoise as no Art of man could euer attaine vnto albeit some rare Enginers haue gone very farre in imitation thereof If we should enter into the causes of this perpetual motion as it would be very hard to find them out so would it spend much time to enquire after them The highest cause is the hande of God who hath prepared the Pullies hung on the weights and gouernes and winds vp the Chime at his own good pleasure For if the Philosopher were not able though he were nere of councell to Nature to discerne with the sharp edge of his incomparable capacity the reason of the reciprocal ebbing and flowing of the Sea how shall we be able to yeelde a reason of the Dilatation and Contraction of the Heart Notwithstanding it is commonly conceyued that the most immediate cause is the auoiding of Vacuity that Arch-enemy of Nature For the Faculty of pulsation although it be potientially in the heart of the infant
neruous for many tendons reach vnto it beside almost all the nerues arise from about that part in Latine occiput or occipitium as Plantus hath it we call it the nowle The middle part of the scalpe betweene these is gibbous or round called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to hide as it were 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because that part of the head is especially couered with haires Galen in the 11. Booke of the Vse of parts and the 14. Chapter calleth it aruumpilorū the Field of haires the Latines call it vertex because in that place the haires runne round Galen in a ring as waters doe in a whirle-poole Finally the sides of the scalp betwixt the eyes the eares and the necke are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sayeth Aristotle in his first Booke of his History and the eleauenth Chapter because the pulse is there very manifest the Latines cal them Tempora because their gray haires and sunken flesh bewray the age of a man Againe the parts of the scalp are contayning and contayned The contayning parts Another diuision of the parts Containing are some of them Common some proper The Common are the Cuticle or scarfe-skinne the true skinne bearing a wood or bush of haire the fat and the fleshy pannicle The proper contayning parts are either externall or internall The externall are two membranes pericranium and periostium certain muscles and the bones of the head The proper inward conteyning partes are the two mothers called Meninges dura and Pia which encompasse both the skull and the braine The parts contayned are the braine and the Cerebellum or after-braine from which ariseth the marrow which when it is gotten out of the skull is properly called the marrow of Contained the backe or pith of the spine from which doe arise many nerues as well before it issue out of the skull as after Of these we will first entreat and then after of the part without hayre or the face in the booke following CHAP. II. Of the common containing parts of the head THE common contayning parts of the head are fiue the Haires the Cuticle the Skinne the Fat and the fleshy pannicle of all which wee haue spoken 5. common parts heretofore at large yet because in euery one of these there is some difference from the same parts in other places of the body wee must a little here insist vpon them and first of the haires Albeit therefore the haire is generally more or lesse all ouer the body as before is sayd yet aboue all places the head is adorned with the greatest aboundance of them The haires of the head are the longest of the whole body because sayeth Aristotle in his first Booke de Generatione Animalium and the third Section the braine affoordeth toward their nourishment Aristotle a large supply of humour or vaporous moysture whether you will which also is most clammy and glutinous For the braine is the greatest of all the glandulous bodies They are also in the head stiffest because the skinne of the head is the thickest yet is it rare and full of open pores so sayeth Galen in his ninth Booke de vsu partium and the first Chapter Galen In the head Nature hath opened conspicuous and visible waies for the vaporous and smoky or sooty excrements for the head is set vpon the body as a roofe vppon a warme house so that vnto it doe arise al the fuliginous vaporous excrements from the subiected parts Pollux Eschylus The haires of the head are called in Latine Capilli as it were Capitis pili by Pollux and Eschylus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to cutte In men they are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Caesaries because they are often mowed in women 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to dresse with diligence from whence haply wee haue out worde to combe or rather from the Latin word Coma whose signification is all one with the former In woemen they are diuided by a line which separation the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latins discrimen and aequamentum in English we cal it the shed of the haire The skinne of a man although in comparison of other creatures it is most thinne yet if The skin of the head you compare the skinne of the head with that of the chest or the lower belly it is very thick as also is the cuticle And therefore Columbus insulteth ouer Aristotle for saying that the skinne of the head is very thinne .. The place is in the 3. Booke of his history and the eleauenth Section where hee doth not say that the skinne of the head is very thinne for in the Aristotle redeemed fift Booke de Generatione Animalium and the third Chapter hee calleth the skinne of the head 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is very crasse and thicke but he saith and that truely that the skinne of a man in respect of his magnitude is very thin Well the skinne of the head as it is the thickest so sayeth Galen in his second Booke de Temperamentis and the 5. Chapter it is so much drier then the skinne of the rest of the body by how much it is harder yet is it rare sayeth Aristotle in the place next aboue named that the sooty excrements might be auoided for the generation of haire as before is sayed It hath vesselles running in it Veines from the outward braunch of the externall iugulars The veines which creeping on both sides are vnited in the forehead and are sometimes opned in grieuous paines of the head and these veines running vnder the drie and hairie skinne carrie bloud vnto it for nourishment Arteries it hath also from the outward branch of the Carotides Arteries deriued to the rootes of the eares and to the temples especially which bring Vitall spirits vpward from the Heart It receyueth also certaine endes of Nerues reflected vpward from the first and seconde coniugation of the Neck to giue it sense I saide ends of Nerues for so saith Gal. in his sixeteenth booke de vsu partium and the 2. Chapter The skinne hath not a proper definite An elegant place in Galen Nerue belonging vnto it as euery Muscle hath his Nerue disseminated in or about his body but there attaine vnto it certaine Fibres from the subiected parts which connect or knit it to those parts and also affoord sense vnto it The sense of this skinne of the heade is not fine and exquisite as in the Chest or the Lower belly Aristotle in the third booke of his Historie and the eleuenth Chapter saith it hath no sense at al and rendreth a reason because it eleaueth to the bone without any interposition of Flesh But Galen disprooueth this opinion in his sixeteenth Booke of the Vse of Parts and the second Chapter It may bee Aristotle meant the Cuticle and
litle children by whose eares we often obserue that their braines are purged In his Commentary vpon the 20. Prognost of the first Section he saith that the expurgation Places in Galē reconciled by the eyes is not naturall Thus Galen seemeth to be of a diuers opinion concerning these passages of the braines excrements But that we may reconcile these different places and freely professe what truly we are to resolue of wee thinke that the diuers excrements of the braine Phlegmaticke bilious and melancholicke are purged by diuers wayes some of which are ordinary familiar and accustomed to Nature others extraordinary and not so conuenient The ordinary passages prepared for the expurgation of Flegme are the pallate and Some passages ordinarie some extraordinary the nosethrils but the palate especially because the Nostrils were primarily appointed for smelling Anatomy teaches vs that out of the third Ventricle of the Braine there is a conspicuous passage to the inward basis thereof in whose extremity there appeareth a small portion of the thin Membrane which is first broader then groweth narrower like a Tunnell which the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Latines Peluis and infundibulum The Bason or Tunnell through which the Flegmatick humor is by litle and little transcolated as it were through an Hyppocras bagge This waterish humor is receiued by a flegmaticke Glandule like a sponge and afterward distilleth by degrees through the holes The wayes of the Phlegme of the Wedge-bone into the pallat and mouth But if at any time which is not vnvsuall the vpper Ventricles of the Braine grow full of a mucous slime it droppeth through the processes which are like to the nipples of a womans paps into the Os Cribri forme or spongy bone and so into the Nosethrils The bilious excrements are continually purged by the ears Some say that therefore The Bilious by the eares the bilious excrements are throwne out by the eares that the heate and siccitie thereof might keepe the bones of the eares dry and so more fit to receiue and report the sound But the Phlegmatick excrements are purged by the mouth and nosethrils that those open passages by that humidity might be kept from drying vp These therefore are the The extraordinary passages ordinary channels and most familiar to nature by which she purgeth the excrements of the Brain There are also other extraordinarie waies by which the brain oppressed or surcharged with abundance of humor exonerateth it self Such are the eyes the Spinal Marrow and the Nerues from whence commeth the Palsie There is also sometime a fall of humors through the Veines and arteries into the Parotidas that is the Glandules behinde the eares But these are not the peculiar excrements of the brain that is of the Marrowy substance and of the Ventricles but rather of the vessels as Veines and Arteries from whence proceed tumors of the glandules inflammations likewise of the eyes and of the eares Now these excrements in a temperate Braine are moderate in their substance quantity quality time of excretion In the substance because they are neither to thick nor to fluid in their quantity because they do not abound in their quality because they are neither salt nor sharpe in the time of excretion when they are auoyded after concoction The remaineth one scruple to bee resolued that is by what wayes the superfluities of By what passages the superfluities of the after brain the fourth ventricle are auoided the Cerebellum and of the fourth ventricle are purged We say for answer that the excrements of the Cerebellum and of the fourth ventricle are very fewe as well because of the hardnesse of the Cerebellum as also beecause in the fourth ventricle are contained most subtle pure and well purged spirits and therefore those few superfluities are easily dissipated But the braine it selfe being in quantity very great and of temper very moyste heapeth vp aboundance of superfluities which stand in neede of conspicuous passages by which they should be auoyded QVEST. XIII Of the number and vse of the Ventricles IN the History of the ventricles of the braine there are many things controuerted which offer themselues to our consideration and first of all the Of the number of the ventricles Anatomists doe differ concerning their number Galen determineth that there are foure two superior which he calleth anterior ventricles the middle which is a common cauity and the backward Auicen numbreth but three the vpper the middle and the hindmost esteeming the vpper two for one because they haue the same figure magnitude scite structure and vse Arantius addeth two others vnder these which he nameth from the figure Hippochampi but I thinke that they are parts of the vpper ventricles which indeed are so large that in common dissections scarse their third part is shewne Varolius cutting the braine after a newe manner sayth there are but two but because we haue at large made mention of his opinion in the History foregoing we will not here weary our Reader with itteration thereof but referre him thither for further satisfaction Concerning the vse of the ventricles Vesalius taxeth Galen about the vse of the vppermost two because hee sayth that they are the organs of smelling and that out of these by Of the vse of the ventricles certain processes the phlegme is trāscolated into the spongie bones VVe answere for Galen that the anterior ventricles are therfore called the Organs of smelling because vnto thē Galen redeemed are odours brought of which also they iudge Beside what should hinder that the flegme if the brain abound therewith should not be transported from them by those processes into the spongie bones seeing we find that somtimes as in the Apoplexie the phlegme is diffused through the whole body of the braine and sometimes falleth into the nerues and the spinall marrow as in the Palsie It will bee obiected that the sence of smelling would Obiection be extinguished if the phlegme should bee transcolated by these processes I answere that sometimes when the Fluxe is continuall and the humour very aboundant the smelling is Solution lost not so much by reason of the obstruction of the processes as because the holes of the bone are intercluded Some new writers there are who thinke that the anterior ventricles were not appoynted The opinion of some new writers for the preparation and concoction of the spirits as well because they are the receptacles of excrements as also because the Animal spirits did not stand in neede of any sensible cauity But Galen answereth that Nature hath prepared them to serue both turnes like as through the spongie bone odours doe ascend and superfluities or excrements descend As therefore those things which are auoyded euery day by the pallat and the nosthrils do neyther hinder the Taste nor the Smell if they bee moderate so it is in the excrements of the braine QVEST. XIIII Which of the ventricles
are many vnto them diuers muscles whereby their motions are very sudden and expedite Hence it is that Aristotle in the 8. Probleme of the 7. Section calleth the Eye The most noble part of the body yet sayth he the left eie is more nimble then the right Now whereas the motions of a mans eye are sixe according to Galen in the third Chapter of his first Booke de motu musculorum it followeth necessarily that the eie must haue sixe muscles but Galen Vesalius and the rest of the Anatomists as Columbus sayth being accustomed only to describe the eies of beastes haue added a seauenth muscle and those sixe also which they haue described they haue misplaced But we are to describe the muscles of the eye of a man that seauenth which belongeth to beastes is deuided into two into three and sometimes into foure In men therefore as we haue said there are sixe muscles according vnto the sixe motions of a mans eie foure of which motions are Right that is to say vpward downeward Why sixe to the right hand and to the left the two motions remayning are oblique to which belong two oblique muscles whose vse is to rowle the eie about Notwithstanding one of these is How many moâ—â—ons the eie hath exactly oblique the other partly right partly oblique All these muscles are seated on the backeside of the Eye within the cauity of the Scull whether they accompany the opticke nerue and so remayning in their position the eie and they together doe make a Pyramidal or turbinated figure Table 1. figu 6. 7. Among these muscles the thicker and more corpolent are the Right which haue all the same structure originall and insertion and do passe The figure of the eie straight al along the length of the eie the oblique muscles are lesse fleshy yet very like one another All these muscles of the eie are small that they might be sooner mooued but that which helpeth most the volubility of their motion is the round figure which is the nimblest of all Why the muscle 〈…〉 others as we may perceiue by the roundnes of the heauens The eie therefore being round as are also the muscles thereof is euen in a moment conueyed Why round ouer the whole heauen and the head itselfe is therefore mooued very suddanly and swiftly because it toucheth vpon the bone whereon it resteth with a narrow point The foure Right muscles meeting and touching one another toward the roote of the nerue optick doe arise with a sharp beginning froÌ„ the lower part of the bony orbe which is The right muscles made by the wedge bone hard by the passage through which the nerue of sight or the opticke nerue doth yssue I know well that Vesalius is of opinion that they arise out of diuers parts and into diuers parts are inserted Againe for their matter he conceiueth they arise from a commixture of the Dura mater which compasseth the opticke nerue and a nerue of the second coniugation Platerus thinkes that they arise from the membrane which compasseth the orbe of the eye and that membrane which inuesteth the opticke nerue Aquapendens imagineth they proceed from the Pericranium or Scull-skinne Laurentius disputeth about their originall on this manner They erre saith he which thinke the muscles of Diuers opinions about their original the eie doe arise from the inner thicke membrane which compasseth the opticke nerue for this is altogether against sence they could not sayth hee arise from a membrane nor they ought not They ought not because a membrane of an exquisite sence compasseth the nerue which nerue the muscles in their motions would compresse and so the sight would be offended They could not because they are not established vppon a firme foundation It remayneth therefore saith Laurentius that they must arise from the inmost depth of the Table 2. Figure 1. sheweth many muscles of the Eye in their owne seate Figure 2. sheweth the Eye rowled vpward whereby their muscles may be perceiued Figure 3. and 4. sheweth the muscles of the Eye separated before and behind with their nerues Figure 5. Is the Eye of an Oxe with his muscles seuered as Vesalius doth shew it TABVLA II. FIG I. FIG II FIG III. FIG IV. FIG V. Their whole bodies throughout their whole course are fleshy and their bellies beare out round as they come forward But they determine a little aboue the middle of the eye Their inserrion into a broad thinne and membranous tendon wherewith they compasse the whole eye before and grow very strongly to the horny Tunicle neare vnto the Iris or Raine-bow in the greater circle and these tendons ioyned together doe make that nameles coate of Columbus and the white of the eie For we conceiue that this whitenesse is caused rather by the tendons of these muscles Whence the whitenes of the eie proceâ—deth then that it properly belongeth to the coate which we call Adnata And so much shal be sufficient to haue spoken in generall of the muscles of the Eie Now we come to a more particular discription of them one by one The first Table 2. figure 1 3 4. D fig. 5. ♌ which is the third according to Vessalius and Galen also in the 8. Chapter of his 10. Booke de vsu partium is seated aboue fleshy it is A more particular description of the seueral muscles round thicker also then the rest greater and stronger then the second because it lifteth the eie vpward toward the brow For there is greater strength required to lift a thing vp then to pull it downe The names of this muscle commonly giuen by Authours are Attollens and Superbus the Lifter and the Proud muscle The second which according to Galen and Vesalius is the fourth Table 2. figure 2 3 4. E. figure 5. â— is opposite vnto the former and placed in the Lower part it draweth the eye downeward to the Cheeks and therfore needed not be so great as the former because the eye declineth easily with his owne waight It is called Deprimens and Humilis the Depressor and Humble Muscle The third Ta. 2. fig. 1 2 3 4 G. fig. 5 ζ according to Galen and Vesalius the first is seated in the great angle and leadeth the eye inward toward the nose and is called Adducens and Bibitorius we may call it the Gleeing Muscle The fourth Tab. 2. fig. 1 2 3 4 F. fig. 5 n which according to Galen and Vesalius is the second is opposite to the third seated on the outside of the eye which it draweth to the lesser angle or to the temples and is called Abducens and Indignatorius we may cal it the Scu-muscle or the Muscle of Disdaine If all these foure worke together the eye is drawne inwarde fixed established and conteined which kind of motion Physitians call Motus Tonicus wee in our Language Their Vse cal it a Set or wist-looke Archangelus is more distinct in the assignation
so this small bone hath two proportionable processes in the necke thereof whereby it groweth more strongly to his membrane Againe as the necke of the thigh bending obliquely to the cauity of the hanch endeth in a round head so this bone departing inward from the membrane and ending in a round smooth plain head is ioyned to the vpper part of the other bone by the interposition of the membrane as if a hammer were loosely tyed to a Smiths Anuill This first bone therefore is long and crooked hauing a head a necke and a taile The head is the vpper and thicker part long and bunching out for this head is not perfectly round as hauing ingrauen in the outside of the top a smal and long cauity wherin His head it receiueth the head of the second bone which we called the Anuill whereto being ioyned it lifteth it vpward and forward to the side of the hole of hearing Necke The necke of it is but narrow yet on the backeside thereof do two small processes shoote out which are very slender and sharpe To the vppermost adhereth the ligament or chord the lowermost resteth vpon the membrane that it might not be driuen too far inward or broken But the vse of this processe I cannot better demonstrate then by those Chords which they vse to stretch vpon the bottome of a drumme whereby it is secured from the violence of the aire which is within it which aire otherwise being so violentlie and so often beaten would rend the bottome asunder Betwixt these is a small cauity right opposite against it a little knubbe into which one of the Tendons of the Muscle is implanted as the other is into the necke The taile of this bone which Fallopius calleth Pediculus as it were the Stalke is somwhat broad in the top but endeth into a small knot which receyueth the insertion or tendon And Taile of the the Muscle Columbus addeth that into this sharpe processe there determineth a a small Nerue from the fift coniugation which affoordeth a hairy and crooked braunch which is inserted into the labyrinth of the eare presently after it runneth backward and downward and by degrees endeth into a slender and sharpe processe somwhat rough and a little incurued or hooked so that it cleaueth to the Membrane of the Tympane not in the end or point of this processe but thoroughout his length yet not in the verie middest of the Membranes bredth Tab. 10. fig. 4. from r to P The reason of this Connexion is partly to defend the Membrane from outward violence that it should not be driuen beyonde his extent wherein also it is assisted by the Chord of which we shall heare euen now partly to draw it downward and inwarde for the processe we spake of is curued or hooked inward and by this meanes the Membrane is made inward conuexe and outward hollowe in which figure it is also by this processe preserued whence it commeth to passe that the outward aire which entereth into hole of Hearing slideth from the sides of the Membrane and gathereth it selfe togither in the center where the Mallet hangeth and beeing so vnited and intended is a great furtherance for the communication of the sound to the inward partes Againe as this hammer groweth to the Membrane Tab. 10. fig. 6 ◠by his lower processe and the inferiour part of his taile as also to the orbe of the hole of Hearing by The Cōnexion of the Hāmer the benefite of a Ligament which runneth ouerthwart from the prominence which is on one side the hole to the prominence on the other so that it is no where at libertie but on euery side fastned to the Membrane in like maner the head therof is articulated to the Anuill vpon which it lyeth by that kinde of articulation or iuncture which we cal Ginglymos Tab. 10. fig. 6 7 8 For in the Hammer and the Anuile there is a cauity and a head and the Hammer is moued aboue the Anuile Notwithstanding this Hammer the Anuile after a man is dead are so closely ioyned whither it be so in liuing bodies it is much doubted that Nature seemeth to haue as much vse of their continuity vnity as of their diuision and plurality for being two they do better safegard and defend the Membrane but their continuation auayleth no whit lesse for the better conueyance of the sound Wherefore although the articulation of these two bones is worthily saide to be per Ginglymon because they mutually receiue and are receiued one of another yet because of their straite and close copulation some are of opinion that their iuncture is rather to bee referred to that kinde which wee call Synarthrosis the meaning of which words of Art shall be at full expounded in our last booke of the bones Finally the Hammer is a longer bone then the Anuile but withall more slender because The forme of it it was to mooue aboue the Anuile and wee know it is reasonable that that vvhich beareth should be greater then that which is borne Notwithstanding both these bones in the place where they are articulated or ioyned are much greater and thicker then in their other part which thing to say true may bee obserued almost in the articulations of The Anuile all other bones of the body The Anuile Tab. 10. fig. 4 s Fig. 5. I. figure 7 and 8. b. Tab. 11 m is the second bone which is situated in the hinder side of the first cauity and lyeth nexte to the Hammer to which it is opposite and couereth saith Coiter that part of the Membrane which is not couered by the Hammer yet so that his thicker part is toward the care and his legges if we may so cal them or his thinner parts toward the Tympane Some are of opinion as Columbus and Archang that this bone had his name from his action because as an Anuile it receiueth the stroke of the Hammer which mooueth aboue it and beateth against it The reason of the name Others conceiue that it hath the name from the similitude it hath with a Smiths Stithy or Anuile not that great one wheron they driue sledges of iron but the little and moouable Anuiles which are partly plaine and partly round And heereupon Vesalius Eustaclius Coiter Platerus and Aquapendens because it is not altogether plaine as a great Anuile is Why called Dens but hath an vnequall cauity such as is to be seene in the top of the Grinding teeth haue likened it to a tooth hauing two fangs or rootes the one longer and smaller the other thicker but shorter insomuch as they call it not Incus or the Anvile but Dens or the Tooth This bone is shorter and thicker then the Hammer Aquapendens saith as thick againe The forme of it hath two legges for in the vpper extreamity it is thicker and swelling and in a smooth cauity receiueth the head of the Hammer it hath engrauen in it a
haue beene broken For if it had bene but one bone the membrane in impulsion could not haue giuen place because the bone would not haue bent therewith or if the processe of the bone should haue yeelded being necessarily so fine and thin it might easily haue crackt a sunder Wherefore the membrane of the Tympane is to fastened so the tayle of the Hammer that it might not breake when it is violently driuen inward And againe the taile or handle of the Hammer cleaueth vnto the membrane that it might not be driuen too much outward But that it might better resist any violent motion outward or inward there were two other bones added to the Hammer to helpe the flexion and two muscles whereby the motion is restrayned when the hammer with the membrane is driuen with violence either inward or outward The double motion of the hammer For the bone which we compare to a Hammer hath a double motion as Arantius elegantly obserueth pressing forward and recoyling backeward Forward or inward according to the motion of the membrane whereto it is annexed which membrane being shaken by the outward ayre is driuen inward and vpward remaining so long gibbous on the inside til the Inbred ayre is affected with the sound which Inward ayre wandring through the circles conuolutions and burroughs of the eare maketh the repesentations of the sounds to be receiued by the branches or tendrils of the fifth payre of Synewes by which they are conueyed in a moment of time vnto the Braine But that this membrane should not be driuen too farre inward the Hammer opposeth it selfe The Hammer determineth at the small cauity of the Anuill whereinto the head of the Hammer is articulated wherefore the Anuill being a firme and stable bone stayeth the inclination of the membrane euen as sayth Arantius in clocks there are certaine points of iron which wil nor suffer the wheele to run beyond the number limited for the time of the day And as the Anuill is assistant vnto the Hammer by laying a law vpon his motion and therefore hath two legs or processes whereby it is fixed to the stony bone and the stirrop so also the stirrop standing vpon the cauity of the stony bone neere the circles as it were vpon a stable basis doth elegantly sustaine vpon his head which is built in the maner of an arch the longer processe or leg of the Anuill The second motion of the hammer is outward for the membrane of the Tympane Outward together with the Hāmer when the violence or constraint which before bare them inward is remitted do returne vnto their natural station partly by a naturall motion whereby they recouer their former position when the violence is intermitted partly by the muscle which is an instrument of arbitrarie motion for that muscle is contracted toward his originall and so the head of the Hammer is separated from his iuncture with the Anuile and the recurued processe of the Hammer beareth the membrane outward But beside these twoe bones the 2. muscles also of the inward eare doe assist the membrane one of them against the inward impulsion and the other against the outward expulsion The substance of these bones is hard dense and smooth Hard for that helpeth the The substāce of these bones hearing as also addeth a greater strength and firmitude vnto the membrane They are also dense and smooth for the better reception and transportation of the Sound yet Columbus and Coiter are of opinion that the two first are within spongy and medullous The third is so small that there can be no holes perceiued therein And as these bones in forme and figure doe differ much from other bones of the body so also and especially they haue two notable dissimilitudes or disproportions from How they differ from other bones the rest The first is that they are not compassed about with the Periostium least sayth Aquapendens and Placentinus they should be vnfit for the reception of Sounds for if you couer a hard body with a soft cloth and then strike vpon it it will not yeeld so shrill a sound as it doth when it is bare or naked Againe herein they differ from other bones as all Anatomistes doe concurre that they are perfect and accomplished at the very birth hauing the same magnitude then that they haue in olde age partly because man at all times euen from his Infancy hath greate neede of the Sense of Hearing as wel to learne to speak as to gather knowledge partly because the membrane of the Tympane is as much subiect to danger by outward violence in our Infancy as in any time of our life Notwithstanding they are not so hard Why children do not heare so well as grown men in Infancy as in old folke for children are full of moysture whence it is that children do not heare so suddenly as grown men because to the exact perfection of the Sence there is required a notable drinesse Aquapendens addeth a third difference betwixt these bones and other bones of the body for sayeth hee these bones of the Eare doe hang suspended from a membrane Whence it commeth to passe that the externall aire together with the sound is moe easily communicated by the Hammer and the Anuill to the aire implanted in the eare for Soundes are more liuely communicated to hard bodies which hang loose as you may perceiue if you tie a peece of Iron to a string and strike vpon it it wil yeeld a shriller soūd then it will if it be not suspended But this conceit of Aquapendens sounds but harsh in Placentinus eares These bones are also hollowe as well to make them the lighter as also to containe Marrow for their nourishment whereto we may adde that that which is hollow maketh Why they are hollow a better resonance And albeit these three bones are of all others the least in quantitie yet by that which hath beene saide we may conceiue that they are of great vse and necessitie In a word their vses are first to establish and defend the membrane of the Tympane least it should Their vses be torne either by inward windes gathered in the brain or by the violent motion of the outward aire as in thunder shooting off Ordinance or such like Secondlie they yeeld some assistance vnto the Sense of Hearing for by their help the Sound is conuaide by a kinde of consequence or succession to the auditorie Nerue For vpon their commotion the Chord is shaken the implanted aire is moued to receiue the Sound Now the Chord could not haue beene so vehemently moued by the membrane alone as by the membrane and the bones and so these bones together with the Chord being shaken by the appulsion of outward aire doe conferre vnto the distinction of Sounds as the Teeth doe to the explanation of the speach I am not ignorant that many men haue busied themselues to finde out the particular vse of each of these
neere the roote of the Vuula at which time if I often swallow my spittle I doe manifestly perceiue by the noise that that motion is ordinarily stirred vppe in mine eares and I perceiue likewise the foresaide tickling to bee appeased when the matter by that meanes is sooner purged into my mouth But how commeth it to passe that this motion is perceiued in both the ears at once It may bee answered that it happeneth in the eare as it dooth in the eye for vvhen one eye is mooued the other also instantly accompanieth it as wee haue shewed before A man would imagine that in large bodyed creatures this Muscle might be better perceiued then in a man But we find it farre otherwise for although beasts haue it yet for the most It is lesse in great Beastes then in men part it is in them lesse and harder to finde then in a man Hee that is desirous to finde out this Muscle must lightlie cut the Stonie process◠thoroughout the length guiding his Knife by a Line which runneth there through but not very high beginning at that part of the processe which is next vnto the Wedge-bone for the muscle runnes length-wise and so determines into the membrane of the How to finde this Muscle Tympane The other Muscle Table 11. figure 1 and whose insertion is at b is situated without the membrane of the Tympane in the vpper part of the hole of Hearing about the middest thereof Concerning the inuention thereof two excellent Anatomists of Padua The other Muscle without the membrane in Italy doe contend For Hieronymus Fabritius ab Aquapendente whome therefore we call Aquapendens affirmeth that he found it in the yeare 1599. But Iulius Casserius Placentinus auoucheth that he obserued it the seauenth day of March in the yeare one thousand fiue hundred ninety three But out of question they both haue deserued wonderous well of this Art which of them soeuer was the first inuenter thereof And because sayth Bauhine I would haue the world know how much I esteem them Bauhins honorable remembrance of Aquapendens Placentinus both I will set downe both their descriptions thereof beginning with Aquapendens beecause he is the Ancienter not to derogate from the other seeing I loue and honor them both The one was my maister in the yeares one thousand fiue hundred seuenty seuen one thousand fiue hundred seuenty eight and one thousand fiue hundred seauentie nine the other in the yeare one thousand fiue hundred seuenty nine was my friend and fellow-Studient and this friendship to this day we maintaine by entercourse of Letters and shall do I doubt not so long as we liue Aquapendens therefore hath it thus Furthermore this yeare 1599. I found a muscle in the hole of hearing cald 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tab. 10. fig. 9 which is without the membrane very small fleshy and not without a tendon Aquapendens his descriptiō of this muscle which proceedeth directly from the midst of that hole or passage till it be inserted into the very center almost of the membrane on the outside iust against the place where the Hammer on the inside is fastened to the membrane which together with the Hammer it draweth outward You shall finde this newe muscle if in a greene head you cut the vtter Shell of the Bone which maketh the Hole of Hearing on both sides which you may best do with a Chizell and a Mallet and so remooue the bone carefully to the sides for so the Muscle will appeare and yet I haue not bene able to finde it in all my latter dissections although I esteeme the necessity of it to be so great that I thinke it was rather the fault of my dilligence then a defect in Nature Thus farre Aquapendens Placentinus describeth it on this manner In a man there is another Muscle situated in the vpper part of the hole of Hearing Tab. 11. fig. 1 a b about the middest whereof the skinne and the Membrane which being implicated or folded together do inuest the saide hole do euidently degenerate for Placentinus description the forming of this Muscle into a fleshy body but almost membranous distinguished or lined through with Fibres hauing also a Tendon The Figure of the muscle is round and in the progresse groweth slenderer by degrees and so passeth directly on vnto the Tympane It is inserted not into the outside of the Membrane nere the center but the Tendon which it transmitteth with a double extremity or termination into the cauitie of the stony-bone betwixt the Tympane and that part of the temple-bone from vvhich the bonie ring proceedeth is fastened on the inside into the heade of the Hammer betwixt the vpper and the lower processes thereof The inuention of this Muscle if I attribute to my selfe I shall not defraud any man of his due commendation for I obserued it the seuenth of March in the yeare 1593. in the presence c. Thus far Placentinus The vse as well of the Internall as of this externall Muscle Aquapendens thus expresseth Aquapendens his opinion of the vse of the Muscles Table 11. Sheweth the Muscles placed in the cauity of the eares with some other cauities and bones of the eares TABVLA XI FIG I. FIG II. III IV V VI VII IIX IX The reason why the custodie of the Membrane was committed to a Muscle that is to an instrument of voluntary motion is rendred on this maner If any other tie but that of a Muscle had bene made the Custos or Vindex of this Muscle such a tie must haue held it alwayes stretched or tentred alike and so the Membrane would rather haue bene more endangred then any whit secured Besides it was verie necessarie that as the impulsions of the aire vnto the Membrane are diuers so there should be a varietie of power in that that was to curbe or limmit those diuers motions or impulsions Such a varietie of power cannot bee imagined to bee in anie Ligament but onely in Muscles which make their operation with a certaine Analogie or proportion to the finall end which Nature entends or according to measure contracting and relaxing themselues more or lesse as neede shall be accommodating their motion diuersly according to the diuers impulsions of the aire for they suffer the Membrane onely so to receiue the offered violence that neither the violence might be altogethet withstood but that the membrane might yeeld therto nor yet the Membrane be outraged by such violence In a word these muscles partly by yeelding and giuing groūd partly by obluctation or opposition do secure the Membrane from being torne and rent asunder Thus far Aquapendens Placentinus thus The Muscles of the inward eare doe one of them assist the Hammer against internall impulsions the other against externall The outward muscle which I founde out that sendeth his Tendon into the cauitie of the Stony bone and ioyneth it Placentinus opinion of the vse of the muscles selfe
with the greater processe of the Hammer draweth that part of the Hammer outward which inclineth inward and so moderateth the compression thereof made vppon the Anuile that it is a defence against the internall Muscle The Internall which ariseth from the Wedge-bone and passeth into the cauity of the Stony-bone vnto the Head of the Hammer into which it is inserted succoureth the same against the former when it is driuen inward defining and limiting his introcession For when the Tympane by an irruption of outward ayre is together with the Hammer driuen inwarde this muscle resisteth their motion that the Tympane and the Hammer should not be constrained beyond their Tether so suffer laceration Thus farre Placentinus Varolius concerning this matter for we account him also among our classicke authors especially concerning the head writeth on this manner Varolius his vse of a muscle in the ear Although saith he the sound do mooue the Sense of Hearing whither wee will or no yet there is in vs a kinde of voluntary Animadversion which wee exercise in all our senses at our owne pleasure when we would iudge curiously of any sensible thing Wherefore as by the helpe of the muscles of the eye men do voluntarily direct the center of the Cristalline toward the obiect which they attentiuely behold so within the organ of Hearing there is placed a small muscle which arising from the fore-part is inserted into the articulation of the triangle so he calleth the Stirrop with the Anuil when this muscle is contracted the Triangle or Stirrop is drawne a little forwarde the ioynt of the Anuile vvith the Hammer yeelding thereto and approacheth more directly to the Center of the Tympane and at that time we heare with more attention and better iudgement like as wee are able to see the least visible obiect when we stedfastly beholde it by a line concentricall to the Horny Membrane the Pupilla and the Cristalline humor Some haue imagined that the small bones of the cares diuersly mooued by this muscle doe make within the organe of Hearing many and different sorts of sounds whose opinion we thinke sufficiently confuted by the former assignation which we made of the vse of the muscle Thus farre Varolius CHAP. XX. Of the Cauities of the Stony-bone ALbeit wee purpose in the Booke of Bones as particularly as wee can to follow their history yet because this Stony bone and the dissection thereof is most Why we intreat of this bone he e. necessary for the vnderstanding of the manner of the Sense of Hearing VVee haue determined to make our particular description thereof in this place and to passe it ouer with little more then bare mention in the booke of Bones Although therefore as before is sayd the Stony bone is within altogether Canernous and spongy and that the Antients haue made mention of one only Denne or Cauity there in yet wee will reckon vnto you three notable ones and of great moment which also the Neotericks or later Anatomistes haue called Dennes and Caues These Dennes or Caues are formed in the middest of the stony-bone where it swelleth 3. Cauities most to contayne the Organs of Hearing that is to say the mēbrane the three smal bones the internall muscle the chord the auditory nerue and the in-bred ayre which also is called the internal medium of this Sence All which Caues may more distinctly and districtly bee demonstrated in children then in growne men Placentinus findes them also verie conspicuous in Birds They haue each of them proper names borrowed from externall things the first is called Concha or Tympanum because it is like the shell of a winke or a Taber Their names The second is called Labyrinthus because of the turnings therein And the third is called Cochlea because it is like a Snailes shell The first Table 10. fig. 2 h from c to ◠Table 11. qr cauity is layd open when the membrane The first cauity of the Tympane is taken away It is called Concha as we sayd euen now because it is like a VVinkle or Periwinkle so acknowledged by Aquapendens Placentinus Arantius our Authour Bauhine although I knowe there is great contention against Aristotle in this point who seemeth first to haue giuen this name to this cauity But wee stand not vppon names so much so we know the thing signified by the name The better appellation as The reason of the name me seemeth is a Tympane because this cauity couered with his membrane resembleth a Drumme or Taber for when the membrane is strucken by the Sound it resoundeth again as a Drumme if it bee beaten by reason of the ayre therein contayned rendreth a great sound Coiter reprehends Fallopius and Platerus for this appellation because sayth hee in this Coiters obiect cauity there are holes windowes and diuers windings which a Drumme hath not To whome we answere that in men it hath the name of a Drumme or Tympane from the vse Answered but in bruite beastes not onely from the vse but also from the figure because in those creatures that chaw the Cud it is very like to a Turkish Drumme This cauity is also called by Coiter and Placentinus the Bason and the Denne It is excauated or hollowed in the beginning of the stony-bone betwixt the roots of the Mammillary processe and the place where the head of the Iaw is inserted or fastned to his ioynt The vtter part thereof regardeth the hole of Hearing from which it is onely separated by the membrane Table 10. figu 2. from b toward c. Hence it is that if the inside of the eare be inflamed or vlcerated vppon the motion of Note the lower iaw the patient is payned in his eare The inner part of the cauity is by a thin scale distinguished from the hole of the sleepy artery Table 10. fig. 2. from h to L. This first is the greatest cauity of the three and by a successiue ingresse or continuity of passage is ioyned with them by which meanes it is able to containe a greater quantity of in-bred ayre also receiue at the same time diuers sounds comming from diuers quarters But because the internall ayre must first be mooued by that which is without and then transport the image of that sound wherewith it is moued to the Auditory nerue it was very The organs in this cauity necessarie that it should be purged and kept pure from any stayn of corruption that like aneate glasse it might represent the image offered vnto it For this purification and expurgation of the inward ayre Nature hath placed in this cauity diuers instruments some seruing for Pulsation some for Traiection and some for Expurgation For Pulsation serue the three bones the chord and the muscles For Traiection or conduction vnto the other cauities serue two perforations commonly called Fenestellae or the VVindowes For Expurgation there is a passage which leadeth into these pallat All the particles did require a
hard body that might alwayes stand open for egresse and ingresse of the Ayre For saith Galen if it had beene made of flesh or a membrane the hole of it would haue falne and the passage should not haue bene so free for the breath and so the body haue beene depriued not of voyce onely but of life also because the respiration would haue bene intercepted If it had bene bony the hardnesse thereof would haue pressed vpon the gullet and so haue hindred diglutition or swallowing beside the very weight would haue drawne downe Why not bony the tongue and the bone Hyois and hindered their actions it would haue needed great muscles to haue moued so heauy a body which must haue taken vp a greater place then in so narrow a roome could be allotted to them And if the bones had beene so fine and thinne that all these inconueniences had beene preuented then it would haue easily bene broken being placed outward for bones will not yeeld as gristles doe I know well that Columbus is of opinion that it is bony in growne men which hee auoucheth vpon his owne dissection of innumerable bodyes those are his words although Columbus opinion that it is bony he confesseth that in young children it is grystly as not hauing attained his hardnesse and soliditie One argument also he addeth which is that the substance is medullous or marrowy as he hath often found in which one thing bones differ from grystles He also reprehendeth Galen for cutting vp Apes and not obseruing that their throtles were bony and Vesalius for shewing the Throtles of beastes in his publike dissections But Fallopius whom we esteem the more oculate Anatomist saith that sometimes he hath found the first and second grystles bony in very old men yea sometimes before extreme old age but the third and the fourth grystles saith he I neuer saw bony neither can I approue of their opinions that thinke the Larynx is bony and not grystly vnlesse it be imperfect because Nature intended it to be bony For saith Fallopius if this were so then we must confes Disproued by Fallopius that no man hath the instrument of his voyce perfect till he come to bee old or striken in yeares which must not be granted Of the same mind also is Laurentius Bauhine proceedeth further to prooue it grystly on this manner It is the instrument of the voyce and therefore there must be a proportion betweene the ayre that is beaten Otherreasons why it must be gristly the body which beateth it that so it may resound for the forming of the voyce for the voyce is nothing else but a percussion of the Ayre And although sounds doe arise from hard bodyes not from soft as a sponge a locke of wooll or such like for that the Ayre is not broken vnlesse it light against a solid hard and smooth body yet it must not bee perfectly hard for such a one doth not readily cut the ayre but ouerturns it Nor too soft for then it yeeldeth and maketh no resistance and therefore cannot make any sound Such a body therefore which yeeldeth moderately and beateth the ayre gently is the cause of the voyce now such a body is a gristle Finally it was made gristly saith Galen in the fourth chapter of his booke of the dissection of the instrument of the voyce that it might be a fit foundation for the other parts whereof the Larynx is compounded and that the Muscles might better arise therefrom and be implanted thereinto But it was not fit it should be made of one entire gristle without any articulation Not of one gristle so immoueable for then it could not haue bene either shut or opened dilated or contracted It was therefore made of many annexed one to another and hauing motion not Naturall such as is in the Arteries but voluntary depending vpon the will For the chiefe vse of it being in inspirations and exspirations it was meete we should be able to moderate it at ourpleasures add hereto that being the instrument of the voyce to admit or expel our breath it was more then necessary we should haue a voluntary command ouer it To this purpose Nature also furnished it with muscles and them with nerues for motion veines for nourishment arteries for life and membranes for their strength She added also glandules to keep them all moyst It is made of 3. gristles saith Galen we say 4 so doth Fallopius diuers others For the motions of the Larynx they are double that is wherby it is dilated and constringed shut The number of the gristles opened and therefore there was neede but of two articulations each of which serue each motion So that the dilatation and constriction is made by that articulation which is betwixt the first gristle and the second The opening and shutting by that which is betwene the second and the third The Muscles of the Larinx are either common or proper the common Muscles are sixe that is three paire The first paire are called Bronchij Tab. 15. fig. 7. xx because they The muscles cleaue to the rough Arterie The second paire are called Hyoetdet or rather Hyothyrocidei Tab. 15. fig. 3. h. The third paire are called Oesophagei Tab. 15. fig. 7. ll The proper Muscles are ten or fiue paire of which sixe do dilate and foure do constringe Some of these are placed forward some backeward some without some within Table 15. figure 3. sheweth some Muscles of the Larynx with a part of the Nerue Figure 4. sheweth all the proper Muscles the Clefte the Fpiglottis or After-Tengue and the Gristles Figure 5. sheweth the backe part of the Larynxe with the Muscles separated the Gristles and the Epiglottis Figure 6. The foreside of the Larynx with some muscles Figure 7. The transuerse Muscle of the Gullet also two Common Muscles together with the Recurrent Nerues TABVLA XV. FIG III. FIG IV. FIG V. FIG VI. FIG VII The first paire we cal the forward Crycothyroidei Tab. 15. fig. 4 s but in the sixt figure the one is separated the other remaineth in his proper seate The second paire we cal the backward Crycoarthenoidei Tab. 15. fig. 5 I The third paire are called the laterall Crycoarthenoidei Tab. 15. figure 4 r The fourth paire are called the Internal Thyroidei or Thyroarythenoidei Table 15. fig. 4. c The fift paire are called Arytenoidei Tab. 15. fig. 4 and 5. g The larger description and vse of these muscles looke for in the booke of muscles We wil come to the gristles of the Larynx which we wil handle particularly in this place because they make this notable instrument of the voice and touch them but by the way in the discourse of gristles The Larynx therefore consisteth of three gristles say the Ancients of four say manie of the latter Anatomists and we may so esteem them one called Thyroides the other called Crycoeides and the third Arytenoides which is double These gristles
ought to be vniuersally abstractedly fore-knowne that it may appeare by what meanes it comes from his organ and that the function of euery particle which is found in that organ though neuer so small may be known And so it is not absurd that the action should minister knowledge to itselfe and should be both more knowne and more obscure then it selfe The vse therefore of the parts and their profit doe differ as the words of cause and effect The difference betwixt vse profit though Vse doe also signifie Profit whereby it is manifest that the one is more large in his signification then the other Moreouer that thing vnto the fruition of which the action doth ayme is either seperated from the action so that the action ceasing it is abandoned or else it doeth only consist and hath his being in Fieri that is whilst it is in motion this is called in Latine opus in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 actionis the worke of the action Galen therefore in the 1. de nat fac saith The difference of the worke and action well that the worke is distinguished from the action and is an effect thereof as blood flesh a nerue or such like are the effects of the action of the Liuer and of the Seed Sometimes by the name of worke we vnderstand the Action for concoction sanguification and distribution are certaine actions and yet the workes of Nature also but wee must beware least we call all the workes of Nature Actions for flesh a nerue and bones are the workes of Nature and yet no actions of Nature QVEST. IIII. How manifold Action is GAlen in the first Chapter of his Booke de vtilitate respirat deuideth the action What is an vniuersall Action of a liuing body into an vniuersall and a particular I call that an vniuersall action which is perfected by the whole body as by his proper instrument as are the life which life Aristotle in the 10. of his Ethicks chapter third and Galen in the place aboue quoted saye is a kinde of action of the creature as also are those foure which doe attend it Retention Concoction Attraction and Expulsion And a particular action I call that which belongeth to some one part or organ What a particular Action is for the profite and behoofe of the whole body But they are almost infinite yet all allotted to their own proper parts and so mutually conioyned and with such concord that they do all serue and helpe the operations of the whole and do all conspire and as it were with one consent suffer together For great organs as the Head the Breast the Abdomen or Panch the ioynts do with all their functions immediatly serue the whole body And The consent of the parts the lesser which are parts of these are also referred to the action of the whole As the Eye whose action being wholly destinated to the safety of the creature is Sight which Nature by the chrystaline humor doth exercise all the other parts doe concur vnto the constitution thereof and serue either as causes without which vision cannot be made as the opticke nerues doe or as a cause of the better performance of this Sense as the muscles and coates or lastly as conseruing and defending causes as the Eye-lids and the Eye-browes Some doe subdiuide a particular action into a common or publique and into a proper or priuate action they call that common which is referred vnto the vse of the whole What a common Action is and not of any priuate part onely as are those operations called Animal to wit going apprehension Vision Hearing Smelling Tasting Touching Imagination Ratiocination Memory Amongst the Natural operations Chylification or the action of the stomack changing the meate into Chylus Sangnification Expulsion of the excrements the sucking of the Vrine out of the veines attraction of seede the conformation of the Infant with many other They call that a proper action which is addicted vnto one onely part What a proper Action is such as they affirme to be Retention Concoction Attraction Expulsion which I haue comprehended in the number of vniuersall actions but they say they belong vnto the proper vse of the part But this manner of distinguishing is not to be in euery respect admitted in my opinion because it doth much rather ingender a confusion then further our vnderstanding in that they confound a proper and particular action with an vniuersall For why should that action which pertaines to the whole and is vniuersall and common to all the parts be called proper and priuate How shall it bee allotted to one onely part If that which they call common be assigned to one organ how is it said to be common Yet if any man shall say that it is called common by accident because it tendes to a publique and common good him I will not gaine say But it will be obiected that that which is called by them a proper and priuate action will by the Physitians neuer be admitted to be vniuersall and an action of the whole body and of all the parts thereof For although attraction Obiection retention concoction expulsion do agree to the whole and to all the parts yet they be so appropriated to their seuerall parts that they seeme to be proper vnto euery particular because that the seuerall parts doe conueniently exercise them by their owne nature But I thinke that attraction being restrayned to some certaine humour doth not enduce the propriety of attraction but of that which is attracted by it Solution Now that which is drawne and the attraction it selfe doe differ So a bone doth attract yet not as it is a bone but as it doth participate of life and the function of the whole yet it doth attract a proper iuyce as it is such a part and no other But be it so that attraction and other Naturall functions doe belong and be ascribed to a bone a gristle a Membrane other such like parts as proper vnto them in regard that they all do properly and in their owne nature conueniently exercise them yet shall it follow that euery part of the bone and portion of a gristle or ligament shall performe a proper action One and the same iuyce is common to all the particles of the same similar part Wherefore this subdiuision of a particular action in my opinion is not allowable But I conclude from that which hath bene sayd that some parts do performe a double Some parts haue a double action some onely one office namely one common to all other parts another proper which is committed to them and to no other parts and yet tending to the vse of the whole And this office or function is three fold to wit Animall Vitall and Naturall But what euery one of these is and how manifold we haue before declared and therefore they are here onely presupposed Moreouer some actions be manifest by
to the Pupilla or Apple They are not stiffe yet this is not because they are firy but as Aristotle teacheth in his Problemes because they are inuironed with aboundance of fat which fat though it Why not stiffe haue for his efficient cause a defect or weakenesse of heate yet not withstanding by his reflexion it doth augment the heate and by his sliminesse doth hinder the ingresse of the ayre which beateth vpon them To these wee ioyne the plenty of animall spirits and the perpetuall motions of the eyes QVEST. XXV Wherefore the Eyes be diuersly coloured ARistotle in the second book de Anima saith 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 omne 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Euery Organ must be deuoyde of any quality least all things should sauour of that same quality which is in the Organ but the Eyes are the Organs of Sight they therefore ought not to bee coloured for if they were all things would appeare to bee of the same colour for all things appeare red to those that labour of an inflamation of the Eye or haue the blood collected in them by a blowe or stripe or otherwise In like manner those that are troubled with the Iaundise because their Eyes are coloured with yellow choller doe see all things as if they were yellow On the other side that the Eyes are coloured euen our owne Sense doth teach vs for some men are Wall-eyed some mens eyes blacke some mens skie-coloured and others greenish and so in the rest We answere according to Aristotle that the name of Colour is sometimes A double acceptation of colours vsed more largely sometimes more strictly In this large signification all things which may be seene are sayed to be coloured So translucent things though that cannot limit or determine the sight yet are they coloured Aristotle in his booke of colours cals the ayre white and the fire red But there is another acception of colours more strict whereby it is defined thus A colour is the extremity of a terminated pellucide body In the first signification the whole eye is coloured all his partes are coloured because they are aspectible and may bee seene but in the latter signification onely the coniunctiue How the eie may be said to be coloured and grapy coat are truly coloured for the Adnata is white the grapy is diuersly coloured blacke blew and grasse-greene to recollect the spirites that were before dissipated or dispersed that it might breake the splendor of the externallight and that the chrystaline humor might be as it were refreshed with that colour as with a Looking-glasse But the principall part of Vision which receiueth the species of visible thinges and is changed by the colours is not at all coloured but bright and lucide only Now light and perspicuity or natures common to all visible species which helpe the reception of these species Aristotle hath obserued in lib. 5. chap. 1. de generat Animal which also Pliny repeateth in lib. 2. cap. â—7 of his Natural histories that onely the eyes of a man are of manifold diuers colours in other creatures the eies are all alike according to their kind so the eies of all Oxen are blacke the eyes of Sheepe watery of other creatures redde excepting a Horses which are sometime wall eyed but the eye of a man is diuersly coloured Of the colours of the eye some be extreame some of a middle nature The extreame colours are according to Aristotle Galen and Auicen two namely the whitish or wall coloure The differences of the colours of the eye and the black This wall-colour is somewhat whitish and Aristotle in his 5. book de gener Animal and Galen cap. 27. Artis paruae seeme to oppose this wall-colour to blacke This Caesius or wall-coloured the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from a Night-Owle which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whose eyes shine with a greenish whitenesse Some do confound 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and yet they are to be distinguished for though either colour do somewhat tend to greene yet this 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or wal-coloured doth approch neerer to white 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or tawny vnto Red. Aristotle in his Phisiognomy of the eyes affirmeth this wall-colour in the eie to be a signe of a fearfull man but this Tawny colour of a bold and stout courage therefore the Eyes of Lyons and Eagles are properly said to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Tawny but the eyes of old men and children to be wall coloured Either colour doth shine but that brightnesse which is in wall eyes is more white like that which is in the scales of Fishes in tawny eies the splendor is fierie as it is in burning coales The intermediate or mixt colours of the eies are diuers according to the diuers mixture of the extreames Concerning the causes of this varietie of colors there are diuers opinions according The cause of the variety of colours Empedocles to the diuersity of men Empedocles composed the eie of Fire and water wherefore hee supposed that the wall-colour proceeded from the predominance of the fire the blacke from the aboundance of water Aristotle in his fift Booke Degeneratione animalium referres the cause of these Colours vnto the plentie or scarsity of humors which he doth illustrate by this example of Aire and water For saith he if we looke into a deepe water or into thick aire they wil both seeme Aristotle blacke and obscure but if either of them be rare and thin the colour will appeare Tawnie and splendent The blacknesse therefore of the eye is from the plentie and aboundance of humors the wall eie is from the paucitie and scarsenesse Auerrhoes thinkes that the whitenesse of the eye proceedes from coldnesse because Auerrhoes for the most part all white things are cold as the Braine the Fat the Marrow the Bones the Membranes and blacknesse from heate Galen in the 27 chapter Artis paruae referres the cause of colours vnto the plenty splendor Galens opinioÌ„ and situation of the Cristalline and watry humors For saith he a wall eie commeth by reason of the plenty or splendor of the Cristalline or because of the prominent bunching situation and also the paucity and purity of the thin and waterie humor But a blacke eye comes either from the scarsitie of the Cristalline or from the ouer-deepe situation of it or because it is not exquisitely splendid and cleare or because the waterie humor is too aboundant and yet not altogether pure Thus farre Galen Auicen referres the cause of the variety of these colours vnto the Grapie coate which as Auicens opinion it is diuersly coloured it selfe so it doth produce diuers colours in the eie a black coat causeth blacke colour as a blewish coate a colour of the same kinde and his opinion dooth Vesalius follow But to the end that we may reconcile the different opinions of so graue Authours wee do acknowledge
Sometimes they communicate some fibres to the bone Hyois which they so draw vnto the chin They haue also certaine lines in them which Anatomists call inscriptions as if they were many Muscles The fourth paire are called Basiglossi or Ypsiglossi or bone-tongue Muscles tab 8. fig. 1. and 2. D O. These doe arise straight fleshy from the vpper and middle part of the bone Hyois The 4 paire and in some places are obscurely diuided asunder as if they were many muscles and so run a long the length of the tongue and are inserted in the middest of it Their vse is when they are contracted to draw the tongue directly inward or backward toward his roots The fifth paire are called Ceratoglossi or horne-tongue Muscles tab 8. fig. 1. and 2. E. and arise from the vpper hornes if they be there of the bone Hyois from whence passing The 5. paire somewhat obliquely or sloping they are inserted into the sides of the tongue neare vnto his root sometimes they arise from the neather hornes when the vpper are wanting or are not very bony but rather like ligaments which as wee haue sayd is most commonly in women which haply makes their tongues more plyable If one of these onely be contracted the tongue especially the roote of it is drawne side-long downeward and so it may bee sayd to mooue to the right side or to the left but if both of them be contracted then is it mooued right downeward toward the throate this paire in Oxen is double in men it is but single These fiue paire of Muscles therefore do moue the tongue vpward downeward foreward backeward on the right hand and on the left hand or to the sides but if they The substance of the Toung worke successiuely that is one vpon another then they turne the tongue round all these motions the muscles of the boue Hyois do not a little further which some do rather ascribe to the fibrous substance of the Tongue which hath indeed all three kindes of fibres At the roote of the Tongue when these Muscles are remooued there appeareth a The glardulous flesh at the roote certaine flesh compounded of many Glandules mingled with fat which flesh doeth not merrit the name of a muscle because a Muscle doeth not consist of glandules or kernelles but of fleshy fibres tab 8 fig 1 and 2 H. This knot of glandules groweth at the roote of the Tongue that with their liquor it might alwaies bee kept moyste because without moysture there can be no perfect taste no more then there can be any concoction in the Stomack without Elixation or boyling for the concoction of the Stomacke is not a roasting but a boyling or elixation therefore Nature hath ordained the Glandulous Pancreas or Sweet-bread to touch the Stomacke that thence there might continually ascend moyst vapours that the concoction of the stomacke might be accomplished by a moyste boyling not by a dry roasting Moreouer this moysture of the kernelly flesh maketh the motion of the Toung more glib and glad as wee say or nimble for when the Tongue is dry as vvee may perceiue in those that are exceedingly a thirst his motions are more slovv the same also vvee haue experience of in those that labour of burning Agues in vvhome all the moysture of the Tongue is exhausted and dryed vp Moreouer the Almonds of the Throate which we call Tonsilla as is before obserued by yeilding a perpetuall moysture doe moisten the Tongue and so further his motion CHAP. XIX of the Muscles of the Larynx or Throttle BEcause the actions of the Throttle or Larynx are perfourmed with voluntary The action of a muscle is Contraction motion Nature hath giuen it muscles which by their action which is Contraction might bend extend and moue sidelong the ioynts of the gristles that so the glottis or Toung-let might become mouable and his cleft might be made broader or narrower as need should require for so it behoued to be because it was conuenient that our voice as well as our speach should be at our commaund The Throttle therefore hath two kindes of Muscles Common and Proper The Common are sixe or three paire of which foure doe constringe and two do dilate it The Common are 3. paire of common so called because they arise from other partes and are but implanted into the Throttle and of these wee will treate first because they first fall vnder our view and so come first to be shewen The first paire of the common Muscles tab 9. fig. 7. xx which Vesalius and diuers others The first paire do make the second is situated in the forepart of the Throttle one on each side and we call them Bronchios or the weazon Muscles because they cleaue to the rough artery all along which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by Hippocrates For they arise with a fleshy and broade beginning from the vpper and inner part of the Breast-bone at the very Iugulum aboue the clauicles and with right sibres doe runne vp along the weazon fleshy and a little broader then where they arose are inserted into the sides of the shield gristle called Thyroeis below neare the Glandules with a broade and fleshy Tendon which in man is but one but in beasts it is deuided in the middest in most of them one part is fastned into the throttle the other into the bone Hyois Yet Galen is of opinion that this is their originall and that they are inserted into the brest-bone They are very long because not the snield-gristle or the Thyroides only but the whole Larynx is moued especially in a base voice where the throttle mooueth downeward and the whole weazon is contracted in his membranous distances and therefore it was that this paire cleaueth to the whole length of it They are moreouer very slender because the throttle easily descending with his own waight did not require any great strength yet notwithstanding they haue certaine inscriptions or neruous distinctions such as are in the right muscles of the paunch by which their length and tenuity is secured from danger Their vse is to draw down the shield-gristle called Thyroides and below to constringe or contract it and so to dilate the cleft or fissure of the glottis or toung-let in a base voice they also doe somewhat contract the weazon that it be not doubled when wee speake or the throttle too much dilated aboue The second paire of Common muscles ta 9. fig. 3. h which Vesalius cals the first paire The 2. paire as also doth Falopius and some others is situated likewise in the forepart of the Larynx or throttle and are called Hyoeides or rather Hyothyroeides or the shield-bone muscles these are opposed to the former and are farre shorter They arise broad and fleshy almost from all the lower part of the bone Hyois to whose inward sides they seeme to be continuated and with right fibres they creepe downeward together
already declared doth sufficiently witnes But as Hippocrates Erasistratus when he was wiser Herophilus Galen and most Anatomists do agree from the braine from which also the spinall marrow draweth his original From the brain I say which is manifested as wel by sense in the dissection therof where we see many riuers of nerues in the braine to which those of the body are continuated as also because their substances are marrowy alike and cloathed each of them with two membranes Moreouer the affects or diseases of the head doe manifestly proue that all Sense and motion doe flow from the Brayne So in the Apoplexy which is caused by an obstruction of the passages of the Brayne the Animall Faculty is instantly intercepted albeit the heart be altogether indempnified So in the Epilepsie or Falling sicknes where the marrow of the brayne from whence the nerues do yssue is affected the whole body is drawn into Convulsion which is nothing so when the heart is affected But we sayde before that a beginning is double one of Generation another of Dispensation An original double In respect of their Generation their beginning is Seede of which as of their immediate matter they are framed In respect of their Dispensation their beginning is in the brayne together I meane with the After-brayne which is the originall à quo from which Those Pipes if so you list to call them which receiue Sense and Motion are distributed into the body as the part standeth in need of the one or the other or both Againe the Nerues are sayde to be of two sorts some proceeding from the brayne The differences of nerues some from the spinall marrow and of these againe some from the beginning of the Spinall marrow that is being yet contayned in the scull others in the Spinall marrow which is in the Rack-bones of the Chine Againe of these some belong to the marrow of the Necke some of the Chest some of the Loynes and some of the Os sacrum or Holy-bone to which also we may adioyne the nerues of the Ioynts Bauhine in this place interposeth his owne opinion which is that all Nerues doe yssue Bauhines opinion of the originall of nerues 8. seueral opinions quoted by him from the marrow of the brayne oblongated or lengthned out some whilest it remayneth yet in the Scull and some after But withall hee maketh mention of diuers opinions both of the Ancient and late Writers concerning the originall of the Nerues which discourse of his we will here transcribe but contract it as briefly as we can Hee reckoneth therefore eight opinions for the ninth we thinke not worthy to be remembred The first is of Hippocrates in his booke de natura ossium in the very beginning where Hippocrates he sayth that the original of the nerues is from the Nowle vnto the Spine the Hippe the Share the Thighes the Armes the Legs and the Foote The second is Aristotles who in many places deliuereth that they arise from the heart because in it there are aboundance of nerues for which hee mistooke the fibres and because Aristotle from thence motions doe arise and vnder his Ensigne Alexander Auicen and the whole schoole of the Peripateticks doe merrit or band themselues This opinion of Aristotle Auerhoes and Aponensis with some others doe maintayne indeede but with a distinction affirming that they issue from the hart mediante cerebro by the mediation of the brayne or that they arise from the heart and are multiplyed and propagated in the brain The third is that of Praxagoras who thought that the Nerues were nothing else but Praxagoras extenuated Arteries The fourth of Erasistratus who thought they yssued from the Dura meninx but in his Erasistratus age he changed his mind as Galen witnesseth of him The fift is Galens who determineth that the Nerues and the Spinal marrow doe proceede Galen from the brayne The sixt is that of Vesalius who saith that some Nerues issue out of the Scull others Vessalius out of the Racks of the Spine those that proceede out of the Scull doe arise from the basis of the forepart of the braine or from the beginning of the Spinal Marrow before it enter into the spondelles The rest from the Spinall marrow remayning within the Racke-bones The seauenth is Falopius his opinion in his obseruations where hee sayeth that some Falopius Nerues as those that are soft doe arise from the brayne or the marrow within the Scul others from the Spinall marrow The eight is Varolius opinion who sayth that all Nerues doe take their original from the Spinall marrow which proceedeth from the brayne and the After-brayne and with Varolius him doe Platerus Archangelus and Laurentius vpon the matter consent as also doeth Bauhine as you haue heard before The Nerues therefore which yssue from the Marrow of the Brayne contayned yet within the Scull are commonly accounted 7 paires according to Galen some make nine coniugations which are called Nerui cerebri The Nerues of the Brayne which may be expressed in this disticke Optica prima oculos mouit altera tertia gustat Quartaque quinta audit vaga sexta septima linguae est The Opticks first Eye Mouers next the third and fourth doe Tast The fift doth Heare the sixt doth gad the Tongue claymes seuenth and last To which also we may adde the organs of Smelling Other Nerues do arise from the same marrow after it is falne through the great hole of the Nowle-bone and runneth thorough the holes bored in the racke-bones of the spine where it is properly called Spinalis medulla the Spinal Marrow And these are thirty paires or Coniugations that is to say seuen of the Neck of the Chest or backe twelue fiue of 30. pair of the spinall marow the Loines and six of the Holy-bone from which the nerues of the ioynts do arise For the hand receiueth sometimes fiue some sixe propagations from the fift sixt and seuenth paires of the necke and from the first and second paires of the Chest the foot receiueth foure Nerues from the three lower paires of the Loines and from the foure sometimes the fiue vppermost of the Holy-bone which are called nerues of the spinall marrow These nerues do yssue on either side after the same manner for no nerue is produced without his companion and therefore the Grecians called them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latines Neruorum paria or Coniugia paires or Coniugations of nerues All these Coniugations as they do arise alike one from the right hand the other from the left so are they also distributed after one and the same manner except onely the sixt paire of the Braine whose right nerue is not diuided as is the left as we shall heare afterward And thus much shall haue bene sufficient to haue said in generall concerning the nature differences vse and originall of the nerues Now we descend vnto their particular Historie beginning with
the chinne to draw the same downward therefore Arantius who did not acknowledge the third paire aboue named maketh it the fift paire The vse that Arantius limitteth of the Iaw and sayeth that this portion or part of the square muscle together with the 4. paire called the Digastricks do open the mouth and draw the Iaw downwards yet so that it is more directly drawne without the motion of the cheekes by the fourth paire but by this fift paire as he accoūteth them the iaw is wrested obliquely together with the cheeks and the lovver lip side-vvard if but one of them moue if they mooue together then it inclineth it to neither part but leeadeth it tovvard the throttle CHAP. XVI Of the Muscles of the Choppes which serue for Diglutition or Swallowing GAlen first of all men described the muscles of the Choppes whome after Oribasius his Epitomizer and Auicen followed making one on each side Among the later Anatomists Falopius was the first who described three paires which are seated in the Mouth betweene the coat of the palate the bredth 4. paire of muscles of the chops of the Nosethrils VVe will reckon vnto you 4. paire whereof two doe dilate and tvvo contract and therefore they helpe the Svvallow because the Chops vvere of necessity to bee dilated or straightned vvhen the meate and the drinke should passe by them The first paire ariseth thinne and neruous from the toppe of the vvedge-bone called The first sphaenoides neare the articulation of the lovver iavv vvith the bone of the temple and descendeth very small and slender by the invvard cauity of the Pterygoides and endeth in a neruous thinne and broad tendon vvhich passeth ouer the cleft vvhich is in the end of the Pterygoides and being reflected is inserted into the skinny part of the palate at vvhich the Vuula hangeth If both these muscles moue together they dravv the bottom of the chops together vvith the Vuula vpvvard and forvvard if but one of them moue then it dravveth vnto that side vvherein it is seated The second paire ariseth neruous from the same beginning vvith the former and declining The second dovvnevvards it is inserted into the sides of the choppes vvhere the Tonsils or Almonds doe reside and taketh vppe or at least embraceth all the side and backepart of the Choppes This payre draweth the Tonsils vpward and sidelong and dilateth the whole cauity of the Chops by parting them asunder These two paires serue to dilate or open the Choppes and some say they hinder the liquid matter that comes vp in vomiting that it passeth not through or into the nose The third paire compasseth the backeward and side cauitie of the Choppes and ariseth The third very thinne where the head is ioyned with the necke whence it descendeth and is inserted in the sides of the bone Hyois and the first gristle of the Throttle sometimes also into the roote of the Tongue but obscurely and it constringeth the Choppes when a man swalloweth and as Falopius perswades himselfe it helpeth to swallow a great morsell because in diglutition or swallowing of meat it raiseth vp the throttle The fourth paire ariseth very slender from the inside of the appendix called Styloides declineth forward and is inserted with a membranous Tendon to the first Gristle of the The fourth Larynx or Throttle to the sides of the bone Hyois and the extremity of the rootes of the Tongue and therfore sayth Platerus it may be sayd to be a paire common to the chops and to the Tongue because it draweth the tongue and the foresayde parts backwards and vpward and constringeth the choppes as wee swallow These two latter paire doe contract the choppes and somewhat lift vp the throttle that the swallow might bee the more facile and easie CHAP. XVII Of the Muscles of the Bone called Hyois BEcause the meate when it is broken by both the Iawes and their Teeth by the helpe of the Muscles of the Cheekes the lower Iaw and the Tongue must bee swallowed and transmitted into the Stomack and that this diglutition or swallowing is a voluntary motion it had neede of Muscles appropriated thereunto and distinct from the muscles of the Tongue because wee can swallow and yet hould our tongues still and stedfast and beside the muscles of the Tongue doe accomplish other priuate motions of their owne These Muscles which serue for diglutition they make to be proper to the bone Hyois both because they are annexed vnto it and do also mooue it vpward and downward and to both sides for the bone it selfe was necessarily to be mouable because it was ordained to be helpeful to deglutition But there are two kinds of muscles which are ioyned to this bone som haue their original frō it but do serue other parts as the tongue the Larynx Others that take their originall from other bones and yet are inserted into this Hyois and Foure paire of Muscles are proper to it and of these we will intreate at this time reckoning vp vnto you 4 payre although there be some who account sixe Of these two paire are numbred with the muscles of the tongue because the motions of the tongue and of the bone Hyois are very nere a kin and therefore it is no wonder if their muscles be mixed and connected together The first paire run betweene the brest-bone and the bone Hyois and are therefore called Sternohyoidei Tab. 6. fig. 2 Q ◠and appeare outwardly vnder the skin lying vppon the The 1. paire sharpe artery and the gristle of the throttle called Thyroeides It ariseth with a broad and fleshy beginning from the vpper and inner side of the brest-bone and runnes directly vpward and is implanted very fleshy without a tendon saith Columbus into the foreside of the basis of the bone Hyois All along their passage they are fleshy and broad and are diuided in the middest by a line which passeth according to their length Their vse is to draw the bone straight downward and backward and by accident also they defend the throtle and the gristle Thyroesdes The second paire called Genio-hyoides Tab. 6. fig. 2 S are vnder the chinne and the fift The 2. payre paire of the lower iaw Tab. 6. fig. 2 O They are large and short and fleshy all ouer and do arise with Fibres of a diuers course from the inner part of the lower iawe and are inserted with the same breadth into the middle part of the bone Hyois into which also the first paire was implanted They draw directly vpward and somewhat forward The third paire called Styloceratoeides Tab. 7. fig. 2 T is seated obliquely and vnder the Chin as the former and are outwardly stretched vppon the fifte paire of the neather Iaw They are slender and round and arise from the roote of the Appendixe Styloides The 3 paire aboue the originall of the fift muscle of the Iaw and end into the hornes of the Hyois that