for_o their_o coin_n their_o small_a piece_n be_v a_o ounce_n weight_n and_o this_o be_v see_v practise_v in_o massa_n and_o other_o kingdom_n also_o thereabouts_o congo_n of_o lumache_n in_o congo_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o congo_n be_v take_v up_o along_o the_o seashore_n great_a store_n of_o shell_n fish_n differ_v from_o the_o former_a use_v in_o tombuto_n call_v lumache_n which_o they_o distinguish_v male_a and_o female_a the_o shell_n whereof_o be_v there_o account_v a_o coin_n and_o wherewith_o they_o use_v to_o buy_v both_o silver_n and_o gold_n but_o with_o silver_n or_o gold_n either_o in_o mass_n or_o coin_n can_v they_o not_o buy_v any_o other_o thing_n needful_a whatsoever_o melinda_n of_o glass-bead_n in_o melinda_n in_o melinda_n they_o have_v little_a ball_n of_o glass_n in_o manner_n of_o our_o red_a bead_n which_o come_v to_o they_o from_o cambaia_n and_o other_o place_n and_o these_o be_v their_o coin_n and_o money_n and_o with_o they_o gold_n be_v neither_o find_v to_o be_v of_o account_n nor_o esteem_n cathay_n of_o salt_n and_o paper_n in_o cathay_n in_o some_o place_n of_o cathay_n their_o money_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o paper_n stamp_v and_o in_o some_o other_o salt_n bake_v into_o small_a cake_n for_o the_o excellent_a use_n and_o scarcity_n thereof_o pass_v current_a as_o coin_n among_o they_o pegu._n of_o ganza_n in_o pegu._n in_o pegu_n their_o money_n be_v call_v ganza_n and_o be_v make_v of_o copper_n and_o lead_n which_o every_o man_n may_v at_o his_o pleasure_n both_o coin_n and_o stamp_n that_o be_v able_a for_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v account_v as_o a_o merchandise_n among_o they_o bengala_n of_o almond_n in_o bengala_n in_o bengala_n their_o small_a money_n be_v a_o fruit_n resemble_v the_o almond_n which_o pass_v current_n from_o man_n to_o man_n in_o traffic_n sumatra_n of_o skull_n of_o dead_a man_n in_o sumatra_n and_o in_o the_o island_n sumatra_n it_o have_v be_v observe_v that_o the_o skull_n of_o their_o slay_a enemy_n be_v account_v their_o great_a treasure_n with_o which_o they_o buy_v and_o barter_n and_o he_o be_v the_o rich_a man_n that_o have_v the_o great_a number_n thereof_o in_o his_o house_n india_n of_o pepper_n and_o cocos_fw-la in_o india_n and_o last_o in_o many_o place_n of_o india_n they_o use_v pepper_n and_o cocos-nut_n in_o lieu_n of_o money_n and_o the_o same_o pass_v current_a for_o coin_n in_o many_o place_n of_o india_n and_o to_o conclude_v it_o may_v be_v observe_v throughout_o this_o map_n of_o commerce_n that_o though_o silver_n and_o gold_n be_v not_o the_o metal_n general_o in_o use_n for_o the_o coin_n and_o stamp_v of_o money_n throughout_o all_o the_o world_n yet_o these_o other_o thing_n specify_v carry_v with_o they_o in_o matter_n of_o commerce_n in_o these_o place_n the_o like_a efficacy_n and_o power_n name_n money_o call_v by_o three_o several_a name_n to_o proceed_v then_o budelius_n varro_n and_o sundry_a author_n write_v upon_o the_o original_n of_o money_n and_o upon_o the_o excellency_n of_o this_o predominant_a point_n of_o traffic_n affirm_v that_o all_o coin_n in_o the_o general_n have_v be_v nominate_v by_o their_o several_a and_o distinct_a name_n 1._o moneta_n 2._o nummus_fw-la 3._o pecunia_n the_o reason_n give_v thereof_o be_v these_o moneta_n moneta_n first_o moneta_n be_v say_v to_o have_v take_v that_o name_n and_o be_v derive_v à _fw-la monendo_fw-la which_o be_v to_o admonish_v and_o warn_v the_o people_n of_o the_o name_n of_o the_o prince_n vel_fw-la nummi_fw-la nota_fw-la and_o of_o such_o a_o sign_n or_o mark_v impress_v thereupon_o thereby_o allude_v to_o the_o fay_n of_o christ_n matth._n 22._o where_o the_o pharisee_n bring_v he_o a_o penny_n he_o thereupon_o demand_v who_o image_n and_o superscription_n that_o be_v and_o they_o answer_v caesar_n then_o say_v he_o unto_o they_o give_v therefore_o to_o caesar_n the_o thing_n that_o be_v caesar_n and_o unto_o god_n the_o thing_n that_o be_v god_n nummus_fw-la nummus_fw-la second_o nummus_fw-la be_v say_v to_o take_v its_o name_n as_o some_o will_v have_v it_o à _fw-la numerando_fw-la vel_fw-la numine_fw-la of_o the_o name_n of_o the_o prince_n stamp_v upon_o it_o as_o a_o ducat_n be_v say_v from_o ducatus_fw-la or_o as_o some_o say_v from_o numa_n pompilius_n the_o roman_a king_n who_o be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o first_o that_o 1900_o year_n pass_v command_v money_n to_o be_v make_v whereof_o ever_o since_o after_o his_o name_n every_o piece_n of_o money_n be_v call_v nummus_fw-la or_o again_o as_o some_o hold_n it_o be_v derive_v from_o nomos_n which_o signify_v a_o law_n and_o impli_v as_o much_o as_o such_o a_o prince_n or_o such_o a_o commonwealth_n have_v ordain_v money_n from_o who_o it_o have_v take_v a_o certain_a price_n and_o value_n pecunia_n pecunia_n three_o pecunia_n be_v derive_v à _fw-la pecude_fw-la of_o cattle_n sheep_n and_o ox_n wherein_o be_v say_v to_o consist_v the_o wealth_n of_o the_o ancient_n and_o whereon_o the_o figure_n thereof_o be_v stamp_v and_o be_v constive_v to_o be_v all_o manner_n of_o live_a creature_n want_v the_o form_n of_o man_n and_o some_o hold_n that_o the_o name_n of_o money_n signify_v not_o only_a money_n number_v or_o tell_v but_o also_o all_o thing_n that_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o world_n as_o well_o movable_a as_o immovable_a liquid_a as_o solid_a and_o in_o general_a all_o thing_n whatsoever_o man_n have_v upon_o earth_n from_o these_o three_o name_n and_o kind_n grow_v first_o among_o the_o roman_n a_o particular_a distinction_n and_o nomination_n of_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o species_n as_o they_o be_v current_n in_o worth_n and_o esteem_n among_o they_o for_o they_o have_v then_o in_o use_n certain_a money_n of_o copper_n as_o well_o as_o the_o other_o of_o silver_n and_o gold_n denarii_fw-la denarii_fw-la and_o because_o every_o piece_n of_o the_o silver_n be_v in_o value_n ten_o piece_n of_o the_o copper_n it_o be_v call_v denarius_fw-la and_o because_o every_o piece_n of_o gold_n be_v worth_a ten_o piece_n of_o silver_n the_o same_o be_v also_o call_v denarius_fw-la and_o thus_o for_o distinction_n sake_n other_o nation_n in_o their_o coin_n in_o after-age_n follow_v their_o example_n england_n easterling_n money_n of_o england_n and_o our_o english_a money_n come_v to_o have_v the_o appellation_n of_o sterling_n and_o to_o be_v distinguish_v into_o pound_n shilling_n and_o penny_n as_o some_o say_v from_o the_o easterlin_n that_o be_v in_o time_n past_o the_o master_n of_o our_o mint_n and_o the_o refiner_n of_o our_o coin_n which_o yet_o hold_v this_o name_n and_o by_o which_o the_o same_o be_v know_v throughout_o all_o europe_n but_o to_o conclude_v this_o chapter_n however_o coin_n and_o money_n come_v to_o have_v their_o original_n and_o name_n and_o however_o the_o same_o come_v to_o be_v distinguish_v and_o of_o what_o metal_n soever_o the_o same_o be_v in_o these_o day_n find_v to_o be_v make_v of_o and_o frame_v yet_o when_o once_o the_o same_o be_v allow_v by_o the_o public_a authority_n of_o the_o prince_n and_o sovereign_a magistrate_n crime_n coin_n debase_v or_o alter_v be_v a_o capital_a crime_n it_o be_v hold_v a_o capital_a crime_n in_o all_o country_n either_o to_o deface_v mend_v alter_v or_o any_o way_n to_o debase_v the_o same_o and_o therefore_o most_o just_o the_o circumstance_n consider_v do_v the_o coin_n of_o prince_n current_n in_o all_o their_o country_n challenge_v a_o principal_a part_n and_o interest_n in_o the_o universal_a commerce_n of_o the_o world_n a_o table_n show_v the_o fineness_n compare_v with_o the_o tower_n standard_n the_o value_n as_o bullion_n and_o the_o intrinsic_a value_n of_o several_a coin_n of_o foreign_a nation_n both_o silver_n and_o gold_n as_o they_o be_v assay_v in_o the_o tower_n of_o london_n june_n 1651._o the_o fineness_n compare_v with_o the_o tower-standard_n the_o name_n of_o the_o coin_n of_o silver_n the_o weight_n by_o the_o pound_n troy_n the_o value_n as_o bullion_n the_o value_n intrinsic_a  _fw-fr oz._n dw_n  _fw-fr oz._n dw_n gr_n s._n d._n s._n d._n worse_a 0_o 10_o holland_n rix_n dollar_n 0_o 18_o 15_o 4_o 5â—_n 4_o 7â…›_n worse_o 2_o 3_o lion_n dollar_n 0_o 17_o 18½_n 3_o 7_o 3_o 8â—_n better_a 0_o 4½_n ducat_n of_o flanders_n 1_o 0_o 22_o 5_o 4_o 5_o 6_o worse_a  _fw-fr 7â—_n rix_n dollar_n of_o the_o emper._n 0_o 18_o 15_o 4_o 6_o 4_o 7â—_n standard_n mexico_n ryal_n of_o eight_o 0_o 17_o 12_o 4_o 4½_n 4_o 6¼_n better_a 0_o 1_o sevil_n ryal_n of_o eight_o 0_o 17_o 12_o 4_o 4¾_n 4_o 6½_n worse_o 0_o 1_o old_a cardecus_fw-la 0_o 6_o 3½_n 1_o 6â…œ_n 1_o 7_o 0_o 0½_n french_a lewes_n of_o sixty_o soll_z 0_o 17_o 11_o 4_o 4¼_n 4_o 6â—_n 0_o 1_o old_a milre_a of_o portugal_n 0_o 14_o 4_o 3_o 6¾_n 3_o 8_o 0_o 1½_n st._n mark_v of_o venice_n
0_o 10_o 4_o 2_o 7½_n 2_o 8½_n 4_o 6_o double_a stiver_n 0_o 1_o 0_o 0_o 1â—_n 0_o 1â—_n 0_o 12_o cross_n dollar_n 0_o 18_o 0_o 4_o 3_o 4_o 4¾_n 2_o 0_o zealand_n dollar_n 0_o 13_o 0_o 2_o 8_o 2_o 9_o 0_o 1_o single_a milre_a of_o portugal_n 0_o 7_o 4_o 1_o 9½_n 1_o 10¼_n 1_o 0_o old_a phil._n dollar_n 1_o 2_o 0_o 5_o 0_o 5_o 2_o 0_o 1_o portugal_n testoon_n 0_o 5_o 0_o 1_o 2d_o 1_o 3â—_n 0_o 12½_n far._n dollar_n 1623._o 0_o 18_o 6_o 1_o 3¾_n 4_o 5½_n 0_o 10½_n prince_n orange_n dollar_n 1623._o 0_o 18_o 6_o 4_o 4¼_n 4_o 6_o 0_o 9½_n leopold_n dollar_n of_o 1624._o 0_o 18_o 2_o 4_o 4_o 4_o 5¼_n 0_o 10_o rodolph_n dollar_n of_o 1607._o 0_o 18_o 7_o 4_o 4½_n 4_o 6¼_n 0_o 4_o max_n emp._n dollor_n 1616._o 0_o 18_o 2_o 4_o 5¼_n 4_o 7_o 0_o 13_o danish_a dollar_n 1620._o 0_o 13_o 0_o 3_o 0â—_n 3_o 1â—_n 0_o 0½_n half_o a_o new_a french_a crown_n 0_o 8_o 18_o 2_o 2d_o 2_o 3â—_n 0_o 0½_n a_o new_a quart_n card._n 0_o 4_o 9_o 1_o 1â—_n 1_o 1â—_n 0_o 0½_n the_o â…“_n of_o a_o new_a card._n 0_o 1_o 11_o 0_o 4½_n 0_o 4½_n the_o fineness_n compare_v with_o the_o tower-standard_n the_o name_n of_o the_o coin_n of_o gold_n the_o weight_n by_o troy_n the_o value_n as_o bullion_n the_o value_n intrinsic_a  _fw-fr car._n gr_n  _fw-fr dw_n gr_n l._n s._n d._n l._n s._n d._n worse_a 0_o 0¼_n french_a lewes_n 8_o 14_o 1_o 8_o 7â—_n 1_o 9_o 2_o worse_a 0_o 0¼_n holland_n rider_n 6_o 10½_n 1_o 1_o 6¼_n 1_o 1_o 11_o better_a 1_o 2_o hungary_n ducket_n 2_o 6_o 0_o 8_o 0½_n 0_o 8_o 2¼_n worse_o 0_o 0½_n pistolet_n of_o spain_n 4_o 8_o 0_o 14_o 5¼_n 0_o 14_o 8½_n 2_o 0_o flemish_a alber_n 3_o 8_o 0_o 10_o 11_o 0_o 11_o 1½_n 3_o 1_o flemish_a half_a alber_n 1_o 20_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 0_o 0¼_n double_a sow_n of_o flanders_n 7_o 3½_n 1_o 3_o 10¾_n 1_o 4_o 3½_n 0_o 1¾_n italian_a pistolet_n 4_o 6_o 0_o 13_o 11½_n 0_o 14_o 2¼_n 4_o 2½_n the_o gilder_n of_o 2_o 3_o 0_o 5_o 7_o 0_o 5_o 8_o 3_o 1¾_n gilled_a matth._n emperor_n 2_o 3_o 0_o 6_o 0_o 0_o 6_o 1½_n 3_o 2¾_n gilled_a of_o norimberg_n 2_o 3_o 0_o 5_o 11¼_n 0_o 6_o 0¾_n 0_o 0â—_n milre_a of_o portu_fw-la 7_o 12_o 1_o 5_o 0â—_n 1_o 5_o 6_o better_a 1_o 3½_n venice_n chequeen_n 2_o 5_o 0_o 8_o 0¼_n 0_o 8_o 2_o a_o table_n of_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n weight_v of_o several_a nation_n take_v from_o the_o standard_n and_o compare_v with_o the_o denarius_fw-la or_o pound_n troy_n english_a consist_v of_o 5760_o grain_n such_o part_n or_o grain_n of_o the_o english_a standard_n for_o gold_n and_o silver_n or_o of_o the_o troy_n weight_n as_o the_o denarius_fw-la consularis_fw-la contain_v 62_o according_a to_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o best_a coin_n or_o according_a to_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o congius_fw-la of_o vespasian_n 62â…˜_n grain_n the_o ancient_a and_o modern_a roman_a ounce_n contain_v 438_o grain_n the_o ancient_a and_o modern_a roman_a pound_n consist_v of_o twelve_o ounce_n contain_v 5256_o grain_n the_o troy_n pound_n or_o english_a standard_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n consist_v of_o twelve_o ounce_n contain_v 5760_o grain_n the_o troy_n or_o english_a ounce_n to_o which_o five_o shilling_n two_o penny_n of_o our_o money_n in_o these_o time_n be_v equal_a contain_v 480_o gr_n the_o paris_n pound_n or_o standard_n for_o gold_n and_o silver_n of_o 16_o ounce_n 7560_o gr_n the_o paris_n ounce_n 472½_n gr_n the_o spanish_a pound_n or_o standard_n for_o gold_n and_o silver_n of_o 16_o ounce_n take_v by_o i_o at_o gibraltar_n 7090_o gr_n another_o weigh_v by_o i_o at_o gibraltar_n 7085_o gr_n the_o spanish_a pound_n in_o vilalpondus_n be_v i_o know_v not_o by_o what_o error_n but_o 7035_o gr_n the_o spanish_a ounce_n at_o gibraltar_n the_o pound_n consist_v of_o 7090_o grain_n english_a 443½_n gr_n the_o venetian_a pound_n or_o standard_n for_o gold_n and_o silver_n of_o 12_o ounce_n 5528_o gr_n the_o venetian_a ounce_n 460â…”_n gr_n the_o neapolitan_a pound_n or_o standard_n for_o gold_n and_o silver_n of_o 12_o ounce_n 4950_o gr_n the_o neapolitan_a ounce_n 412½_n gr_n the_o pound_n or_o standard_n for_o gold_n and_o silver_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n at_o florence_n pisa_n and_o legorn_n 5286_o gr_n the_o ounce_n at_o florence_n pisa_n and_o legorn_n 440â—_n gr_n the_o pound_n or_o standard_n at_o sienna_n for_o gold_n and_o silver_n of_o twelve_o ounce_n 5178_o gr_n the_o ounce_n at_o sienna_n 431½_n gr_n the_o ounce_n at_o genoa_n for_o gold_n and_o silver_n 405½_n gr_n the_o turkish_a ok_v or_o oak_n at_o constantinople_n consist_v of_o four_o hundred_o silver_n dram_n 19128_o grain_n the_o silver_n dram_n general_o use_v in_o the_o great_a turk_n dominion_n as_o also_o in_o persia_n and_o in_o the_o mogul_n country_n if_o i_o be_v not_o misinform_v 47_o 41_o 50_o gr_n the_o turkish_a sultani_n or_o egyptian_a xeriff_n be_v a_o gold-coyn_n with_o which_o the_o barbary_n and_o venetian_a chequeen_n and_o norimberg_n ducat_n within_o a_o grain_n more_o or_o less_o agree_v 53½_n gr_n the_o ratel_n or_o rotulo_n for_o gold_n and_o silver_n of_o 144_o dram_n at_o cairo_n 6886â—_n d_z the_o ratel_n or_o rotulo_n for_o silk_n of_o 720_o dram_n at_o damascus_n with_o which_o i_o suppose_v they_o there_o former_o weigh_v their_o gold_n and_o silver_n because_o most_o country_n use_v the_o same_o weight_n for_o silk_n gold_n and_o silver_n 34430â…–_n gr_n the_o standard_n for_o gold_n an._n 1577._o be_v 23_o carot_n 3_o grain_n and_o ½_n of_o fine_a gold_n and_o ½_n grain_n of_o silver_n or_o copper_n 12_o oz._n of_o gold_n of_o the_o say_a fineness_n be_v value_v at_o 36_o l._n 1_o oz._n of_o the_o same_o 3_o l._n 1_o ke_n of_o the_o same_o 1_o l._n 10._o 1_o ke_n grain_n 7_o s._n 6._o 1_o peny_n weight_n 3_o s._n 1_o small_a grain_n 1_o d._n ½_n ob_fw-la 1_o carot_n upon_o the_o ounce_n be_v in_o value_n 2_o s._n 6_o d._n 1_o carot_n be_v in_o value_n 7_o d._n ½_n ob_fw-la 1_o small_a grain_n 1_o d._n ½_n ob_fw-la 12_o oz._n of_o angel_n of_o gold_n have_v in_o they_o half_o a_o carot_n grain_n of_o alloy_n which_o be_v 30_o small_a and_o 5730_o small_a grain_n of_o fine_a gold_n which_o make_v together_o 5760_o grain_n be_v 24_o carot_n or_o 12_o oz._n troy_n the_o standard_n of_o crown_n gold_n be_v 22_o carot_n of_o fine_a gold_n and_o 2_o carot_n of_o alloy_n which_o 24_o carot_n or_o 11_o oz._n fine_a gold_n and_o 102_o of_o alloy_n make_v the_o pound_n troy_n by_o which_o reckon_n 12_o oz._n of_o crown_n gold_n be_v in_o money_n 33_o l._n 1_o oz._n of_o the_o say_a gold_n be_v 2_o l._n 15_o s._n 1_o carot_n of_o the_o say_a gold_n be_v 1_o l._n 7_o s._n 6._o it_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o all_o gold_n be_v in_o value_n by_o the_o ounce_n according_a as_o it_o be_v in_o fineness_n that_o be_v to_o say_v  _fw-fr  _fw-fr l._n s._n d._n the_o ounce_n of_o fine_a gold_n be_v in_o value_n 3_o 0_o 0_o 23_o ke_n fine_a 2_o 17_o 6_o 22_o ke_n 2_o 15_o 0_o 21_o ke_n 2_o 12_o 6_o 20_o ke_n 2_o 10_o 0_o and_o so_o lose_v its_o value_n 2_o s._n 6._o d._n per_fw-la ounce_n as_o it_o want_v a_o carot_n in_o fineness_n in_o 24._o or_o pound_n troy_n king_n james_n by_o proclamation_n date_v at_o westminster_n 16_o nou._n 2d_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n appoint_v several_a coin_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n of_o one_o standard_n with_o their_o weight_n according_a to_o the_o account_n of_o the_o mint-man_n of_o both_o nation_n which_o be_v express_v in_o this_o follow_a table_n note_v that_o the_o pound_n troy_n be_v great_a than_o the_o pound_n scotch_a by_o 4_o penny_n weight_n and_o 9_o gr_n  _fw-fr english_fw-fr weight_n  _fw-fr s._n d._n peny_n with_o 20._o grain_n 24._o mite_n 20._o droit_n 24._o perot_n 20._o blank_n 24._o piece_n of_o gold_n 20_o  _fw-fr 6_o 10_o 16_o 18_o 10_o  _fw-fr 10_o  _fw-fr 3_o 5_o 8_o 9_o 5_o  _fw-fr 5_o  _fw-fr 1_o 14_o 14_o 4_o 12_o 12_o 4_o  _fw-fr 1_o 6_o 19_o 8_o 10_o  _fw-fr 2_o 6_o 0_o 19_o 7_o 2_o 6_o 6_o piece_n of_o silver_n 5_o  _fw-fr 19_o 8_o 10_o 8_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 2_o 6_o 9_o 16_o 5_o 4_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 12_o 3_o 20_o 18_o 1_o 10_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 6_o 1_o 22_o 9_o 0_o 15_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 2_o 0_o 15_o 9_o 16_o 5_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 1_o 0_o 7_o 14_o 20_o 2_o 12_o  _fw-fr ½_n 0_o 3_o 17_o 10_o 1_o 6_o  _fw-fr scotch_a weight_n  _fw-fr deny_v grain_n 24._o prime_n 24._o second_o 24._o three_o 24._o fourths_o 24._o  _fw-fr piece_n of_o gold_n 7_o 21_o
on_o they_o and_o hang_v they_o up_o in_o house_n to_o dry_a from_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n which_o will_v else_o scorch_v it_o to_o powder_n and_o in_o a_o month_n time_n or_o long_o the_o leaf_n be_v strip_v from_o the_o stalk_n which_o be_v do_v common_o in_o moist_a weather_n and_o then_o sit_v to_o be_v pack_v in_o cask_n or_o make_v up_o into_o roll_n those_o stalk_n which_o be_v let_v grow_v for_o seed_n the_o top_n be_v not_o take_v off_o but_o let_v run_v to_o their_o full_a length_n which_o be_v four_o or_o five_o foot_n and_o be_v ripe_a also_o in_o august_n the_o stalk_n of_o tobacco_n be_v about_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o child_n arm_n and_o in_o a_o acre_n of_o ground_n may_v grow_v fifteen_o hundred_o weight_n of_o good_a tobacco_n new-england_n new-england_n the_o chief_a town_n of_o new-england_n for_o trade_n and_o every_o other_o respect_n be_v boston_n of_o late_a very_o much_o enlarge_v it_o have_v two_o meeting-house_n about_o a_o thousand_o family_n the_o build_n for_o the_o generality_n with_o timber_n a_o few_o with_o brick_n but_o most_o brick_n chimney_n a_o statehouse_n new_o erect_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o great_a street_n charlestown_n be_v not_o much_o increase_v in_o building_n and_o have_v but_o a_o small_a trade_n salem_n much_o increase_v in_o building_n and_o trade_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o fish_n there_o and_o at_o marblehead_n the_o next_o neighbour_n pescataqua_n river_n afford_v timber_n pipestave_n board_n mast_n as_o also_o fish_n from_o isle-shoal_n thrive_v much_o and_o begin_v to_o draw_v a_o trade_n these_o be_v all_o the_o most_o remarkable_a place_n or_o seaport_n for_o traffic_n at_o present_a plymouth_n jurisdiction_n connectacute_n jurisdiction_n and_o all_o the_o town_n upon_o that_o river_n as_o also_o new-haven_n jurisdiction_n and_o town_n there_o afford_v little_a else_o but_o provision_n with_o which_o they_o supply_v this_o town_n of_o boston_n and_o the_o dutch_a at_o manatos_n as_o indeed_o all_o other_o island_n plantation_n and_o island_n do_v as_o martins_z vineyard_n road_n island_n long_a island_n shelter_n island_n etc._n etc._n and_o so_o all_o other_o part_n and_o island_n to_o the_o eastward_o which_o be_v but_o so_o many_o scatter_a petty_a place_n where_o people_n raise_v only_a provision_n of_o which_o all_o that_o possible_o they_o can_v spare_v be_v bring_v by_o trade_n boat_n to_o beston_n which_o be_v the_o centre_n the_o governor_n as_o also_o all_o other_o magistrate_n and_o subordinate_a officer_n be_v all_o choose_v by_o the_o major_a part_n of_o the_o freeman_n annual_o but_o none_o be_v make_v free_a till_o first_o he_o be_v a_o member_n of_o some_o congregational_a church_n here_o for_o their_o religion_n be_v protestantism_n indifferent_a between_o independent_a and_o presbyterian_a here_o be_v no_o toleration_n for_o anabaptist_n papist_n nor_o quaker_n nor_o any_o such_o sectary_n that_o be_v apt_a to_o sow_v sedition_n or_o disturb_v the_o peace_n but_o such_o as_o will_v sit_v down_o and_o attend_v the_o way_n of_o god_n though_o they_o join_v not_o with_o they_o may_v be_v quiet_a but_o no_o child_n be_v permit_v baptism_n except_o either_o the_o father_n or_o mother_n or_o both_o be_v a_o member_n of_o some_o congregation_n but_o now_o of_o late_a if_o the_o grandfather_n etc._n etc._n do_v present_v the_o child_n he_o be_v a_o member_n though_o the_o father_n and_o mother_n be_v none_o it_o be_v accept_v the_o chief_a place_n for_o to_o ride_v load_n and_o unload_v be_v boston_n charlestown_n salem_n pescataqua_n where_o any_o ship_n of_o any_o burden_n may_v come_v here_o be_v a_o mint_n set_v up_o a_o few_o year_n since_o and_o coin_n only_a silver_n 12_o d._n 6_o d._n 3_o d._n which_o be_v occasion_v by_o some_o who_o bring_v many_o base_a new_a peru_n piece_n of_o eight_o which_o be_v discover_v a_o act_n be_v make_v against_o they_o that_o they_o shall_v not_o go_v for_o current_a payment_n so_o the_o people_n into_o who_o hand_n they_o be_v scatter_v be_v hereby_o necessitate_v to_o have_v they_o resin_a and_o so_o coin_v which_o be_v according_a to_o the_o standard_n and_o though_o there_o be_v much_o loss_n yet_o something_o be_v save_v mexico_n and_o sevil_n rial_n of_o eight_o pass_v for_o five_o shilling_n per_fw-la piece_n and_o so_o the_o small_a proportional_o in_o coinage_n they_o will_v yield_v 5_o s._n 3_o d._n if_o good_a all_o charge_n deduct_v now_o to_o carry_v out_o above_o five_o pound_n at_o a_o time_n for_o necessary_a expense_n here_o be_v no_o rise_n nor_o fall_v of_o money_n if_o bullion_n be_v bring_v in_o and_o coin_v it_o will_v turn_v to_o account_v and_o purchase_v the_o good_n of_o the_o country_n soon_o than_o good_n and_o cheap_a account_n be_v keep_v by_o merchant_n such_o as_o can_v do_v it_o according_a to_o the_o italian_a manner_n and_o express_v their_o money_n by_o pound_n shilling_n penny_n interest_n be_v set_v by_o law_n not_o to_o exceee_v eight_o per_fw-la cent_n per_fw-la ann_n our_o weight_n be_v according_a to_o the_o english_a 112_o to_o the_o hundred_o averdupois_n sixteen_o ounce_n to_o the_o pound_n silk_n silver_n troy_n weight_n the_o dry_a measure_n for_o corn_n salt_n etc._n etc._n be_v by_o the_o winchester_n bushel_n strike_v coal_n apple_n onion_n etc._n etc._n heap_v a_o boad_n and_o shoe_n all_o one_o measure_n wine_n oil_n and_o all_o liquid_a measure_n by_o the_o gallon_n the_o long_a measure_n be_v ell_n of_o 45_o inch_n and_o yard_n of_o 36_o inch_n as_o in_o england_n they_o be_v not_o yet_o come_v so_o high_a as_o to_o transport_v manufacture_n of_o their_o own_o for_o they_o can_v supply_v themselves_o the_o commodity_n export_v be_v fish_n beef_n pork_n biscuit_n flour_n some_o corn_n sometime_o beaver_n musk-skin_n otter-skin_n pipestave_n board_n mast_n all_o sort_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n will_v vend_v here_o if_o such_o as_o the_o country_n afford_v will_v purchase_v they_o with_o the_o commodity_n above_o express_v and_o they_o be_v still_o clothe_v with_o english_a drapery_n for_o the_o colour_n the_o new_a be_v now_o best_a in_o request_n for_o the_o quantity_n all_o sort_n of_o course_n and_o fine_a linen_n and_o woollen_a shoe_n stocking_n thread_n button_n and_o pedlery_n ware_n silk_n ribond_n lace_n pewter_n lead_v shot_n powder_n small_a artillery_n malt_n wine_n strong-water_n oil_n fruit_n salt_n etc._n etc._n for_o take_v notice_n we_o as_o other_o plantation_n want_v almost_o every_o thing_n but_o the_o particular_n above_o express_v i_o think_v scarce_o a_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n do_v suffice_v per_fw-la annum_fw-la the_o english_a in_o these_o part_n here_o be_v as_o yet_o no_o society_n begin_v to_o encourage_v trade_n and_o the_o encouragement_n to_o manusacture_n will_v be_v of_o necessity_n as_o people_n grow_v numerous_a monopoly_n here_o be_v none_o only_o the_o trade_n with_o the_o indian_n for_o poultry_n be_v commit_v to_o a_o few_o nothing_o prohibit_v but_o provision_n which_o be_v forfeit_v if_o it_o be_v land_v without_o licence_n for_o custom_n etc._n etc._n here_o be_v none_o upon_o any_o commodity_n from_o any_o part_n bring_v in_o by_o inhabitant_n or_o stranger_n either_o for_o importation_n or_o exportation_n of_o aught_o only_o upon_o wine_n and_o strong-water_n which_o pay_v importation_n canary_n malago_n and_o sherry_n ten_o shilling_n per_fw-la butt_n madera_n lisbon_n and_o greek_n six_o shilling_n eight_o penny_n per_fw-la pipe_n fial_n five_o shilling_n per_fw-la pipe_n all_o strong-water_n forty_o shilling_n per_fw-la tun_n to_o make_v entry_n of_o they_o before_o land_v or_o else_o forfeit_v consolage_n none_o factorage_n from_o five_o to_o ten_o per_fw-la cent_n for_o sale_n and_o return_n no_o rate_n set_v but_o as_o the_o principal_a and_o factor_n agree_v other_o charge_n be_v boat-hire_n wharsage_n porterage_n and_o warehouse_n room_n for_o tret_n allowance_n or_o overplus_n etc._n etc._n be_v none_o allow_v here_o yet_o only_a custom_n have_v creep_v upon_o we_o in_o the_o sale_n of_o sugar_n to_o allow_v for_o tare_n of_o the_o cask_n as_o it_o be_v in_o london_n the_o most_o of_o our_o negotiation_n for_o want_n of_o money_n be_v in_o a_o way_n of_o barter_v and_o do_v agree_v in_o what_o commodity_n to_o pay_v and_o at_o what_o rate_n and_o time_n little_a ship_n here_o but_o small_a cross_v from_o twenty_o to_o eighty_o and_o a_o hundred_o tun_n and_o most_o catch_n employ_v to_o the_o western_a island_n madara_n virginia_n and_o caribbe_n island_n few_o or_o no_o nation_n but_o our_o own_o frequent_a here_o the_o chief_a fish_n be_v make_v dry_a dry_v cod_n or_o poor_a jack_n which_o be_v take_v by_o hook_n and_o line_n in_o shallop_n the_o season_v the_o spring_n and_o fall_v the_o time_n for_o lade_n the_o spring_n fish_n which_o be_v the_o best_a be_v in_o june_n the_o fall_v fish_n in_o october_n
both_o in_o gross_a and_o retail_v and_o beside_o their_o subtlety_n in_o drive_v of_o bargain_n and_o make_v of_o contract_n between_o man_n and_o man_n as_o broker_n they_o be_v here_o find_v to_o be_v of_o all_o profession_n and_o be_v the_o professor_n of_o all_o arts._n the_o last_o which_o i_o reckon_v in_o this_o roll_n be_v the_o armenian_a grecian_a and_o coptie_a all_o christian_n who_o in_o their_o way_n set_v the_o wheel_n of_o trade_n on_o work_n by_o be_v some_o shopkeeper_n some_o artificer_n and_o some_o merchant_n principal_o trade_v by_o caravan_n to_o and_o from_o aleppo_n damascus_n amman_n and_o baruti_fw-la and_o in_o the_o commodity_n of_o those_o country_n of_o armenia_n georgia_n and_o persia_n they_o carry_v the_o principal_a swayand_n stroke_n all_o which_o consider_v what_o do_v the_o place_n want_v to_o make_v it_o absolute_a but_o only_o what_o it_o have_v lose_v which_o be_v the_o vast_a trade_n of_o india_n which_o of_o late_a year_n the_o portugal_n english_a and_o fleming_n have_v deprive_v they_o of_o which_o i_o leave_v they_o to_o sorrow_n for_o as_o for_o a_o thing_n past_o remedy_n egypt_n commodity_n of_o grand_a cairo_n and_o egypt_n the_o commodity_n that_o this_o country_n and_o place_n principal_o afford_v to_o these_o merchant_n whereby_o their_o commerce_n be_v now_o preserve_v to_o they_o be_v flax_n and_o all_o sort_n of_o pulse_n abound_v in_o the_o province_n of_o sahid_n where_o the_o pharaoh_n reside_v fruit_n rice_n balsam_n etc._n etc._n abound_v in_o eriffic_n where_o the_o ptolemy_n reside_v cotton_n sugar_n and_o some_o drug_n etc._n etc._n abound_v in_o marrema_n where_o the_o roman_n and_o grecian_n reside_v and_o all_o these_o annual_o foretell_v by_o the_o inundation_n of_o the_o rivor_n nilus_n discern_v by_o a_o pillar_n seat_v in_o the_o island_n michias_n opposite_a to_o the_o city_n of_o cairo_n begin_v ever_o to_o increase_v about_o the_o 15_o of_o june_n so_o continue_v 40_o day_n increase_v and_o 40_o day_n decrease_v as_o i_o say_v before_o the_o height_n of_o the_o increase_n give_v assure_v testimony_n of_o that_o year_n abundance_n and_o plenty_n at_o the_o end_n whereof_o a_o solemn_a day_n feast_n be_v keep_v to_o nilus_n in_o which_o it_o be_v oftentimes_o see_v the_o egyptian_a to_o spend_v as_o much_o in_o jollity_n as_o with_o great_a pain_n and_o industry_n he_o have_v gather_v the_o whole_a year_n before_o with_o penury_n egypt_n revenue_n of_o egypt_n out_o of_o this_o plenty_n and_o abundance_n be_v yearly_o draw_v for_o revenue_n of_o this_o kingdom_n three_o million_o of_o sheraffies_n in_o value_n 8_o shilling_n sterling_a apiece_o the_o one_o whereof_o be_v now_o adays_o send_v to_o the_o grand_a signior_n by_o land_n and_o caravan_n for_o fear_n of_o surprisal_n at_o sea_n by_o the_o florentine_a or_o malta_n galley_n the_o second_o million_o be_v spend_v in_o the_o pay_n of_o the_o militia_n and_o soldiery_n of_o this_o country_n and_o the_o three_o rebound_v to_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o bassa_n here_o resident_a for_o the_o grand_a signior_n for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o his_o own_o court_n and_o dependent_n their_o principal_a part_n for_o traffic_n in_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n be_v alexandria_n as_o before_o i_o note_v account_v a_o free_a port_n for_o friend_n or_o enemy_n the_o harbour_n cammand_v by_o a_o castle_n and_o the_o entrance_n guide_v by_o a_o eminent_a watch_n tower_n to_o give_v light_n to_o sailor_n the_o custom_n of_o which_o place_n be_v farm_a by_o jew_n at_o 20_o thousand_o medin_n per_fw-la diem_fw-la 30_o medin_n account_v for_o a_o ryal_n of_o eight_o spanish_a which_o here_o may_v be_v value_v 5_o shilling_n sterling_a the_o which_o by_o the_o year_n may_v amount_v to_o 55_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_n alexandria_n custom_n of_o alexandria_n all_o good_n enter_v here_o pay_v the_o custom_n in_o species_n or_o compound_v for_o at_o 10_o in_o the_o hundred_o only_a money_n enter_v pay_v but_o one_o and_o half_a per_fw-la cent_n but_o outward_a all_o commodity_n pay_v 11_o per_fw-la cent_n but_o this_o be_v to_o be_v account_v the_o sultan_n custom_n and_o call_v the_o great_a custom_n the_o other_o custom_n raise_v here_o be_v as_o much_o or_o very_o near_o as_o much_o more_o as_o he_o shall_v find_v to_o his_o cost_n that_o trade_v into_o these_o part_n whereto_o for_o better_a trial_n i_o will_v refer_v he_o cairo_n merchant_n of_o cairo_n now_o for_o the_o trade_n in_o general_n of_o cairo_n the_o merchant_n thereof_o be_v find_v at_o this_o day_n in_o some_o sort_n to_o have_v the_o relic_n of_o that_o former_a great_a trade_n which_o they_o lose_v out_o of_o the_o red-sea_n for_o hence_o they_o send_v by_o caravan_n sundry_a european_a commodity_n thither_o especial_o at_o the_o time_n when_o the_o yearly_a caravan_n depart_v hence_o for_o mecca_n and_o medina_n talnabi_n the_o sepulchre_n of_o their_o false_a prophet_n mahomet_n which_o arrive_v at_o sue_v in_o the_o red-sea_n be_v there_o find_v to_o have_v a_o general_a dispersion_n some_o go_n for_o the_o city_n of_o assuan_n which_o be_v commodious_o seat_v upon_o their_o river_n nile_n and_o upon_o the_o border_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o nubia_n which_o hence_o sit_v itself_o with_o the_o commodity_n both_o of_o asia_n and_o europe_n and_o be_v equal_o distant_a between_o cairo_n and_o the_o city_n of_o suachen_n or_o suasuem_n once_o the_o principal_a port_n of_o this_o kingdom_n situate_v on_o the_o red-sea_n but_o now_o in_o the_o subjection_n of_o the_o great_a emperor_n of_o the_o abassins_n from_o which_o be_v commodious_a navigation_n to_o brava_n melinda_n quiloa_n and_o other_o place_n along_o the_o coast_n of_o abex_n and_o mosambique_n as_o i_o have_v mention_v before_o and_o because_o it_o be_v the_o principal_a town_n of_o trade_n on_o africa_n side_n in_o the_o rea-sea_n i_o hold_v it_o here_o worthy_a a_o better_a and_o more_o serious_a survey_n chap._n xxxii_o suachen_fw-ge on_o the_o red-sea_n and_o the_o trade_n thereof_o trade_n suachen_fw-ge on_o the_o red-sea_n and_o the_o trade_n thereof_o suachen_n famous_a for_o four_o excellency_n needful_a in_o trade_n suachen_n be_v one_o of_o the_o rich_a city_n of_o the_o orient_a situate_v within_o the_o arabic_a gulf_n in_o the_o coast_n of_o aethiopia_n sub_fw-la aegypto_n and_o among_o all_o the_o famous_a city_n of_o trade_n in_o the_o orient_a this_o be_v account_v equal_a if_o not_o superior_a to_o they_o in_o four_o thing_n the_o first_o in_o the_o goodness_n and_o security_n of_o the_o haven_n the_o second_o in_o the_o facility_n and_o good_a service_n for_o lade_n and_o unlade_v of_o ship_n the_o three_o in_o the_o traffic_n with_o very_o strange_a and_o remote_a people_n and_o country_n and_o of_o divers_a behaviour_n the_o four_o in_o the_o strength_n and_o situation_n of_o the_o city_n as_o for_o the_o goodness_n and_o security_n of_o the_o port_n nature_n have_v so_o make_v it_o that_o it_o be_v defend_v from_o all_o storm_n whatsoever_o the_o haven_n be_v capacious_a and_o large_a of_o smooth_a tide_n the_o ground_n good_a and_o able_a in_o circuit_n to_o hold_v 300_o great_a sail_n of_o burden_n with_o water_n at_o all_o time_n from_o six_o to_o twelve_o fathom_n the_o ship_n be_v lade_v round_o about_o the_o whole_a circumference_n of_o the_o city_n cast_v only_o a_o plank_n into_o the_o merchant_n warehouse_n where_o their_o ware_n be_v keep_v and_o the_o galley_n fasten_v themselves_o to_o the_o stone_n and_o door_n of_o their_o house_n set_v their_o prow_n over_o the_o street_n and_o by_o they_o as_o by_o bridge_n they_o be_v commodious_o lade_v or_o unlade_v and_o second_o as_o touch_v the_o traffic_n and_o navigation_n thereof_o few_o city_n can_v in_o these_o part_n be_v compare_v with_o it_o for_o this_o city_n be_v find_v to_o have_v traffic_n with_o all_o india_n intra_fw-la and_o extra_fw-la gangem_fw-la that_o be_v cambaia_n tanacerim_n pegu_n mallacca_n and_o with_o the_o arabic_a with_o judea_n cairo_n and_o alexandria_n as_o i_o say_v above_o and_o with_o all_o aethiopia_n and_o the_o land_n of_o abexi_n from_o whence_o it_o gather_v great_a abundance_n of_o gold_n and_o ivory_n three_o for_o the_o situation_n of_o it_o for_o it_o be_v such_o as_o if_o nature_n have_v frame_v it_o purposely_o for_o a_o royal_a mart_n for_o it_o be_v a_o island_n round_o in_o form_n encompass_v with_o many_o shold_n and_o flat_n for_o defence_n of_o the_o port_n and_o city_n occupy_v and_o take_v up_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o island_n so_o that_o it_o may_v as_o proper_o be_v term_v a_o island_n of_o a_o city_n as_o a_o city_n in_o a_o island_n for_o there_o be_v no_o one_o foot_n of_o waste_a ground_n upon_o the_o whole_a island_n but_o be_v employ_v in_o house_n and_o magazine_n the_o manner_n of_o trade_n here_o as_o far_o as_o i_o
or_o otherwise_o second_o by_o reason_n that_o the_o king_n of_o portugal_n have_v discover_v the_o east-indies_n in_o anno_fw-la 1500_o and_o divert_v the_o course_n of_o trade_n drive_v by_o the_o venetian_n from_o alexandria_n and_o the_o red-sea_n to_o his_o port_n of_o lisbon_n keep_v here_o his_o factor_n and_o send_v hither_o those_o indian_a commodity_n to_o seek_v their_o vent_n and_o this_o first_o draw_v the_o english_a merchant-adventurer_n from_o bruges_n hither_o to_o reside_v the_o three_o be_v the_o war_n that_o fall_v between_o the_o french_a and_o charles_n the_o five_o which_o bring_v hither_o many_o gentleman_n from_o village_n and_o petty_a town_n for_o safety_n sake_n here_o to_o reside_v and_o build_v now_o as_o the_o cause_n of_o her_o rise_n have_v be_v note_v to_o be_v three_o so_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o loss_n of_o that_o trade_n may_v be_v reduce_v also_o to_o three_o first_o the_o war_n here_o and_o in_o general_a in_o these_o province_n between_o the_o spaniard_n and_o the_o dutch_a nation_n wherein_o this_o city_n suffer_v pillage_n and_o endure_v the_o command_n of_o new_a law_n second_o the_o abrogation_n of_o part_n of_o those_o privilege_n that_o be_v grant_v here_o to_o the_o english_a merchant-adventurer_n and_o other_o that_o the_o new_a and_o great_a custom_n impose_v upon_o their_o good_n and_o merchandise_n three_o the_o navigation_n of_o the_o english_a and_o dutch_a to_o the_o east-indies_n whereby_o the_o portugal_n factor_n decrease_v thereby_o and_o the_o city_n of_o london_n in_o england_n and_o amsterdam_n in_o holland_n increase_v thereby_o be_v also_o sharer_n in_o the_o india_n trade_n and_o commodity_n leave_v by_o this_o mean_v this_o city_n bare_a and_o to_o subsist_v upon_o the_o traffic_n of_o her_o own_o inhabitant_n in_o that_o nature_n as_o now_o the_o same_o be_v find_v to_o be_v antwerp_n account_n in_o antwerp_n their_o account_n be_v here_o keep_v by_o liver_n sol_n and_o denier_n which_o they_o term_v pound_n shilling_n and_o penny_n of_o gross_v 12_o gross_v make_v a_o sol_fw-mi and_o 20_o sol_n a_o liver_n or_o pound_n flemish_n which_o may_v be_v account_v 12_o shilling_n sterling_a or_o by_o their_o computation_n 240_o gross_v by_o which_o species_n they_o do_v make_v their_o exchange_n with_o all_o other_o city_n antwerp_n coin_n in_o antwerp_n the_o current_a money_n here_o and_o in_o general_a through_o all_o the_o archduke_n country_n be_v beside_o the_o spanish_a and_o imperial_a these_o current_n be_v doit_n four_o make_v a_o stiver_n and_o ten_o stivers_n a_o shilling_n sterling_a two_o blank_n make_v a_o stiver_n and_o half_a stivers_n 6_o make_v a_o shilling_n flemish_n stivers_n 28_o make_n a_o guilder_n which_o be_v three_o shilling_n four_o penny_n flemish_n shilling_n 20_o make_v a_o pound_n which_o be_v 6_o guilder_n pound_n 100_o flemish_a make_v 60_o pound_n english_a so_o that_o 20_o stivers_n be_v or_o may_v be_v compute_v for_o two_o shilling_n sterling_a and_o one_o pound_v flemish_n for_o 12_o shilling_n sterling_a and_o then_o 20_o shilling_n sterling_n be_v 33_o shilling_n 4_o penny_n flemish_n antwerp_n weight_n in_o antwerp_n the_o weight_n of_o this_o country_n be_v the_o pound_n of_o 16_o ounce_n and_o the_o 100_o l._n of_o that_o pound_n which_o be_v their_o quintar_n which_o render_v in_o london_n 104_o l._n london_n the_o conceive_a original_n of_o our_o tret_n in_o london_n and_o thereupon_o it_o come_v as_o some_o imagine_v that_o upon_o spice_n the_o tret_n of_o 4_o l._n upon_o 104_o l._n be_v allow_v here_o to_o the_o buyer_n for_o the_o english_a be_v supply_v hence_o in_o those_o day_n with_o their_o spice_n find_v the_o 100_o l._n there_o to_o give_v here_o in_o the_o city_n of_o london_n 104_o l._n and_o make_v that_o allowance_n here_o willing_o as_o desire_v the_o 100_o l._n there_o will_v yield_v they_o a_o neat_a 100_o l._n here_o and_o take_v the_o same_o by_o the_o factory_a without_o further_a allowance_n or_o garble_n which_o be_v not_o then_o in_o use_n many_o observation_n have_v be_v make_v upon_o the_o weight_n and_o measure_n of_o this_o city_n which_o be_v reduce_v into_o a_o general_a table_n by_o mr._n malines_n and_o the_o same_o be_v there_o accord_v with_o all_o the_o principal_a city_n in_o the_o world_n i_o will_v refer_v you_o thereunto_o for_o large_a satisfaction_n and_o content_v myself_o according_a to_o my_o method_n to_o insert_v the_o same_o as_o i_o find_v it_o with_o some_o other_o particular_a place_n because_o i_o have_v find_v some_o error_n in_o the_o say_a concordance_n place_n weight_n of_o antwerp_n compare_v with_o that_o of_o other_o place_n the_o weight_n then_o in_o use_n in_o antwerp_n be_v the_o 160_o l._n neat_a have_v be_v observe_v to_o have_v render_v thus_o in_o london_n 104_o l._n marselia_n 115¾_n  _fw-fr venice_n sotile_fw-fr 155_o  _fw-fr ditto_n gross_a 97¾_n  _fw-fr sicilia_n 68_o  _fw-fr lisbon_n 84½_n  _fw-fr florence_n 132½_n  _fw-fr lion_n 110_o  _fw-fr sevil_n 101â…ž_n  _fw-fr dantzick_n 120_o  _fw-fr ormus_n 108_o rot._n aleppo_n common_a 228_o r._n ditto_n silk_n weight_n 240_o r._n tripoli_n soria_n 272_o r._n tripoli_n barbaria_n 97_o r._n baruti_fw-la 219_o r._n alexandria_n zeroi_n 519_o r._n alexandria_n forsia_n 1165_o r._n constantinople_n 92_o r._n rhodes_n 201_o r._n acria_n 181_o r._n babylon_n 156_o r._n and_o what_o other_o inlargement_n be_v here_o want_v i_o willing_o omit_v and_o refer_v the_o same_o to_o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la country_n measure_n of_o antwerp_n compare_v with_o those_o of_o other_o country_n now_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n it_o will_v be_v needful_a i_o do_v calculate_v the_o measure_n of_o antwerp_n which_o be_v the_o ell_n which_o also_o by_o observation_n have_v make_v in_o these_o place_n acria_n 115_o pico_fw-la aleppo_n 108_o pico_fw-la argier_n 136_o covad_n alexandria_n 124_o pico_fw-la amsterdam_n 101_o ell_n barcelona_n 43_o cane_n bruges_n 98â…”_n else_o candia_n 108_o pico_fw-la castille_n 78_o vare_n constantinople_n 113_o pico_fw-la corfu_n 116_o brace_n damascus_n 111_o pico_fw-la dantzick_n 122_o ell_n florence_n cloth_n 116_o ell_n ditto_n for_o silk_n 102½_n brace_n genoa_n 122_o brace_n hamburgh_n 122_o ell_n holland_n 103½_n else_o lisbon_n long_o 63_o vare_n london_n for_o linen_n 60_o ell_n ditto_n for_o woollen_a 75_o yard_n ditto_n for_o frise_n 59_o goad_n lucca_n 120_o brace_n milan_n for_o silk_n 141_o brace_n naples_n for_o silk_n 33½_n can_v paris_n 59_o auln_n roven_n 58_o auln_n sevil_n 83½_n vare_n venice_n for_o woollen_a 101â…”_n brace_n ditto_n for_o silk_n 108_o valentia_n 73_o cane_n urbino_n 101_o brace_n note_v that_o this_o be_v for_o the_o common_a measure_n of_o antwerp_n beside_o which_o they_o use_v another_o el_fw-es for_o silk_n and_o these_o ell_n make_v of_o that_o but_o 98½_n ells._n the_o other_o measure_n of_o sundry_a commodity_n here_o in_o use_n be_v these_o beer_n of_o beer_n beer_n be_v sell_v in_o antwerp_n by_o the_o barrel_n which_o be_v account_v throughout_o flanders_n and_o brabant_n to_o be_v 54_o stoop_v the_o 81_o whereof_o be_v in_o dantzick_n a_o fat_a and_o contain_v there_o 180_o stoop_v but_o 50_o stoop_v of_o antwerp_n make_v the_o barrel_n of_o lubeck_n and_o the_o english_a gallon_n of_o beer_n be_v 2_o stoop_v of_o flanders_n and_o 1â…”_n stoop_v of_o amsterdam_n corn._n of_o corn._n corn_n be_v here_o sell_v by_o a_o measure_n call_v the_o vertule_n and_o 37½_n vertules_a be_v a_o last_o of_o corn_n in_o ansterdam_n and_o 10¼_n quarter_n in_o london_n vide_fw-la there_o further_o wine_n of_o wine_n wine_n be_v sell_v by_o the_o be_o the_o stoop_v and_o the_o but_o and_o be_v find_v thus_o to_o accord_v together_o 1_o aâ—…_n be_v 50_o stoop_v and_o one_o stoop_v be_v six_o pound_n and_o a_o but_o be_v 152_o stoop_v so_o that_o by_o this_o rule_n 6_o be_o which_o be_v 300_o stoop_v or_o 1800_o l._n be_v in_o london_n 252_o gallon_n so_o that_o the_o be_o be_v by_o this_o calculation_n find_v to_o be_v 42_o gallon_n and_o the_o stoop_v be_v about_o 3â…“_n quarter_n of_o london_n wine-measure_n or_o as_o some_o account_n it_o about_o 7_o pint_n vide_fw-la london_n for_o more_o certainty_n antwerp_n exchange_n of_o antwerp_n the_o exchange_n practise_v in_o this_o place_n be_v great_a and_o for_o very_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n especial_o when_o as_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n have_v any_o general_a disbursement_n in_o this_o country_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o continual_a army_n here_o in_o action_n maintain_v against_o the_o dutch_a the_o particular_n whereof_o i_o have_v insert_v in_o the_o end_n of_o this_o tract_n in_o the_o chapter_n 289_o and_o in_o the_o chapter_n 435_o and_o some_o other_o follow_v where_o i_o have_v at_o large_a declare_v the_o practice_n and_o use_v among_o the_o machant_n of_o that_o place_n in_o the_o calculation_n thereof_o whereto_o i_o refer_v
a_o coal_n wonderful_a in_o nature_n as_o kindle_v by_o water_n and_o quench_v by_o oil._n zutphen_n zutphen_n zutphen_n be_v the_o next_o earldom_n be_v only_o a_o town_n seat_v on_o the_o river_n issel_n of_o good_a strength_n take_v from_o the_o spaniard_n anno_fw-la dom._n 1590._o at_o the_o siege_n whereof_o be_v slay_v that_o honourable_a knight_n sir_n philip_n sidney_n of_o who_o be_v say_v digna_fw-la legi_fw-la scribis_fw-la facis_fw-la &_o dignissima_fw-la scribi_fw-la scripta_fw-la probant_fw-la doctum_fw-la te_fw-la tua_fw-la facta_fw-la probum_fw-la thou_o write_v thing_n worthy_a read_n and_o do_v do_v thing_n that_o be_v even_o most_o worthy_a writing_n too_o thy_o work_n thy_o learning_n praise_n thy_o deed_n thy_o goodness_n raise_v holland_n holland_n the_o next_o earldom_n be_v holland_n in_o circuit_n 180_o miles_n no_o part_n of_o which_o be_v distant_a from_o the_o sea_n three_o hour_n journey_n and_o comprehend_v 400_o village_n and_o 23_o to_n dort_n dort_n the_o chief_a whereof_o be_v dort_n where_o anno_fw-la 1618._o be_v hold_v a_o national_a synod_n against_o the_o arminian_o harlem_n harlem_n second_o harlem_n where_o printing_n be_v invent_v three_o leyden_n a_o university_n consist_v of_o 41_o island_n to_o which_o there_o be_v passage_n partly_o by_o boat_n but_o principal_o by_o 40_o wooden_a bridge_n and_o by_o 110_o of_o stone_n the_o rarity_n whereof_o be_v the_o first_o city_n of_o consequence_n i_o note_v in_o these_o part_n anno_fw-la 1625._o i_o can_v not_o choose_v then_o but_o admire_v and_o here_o in_o this_o town_n be_v a_o castle_n say_v to_o be_v build_v by_o hengist_n the_o saxon_a at_o his_o return_n out_o of_o england_n if_o their_o story_n may_v be_v credit_v delft_n delft_n the_o next_o town_n be_v delft_n a_o place_n of_o residence_n for_o the_o merchant-adventurer_n of_o england_n where_o i_o be_v anno_fw-la 1625_o admit_v into_o that_o society_n who_o welfare_n i_o be_o bind_v to_o desire_v and_o who_o prosperity_n i_o wish_v may_v still_o increase_v and_o though_o these_o citizen_n have_v since_o upon_o some_o discontent_n force_v they_o to_o remove_v to_o rotterdam_n yet_o consider_v the_o town_n be_v compose_v altogether_o of_o brewer_n and_o that_o man_n so_o qualify_v be_v apt_a to_o forget_v themselves_o it_o may_v be_v imagine_v they_o have_v since_o sleep_v upon_o it_o and_o will_v peradventure_o regain_v their_o company_n at_o a_o great_a charge_n than_o can_v by_o any_o but_o by_o their_o wisdom_n be_v imagine_v alkmer_n alkmer_n the_o next_o be_v alkmer_n famous_a for_o the_o defeat_n which_o the_o duke_n d'alva_fw-la receive_v before_o it_o to_o his_o great_a loss_n of_o reputation_n and_o to_o this_o city_n honour_n rotterdam_n rotterdam_n the_o next_o be_v rotterdam_n famous_a for_o the_o birth_n of_o erasmus_n and_o note_v for_o lover_n of_o the_o english_a traffck_n in_o give_v late_o free_a and_o worthy_a privilege_n to_o the_o merchant-adventurer_n of_o england_n who_o from_o delft_n late_o remove_v hither_o to_o reside_v to_o the_o future_a prejudice_n of_o those_o brewer_n amsterdam_n amsterdam_n last_o amsterdam_n have_v now_o the_o honour_n of_o all_o these_o country_n for_o matter_n of_o commerce_n and_o traffic_n it_o have_v raise_v itself_o to_o that_o height_n of_o trade_n by_o the_o industry_n policy_n and_o wealth_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n that_o 1000_o sail_n of_o ship_n have_v be_v see_v at_o one_o tide_n to_o go_v in_o and_o out_o and_o as_o one_o of_o their_o own_o have_v it_o quod_fw-la tagus_n atque_fw-la hemus_n vehit_fw-la &_o pactolus_n in_o unum_fw-la vere_n hunc_fw-la congestum_fw-la dixeris_fw-la esse_fw-la locum_fw-la what_o tagus_n hemus_n and_o pactolus_n bear_v you_o will_v conjecture_v to_o be_v heap_v up_o here_o now_o for_o the_o manner_n and_o matter_n of_o their_o traffic_n i_o shall_v note_v the_o same_o such_o as_o i_o have_v observe_v it_o at_o my_o residency_n there_o in_o 1625_o abovementioned_a chap._n clxiii_o of_o amsterdam_n and_o the_o trade_n thereof_o thereof_o amsterdam_n and_o the_o trade_n thereof_o amsterdam_n be_v now_o by_o the_o late_a addition_n of_o the_o new_a to_o the_o old_a a_o fair_a city_n strong_a and_o beautiful_a the_o river_n tay_n flow_v like_o a_o large_a and_o calm_a sea_n on_o the_o north-side_n thereof_o and_o the_o river_n amster_n of_o which_o and_o the_o word_n damn_v this_o city_n be_v name_v run_v from_o the_o south_n through_o three_o lake_n enter_v this_o city_n and_o pass_v through_o it_o fall_v into_o the_o river_n tay_n on_o the_o north-side_n this_o town_n do_v consist_v of_o 5_o principal_a street_n through_o which_o the_o water_n do_v run_v and_o be_v divide_v therewith_o in_o which_o ship_n barge_n and_o boat_n of_o all_o kind_n be_v find_v both_o to_o come_v and_o go_v continual_o either_o to_o lade_v or_o unlade_v which_o be_v not_o only_o beneficial_a to_o the_o inhabitant_n but_o also_o commodious_a and_o beautiful_a the_o trade_n of_o this_o city_n be_v much_o enlarge_v since_o the_o passage_n of_o antwerp_n be_v stop_v and_o the_o trade_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n to_o the_o east_n and_o west-indies_n occasion_v by_o their_o industry_n their_o love_n to_o navigation_n and_o not_o the_o least_o by_o a_o great_a plenty_n of_o money_n which_o they_o deliver_v out_o at_o easy_a rate_n at_o interest_n as_o want_v land_n or_o other_o mean_n to_o put_v out_o the_o same_o to_o better_a benefit_n nothing_o be_v loft_n they_o but_o commerce_n and_o navigation_n to_o employ_v the_o same_o and_o of_o late_a day_n england_n and_o other_o neighbour_a country_n be_v find_v to_o have_v their_o estate_n go_v at_o interest_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o place_n which_o be_v 8_o per_fw-la cent_n whereas_o in_o their_o own_o country_n 4_o and_o 5_o per_fw-la cent_n be_v as_o much_o as_o the_o same_o will_v yield_v they_o but_o for_o the_o coin_n weight_n and_o measure_n as_o i_o observe_v they_o i_o shall_v here_o insert_v and_o refer_v the_o rest_n to_o the_o better_o experience_v amsterdam_n account_n in_o amsterdam_n they_o keep_v their_o account_n as_o in_o antwerp_n by_o which_o all_o these_o part_n be_v regulate_v in_o former_a time_n for_o what_o concern_v traffic_n netherlands_o money_n of_o amsterdam_n and_o all_o the_o netherlands_o their_o money_n have_v also_o a_o correspondency_n with_o antwerp_n coin_n but_o inhanse_v or_o debase_v as_o they_o see_v occasion_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o great_a yearly_a disbursment_n and_o ordinary_o the_o same_o be_v find_v to_o be_v as_o in_o the_o account_n of_o antwerp_n so_o as_o that_o their_o livre_fw-fr or_o pound_n which_o be_v twenty_o shilling_n flemish_n may_v be_v account_v twelve_o shilling_n sterling_a florin_n 6_o make_v that_o pound_n of_o 20_o stiver_n per_fw-la florin_n stivers_n 120_o make_v a_o pound_n of_o gross_n 6_o stivers_n a_o flemish_a shilling_n stivers_n 5_o be_v account_v as_o much_o as_o 6_o d._n sterling_a or_o 5_o sold_n turnois_n stiver_n 1_o be_v a_o sold_n turnois_n a_o gross_n be_v 6_o denier_n turnois_n carolus_n gulden_a be_v 20_o stiver_n 2_o shilling_n sterling_a or_o 20_o sol_n turnois_n beside_o these_o as_o the_o current_a money_n of_o the_o country_n all_o coin_n of_o europe_n do_v pass_v here_o current_o for_o their_o value_n and_o be_v receive_v and_o pay_v in_o payment_n for_o merchandise_n according_o amsterdam_n weight_n of_o amsterdam_n their_o weight_n be_v the_o pound_n 100_o whereof_o make_v their_o quintal_n which_o 100_o or_o quintal_n be_v hold_v in_o london_n to_o be_v incirca_fw-la 111_o l._n english_a yet_o some_o allege_v that_o the_o same_o true_o calculate_v will_v not_o produce_v above_o 108_o l._n subtle_a and_o for_o the_o concordancy_n see_v further_o amsterdam_n measure_n in_o amsterdam_n their_o measure_n be_v the_o ell_n which_o reduce_v to_o yard_n english_a be_v find_v to_o be_v 134_o ell_n for_o 100_o yard_n of_o london_n and_o the_o 100_o ell_n of_o london_n be_v here_o 167½_n ell_n so_o that_o the_o 100_o elâ—_n here_o make_v in_o london_n about_o 74_o yard_n or_o 60½_n ell_n incirca_fw-la and_o 40_o flemish_a ell_n make_v in_o england_n 24_o ells._n amsterdam_n exchange_n in_o amsterdam_n in_o the_o exchange_n this_o place_n be_v govern_v by_o antwerp_n rise_v and_o fall_v according_a to_o their_o present_a occasion_n and_o the_o value_n current_n of_o their_o money_n which_o be_v often_o inhanse_v and_o debase_v it_o be_v very_o frequent_o observe_v in_o this_o city_n and_o the_o rest_n subject_n to_o the_o netherlands_o or_o to_o the_o unite_a province_n that_o when_o they_o have_v occasion_n of_o great_a receipt_n they_o be_v decry_v in_o value_n and_o raise_v again_o where_o they_o have_v occasion_n by_o their_o war_n or_o otherwise_o of_o great_a disbursement_n according_a to_o which_o diversity_n of_o needful_a occasion_n the_o exchange_n of_o the_o place_n be_v observe_v to_o alter_v therefore_o therein_o can_v be_v prescribe_v any_o direct_a
hereof_o in_o frankfort_n and_o heidelberg_n with_o which_o it_o be_v find_v to_o accord_v lipsick_a measure_n of_o lipsick_a lipsick_a have_v two_o measure_n one_o for_o woollen_a and_o the_o other_o for_o linen_n 14_o per_fw-la cent_n difference_n for_o the_o 100_o yard_n of_o london_n do_v make_v in_o woollen_a commodity_n 100_o ell_n and_o in_o linen_n 140_o ells._n lipsick_a account_n and_o exchange_n of_o lipsick_a the_o merchant_n here_o account_v by_o mark_n of_o 32_o gross_a and_o the_o gross_a be_v 12_o heller_n but_o they_o exchange_v by_o florin_n of_o breslow_n 30_o to_o have_v posito_fw-la in_o noremberg_n 32_o florin_n and_o in_o vienna_n 34_o florin_n chap._n cxcviii_o of_o wittenberg_n and_o the_o trade_n thereof_o thereof_o wittenburgh_n and_o the_o trade_n thereof_o wittenberg_n be_v seat_v on_o a_o plain_a sandy_a ground_n account_v a_o university_n wherein_o they_o proverbial_o say_v a_o man_n shall_v meet_v nothing_o but_o whore_n scholar_n and_o swine_n which_o show_v that_o the_o inhabitant_n have_v little_a trade_n as_o live_v for_o the_o most_o part_n by_o the_o student_n and_o peradventure_o by_o the_o flesh_n of_o swine_n and_o woman_n but_o by_o what_o weight_n and_o measure_n the_o same_o be_v propertion_v to_o they_o i_o be_o to_o seek_v therefore_o refer_v the_o same_o to_o the_o next_o merchant_n that_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o make_v his_o observation_n thereupon_o chap._n cxcix_o of_o dresden_n and_o the_o trade_n thereof_o saxony_n dresden_n and_o the_o trade_n of_o saxony_n dresden_n be_v a_o fair_a town_n and_o strong_o fortify_v in_o which_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n keep_v his_o court_n it_o be_v famous_a for_o the_o magnificent_a stable_n and_o armoury_n which_o the_o duke_n keep_v here_o in_o a_o continual_a readiness_n the_o river_n elve_n divide_v the_o town_n into_o two_o part_n the_o new_a and_o the_o old_a which_o be_v very_o strong_a both_o by_o art_n and_o nature_n and_o account_v the_o strong_a modern_a city_n in_o germany_n the_o inhabitant_n be_v much_o addict_v to_o trade_n and_o the_o river_n do_v much_o further_a their_o endeavour_n but_o nature_n afford_v they_o a_o rich_a soil_n take_v away_o much_o of_o their_o edge_n for_o it_o be_v ever_o find_v that_o the_o barren_a soil_n afford_v the_o inhabitant_n the_o great_a encouragement_n their_o weight_n and_o measure_n be_v saxony_n weight_n of_o saxony_n dresden_n mizzen_n and_o all_o saxony_n be_v find_v to_o have_v three_o weight_n and_o the_o 100_o l._n of_o london_n make_v of_o zigostatica_fw-la or_o the_o prince_n weight_n 96_o l._n of_o 16_o ounce_n make_v 92_o l._n of_o merchonts_n weight_n of_o 16_o ounce_n and_o 144_o l._n of_o the_o common_a weight_n of_o 12_o ounce_n saxony_n measure_n of_o saxony_n their_o measure_n of_o length_n be_v two_o agree_v with_o lipsick_a abovementioned_a on_o which_o i_o need_v not_o further_o insist_v brunswick_n brunswick_n brunswick_n be_v the_o eighteen_o province_n wherein_o be_v brunswick_n the_o principal_a city_n second_o wolfiabolt_n where_o the_o duke_n common_o reside_v three_o alberstade_n than_o lunenberg_n and_o some_o other_o of_o less_o note_n chap._n cc._o of_o brunswick_n and_o the_o trade_n thereof_o thereof_o brunswick_n and_o the_o trade_n thereof_o brunswick_n comprehend_v in_o one_o five_o several_a city_n and_o be_v a_o free_a imperial_a town_n strong_o fortify_v in_o some_o place_n with_o two_o and_o in_o other_o with_o three_o wall_n and_o encompass_v with_o the_o river_n anchor_n the_o inhabitant_n be_v find_v addict_v to_o trade_n in_o the_o morning_n but_o their_o intemperance_n at_o night_n take_v away_o all_o thought_n thereof_o they_o be_v great_a husbandman_n the_o earth_n answer_v their_o labour_n which_o yield_v they_o plenty_n of_o corn_n both_o for_o their_o own_o and_o their_o neighbour_n want_v the_o earth_n yield_v they_o rich_a reward_n to_o their_o labour_n and_o their_o afternoon_n hour_n spend_v in_o good-fellowship_n make_v i_o imagine_v there_o may_v be_v some_o trade_n among_o they_o which_o in_o particular_a i_o permit_v the_o reader_n in_o silence_n to_o conceive_v chap._n cci_o of_o lunenburg_n and_o the_o trade_n thereof_o thereof_o lunenburg_n and_o the_o trade_n thereof_o lunenburg_n be_v a_o free_a imperial_a city_n over_o which_o the_o duke_n of_o lunenburg_n challenge_v a_o superiority_n it_o be_v find_v to_o be_v fair_o build_v of_o bâ—ick_n and_o well_o and_o strong_o fortify_v for_o its_o safeguard_v and_o defence_n with_o deep_a ditch_n and_o thick_a mud_n wall_n lunenbur_n salt_n fountain_n in_o lunenbur_n it_o be_v most_o famous_a for_o the_o natural_a fountain_n of_o salt_n here_o find_v over_o which_o be_v build_v a_o spacious_a house_n that_o contain_v fifty_o two_o room_n and_o every_o room_n have_v eight_o several_a cauldron_n of_o lead_n wherein_o be_v boil_v eight_o tun_n of_o salt_n daily_o the_o profit_n whereof_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o several_a part_n one_o part_n to_o the_o city_n one_o to_o the_o duke_n of_o lunenburg_n and_o another_o to_o a_o monastery_n and_o some_o other_o adjoin_v earl_n their_o trade_n be_v not_o otherwise_o of_o very_o great_a consequence_n hassia_n hassia_n the_o nineteenth_o province_n be_v hassia_n wherein_o be_v find_v the_o city_n of_o dormstade_n marburg_n a_o university_n and_o some_o other_o veteravia_n veteravia_n veteravia_n be_v the_o twenty_o province_n wherein_o be_v the_o city_n of_o friburg_n hanau_n dullinburg_n nassau_n catzenbogen_n and_o some_o other_o of_o lesser_a note_n chap._n ccii_o of_o friburg_n and_o the_o trade_n thereof_o thereof_o friburg_n and_o the_o trade_n thereof_o friburg_n be_v of_o round_a form_n environ_v altogether_o with_o high_a mountain_n friburg_n silver_n mine_n of_o friburg_n have_v within_o it_o many_o vault_n and_o cave_n to_o go_v under_o ground_n through_o which_o the_o citizen_n go_v out_o of_o the_o city_n by_o night_n to_o work_v in_o the_o silver-mine_n find_v in_o those_o adjoin_a hill_n and_o at_o certain_a hour_n be_v call_v back_o by_o the_o sound_n of_o a_o bell_n their_o work_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n by_o night_n and_o their_o rest_n be_v by_o day_n and_o their_o residence_n be_v note_v to_o be_v more_o under_o ground_n than_o above_o in_o their_o house_n the_o profit_v thereof_o belong_v half_a to_o the_o citizen_n and_o half_a to_o the_o elector_n to_o who_o the_o country_n appertain_v friburg_n weight_n of_o friburg_n the_o weight_n in_o use_n in_o friburg_n be_v the_o pound_n of_o which_o be_v make_v three_o several_a quintar_n one_o of_o 100_o l._n another_o of_o 120_o l._n and_o a_o three_o of_o 132_o l._n agree_v with_o frankfort_n heidelberg_n and_o lipsick_a as_o before_o friburg_n measure_n of_o friburg_n the_o long_a measure_n be_v the_o ell_n which_o be_v inch_n london_n in_o this_o tract_n be_v also_o comprehend_v the_o three_o imperial_a city_n of_o stoad_n hamburgh_n and_o lâ—beck_n which_o acknowledge_v no_o sovereign_n be_v free_a and_o hans-town_n i_o shall_v here_o touch_v and_o first_o of_o stoad_n chap._n cciii_o of_o stoad_n and_o the_o trade_n thereof_o thereof_o stoad_n and_o the_o trade_n thereof_o stand_v be_v a_o ancient_a city_n and_o one_o of_o the_o free_a city_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o one_o of_o those_o sea-town_n which_o from_o the_o privilege_n of_o trassick_n with_o their_o neighbour_n be_v call_v hans-town_n it_o be_v commodious_o seat_v for_o traffic_n upon_o the_o river_n elve_n in_o which_o stream_n they_o maintain_v certain_a buoys_n to_o guide_v the_o enter_a ship_n the_o english_a merchant-adventurer_n have_v for_o a_o while_o their_o residence_n here_o force_v thereto_o by_o the_o discourteous_a usage_n of_o the_o hamburgher_n and_o before_o their_o arrival_n this_o town_n be_v so_o poor_a that_o they_o sell_v the_o privilege_n of_o coin_v money_n and_o some_o other_o such_o right_n to_o hamburgh_n by_o who_o company_n they_o grow_v rich_a not_o without_o the_o envy_n and_o impoverishment_n of_o the_o hamburgher_n who_o often_o attempt_v though_o in_o vain_a by_o naval_a force_n to_o forbid_v the_o arrival_n of_o the_o english_a at_o stoad_n who_o as_o they_o have_v grieve_v have_v their_o seat_n with_o they_o as_o well_o by_o exaction_n as_o prohibit_v they_o the_o free_a exercise_n of_o their_o religion_n so_o then_o have_v see_v and_o smart_v for_o their_o error_n they_o never_o leave_v till_o partly_o by_o fair_a mean_n and_o partly_o by_o threat_n they_o labour_v their_o return_n which_o afterward_o be_v perform_v and_o where_o at_o this_o day_n they_o hold_v their_o principal_a court_n and_o residence_n the_o present_a trade_n of_o stoad_n be_v but_o small_a depend_v much_o upon_o the_o privilege_n they_o have_v in_o pre-emption_a and_o choice_a of_o the_o rhenish_a wine_n pass_v by_o their_o city_n they_o keep_v their_o account_n by_o pound_n shilling_n and_o penny_n but_o they_o have_v grashes_n ortals_n and_o dollar_n as_o i_o shall_v show_v hereafter_o stoad_n coin_n of_o stoad_n their_o coin_n current_a be_v these_o 1_o stiver_n of_o their_o money_n here_o
city_n exchange_v and_o in_o what_o region_n or_o country_n seat_v second_o the_o manner_n and_o method_n wherein_o the_o account_n in_o that_o city_n be_v keep_v by_o exchanger_n three_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o money_n in_o use_n be_v observe_v and_o in_o what_o coin_n imaginary_a or_o real_a that_o city_n be_v accustom_v to_o make_v its_o exchange_n with_o the_o other_o there_o mention_v four_o underneath_o that_o be_v orderly_o set_v down_o the_o name_n of_o all_o the_o other_o place_n the_o which_o by_o a_o line_n be_v find_v to_o be_v join_v and_o knit_v together_o and_o last_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o line_n be_v write_v the_o name_n of_o the_o place_n and_o city_n itself_o for_o which_o the_o say_a table_n in_o the_o say_a leaf_n be_v make_v as_o for_o example_n in_o the_o first_o leaf_n which_o be_v for_o placentia_n in_o italy_n where_o beside_o the_o name_n of_o the_o place_n itself_o be_v find_v these_o word_n placentia_n exchange_v with_o the_o which_o word_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o including_z line_n draw_v from_o the_o high_a to_o the_o low_a have_v reference_n to_o every_o one_o of_o the_o name_n of_o the_o other_o place_n which_o be_v so_o include_v together_o so_o that_o it_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v as_o that_o placentia_n exchange_v with_o lion_n placentia_n exchange_v with_o reâ—e_n with_o genova_n etc._n etc._n and_o so_o in_o the_o rest_n from_o one_o to_o another_o next_o to_o every_o one_o of_o the_o say_a name_n of_o place_n follow_v the_o species_n or_o money_n exchange_v either_o by_o a_o entire_a and_o whole_a sum_n or_o by_o a_o break_a and_o lesser_a denomination_n which_o the_o place_n in_o the_o table_n give_v in_o exchange_n by_o proportion_n with_o the_o other_o to_o who_o name_n the_o say_a money_n be_v place_v and_o put_v unto_o as_o to_o say_v placentia_n exchange_v with_o lion_n 100_o crown_n that_o be_v understand_v that_o in_o exchange_v between_o placentia_n and_o lion_n 100_o crown_n of_o placentia_n be_v suppose_v and_o put_v by_o a_o equivalency_n or_o in_o value_n to_o that_o quantity_n or_o sum_n of_o money_n which_o be_v find_v to_o be_v note_v in_o lion_n follow_v as_o in_o the_o say_a example_n placentia_n exchange_v with_o lion_n crown_n 100_o for_o crown_n 97¾_n so_o likewise_o be_v it_o to_o be_v understand_v that_o in_o the_o say_a exchange_n that_o for_o every_o 100_o crown_n of_o placentia_n or_o of_o fiera_n or_o of_o mark_n it_o be_v as_o much_o as_o to_o say_v as_o lion_n counter-payeth_a or_o give_v 97¾_n of_o his_o crown_n that_o be_v of_o the_o sun_n also_o placentia_n exchange_v with_o genova_n crown_n 1._o for_o sol._n 67._o 10_o d._n that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o placentia_n exchange_v with_o genova_n it_o give_v or_o as_o i_o say_v before_o it_o sell_v crownâ—_n of_o mark_n to_o have_v in_o genova_n sol._n 67._o 10_o d._n of_o gold_n and_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o say_a place_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v lessen_v though_o the_o table_n of_o exchange_n differ_v from_o the_o present_a rate_n yet_o the_o use_n thereof_o be_v not_o any_o way_n lessen_v and_o whereas_o the_o rate_n and_o price_n of_o these_o exchange_n may_v here_o be_v sound_a to_o disagree_v from_o the_o current_a rate_n of_o the_o same_o in_o sundry_a place_n as_o at_o this_o very_a day_n and_o time_n yet_o that_o can_v take_v away_o the_o benefit_n that_o may_v redound_v to_o merchant_n by_o the_o use_n thereof_o nor_o prejudice_v the_o labour_n or_o judgement_n of_o he_o that_o calculate_v the_o say_a table_n because_o we_o see_v by_o experience_n that_o the_o rate_n of_o exchange_n do_v hourly_o differ_v and_o the_o money_n also_o be_v find_v to_o rise_v and_o fall_v daily_o in_o sundry_a place_n upon_o which_o these_o exchange_n have_v their_o ground_n work_v and_o foundation_n and_o though_o a_o table_n be_v calculate_v precise_o to_o this_o present_a day_n and_o time_n yet_o ever_o the_o same_o can_v be_v publish_v it_o will_v find_v a_o disagreement_n in_o divers_a place_n chap._n cclxxvi_o the_o use_n of_o the_o table_n of_o exchange_n example_n the_o use_n of_o the_o table_n of_o exchange_n by_o three_o example_n the_o method_n be_v thus_o understand_v the_o use_n thereof_o be_v easy_o comprehend_v which_o by_o three_o example_n i_o shall_v illustrate_v and_o make_v plain_a where_o by_o the_o way_n it_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o in_o exchange_v of_o any_o sum_n of_o money_n whatsoever_o the_o rate_n mention_v in_o this_o table_n be_v not_o observable_a save_v only_o for_o the_o example_n sake_n and_o for_o instruction_n in_o the_o contract_n that_o may_v be_v make_v thereupon_o but_o the_o rate_v agree_v upon_o and_o by_o which_o the_o exchange_n be_v condition_v by_o both_o the_o giver_n and_o taker_n be_v the_o true_a and_o firm_a rule_n whereby_o the_o question_n be_v to_o be_v wrought_v example_n first_o example_n notwithstanding_o for_o the_o first_o example_n we_o will_v propound_v a_o question_n by_o a_o contract_a price_n according_a to_o the_o current_a rate_n mention_v in_o this_o say_a table_n and_o that_o from_o naples_n a_o merchant_n will_v exchange_v ducat_n 738._o 4._o 10._o with_o placentia_n and_o the_o price_n of_o the_o exchange_n shuâ—_n be_v that_o which_o be_v mention_v in_o the_o table_n of_o naples_n with_o the_o town_n of_o placentia_n where_o it_o be_v find_v that_o naples_n exchange_v with_o placentia_n at_o grain_n 133_o for_o a_o crown_n by_o these_o three_o number_n in_o the_o table_n mention_v i_o work_v thus_o then_o by_o the_o rule_n of_o thres_n say_v if_o 133_o grain_n give_v 1_o crown_n how_o many_o do_v 738_o ducat_n 4._o 10._o give_v and_o work_v arithmetical_o according_a to_o the_o say_a rule_n it_o make_v 555_o crown_n 11._o 3._o of_o mark_n in_o credit_n to_o be_v give_v in_o â—…era_n of_o the_o say_v placentia_n example_n second_o example_n for_o a_o second_o example_n i_o will_v propound_v that_o naples_n will_v exchange_v 500_o ducat_n with_o placentia_n at_o sold._n 18._o 2_o d._n etc._n etc._n this_o example_n consider_v will_v not_o be_v find_v to_o differ_v from_o the_o former_a save_v that_o in_o the_o former_a naples_n give_v the_o lesser_a or_o break_a number_n and_o in_o this_o naples_n give_v the_o whole_a and_o entire_a number_n notwithstanding_o which_o the_o rule_n be_v not_o find_v to_o differ_v as_o in_o other_o the_o like_a question_n in_o simple_a exchange_n wherein_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o sol._n 18._o and_o den._n 2._o of_o valentia_n be_v pay_v for_o 1_o ducat_n of_o naples_n and_o by_o that_o price_n and_o rate_n i_o will_v know_v how_o many_o livre_n of_o that_o money_n of_o valentia_n the_o propose_a sum_n of_o 500_o ducat_n in_o naples_n come_v into_o and_o by_o that_o which_o we_o find_v in_o the_o table_n by_o the_o same_o rule_n of_o three_o i_o say_v if_o one_o ducat_n be_v worth_a 18_o sol._n 2_o den._n how_o many_o shall_v 500_o be_v worth_n and_o by_o work_v the_o question_n it_o make_v 454_o liurâ—s_n 3_o s._n 4_o d._n and_o so_o much_o credit_n will_v 500_o ducat_n of_o naples_n give_v at_o the_o price_n aforementioned_a thus_o example_n three_o example_n all_o other_o exchange_n have_v their_o resolution_n as_o these_o two_o former_a but_o yet_o sometime_o it_o be_v true_a some_o accident_n may_v interpose_v which_o may_v cause_v the_o question_n to_o have_v a_o double_a work_n as_o if_o i_o shall_v say_v that_o genova_n will_v exchange_v with_o venetia_n crown_n 1000_o of_o liures_fw-fr 4._o to_o livre_n 7_o l._n 10_o sol_fw-la of_o that_o money_n and_o the_o credit_n be_v require_v in_o ducat_n now_o then_o because_o the_o simple_a exchange_n give_v the_o money_n in_o livre_n you_o must_v make_v another_o reckon_n to_o reduce_v the_o same_o into_o ducat_n but_o yet_o for_o all_o this_o neither_o in_o this_o nor_o in_o any_o other_o case_n will_v i_o have_v but_o one_o account_n make_v the_o which_o may_v be_v do_v by_o the_o rule_n multiply_v i_o say_v then_o if_o 1_o crown_n be_v worth_a 7._o 100_o den._n and_o that_o 6_o s._n 4_o den._n be_v worth_n one_o ducat_n how_o many_o ducat_n will_v a_o 1000_o crown_n make_v and_o by_o work_v the_o question_n it_o will_v be_v find_v to_o make_v 1209_o ducat_n 13._o 6_o d._n for_o credit_n which_o from_o genova_n will_v be_v produce_v by_o a_o thousand_o crown_n in_o venice_n the_o question_n be_v well_o observe_v it_o will_v be_v find_v to_o be_v wrought_v in_o this_o manner_n it_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o in_o what_o place_n soever_o the_o money_n be_v account_v by_o livre_n sol_n and_o den._n or_o as_o we_o say_v in_o england_n by_o pound_n shilling_n and_o penny_n it_o be_v account_v by_o 20_o and_o by_o 12_o because_o that_o sol._n or_o shill_n 20_o make_v a_o livre_fw-fr or_o pound_n and_o 12_o denier_n or_o pence_n make_v a_o soldo_n or_o shilling_n the_o same_o rule_n also_o hold_v in_o those_o place_n who_o great_a money_n be_v
handle_v the_o way_n and_o method_n how_o the_o same_o be_v cast_v up_o which_o i_o shall_v only_o observe_v with_o such_o other_o principal_a place_n as_o may_v be_v sufficient_a for_o instruction_n and_o as_o a_o guide_n to_o rule_v that_o which_o be_v here_o omit_v antwerp_n account_n keep_v in_o antwerp_n and_o the_o better_a to_o understand_v what_o shall_v ensue_v it_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o in_o antwerp_n banker_n and_o exchanger_n do_v keep_v their_o account_n in_o pound_n shilling_n and_o penny_n flemish_a or_o gross_a which_o be_v cast_v up_o by_o 20_o and_o by_o 12_o because_o that_o 20_o sol_n or_o shilling_n make_v a_o pound_n and_o 12_o penny_n or_o gross_a make_v shilling_n chap._n ccccxxxvi_n of_o the_o exchange_n of_o antwerp_n with_o lion_n lion_n exchange_n of_o antwerp_n with_o lion_n antwerp_n do_v exchange_n with_o lion_n and_o give_v posito_fw-la 121⅓_n gros_fw-fr to_o have_v in_o lion_n one_o crown_n of_o the_o sun_n of_o gold_n of_o 3_o l._n i_o demand_v then_o for_o l._n 3486._o 1._o 9_o money_n of_o antwerp_n how_o many_o crown_n must_v i_o have_v in_o lion_n first_o reduce_v the_o say_a sum_n of_o liver_n into_o gross_v multiply_v the_o same_o by_o 20_o and_o then_o by_o 12_o add_v to_o the_o multiplication_n 1_o sol._n and_o 9_o penny_n which_o be_v with_o the_o pound_n and_o divide_v by_o 121⅓_n gros_fw-fr the_o sum_n of_o gross_v which_o shall_v come_v of_o the_o say_a liver_n reduce_v both_o they_o and_o other_o into_o three_o of_o gross_v and_o of_o the_o division_n will_v come_v crown_n and_o multiply_v the_o remainder_n of_o the_o division_n by_o 20_o and_o 12_o to_o make_v they_o sols_n and_o denier_n of_o gold_n they_o will_v make_v crow_n 6895._o 11._o 1._o of_o gold_n of_o the_o sun_n which_o you_o shall_v have_v in_o lion_n for_o the_o say_a sum_n deliver_v in_o antwerp_n example_n proof_n proof_n the_o proof_n of_o the_o say_a rule_n be_v see_v when_o that_o lion_n do_v exchange_v for_o antwerp_n chap._n ccccxxxvii_n of_o the_o exchange_n of_o antwerp_n with_o placentia_n placentia_n exchange_n of_o antwerp_n with_o placentia_n antwerp_n do_v exchange_n with_o placentia_n and_o give_v posito_fw-la gros_n 124½_n to_o have_v in_o placentia_n one_o crown_n of_o mark_n i_o demand_v for_o l._n 363._o 10._o 3._o money_n of_o antwerp_n how_o many_o crown_n of_o mark_n shall_v i_o have_v in_o placentia_n first_o reduce_v the_o say_a sum_n of_o liver_n into_o gros_n multiply_v the_o sum_n by_o 20_o and_o by_o 12_o add_v to_o the_o multiplication_n 10_o s._n and_o 3_o d._n which_o be_v with_o the_o pound_n and_o divide_v the_o gross_v that_o come_v thereof_o by_o the_o say_v gros_n 124½_n the_o price_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o mark_n bring_v both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o into_o half_n gross_v and_o by_o division_n it_o will_v come_v to_o crow_n multiply_v the_o remainder_n by_o 20_o and_o by_o 12_o to_o bring_v the_o same_o into_o penny_n and_o then_o they_o will_v be_v crow_n 700._o 14._o 11_o of_o mark_n which_o will_v be_v due_a at_o placentia_n for_o the_o say_a sum_n of_o liver_n or_o pound_n in_o gross_v proof_n proof_n the_o proof_n of_o the_o say_a account_n be_v see_v when_o that_o placentia_n shall_v exchange_v with_o antwerp_n chap._n ccccxxxviii_n of_o the_o exchange_n of_o antwerp_n with_o florence_n florence_n exchange_n of_o antwerp_n with_o florence_n anntwerp_n do_v exchange_n with_o florence_n and_z giveth_z posito_fw-la 112½_n gross_a to_o have_v in_o that_o place_n one_o crown_n of_o gold_n i_o demand_v for_o l._n 656._o 10._o 11._o money_n of_o antwerp_n how_o many_o crow_n of_o gold_n do_v they_o make_v and_o do_v as_o in_o the_o precedent_a rule_n it_o will_v appear_v to_o be_v crow_n 1400._o 12._o 7._o of_o gold_n which_o i_o shall_v have_v in_o florence_n for_o the_o say_a pound_n flemish_n proof_n proof_n the_o proof_n of_o the_o say_a account_n be_v see_v when_o that_o florence_n shall_v be_v find_v to_o exchange_v with_o antwerp_n chap._n ccccxxxix_n of_o the_o exchange_n of_o antwerp_n with_o venice_n venice_n exchange_n of_o antwerp_n with_o venice_n antwerp_n do_v exchange_n with_o venice_n and_o give_v posito_fw-la 92½_n gross_v to_o have_v in_o that_o place_n one_o ducat_n of_o l._n 6⅕_n money_n of_o venice_n i_o demand_v for_o l._n 1468_o 14_o 6_o money_n of_o antwerp_n how_o many_o ducat_n shall_v i_o have_v in_o venice_n and_o do_v as_o in_o the_o precedent_a account_n it_o will_v come_v to_o ducat_n 3810_o 17_o 24_o and_o so_o many_o ducat_n of_o l._n 6⅕_n will_v be_v due_a in_o venice_n example_n proof_n proof_n the_o proof_n of_o this_o account_n be_v see_v when_o that_o venice_n shall_v exchange_v for_o antwerp_n chap._n ccccxl._n of_o the_o exchange_n of_o antwerp_n with_o london_n london_n exchange_n of_o antwerp_n with_o london_n antwerp_n do_v exchange_n for_o london_n and_o give_v posito_fw-la shilling_n 33⅓_n to_o have_v in_o that_o place_n one_o pound_n sterling_a i_o demand_v for_o l._n 748_o 18_o 6_o money_n of_o antwerp_n how_o many_o pound_n sterling_a shall_v i_o have_v in_o london_n first_o reduce_v as_o well_o the_o say_a sum_n of_o pound_n sterling_a as_o the_o say_a sum_n of_o pound_n flemish_n into_o grosse_n and_o pence_n multiply_v the_o pound_n by_o 20_o and_o then_o by_o 12_o add_v the_o shilling_n 18_o 6_o d._n which_o be_v with_o the_o pound_n flemish_a and_o the_o shilling_n flemish_a 33⅓_n multiply_v by_o 12_o add_v 4_o gross_a for_o ⅓_n of_o a_o shilling_n flemish_n and_o the_o gross_a which_o shall_v come_v thereof_o must_v be_v take_v for_o divisor_n against_o the_o sum_n of_o gross_v come_v of_o the_o say_a pound_n and_o divide_v the_o sum_n will_v come_v pound_n sterling_a multiply_v the_o remainder_n of_o the_o division_n by_o 20_o and_o then_o 12_o to_o make_v they_o shilling_n and_o penny_n sterling_a they_o will_v make_v pound_n sterling_a 449_o 7_o 1_o due_a in_o london_n for_o the_o say_a sum_n of_o pound_n flemish_n 748_o 18_o 6._o proof_n proof_n and_o for_o proof_n of_o the_o say_a exchange_n multiply_v the_o say_v pound_n sterling_a 449_o 7_o 1_o by_o 1_o l._n 13_o shilling_n 4_o d._n with_o the_o say_a 33⅓_n shilling_n and_o it_o will_v make_v the_o abovesaid_a l._n 748_o 18_o 5_o pound_n flemish_n so_o that_o the_o account_n will_v appear_v to_o be_v just_o cast_v up_o and_o thus_o much_o shall_v serve_v to_o have_v say_v here_o of_o exchange_n now_o to_o the_o term_n of_o payment_n of_o bill_n in_o antwerp_n chap._n ccccxli_n of_o the_o term_n of_o payment_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n in_o antwerp_n antwerp_n term_n of_o payment_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n in_o antwerp_n the_o term_n of_o payment_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n observe_v in_o antwerp_n and_o to_o go_v from_o thence_o to_o other_o city_n be_v to_o venice_n 2_o month_n after_o date_n and_o so_o back_o to_o florence_n at_o two_o month_n after_o date_n and_o back_o the_o same_o to_o genoa_n at_o 2_o month_n after_o date_n and_o thence_o the_o same_o to_o avignon_n at_o 2_o month_n after_o date_n and_o so_o back_o to_o barselona_n at_o 50_o day_n after_o date_n and_o so_o back_o to_o valentia_n one_o month_n after_o sight_n and_o back_o 30_o day_n after_o date_n to_o london_n one_o month_n after_o date_n and_o so_o back_o to_o pisa_n 2_o month_n after_o date_n and_o so_o back_o to_o milan_n 2_o month_n after_o date_n and_o so_o back_o to_o paris_n one_o month_n after_o date_n and_o so_o back_o to_o montpellier_n 20_o day_n after_o sight_n and_o so_o back_o to_o lion_n for_o the_o succeed_a fair._n to_o placentia_n for_o the_o next_o succeed_a fair._n to_o roven_n one_o month_n after_o date_n and_o so_o back_o now_o for_o the_o order_n and_o commission_n give_v in_o antwerp_n i_o will_v here_o insert_v a_o word_n also_o according_a to_o my_o method_n chap._n ccccxlii_n of_o order_n and_o commission_n give_v and_o receive_v for_o draught_n and_o remittance_n in_o antwerp_n antwerp_n order_n and_o commission_n give_v and_o receive_v for_o draught_n and_o remittance_n in_o antwerp_n according_a to_o my_o propose_a method_n for_o the_o better_a understanding_n of_o what_o be_v say_v i_o will_v insert_v some_o example_n of_o draught_n and_o remittance_n make_v by_o order_n and_o commission_n in_o the_o city_n of_o antwerp_n example_n 1_o example_n at_o venice_n then_o be_v find_v a_o exchange_n for_o antwerp_n posito_fw-la at_o gross_n 90_o and_o for_o placentia_n at_o duc._n 135_o order_n be_v give_v to_o venice_n that_o at_o these_o price_n they_o draw_v to_o antwerp_n and_o remit_v to_o placentia_n i_o demand_v at_o how_o much_o will_v come_v the_o remittance_n from_o antwerp_n to_o placentia_n first_o you_o must_v multiply_v the_o say_v ducat_n 135_o the_o value_n of_o 100_o crow_n of_o mark_n at_o the_o say_a
price_n of_o 90_o gross_n per_fw-la ducat_n and_o of_o the_o gross_v which_o shall_v come_v thereof_o you_o must_v cut_v off_o the_o two_o last_o sigure_n and_o there_o will_v remain_v gross_a 121½_n and_o so_o many_o gross_a and_o ⅖_n more_o per_fw-mi cent_n for_o provision_n which_o be_v payable_a in_o venice_n be_v disbursable_a in_o antwerp_n for_o one_o crown_n of_o mark_n in_o credit_n in_o placentia_n example_n 2_o example_n again_o at_o venice_n be_v exchange_n find_v for_o antwerp_n at_o grow_v 90⅓_n and_o for_o london_n at_o 56_o penny_n sterling_a there_o be_v hereupon_o order_v give_v to_o venice_n that_o at_o these_o price_n they_o draw_v for_o antwerp_n and_o remit_v to_o london_n the_o question_n be_v at_o what_o price_n will_v the_o remittance_n be_v from_o antwerp_n to_o london_n to_o do_v this_o say_v by_o the_o rule_n of_o three_o if_o 56_o penny_n sterling_a give_v gros_fw-fr 90⅓_n see_v that_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o be_v the_o value_n of_o a_o ducat_n of_o venice_n what_o will_v 240_o penny_n sterling_a give_v be_v the_o price_n of_o the_o pound_n sterling_a of_o london_n it_o will_v be_v gros_fw-fr 387_o which_o reduce_v to_o shilling_n in_o take_v the_o 1_o 12_o and_o it_o will_v be_v 32¼_n shilling_n and_o so_o many_o shilling_n flemish_a and_o ⅖_n more_o per_fw-mi cent_n for_o the_o provision_n payable_a in_o venice_n come_v to_o be_v disburse_v in_o antwerp_n for_o one_o pound_n sterling_a money_n credit_n in_o london_n example_n 2_o example_n again_o a_o merchant_n of_o london_n be_v creditor_n in_o antwerp_n 2000_o l._n flemish_n who_o inorder_v that_o it_o be_v remit_v he_o at_o shilling_n 33¼_n or_o to_o placentia_n at_o 121_o grow_v where_o the_o most_o profit_n shall_v be_v find_v that_o be_v to_o that_o place_n which_o shall_v be_v most_o beneficial_a or_o to_o least_o loss_n of_o the_o price_n limit_v now_o there_o be_v find_v bill_n for_o london_n at_o shilling_n 33½_n and_o for_o placentia_n at_o grow_v 121¼_n i_o demand_v to_o which_o of_o the_o say_a place_n shall_v the_o remittance_n be_v make_v see_v that_o by_o both_o there_o be_v find_v remittance_n to_o loss_n and_o to_o know_v where_o be_v the_o least_o say_v by_o the_o rule_n of_o three_o if_o shil_n 33¼_n give_v gros_fw-fr 121_o the_o price_n inorder_v what_o will_v shil_v 33½_n give_v be_v the_o price_n find_v for_o london_n it_o will_v come_v to_o gros_fw-fr 121_o 9_o 10_o so_o that_o the_o remittance_n shall_v be_v make_v to_o placentia_n because_o that_o remit_v to_o london_n at_o shil_fw-la 33½_n to_o go_v to_o the_o par_fw-fr shall_v be_v deliver_v for_o placentia_n at_o grow_v 121_o 9_o 10_o and_o there_o be_v find_v bill_n for_o loss_n that_o be_v at_o 121¼_n gross_a and_o thus_o much_o for_o the_o exchange_n practise_v in_o antwerp_n chap._n ccccxliii_n of_o the_o exchange_n practise_v in_o london_n and_o how_o the_o same_o be_v to_o be_v calculate_v london_n exchange_n practise_v in_o london_n i_o have_v show_v in_o the_o general_a exchange_n of_o london_n with_o how_o many_o other_o place_n this_o city_n be_v find_v to_o exchange_n and_o there_o also_o set_v down_o the_o common_a current_a price_n and_o rate_n thereof_o which_o every_o day_n be_v find_v to_o be_v so_o subject_a to_o alteration_n that_o no_o positive_a rule_n can_v be_v observe_v right_o to_o set_v down_o the_o same_o yet_o it_o be_v in_o itself_o so_o beneficial_a that_o thereby_o the_o unexperienced_a may_v know_v how_o to_o make_v his_o calculation_n thereof_o and_o that_o as_o well_o in_o his_o draught_n as_o in_o his_o remittance_n now_o only_o there_o rest_v to_o conclude_v this_o tract_n of_o exchange_n and_o this_o map_n of_o commerce_n to_o handle_v the_o way_n how_o the_o same_o be_v cast_v up_o and_o how_o by_o arithmetic_n it_o be_v perform_v which_o i_o will_v observe_v here_o with_o some_o other_o principal_a place_n which_o may_v serve_v for_o a_o sufficient_a ground_n and_o instruction_n to_o those_o here_o omit_v london_n account_n keep_v in_o london_n it_o be_v here_o to_o be_v note_v for_o the_o better_a understanding_n of_o what_o ensue_v that_o all_o banker_n or_o exchanger_n do_v keep_v their_o account_n in_o london_n in_o pound_n shilling_n and_o penny_n common_o call_v sterling_a and_o cast_v up_o by_o 20_o and_o by_o 12_o for_o 20_o shilling_n make_v a_o pound_n and_o 12_o penny_n make_v a_o shilling_n and_o morcover_v that_o london_n exchange_v in_o the_o denominator_fw-la of_o penny_n sterling_a with_o all_o other_o country_n antwerp_n and_o those_o country_n neighbour_a of_o flanders_n and_o holland_n except_v with_o which_o it_o exchange_v by_o the_o entire_a pound_n of_o 20_o shilling_n sterling_a chap._n ccccxliv_n of_o the_o exchange_n of_o london_n with_o lion_n lion_n exchange_n of_o london_n with_o lion_n london_n exchange_v with_o lion_n and_o give_v posito_fw-la 61_o penny_n more_o or_o less_o to_o have_v in_o lion_n a_o crown_n of_o gold_n of_o the_o sun_n of_o 3_o l._n piece_n i_o demand_v then_o for_o 348_o l._n 15_o shilling_n sterling_a how_o many_o crown_n of_o the_o sun_n shall_v i_o have_v credit_n for_o in_o lion_n first_o reduce_v the_o say_a sum_n of_o pound_n sterling_a into_o shilling_n multiply_v the_o same_o by_o 20_o and_o add_v thereto_o 15_o shilling_n and_o then_o by_o 12_o penny_n add_v thereto_o the_o penny_n if_o any_o be_v and_o then_o divide_v the_o same_o by_o 61_o penny_n and_o the_o dividend_n will_v make_v crown_n multiply_v the_o remainder_n of_o the_o division_n by_o 20_o to_o make_v they_o sols_n and_o by_o 12_o to_o make_v they_o den._n of_o gold_n and_o then_o they_o make_v in_o all_o crow_n 1372008_o penny_n of_o the_o sun_n of_o gold_n that_o i_o shall_v have_v in_o credit_n at_o lion_n for_o the_o say_a sum_n of_o 348_o l._n 15_o sterling_a deliver_v in_o london_n proof_n proof_n the_o proof_n of_o this_o rule_n be_v manifest_v when_o that_o lion_n shall_v exchange_v the_o say_a sum_n of_o 1372⅛_n crown_n for_o london_n france_n exchange_n of_o london_n with_o paris_n roven_n &c_n &c_n in_o france_n and_o here_o also_o it_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o the_o rule_n be_v the_o same_o when_o london_n shall_v exchange_v with_o either_o paris_n or_o roven_n or_o any_o other_o city_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o france_n chap._n ccccxlv_n of_o the_o exchange_n of_o london_n with_o florence_n florence_n exchange_n of_o london_n with_o florence_n london_n do_v exchange_n with_o florence_n and_z giveth_z posito_fw-la 70_o penny_n stir_v more_fw-it or_o less_o to_o have_v in_o florence_n a_o crow_n of_o gold_n i_o demand_v then_o for_o pound_n 656_o 10_o 6_o d._n star_z how_o many_o crown_n shall_v i_o have_v credit_n in_o florence_n this_o be_v to_o be_v cast_v up_o as_o in_o the_o precedent_a rule_n of_o london_n with_o lion_n and_o it_o will_v appear_v that_o for_o the_o say_v 656_o 10_o 6_o sterling_a i_o be_o to_o have_v credit_n in_o florence_n the_o sum_n of_o crow_n 2250⅛_n as_o per_fw-la example_n proof_n proof_n note_v that_o this_o exchange_n be_v seldom_o practise_v from_o london_n and_o therefore_o not_o in_o use_n in_o these_o day_n but_o when_o many_o florentine_a merchant_n reside_v in_o london_n it_o be_v much_o in_o use_n yet_o the_o rule_n be_v right_a and_o the_o proof_n thereof_o be_v evident_a when_o florence_n rechange_v again_o for_o london_n chap._n ccccxlvi_n of_o the_o exchange_n of_o london_n with_o venice_n venice_n exchange_n of_o london_n with_o venice_n london_n be_v find_v to_o exchange_n for_o great_a sum_n with_o venice_n and_o give_v posito_fw-la 50_o d._n sterling_a to_o have_v in_o the_o say_a place_n one_o ducat_n in_o banco_n of_o l._n 6⅕_n money_n of_o venice_n i_o demand_v then_o for_o 555_o l._n 17_o 6_o d._n sterling_a how_o many_o ducat_n shall_v i_o have_v credit_n for_o in_o venice_n this_o be_v do_v as_o in_o the_o precedent_a rule_n reduce_v the_o pound_n sterling_a into_o shilling_n by_o the_o multiplication_n of_o 20_o and_o add_v 17_o and_o then_o multiply_v that_o again_o by_o 12_o to_o bring_v it_o into_o penny_n and_o add_v thereto_o 6_o d._n and_o it_o will_v make_v duc._n 2668⅕_n which_o shall_v be_v render_v in_o venice_n for_o 555_o l._n 17_o 6_o d._n sterling_a in_o london_n as_o per_fw-la example_n venice_n proof_n difference_n between_o money_n in_o banco_n and_o current_a money_n in_o venice_n note_v that_o for_o distinction_n of_o the_o current_a money_n in_o venice_n which_o be_v 21_o per_fw-la cent_n at_o present_v worse_o than_o the_o money_n payable_a by_o exchange_n it_o be_v term_v in_o banco_n in_o which_o all_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v payable_a and_o the_o proof_n of_o this_o rule_n be_v apparent_a when_o that_o the_o say_a sum_n of_o 2668⅕_n ducat_n be_v rechange_v for_o london_n chap._n ccccxlvii_n of_o the_o exchange_n of_o
london_n with_o antwerp_n antwerp_n exchange_n of_o london_n with_o antwerp_n london_n do_v exchange_n with_o antwerp_n and_o give_v one_o pound_n sterling_a to_o have_v in_o antwerp_n posito_fw-la shilling_n 35._o 6_o penny_n or_o gross_a money_n of_o antwerp_n i_o demand_v then_o for_o 445_o l._n 15_o and_o six_o penny_n sterling_a how_o many_o pound_n flemish_n shall_v i_o have_v in_o antwerp_n first_o multiply_v the_o pound_n sterling_a by_o 20_o and_o bring_v they_o into_o shilling_n and_o then_o by_o 12_o to_o bring_v they_o into_o penny_n sterling_a do_v also_o the_o same_o with_o the_o pound_n flemish_a bring_v they_o first_o into_o shilling_n flemish_a by_o a_o multiplication_n of_o 20_o and_o then_o to_o penny_n or_o gross_a by_o multiplication_n of_o 12_o d._n account_v the_o 35_o s._n 6_o d._n for_o l._n flem._n 1._o 15._o 6_o d._n and_o say_v then_o by_o the_o rule_n of_o three_o if_o one_o pound_n sterling_a give_v 35._o 6_o d_o flemish_n the_o price_n propose_v what_o will_v 445_o l._n 15._o 6_o sterling_a give_v which_o will_v make_v l._n 791._o 5._o 0_o d._n flemish_n for_o which_o you_o must_v have_v credit_n in_o antwerp_n proof_n proof_n the_o proof_n of_o the_o rule_n be_v more_o apparent_a when_o that_o antwerp_n do_v exchange_n for_o london_n câ—olondâ—…_n london_n exchange_n with_o amsterâ—…_n câ—olondâ—…_n and_o note_v that_o the_o account_n be_v the_o same_o when_o that_o london_n do_v exchange_n for_o colonia_n amsterdâ—m_n and_o other_o place_n in_o the_o low-countries_n chap._n ccccxlviii_n of_o order_n and_o commission_n give_v and_o receive_v for_o draught_n and_o remittance_n in_o london_n london_n order_n and_o commission_n give_v and_o receive_v for_o draught_n and_o remittance_n in_o london_n according_a to_o my_o propose_a method_n i_o will_v here_o for_o conclusion_n of_o the_o exchange_n practise_v in_o london_n brief_o insert_v some_o example_n of_o draught_n and_o remittance_n make_v by_o commission_n and_o order_n in_o the_o city_n of_o london_n 1._o example_n 1._o to_o london_n then_o come_v order_n from_o venice_n to_o remit_v to_o they_o at_o 60_o penny_n and_o to_o draw_v for_o placentia_n at_o 82_o per_n sterling_a the_o partido_n be_v for_o crow_n 40000_o of_o mark_n i_o find_v then_o bill_n for_o venice_n at_o 61_o penny_n i_o will_v know_v consider_v the_o loss_n that_o present_v in_o the_o remittance_n at_o how_o much_o shall_v i_o draw_v my_o draught_n for_o placentia_n you_o must_v say_v by_o the_o rule_n of_o three_o if_o penny_n 60_o give_v penny_n 82_o the_o price_n inorder_v how_o many_o will_v penny_n 61_o give_v the_o price_n find_v for_o venice_n and_o it_o will_v be_v penny_n 83â…“_n sterling_a or_o thereabouts_o and_o at_o less_o must_v not_o the_o draught_n be_v for_o placentia_n 2._o example_n 2._o again_o posito_fw-la florence_n be_v find_v to_o exchange_v for_o london_n at_o penny_n 83_o sterling_a and_o say_v for_o placentia_n at_o crow_n 108_o and_o that_o there_o be_v order_n give_v to_o florence_n that_o at_o these_o rate_v they_o draw_v for_o london_n and_o remit_v to_o placentia_n at_o how_o much_o than_o will_v the_o remittance_n come_v from_o london_n to_o placentia_n to_o do_v this_o i_o multiply_v the_o say_a crow_n of_o florence_n which_o proper_o be_v to_o the_o value_n of_o crown_n 100_o of_o mark_n by_o penny_n sterling_a 83_o as_o be_v abovementioned_a and_o out_o of_o the_o penny_n that_o be_v thence_o produce_v i_o cut_v off_o the_o two_o last_o figure_n and_o there_o will_v remain_v penny_n sterling_a 89â…”_n incirca_fw-la and_o so_o many_o penny_n together_o with_o â…–_n per_fw-la cent_n for_o the_o provision_n that_o be_v common_o pay_v in_o florence_n come_v to_o be_v disburse_v in_o london_n for_o one_o crown_n of_o mark_n credit_n in_o placentia_n example_n 3_o example_n again_o to_o antwerp_n come_v order_n from_o london_n to_o draw_v thither_o and_o to_o remit_v to_o venice_n at_o such_o a_o price_n that_o the_o remittance_n from_o london_n for_o venice_n come_v but_o to_o 55_o penny_n sterling_a clear_a of_o charge_n the_o partido_n be_v 1000_o pound_n sterling_a now_o there_o be_v find_v money_n for_o london_n at_o s._n 33â…“_n and_o bill_n for_o venice_n at_o grow_v 90â…”_n i_o demand_v if_o at_o this_o price_n the_o say_a commission_n may_v be_v essect_v first_o reduce_v the_o say_v s._n 33½_n into_o gros_fw-fr and_o they_o make_v 400_o then_o say_v by_o the_o rule_n of_o three_o if_o penny_n 240_o the_o value_n of_o the_o pound_n sterling_a give_v 400_o grow_v what_o will_v 55_o penny_n sterlâ—…g_v give_v be_v the_o price_n of_o the_o ducat_n of_o venice_n it_o will_v make_v gross_a 91â…”_n from_o whence_o mull_v be_v deduct_v â…–_n per_fw-la cent_n for_o provision_n take_v and_o there_o will_v remain_v grow_v 91_o 3_o 10_o so_o that_o the_o say_a commission_n may_v be_v effect_v to_o profit_n because_o that_o draw_v for_o london_n at_o s._n 33_o â—_o â—_o may_v be_v deliver_v for_o venice_n at_o gross_a 91_o 3_o 10_o and_o there_o present_a bill_n at_o less_o that_o be_v at_o gross_a â…–_n 90_o example_n and_o this_o be_v as_o much_o as_o i_o conceive_v needful_a at_o this_o time_n to_o insert_v concern_v the_o exchange_n practise_v in_o london_n now_o there_o only_o rest_v term_n of_o payment_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n in_o london_n chap._n ccccxlix_fw-la of_o the_o term_n of_o payment_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n in_o london_n london_n term_n of_o payment_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n in_o london_n the_o term_n for_o the_o payment_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n in_o london_n be_v observe_v to_o be_v with_o other_o city_n thus_o to_o venice_n at_o 3_o month_n after_o date_n and_o so_o back_o to_o antwerp_n at_o one_o month_n after_o date_n and_o so_o back_o to_o genoa_n at_o 3_o month_n after_o date_n and_o so_o back_o to_o florence_n at_o 3_o month_n after_o date_n and_o so_o back_o to_o pisa_n at_o 3_o month_n after_o date_n and_o so_o back_o to_o lion_n for_o the_o fair_a and_o so_o from_o fair_a to_o fair._n to_o placentia_n the_o same_o as_o lion_n to_o roven_n and_o paris_n at_o one_o month_n after_o date_n and_o so_o back_o chap._n ccccl_n of_o the_o abreviation_n of_o division_n and_o multiplication_n after_o the_o italian_a and_o foreign_a manner_n and_o method_n manner_n of_o division_n and_o multiplication_n abreviate_v after_o the_o italian_a manner_n for_o as_o much_o as_o i_o have_v in_o many_o part_n of_o this_o particular_a tract_n of_o exchange_n follow_v the_o arithmetical_a method_n and_o manner_n of_o those_o rule_v practise_v in_o the_o calculation_n of_o these_o exchange_n by_o the_o banker_n and_o exchanger_n of_o italy_n it_o will_v be_v here_o needful_a for_o the_o better_a enlighten_v of_o the_o same_o and_o the_o easy_a cast_v up_o and_o calculation_n thereof_o that_o i_o show_v how_o the_o italian_a broker_n and_o exchanger_n do_v abreviate_v their_o labour_n and_o shorten_v their_o task_n therein_o and_o the_o rather_o i_o have_v presume_v to_o add_v the_o same_o here_o and_o in_o this_o place_n partly_o in_o regard_n that_o i_o have_v not_o find_v it_o publish_v by_o any_o of_o our_o english_a arithmetician_n but_o princinal_o to_o show_v the_o learner_n the_o way_n how_o the_o same_o be_v there_o wrought_v and_o arithmetical_o calculate_v it_o be_v general_o confess_v by_o all_o arithmetician_n that_o the_o whole_a art_n of_o arithmetic_n depend_v upon_o five_o principal_a rule_n now_o common_o in_o all_o country_n receive_v and_o teach_v that_o be_v by_o numeration_n addition_n substraction_n multiplication_n and_o division_n and_o that_o no_o one_o propose_v question_n in_o arithmetic_n can_v be_v perfect_v without_o the_o help_n of_o some_o of_o these_o for_o the_o three_o former_a i_o find_v not_o any_o disagreement_n in_o the_o common_a receive_v manner_n by_o they_o and_o we_o and_o therefore_o i_o will_v omit_v to_o speak_v any_o thing_n thereof_o but_o of_o the_o two_o latter_a whereby_o be_v observe_v that_o most_o rule_n and_o question_n of_o all_o exchange_n be_v perfect_v and_o perform_v i_o will_v here_o insist_v upon_o induce_v principal_o as_o i_o say_v before_o to_o enlighten_v thereby_o the_o precedent_a example_n that_o i_o have_v handle_v in_o the_o calculation_n of_o the_o exchange_n beforementioned_a i_o will_v then_o in_o the_o first_o place_n contrary_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o our_o english_a master_n in_o this_o science_n begin_v with_o that_o part_n of_o arithmetic_n which_o we_o call_v division_n and_o by_o a_o example_n or_o two_o of_o the_o work_n thereof_o explain_v the_o same_o to_o such_o as_o either_o shall_v be_v desirous_a to_o learn_v it_o or_o such_o as_o shall_v desire_v to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o beforementioned_a table_n account_n division_n abreviate_v in_o calculation_n of_o account_n a_o certain_a merchant_n then_o buy_v 46_o clothes_n which_o cost_v he_o 673_o l._n
rate_n of_o so_o many_o shilling_n and_o so_o many_o penny_n flemish_a money_n for_o every_o pound_n sterling_a the_o exchange_n from_o london_n to_o hamburgh_n be_v on_o the_o pound_n sterling_a to_o pay_v so_o many_o shilling_n and_o penny_n hamburgh_n money_n per_fw-la pound_n sterling_a which_o differ_v something_o from_o the_o flemish_a money_n the_o exchange_n from_o london_n for_o paris_n and_o roven_n be_v value_v on_o the_o french_a crown_n that_o be_v to_o pay_v so_o many_o penny_n and_o so_o many_o part_n of_o a_o penny_n sterling_a for_o every_o french_a crown_n the_o exchange_n from_o london_n to_o venice_n be_v make_v on_o the_o ducat_n so_o many_o penny_n and_o part_n of_o a_o penny_n sterling_a for_o every_o ducat_n and_o the_o exchange_n from_o london_n to_o legorn_n be_v make_v on_o the_o dollar_n or_o piece_n of_o eight_o to_o pay_v so_o many_o penny_n and_o part_n of_o a_o penny_n sterling_a for_o every_o dollar_n and_o these_o be_v the_o most_o usual_a place_n for_o which_o there_o be_v a_o price_n currant_n of_o exchange_n at_o london_n at_o present_a the_o pair_n of_o several_a country_n the_o pair_n at_o antwerp_n amsterdam_n middleburgh_n lisle_n and_o rotterdam_n with_o our_o pound_n sterling_a be_v 33_o s._n 4_o d._n flemish_n to_o a_o pound_n sterling_a which_o 33_o s._n 4_o d._n flemish_n do_v make_v 10_o gilder_n at_o 2_o s._n sterling_a the_o gilder_n or_o 10_o livre_n tournois_n pair_n at_o france_n the_o pair_n at_o paris_n roven_n and_o other_o part_n of_o france_n with_o our_o sterling_a money_n be_v at_o 71_o sou_n the_o crown_n or_o 6_o s._n sterling_a the_o french_a crown_n of_o 3_o livre_n tournois_n which_o 3_o livre_n make_v 6_o s._n sterling_a every_o livre_fw-fr at_o 2_o s._n sterling_a and_o every_o 10_o sou_n french_a reckon_v at_o 12_o d._n sterling_a pair_n at_o legorn_n the_o pair_n at_o legorn_n with_o our_o sterling_a money_n be_v at_o 4_o s._n 6_o d._n or_o 54_o d._n per_fw-la dollar_n or_o piece_n of_o eight_o pair_n at_o venice_n the_o pair_n at_o venice_n with_o our_o sterling_a money_n be_v at_o 6_o livre_n and_o 4_o sou_n of_o venice_n per_fw-la ducat_n or_o 4_o s._n 3_o d._n or_o 51_o d._n sterling_a per_fw-la ducat_n pair_n between_o antwerp_n and_o paris_n or_o any_o part_n of_o france_n the_o french_a crown_n of_o 60_o sou_n or_o 3_o livre_n tournois_n wherein_o exchange_n be_v usual_o make_v for_o france_n be_v worth_a 89_o 31_o 67_o gross_a of_o antwerp_n which_o be_v indeed_o the_o true_a value_n of_o the_o crown_n if_o then_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v make_v for_o less_o than_o 89_o 37_o 67_o gross_a per_fw-la crown_n of_o 3_o l._n tournois_n there_o be_v a_o loss_n thereby_o and_o if_o for_o more_o there_o be_v a_o gain_n so_o that_o 89_o 37_o 67_o gross_a be_v the_o pair_n in_o exchange_n between_o these_o two_o country_n in_o the_o crown_n of_o france_n and_o the_o gross_a of_o antwerp_n you_o may_v present_o see_v whether_o there_o be_v loss_n or_o gain_n by_o any_o parcel_n do_v by_o exchange_n and_o the_o like_a may_v be_v do_v between_o any_o other_o two_o place_n have_v first_o find_v out_o the_o pair_n or_o equalize_v the_o money_n of_o one_o country_n with_o that_o of_o the_o other_o country_n where_o the_o exchange_n be_v to_o be_v make_v and_o know_v at_o what_o price_n the_o exchange_n than_o go_v the_o loss_n or_o gain_n will_v soon_o appear_v but_o this_o pair_n be_v ground_v principal_o upon_o the_o currant_n value_v of_o coin_n the_o plenty_n and_o scarcity_n thereof_o the_o rise_n and_o fall_v inhancement_n and_o debasement_n of_o the_o same_o it_o must_v necessary_o follow_v that_o the_o same_o be_v subject_a to_o change_v as_o experience_n do_v show_v hamburgh_n pair_n twenty_o shilling_n sterling_a for_o hamburgh_n at_o pair_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v reckon_v four_o rixdollar_n which_o make_v flemish_a 33_o s._n 4_o d._n receive_v your_o money_n before_o you_o part_n with_o your_o bill_n by_o assignment_n to_o receive_v the_o money_n elsewhere_o when_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v due_a and_o the_o party_n to_o who_o it_o be_v payable_a or_o his_o servant_n come_v for_o the_o money_n to_o the_o party_n who_o have_v accept_v the_o bill_n and_o aught_o to_o pay_v the_o same_o demand_v payment_n thereof_o and_o he_o write_v he_o a_o note_n to_o go_v to_o a_o goldsmith_n or_o to_o such_o a_o place_n to_o such_o a_o man_n and_o there_o order_v the_o money_n to_o be_v pay_v or_o that_o he_o give_v he_o another_o bill_n of_o exchange_n due_a upon_o another_o man_n and_o set_v his_o name_n on_o the_o backside_n thereof_o leave_v some_o space_n above_o his_o name_n to_o make_v a_o receipt_n for_o the_o money_n as_o be_v usual_a i_o will_v advise_v the_o party_n who_o be_v to_o receive_v the_o money_n to_o keep_v his_o bill_n i_o mean_v the_o first_o mention_v bill_n of_o exchange_n in_o his_o custody_n till_o he_o have_v receive_v his_o money_n by_o assignment_n as_o above_o and_o then_o he_o may_v either_o leave_v his_o bill_n with_o the_o goldsmith_n or_o party_n of_o who_o he_o have_v receive_v the_o money_n or_o else_o he_o may_v carry_v the_o bill_n back_o to_o the_o party_n that_o give_v he_o the_o note_n or_o other_o bill_n of_o exchange_n to_o receive_v the_o money_n by_o according_a as_o he_o shall_v order_v he_o but_o i_o shall_v not_o advise_v to_o part_v with_o the_o first-mentioned_n bill_n and_o to_o give_v it_o up_o to_o the_o party_n upon_o who_o it_o be_v draw_v upon_o the_o receipt_n of_o his_o note_n or_o other_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o the_o money_n till_o such_o time_n as_o he_o be_v actual_o possess_v of_o his_o money_n i_o know_v the_o contrary_n be_v sometime_o practise_v namely_o upon_o the_o receipt_n of_o such_o a_o note_n etc._n etc._n to_o give_v up_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n but_o then_o here_o be_v the_o inconvenience_n if_o the_o money_n be_v not_o present_o pay_v i_o at_o the_o time_n upon_o such_o note_n etc._n etc._n i_o be_o hinder_v from_o protest_v my_o bill_n of_o exchange_n which_o i_o have_v deliver_v up_o as_o satisfy_v and_o so_o whereas_o i_o before_o have_v both_o the_o drawer_n and_o accep_n or_o bind_v and_o it_o may_v be_v the_o endorser_n also_o i_o have_v now_o only_o the_o acceptor_n upon_o his_o single-soled_a note_n etc._n etc._n and_o if_o the_o acceptor_n or_o party_n on_o who_o my_o bill_n be_v draw_v in_o this_o case_n of_o assignment_n will_v not_o trust_v i_o with_o his_o note_n etc._n etc._n whereby_o to_o go_v to_o receive_v my_o money_n i_o have_v less_o reason_n to_o trust_v he_o with_o my_o bill_n of_o exchange_n before_o i_o have_v my_o money_n for_o shall_v i_o receive_v my_o money_n upon_o his_o note_n etc._n etc._n and_o afterward_o not_o deliver_v he_o up_o his_o bill_n of_o exchange_n if_o i_o be_o a_o solvable_a man_n and_o of_o know_a residence_n his_o bill_n will_v do_v i_o little_a good_a for_o the_o payment_n will_v appear_v upon_o the_o testimony_n of_o the_o goldsmith_n or_o party_n that_o pay_v the_o money_n upon_o the_o note_n etc._n etc._n but_o if_o i_o deliver_v up_o my_o bill_n upon_o the_o receipt_n of_o his_o note_n etc._n etc._n and_o then_o have_v not_o my_o money_n i_o must_v rest_v only_o upon_o he_o for_o my_o money_n and_o dance_v after_o his_o pipe_n which_o i_o hold_v not_o convenient_a only_o i_o concieve_v it_o good_a for_o the_o party_n that_o make_v such_o a_o note_n to_o mention_v in_o it_o the_o party_n name_n to_o who_o the_o money_n be_v to_o be_v pay_v and_o upon_o payment_n of_o the_o money_n to_o take_v up_o that_o note_n and_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o then_o there_o can_v be_v no_o danger_n but_o suppose_v i_o give_v such_o a_o note_n to_o receive_v the_o money_n by_o not_o mention_v in_o it_o to_o take_v up_o my_o bill_n of_o exchange_n the_o party_n to_o who_o i_o give_v this_o note_n receive_v the_o money_n assign_v his_o bill_n of_o exchange_n which_o he_o have_v on_o i_o to_o another_o man_n and_o play_v the_o knave_n and_o absent_v himself_o can_v this_o other_o man_n sue_v i_o for_o the_o money_n on_o my_o accept_a bill_n i_o answer_v he_o can_v and_o therefore_o it_o be_v good_a to_o know_v the_o party_n to_o who_o i_o give_v such_o a_o note_n and_o mention_v in_o my_o note_n that_o upon_o payment_n of_o the_o money_n the_o goldsmith_n etc._n etc._n do_v take_v up_o my_o bill_n of_o exchange_n with_o that_o note_n but_o now_o if_o he_o give_v i_o another_o bill_n of_o exchange_n to_o receive_v my_o money_n by_o and_o i_o go_v to_o the_o party_n to_o who_o it_o be_v direct_v and_o he_o do_v not_o present_o pay_v i_o it_o be_v the_o three_o day_n after_o the_o bill_n be_v due_a i_o ought_v
manner_n be_v increase_v to_o the_o profit_n of_o the_o king_n who_o notwithstanding_o shall_v be_v sure_a in_o the_o end_n to_o have_v the_o great_a loss_n if_o he_o prevent_v not_o such_o unthrifty_a course_n as_o do_v impoverish_v his_o subject_n chap._n viii_o the_o enhance_a or_o debase_v our_o money_n can_v enrich_v the_o kingdom_n with_o treasure_n nor_o hinder_v the_o exportation_n thereof_o there_o be_v three_o way_n by_o which_o the_o money_n of_o a_o kingdom_n be_v common_o alter_v the_o first_o be_v when_o the_o coin_n in_o their_o several_a denomination_n be_v make_v currant_n at_o more_o or_o less_o pound_n shilling_n or_o penny_n than_o former_o the_o second_o be_v when_o the_o say_v coin_n be_v alter_v in_o their_o weight_n and_o yet_o continue_v currant_n at_o the_o former_a rate_n the_o three_o be_v when_o the_o standard_n be_v either_o debase_v or_o enrich_v in_o the_o fineness_n of_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n yet_o the_o money_n continue_v in_o their_o former_a value_v in_o all_o occasion_n of_o want_n or_o plenty_n of_o money_n in_o the_o kingdom_n we_o do_v ever_o find_v divers_a man_n who_o use_v their_o wit_n for_o a_o remedy_n to_o supply_v the_o first_o and_o preserve_v the_o last_o they_o fall_v present_o upon_o alter_v the_o money_n for_o say_v they_o the_o raise_n of_o the_o coin_n in_o value_n will_v cause_v it_o to_o be_v bring_v into_o the_o realm_n from_o divers_a place_n in_o hope_n of_o the_o gain_n and_o the_o debase_v of_o the_o money_n in_o the_o fineness_n or_o weight_n will_v keep_v it_o here_o for_o fear_n of_o the_o loss_n but_o these_o man_n please_v themselves_o with_o the_o begin_n only_o of_o this_o weighty_a business_n consider_v not_o the_o progress_n and_o end_n thereof_o whereunto_o we_o ought_v especial_o to_o direct_v our_o thought_n and_o endeavour_n spain_n a_o notable_a service_n for_o spain_n for_o we_o must_v know_v that_o money_n be_v not_o only_o the_o true_a measure_n of_o all_o our_o other_o mean_n in_o the_o kingdom_n but_o also_o of_o our_o foreign_a commerce_n with_o stranger_n which_o therefore_o ought_v to_o be_v keep_v just_a and_o constant_a to_o avoid_v those_o confusion_n which_o ever_o accompany_v such_o alteration_n for_o first_o at_o home_o if_o the_o common_a measure_n be_v change_v our_o land_n lease_n ware_n both_o foreign_a and_o domestic_a must_v alter_v in_o proportion_n and_o although_o this_o be_v not_o do_v without_o much_o trouble_n and_o damage_n also_o to_o some_o man_n yet_o in_o short_a time_n this_o must_v necessary_o come_v to_o pass_v for_o that_o be_v not_o the_o denomination_n of_o our_o pound_n shilling_n and_o penny_n which_o be_v respect_v but_o the_o intrinsic_a value_n of_o our_o coin_n unto_o which_o we_o have_v little_a reason_n to_o add_v any_o further_a estimation_n or_o worth_n if_o it_o lay_v in_o our_o power_n to_o do_v it_o for_o this_o will_v be_v a_o special_a service_n to_o spain_n and_o a_o act_n against_o ourselves_o to_o endear_v the_o commodity_n of_o another_o prince_n mean_n money_n be_v the_o measure_n of_o our_o other_o mean_n neither_o can_v these_o course_n which_o so_o much_o hurt_v the_o subject_n any_o way_n help_v the_o king_n as_o some_o man_n have_v imagine_v for_o although_o the_o debase_v or_o lightning_n of_o all_o our_o money_n shall_v bring_v a_o present_a benefit_n for_o once_o only_o to_o the_o mint_n yet_o all_o this_o and_o more_o will_v soon_o be_v lose_v again_o in_o the_o future_a great_a incom_n of_o his_o majesty_n when_o by_o this_o mean_v they_o must_v be_v pay_v yearly_o with_o money_n of_o less_o intrinsic_a value_n than_o former_o nor_o can_v it_o be_v say_v that_o the_o whole_a loss_n of_o the_o kingdom_n will_v be_v the_o profit_n of_o the_o king_n they_o differ_v infinite_o for_o all_o man_n estate_n be_v it_o lease_n land_n debt_n ware_n or_o money_n must_v suffer_v in_o their_o proportion_n whereas_o his_o majesty_n shall_v have_v the_o gain_n only_o upon_o so_o much_o ready_a money_n as_o may_v be_v new_o coin_v which_o in_o comparison_n will_v prove_v a_o very_a small_a matter_n pound_n all_o the_o ready_a money_n in_o this_o kingdom_n be_v esteem_v at_o little_a more_o than_o one_o million_o of_o pound_n for_o although_o they_o who_o have_v other_o estate_n in_o money_n be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o great_a number_n and_o to_o be_v worth_a five_o or_o ten_o thousand_o pound_n per_fw-la man_n more_o or_o less_o which_o amount_v to_o many_o million_o in_o all_o yet_o be_v they_o not_o possess_v thereof_o all_o together_o or_o at_o once_o for_o it_o be_v vanity_n and_o against_o their_o profit_n to_o keep_v continual_o in_o their_o hand_n above_o forty_o or_o fifty_o pound_n in_o a_o family_n to_o defray_v necessary_a charge_n the_o rest_n must_v ever_o run_v from_o man_n to_o man_n in_o traffic_n for_o their_o benefit_n whereby_o we_o may_v conceive_v that_o a_o little_a money_n be_v make_v the_o measure_n of_o all_o our_o other_o mean_n do_v rule_n and_o distribute_v great_a matter_n daily_o to_o all_o man_n in_o their_o just_a proportion_n and_o we_o must_v know_v likewise_o that_o much_o of_o our_o old_a money_n be_v wear_v light_n and_o therefore_o will_v yield_v little_a or_o no_o profit_n at_o the_o mint_n and_o the_o gain_n upon_o the_o heavy_a will_v cause_v our_o vigilant_a neighbour_n to_o carry_v over_o a_o great_a part_n thereof_o and_o return_v it_o present_o in_o piece_n of_o the_o new_a stamp_n nor_o do_v we_o doubt_v that_o some_o of_o our_o own_o countryman_n will_v turn_v coiner_n and_o venture_v a_o hang_n for_o this_o profit_n so_o that_o his_o majesty_n in_o the_o end_n shall_v get_v little_a by_o such_o alteration_n yea_o but_o say_v some_o man_n if_o his_o majesty_n raise_v the_o money_n great_a store_n of_o treasure_n will_v also_o be_v bring_v into_o the_o mint_n from_o foreign_a part_n for_o we_o have_v see_v by_o experience_n that_o the_o late_a raise_n of_o our_o gold_n ten_o in_o the_o hundred_o do_v bring_v in_o great_a store_n thereof_o more_o than_o we_o be_v accustom_v to_o have_v in_o the_o kingdom_n the_o which_o as_o i_o can_v deny_v so_o do_v i_o likewise_o affirm_v that_o this_o gold_n carry_v away_o all_o or_o the_o most_o part_n of_o our_o silver_n which_o be_v not_o overworn_a or_o too_o light_a as_o we_o may_v easy_o perceive_v by_o the_o present_a use_n of_o our_o money_n in_o their_o respective_a quality_n and_o the_o reason_n of_o this_o change_n be_v because_o our_o silver_n be_v not_o raise_v in_o proportion_n with_o our_o gold_n which_o still_o give_v advantage_n to_o the_o merchant_n to_o bring_v in_o the_o kingdom_n be_v yearly_o gain_n by_o trade_n in_o gold_n rather_o than_o in_o silver_n second_o if_o we_o be_v inconstant_a in_o our_o coin_n and_o and_o thereby_o violate_v the_o law_n of_o foreign_a commerce_n other_o prince_n be_v vigilant_a in_o these_o case_n to_o alter_v present_o in_o proportion_n with_o we_o and_o then_o where_o be_v our_o hope_n or_o if_o they_o do_v not_o alter_v what_o can_v we_o hope_v for_o for_o if_o the_o stranger-merchant_n bring_v in_o his_o ware_n and_o find_v that_o our_o money_n be_v raise_v shall_v not_o he_o likewise_o keep_v his_o commodity_n until_o he_o may_v sell_v they_o dear_a and_o shall_v not_o the_o price_n of_o the_o merchant_n exchange_n with_o foreign_a country_n rise_v in_o proportion_n with_o our_o money_n all_o which_o be_v undoubted_o true_a why_o may_v not_o our_o money_n be_v carry_v out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o well_o and_o to_o as_o much_o profit_n after_o the_o raise_n thereof_o as_o before_o the_o alteration_n but_o peradventure_o some_o man_n will_v yet_o say_v that_o if_o our_o money_n be_v raise_v and_o other_o country_n raise_v not_o it_o will_v cause_v more_o bulloin_n and_o foreign_a coin_n to_o be_v bring_v in_o than_o heretofore_o if_o this_o be_v do_v it_o must_v be_v perform_v either_o by_o the_o merchant_n who_o have_v export_v ware_n or_o by_o the_o merchant_n who_o intend_v to_o buy_v off_o our_o commodity_n and_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o neither_o of_o these_o can_v have_v more_o advantage_n or_o benefit_n by_o this_o art_n now_o than_o they_o may_v have_v have_v before_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o mony_n for_o if_o their_o say_a bulloin_n and_o foreign_a coin_n be_v more_o worth_a than_o former_o in_o our_o pound_n shilling_n and_o penny_n yet_o what_o shall_v they_o get_v by_o that_o when_o these_o money_n be_v base_a or_o light_a and_o that_o therefore_o they_o be_v rise_v in_o proportion_n so_o we_o may_v plain_o see_v that_o these_o innovation_n be_v no_o good_a mean_n to_o bring_v treasure_n into_o the_o kingdom_n nor_o yet_o to_o keep_v it_o here_o when_o we_o have_v it_o chap._n ix_o a_o toleration_n for_o foreign_a coin_n to_o pass_v currant_n
allowance_n to_o rectify_v both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o in_o equality_n and_o true_a value_n but_o so_o far_o forth_o be_v this_o to_o be_v understand_v that_o this_o be_v true_o see_v practise_v where_o a_o course_n of_o quiet_a traffic_n be_v settle_v between_o two_o kingdom_n and_o nation_n continue_v in_o amity_n and_o firm_a peace_n together_o but_o where_o prince_n either_o by_o the_o necessity_n of_o war_n or_o accidental_a great_a disbursement_n have_v occasion_n or_o do_v use_v to_o inhanse_v the_o current_a rate_n of_o their_o money_n in_o their_o payment_n or_o decry_v they_o in_o the_o receipt_n and_o that_o money_n by_o that_o either_o casual_a or_o constant_a course_n become_v either_o more_o plentiful_a or_o more_o scarce_o than_o ordinary_a than_o these_o rule_n of_o parity_n hold_v not_o so_o just_o prince_n the_o exchanger_n rectifi_v the_o disorder_n of_o mint_n and_o the_o necessity_n of_o prince_n yet_o ever_o so_o as_o have_v in_o its_o self_n a_o predominant_a power_n over_o the_o sudden_a affair_n of_o prince_n in_o matter_n of_o money_n and_o with_o all_o expedition_n possible_a rectify_v by_o a_o common_a knowledge_n and_o consent_n of_o exchange_n and_o banker_n the_o error_n or_o necessity_n of_o prince_n and_o their_o mint_n who_o indeed_o be_v the_o sovereign_n of_o all_o coin_n and_o money_n so_o that_o though_o the_o exchanger_n be_v not_o call_v to_o the_o prince_n counsel_n nor_o yet_o admit_v to_o give_v his_o opinion_n and_o verdict_n either_o in_o his_o mint_n or_o in_o the_o allay_n of_o his_o current_a money_n nor_o yet_o to_o his_o proclamation_n and_o decree_n in_o the_o settle_n or_o rectify_v of_o the_o goodness_n or_o current_n value_v thereof_o yet_o the_o overrule_a part_n or_o balance_n be_v in_o his_o hand_n and_o he_o order_n by_o a_o invisible_a mystery_n of_o a_o visible_a exchange_n the_o allay_n value_n debasement_n or_o inhansement_n thereof_o with_o the_o allowance_n circumstance_n place_n and_o time_n be_v right_o consider_v such_o as_o the_o necessity_n of_o the_o country_n the_o plenty_n or_o scarcicy_n of_o money_n or_o other_o such_o like_a accident_n may_v admit_v regulate_v by_o this_o mean_n tacit_o in_o his_o closet_n the_o disorder_n commit_v by_o mint_n and_o the_o oversight_n which_o the_o great_a affair_n of_o prince_n necessity_n plunge_v they_o in_o and_o thus_o erect_v to_o himself_o and_o other_o of_o his_o profession_n a_o certain_a rule_n and_o public_a balance_n that_o shall_v serve_v as_o a_o equal_a parr_n and_o standard_n of_o all_o prince_n coin_n whatsoever_o thereby_o as_o with_o a_o touchstone_n take_v the_o true_a valuation_n thereof_o distinguish_v still_o the_o fineness_n and_o coursness_n according_a to_o the_o true_a worth_n and_o real_a goodness_n alter_v and_o change_v the_o price_n and_o rate_n thereof_o as_o time_n place_n and_o occasion_n may_v admit_v and_o give_v consent_n thereunto_o exchange_n how_o to_o find_v out_o the_o parr_n of_o exchange_n it_o now_o remain_v that_o i_o shall_v show_v this_o true_a parr_n of_o exchange_n and_o howit_n may_v be_v find_v out_o and_o discern_v in_o all_o exchange_n experience_n have_v make_v it_o evident_a to_o all_o the_o learned_a in_o this_o art_n that_o the_o true_a royal_a exchange_n for_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v fair_o and_o substantial_o ground_v upon_o the_o weight_n fineness_n and_o valuation_n of_o the_o money_n of_o each_o several_a country_n according_a to_o the_o parr_n which_o by_o banker_n be_v understand_v to_o be_v value_n for_o value_n as_o the_o truth_n thereof_o be_v see_v in_o our_o exchange_n in_o england_n which_o have_v its_o ground_n upon_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o our_o sterling_a english_a money_n the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o each_o other_o country_n according_a to_o their_o several_a standard_n proportionable_a in_o the_o valuation_n be_v true_o and_o just_o make_v give_v also_o thereby_o the_o price_n of_o the_o exchange_n in_o and_o for_o every_o place_n according_a to_o the_o denomination_n of_o the_o money_n and_o by_o which_o all_o exchange_n be_v or_o shall_v be_v in_o themselves_o frame_v cast_v up_o and_o calculate_v but_o beside_o this_o real_a parr_n of_o exchange_n there_o be_v also_o a_o merchant_n parr_n which_o in_o due_a place_n i_o shall_v declare_v these_o exchange_n then_o in_o the_o general_a property_n thereof_o do_v much_o differ_v both_o in_o the_o name_n and_o in_o the_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n and_o the_o silver_n observe_v in_o most_o country_n and_o that_o to_o set_v down_o the_o parr_n of_o exchange_n exact_o we_o be_v to_o examine_v and_o compare_v not_o only_o our_o own_o weight_n as_o be_v aforesaid_a with_o the_o weight_n of_o other_o country_n but_o also_o the_o fineness_n of_o our_o sterling_a standard_n with_o the_o fineness_n of_o the_o several_a standard_n of_o the_o coîn_n of_o other_o country_n and_o if_o we_o be_v find_v not_o to_o differ_v with_o they_o in_o the_o proportion_n between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n then_o may_v our_o exchange_n run_v at_o one_o and_o the_o same_o price_n and_o rate_n both_o for_o gold_n and_o silver_n take_v the_o denomination_n according_a to_o the_o valuation_n of_o the_o money_n of_o each_o country_n and_o hereby_o shall_v we_o find_v how_o much_o fine_a silver_n or_o gold_n of_o our_o pound_n sterling_n contain_v and_o what_o quantity_n of_o other_o money_n either_o of_o france_n germany_n low-countries_n eastland_n and_o elsewhere_o we_o be_v to_o have_v in_o exchange_n to_o countervail_v the_o same_o in_o the_o like_a weight_n and_o fineness_n answerable_a to_o we_o be_v it_o by_o the_o pound_n doller_n ducat_n crown_n or_o any_o other_o imaginary_a or_o real_a coin_n give_v always_o a_o value_n for_o value_n and_o receive_v the_o like_a which_o be_v call_v by_o exchanger_n as_o i_o say_v before_o the_o parr_n the_o which_o shall_v in_o all_o exchange_n be_v so_o particular_o know_v and_o consider_v that_o as_o money_n be_v publica_fw-la mensura_fw-la or_o the_o public_a measure_n within_o the_o realm_n between_o man_n and_o man_n so_o shall_v exchange_n thus_o make_v for_o these_o money_n be_v the_o public_a measure_n between_o we_o and_o foreign_a country_n for_o all_o commodity_n either_o buy_v or_o sell_v which_o therefore_o necessary_o require_v a_o certainty_n in_o the_o calculation_n of_o this_o parr_n aforesaid_a admit_v nevertheless_o as_o i_o say_v before_o a_o advantage_n upon_o the_o farne_n upon_o good_a ground_n and_o just_a occasion_n on_o either_o side_n exchanger_n the_o price_n of_o the_o exchange_n at_o the_o disposal_n of_o the_o exchanger_n but_o as_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n be_v at_o this_o day_n see_v to_o be_v at_o the_o only_a and_o sole_a disposal_n of_o the_o exchanger_n and_o merchant_n and_o that_o the_o same_o carry_v with_o it_o a_o predominancy_n in_o the_o buy_n and_o sell_v of_o their_o commodity_n as_o be_v observe_v especial_o beyond_o the_o sea_n so_o ought_v they_o careful_o and_o circumspect_o to_o consider_v the_o true_a nature_n thereof_o and_o not_o only_o look_v upon_o the_o present_a object_n which_o be_v to_o know_v how_o the_o price_n of_o exchange_n go_v at_o the_o time_n when_o they_o have_v occasion_n to_o deal_v therewith_o but_o also_o true_o to_o consider_v the_o reality_n of_o this_o parr_n as_o be_v aforesaid_a and_o as_o it_o be_v in_o it_o self_n real_o find_v to_o be_v for_o it_o be_v observe_v both_o here_o in_o england_n and_o abroad_o elsewhere_o beyond_o sea_n that_o those_o who_o altogether_o do_v practice_v this_o exchange_v and_o deal_v for_o money_n by_o exchange_n have_v this_o observation_n therein_o for_o they_o be_v exchanger_n indeed_o know_v perfect_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n both_o of_o our_o english_a and_o of_o foreign_a coin_n and_o compare_v the_o same_o together_o make_v thereby_o to_o themselves_o the_o true_a calculation_n of_o the_o parr_n aforesaid_a wherein_o they_o be_v not_o direct_v by_o the_o current_a valuation_n of_o coin_n which_o be_v often_o see_v to_o be_v inconstant_a and_o uncertain_a nor_o by_o the_o toleration_n of_o money_n either_o here_o or_o beyond_o the_o sea_n go_v sometime_o and_o in_o some_o place_n current_a above_o the_o say_a valuation_n and_o this_o indeed_o be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o mysterious_a part_n that_o be_v include_v in_o this_o art_n of_o exchange_v which_o the_o merchant_n ought_v considerate_o to_o learn_v and_o distinguish_v and_o conclude_v here_o all_o further_a observation_n and_o circumstance_n practise_v in_o the_o general_a exchange_n among_o merchant_n i_o refer_v the_o reader_n for_o what_o be_v here_o purposely_o omit_v to_o the_o end_n of_o this_o tract_n where_o i_o have_v insert_v what_o i_o have_v conceive_v to_o be_v further_a needful_a hereunto_o the_o office_n of_o garble_a that_o king_n henry_n the_o six_o do_v first_o give_v the_o office_n of_o garble_v all_o
fraudulent_a trick_n for_o they_o come_v to_o anchor_v together_o with_o the_o english_a to_o sell_v their_o commodity_n and_o find_v that_o the_o english_a vend_v more_o ware_n and_o have_v a_o large_a traffic_n by_o the_o concourse_n of_o the_o native_a merchant_n from_o ashore_o with_o these_o tolkens_n abovementioned_a than_o they_o have_v hire_v these_o pilot_n boat-man_n and_o tolkens_n that_o be_v thus_o employ_v to_o carry_v their_o passenger_n and_o merchant_n aboard_o underhand_o to_o carry_v they_o aboard_o their_o dutch_a ship_n and_o not_o aboard_o the_o english_a and_o so_o to_o trade_v with_o they_o only_o which_o the_o english_a at_o last_o perceive_v and_o smell_v out_o their_o craft_n be_v by_o the_o same_o craft_n compel_v to_o prevent_v the_o same_o so_o that_o by_o this_o mean_v the_o one_o outvying_a the_o other_o these_o fellow_n for_o their_o good_a will_n and_o brokage_n have_v by_o this_o mean_v draw_v the_o duty_n or_o rather_o courtesy_n of_o dachia_n to_o 6_o in_o 7_o per_fw-la cent_n to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o all_o trader_n upon_o this_o coast_n but_o this_o rest_v not_o here_o for_o this_o deal_n draw_v on_o a_o great_a inconvenience_n in_o their_o trade_n for_o when_o the_o fleming_n have_v first_o be_v the_o author_n of_o this_o ill_a custom_n or_o courtesy_n of_o dachio_n to_o these_o boat-man_n and_o tolkens_n which_o necessary_o be_v by_o all_o succeed_a european_a merchant_n to_o be_v imitate_v or_o their_o voyage_n lose_v and_o their_o commodity_n remain_v unsold_a it_o be_v find_v that_o many_o merchant_n moor_n inland-man_n come_v to_o the_o seaside_n to_o buy_v ware_n of_o they_o bring_v great_a store_n of_o gold_n with_o they_o for_o traffic_n and_o have_v divers_a slave_n some_o 20_o some_o 30_o and_o some_o more_o according_a to_o their_o mean_n and_o trade_n to_o carry_v back_o those_o ware_n they_o have_v thus_o buy_v on_o shipboard_n and_o these_o moorish_a merchant_n take_v their_o lodging_n in_o the_o house_n of_o these_o tolkens_n and_o use_v to_o acquaint_v they_o with_o their_o full_a commission_n and_o intent_n and_o then_o receive_v of_o they_o their_o gold_n repair_v aboard_o the_o ship_n to_o trade_n and_o barter_n and_o if_o the_o moorish_a merchant_n be_v not_o skill_v in_o the_o portugal_n tongue_n those_o tolkens_n will_v present_o tell_v the_o fleming_n and_o desire_v they_o not_o to_o speak_v morisco_n to_o they_o because_o their_o merchant_n be_v such_o as_o dwell_v far_o within_o the_o land_n thereby_o give_v they_o to_o understand_v that_o they_o mean_v by_o this_o watchword_n to_o deceive_v he_o and_o afterward_o to_o share_v those_o so_o ill-gotten_a purchase_n among_o they_o and_o it_o do_v nor_o do_v it_o seldom_o fall_v out_o but_o that_o the_o merchant_n moor_n not_o accustom_v to_o the_o sea_n lie_v seasick_a aboard_o all_o the_o while_n the_o knavish_a tolken_n make_v his_o bargain_n for_o he_o with_o the_o crafty_a dutch_a connive_v at_o the_o fleming_n great_a inhanse_v price_n of_o his_o commodity_n to_o draw_v the_o great_a gain_n and_o more_o gold_n from_o the_o moor_n who_o sometime_o he_o cozen_v by_o steal_v some_o of_o his_o gold_n and_o put_v it_o into_o his_o mouth_n ear_n or_o otherwise_o which_o the_o moor_n find_v by_o the_o scale_n and_o weight_n to_o want_v add_v some_o more_o knavery_n thereto_o by_o blow_v into_o the_o christian_n scale_n and_o balance_n to_o make_v it_o weight_n and_o when_o all_o these_o his_o intend_a bargain_n be_v finish_v and_o the_o moor_n again_o land_v the_o tolkens_n and_o boatsman_n return_v again_o aboard_o to_o divide_v the_o cozen_a profit_n and_o ill-gotten_a gain_n between_o they_o wherein_o it_o may_v be_v imagine_v that_o the_o fleming_n for_o his_o part_n of_o the_o knavery_n and_o connivance_n must_v have_v a_o share_n of_o the_o gain_n which_o have_v prove_v such_o a_o hindrance_n and_o detriment_n to_o the_o english_a and_o other_o christian_n that_o trade_n upon_o this_o coast_n that_o unless_o they_o also_o connive_v at_o the_o tolkens_n villainy_n and_o deceit_n as_o the_o dutch_a do_v their_o voyage_n will_v be_v lose_v and_o their_o commodity_n to_o their_o prejudice_n remain_v unsold_a this_o be_v in_o brief_a the_o manner_n of_o their_o trade_n the_o mean_n now_o follow_v bâ—…in_n custom_n of_o the_o golden_a coast_n of_o guiney_n and_o bâ—…in_n as_o for_o their_o custom_n due_a to_o the_o king_n and_o sovereign_n upon_o this_o coast_n it_o be_v find_v to_o vary_v in_o divers_a port_n and_o havens_n and_o only_o pay_v by_o inhabitant_n in_o case_n the_o christian_a bring_v not_o his_o good_n ashore_o to_o sell_v every_o haven_n have_v a_o peculiar_a officer_n and_o every_o merchant_n that_o come_v with_o a_o intent_n to_o buy_v ware_n at_o a_o port-town_n pay_v a_o toll_n or_o small_a custom_n for_o his_o person_n though_o he_o buy_v nothing_o and_o that_o no_o deceit_n may_v be_v use_v in_o the_o collector_n there_o be_v ever_o a_o sen_n or_o some_o near_a kinsman_n of_o that_o prince_n join_v in_o authority_n with_o the_o say_a collector_n or_o customer_n and_o if_o the_o merchant_n buy_v any_o commodity_n aboard_o a_o ship_n for_o less_o than_o two_o ounce_n of_o gold_n at_o a_o time_n than_o he_o must_v compound_v with_o the_o customer_n for_o the_o custom_n as_o he_o can_v at_o his_o pleasure_n as_o that_o which_o be_v the_o customer_n own_o profit_n fee_n and_o wage_n but_o if_o he_o buy_v above_o two_o ounce_n of_o gold_n which_o they_o call_v a_o benda_n than_o the_o custom_n be_v a_o angel_n of_o gold_n for_o every_o benda_n as_o i_o be_o give_v to_o understand_v bâ—nin_n the_o coin_n current_a in_o guiney_n and_o bâ—nin_n i_o have_v show_v that_o coin_n acknowledge_v any_o sovereignty_n by_o stamp_n be_v not_o here_o in_o use_n but_o gold_n passable_a either_o in_o sands_n or_o ingot_n according_a to_o the_o fineness_n and_o goodness_n be_v the_o current_n coin_v passable_a which_o our_o merchant_n very_o well_o distinguish_v by_o 24_o artificial_a needle_n make_v by_o allay_n of_o metal_n from_o the_o low_a sort_n of_o gold_n to_o the_o fine_a of_o 24_o carot_n fine_a have_v exact_a rule_n for_o the_o valuation_n thereof_o according_o as_o the_o same_o be_v find_v either_o in_o fineness_n or_o courseness_n neither_o use_n they_o any_o money_n or_o any_o kind_n of_o mint_v coin_n wherewith_o to_o pay_v each_o other_o but_o when_o any_o commodity_n be_v buy_v the_o payment_n thereof_o be_v make_v with_o gold_n and_o that_o likewise_o by_o weight_n and_o it_o must_v be_v a_o very_a small_a parcel_n that_o have_v not_o some_o kind_n of_o weight_n to_o distinguish_v and_o weigh_v it_o withal_o and_o they_o pay_v each_o other_o with_o four_o square_a piece_n of_o gold_n weigh_v some_o a_o grain_n and_o some_o half_n a_o grain_n kacorawn_n kacorawn_n and_o about_o mina_n a_o castle_n of_o the_o portugal_n they_o pay_v each_o other_o with_o kacorawn_n which_o be_v gold_n draw_v out_o into_o wire_n and_o cut_v afterward_o into_o small_a piece_n for_o all_o trivial_a commodity_n and_o in_o other_o place_n with_o little_a piece_n of_o iron_n of_o a_o finger_n in_o length_n with_o some_o character_n stamp_v thereon_o and_o in_o some_o place_n they_o have_v not_o the_o art_n of_o melt_v their_o gold_n but_o sell_v it_o or_o rather_o pay_v it_o one_o to_o another_o in_o sand_n by_o weight_n according_a as_o they_o shall_v agree_v both_o in_o the_o value_n and_o in_o the_o quantity_n benin_n the_o weight_n of_o guiney_n and_o benin_n the_o weight_n be_v make_v of_o copper_n of_o divers_a sort_n and_o have_v little_a round_a copper_n scales_n like_o a_o hollow_a orange_n pill_n for_o gold_n a_o bendâ—_n be_v the_o great_a weight_n and_o weigh_v two_o ounce_n a_o benda_n offa_n be_v half_a a_o benda_n and_o be_v a_o ounce_n asseva_n be_v two_o pesos_n and_o a_o half_a egebba_n be_v two_o pesos_n and_o account_v half_o a_o ounce_n or_o the_o four_o part_n of_o a_o benda_n seron_n be_v account_v for_o one_o peso_n and_o a_o half_a eusanno_n be_v account_v a_o peso_n quienta_fw-mi be_v three_o quarter_n of_o a_o peso_fw-it each_o peso_n be_v hold_v a_o loot_z mediataba_n be_v a_o quarter_n of_o a_o peso_fw-it agiraque_fw-la be_v half_a a_o peso_fw-es so_o that_o by_o those_o that_o have_v make_v the_o trial_n of_o their_o weight_n with_o we_o they_o have_v find_v they_o to_o be_v in_o every_o pound_n troy_n a_o peso_n and_o a_o half_a in_o every_o pound_n heavy_a than_o our_o troy_n pound_n use_v in_o england_n and_o this_o weight_n be_v the_o rule_n for_o their_o gold_n in_o pass_v for_o commodity_n coast_n coin_n of_o many_o part_n of_o this_o coast_n where_o note_n that_o all_o country_n have_v not_o in_o this_o and_o other_o these_o large_a coast_n money_n current_a of_o metal_n as_o we_o have_v in_o christendom_n for_o in_o
be_v inquisitive_a and_o circumspect_a to_o inform_v himself_o in_o the_o true_a worth_n and_o value_n thereofere_fw-la he_o part_n with_o his_o commodity_n paris_n weight_n of_o paris_n the_o quintal_n of_o paris_n be_v 100_o l._n which_o have_v be_v find_v to_o produce_v in_o london_n near_o 100_o l._n subtle_a 2_o per_fw-la cent_n more_fw-it or_o less_o which_o in_o lion_n render_v of_o 16_o ounce_n 116_o l._n in_o venetia_n sotile_v 144_o l._n 100_o l._n sotile_a in_o venetia_n make_v in_o paris_n 62½_n l._n of_o 15_o ounce_n per_fw-la l._n the_o cargo_n or_o great_a quintal_n in_o paris_n be_v 300_o l._n of_o 12_o ounce_n per_fw-la l_o which_o make_v in_o florence_n 487_o l._n but_o the_o ordinary_a quintal_n of_o 100_o l._n beforenamed_n be_v of_o 15_o ounce_n to_o a_o pound_n wine_n be_v sell_v by_o the_o cistern_n 96_o make_v a_o tun_n and_o each_o cistern_n contain_v 8_o pint_n so_o that_o it_o may_v be_v account_v two_o cones_n of_o florence_n which_o be_v gallon_n english_a see_v london_n paris_n measure_n of_o paris_n they_o have_v two_o measure_n in_o length_n one_o for_o silk_n and_o another_o for_o linen_n the_o which_o be_v but_o note_n that_o all_o merchant_n sell_v silk_n stuff_v in_o gross_a in_o paris_n the_o same_o be_v sell_v by_o the_o pound_n weight_n which_o be_v better_o for_o the_o buyer_n for_o thereby_o he_o discern_v the_o weight_n of_o the_o silk_n he_o have_v for_o his_o money_n paris_n exchange_n of_o paris_n paris_n do_v exchange_n with_o many_o place_n which_o i_o here_o omit_v and_o place_v the_o same_o among_o the_o exchange_n in_o general_a in_o the_o tract_n follow_v at_o the_o end_n of_o this_o book_n in_o the_o chapter_n 277_o and_o 302._o trade_n the_o french_z not_o addict_v to_o trade_n it_o may_v be_v imagine_v that_o this_o kingdom_n consider_v the_o riches_n thereof_o shall_v abound_v iâ—_n trade_n and_o navigation_n but_o the_o better_a sort_n of_o man_n meddle_v not_o with_o traffic_n as_o conceive_v the_o same_o to_o be_v both_o ignoble_a and_o base_a and_o consequent_o unfit_a for_o they_o leave_v the_o same_o to_o such_o who_o spirit_n be_v elevate_v to_o that_o ripeness_n that_o they_o can_v but_o only_o be_v sorry_a for_o their_o erroneoâ—_n opinion_n their_o navigation_n also_o be_v not_o far_o the_o marselicans_n great_a voyage_n be_v to_o turkâ—…_n and_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o rochel_n saint_n malo_n and_o rochel_n seldom_o sail_v into_o any_o region_n further_o than_o spain_n their_o ill_a success_n in_o america_n plantation_n peradventure_o dissuade_v they_o bâ—…_n he_o that_o shall_v wise_o look_v into_o the_o beauty_n of_o their_o inland_n town_n the_o riches_n of_o the_o country_n itself_o and_o especial_o the_o plenty_n of_o corn_n wines_n linen_n and_o salt_n that_o france_n produce_v and_o how_o much_o these_o commodity_n be_v prize_v and_o seek_v after_o by_o other_o nation_n will_v be_v more_o willing_a to_o excuse_v the_o french_a for_o their_o so_o little_a desire_n to_o traffic_v into_o remove_v region_n because_o la_fw-fr because_o the_o next_o province_n be_v la_o because_o orleans_n orleans_n wherein_o be_v orleans_n a_o pleasant_a city_n and_o where_o the_o neat_a and_o most_o elegant_a french_a tongue_n be_v conceive_v to_o be_v speak_v seat_v on_o the_o loire_n but_o afford_v little_a matter_n of_o trade_n or_o commerce_n save_v that_o it_o be_v find_v to_o be_v a_o great_a through-fair_a for_o all_o such_o commodity_n as_o do_v enter_v into_o the_o heart_n of_o the_o country_n as_o to_o lion_n and_o other_o city_n upon_o the_o river_n of_o loire_n and_o by_o this_o way_n and_o have_v a_o growth_n of_o good_a wine_n about_o it_o berry_n berry_n the_o next_o be_v berry_n bourge_n bourge_n wherein_o be_v bourges_n seat_v as_o the_o prime_n and_o principal_a town_n who_o be_v much_o addict_v to_o clothe_v and_o where_o great_a abundance_n of_o sheep_n be_v find_v to_o pasture_n and_o feed_v the_o next_o be_v bourbon_n wherein_o be_v contain_v mollins_n bourbon_n nevers_n mollins_n bourbon_n nevers_n and_o mollins_n wherein_o i_o never_o see_v any_o commodity_n worth_a relation_n save_o those_o excellent_a instrument_n of_o iron_n in_o small_a case_n here_o make_v in_o great_a abundance_n call_v estuus_n and_o disperse_v thence_o over_o all_o christendom_n beavois_fw-fr beavois_fw-fr the_o next_o be_v beavois_n the_o chief_a town_n be_v villa_n franche_n avergne_n avergne_n the_o next_o be_v avergne_n the_o principal_a city_n be_v clerimont_n limosin_n limosin_n the_o next_o be_v limosin_n the_o principal_a city_n be_v lymoges_n perigort_n perigort_n the_o next_o be_v perigort_n the_o chief_a town_n be_v perigeux_n quercu_fw-la quercu_fw-la the_o next_o be_v quercu_fw-la the_o chief_a town_n be_v montalbon_n one_o of_o the_o cautionary_a town_n in_o the_o intestants_n possession_n and_o now_o late_o by_o the_o french_a king_n reduce_v to_o his_o subjection_n dauphine_n dauphine_n the_o next_o be_v dauphine_n honour_v with_o the_o title_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o france_n vienna_n vienna_n wherein_o be_v find_v vienna_n excel_v in_o the_o art_n of_o make_v sword-blade_n valentia_n valentia_n valentia_n a_o fine_a city_n water_v with_o the_o rhone_n and_o last_o lion_n once_o the_o principal_a town_n of_o traffic_n in_o all_o these_o part_n where_o have_v occasion_n of_o residence_n 1616._o i_o note_v these_o particular_n follow_v in_o trade_n chap._n cxxviii_o of_o lion_n and_o the_o trade_n thereof_o thereof_o lion_n and_o the_o trade_n thereof_o lion_n have_v ever_o be_v account_v a_o fanious_a mart-town_n and_o doubtless_o before_o navigation_n have_v its_o perfection_n a_o city_n of_o great_a trade_n and_o commerce_n but_o for_o as_o much_o as_o all_o inland_n town_n must_v submit_v in_o this_o point_n to_o maritime_a city_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o commodiousness_n of_o the_o sea_n which_o be_v the_o great_a furtherer_n of_o all_o traffic_n so_o must_v this_o town_n now_o give_v place_n to_o many_o other_o that_o exceed_v she_o in_o the_o point_n of_o traffic_n geneva_n the_o mart_n of_o lion_n former_o in_o geneva_n there_o mart_n for_o trade_n here_o settle_v be_v former_o hold_v in_o geneva_n and_o by_o lewis_n the_o eleven_o remove_v hither_o for_o the_o enrich_n of_o his_o own_o kingdom_n and_o when_o pope_n julius_n the_o second_o have_v excommunicate_v lewis_n the_o twelve_o he_o command_v by_o his_o apostolical_a authority_n that_o the_o same_o shall_v be_v again_o remove_v to_o geneva_n but_o his_o holiness_n herein_o be_v not_o obey_v for_o trade_n must_v not_o be_v constrain_v but_o entreat_v though_o by_o pope_n which_o will_v command_v all_o thing_n and_o therefore_o stir_v not_o from_o hence_o where_o yet_o it_o continue_v the_o town_n be_v water_v with_o the_o stream_n of_o rhone_n and_o soane_n which_o further_v it_o much_o for_o carriage_n it_o be_v most_o famous_a now_o for_o the_o many_o fabric_n of_o silk_n here_o wrought_v and_o hence_o disperse_v through_o all_o france_n and_o the_o citizen_n to_o this_o end_n have_v their_o factor_n in_o marselia_n who_o trade_n for_o they_o to_o aleppo_n in_o syria_n to_o furnish_v they_o with_o that_o commodity_n by_o land_n also_o they_o trade_v for_o florence_n lucca_n milan_n mesina_n and_o other_o part_n of_o italy_n but_o it_o be_v only_o for_o raw_a silk_n and_o some_o such_o commodity_n as_o these_o place_n do_v afford_v i_o reside_v here_o some_o year_n and_o find_v the_o great_a of_o their_o trade_n to_o consist_v in_o exchange_n as_o the_o principal_a and_o most_o proper_a town_n of_o france_n thereto_o the_o banker_n of_o florence_n venetia_n lucca_n and_o naples_n have_v here_o their_o factor_n purposely_o for_o this_o occasion_n from_o england_n be_v here_o vend_v some_o bay_n tin_n lead_v coney-skin_n and_o but_o few_o commodity_n else_o and_o to_o our_o country_n it_o afford_v not_o any_o commodity_n worth_n mention_v what_o i_o have_v observe_v i_o shall_v only_o touch_v and_o no_o more_o lion_n coin_n and_o account_n in_o lion_n as_o for_o coin_n current_a and_o account_n keep_v it_o be_v the_o same_o as_o throughout_o france_n there_o have_v be_v of_o long_a time_n in_o use_n a_o imaginary_a coin_n here_o current_a in_o exchange_n call_v the_o mark_n which_o brief_o to_o explain_v be_v lion_n a_o ancient_a mark_n in_o exchange_n in_o lion_n a_o mark_n of_o gold_n be_v 65_o crown_n of_o mark_n or_o 63_o crown_n 11_o s._n 9_o d._n of_o gold_n in_o gold_n or_o 62_o crown_n of_o camera_n vechia_n of_o rome_n or_o 68_o 14_o 3_o ducat_n current_a of_o venetia_n and_o they_o do_v use_v here_o to_o keep_v their_o account_n by_o crown_n of_o mark_n sold._n and_o denier_n advise_v one_o crown_n the_o mark_n to_o be_v 20_o sold_n of_o mark_n but_o be_v 45_o sold_n turnois_n by_o which_o crown_n of_o mark_n they_o do_v exchange_v by_o as_o brief_o for_o example_n they_o give_v in_o lion_n one_o crown_n
tongue_n which_o extend_v itself_o into_o two_o part_n 1._o a_o exchange_v of_o one_o sort_n of_o money_n for_o another_o and_o 2._o a_o exchange_v from_o one_o city_n or_o country_n to_o another_o exchange_n rate_n term_n fair_n and_o usance_n of_o exchange_n in_o which_o be_v also_o considerable_a both_o a_o rate_n and_o term_n wherein_o and_o whereby_o this_o be_v bring_v to_o perfection_n which_o be_v principal_o perform_v by_o certain_a fair_n or_o usance_n accustom_v in_o the_o art_n of_o exchange_v and_o which_o be_v set_v down_o by_o merchant_n banker_n and_o exchanger_n at_o their_o assembly_n and_o meeting_n in_o a_o fair_a and_o regular_a order_n by_o a_o certain_a course_n of_o justice_n and_o by_o peculiar_a law_n and_o ordinance_n among_o themselves_o both_o which_o fair_n and_o the_o rate_n and_o term_n thereof_o have_v a_o constant_a expiration_n within_o certain_a month_n as_o the_o usance_n have_v that_o be_v likewise_o include_v within_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o say_a fair_n which_o be_v find_v to_o end_v within_o certain_a prefix_a day_n according_a to_o the_o receive_a custom_n of_o those_o two_o city_n wherein_o the_o say_v exchange_n be_v find_v mutual_o and_o respective_o to_o be_v settle_v and_o place_v thereof_o what_o be_v observe_v in_o exchange_v in_o the_o usual_a manner_n thereof_o moreover_o in_o the_o practice_n of_o exchange_v banker_n and_o exchanger_n be_v find_v to_o observe_v this_o custom_n among_o themselves_o in_o the_o usual_a manner_n of_o exchange_v from_o one_o place_n to_o another_o that_o be_v one_o propound_v his_o money_n in_o a_o whole_a number_n or_o denomination_n and_o the_o other_o consequent_o and_o necessary_o in_o a_o fraction_n break_a number_n or_o lesser_a denomination_n in_o which_o contract_n or_o bargain_n it_o be_v imagine_v that_o these_o two_o either_o person_n or_o place_n will_v negotiate_v one_o and_o the_o self_n same_o thing_n so_o that_o the_o one_o will_v be_v the_o seller_n and_o the_o other_o the_o buyer_n thereof_o to_o perform_v which_o it_o be_v questionless_a needful_a that_o he_o that_o have_v the_o thing_n make_v the_o rate_n and_o price_n the_o which_o shall_v happen_v without_o any_o contract_n or_o difference_n of_o much_o or_o little_a and_o as_o it_o chance_v in_o the_o sale_n of_o any_o commodity_n so_o fall_v it_o out_o by_o the_o exchange_n of_o money_n for_o of_o the_o two_o place_n that_o will_v exchange_v the_o one_o propound_v a_o gross_a sum_n and_o the_o other_o the_o condition_n and_o price_n in_o a_o lesser_a sum_n which_o may_v admit_v either_o a_o increase_n or_o decrease_v in_o estimation_n or_o value_n according_a as_o they_o fall_v to_o agreement_n upon_o the_o lesser_a or_o great_a esteem_n of_o the_o say_a sum_n propound_v the_o use_n of_o which_o be_v exemplify_v thus_o example_n example_n if_o placmtia_n will_v exchange_v with_o any_o other_o place_n the_o say_a placentia_n or_o as_o exchanger_n term_v it_o the_o say_v fair_a or_o fiera_n propound_v and_o give_v always_o the_o entire_a sum_n or_o great_a denomination_n and_o by_o consequence_n the_o other_o that_o will_v exchange_v therewith_o give_v the_o other_o which_o be_v the_o lesser_a denomination_n this_o sum_n which_o i_o thus_o term_v a_o entire_a or_o whole_a denomination_n fall_v in_o some_o place_n to_o be_v sometime_o one_o crown_n and_o in_o other_o place_n sometime_o 100_o crown_n florin_n or_o ducat_n the_o same_o be_v likewise_o find_v to_o be_v practise_v between_o any_o two_o place_n exchange_v for_o each_o place_n give_v either_o a_o denomination_n entire_a of_o one_o to_o another_o or_o of_o one_o hundred_o to_o another_o hundred_o or_o else_o of_o a_o lesser_a dividend_n than_o one_o or_o than_o one_o hundred_o which_o i_o here_o term_v the_o fraction_n break_a number_n or_o small_a denomination_n as_o shall_v be_v more_o plain_o express_v in_o the_o calculate_v table_n follow_v fraction_n what_o a_o entire_a sum_n in_o exchange_n be_v and_o what_o a_o break_a number_n or_o fraction_n now_o as_o touch_v the_o money_n which_o be_v thus_o give_v as_o entire_a or_o whole_a sum_n viz._n one_o or_o one_o hundred_o these_o be_v either_o find_v to_o be_v crown_n ducat_n pound_n florin_n etc._n etc._n according_a to_o the_o receive_a quality_n of_o the_o gross_a and_o whole_a money_n which_o that_o place_n be_v find_v to_o have_v current_n that_o will_v give_v so_o in_o like_a manner_n it_o fall_v out_o in_o the_o small_a or_o lesser_a denomination_n in_o the_o place_n that_o will_v take_v which_o in_o themselves_o be_v also_o various_a and_o consequent_o of_o divers_a sort_n as_o penny_n sols_n denier_n &c_n &c_n as_o shall_v also_o appear_v by_o the_o say_a table_n judicious_a liberty_n of_o exchange_v to_o the_o judicious_a and_o though_o it_o fall_v out_o to_o be_v the_o custom_n that_o one_o place_n give_v a_o exchange_n in_o gross_a money_n and_o another_o place_n in_o small_a as_o be_v before_o relate_v and_o that_o this_o gross_a and_o small_a money_n must_v be_v of_o such_o or_o such_o a_o quality_n and_o kind_n this_o observation_n and_o rule_n prescribe_v notwithstanding_o be_v not_o always_o necessary_a but_o that_o exchanger_n may_v though_o i_o confess_v it_o be_v seldom_o see_v at_o their_o pleasure_n propound_v the_o one_o or_o the_o other_o differ_v or_o contrary_a hereunto_o and_o that_o the_o wise_a and_o judicious_a exchanger_n may_v for_o his_o profit_n ease_n or_o commodity_n propound_v his_o own_o intention_n and_o thereby_o if_o he_o can_v obtain_v a_o beneficial_a bargain_n or_o issue_n according_a to_o his_o design_n and_o plot._n as_o for_o example_n exchange_v ignorant_n exchanger_n censure_v the_o judicious_a of_o vary_v from_o the_o custom_n of_o exchange_v if_o it_o shall_v be_v say_v that_o exchange_n may_v be_v make_v in_o a_o method_n differ_v from_o this_o or_o the_o common_a rule_n or_o contrary_a to_o that_o way_n that_o have_v be_v receive_v and_o take_v some_o will_v soon_o censure_v he_o of_o folly_n that_o shall_v be_v of_o that_o opinion_n and_o conceive_v such_o a_o one_o to_o be_v little_o verse_v in_o exchange_a affair_n that_o shall_v either_o propound_v or_o seek_v to_o perform_v such_o a_o thing_n but_o yet_o no_o great_a heed_n be_v to_o be_v take_v to_o the_o raw_a conceit_n and_o childish_a opinion_n of_o such_o self-willed_a merâ—…nts_n which_o may_v for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v say_v to_o be_v either_o drench_v in_o ignorance_n or_o drown_v in_o carry_v because_o that_o a_o skilful_a merchant_n may_v as_o i_o have_v allege_v frame_v his_o exchange_n as_o he_o see_v good_a and_o to_o his_o own_o commodity_n the_o which_o very_o oftentimes_o be_v observe_v to_o be_v do_v by_o other_o and_o practise_v daily_o by_o those_o of_o this_o city_n of_o excellent_a judgement_n example_n example_n in_o example_n whereof_o posito_fw-la i_o will_v exchange_v genova_n with_o naples_n between_o which_o two_o place_n the_o use_n and_o custom_n be_v that_o genova_n give_v the_o entire_a sum_n or_o great_a denomination_n which_o be_v the_o crown_n of_o gold_n for_o the_o which_o naples_n give_v the_o grain_n 135_o a_o little_a more_o or_o less_o i_o demand_v why_o may_v not_o genova_n give_v that_o whole_a sum_n which_o be_v the_o crown_n of_o 4_o livre_n as_o it_o be_v accustom_v to_o give_v with_o other_o place_n and_o estimate_v the_o same_o by_o 120_o grain_n naples_n and_o thereby_o the_o exchange_n will_v prove_v to_o be_v equal_a with_o the_o first_o manner_n before_o mention_v and_o further_o why_o may_v not_o the_o contrary_n be_v practise_v naples_n give_v the_o whole_a denomination_n which_o may_v be_v decat_n one_o for_o sold._n 66_o 8_o d._n and_o so_o vary_v in_o as_o many_o form_n as_o they_o please_v wherein_o i_o confess_v i_o never_o yet_o find_v any_o exchange_n make_v neither_o do_v know_v any_o true_a reason_n that_o the_o common_a cuâ—…oms_n shall_v be_v alter_v though_o i_o have_v think_v good_a to_o note_v the_o same_o here_o that_o each_o know_a merchant_n may_v bold_o use_v which_o he_o please_v for_o to_o he_o that_o true_o understand_v the_o value_n and_o course_n of_o both_o the_o place_n exchange_v there_o will_v appear_v no_o difficulty_n therein_o and_o i_o wish_v that_o those_o which_o know_v no_o other_o way_n but_o their_o own_o content_v themselves_o within_o the_o limit_n of_o their_o own_o manner_n and_o understanding_n and_o suffer_v other_o of_o better_a judgement_n without_o their_o censure_n to_o follow_v their_o own_o when_o it_o be_v to_o their_o benefit_n or_o commodity_n chap._n cclxxv_o the_o declaration_n of_o the_o table_n of_o exchange_n follow_v exchange_n declaration_n of_o the_o table_n of_o exchange_n the_o table_n of_o exchange_n of_o the_o city_n here_o follow_v be_v form_v and_o dispose_v in_o this_o nature_n first_o in_o the_o front_n thereof_o there_o be_v place_v the_o name_n of_o the_o town_n or_o
crown_n lucca_n carl._n 25½_n 1_o ducatoon_n naples_n duc._n 100_o 96½_n duc._n of_o 6_o tarin_n lechy_a turin_n 11._o 14_o 1_o ducat_n bary_n carl._n 23½_n 1_o ducat_n palermo_n ounce_n 100_o 102_o ounce_n antw._n &_o col._n ducat_n 1_o 107_o gross_v london_n ducat_n 1_o 72_o penny_n sterling_a valentia_n florin_n 1_o sol_fw-mi 9_o 9_o d._n saragosa_n florin_n 1_o sol_fw-mi 9_o 10_o d._n barselona_n florin_n 1_o sol_fw-mi 9_o 8_o d._n siv_n al._n med._n florin_n 1_o 190_o marved._n lisbon_n florin_n 1_o 200_o ray_n bologna_n carlins_n 25¼_n 1_o ducatoon_n bergamo_n carlins_n 25_o 1_o ducatoon_n francfort_n ducat_n 1_o 90_o quarentins_n vide_fw-la chap._n 419._o how_o these_o be_v calculate_v chap._n ccxc._n of_o the_o exchange_n of_o antwerp_n in_o brabant_n and_o collen_n in_o germany_n the_o low_a colonia_n the_o exchange_n of_o antwerp_n and_o colonia_n in_o both_o these_o place_n the_o exchanger_n keep_v their_o account_n in_o livre_n sol_n and_o denier_n of_o gross_v so_o that_o their_o gross_v be_v there_o account_v as_o their_o denier_n or_o pefen_a and_o in_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o exchange_n of_o these_o two_o place_n they_o give_v the_o break_a number_n to_o all_o other_o place_n london_n only_o except_v which_o they_o give_v not_o by_o the_o gross_a but_o by_o the_o sol._n or_o shilling_n antwerp_n and_o colonia_n do_v exchange_n with_o placentia_n gross_n 125_o for_o 1_o crown_n lion_n gross_a 128_o 1_o crown_n rome_n gross_n 130_o 1_o ducat_n genoa_n gross_n 129_o 1_o crown_n of_o gold_n milan_n gross_n 127_o 1_o crown_n of_o gold_n venetia_n gross_a 94½_n 1_o ducat_n florence_n gross_n 112_o 1_o crown_n lucca_n gross_n 104_o 1_o ducatoon_n naples_n gross_n 91_o 1_o ducat_n lecchi_n gross_a 90½_n 1_o ducat_n bary_n gross_n 91_o 1_o ducat_n palermo_n gross_a 107½_n 1_o ducat_n mesina_n gross_n 107_o 1_o ducat_n london_n sold._n 34½_n 1_o pound_v sterling_n valentia_n gross_n 107_o 1_o ducat_n saragosa_n gross_n 109_o 1_o ducat_n barselona_n gross_n 112_o 1_o ducat_n siv_n al._n med._n gross_a 106¼_n 1_o ducat_n lisbon_n gross_n 102_o 1_o ducat_n bolonia_n gross_n 104_o 1_o ducatoon_n bergamo_n gross_n 105_o 1_o ducatoon_n francfort_n gross_n 78_o 1_o floren_n of_o 65_o quar_fw-la vide_fw-la chap._n 435._o how_o these_o be_v calculate_v chap._n ccxci_o of_o the_o exchange_n of_o london_n the_o metropolis_n of_o england_n london_n the_o exchange_n of_o london_n in_o london_n and_o throughout_o all_o england_n exchanger_n keep_v their_o account_n in_o pound_n shilling_n and_o pence_n sterling_n and_o cast_v it_o up_o as_o in_o other_o place_n by_o livre_n sol_n and_o denier_n by_o 12_o and_o 20._o and_o in_o the_o custom_n of_o exchange_v it_o give_v the_o exchange_n to_o all_o place_n by_o the_o break_a number_n of_o pence_n sterling_n antwerp_n and_o colonia_n only_o except_v with_o which_o two_o place_n it_o exchange_v by_o the_o pound_n of_o sterling_a money_n above_o specify_v london_n do_v exchange_n with_o placentia_n sterl_n penny_n 64_o for_o 1_o crown_n lion_n penny_n 64_o 1_o crown_n rome_n pence_n 66_o 1_o ducat_n genoa_n pence_n 65_o 1_o crown_n of_o gold_n milan_n pence_n 64¾_n 1_o crown_n of_o gold_n venetia_n pence_n 50_o 1_o duc._n in_o banco_n florence_n pence_n 61_o 1_o crown_n lucca_n pence_n 53½_n 1_o ducatoon_n naples_n pence_n 50_o 1_o ducat_n lechy_a pence_n 50½_n 1_o ducat_n bary_n pence_n 51_o 1_o ducat_n palermo_n pence_n 57½_n 1_o ducat_n mesina_n pence_n 56½_n 1_o ducat_n antw._n &_o col._n pound_n sterl_n 1_o 34½_n shill_n flem._n valentia_n pence_n 57½_n 1_o ducat_n saragosa_n pence_n 59_o 1_o ducat_n barselona_n pence_n 64_o 1_o ducat_n siv_n al._n med._n penny_n 58½_n 1_o ducat_n lisbon_n pence_n 53½_n 1_o ducat_n bolonia_n pence_n 53⅓_n 1_o ducatoon_n bergamo_n pence_n 52_o 1_o ducatoon_n francfort_n pence_n 59½_n 1_o florin_n vide_fw-la chap._n 443._o how_o these_o be_v calculate_v chap._n ccxcii_o of_o the_o exchange_n of_o valentia_n the_o metropolis_n of_o valentia_n valentia_n the_o exchange_n of_o valentia_n in_o valentia_n and_o in_o all_o the_o kingdom_n of_o valentia_n in_o spain_n merchant_n do_v keep_v their_o account_n in_o livre_n sold_n and_o denier_n the_o current_a money_n of_o the_o place_n be_v rial_n and_o denier_n and_o ricl_v ten_o be_v account_v for_o a_o livre_fw-fr so_o that_o half_o a_o rial_n be_v a_o soldo_n the_o ducat_n be_v here_o imaginary_a and_o account_v for_o 10½_n rial_n and_o account_v 21_o sol_n in_o the_o custom_n of_o exchange_n of_o this_o place_n it_o give_v the_o break_a number_n to_o all_o italy_n spain_n and_o germany_n and_o to_o all_o other_o place_n the_o entire_a number_n either_o of_o one_o ducat_n or_o 100_o ducat_n the_o castiliano_fw-mi be_v also_o here_o find_v in_o use_n for_o a_o imaginary_a coin_n in_o the_o ancient_a custom_n of_o exchange_v with_o sevil_n and_o account_v worth_n 27_o sol._n 4_o denier_n valentia_n do_v exchange_n with_o placentia_n sol._n 23._o 6_o for_o 1_o crown_n lion_n sol._n 23._o 8_o 1_o crown_n rome_n sol._n 24._o 2_o 1_o ducat_n genoa_n sol._n 23_o 10_o 1_o crown_n of_o gold_n milan_n sol._n 23._o 9_o 1_o crown_n of_o gold_n venice_n sol._n 17._o 10_o 1_o ducat_n florence_n sol._n 23._o 0_o 1_o crown_n lucca_n sol._n 20._o 2_o 1_o ducatoon_n naples_n sol._n 18._o 0_o 1_o ducat_n lechy_a sol._n 18._o 2_o 1_o ducat_n bary_n sol._n 18._o 1_o 1_o ducat_n palermo_n sol._n 9_o 6_o 1_o florin_n mesina_n sol._n 9_o 7_o 1_o florin_n antw._n &_o col._n ducat_n 1_o 106_o gross_v london_n ducat_n 1_o 72½_n pence_n sterl_n saragosa_n ducat_n 100_o 102_o ducat_n barselona_n ducat_n 100_o 101½_n ducat_n siv_n al._n med._n sol._n 20._o 3_o 1_o ducat_n lisbon_n ducat_n 100_o 100⅓_n ducat_n bologna_n sol._n 20._o 3_o 1_o ducatoon_n bergamo_n sol._n 20._o 4_o 1_o ducatoon_n francfort_n sol._n 14_o 1_o florin_n vide_fw-la chap._n 426._o how_o these_o be_v calculate_v chap._n ccxciii_o of_o the_o exchange_n of_o saragosa_n in_o catalonia_n saragosa_n the_o exchange_n of_o saragosa_n in_o saragosa_n merchant_n keep_v their_o account_n as_o in_o valentia_n aforemention_v and_o have_v the_o same_o money_n save_v that_o the_o ducat_n pass_v here_o in_o account_n for_o 22_o sol_n or_o 11_o rial_n in_o the_o custom_n of_o exchange_v it_o give_v the_o break_a number_n to_o all_o italy_n and_o to_o all_o the_o rest_n the_o whole_a number_n which_o be_v find_v to_o be_v either_o one_o ducat_n or_o 100_o ducat_n saragosa_n do_v exchange_n with_o placentia_n sol._n 23._o 8_o for_o 1_o crown_n lion_n sol._n 23._o 11_o 1_o crown_n rome_n sol._n 24._o 3_o 1_o ducat_n genoa_n sol._n 23._o 9_o 1_o crown_n of_o gold_n milan_n sol._n 23._o 8_o 1_o crown_n of_o gold_n venetia_n sol._n 17._o 9_o 1_o ducat_n florence_n sol._n 22._o 10_o 1_o crown_n lucca_n sol._n 20._o 1_o 1_o ducatoon_n naples_n sol._n 17._o 10_o 1_o ducat_n lechi_n sol._n 18._o 1_o 1_o ducat_n bary_n sol._n 18._o 0_o 1_o ducat_n palermo_n sol._n 9_o 8_o 1_o florin_n mesina_n sol._n 9_o 9_o 1_o florin_n antw._n &_o col._n duc._n 1_o 105_o gross_v london_n duc._n 1_o 73_o penny_n sterling_a valentia_n duc._n 100_o 103_o ducat_n barselona_n duc._n 100_o 102_o ducat_n siv_n al._n med._n duc._n 100_o 105_o ducat_n lisbon_n duc._n 100_o 108_o ducat_n belonia_n sol._n 20._o 2_o 1_o ducatoon_n bergamo_n sol._n 20._o 1_o 1_o ducatoon_n francfort_n duc._n 1_o 95_o quarentins_n vide_fw-la chap._n 426._o how_o these_o be_v calculate_v chap._n ccxciu_o of_o the_o exchange_n of_o barselona_n the_o metropolis_n of_o catalonia_n barselona_n the_o exchange_n of_o barselona_n in_o barselona_n the_o use_n of_o account_n keep_v and_o the_o money_n be_v the_o same_o as_o be_v specify_v in_o valentia_n except_v that_o the_o ducat_n be_v here_o account_v sol._n 24_o which_o be_v twelve_o single_a rial_n in_o the_o custom_n of_o exchange_v this_o place_n give_v the_o break_a number_n to_o all_o other_o place_n except_v to_o antwerp_n colonia_n london_n lisbon_n and_o germany_n to_o which_o it_o give_v the_o whole_a number_n which_o be_v find_v to_o be_v either_o one_o ducat_n or_o 100_o ducat_n barselona_n do_v exchange_n with_o placentia_n sold._n 23._o 10_o for_o 1_o crown_n lion_n sol._n 24_o 1_o crown_n rome_n sol._n 24._o 4_o 1_o ducat_n genoa_n sol._n 24._o 2_o 1_o crown_n of_o gold_n milan_n sol._n 24._o 1_o 1_o crown_n of_o gold_n venice_n sol._n 18._o 2_o 1_o ducat_n florence_n sol._n 23._o 0_o 1_o crown_n lucca_n sol._n 20._o 2_o 1_o ducatoon_n naples_n sol._n 18._o 3_o 1_o ducat_n lechy_a sol._n 18._o 2_o 1_o ducat_n bary_n sol._n 18._o 1_o 1_o ducat_n palermo_n sol._n 9_o 10_o 1_o florin_n mesina_n sol._n 9_o 9_o 1_o florin_n antw._n &_o col._n ducat_n 1_o 103_o gross_v london_n ducat_n 1_o 72_o penny_n sterling_a valentia_n duc._n 103_o 100_o
here_o proper_o in_o the_o general_a say_v to_o be_v of_o two_o distinct_a kind_n the_o one_o as_o appertain_v to_o the_o state_n and_o prince_n and_o belong_v to_o the_o profit_n and_o loss_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o other_o to_o the_o merchant_n or_o exchanger_n and_o appertain_v to_o the_o profit_n and_o loss_n of_o his_o private_a estate_n and_o interest_n the_o first_o i_o hold_v proper_a and_o fit_v the_o knowledge_n of_o counsellor_n and_o statesman_n and_o the_o other_o be_v proper_a and_o fit_a the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o trading-merchant_n the_o find_v out_o of_o both_o which_o parson_n in_o exchange_n be_v thus_o par._n 1._o prince_n par._n the_o first_o par_fw-fr in_o exchange_n which_o i_o term_v here_o the_o prince_n par_fw-fr or_o the_o sovereign_n value_n for_o value_v be_v ground_v upon_o the_o weight_n fineness_n and_o valuation_n of_o the_o money_n of_o each_o several_a kingdom_n city_n or_o place_n the_o several_a standard_n thereof_o so_o equal_o proportion_v so_o true_o and_o just_o by_o the_o art_n of_o the_o mint_n rectify_v that_o each_o prince_n his_o coin_n in_o exchange_n may_v have_v its_o due_a allowance_n according_a to_o the_o goodness_n and_o fineness_n coarsness_n and_o badness_n thereof_o and_o therefore_o herein_o to_o make_v and_o to_o settle_v this_o abovenamed_a par_n exact_o betwixt_o one_o kingdom_n and_o another_o we_o be_v to_o examine_v and_o compare_v not_o only_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o our_o own_o coin_n as_o they_o be_v in_o themselves_o but_o also_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n of_o those_o of_o other_o prince_n and_o country_n with_o the_o real_a proportion_n that_o happen_v therein_o not_o only_o between_o our_o own_o gold_n and_o silver_n but_o also_o between_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n of_o other_o country_n this_o examination_n comparison_n and_o proportion_n due_o right_o and_o real_o examine_v compare_v and_o proportion_v and_o no_o difference_n inequality_n or_o disproportion_n find_v or_o admit_v therein_o then_o may_v our_o exchange_n run_v at_o one_o and_o the_o same_o price_n and_o rate_n both_o for_o gold_n and_o silver_n take_v the_o denomination_n according_a to_o the_o valuation_n of_o the_o money_n of_o each_o country_n and_o kingdom_n hereby_o find_v how_o much_o fine_a silver_n or_o gold_n our_o own_o pound_n sterling_a contain_v and_o what_o quantity_n of_o other_o money_n either_o of_o france_n italy_n germany_n netherlands_o eastland_n etc._n etc._n this_o kingdom_n be_v to_o have_v in_o exchange_n to_o countervail_v the_o same_o in_o the_o weight_n and_o fineness_n answerable_a to_o our_o own_o be_v it_o by_o the_o pound_n dollar_n ducat_n crown_n or_o any_o other_o real_a or_o imaginary_a coin_n give_v always_o a_o value_n for_o value_v and_o receive_v the_o like_a which_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a consequence_n depend_v thereon_o i_o here_o call_v the_o prince_n his_o par_n in_o the_o exchange_n of_o his_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n with_o other_o country_n and_o kingdom_n par._n 2._o merchant_n par._n the_o second_o par_n i_o call_v the_o merchant_n or_o exchanger_n par_n in_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o be_v ground_v partly_o upon_o the_o sovereign_n or_o prince_n par_n abovementioned_a but_o principal_o upon_o the_o current_a value_n of_o the_o say_a coin_n the_o plenty_n and_o scarcity_n thereof_o the_o rise_n and_o fall_v inhansement_n and_o debasement_n of_o the_o same_o and_o therefore_o such_o merchant_n as_o be_v exchanger_n do_v endeavour_n by_o certain_a rule_n of_o exchange_n to_o equalise_v the_o valuation_n of_o the_o money_n of_o one_o prince_n or_o country_n with_o another_o and_o therefore_o every_o man_n that_o deliver_v his_o money_n in_o one_o country_n or_o place_n to_o have_v it_o in_o another_o be_v and_o aught_o to_o be_v ever_o curious_a to_o understand_v either_o the_o loss_n or_o gain_n that_o come_v thereof_o which_o be_v only_o and_o proper_o distinguish_v by_o the_o knowledge_n and_o find_v out_o this_o par_fw-fr aforementioned_a for_o find_v out_o of_o which_o it_o be_v requisite_a for_o he_o that_o remit_v to_o know_v either_o by_o his_o own_o advice_n judgement_n or_o otherwise_o how_o much_o the_o crown_n dollar_n ducat_n or_o pound_v whence_o he_o remit_v be_v worth_a in_o the_o place_n whither_o he_o will_v make_v his_o remittance_n unto_o as_o for_o example_n have_v money_n in_o lion_n in_o france_n which_o i_o will_v remit_v for_o antwerp_n i_o ought_v to_o know_v how_o much_o the_o crown_n of_o france_n be_v real_o worth_a in_o antwerp_n as_o presuppose_v that_o the_o crown_n of_o france_n of_o 67_o sol_n or_o 3_o l._n 7_o sols_n turnâ—…_n be_v worth_a by_o exchange_n according_a to_o the_o course_n thereof_o 100_o gross_v there_o i_o will_v then_o know_v what_o a_o real_a crown_n of_o 60_o sol_n or_o 3_o l._n turnois_n the_o crown_n wherein_o exchange_n be_v make_v be_v worth_a multiply_a and_o divide_v as_o the_o rule_n require_v it_o it_o will_v appear_v to_o be_v sols_n 89_o â—…_n 67_o gross_n which_o be_v indeed_o the_o true_a value_n of_o the_o crown_n if_o then_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v make_v for_o less_o than_o 89_o â—…_n 67_o gross_n per_fw-la crown_n of_o 3_o l._n turnois_n there_o be_v a_o loss_n thereby_o and_o if_o for_o more_o there_o be_v a_o gain_n thereby_o so_o that_o it_o be_v hereby_o evident_a that_o 89_o â—7_n 67_o gross_a be_v the_o par_fw-fr in_o exchange_n between_o these_o two_o country_n in_o the_o crown_n of_o france_n and_o in_o the_o gross_a of_o antwerp_n the_o which_o rule_n may_v serve_v as_o a_o example_n in_o remittance_n for_o all_o other_o place_n for_o it_o be_v not_o otherwise_o to_o be_v imagine_v that_o any_o positive_a rule_n can_v be_v set_v down_o herein_o consider_v the_o diversity_n of_o species_n which_o as_o i_o say_v before_o daily_o rise_v and_o fall_v and_o the_o price_n of_o the_o exchange_n which_o every_o day_n according_a to_o present_v occasion_n likewise_o alter_v find_v to_o be_v sometime_o at_o one_o rate_n and_o sometime_o at_o another_o and_o this_o par_n be_v the_o matter_n whereupon_o all_o merchant_n exchange_n for_o profit_n and_o loss_n be_v ground_v and_o be_v the_o par_fw-fr or_o value_v for_o value_n which_o in_o this_o follow_a tract_n i_o principal_o and_o fundamental_o aim_v at_o now_o the_o last_o thing_n considerable_a in_o this_o place_n and_o now_o to_o be_v observe_v be_v the_o method_n form_n and_o manner_n how_o the_o account_n of_o these_o divers_a exchange_n from_o one_o country_n to_o another_o be_v between_o one_o merchant_n and_o another_o cast_v up_o and_o calculate_v which_o indeed_o principal_o be_v the_o work_n of_o the_o pen_n and_o hand_n of_o the_o arithmetician_n which_o as_o a_o necessary_a adjunct_n and_o needful_a furtherance_n to_o the_o mystery_n of_o exchange_v i_o have_v hereto_o insert_v and_o have_v herein_o pitch_v upon_o the_o principal_a place_n here_o mention_v willing_o omit_v the_o least_o and_o rest_n of_o they_o have_v fit_v to_o such_o as_o i_o have_v conceive_v the_o most_o worthy_a apt_a question_n and_o their_o solution_n from_o one_o town_n or_o city_n to_o another_o with_o the_o denomination_n of_o their_o several_a account_n and_o species_n the_o manner_n of_o the_o brief_a calculation_n thereof_o and_o the_o short_a proof_n of_o each_o prescribe_a rule_n and_o position_n add_v for_o conclusion_n to_o each_o general_a city_n of_o exchange_n some_o example_n of_o order_n and_o commission_n give_v and_o receive_v in_o draught_n and_o remittance_n make_v according_a to_o the_o common_a custom_n and_o use_n of_o the_o place_n omit_v some_o other_o principal_a point_n wherein_o i_o may_v have_v enlarge_v both_o this_o matter_n and_o subject_n that_o the_o ingedious_a head_n and_o hand_n of_o the_o learner_n may_v have_v room_n and_o scope_n to_o work_v upon_o according_a either_o to_o his_o desire_n capacity_n or_o inclination_n chap_n ccciii_o of_o example_n upon_o the_o exchange_n practise_v at_o lion_n and_o how_o the_o the_o same_o be_v calculate_v lion_n example_n upon_o exchange_n in_o lion_n i_o have_v former_o note_v that_o the_o payment_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n at_o lion_n be_v only_o in_o use_n four_o time_n a_o year_n which_o be_v first_o 1._o the_o payment_n of_o roys_n begin_v the_o 6_o of_o march_n after_o their_o style_n and_o continue_v the_o rest_n of_o that_o month._n 2._o the_o payment_n of_o pasque_n or_o easter_n the_o 6_o of_o june_n 4._o the_o payment_n of_o august_n the_o 6_o of_o september_n 4._o the_o payment_n of_o all-saint_n the_o 6_o of_o december_n lion_n the_o custom_n of_o acceptation_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n in_o lion_n the_o acceptance_n of_o all_o bill_n of_o exchange_n here_o be_v always_o make_v the_o first_o day_n of_o the_o month_n of_o each_o payment_n which_o acceptance_n hold_v in_o themselves_o both_o a_o promise_n and_o
100_o and_o divide_v the_o same_o it_o will_v make_v duc._n 2500_o which_o florence_n be_v to_o have_v in_o venice_n and_o if_o there_o be_v any_o remain_v of_o the_o division_n they_o must_v be_v multiply_v by_o 24_o to_o make_v they_o gross_v because_o that_o 24_o gross_n make_v a_o duc._n of_o lib._n 6._o 4_o sols_n example_n proof_n proof_n the_o proof_n of_o the_o say_a account_n be_v more_o evident_a when_o venice_n do_v rechange_v for_o florence_n chap._n cccciv_n of_o the_o exchange_n of_o florence_n with_o rome_n rome_n exchange_n of_o florence_n with_o rome_n florence_n be_v say_v to_o exchange_n with_o rome_n and_o give_v 100_o crown_n of_o gold_n to_o have_v in_o the_o say_a place_n posito_fw-la crown_v 92¼_n of_o gold_n of_o estampe_n i_o demand_v then_o for_o crow_n 1600_o 2_o sol_n 5_o den._n of_o gold_n of_o florence_n how_o many_o crown_n of_o gold_n of_o estampe_n shall_v florence_n have_v credit_n for_o in_o rome_n first_o multiply_v the_o say_a sum_n of_o crown_n of_o gold_n at_o 92¼_n per_fw-la cent_n and_o multiply_v the_o remainder_n by_o 20_o and_o by_o 12_o to_o bring_v they_o into_o sols_n and_o denier_n of_o gold_n and_o they_o make_v crown_n 1476_o 2_o sol_n 2_o den._n of_o gold_n which_o shall_v be_v have_v in_o rome_n as_o for_o example_n proof_n proof_n the_o proof_n of_o the_o say_a rule_n be_v evident_a when_o this_o parcel_n be_v rechange_v from_o rome_n to_o flounce_v chap._n ccccu._n of_o the_o exchange_n of_o florence_n with_o naples_n naples_n exchange_n of_o florence_n with_o naples_n florence_n exchange_v with_o naples_n and_o give_v crow_n 100_o of_o gold_n to_o have_v in_o naples_n posito_fw-la duc._n 119â…”_n of_o tarry_v 5_o per_fw-mi duc._n i_o demand_v then_o for_o crow_n 780._o 15_o of_o gold_n what_o credit_n in_o duc._n shall_v florence_n have_v in_o naples_n to_o do_v which_o first_o multiply_v the_o say_a sum_n of_o crow_n of_o gold_n by_o grain_n 119â…”_n per_fw-la crown_n because_o it_o be_v so_o many_o grain_n per_fw-mi crow_n as_o it_o come_v to_o be_v duc._n for_o crow_n 100_o and_o they_o make_v grain_n 93429._o of_o which_o cut_v off_o the_o two_o last_o figure_n to_o make_v they_o ducat_n say_v that_o the_o duc._n be_v worth_n 100_o grain_n and_o they_o make_v duc._n 934._o and_o for_o the_o grain_n 29_o tarry_v 1_o and_o grain_n 9_o and_o so_o much_o credit_n shall_v florence_n have_v in_o naples_n as_o by_o this_o example_n be_v show_v proof_n proof_n the_o proof_n of_o this_o rule_n be_v manifest_v when_o naples_n be_v see_v to_o exchange_v with_o florence_n chap._n ccccvi_n of_o the_o exchange_n of_o florence_n with_o antwerp_n antwerp_n exchange_n of_o florence_n with_o antwerp_n florence_n do_v exchange_n with_o antwerp_n and_o give_v one_o crown_n of_o gold_n to_o have_v in_o the_o say_a place_n groff_n 112½_n posito_fw-la i_o demand_v then_o for_o crown_n 1400._o 12._o 8._o of_o gold_n how_o many_o pound_n of_o groff_n be_o i_o to_o have_v in_o antwerp_n to_o do_v this_o multiply_v the_o say_a sum_n of_o crown_n by_o the_o say_a price_n of_o gross_n 112½_n and_o it_o make_v gross_v 157571._o of_o which_o take_v the_o 1½_n to_o make_v they_o sols_n and_o they_o make_v sol_n 13130_o and_o gross_a 11._o which_o to_o reduce_v to_o pound_n cut_v off_o the_o last_o figure_n of_o the_o say_a sol_n or_o shilling_n and_o take_v ½_n of_o the_o rest_n and_o it_o make_v pound_n 656_o and_o for_o the_o ten_o that_o be_v remain_v it_o be_v to_o be_v account_v 10_o sol_n and_o if_o the_o figure_n cut_v off_o have_v be_v any_o number_n it_o shall_v have_v be_v add_v to_o the_o 10_o sol_n and_o it_o thus_o make_v pound_n 656._o 10._o 11._o money_n of_o antwerp_n proof_n proof_n the_o proof_n of_o the_o say_a account_n be_v see_v when_o that_o antwerp_n do_v exchange_n with_o florence_n london_n note_v florence_n with_o london_n note_v that_o when_o florence_n do_v exchange_n for_o london_n which_o be_v seldom_o in_o use_n the_o rule_n of_o cast_v up_o the_o same_o in_o sterling_a money_n be_v this_o as_o above_o with_o antwerp_n in_o flemish_a pound_n chap._n ccccvii_n to_o reduce_v crown_n of_o 7_o l._n in_o florence_n into_o crown_n of_o gold_n of_o lyre_n 7½_n if_o in_o florence_n you_o will_v reduce_v any_o sum_n of_o crown_n of_o money_n of_o lyre_n 7_o l._n per_fw-la crow_n into_o crown_n of_o gold_n of_o lyre_n 7_o l._n ½_n you_o must_v take_v the_o 1â…•_n of_o the_o crow_n of_o money_n and_o the_o remainder_n will_v be_v crown_n of_o gold_n and_o if_o again_o you_o will_v reduce_v crown_n of_o gold_n into_o crown_n of_o money_n you_o must_v add_v contrary_o to_o the_o crow_n of_o gold_n 1¼_n and_o they_o will_v be_v so_o many_o crown_n of_o money_n as_o for_o example_n chap._n ccccviii_n of_o the_o term_n of_o payment_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n in_o florence_n the_o term_n of_o payment_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v find_v to_o be_v from_o florence_n to_o naples_n at_o 10_o day_n sight_n and_o from_o thence_o at_o 15_o day_n sight_n to_o rome_n at_o 10_o day_n sight_n and_o so_o back_o to_o venice_n at_o 5_o day_n sight_n and_o thence_o at_o 20_o day_n after_o date_n to_o bologna_n at_o 3_o day_n sight_n and_o so_o back_o and_o so_o for_o pisa_n to_o ferrara_n at_o 5_o day_n sight_n and_o so_o back_o to_o perugia_n and_o sciena_n at_o 2_o day_n sight_n and_o so_o back_o to_o genoa_n at_o 8_o day_n sight_n and_o so_o back_o to_o avignon_n at_o 30_o day_n after_o date_n and_o thence_o 45_o day_n after_o date_n to_o gaietta_n at_o 10_o day_n sight_n and_o so_o back_o to_o paris_n 2_o month_n after_o sight_n and_o so_o back_o to_o milan_n at_o 5_o day_n sight_n and_o so_o back_o to_o palermo_n and_o mesina_n at_o 15_o day_n sight_n and_o so_o back_o to_o ancona_n at_o 10_o day_n sight_n and_o so_o back_o to_o barselona_n at_o 2_o month_n after_o date_n and_o so_o back_o to_o valentia_n at_o 40_o day_n sight_n and_o so_o back_o to_o bruges_n and_o antwerp_n at_o 2_o month_n after_o date_n and_o so_o back_o to_o london_n at_o 3_o month_n after_o date_n and_o so_o back_o to_o genoa_n at_o the_o fair_n and_o thence_o 15_o day_n sight_n back_o to_o lion_n to_o the_o fair_a and_o from_o fair_a to_o fair._n to_o milan_n at_o 10_o day_n fight_v and_o so_o back_o to_o aquila_n and_o sermona_n at_o 11_o day_n sight_n to_o comerino_n at_o 8_o day_n sight_n and_o so_o back_o chap._n ccccix._n of_o order_n and_o commission_n give_v and_o receive_v for_o draught_n and_o remittance_n by_o exchange_n in_o the_o city_n of_o florence_n in_o tuscany_n florence_n order_n and_o commission_n give_v and_o receive_v for_o draught_n and_o remittance_n by_o exchange_n in_o florence_n according_a to_o my_o propose_a method_n i_o will_v here_o set_v down_o a_o example_n or_o two_o of_o draught_n and_o remittance_n make_v by_o order_n and_o commission_n in_o florence_n example_n 1_o example_n to_o florence_n then_o come_v advice_n from_o venice_n that_o the_o exchange_n for_o the_o say_a place_n of_o florence_n come_v at_o crow_n 80½_n and_o for_o placentia_n at_o duc._n 135½_n they_o inorder_n in_o the_o say_a place_n of_o venice_n that_o at_o this_o rate_n they_o make_v a_o remittance_n to_o florence_n and_o draw_v from_o placentia_n at_o how_o much_o than_o will_v the_o draught_n of_o florence_n for_o placentia_n come_v unto_o to_o do_v this_o multiply_v duc._n 135½_n which_o be_v the_o value_n of_o 100_o crow_n of_o mark_n by_o crow_n 80½_n of_o gold_n per_fw-la cent_n because_o the_o say_a crow_n of_o gold_n be_v the_o rate_n of_o the_o duc._n 100_o of_o venice_n and_o it_o will_v be_v crow_n 109._o 19_o from_o which_o take_v 2_o â—_o per_fw-la cent_n for_o the_o provision_n pay_v at_o venice_n and_o there_o will_v rest_v crow_n 108._o 12._o 10._o and_o so_o many_o crow_n of_o gold_n be_v imburse_v at_o florence_n for_o 100_o crow_n of_o mark_n for_o a_o debt_n at_o placentia_n as_o thus_o for_o example_n example_n 2_o example_n again_o one_o of_o venice_n be_v creditor_n in_o florence_n crow_n 3000_o of_o gold_n who_o inorder_v that_o the_o same_o be_v remit_v unto_o he_o at_o crow_n 81½_n or_o by_o placentia_n at_o crow_n 110_o where_o the_o most_o advance_v and_o profit_n shall_v appear_v to_o be_v that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o find_v a_o remittance_n in_o both_o place_n to_o benefit_n of_o the_o price_n limit_v the_o remittance_n shall_v be_v where_o the_o profit_n and_o benefit_n be_v great_a and_o find_v the_o remittance_n to_o loss_n the_o remittance_n be_v make_v where_o the_o damage_n be_v least_o there_o be_v then_o bill_n find_v for_o venice_n at_o crow_n 82¼_n and_o for_o placentia_n at_o crow_n 110â…š_n i_o demand_v by_o which_o of_o the_o two_o
3._o the_o party_n that_o be_v to_o pay_v the_o bill_n for_o the_o taker_n direct_v the_o bill_n to_o his_o friend_n or_o servant_n to_o pay_v the_o same_o now_o this_o way_n of_o exchange_n be_v very_o useful_a according_a as_o occasion_n may_v be_v for_o suppose_v i_o be_v to_o go_v from_o london_n to_o plymouth_n there_o to_o employ_v some_o money_n in_o the_o buy_n of_o some_o coromodity_n i_o deliver_v my_o money_n here_o in_o london_n to_o some_o body_n who_o give_v i_o his_o bill_n of_o exchange_n on_o his_o friend_n factor_n or_o servant_n at_o plymouth_n payable_a to_o myself_o so_o i_o carry_v the_o bill_n along_o with_o i_o and_o receive_v my_o money_n myself_o by_o virtue_n thereof_o at_o plymouth_n another_o way_n wherein_o only_o three_o person_n be_v needful_a in_o the_o negotiation_n of_o money_n by_o exchange_n namely_o first_o the_o drawer_n second_o the_o party_n on_o who_o it_o be_v draw_v three_o the_o party_n to_o who_o it_o be_v payable_a 1._o the_o drawer_n have_v money_n in_o his_o hand_n belong_v to_o the_o party_n to_o who_o he_o order_v the_o bill_n to_o be_v pay_v do_v make_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n himself_o confess_v the_o value_n receive_v in_o his_o own_o hand_n 2._o charge_v it_o on_o his_o friend_n or_o factor_n 3._o payable_a to_o the_o party_n to_o who_o he_o be_v indebt_v there_o be_v yet_o one_o way_n more_o wherein_o money_n may_v be_v remit_v by_o exchange_n only_o with_o the_o help_n of_o three_o person_n 1._o the_o taker_n 2._o the_o deliverer_n 3._o the_o party_n to_o who_o payable_a as_o thus_o if_o i_o be_v at_o dartmouth_n or_o exon_n and_o intend_v to_o come_v to_o london_n i_o will_v take_v up_o money_n by_o exchange_n at_o dartmouth_n or_o exon_n and_o subscribe_v bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o the_o same_o confess_v the_o value_n receive_v of_o the_o deliverer_n direct_v or_o draw_v on_o myself_o payable_a to_o who_o the_o deliverer_n shall_v appoint_v in_o london_n two_o person_n to_o make_v a_o exchange_n likewise_o a_o parcel_n of_o money_n may_v be_v do_v by_o exchange_n between_o two_o person_n first_o the_o drawer_n and_o second_o the_o party_n on_o who_o it_o be_v draw_v the_o drawer_n he_o make_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n payable_a to_o himself_o or_o order_n for_o the_o value_n in_o himself_o and_o subscribe_v the_o bill_n and_o direct_v it_o to_o the_o party_n that_o owe_v he_o money_n and_o be_v to_o pay_v it_o by_o exchange_n by_o which_o bill_n when_o the_o party_n on_o who_o it_o be_v draw_v have_v accept_v it_o he_o become_v debtor_n to_o the_o drawer_n and_o he_o before_o the_o bill_n fall_v due_a do_v negotiate_v the_o parcel_n with_o another_o man_n and_o so_o draw_v in_o the_o money_n at_o the_o place_n where_o he_o live_v and_o make_v only_o a_o assignment_n on_o the_o bill_n payable_a to_o he_o of_o who_o he_o have_v receive_v the_o value_n the_o usefulness_n of_o frame_v bill_n of_o exchange_n after_o these_o several_a form_n beforementioned_a will_v be_v find_v out_o according_a as_o each_o man_n occasion_n shall_v present_v in_o his_o trade_n and_o commerce_n by_o exchange_n which_o be_v so_o necessary_a that_o there_o be_v fierce_a a_o merchant_n but_o at_o some_o time_n or_o other_o one_o way_n or_o other_o do_v either_o receive_v or_o pay_v money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n all_o these_o manner_n of_o exchange_n beforementioned_a be_v term_v real_a exchange_n because_o it_o be_v a_o thing_n real_o do_v and_o the_o money_n real_o exchange_v from_o one_o place_n to_o another_o there_o be_v other_o exchange_n of_o money_n so_o call_v but_o improper_o as_o dry_v exchange_n feign_a or_o imaginary_a exchange_n small_a or_o petty_a exchange_n dry_v exchange_n dry_v exchange_n be_v when_o i_o have_v occasion_n for_o monies_n desire_v a_o banker_n to_o lend_v i_o 100_o l._n at_o interest_n for_o a_o certain_a time_n the_o banker_n unwilling_a to_o deliver_v at_o interest_n offer_v i_o 100_o l._n by_o exchange_n for_o amsterdam_n whereunto_o i_o agree_v but_o not_o have_v any_o correspondence_n there_o the_o banker_n bid_v i_o make_v my_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o so_o much_o money_n to_o be_v pay_v at_o double_a or_o treble_a usance_n at_o amsterdam_n by_o any_o imaginary_a body_n at_o the_o price_n the_o exchange_n shall_v there_o go_v at_o which_o i_o do_v the_o time_n be_v run_v out_o come_v a_o protest_v from_o amsterdam_n for_o nonpayment_n with_o their_o exchange_n of_o the_o money_n from_o amsterdam_n to_o london_n all_o which_o with_o cost_v i_o must_v repay_v he_o here_o in_o london_n for_o the_o money_n he_o lend_v i_o feign_a exchange_n feign_a exchange_n be_v when_o i_o owe_v a_o banker_n monies_n and_o have_v none_o at_o present_a to_o pay_v i_o desire_v time_n the_o banker_n grant_v it_o i_o but_o i_o be_o to_o pay_v he_o his_o money_n by_o exchange_n at_o the_o time_n at_o roven_n yet_o we_o be_v agree_v between_o ourselves_o that_o if_o i_o pay_v it_o he_o here_o in_o london_n at_o the_o time_n than_o i_o be_o free_a otherwise_o i_o be_o bind_v as_o above_o in_o the_o interim_n the_o banker_n write_v to_o his_o friend_n at_o roven_n that_o against_o such_o a_o time_n he_o send_v he_o from_o thence_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o the_o like_a sum_n feign_v that_o he_o owe_v it_o he_o there_o after_o the_o time_n be_v expire_v come_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n from_o roven_n to_o pay_v here_o so_o much_o as_o he_o owe_v there_o with_o the_o rechange_v all_o which_o the_o banker_n put_v to_o my_o account_n and_o per_fw-la our_o agreement_n will_v force_v i_o to_o pay_v in_o case_n i_o do_v not_o pay_v he_o here_o at_o the_o time_n agree_v upon_o petty_a exchange_n petty_a exchange_n be_v the_o change_a of_o one_o sort_n of_o money_n for_o another_o as_o to_o exchange_v 20_o s._n in_o silver_n for_o 21_o s._n in_o brass_n or_o copper_n farthing_n and_o the_o like_a but_o these_o three_o last-mentioned_a kind_n of_o exchange_n i_o intend_v not_o to_o insist_v upon_o in_o this_o ensue_a treatise_n in_o regard_n they_o be_v not_o so_o commendable_a as_o the_o real_a exchange_n nor_o as_o i_o conceive_v much_o practise_v in_o these_o part_n pair_n pair_n as_o the_o french_a call_v it_o be_v to_o equalise_v match_n or_o make_v even_o the_o money_n of_o exchange_n from_o one_o place_n with_o that_o of_o another_o when_o i_o take_v up_o so_o much_o money_n per_fw-la exchange_n in_o one_o place_n to_o pay_v the_o just_a value_n thereof_o in_o other_o kind_n of_o money_n in_o another_o place_n without_o have_v respect_n to_o the_o price_n currant_n of_o exchange_n for_o the_o same_o but_o only_o to_o what_o the_o money_n be_v worth_a and_o do_v current_o pass_v for_o in_o each_o place_n according_a whereunto_o be_v easy_o find_v out_o the_o profit_n and_o loss_n which_o from_o time_n to_o time_n be_v make_v in_o whatever_o parcel_n of_o money_n draw_v or_o remit_v by_o exchange_n and_o it_o be_v likewise_o deliver_v money_n at_o pair_n when_o there_o be_v receive_v in_o one_o town_n just_a so_o much_o money_n as_o be_v deliver_v by_o exchange_n in_o another_o town_n as_o when_o i_o deliver_v by_o exchange_n 100_o l._n sterling_a at_o york_n to_o receive_v 100_o l._n sterling_a at_o london_n which_o be_v do_v only_o by_o the_o loss_n of_o time_n for_o what_o part_v the_o exchange_n be_v make_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n of_o monies_n from_o one_o country_n to_o another_o be_v usual_o make_v from_o and_o to_o the_o most_o eminent_a city_n or_o town_n in_o each_o place_n or_o country_n where_o commerce_n and_o trade_n be_v hold_v between_o merchant_n in_o exchange_n of_o monies_n and_o the_o trade_n cease_v at_o any_o town_n the_o price_n currant_n for_o exchange_n for_o that_o town_n cease_v with_o it_o as_o for_o instance_n when_o the_o english_a merchant-adventurer_n have_v their_o factor_n and_o company_n at_o delft_n then_o there_o be_v a_o price_n currant_n of_o exchange_n from_o london_n to_o delft_n but_o the_o company_n remove_v from_o delft_n to_o rotterdam_n where_o they_o be_v at_o present_a there_o be_v now_o no_o price_n currant_n of_o exchange_n from_o london_n to_o delft_n but_o from_o london_n to_o rotterdam_n upon_o what_o the_o exchange_n be_v value_v now_o most_o country_n use_v several_a kind_n of_o money_n different_a in_o value_n one_o from_o another_o the_o exchange_n be_v value_v or_o rate_v upon_o some_o one_o certain_a most_o considerable_a species_n or_o sort_n of_o money_n for_o each_o country_n or_o town_n as_o follow_v the_o exchange_n of_o monies_n from_o london_n to_o antwerp_n amsterdam_n middleborough_n lisle_n and_o rotterdam_n be_v usual_o account_v and_o value_v on_o the_o pound_n sterling_a of_o 20_o s._n english_a money_n that_o be_v to_o say_v to_o pay_v after_o the_o
present_o the_o same_o day_n and_o in_o convenient_a time_n of_o the_o day_n to_o carry_v bank_n the_o bill_n to_o the_o party_n of_o who_o i_o receive_v it_o that_o so_o he_o may_v cause_v the_o same_o to_o be_v protest_v for_o nonpayment_n if_o he_o please_v and_o may_v not_o be_v any_o way_n prejudice_v through_o my_o detention_n of_o his_o bill_n beyond_o the_o due_a time_n and_o usual_o the_o party_n of_o who_o i_o do_v receive_v such_o a_o bill_n to_o go_v for_o my_o money_n do_v give_v i_o order_n in_o case_n i_o have_v not_o my_o money_n pay_v i_o either_o to_o bring_v he_o back_o the_o bill_n again_o or_o else_o to_o carry_v it_o to_o a_o notary_n to_o be_v protest_v and_o come_v to_o he_o and_o he_o will_v pay_v i_o which_o if_o he_o do_v not_o and_o that_o it_o be_v the_o three_o day_n of_o my_o bill_n i_o must_v likewise_o protest_v it_o against_o he_o for_o want_v of_o present_a payment_n several_a form_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n in_o several_a language_n laus_fw-la deo_fw-la in_o london_n this_o 16_o of_o novemb_n 1654._o for_o 100_o l._n sterling_a at_o six_o day_n sight_n pay_v this_o my_o first_o bill_n of_o exchange_n to_o mr._n abraham_n p._n or_o assign_v one_o hundred_o pound_n sterling_a for_o the_o value_n here_o receive_v of_o mr._n john_n d._n make_v good_a payment_n and_o put_v it_o to_o account_n as_o per_fw-la advice_n your_o love_a friend_n william_n m._n to_o mr._n francis_n w._n merchant_n dd_a in_o exon._n p_o â—_o laus_fw-la deo_fw-la in_o london_n the_o 16_o of_o november_n 1654._o for_o 100_o l._n sterling_a at_o six_o day_n sight_n pay_v this_o my_o second_o bill_n of_o exchange_n my_o first_o not_o pay_v to_o mr._n abraham_n p._n or_o assign_v one_o hundred_o pound_n sterling_a for_o the_o value_n here_o receive_v of_o mr._n john_n d._n make_v good_a payment_n and_o put_v it_o to_o account_n as_o per_fw-la advice_n your_o love_a friend_n william_n m._n to_o mr._n francis_n w._n merchant_n dd_a in_o exon._n s_o dâ—_n if_o he_o who_o under-writes_a the_o bill_n be_v to_o make_v himself_o debtor_n than_o he_o write_v in_o the_o bill_n and_o put_v it_o to_o my_o account_n but_o if_o he_o who_o ought_v to_o pay_v it_o and_o to_o who_o it_o be_v direct_v be_v debtor_n to_o the_o drawer_n than_o he_o write_v and_o put_v it_o to_o your_o account_n also_o sometime_o it_o be_v express_v in_o the_o bill_n thus_o and_o put_v it_o to_o the_o account_n of_o such_o a_o one_o laus_fw-la deo_fw-la in_o london_n this_o 17_o of_o novemb_n 1654._o for_o 100_o l._n at_o 36_o s._n 8_o d._n flemish_n per_fw-la pound_n at_o usance_n pay_v this_o my_o first_o bill_n of_o exchange_n to_o mr._n cornelius_n vande_n b._n or_o order_n one_o hundred_o pound_n sterling_a at_o 36_o s._n 8_o d._n flemish_n per_fw-la pound_n sterling_a for_o the_o value_n here_o receive_v of_o mr._n john_n c._n make_v good_a payment_n and_o put_v it_o to_o account_n as_o per_fw-la advice_n your_o love_a friend_n thomas_n d._n to_o mr._n peter_n e._n merchant_n dd_a in_o amsterdam_n p_o â—_o the_o second_o bill_n be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o first_o only_o with_o this_o alteration_n and_o addition_n at_o usance_n not_o have_v my_o first_o pay_v this_o my_o second_o bill_n of_o exchange_n to_o mr._n cornelius_n vande_n b._n or_o order_n etc._n etc._n laus_fw-la deo_fw-la in_o london_n adj_fw-la 17_o novemb_n 1654._o for_o 333¼_n â–¿_o at_o 52_o d._n sterling_a per_fw-la â–¿_o at_o double_a usance_n pay_v this_o my_o first_o bill_n of_o exchange_n to_o mr._n robert_n a._n or_o assign_v the_o sum_n of_o three_o hundred_o and_o thirty_o three_o crown_n and_o 〈◊〉_d three_o for_o the_o value_n here_o receive_v of_o mr._n henry_n b._n and_o put_v it_o to_o account_n as_o per_fw-la advice_n your_o love_a friend_n richard_n c._n to_o mr._n charles_n d._n merchant_n dd_a in_o roven_n p_o â—_o laus_fw-la deo_fw-la in_o london_n adj_fw-la 17_o novemb_n 1654._o for_o d_o it_o be_v 564¼_n at_o 51_o d._n ½_n sterling_a per_fw-la dt._n three_o month_n after_o date_n pay_v this_o my_o first_o bill_n of_o exchange_n to_o mr._n daniel_n a._n or_o order_n ducat_n five_o hundred_o threescore_o and_o four_o and_o one_o quarter_n in_o banco_n for_o the_o value_n here_o receive_v of_o mr._n john_n b._n and_o put_v it_o to_o account_n as_o per_fw-la advice_n william_n c._n to_o mr._n thomas_n d._n merchant_n in_o venice_n p_o â—_o ihus_fw-la malaga_n 13_o noviembre_n 1654._o a._n son_n 132_o l._n 7_o s._n 6_o d._n a_o quarenta_fw-la dias_fw-la vista_n pagara_fw-la v._n m._n por_fw-mi esta_fw-es mi_fw-mi teroera_fw-it no_o aviendo_fw-la pagado_fw-it por_fw-mi la_fw-fr pri_fw-la mera_fw-fr y_fw-fr segunda_fw-la ala_fw-la voluntad_fw-es de_fw-fr diego_n p._n ciento_n treynta_fw-mi y_fw-mi do_v libras_fw-la siete_n sueldoi_fw-la y_fw-es seis_fw-mi peniques_n esterlinus_n valour_n aqui_fw-la recevida_fw-la de_fw-la henrique_n g._n that_o sutiempo_fw-la ara_fw-la v._o m._n buen_fw-es pago_fw-la a_fw-fr sentandolas_fw-mi come_v a_o viso_fw-la xpto_fw-la con_fw-mi todo_fw-es antonio_n de_fw-fr s._n a_o juan_n d._n g_o de_o dios_n londres_n adj._n 18_o augusti_n 1654._o in_o venetia_n dt._n 1000_o a_o d._n 54_o per_fw-la d_o to_z auso_fw-la pagate_v per_fw-la qa._n pma._n di_o cambio_n alli_fw-la ss_z ri_o f._n the_o v._o &_o figli_fw-la d'ham_fw-la â—_o o_o chi_fw-mi ordinerannâ—_n d_o ti_fw-mi mille_fw-fr a_fw-fr d_o cinquanta_fw-la quatre_fw-fr per_fw-la d_o to_o valuta_fw-la contmi._n e_o ponete_v come_v vi_fw-la s'avisa_fw-la a_o dio_fw-mi tomaso_n d._n al_n madge_n co_fw-la s_o â—_o ricardo_n w._n in_o pma_z londra_fw-fr the_o assignment_n on_o the_o backside_n be_v thus_o et_fw-la per_fw-la noi_fw-it pagate_v il_fw-fr contenuto_fw-mi diquesta_fw-it senza_fw-it aitra_fw-la procura_fw-la all_o sr._n gio._n w._n cambiati_n con_fw-mi sr._n francisco_n r._n hamburgo_fw-la 28_o augusti_fw-la 1654._o per_fw-la f._n the_o v._o &_o figli_fw-la livorno_n the_o 21_o novemb_n 1654._o per_fw-la l._n 239_o 13_o 9_o sterl_n at_o 59_o d._n dollar_n 975._o three_o month_n after_o date_n of_o this_o my_o first_o bill_n of_o exchange_n my_o second_o or_o three_o not_o be_v pay_v pay_v unto_o mr._n william_n g._n or_o assign_v the_o sum_n of_o two_o hundred_o thirty_o and_o nine_o pound_n thirteen_o shilling_n and_o nine_o penny_n sterling_a for_o the_o value_n receive_v here_o of_o mr._n thomas_n w._n place_v it_o to_o account_v as_o per_fw-la advice_n thomas_n s._n to_o mr._n robert_n b._n merchant_n in_o london_n p_o â—_o amsterdam_n adj_fw-la 27_o octob._n 1654._o voor_fw-mi 100_o l._n sterl_n open_v uso_fw-la betaelt_fw-mi desen_fw-mi my_o eersten_a wisselbrief_n ten_o sr._n jan_n e._n oft_o order_fw-fr hondert_fw-ge ponden_fw-ge sterlinex_n valuta_n van_n sr._n robert_n g._n stelt_v open_fw-mi my_o rekeninge_v all_o be_v per_fw-la advy_n martin_n p._n ersamen_fw-la sr._n willem_n s._n coopman_n tot_fw-mi london_n p_o â—_o a_o paris_n ce_fw-fr 10_o juillet_n 1654._o pour_v 450_o â–¿_o a_o 52_o d._n sterl_n per_fw-la â–¿_o a_o double_a usance_n payez_fw-fr per_fw-la ceste_fw-fr premiere_fw-la de_fw-fr change_n a_o monsr_n paul_n m._n ou_fw-fr a_fw-fr son_fw-fr order_fw-fr quatre_fw-fr centz_n escus_fw-la a_o cinquante_fw-la deux_fw-fr deniers_fw-fr sterlin_n pour_fw-fr escu_n valleur_fw-fr receu_fw-fr de_fw-fr mounseur_fw-fr franceis_n l._n &_o passez_fw-fr a_fw-fr compte_fw-fr suivant_fw-fr l'advys_fw-fr de_fw-fr ure_n treshumble_fw-fr serviteur_fw-fr daniel_n f._n mounseur_fw-fr mounseur_fw-fr guillaume_n g._n merchant_n a_o londres_n p_o â—_o if_o there_o be_v a_o assignment_n on_o the_o backside_n thereof_o it_o run_v thus_o le_fw-fr contenu_fw-fr de_fw-fr ceste_fw-fr payez_fw-fr au_fw-fr sr._n pierre_n h._n ou_fw-fr order_fw-fr valleur_fw-fr du_fw-fr sr._n jean_n c._n paris_n 26_o i_n novembre_n 1654._o paul_n m._n rotterdam_n 2_o oct._n 1654._o for_o 200_o l._n sterl_n at_o double_a usance_n pay_v this_o my_o first_o of_o exchange_n to_o mr._n roger_n c._n or_o assign_v two_o hundred_o pound_n sterling_a for_o the_o value_n receive_v of_o himself_o and_o put_v it_o to_o account_n of_o g._n p._n as_o per_fw-la advice_n your_o love_a friend_n john_n m._n to_o mr._n peter_n h._n merchant_n in_o london_n p_o â—_o if_o this_o bill_n be_v negotiate_v by_o exchange_n or_o the_o money_n take_v in_o and_o so_o to_o be_v assign_v over_o to_o another_o man_n the_o assignment_n must_v be_v write_v on_o the_o backside_n of_o the_o bill_n thus_o pay_v the_o content_n on_o the_o other_o side_n hereof_o to_o mr._n humphrey_n n._n or_o assign_v value_v of_o mr._n joseph_n b._n rotterdam_n 4_o oct._n 1654._o roger_n c._n but_o if_o humphrey_n n._n do_v likewise_o assign_v the_o same_o bill_n for_o his_o account_n than_o he_o write_v only_o thus_o pay_v the_o content_n hereof_o to_o mr._n john_n d._n humphrey_n n._n take_v up_o money_n for_o another_o man_n how_o perform_v if_o a_o man_n will_v take_v up_o money_n by_o exchange_n and_o he_o be_v
therefore_o conclude_v that_o he_o have_v no_o good_n to_o sell_v ought_v not_o i_o rather_o to_o be_v blame_v to_o give_v disturbance_n to_o he_o at_o such_o a_o hour_n of_o the_o night_n i_o can_v say_v much_o in_o this_o particular_a but_o as_o i_o desire_v not_o to_o give_v advantage_n to_o any_o ill_n affect_v to_o forbear_v payment_n of_o money_n due_a by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n whensoever_o the_o same_o be_v just_o and_o right_o demand_v so_o i_o dare_v not_o conclude_v a_o protest_n to_o be_v legal_o make_v at_o any_o hour_n of_o the_o night_n or_o at_o a_o unseasonable_a time_n you_o can_v err_v in_o cause_v protest_v to_o be_v make_v if_o occasion_n be_v on_o a_o work_a day_n before_o noon_n or_o after_o noon_n in_o the_o time_n that_o man_n do_v general_o use_v and_o exercise_v commerce_n and_o trade_n as_o well_o in_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o good_n as_o in_o pay_v and_o receive_v of_o money_n and_o therefore_o to_o prevent_v all_o objection_n which_o may_v be_v make_v against_o the_o legality_n of_o the_o protest_v nota._n nota._n i_o will_v advise_v every_o one_o that_o have_v occasion_n to_o cause_n protest_v to_o be_v make_v for_o nonpayment_n to_o play_v above_o board_n and_o to_o let_v their_o protest_n be_v make_v at_o convenient_a time_n as_o be_v before_o declare_v for_o you_o be_v not_o bound_v not_o to_o protest_v until_o the_o last_o hour_n of_o the_o three_o day_n after_o the_o bill_n be_v due_a but_o you_o be_v bind_v by_o the_o law_n of_o merchant_n use_v in_o england_n to_o protest_v within_o the_o three_o day_n and_o before_o the_o last_o hour_n be_v expire_v which_o be_v general_o take_v at_o sun_n set_v or_o thereabouts_o wherefore_o you_o may_v as_o well_o protest_v in_o the_o forenoon_n as_o in_o the_o afternoon_n and_o as_o well_o at_o two_o of_o the_o clock_n in_o the_o afternoon_n as_o at_o four_o of_o the_o clock_n and_o therefore_o be_v sure_a you_o do_v not_o prejudice_v yourself_o in_o tarry_v beyond_o your_o time_n before_o you_o cause_n protest_v to_o be_v make_v for_o nonpayment_n of_o your_o bill_n in_o case_n it_o be_v not_o pay_v before_o the_o three_o day_n protest_v return_v for_o non-acceptance_n or_o want_v of_o better_a security_n when_o any_o protest_n be_v return_v unto_o you_o for_o want_v of_o acceptance_n or_o for_o want_n of_o better_a security_n upon_o receipt_n thereof_o you_o must_v present_o repair_v with_o the_o protest_v to_o the_o party_n to_o who_o you_o deliver_v your_o money_n upon_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n which_o be_v either_o the_o drawer_n or_o indorse_o and_o upon_o sight_n of_o the_o protest_v he_o must_v give_v you_o good_a security_n to_o your_o content_n for_o the_o money_n so_o take_v up_o by_o exchange_n to_o be_v bind_v to_o repay_v the_o same_o with_o rechange_v and_o cost_n in_o case_n it_o be_v not_o pay_v at_o the_o time_n by_o the_o party_n on_o who_o it_o be_v draw_v and_o therefore_o the_o usual_a custom_n be_v in_o this_o case_n that_o the_o drawer_n or_o indorse_o have_v receive_v the_o value_n must_v procure_v a_o able_a man_n some_o friend_n of_o he_o to_o underwrite_v the_o protest_n which_o be_v come_v for_o not_o acceptance_n or_o for_o want_n of_o better_a security_n use_v these_o or_o the_o like_a word_n i_o here_o under-written_a do_v bind_v myself_o as_o principal_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n for_o the_o sum_n of_o money_n mention_v in_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n whereupon_o this_o protest_n be_v make_v london_n this_o nine_o of_o february_n 1654._o john_n g._n protest_v for_o nonpayment_n return_v but_o if_o a_o protest_v be_v return_v for_o want_v of_o payment_n and_o if_o you_o have_v have_v security_n already_o give_v you_o on_o the_o protest_n for_o non-acceptance_n or_o for_o want_n of_o better_a security_n then_o upon_o receipt_n of_o your_o protest_n for_o nonpayment_n you_o may_v only_o acquaint_v the_o drawer_n or_o party_n that_o take_v up_o the_o money_n therewith_o and_o tarry_v out_o the_o same_o proportion_n of_o time_n at_o which_o the_o bill_n be_v make_v payable_a to_o be_v account_v from_o the_o time_n it_o fall_v due_a before_o you_o demand_v your_o principal_a money_n with_o the_o rechange_v and_o charge_n of_o the_o party_n that_o draw_v the_o bill_n or_o of_o his_o surety_n who_o according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o merchant_n be_v bind_v joint_o and_o several_o to_o repay_v the_o same_o upon_o the_o protest_v for_o nonpayment_n but_o if_o the_o bill_n be_v accept_v and_o the_o acceptor_n not_o fail_v so_o that_o there_o be_v not_o any_o protest_v make_v till_o the_o bill_n fall_v due_a and_o then_o there_o come_v a_o protest_n for_o want_v of_o payment_n in_o this_o case_n you_o must_v take_v security_n upon_o that_o protest_v for_o nonpayment_n as_o be_v direct_v here_o before_o upon_o the_o protest_v for_o non-acceptance_n except_o the_o drawer_n do_v present_o pay_v down_o the_o money_n and_o interest_n and_o charge_n accrue_v from_o the_o day_n it_o fall_v due_a until_o that_o very_a day_n of_o show_v he_o the_o protest_v for_o nonpayment_n and_o that_o you_o do_v consent_v thereunto_o for_o otherwise_o in_o case_n a_o bill_n be_v protest_v for_o non_fw-la payment_n and_o the_o protest_v exhibit_v to_o the_o drawer_n he_o may_v give_v security_n as_o before_o keep_v the_o money_n until_o so_o much_o time_n more_o be_v elapse_v as_o the_o bill_n be_v draw_v for_o before_o he_o can_v be_v compel_v to_o make_v payment_n as_o now_o for_o instance_n if_o the_o bill_n be_v date_v in_o amsterdam_n the_o nine_o of_o february_n and_o payable_a at_o usance_n in_o london_n and_o protest_v for_o nonpayment_n the_o drawer_n may_v claim_v the_o like_a time_n of_o usance_n for_o repayment_n thereof_o as_o above_o so_o that_o as_o there_o be_v one_o month_n for_o the_o exchange_n of_o the_o money_n from_o amsterdam_n to_o london_n so_o likewise_o there_o must_v be_v another_o month_n for_o re-exchange_n of_o the_o money_n from_o london_n back_o again_o to_o amsterdam_n and_o thus_o you_o see_v it_o will_v be_v the_o nine_o of_o april_n before_o you_o can_v have_v your_o money_n with_o the_o re-exchange_n thereof_o and_o charge_n at_o amsterdam_n but_o if_o the_o drawer_n will_v keep_v the_o money_n out_o the_o time_n and_o yet_o will_v not_o give_v security_n upon_o the_o protest_v than_o the_o deliverer_n may_v present_o take_v a_o course_n in_o law_n against_o he_o and_o he_o will_v be_v compel_v to_o repay_v the_o same_o with_o cost_n and_o considerable_a damage_n keep_v the_o accept_a bill_n but_o return_v the_o non-accepted_n when_o a_o accept_a bill_n be_v protest_v for_o nonpayment_n i_o will_v advise_v to_o send_v away_o the_o protest_v as_o i_o have_v show_v before_o but_o to_o keep_v the_o accept_a bill_n in_o your_o own_o custody_n except_o you_o have_v express_a order_n to_o the_o contrary_a for_o the_o protest_v for_o nonpayment_n will_v be_v sufficient_a proof_n whereby_o to_o recover_v of_o the_o drawer_n and_o then_o withal_o if_o the_o first_o bill_n be_v accept_v the_o second_o bill_n will_v serve_v against_o the_o drawer_n as_o well_o as_o the_o accept_a bill_n but_o here_o in_o england_n you_o can_v take_v course_n in_o law_n and_o expect_v a_o good_a issue_n in_o your_o suit_n against_o the_o acceptor_n without_o the_o original_n accept_v bill_n be_v produce_v in_o court_n so_o that_o you_o keep_v the_o accept_a bill_n by_o you_o and_o send_v your_o friend_n the_o other_o bill_n if_o you_o have_v it_o with_o the_o protest_v he_o can_v sufficient_o thereby_o claim_v his_o money_n of_o the_o drawer_n or_o party_n to_o who_o he_o have_v deliver_v the_o value_n and_o likewise_o you_o at_o the_o same_o time_n if_o it_o be_v a_o outland_o bill_n may_v implead_v the_o acceptor_n upon_o the_o accept_a bill_n and_o if_o the_o drawer_n shall_v desire_v to_o have_v in_o the_o accept_a bill_n as_o well_o as_o the_o other_o before_o he_o repay_v the_o money_n it_o will_v be_v time_n enough_o to_o send_v the_o accept_a bill_n when_o it_o be_v so_o desire_v but_o i_o will_v not_o advise_v to_o send_v away_o the_o accept_a bill_n with_o the_o protest_v for_o nonpayment_n for_o fear_v it_o miscarry_v nor_o to_o part_v with_o the_o accept_a bill_n without_o special_a order_n and_o upon_o good_a ground_n but_o if_o the_o bill_n be_v never_o accept_v and_o not_o pay_v at_o the_o time_n then_o there_o be_v no_o danger_n to_o send_v back_o the_o bill_n with_o the_o protest_v for_o nonpayment_n both_o together_o for_o you_o have_v do_v your_o whole_a diligence_n needful_a concern_v that_o bill_n and_o it_o will_v rest_v whole_o upon_o the_o deliverer_n to_o seek_v his_o remedy_n against_o the_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o money_n and_o to_o procure_v payment_n thereof_o from_o he_o as_o be_v fit_v bill_n
serve_v with_o the_o cloth_n lead_v tin_n iron_n fish_n and_o other_o native_a commodity_n we_o do_v yearly_o export_v the_o overplus_n to_o foreign_a country_n to_o the_o value_n of_o twenty_o two_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n by_o which_o mean_n we_o be_v enable_v beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o buy_v and_o bring_v in_o foreign_a ware_n for_o our_o use_n and_o consumption_n to_o the_o value_n of_o twenty_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n by_o this_o order_n due_o keep_v in_o our_o trade_n we_o may_v rest_v assure_v that_o the_o kingdom_n shall_v be_v enrich_v yearly_o two_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n which_o must_v be_v bring_v to_o we_o in_o so_o much_o treasure_n because_o that_o part_n of_o our_o stock_n which_o be_v not_o return_v to_o we_o in_o ware_n must_v necessary_o be_v bring_v home_o in_o treasure_n for_o in_o this_o case_n it_o come_v to_o pass_v in_o the_o stock_n of_o a_o kingdom_n as_o in_o the_o estate_n of_o a_o private_a man_n who_o be_v suppose_v to_o have_v one_o thousand_o pound_n yearly_a revenue_n and_o two_o thousand_o pound_n of_o ready_a money_n in_o his_o chest_n if_o such_o a_o man_n through_o excess_n shall_v spend_v one_o thousand_o five_o hundred_o pound_n per_fw-la an._n all_o his_o ready_a money_n will_v be_v go_v in_o four_o year_n and_o in_o the_o like_a time_n his_o say_a money_n will_v be_v double_v if_o he_o take_v a_o frugal_a course_n to_o spend_v but_o five_o hundred_o pound_n per_fw-la annum_fw-la which_o rule_n never_o fail_v likewise_o in_o the_o commonwealth_n but_o in_o some_o case_n of_o no_o great_a moment_n which_o i_o will_v hereafter_o declare_v when_o i_o shall_v show_v by_o who_o and_o in_o what_o manner_n this_o balance_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v account_v aught_o to_o be_v draw_v up_o yearly_o or_o so_o often_o as_o it_o shall_v please_v the_o state_n to_o discover_v how_o much_o we_o gain_v or_o lose_v by_o trade_n with_o foreign_a nation_n but_o first_o i_o will_v say_v something_o concern_v those_o way_n and_o mean_n which_o will_v increase_v our_o exportation_n and_o diminish_v our_o importation_n of_o ware_n which_o be_v do_v i_o will_v then_o set_v down_o some_o other_o argument_n both_o affirmative_a and_o negative_a to_o strengthen_v that_o which_o be_v here_o declare_v and_o thereby_o to_o show_v that_o all_o the_o other_o mean_n which_o be_v common_o suppose_v to_o enrich_v the_o kingdom_n with_o treasure_n be_v altogether_o insufficient_a and_o mere_a fallacy_n chap._n iii_o the_o particular_a way_n and_o mean_n to_o increase_v the_o exportation_n of_o our_o commodity_n and_o to_o decrease_v our_o consumption_n of_o foreign_a ware_n the_o revenue_n or_o stock_n of_o a_o kingdom_n by_o which_o it_o be_v provide_v of_o foreign_a ware_n be_v either_o natural_a or_o artificial_a the_o natural_a wealth_n be_v so_o much_o only_o as_o can_v be_v spare_v from_o our_o own_o use_n and_o necessity_n to_o be_v export_v unto_o stranger_n the_o artificial_a consist_v in_o our_o manufacture_n and_o industrious_a trade_n with_o foreign_a commodity_n concern_v which_o i_o will_v set_v down_o such_o particular_n as_o may_v serve_v for_o the_o cause_n we_o have_v in_o hand_n first_o although_o this_o realm_n be_v already_o exceed_o rich_a by_o nature_n yet_o may_v it_o be_v much_o increase_v by_o lay_v the_o waste_a ground_n which_o be_v infinite_a into_o such_o employment_n as_o shall_v no_o way_n hinder_v the_o present_a revenue_n of_o other_o manure_v land_n but_o hereby_o to_o supply_v ourselves_o and_o prevent_v the_o importation_n of_o hemp_n flax_n cordage_n tobacco_n and_o divers_a other_o thing_n which_o now_o we_o fetch_v from_o stranger_n to_o our_o great_a impoverish_v 2._o we_o may_v likewise_o diminish_v our_o importation_n if_o we_o will_v sober_o refrain_v from_o excessive_a consumption_n of_o foreign_a ware_n in_o our_o diet_n and_o raiment_n with_o such_o often_o change_v of_o fashion_n as_o be_v use_v so_o much_o the_o more_o to_o increase_v the_o waste_n and_o charge_n which_o vice_n at_o this_o present_a be_v more_o nototious_a among_o we_o than_o in_o former_a age_n yet_o may_v they_o easy_o be_v amend_v by_o enforce_v the_o observation_n of_o such_o good_a law_n as_o be_v strict_o practise_v in_o other_o country_n against_o the_o say_a excess_n where_o likewise_o by_o command_v their_o own_o manufacture_n to_o be_v use_v they_o prevent_v the_o come_n in_o of_o other_o without_o prohibition_n or_o offence_n to_o stranger_n in_o their_o mutual_a commerce_n 3._o in_o our_o exportation_n we_o must_v not_o only_o regard_v our_o own_o superfluity_n but_o also_o consider_v our_o neighbour_n necessity_n that_o so_o upon_o the_o ware_n which_o they_o can_v want_v nor_o yet_o be_v furnish_v therewith_o elsewhere_o we_o may_v beside_o the_o vent_n of_o material_n gain_v so_o much_o of_o the_o manufacture_n as_o we_o can_v and_o also_o endeavour_v to_o sell_v they_o dear_a so_o far_o forth_o as_o the_o high_a price_n cause_v not_o a_o less_o vent_n in_o the_o quantity_n but_o the_o superfluity_n of_o our_o commodity_n which_o stranger_n use_v and_o may_v also_o have_v the_o same_o from_o other_o nation_n or_o may_v abate_v their_o vent_n by_o the_o use_n of_o some_o such_o like_a ware_n from_o other_o place_n and_o with_o little_a inconvenience_n we_o must_v in_o this_o case_n strive_v to_o sell_v as_o cheap_a as_o possible_a we_o can_v rather_o than_o to_o lose_v the_o utterance_n of_o such_o ware_n for_o we_o have_v find_v of_o late_a year_n by_o good_a experience_n that_o be_v able_a to_o sell_v our_o cloth_n cheap_a in_o turkey_n we_o have_v great_o increase_v the_o vent_n thereof_o and_o the_o venetian_n have_v lose_v as_o much_o in_o the_o utterance_n of_o they_o in_o those_o country_n because_o it_o be_v dear_a and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n a_o sew_z year_n past_a when_o by_o the_o excessive_a price_n of_o wool_n our_o cloth_n be_v exceed_v dear_a we_o lose_v at_o least_o half_a our_o clothe_n for_o foreign_a part_n which_o since_o be_v no_o otherwise_o well_o near_o recover_v again_o than_o by_o the_o great_a fall_n of_o price_n for_o weol_n and_o cloth_n least_o the_o state_n in_o some_o occasion_n may_v gain_v most_o when_o private_a man_n by_o their_o reventles_n get_v least_o we_o find_v that_o twenty_o five_o in_o the_o hundred_o less_o in_o the_o price_n of_o these_o and_o some_o other_o ware_n to_o the_o loss_n of_o private_a man_n revenue_n may_v raise_v above_o fifty_o upon_o the_o hundred_o in_o the_o quantity_n vent_v to_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o public_a for_o when_o cloth_n be_v dear_a other_o nation_n do_v present_o practise_v clothe_v and_o we_o know_v they_o want_v neither_o art_n nor_o material_n to_o this_o performance_n but_o when_o by_o cheapness_n we_o drive_v they_o from_o this_o employment_n and_o so_o in_o time_n obtain_v our_o dear_a price_n again_o then_o do_v they_o also_o use_v their_o former_a remedy_n so_o that_o by_o these_o alteration_n we_o learn_v that_o be_v in_o vain_a to_o expect_v a_o great_a revenue_n of_o our_o ware_n than_o their_o condition_n will_v afford_v but_o rather_o it_o concern_v we_o to_o apply_v our_o endeavour_n to_o the_o time_n with_o care_n and_o diligence_n to_o help_v ourselves_o the_o best_a we_o may_v by_o make_v our_o cloth_n and_o other_o manufacture_n without_o deceit_n which_o will_v increase_v their_o estimation_n and_o use_n 4._o the_o value_n of_o our_o exportation_n likewise_o may_v be_v much_o advance_v when_o we_o perform_v it_o ourselves_o in_o our_o own_o ship_n for_o than_o we_o get_v not_o only_o the_o price_n of_o our_o ware_n as_o they_o be_v worth_a here_o but_o also_o the_o merchant_n gain_n the_o charge_n of_o insurance_n and_o freight_n to_o carry_v they_o beyond_o the_o sea_n as_o for_o example_n if_o the_o italian_a merchant_n shall_v come_v hither_o in_o their_o own_o ship_n to_o fetch_v our_o corn_n our_o red-herring_n or_o the_o like_a in_o this_o case_n the_o kingdom_n shall_v have_v ordinary_o but_o 25_o s._n for_o a_o quarter_n of_o wheat_n and_o 20_o s._n for_o a_o barrel_n of_o red_a herring_n whereas_o if_o we_o carry_v these_o ware_n ourselves_o into_o italy_n upon_o the_o say_a rate_n it_o be_v likely_a that_o we_o shall_v obtain_v fifty_o shilling_n for_o the_o first_o and_o forty_o shilling_n for_o the_o last_o which_o be_v a_o great_a difference_n in_o the_o utterance_n or_o vent_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v stock_n and_o although_o it_o be_v true_a that_o the_o commerce_n ought_v to_o be_v free_a to_o stranger_n to_o bring_v in_o and_o carry_v out_o at_o their_o pleasure_n yet_o nevertheless_o in_o many_o place_n the_o exportation_n of_o victual_n and_o munition_n be_v either_o prohibit_v or_o at_o least_o limit_v to_o be_v do_v only_o by_o the_o people_n and_o ship_n of_o those_o place_n where_o they_o abound_v 5._o the_o frugal_a expend_v
full_o in_o its_o proper_a place_n where_o i_o shall_v show_v how_o much_o money_n a_o prince_n may_v convenient_o lay_v up_o without_o the_o hurt_n of_o his_o subject_n 12._o last_o in_o all_o thing_n we_o must_v endeavour_v to_o make_v the_o most_o we_o can_v of_o our_o own_o whether_o it_o be_v natural_a or_o artificial_a and_o forasmuch_o as_o the_o people_n which_o live_v by_o the_o art_n be_v far_o more_o in_o number_n than_o they_o who_o be_v master_n of_o the_o fruit_n we_o ought_v the_o more_o careful_o to_o maintain_v those_o endeavour_n of_o the_o multitude_n in_o who_o do_v consist_v the_o great_a strength_n and_o riches_n both_o of_o king_n and_o kingdom_n for_o where_o the_o people_n be_v many_o and_o the_o art_n good_a there_o the_o traffic_n must_v be_v great_a and_o the_o country_n rich_a the_o italian_n employ_v a_o great_z number_n of_o people_n and_o get_v more_o money_n by_o their_o industry_n and_o manufacture_n of_o the_o raw_a silk_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o cilicia_n than_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n and_o his_o subject_n have_v by_o the_o revenue_n of_o this_o rich_a commodity_n but_o what_o need_v we_o fetch_v the_o example_n so_o far_o when_o we_o know_v that_o our_o own_o natural_a ware_n do_v not_o yield_v we_o so_o much_o profit_n as_o our_o industry_n for_o iron-oar_n in_o the_o mine_n be_v of_o no_o great_a worth_n when_o it_o be_v compare_v with_o the_o employment_n and_o advantage_n it_o yield_v be_v dig_v try_v transport_v buy_v sell_v cast_v into_o ordnance_n musket_n and_o many_o other_o instrument_n of_o war_n for_o offence_n and_o defence_n wrought_v into_o anchor_n bolt_n spikes_n nail_n and_o the_o like_a for_o the_o use_n of_o ship_n house_n cart_n coach_n plough_n and_o other_o instrument_n for_o tillage_n compare_v our_o fleece-wools_a with_o our_o cloth_n which_o require_v shear_v wash_v card_v spin_v weave_a full_a die_a dress_n and_o other_o trimings_z and_o we_o shall_v find_v these_o art_n more_o profitable_a than_o the_o natural_a wealth_n whereof_o i_o may_v instance_n other_o example_n but_o i_o will_v not_o be_v more_o tedious_a for_o if_o i_o will_v amplify_v upon_o this_o and_o the_o other_o particular_n before-written_a i_o may_v find_v matter_n sufficient_a to_o make_v a_o large_a volume_n but_o my_o desire_n in_o all_o be_v only_o to_o prove_v what_o i_o propound_v with_o brevity_n and_o plainness_n chap._n iu._n the_o exportation_n of_o our_o money_n in_o trade_n of_o merchandise_n be_v a_o mean_n to_o increase_v our_o treasure_n this_o position_n be_v so_o contrary_a to_o the_o common_a opinion_n that_o it_o will_v require_v many_o and_o strong_a argument_n to_o prove_v it_o before_o it_o can_v be_v accept_v of_o the_o multitude_n who_o bitter_o exclaim_v when_o they_o see_v any_o money_n carry_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n affirm_v thereupon_o that_o we_o have_v absolute_o lose_v so_o much_o treasure_n and_o that_o this_o be_v a_o act_n direct_o against_o the_o long_a continue_a law_n make_v and_o confirm_v by_o the_o wisdom_n of_o this_o kingdom_n in_o the_o high_a court_n of_o parliament_n and_o that_o many_o place_n nay_o spain_n itself_o which_o be_v the_o fountain_n of_o money_n forbid_v the_o exportation_n thereof_o some_o case_n only_o except_v to_o all_o which_o i_o may_v answer_v that_o venice_n florence_n genova_n the_o low_a country_n and_o divers_a other_o place_n permit_v it_o their_o people_n applaud_v it_o and_o find_v great_a benefit_n by_o it_o but_o all_o this_o make_v a_o noise_n and_o prove_v nothing_o we_o must_v therefore_o come_v to_o those_o reason_n which_o concern_v the_o business_n in_o question_n first_o i_o will_v take_v that_o for_o grant_v which_o no_o man_n of_o judgement_n will_v deny_v that_o we_o have_v no_o other_o mean_n to_o get_v treasure_n but_o by_o foreign_a trade_n for_o mine_n we_o have_v none_o which_o do_v afford_v it_o and_o how_o this_o money_n be_v get_v in_o the_o manage_n of_o our_o say_a trade_n i_o have_v already_o show_v that_o it_o be_v do_v by_o make_v our_o commodity_n which_o be_v export_v yearly_o to_o overbalance_n in_o value_n the_o foreign_a ware_n which_o we_o consume_v so_o that_o it_o rest_v only_o to_o show_v how_o our_o money_n may_v be_v add_v to_o our_o commodity_n and_o be_v joint_o export_v may_v so_o much_o the_o more_o increase_v our_o treasure_n we_o have_v already_o suppose_v our_o yearly_a consumption_n of_o foreign_a ware_n to_o be_v for_o the_o value_n of_o twenty_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n and_o our_o exportation_n to_o exceed_v that_o two_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n which_o sum_n we_o have_v thereupon_o affirm_v be_v bring_v to_o we_o in_o treasure_n to_o balance_v the_o account_n but_o now_o if_o we_o add_v three_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n more_o in_o ready_a money_n unto_o our_o former_a exportation_n in_o ware_n what_o profit_n can_v we_o have_v will_n some_o man_n say_v although_o by_o this_o mean_v we_o shall_v bring_v in_o so_o much_o ready_a money_n more_o than_o we_o do_v before_o see_v that_o we_o have_v carry_v out_o the_o like_a value_n to_o this_o the_o answer_n be_v that_o when_o we_o have_v prepare_v our_o exportation_n of_o ware_n and_o set_v out_o as_o much_o of_o every_o thing_n as_o we_o can_v spare_v or_o vent_v abroad_o mony_n money_n beget_v trade_n and_o trade_n increasee_v mony_n it_o be_v not_o therefore_o say_v that_o then_o we_o shall_v add_v our_o money_n thereunto_o to_o fetch_v in_o the_o more_o money_n immediate_o but_o rather_o first_o to_o enlarge_v our_o trade_n by_o enable_v we_o to_o bring_v in_o more_o foreign_a ware_n which_o be_v send_v out_o again_o will_v in_o due_a time_n much_o increase_v our_o treasure_n for_o although_o in_o this_o manner_n we_o do_v yearly_o multiply_v our_o importation_n to_o the_o maintenance_n of_o more_o ship_n and_o mariner_n improvement_n of_o his_o majesty_n custom_n and_o other_o benefit_n yet_o our_o consumption_n of_o those_o foreign_a ware_n be_v no_o more_o than_o it_o be_v before_o so_o that_o all_o the_o say_a increase_n of_o commodity_n bring_v in_o by_o the_o mean_n of_o our_o ready_a money_n send_v out_o as_o be_v afore_o write_v do_v in_o the_o end_n become_v a_o exportation_n unto_o we_o of_o a_o far_o great_a value_n than_o our_o say_a money_n be_v which_o be_v prove_v by_o three_o several_a example_n follow_v 1._o for_o i_o suppose_v that_o 100000_o l._n be_v send_v in_o our_o ship_n to_o the_o east_n country_n will_v buy_v there_o one_o hundred_o thousand_o quarter_n of_o wheat_n clear_v aboard_o the_o ship_n which_o be_v after_o bring_v into_o england_n and_o house_v to_o export_v the_o same_o at_o the_o best_a time_n for_o vent_v thereof_o in_o spain_n or_o italy_n it_o can_v yield_v less_o in_o those_o part_n than_o two_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n to_o make_v the_o merchant_n but_o a_o saviour_n yet_o by_o this_o reckon_n we_o see_v the_o kingdom_n have_v double_v that_o treasure_n commonwealth_n remote_a trade_n be_v most_o gainful_a to_o the_o commonwealth_n 2._o again_o this_o profit_n will_v be_v far_o great_a when_o we_o trade_n thus_o in_o remote_a country_n as_o for_o example_n if_o we_o send_v one_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n into_o the_o east_n indies_n to_o buy_v pepper_n there_o and_o bring_v it_o hither_o and_o from_o hence_o send_v it_o for_o italy_n or_o turkey_n it_o must_v yield_v seven_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n at_o least_o in_o those_o place_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o excessive_a charge_n which_o the_o merchant_n disburse_v in_o those_o long_a voyage_n in_o ship_n wage_n victual_n insurance_n interest_n custom_n impost_n and_o the_o like_a all_o which_o notwithstanding_o the_o king_n and_o kingdom_n get_v 3._o but_o where_o the_o voyage_n be_v short_a and_o the_o ware_n rich_a which_o therefore_o will_v not_o employ_v much_o ship_n the_o profit_n will_v be_v far_o less_o as_o when_o another_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n shall_v be_v employ_v in_o turkey_n in_o raw_a silk_n and_o bring_v hither_o to_o be_v after_o transport_v from_o hence_o into_o france_n the_o low_a country_n or_o germany_n the_o merchant_n shall_v have_v good_a gain_n although_o he_o sell_v it_o there_o but_o for_o one_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o thousand_o pound_n and_o thus_o take_v the_o voyage_n altogether_o in_o their_o medium_fw-la the_o money_n export_v will_v be_v return_v unto_o we_o more_o than_o treble_v but_o if_o any_o man_n will_v yet_o object_v that_o these_o return_n come_v to_o we_o in_o ware_n and_o not_o real_o in_o money_n as_o they_o be_v issue_v out_o the_o answer_n be_v keep_v our_o first_o ground_n that_o if_o our_o consumption_n of_o foreign_a ware_n be_v no_o more_o yearly_a than_o be_v already_o suppose_a and_o that_o our_o exportation_n be_v so_o mighty_o increase_v by_o this_o manner_n of_o trade_n with_o ready_a money_n as_o
leave_v no_o objection_n unanswered_a if_o it_o shall_v be_v say_v that_o a_o statute_n comprehend_v the_o english_a as_o well_o as_o the_o stranger_n must_v needs_o keep_v our_o money_n in_o the_o kingdom_n what_o shall_v we_o get_v by_o this_o if_o it_o hinder_v the_o come_n in_o of_o money_n by_o the_o decay_n of_o that_o ample_a trade_n which_o we_o enjoy_v in_o the_o freedom_n thereof_o be_v not_o the_o remedy_n far_o worse_o than_o the_o disease_n shall_v we_o not_o live_v more_o like_a irishman_n than_o englishmen_n when_o the_o king_n revenue_n our_o merchant_n mariner_n ship_n art_n land_n riches_n and_o all_o decay_n together_o with_o our_o trade_n yea_o but_o say_v some_o man_n we_o have_v better_a hope_n than_o so_o for_o the_o intent_n of_o the_o statute_n be_v that_o as_o all_o the_o foreign_a ware_n which_o be_v bring_v in_o shall_v be_v employ_v in_o our_o commodity_n thereby_o to_o keep_v our_o money_n in_o the_o kingdom_n so_o we_o doubt_v not_o but_o to_o send_v out_o a_o sufficient_a quantity_n of_o our_o own_o ware_n over_o and_o above_o to_o bring_v in_o the_o value_n thereof_o in_o ready_a mony_n although_o this_o be_v absolute_o deny_v by_o the_o reason_n afore-written_a yet_o now_o we_o will_v grant_v it_o because_o we_o desire_v to_o end_v the_o dispute_n for_o if_o this_o be_v true_a that_o other_o natition_n vent_v more_o of_o our_o commodite_n than_o we_o consume_v of_o they_o in_o value_n than_o i_o affirm_v that_o the_o overplus_n must_v necessary_o return_v unto_o we_o in_o treasure_n without_o the_o use_n of_o the_o statute_n which_o be_v therefore_o not_o only_o fruitless_a but_o hurtful_a as_o some_o other_o like_o restriction_n be_v find_v to_o be_v when_o they_o be_v full_o discover_v chap._n xi_o it_o will_v not_o increase_v our_o treasure_n to_o enjoin_v the_o merchant_n that_o export_v fish_n corn_n or_o munition_n to_o return_v all_o or_o part_n of_o the_o value_n in_o mony_n victual_n and_o munition_n for_o war_n be_v so_o precious_a in_o a_o commonwealth_n that_o either_o it_o seem_v necessary_a to_o restrain_v the_o exportation_n altogether_o or_o if_o the_o plenty_n permit_v it_o to_o require_v the_o return_n thereof_o in_o so_o much_o treasure_n which_o appear_v to_o be_v reasonable_a and_o without_o difficulty_n because_o spain_n and_o other_o country_n do_v willing_o part_v with_o their_o money_n for_o such_o ware_n although_o in_o other_o occasion_n of_o trade_n they_o straight_o prohibit_v the_o exportation_n thereof_o all_o which_o i_o grant_v to_o be_v true_a yet_o notwithstanding_o we_o must_v consider_v that_o all_o the_o way_n and_o mean_n which_o in_o course_n of_o trade_n force_v treasure_n into_o the_o kingdom_n do_v not_o therefore_o make_v it_o we_o for_o this_o can_v be_v do_v only_o by_o a_o lawful_a gain_n and_o this_o gain_n be_v no_o way_n to_o be_v accomplish_v but_o by_o the_o overbalance_n of_o our_o trade_n and_o this_o overbalance_n be_v make_v less_o by_o restriction_n trade_n some_o restriction_n hinder_v trade_n therefore_o such_o restriction_n do_v hinder_v the_o increase_n of_o our_o treasure_n the_o argument_n be_v plain_a and_o needs_o no_o other_o reason_n to_o strengthen_v it_o except_o any_o man_n be_v so_o vain_a to_o think_v that_o restriction_n will_v not_o cause_v the_o less_o ware_n to_o be_v export_v but_o if_o this_o likewise_o shall_v be_v grant_v yet_o to_o enjoin_v the_o merchant_n to_o bring_v in_o money_n for_o victual_n and_o munition_n carry_v out_o will_v not_o cause_v we_o to_o have_v one_o penny_n the_o more_o in_o the_o kingdom_n at_o the_o year_n end_n for_o whatsoever_o be_v force_v in_o one_o way_n must_v out_o again_o in_o another_o way_n because_o only_o so_o much_o will_v remain_v and_o abide_v with_o we_o as_o be_v gain_v and_o incorporate_v into_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n by_o the_o overbalance_n of_o the_o trade_n this_o may_v be_v make_v plain_a by_o a_o example_n take_v from_o a_o englishman_n who_o have_v occasion_n to_o buy_v and_o consume_v the_o ware_n of_o divers_a of_o stranger_n for_o the_o value_n of_o one_o thousand_o pound_n he_o sell_v they_o to_o the_o say_a stranger_n and_o present_o force_v all_o the_o money_n from_o they_o there_o remain_v only_o four_o hundred_o pound_n to_o the_o say_v englishman_n for_o overbalance_n of_o the_o ware_n buy_v and_o sell_v so_o the_o rest_n which_o he_o have_v receive_v be_v return_v back_o from_o whence_o he_o force_v it_o and_o this_o shall_v suffice_v to_o show_v that_o whatsoever_o course_n we_o take_v to_o force_v money_n into_o the_o kingdom_n yet_o so_o much_o only_o will_v remain_v with_o we_o as_o we_o shall_v gain_v by_o the_o balance_n of_o our_o trade_n chap._n xii_o the_o vndervalue_v of_o our_o money_n which_o be_v deliver_v or_o receive_v by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n here_o or_o beyond_o the_o sea_n can_v decrease_v our_o treasure_n the_o merchant_n exchange_n by_o bill_n be_v a_o mean_n and_o practice_n whereby_o they_o that_o have_v money_n in_o one_o country_n may_v deliver_v the_o same_o to_o receive_v that_o again_o in_o another_o country_n at_o certain_a time_n and_o rate_n agree_v upon_o whereby_o the_o lender_n and_o the_o borrower_n be_v accommodate_v without_o transport_v of_o treasure_n from_o state_n to_o state_n these_o exchange_n thus_o make_v between_o man_n and_o man_n be_v not_o contract_v at_o the_o equal_a value_n of_o the_o money_n according_a to_o their_o respective_a weight_n and_o fineness_n first_o because_o he_o that_o deliver_v his_o money_n do_v respect_v the_o venture_n of_o the_o debt_n and_o the_o time_n of_o forbearance_n but_o that_o which_o cause_v a_o under_o or_o overvalue_a of_o money_n by_o exchange_n be_v the_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n thereof_o in_o those_o place_n where_o the_o exchange_n be_v make_v for_o example_n when_o here_o be_v plenty_n of_o money_n to_o be_v deliver_v for_o amsterdam_n then_o shall_v our_o money_n be_v undervalved_n in_o exchange_n because_o they_o who_o take_v up_o the_o money_n see_v it_o so_o plentiful_o thrust_v upon_o they_o do_v thereby_o make_v advantage_n to_o themselves_o in_o take_v the_o same_o at_o a_o undervalue_n and_o contrariwise_o when_o here_o be_v scarcity_n of_o money_n to_o be_v deliver_v for_o amsterdam_n the_o deliverer_n will_v make_v the_o same_o advantage_n by_o overvalue_a our_o money_n which_o he_o deliver_v dear_a plenty_n of_o money_n make_v the_o exchange_n cheap_a and_o all_o other_o thing_n dear_a and_o thus_o we_o see_v that_o as_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o money_n in_o a_o commonwealth_n do_v make_v all_o good_a thing_n dear_a or_o cheap_a so_o in_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n it_o have_v ever_o a_o contrary_n work_v wherefore_o in_o the_o next_o place_n it_o be_v fit_a to_o set_v down_o the_o true_a cause_n of_o this_o effect_n as_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o money_n do_v make_v the_o price_n of_o the_o exchange_n high_a or_o low_o so_o the_o over_o or_o underballance_n of_o our_o trade_n do_v effectual_o cause_v the_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o money_n and_o here_o we_o must_v understand_v that_o the_o balance_n of_o our_o trade_n be_v either_o general_n or_o particular_a the_o general_n be_v when_o all_o our_o yearly_a traffic_n be_v joint_o value_v as_o i_o have_v former_o show_v the_o particular_a be_v when_o our_o trade_n to_o italy_n france_n turkey_n spain_n and_o other_o country_n be_v several_o consider_v and_o by_o this_o latter_a course_n we_o shall_v perfect_o find_v out_o the_o place_n where_o our_o money_n be_v under_o or_o overvalue_v in_o exchange_n for_o although_o our_o general_a exportation_n of_o ware_n may_v be_v yearly_o more_o in_o value_n than_o that_o which_o be_v import_v whereby_o the_o difference_n be_v make_v good_a to_o we_o in_o so_o much_o treasure_n nevertheless_o the_o particular_a trade_n do_v work_v diverse_o for_o peradventure_o the_o low-countries_n may_v bring_v we_o more_o in_o value_n than_o we_o sell_v they_o which_o if_o it_o be_v so_o then_o do_v the_o low-country_n merchant_n not_o only_o carry_v away_o our_o treasure_n to_o balance_v the_o account_n between_o we_o but_o also_o by_o this_o mean_v money_n be_v plentiful_a here_o to_o be_v deliver_v by_o exchange_n low_o what_o kind_n of_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o money_n make_v the_o exchange_n high_a or_o low_o it_o be_v therefore_o undervalue_v by_o the_o taker_n as_o i_o have_v before_o declare_v and_o contrary_a wise_a if_o we_o carry_v more_o ware_n to_o spain_n and_o other_o place_n than_o we_o consume_v of_o they_o then_o do_v we_o bring_v away_o their_o treasure_n and_o likewise_o in_o the_o merchant_n exchange_n we_o overvalue_v our_o own_o mony_n yet_o still_o there_o be_v some_o who_o will_v seem_v to_o make_v this_o plain_a by_o demonstration_n that_o the_o under-valuing_a of_o our_o money_n by_o exchange_n do_v carry_v it_o out_o
of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o say_v they_o we_o see_v daily_o great_a store_n of_o our_o english_a coin_n carry_v over_o which_o pass_v current_a in_o the_o low-countries_n and_o there_o be_v great_a advantage_n to_o carry_v they_o thither_o to_o save_v the_o loss_n which_o the_o low-country-man_n have_v in_o the_o exchange_n for_o if_o one_o hundred_o pound_n sterling_a deliver_v here_o be_v so_o much_o undervalue_v that_o ninety_o pound_n of_o the_o same_o sterling_a money_n carry_v over_o in_o specie_fw-la shall_v be_v sufficient_a to_o make_v repayment_n and_o full_a satisfaction_n of_o the_o say_v hundred_o pound_n at_o amsterdam_n be_v it_o not_o then_o say_v they_o the_o undervalue_v of_o our_o money_n which_o cause_v it_o to_o be_v carry_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n to_o this_o objection_n i_o will_v make_v a_o full_a and_o plain_a answer_n show_v that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o undervalue_a of_o our_o money_n in_o exchange_n but_o the_o overbalancing_a of_o our_o trade_n that_o carry_v away_o our_o treasure_n for_o suppose_v that_o our_o whole_a trade_n with_o the_o low-countries_n for_o ware_n bring_v into_o this_o realm_n be_v perform_v only_o by_o the_o dutch_a for_o the_o value_n of_o five_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n yearly_a and_o that_o all_o our_o commodity_n transport_v into_o the_o say_a low-countries_n be_v perform_v only_o by_o the_o english_a for_o four_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n yearly_a be_v it_o not_o then_o manifest_a that_o the_o dutch_a can_v exchange_v only_o four_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n with_o the_o english_a upon_o the_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la or_o equal_a value_n of_o the_o respective_a standard_n so_o the_o other_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n which_o be_v the_o overbalance_n of_o the_o trade_n they_o must_v of_o necessity_n carry_v that_o away_o in_o mony_n and_o the_o selfsame_a loss_n of_o treasure_n must_v happen_v if_o there_o be_v no_o exchange_n at_o all_o permit_v for_o the_o dutch_a carry_v away_o our_o money_n for_o their_o ware_n and_o we_o bring_v in_o their_o foreign_a coin_n for_o their_o commodity_n there_o will_v be_v still_o one_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n loss_n now_o let_v we_o add_v another_o example_n ground_v upon_o the_o aforesaid_a proportion_n of_o trade_n between_o we_o and_o the_o low-countries_n the_o dutch_a as_o afore_o write_v may_v exchange_v with_o the_o english_a for_o 400000_o pound_n and_o no_o more_o upon_o the_o equal_a value_n of_o the_o money_n because_o the_o english_a have_v no_o further_o mean_n to_o satisfy_v but_o now_o suppose_v that_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o plenty_n of_o money_n which_o in_o this_o case_n will_v be_v here_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o dutch_a to_o deliver_v by_o exchange_n gain_n the_o vndervalue_v of_o our_o money_n in_o exchange_n be_v the_o stranger_n loss_n and_o our_o gain_n our_o money_n according_a to_o that_o which_o have_v be_v already_o say_v will_v be_v undervalved_n ten_o per_fw-la cent._n then_o be_v it_o manifest_a that_o the_o dutch_a must_v deliver_v four_o hundred_o and_o forty_o thousand_o pound_n to_o have_v the_o englishman_n four_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n in_o the_o low-countries_n so_o that_o there_o will_v then_o remain_v but_o 60000_o pound_n for_o the_o dutch_a to_o carry_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n to_o balance_v the_o account_n between_o they_o and_o we_o whereby_o we_o may_v plain_o perceive_v that_o the_o undervalue_v of_o our_o money_n in_o exchange_n will_v not_o carry_v it_o out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o some_o man_n have_v suppose_v but_o rather_o be_v a_o mean_n to_o make_v a_o less_o quantity_n thereof_o to_o be_v export_v than_o will_v be_v do_v at_o the_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari._fw-la further_o let_v we_o suppose_v that_o the_o english_a merchant_z carried_z out_o as_o much_o ware_n in_o value_n as_o the_o dutch_a merchant_n bring_v in_o whereby_o the_o mean_n be_v equal_a between_o they_o to_o make_v their_o return_n by_o exchange_n without_o carry_v away_o of_o any_o money_n to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o either_o state_n and_o yet_o notwithstanding_o the_o dutch_a merchant_n for_o his_o occasion_n or_o advantage_n will_v forsake_v this_o course_n of_o exchange_n and_o will_v venture_v to_o send_v part_n of_o he_o return_v in_o ready_a mony_n to_o this_o the_o answer_n be_v that_o hereupon_o it_o must_v follow_v of_o necessity_n that_o the_o dutch_a shall_v want_v just_a so_o much_o mean_n in_o exchange_n with_o the_o english_a who_o therefore_o shall_v be_v force_v to_o bring_v in_o the_o like_a sum_n of_o money_n from_o beyond_o the_o sea_n as_o the_o dutch_a carry_v out_o of_o this_o realm_n so_o that_o we_o may_v plain_o perceive_v that_o the_o money_n which_o be_v carry_v from_o we_o within_o the_o balance_n of_o our_o trade_n be_v not_o considerable_a for_o they_o do_v return_v to_o we_o again_o and_o we_o lose_v those_o money_n only_o which_o be_v make_v of_o the_o overbalance_n of_o our_o general_a trade_n that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o which_o we_o spend_v more_o in_o value_n in_o foreign_a ware_n than_o we_o utter_v of_o our_o own_o commodity_n and_o the_o contrary_a of_o this_o be_v the_o only_a mean_n by_o which_o we_o get_v our_o treasure_n trade_n 1._o the_o canker_n of_o england_n commonwealth_n 2._o free_a trade_n 3._o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la 4._o the_o centre_n of_o trade_n in_o vain_a therefore_o have_v gerard_n malines_n labour_v so_o long_o and_o in_o so_o many_o print_a book_n to_o make_v the_o world_n believe_v that_o the_o under-valuing_a of_o our_o money_n in_o exchange_n do_v exhaust_v our_o treasure_n which_o be_v a_o mere_a fallacy_n of_o the_o cause_n attribute_v that_o to_o a_o secondary_a mean_n who_o effect_n be_v wrought_v by_o another_o principal_a efficient_a and_o will_v also_o come_v to_o pass_v although_o the_o say_v secondary_a mean_n be_v not_o at_o all_o as_o vain_o also_o have_v he_o propound_v a_o remedy_n by_o keep_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n by_o bill_n at_o the_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la by_o public_a authority_n which_o be_v a_o new-found_a office_n without_o example_n in_o any_o part_n of_o the_o world_n be_v not_o only_o fruitless_a but_o also_o hurtful_a as_o have_v be_v sufficient_o prove_v in_o this_o chapter_n and_o therefore_o i_o will_v proceed_v to_o the_o next_o chap._n xiii_o the_o merchant_n who_o be_v a_o mere_a exchanger_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n can_v increase_v or_o decrease_v our_o treasure_n there_o be_v certain_a merchant_n which_o deal_v only_o upon_o all_o advantage_n in_o the_o exchange_n and_o neither_o export_n nor_o import_n ware_n into_o the_o kingdom_n which_o have_v cause_v some_o man_n to_o affirm_v that_o the_o money_n which_o such_o mere_a exchanger_n bring_v in_o or_o carry_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n be_v not_o comprehend_v in_o the_o balance_n of_o our_o foreign_a trade_n for_o say_v they_o sometime_o when_o our_o sterling_a money_n have_v be_v undervalue_v and_o deliver_v here_o for_o amsterdam_n at_o 10_o per_fw-la cent._n less_o than_o the_o equal_a value_n of_o the_o respective_a standard_n the_o say_v mere_a exchanger_n may_v take_v here_o one_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a and_o carry_v over_o only_o nine_o hundred_o thereof_o in_o specie_fw-la which_o will_v be_v sufficient_a to_o pay_v his_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o so_o upon_o a_o great_a or_o lesser_a sum_n the_o like_a gain_n be_v make_v in_o three_o month_n time_n but_o here_o we_o must_v know_v that_o although_o this_o mere_a exchanger_n deal_v not_o in_o ware_n yet_o notwithstanding_o the_o money_n which_o he_o carry_v away_o in_o manner_n afore-written_a must_v necessary_o proceed_v of_o such_o ware_n as_o be_v bring_v into_o the_o kingdom_n by_o merchant_n so_o that_o still_o it_o fall_v into_o the_o balance_n of_o our_o foreign_a trade_n and_o work_v the_o same_o effect_n as_o if_o the_o merchant_n himself_o have_v carry_v away_o that_o money_n which_o he_o must_v do_v if_o our_o ware_n be_v overbalance_v as_o ever_o they_o be_v when_o our_o money_n be_v undervalue_v which_o be_v express_v more_o at_o large_a in_o the_o 12_o chapter_n and_o on_o the_o contrary_a when_o the_o mere_a exchanger_n by_o the_o say_a advantage_n shall_v bring_v money_n into_o the_o kingdom_n he_o do_v no_o more_o than_o necessary_o must_v be_v do_v by_o the_o merchant_n himself_o when_o our_o commodity_n overbalance_n foreign_a ware_n but_o in_o these_o occasion_n some_o merchant_n have_v rather_o lose_v by_o deliver_v their_o money_n at_o a_o undervalue_n in_o exchange_n than_o undertake_v to_o hazard_v all_o by_o the_o law_n which_o notwithstanding_o these_o mere_a exchanger_n will_v perform_v for_o they_o in_o hope_n of_o gain_n chap._n fourteen_o the_o admirable_a feat_n suppose_v to_o be_v do_v by_o banker_n and_o the_o merchant_n exchange_n although_o i_o have_v already_o write_v something_o concern_v the_o merchant_n exchange_n and_o therein_o of_o the_o uunder-valuation_n of_o our_o money_n
with_o good_a profit_n the_o first_o part_n whereof_o be_v make_v as_o we_o have_v suppose_v in_o spain_n from_o thence_o i_o consider_v where_o to_o make_v my_o second_o gain_n and_o find_v that_o the_o florentine_n send_v out_o a_o great_a value_n in_o cloth_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n wrought_v silk_n and_o rash_n to_o spain_n than_o they_o receive_v in_o fleece_n wool_n west-india_n hide_v sugar_n and_o cochineal_n i_o know_v i_o can_v miss_v of_o my_o purpose_n by_o deliver_v my_o money_n for_o florence_n where_o still_o upon_o the_o same_o ground_n i_o direct_v my_o course_n from_o thence_o to_o venice_n and_o there_o find_v that_o my_o next_o benefit_n must_v be_v at_o franckfort_n or_o antwerp_n until_o at_o last_o i_o come_v to_o amsterdam_n by_o a_o short_a or_o long_a course_n according_a to_o such_o occasion_n of_o advantage_n as_o the_o time_n and_o place_n shall_v afford_v i_o and_o thus_o we_o see_v still_o that_o the_o profit_n and_o loss_n upon_o the_o exchange_n be_v guide_v and_o rule_v by_o by_o the_o over_o or_o underballance_n of_o the_o several_a trade_n which_o be_v predominant_a and_o active_a make_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n high_a or_o low_o which_o be_v therefore_o passive_a the_o contrary_a whereof_o be_v so_o often_o repeat_v by_o the_o say_v malines_n to_o the_o second_o four_o fourteen_o and_o twenty_o three_o i_o say_v that_o all_o these_o be_v the_o proper_a work_v of_o the_o mere_a exchanger_n and_o that_o his_o action_n can_v work_v to_o the_o good_a or_o hurt_v of_o the_o common_a wealth_n i_o have_v already_o sufficient_o show_v in_o the_o last_o chapter_n and_o therefore_o here_o i_o may_v spare_v that_o labour_n to_o the_o three_o it_o be_v true_a i_o can_v deliver_v one_o thousand_o pound_n here_o by_o exchange_n to_o receive_v the_o value_n in_o spain_n where_o with_o this_o spanish_a money_n i_o can_v buy_v and_o bring_v away_o so_o much_o spanish_a ware_n but_o all_o this_o do_v not_o prove_v but_o that_o in_o the_o end_n the_o english_a money_n or_o commodity_n must_v pay_v for_o the_o say_a ware_n for_o if_o i_o deliver_v my_o thousand_o pound_n here_o to_o a_o englishman_n he_o must_v pay_v i_o in_o spain_n either_o by_o good_n already_o send_v or_o to_o be_v send_v thither_o or_o if_o i_o deliver_v it_o here_o to_o a_o spaniard_n he_o take_v it_o of_o i_o with_o intent_n to_o employ_v it_o in_o our_o ware_n so_o that_o every_o way_n we_o must_v pay_v the_o stranger_n for_o what_o we_o have_v from_o he_o be_v there_o any_o feat_n in_o all_o this_o worthy_a our_o admiration_n to_o the_o five_o thirteen_o twenty_o and_o twenty_o first_o i_o must_v answer_v these_o wonder_n by_o heap_n where_o i_o find_v they_o to_o be_v all_o one_o matter_n in_o divers_a form_n and_o such_o froth_n also_o that_o every_o idiot_n know_v they_o and_o can_v say_v that_o he_o who_o have_v credit_n can_v contract_v buy_v sell_v and_o take_v up_o much_o money_n by_o exchange_n which_o he_o may_v do_v as_o well_o also_o at_o interest_n yet_o in_o these_o course_v they_o be_v not_o always_o gainer_n for_o sometime_o they_o live_v by_o the_o loss_n as_o well_o as_o they_o who_o have_v less_o credit_n to_o the_o six_o and_o seven_o here_o be_v more_o poor_a stuff_n for_o when_o i_o know_v the_o currant_n price_n of_o my_o ware_n both_o here_o and_o beyond_o the_o sea_n i_o may_v easy_o conjecture_v whether_o the_o profit_n of_o the_o exchange_n of_o the_o gain_n which_o i_o expect_v upon_o my_o ware_n will_v be_v great_a and_o again_o as_o every_o merchant_n know_v well_o what_o he_o gain_v upon_o the_o ware_n he_o buy_v and_o sell_v so_o may_v any_o other_o man_n do_v the_o like_a that_o can_v tell_v how_o the_o say_a merchant_n have_v proceed_v but_o what_o be_v all_o this_o to_o make_v we_o admire_v the_o exchange_n to_o the_o eight_o and_o twelve_o as_o banker_n and_o exchanger_n do_v furnish_v man_n with_o money_n for_o their_o occasion_n so_o do_v they_o likewise_o who_o let_v out_o their_o money_n at_o interest_n with_o the_o same_o hope_n and_o like_a advantage_n which_o many_o time_n notwithstanding_o fail_v they_o as_o well_o as_o the_o borrower_n often_o labour_v for_o the_o lender_n profit_n to_o the_o nine_o and_o eighteen_o here_o my_o author_n have_v some_o secret_a mean_v or_o be_v conscious_a of_o his_o own_o error_n do_v mark_v these_o two_o wonder_n with_o a_o ☞_o in_o the_o margin_n for_o why_o shall_v this_o great_a work_n of_o enrich_v or_o impoverish_v of_o kingdom_n be_v attribute_v to_o the_o exchange_n which_o be_v do_v only_o by_o those_o mean_n that_o do_v over_o or_o underballance_n our_o foreign_a trade_n as_o i_o have_v already_o so_o often_o show_v and_o as_o the_o very_a word_n of_o malines_n himself_o in_o these_o two_o place_n may_v intimate_v to_o a_o judicious_a reader_n to_o the_o fifteen_o and_o sixteenth_o i_o confess_v that_o the_o exchange_n may_v be_v use_v in_o turn_v base_a money_n into_o gold_n or_o silver_n as_o when_o a_o stranger_n may_v coin_v and_o bring_v over_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o farthing_n which_o in_o short_a time_n he_o may_v disperse_v or_o convert_v into_o good_a money_n and_o then_o deliver_v the_o same_o here_o by_o exchange_n to_o receive_v the_o value_n in_o his_o own_o country_n or_o he_o may_v do_v this_o feat_n by_o carry_v away_o the_o say_v good_a money_n in_o specie_fw-la without_o use_v the_o exchange_n at_o all_o if_o he_o dare_v venture_v the_o penalty_n of_o the_o law_n the_o spaniard_n know_v well_o who_o be_v the_o common_a coiner_n of_o christendom_n that_o dare_v venture_v to_o bring_v they_o store_n of_o copper-mony_n of_o the_o spanish_a stamp_n and_o carry_v away_o the_o value_n in_o good_a rial_n of_o eight_o wherein_o notwithstanding_o all_o their_o cunning_a device_n they_o be_v sometime_o take_v tardy_a to_o the_o seventeen_o the_o banker_n be_v always_o ready_a to_o receive_v such_o sum_n of_o money_n as_o be_v put_v into_o their_o hand_n by_o man_n of_o all_o degree_n who_o have_v no_o skill_n or_o good_a mean_n themselves_o to_o manage_v the_o same_o upon_o the_o exchange_n to_o profit_n it_o be_v likewise_o true_a that_o the_o banker_n do_v repay_v all_o man_n with_o their_o own_o and_o yet_o reserve_v good_a gain_n to_o themselves_o which_o they_o do_v as_o well_o deserve_v for_o their_o ordinary_a provision_n or_o allowance_n as_o those_o factor_n do_v which_o buy_v or_o sell_v for_o merchant_n by_o commission_n and_o be_v not_o this_o likewise_o both_o just_a and_o very_o common_a 17._o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la pag._n 410._o maintenance_n of_o free_a trade_n p._n 17._o to_o the_o eleven_o i_o must_v confess_v that_o here_o be_v a_o wonder_n indeed_o that_o a_o poor_a prince_n shall_v keep_v either_o his_o war_n or_o ware_n i_o take_v both_o together_o as_o the_o author_n set_v they_o down_o both_o way_n differ_v in_o his_o say_v two_o book_n upon_o interest-money_n for_o what_o need_v the_o enemy_n of_o such_o a_o poor_a prince_n deal_v with_o the_o banker_n to_o disappoint_v he_o or_o defeat_v he_o of_o his_o money_n in_o time_n of_o want_n when_o the_o interest_n itself_o will_v do_v this_o fast_n enough_o and_o so_o i_o leave_v this_o poor_a stuff_n to_o the_o nineteenth_o i_o have_v live_v long_o in_o italy_n where_o the_o great_a bank_n and_o banker_n of_o christedom_n do_v trade_n yet_o can_v i_o never_o see_v nor_o hear_v that_o they_o do_v or_o be_v able_a to_o rule_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n by_o confederacy_n but_o still_o the_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o money_n in_o the_o course_n of_o trade_n do_v always_o over-rule_v they_o and_o make_v the_o exchange_n to_o run_v at_o high_a or_o low_a rate_n custom_n exchange_n hinder_v not_o prince_n of_o their_o custom_n to_o the_o twenty_o second_o the_o exchange_n by_o bill_n between_o merchant_n and_o merchant_n in_o the_o course_n of_o trade_n can_v hinder_v prince_n of_o their_o custom_n and_o impost_n for_o the_o money_n which_o one_o man_n deliver_v because_o he_o will_v not_o or_o have_v not_o occasion_n to_o employ_v it_o in_o ware_n another_o man_n take_v because_o he_o either_o will_n or_o have_v already_o lay_v it_o out_o in_o merchandise_n but_o it_o be_v true_a that_o when_o the_o wealth_n of_o a_o kingdom_n consist_v much_o in_o ready_a money_n and_o that_o there_o be_v also_o good_a mean_n and_o conveniency_n in_o such_o a_o kingdom_n to_o trade_n with_o the_o same_o into_o foreign_a part_n either_o by_o sea_n or_o land_n or_o by_o both_o these_o way_n if_o then_o this_o trade_n be_v neglect_v the_o king_n shall_v be_v defeat_v of_o those_o profit_n and_o if_o the_o exchange_n be_v the_o cause_n thereof_o then_o must_v we_o learn_v in_o what_o manner_n this_o be_v do_v for_o we_o may_v exchange_v
from_o the_o majesty_n of_o a_o prince_n but_o these_o dangerous_a disorder_n be_v seldom_o see_v especial_o in_o such_o state_n as_o be_v afore-named_n because_o the_o dispose_n of_o the_o public_a treasure_n be_v in_o the_o power_n and_o under_o the_o discretion_n of_o many_o neither_o be_v it_o unknown_a to_o all_o other_o principality_n and_o government_n that_o the_o end_n of_o such_o excess_n be_v ever_o ruinous_a for_o they_o cause_v great_a want_n and_o poverty_n which_o often_o drive_v they_o from_o all_o order_n to_o exorbitance_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v common_a policy_n among_o prince_n to_o prevent_v such_o mischief_n with_o great_a care_n and_o providence_n by_o do_v nothing_o that_o may_v cause_v the_o nobility_n to_o despair_v of_o their_o safety_n nor_o leave_v any_o thing_n undo_v which_o may_v gain_v the_o good_a will_n of_o the_o commonalty_n to_o keep_v all_o in_o due_a obedience_n but_o now_o before_o we_o end_v this_o point_n in_o hand_n we_o must_v remember_v likewise_o that_o all_o body_n be_v not_o of_o one_o and_o the_o same_o constitution_n for_o that_o which_o be_v physic_n to_o one_o man_n be_v little_o better_a than_o poison_n to_o another_o tax_n some_o state_n can_v not_o subsist_v but_o by_o the_o mean_n of_o heavy_a tax_n the_o state_n afore-written_a and_o divers_a other_o like_v to_o they_o can_v subsist_v by_o the_o help_n of_o those_o extraordinary_a contribution_n whereof_o we_o have_v speak_v because_o they_o be_v not_o able_a otherwise_o in_o short_a time_n to_o raise_v sufficient_a treasure_n to_o defend_v themselves_o against_o a_o potent_a enemy_n who_o have_v power_n to_o invade_v they_o on_o the_o sudden_a as_o be_v already_o declare_v but_o a_o mighty_a prince_n who_o dominion_n be_v great_a and_o unite_a his_o subject_n many_o and_o loyal_a his_o country_n rich_a both_o by_o nature_n and_o traffic_n his_o victual_n and_o warlike_a provision_n plentiful_a and_o ready_a his_o situation_n easy_a to_o offend_v other_o and_o difficult_a to_o be_v invade_v his_o harbour_n good_a his_o navy_n strong_a his_o alliance_n powerful_a and_o his_o ordinary_a revenue_n sufficient_a subject_n prince_n who_o have_v no_o just_a cause_n to_o say_v extraordinary_a and_o heavy_a tax_n upon_o their_o subject_n royal_o to_o support_v the_o majesty_n of_o his_o state_n beside_o a_o reasonable_a sum_n which_o may_v be_v advance_v to_o lay_v up_o yearly_a in_o treasure_n for_o future_a occasion_n shall_v not_o all_o these_o blessing_n be_v well_o order_v enable_v a_o prince_n against_o the_o sudden_a invasion_n of_o any_o mighty_a enemy_n without_o impose_v those_o extraordinary_a and_o heavy_a tax_n shall_v not_o the_o wealthy_a and_o loyal_a subject_n of_o such_o a_o great_a and_o just_a prince_n maintain_v his_o honour_n and_o their_o own_o liberty_n with_o life_n and_o good_n always_o supply_v the_o treasure_n of_o their_o sovereign_n until_o by_o a_o well-ordered_a war_n he_o may_v enforce_v a_o happy_a peace_n yes_o very_o it_o can_v otherwise_o be_v expect_v and_o thus_o shall_v a_o mighty_a prince_n be_v more_o powerful_a in_o preserve_v the_o wealth_n and_o love_n of_o his_o subject_n than_o by_o treasure_v up_o their_o riches_n with_o unnecessary_a tax_n which_o can_v but_o alter_v and_o provoke_v they_o yea_o but_o say_v some_o man_n we_o may_v easy_o contradict_v all_o this_o by_o example_n take_v from_o some_o of_o the_o great_a monarch_n in_o christendom_n who_o beside_o those_o income_n which_o here_o be_v term_v ordinary_a they_o add_v likewise_o all_o or_o the_o most_o of_o the_o other_o heavy_a contribution_n all_o which_o we_o grant_v and_o more_o for_o they_o use_v also_o to_o sell_v their_o office_n and_o place_n of_o justice_n which_o be_v a_o act_n both_o base_a and_o wicked_a because_o it_o rob_v worthy_a man_n of_o their_o merit_n and_o betray_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o innocent_a whereby_o god_n be_v displease_v the_o people_n oppress_v and_o virtue_n banish_v from_o such_o unhappy_a kingdom_n shall_v we_o then_o say_v that_o these_o thing_n be_v lawful_a and_o necessary_a because_o they_o be_v use_v god_n forbid_v we_o know_v better_o and_o we_o be_v well_o assure_v that_o these_o exaction_n be_v not_o take_v for_o a_o necessary_a defence_n of_o their_o own_o right_n but_o through_o pride_n and_o covetousness_n to_o add_v kingdom_n to_o kingdom_n and_o so_o to_o usurp_v the_o right_n of_o other_o subject_n the_o finist_a end_n which_o some_o great_a prince_n have_v in_o lay_v heavy_a tax_n upon_o their_o subject_n which_o action_n of_o impiety_n be_v ever_o shadow_v with_o some_o fair_a pretence_n of_o sanctity_n as_o be_v do_v for_o the_o catholic_n cause_n the_o propagation_n of_o the_o church_n the_o suppression_n of_o heretic_n and_o such_o like_a delusion_n serve_v only_o to_o further_a their_o own_o ambition_n whereof_o in_o this_o place_n it_o shall_v be_v needless_a to_o make_v any_o large_a discourse_n chap._n xvii_o whether_o it_o be_v necessary_a for_o great_a prince_n to_o lay_v up_o store_n of_o treasure_n before_o we_o set_v down_o the_o quantity_n of_o treasure_n which_o prince_n may_v convenient_o lay_v up_o yearly_o without_o hurt_v the_o commonwealth_n it_o will_v be_v fit_a to_o examine_v whether_o the_o act_n itself_o of_o treasure_v be_v necessary_a for_o in_o common_a conference_n we_o ever_o find_v some_o man_n who_o do_v so_o much_o dote_v or_o hope_n upon_o the_o liberality_n of_o prince_n that_o they_o term_v it_o baseness_n and_o conceive_v it_o needless_a for_o they_o to_o lay_v up_o store_n of_o treasure_n account_v the_o honour_n and_o safety_n of_o great_a prince_n to_o consist_v more_o in_o their_o bounty_n than_o in_o their_o money_n which_o they_o labour_v to_o confirm_v by_o the_o example_n of_o caesar_n alexander_n and_o other_o who_o hate_v covetousness_n achieve_v many_o act_n and_o victory_n by_o lavish_a gift_n and_o liberal_a expense_n unto_o which_o they_o add_v also_o the_o little_a fruit_n which_o come_v by_o that_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n which_o king_n david_n lay_v up_o and_o leave_v to_o his_o son_n solomon_n who_o notwithstanding_o this_o and_o all_o his_o other_o rich_a present_n and_o wealthy_a traffic_n in_o a_o quiet_a reign_n consume_v all_o with_o pomp_n and_o vain_a delight_n except_v only_o that_o which_o be_v spend_v in_o building_n of_o the_o temple_n whereupon_o say_v they_o if_o so_o much_o treasure_n gather_v by_o so_o just_a a_o king_n effect_v so_o little_a what_o shall_v we_o hope_v for_o by_o the_o endeavour_n of_o this_o kind_n in_o other_o prince_n sardanapalus_n leave_v ten_o million_o of_o pound_n to_o they_o that_o fly_v he_o darius_n leave_v twenty_o million_o of_o pound_n to_o alexander_n that_o take_v he_o nero_n be_v leave_v rich_a and_o extort_v much_o from_o his_o best_a subject_n give_v away_o above_o twelve_o million_o of_o pound_n to_o his_o base_a flatterer_n and_o such_o unworthy_a person_n which_o cause_v galba_n after_o he_o to_o revoke_v those_o gift_n a_o prince_n who_o have_v store_n of_o money_n hate_v peace_n despise_v the_o friendship_n of_o his_o neighbour_n and_o ally_n enter_v not_o only_o into_o unnecessary_a but_o also_o into_o dangerous_a war_n to_o ruin_v and_o overthrow_n sometime_o of_o his_o own_o estate_n all_o which_o with_o divers_a other_o weak_a argument_n of_o this_o kind_n which_o for_o brevity_n i_o omit_v make_v nothing_o against_o the_o lawful_a gathering_n and_o massing_n up_o of_o treasure_n by_o wise_a and_o provident_a prince_n if_o they_o be_v right_o understand_v for_o first_o concern_v those_o worthy_n who_o have_v obtain_v to_o the_o high_a top_n of_o honour_n and_o dignity_n by_o their_o great_a gift_n and_o expense_n who_o know_v not_o that_o this_o have_v be_v do_v rather_o upon_o the_o spoil_n of_o their_o enemy_n than_o out_o of_o their_o own_o coffer_n which_o be_v indeed_o a_o bounty_n that_o cause_v neither_o loss_n nor_o peril_n whereas_o on_o the_o contrary_a those_o prince_n which_o do_v not_o provident_o lay_v up_o treasure_n or_o do_v immoderate_o consume_v the_o same_o when_o they_o have_v it_o will_v sudden_o come_v to_o want_v and_o misery_n hand_n excess_n and_o bounty_n bring_v beggary_n which_o make_v most_o man_n devise_v in_o their_o head_n how_o to_o extort_v and_o get_v money_n into_o their_o hand_n for_o there_o be_v nothing_o do_v so_o soon_o decayas_n excessive_a bounty_n in_o use_v whereof_o they_o want_v the_o mean_n to_o use_v it_o and_o this_o be_v king_n solomon_n case_n notwithstanding_o his_o infinite_a treasure_n which_o make_v he_o overburthen_n his_o subject_n in_o such_o a_o manner_n that_o for_o this_o cause_n many_o of_o they_o rebel_v against_o his_o son_n rehoboam_n who_o thereby_o lose_v a_o great_a part_n of_o his_o dominion_n be_v so_o gross_o mislead_v by_o his_o young_a counsellor_n therefore_o a_o prince_n that_o will_v not_o oppress_v his_o people_n and_o yet_o be_v able_a to_o
granary_n and_o storehouse_n with_o that_o famous_a arsenal_n of_o the_o venetian_n be_v to_o be_v admire_v for_o the_o magnificence_n of_o the_o building_n the_o quantity_n of_o the_o munition_n and_o store_n both_o for_o lea_n and_o land_n the_o multitude_n of_o the_o workman_n the_o divernty_n and_o excellency_n of_o the_o art_n with_o the_o order_n of_o the_o government_n they_o be_v rare_a and_o worthy_a thing_n for_o prince_n to_o behold_v and_o imitate_v for_o majesty_n without_o providence_n of_o competent_a force_n and_o ability_n of_o necessary_a provision_n be_v un-assured_n chap._n xix_o of_o some_o different_a effect_n which_o proceed_v from_o natural_a and_o artificial_a wealth_n in_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o three_o chapter_n of_o this_o book_n i_o have_v already_o write_v something_o concern_v natural_a and_o artificial_a wealth_n and_o therein_o show_v how_o much_o art_n do_v add_v to_o nature_n but_o it_o be_v yet_o needful_a to_o handle_v these_o particular_n apart_o that_o so_o we_o may_v the_o better_o discern_v their_o several_a operation_n in_o a_o commonwealth_n for_o the_o effect_n whereof_o i_o may_v draw_v some_o comparison_n from_o turkey_n and_o italy_n or_o from_o some_o other_o remote_a country_n but_o i_o will_v not_o range_v so_o far_o have_v matter_n sufficient_a herein_o great_a britain_n and_o the_o unite_a province_n of_o the_o low-countries_n to_o make_v this_o business_n plain_a wherefore_o in_o the_o first_o place_n we_o will_v begin_v with_o england_n brief_o and_o only_o in_o general_a term_n to_o show_v the_o natural_a riches_n of_o this_o famous_a nation_n with_o some_o principal_a effect_n which_o they_o produce_v in_o the_o disposition_n of_o the_o people_n and_o strength_n of_o the_o kingdom_n if_o we_o due_o consider_v england_n largeness_n beauty_n fertility_n strength_n both_o by_o sea_n and_o land_n in_o multitude_n of_o warlike_a people_n horse_n ship_n ammunition_n advantageous_a situation_n for_o defence_n and_o trade_n number_n of_o seaport_n and_o harbour_n which_o be_v of_o difficult_a access_n to_o enemy_n and_o of_o easy_a outlet_a to_o the_o inhabitant_n wealth_n by_o excellent_a fleece-wools_a iron_n lead_v tin_n saffron_n corn_n victual_n hide_n wax_n and_o other_o natural_a endowment_n we_o shall_v find_v this_o kingdom_n capable_a to_o sit_v as_o master_n of_o a_o monarchy_n for_o what_o great_a glory_n and_o advantage_n can_v any_o powerful_a nation_n have_v than_o to_o be_v thus_o rich_o and_o natural_o possess_v of_o all_o thing_n needful_a for_o food_n raiment_n war_n and_o peace_n not_o only_o for_o its_o own_o plentiful_a use_n but_o also_o to_o supply_v the_o want_v of_o other_o nation_n in_o such_o a_o measure_n that_o much_o money_n may_v be_v thereby_o get_v yearly_a to_o make_v the_o happiness_n complete_a for_o experience_n tell_v we_o that_o notwithstanding_o that_o excessive_a consumption_n of_o this_o kingdom_n alone_o to_o say_v nothing_o of_o scotland_n there_o be_v export_v communibus_fw-la annis_fw-la of_o of_o our_o own_o native_a commodity_n for_o the_o value_n of_o twenty_o two_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a or_o somewhat_o more_o so_o that_o if_o we_o be_v not_o too_o much_o affect_v to_o pride_n monstrous_a fashion_n and_o riot_n above_o all_o other_o nation_n one_o million_o and_o a_o half_a of_o pound_n may_v plentiful_o supply_v our_o unnecessary_a want_n as_o i_o may_v term_v they_o of_o silk_n sugar_n spice_n fruit_n and_o all_o other_o so_o that_o seven_o hundred_o pound_n may_v be_v yearly_o treasure_v up_o in_o money_n to_o make_v the_o kingdom_n exceed_v rich_a and_o powerful_a in_o short_a time_n but_o this_o great_a plenty_n which_o we_o enjoy_v make_v we_o a_o people_n not_o only_o vicious_a and_o excessive_a wasteful_a of_o the_o mean_v we_o have_v but_o also_o improvident_a and_o careless_a of_o much_o other_o wealth_n that_o shameful_o we_o lose_v which_o be_v the_o fish_n in_o his_o majesty_n sea_n of_o england_n scotland_n and_o ireland_n be_v of_o no_o less_o consequence_n than_o all_o our_o other_o riches_n which_o we_o export_v and_o vent_v to_o stranger_n stranger_n the_o fruit_n of_o idleness_n which_o be_v england_n common_a reproach_n among_o stranger_n whilst_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n through_o lewd_a idleness_n great_a multitude_n of_o our_o people_n cheat_n roar_v rob_n hang_v beg_v cant_n pine_n and_o perish_v which_o by_o this_o mean_n and_o maintenance_n may_v be_v much_o increase_v to_o the_o further_a wealth_n and_o srength_n of_o these_o kingdom_n especial_o by_o sea_n for_o our_o own_o safety_n and_o terror_n of_o our_o enemy_n the_o endeavour_n of_o the_o industrious_a dutch_a do_v give_v sufficient_a testimony_n of_o this_o truth_n to_o our_o great_a shame_n and_o no_o less_o peril_n if_o it_o have_v not_o a_o timely_a prevention_n for_o whilst_o we_o leave_v our_o wont_a honourable_a exercise_n and_o study_n follow_v our_o pleasure_n and_o of_o late_a year_n besot_v ourselves_o with_o pipe_n and_o pot_n in_o a_o beastly_a manner_n suck_v smoke_n and_o drink_v health_n until_o death_n stare_v many_o in_o the_o face_n the_o say_v dutch_a have_v wellnear_o leave_v this_o swinish_a vice_n and_o take_v up_o our_o wont_a valour_n which_o we_o have_v often_o so_o well_o perform_v both_o by_o sea_n and_o land_n and_o particular_o in_o their_o defence_n although_o they_o be_v not_o so_o thankful_a as_o to_o acknowledge_v the_o same_o ingratitude_n the_o netherlander_n ingratitude_n the_o sum_n of_o all_o be_v this_o that_o the_o general_a leprosy_n of_o our_o pipe_v pot_v feast_v fashion_n and_o misspend_v our_o time_n in_o idleness_n and_o pleasure_n contrary_a to_o the_o law_n of_o god_n and_o the_o use_v of_o other_o nation_n have_v make_v we_o effeminate_a in_o our_o body_n weak_a in_o our_o knowledge_n poor_a in_o our_o treasure_n decline_v in_o our_o valour_n unfortunate_a in_o our_o erterprise_n and_o contemn_v by_o our_o enemy_n i_o write_v the_o more_o of_o these_o excess_n because_o they_o do_v so_o great_o waste_v our_o wealth_n which_o be_v the_o main_a subject_n of_o this_o whole_a book_n be_v discourse_n for_o all_o christendom_n to_o admire_v and_o fear_v if_o we_o will_v but_o add_v art_n to_o nature_n our_o labour_n to_o our_o natural_a mean_n the_o neglect_n whereof_o have_v give_v a_o notable_a advantage_n to_o other_o nation_n and_o especial_o to_o the_o hollander_n whereof_o i_o will_v brief_o say_v something_o in_o the_o next-place_n but_o first_o i_o will_v deliver_v my_o opinion_n concern_v our_o clothing_n which_o although_o it_o be_v the_o great_a wealth_n and_o best_a employment_n of_o the_o poor_a of_o this_o kingdom_n yet_o nevertheless_o we_o may_v peradventure_o employ_v ourselves_o with_o better_a safety_n plenty_n and_o profit_n in_o use_v more_o tillage_n and_o fish_n than_o to_o trust_v so_o whole_o to_o the_o make_n of_o cloth_n for_o in_o time_n of_o war_n or_o by_o other_o occasion_n if_o some_o foreign_a prince_n shall_v prohibit_v the_o use_n thereof_o in_o their_o dominion_n it_o may_v sudden_o cause_v much_o poverty_n and_o dangerous_a uproar_n especial_o by_o our_o poor_a people_n when_o they_o shall_v be_v deprive_v of_o their_o ordinary_a maintenance_n which_o can_v so_o easy_o fail_v they_o when_o their_o labour_n shall_v be_v divide_v into_o the_o say_a diversity_n of_o employment_n whereby_o also_o many_o thousand_o will_v be_v the_o better_o enable_v to_o do_v the_o kingdom_n good_a service_n in_o occasion_n of_o war_n especial_o by_o sea_n and_o so_o leave_v england_n we_o will_v pass_v over_o into_o the_o unite_a province_n of_o the_o netherlands_o as_o plenty_n and_o power_n do_v make_v a_o nation_n vicious_a and_o improvident_a so_o penury_n and_o want_n do_v make_v a_o people_n wise_a and_o industrious_a concern_v the_o last_o of_o these_o i_o may_v instance_n divers_a commonwealth_n of_o christendom_n who_o have_v little_a or_o nothing_o in_o their_o own_o territory_n industry_n the_o hollander_n improvement_n and_o industry_n do_v notwithstanding_o purchase_v great_a wealth_n and_o strength_n by_o their_o industrious_a commerce_n with_o stranger_n among_o which_o the_o unite_a province_n of_o the_o low-countries_n be_v now_o of_o great_a note_n and_o fame_n for_o since_o they_o have_v cast_v off_o the_o yoke_n of_o spanish_a slavery_n how_o wonderful_o be_v they_o improve_v in_o all_o human_a policy_n what_o great_a mean_n have_v they_o obtain_v in_o defend_v their_o liberty_n against_o the_o power_n of_o so_o great_a a_o enemy_n and_o be_v not_o all_o this_o perform_v by_o their_o continual_a industry_n in_o the_o trade_n of_o merchandise_n be_v not_o their_o province_n the_o magizine_n and_o store_n house_n of_o ware_n for_o most_o place_n of_o christendom_n whereby_o their_o wealth_n ship_n mariner_n art_n people_n and_o thereby_o the_o public_a revenue_n and_o excise_n be_v grow_v to_o a_o wonderful_a height_n if_o we_o compare_v the_o time_n of_o their_o subjection_n to_o their_o present_a
maxim_n be_v that_o where_o force_n can_v not_o prevail_v he_o always_o use_v bribe_n and_o money_n to_o corrupt_v those_o who_o may_v advance_v his_o fortune_n by_o which_o policy_n he_o give_v foundation_n to_o a_o monarchy_n and_o what_o know_v we_o but_o that_o the_o putch_n may_v aim_v at_o some_o such_o sovereignty_n when_o they_o shall_v find_v their_o indian_a attempt_n and_o other_o subtle_a plot_n succeed_v so_o prosperous_o do_v we_o not_o see_v their_o land_n be_v now_o become_v too_o little_a to_o contain_v this_o swel_v people_n whereby_o their_o ship_n and_o sea_n be_v make_v the_o habitation_n of_o great_a multitude_n and_o yet_o to_o give_v they_o further_o breed_v be_v they_o not_o spare_v from_o their_o own_o war_n to_o enrich_v the_o state_n and_o themselves_o by_o trade_n and_o art_n whilst_o by_o this_o policy_n many_o thousand_o of_o stranger_n be_v also_o draw_v thither_o for_o performance_n of_o their_o martial_a employment_n whereby_o the_o great_a revenue_n of_o their_o excise_n be_v so_o much_o the_o more_o increase_v and_o all_o thing_n so_o subtle_o contrive_v that_o although_o the_o foreign_a soldier_n be_v well_o pay_v yet_o all_o must_v be_v there_o again_o expend_v and_o thus_o the_o wealth_n remain_v still_o in_o their_o own_o country_n nor_o be_v the_o stranger_n enrich_v which_o do_v they_o this_o great_a service_n i_o have_v hear_v some_o italian_n wise_o and_o worthy_o discourse_n of_o the_o natural_a strength_n and_o wealth_n of_o england_n which_o they_o make_v to_o be_v matchless_a if_o we_o shall_v but_o in_o part_n apply_v ourselves_o to_o such_o policy_n and_o endeavour_n as_o be_v very_o common_o use_v in_o some_o other_o country_n of_o europe_n and_o much_o they_o have_v admire_v that_o our_o thought_n and_o jealousy_n attend_v only_o upon_o the_o spanish_a and_o french_a greatness_n never_o once_o suspect_v but_o constant_o embrace_v the_o netherlands_o as_o our_o best_a friend_n and_o ally_n when_o in_o truth_n as_o they_o well_o observe_v there_o be_v no_o people_n in_o christendom_n who_o do_v undermine_n hurt_n and_o eclipse_v we_o daily_o in_o our_o navigation_n and_o trade_n both_o abroad_o and_o at_o home_n and_o this_o not_o only_o in_o the_o rich_a fish_n in_o his_o majesty_n sea_n whereof_o we_o have_v already_o write_v but_o also_o in_o our_o inland_n trade_n between_o city_n and_o city_n in_o the_o manufacture_n of_o silk_n wool_n and_o the_o like_a make_v here_o in_o this_o kingdom_n wherein_o they_o never_o give_v employment_n or_o education_n in_o their_o art_n to_o the_o english_a but_o ever_o according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o jew_n where_o they_o abide_v in_o turkey_n and_o divers_a place_n of_o christendom_n they_o live_v whole_o to_o themselves_o in_o their_o own_o tribe_n so_o that_o we_o may_v true_o say_v of_o the_o dutch_a that_o although_o they_o be_v among_o we_o yet_o certain_o they_o be_v not_o of_o we_o no_o not_o they_o who_o be_v bear_v and_o breed_v here_o in_o our_o own_o country_n for_o still_o they_o will_v be_v dutch_a not_o have_v so_o much_o as_o one_o drop_n of_o english_a blood_n in_o their_o heart_n more_o may_v be_v write_v of_o these_o netherlander_n pride_n and_o ambitious_a endeavour_n whereby_o they_o hope_v in_o time_n to_o grow_v mighty_a if_o they_o be_v not_o prevent_v and_o much_o more_o may_v be_v say_v of_o their_o cruel_a and_o unjust_a violence_n use_v especial_o to_o their_o best_a friend_n the_o english_a in_o matter_n of_o blood_n trade_n and_o other_o profit_n where_o they_o have_v have_v advantage_n and_o power_n to_o perform_v it_o but_o these_o thing_n be_v already_o publish_v in_o print_n to_o the_o view_n and_o admiration_n of_o the_o world_n wherefore_o i_o will_v conclude_v and_o the_o sum_n of_o all_o be_v this_o that_o the_o unite_a province_n which_o now_o be_v so_o great_a a_o trouble_n if_o not_o a_o terror_n to_o the_o spaniard_n be_v heretofore_o little_o better_a than_o a_o charge_n to_o they_o in_o their_o possession_n and_o will_v be_v so_o again_o in_o the_o like_a occasion_n the_o reason_n whereof_o i_o may_v yet_o further_o enlarge_v but_o they_o be_v not_o pertinent_a to_o this_o discourse_n more_o than_o be_v already_o declare_v to_o show_v the_o different_a effect_n between_o natural_a and_o artificial_a wealth_n the_o first_o of_o which_o as_o be_v most_o noble_a and_o advantageous_a be_v always_o ready_a and_o certain_a so_o do_v it_o make_v the_o people_n careless_n proud_a and_o give_v to_o all_o excess_n whereas_o the_o second_o enforce_v vigilancy_n literature_n art_n and_o policy_n my_o wish_n therefore_o be_v that_o as_o england_n do_v plentiful_o enjoy_v the_o one_o and_o be_v full_o capable_a of_o the_o other_o that_o our_o endeavour_n may_v as_o worthy_o conjoin_v they_o both_o together_o to_o the_o reformation_n of_o our_o vicious_a idleness_n and_o great_a glory_n of_o these_o famous_a kingdom_n chap._n xx._n the_o order_n and_o mean_n whereby_o we_o may_v draw_v up_o the_o balance_n of_o our_o foreign_a trade_n now_o that_o we_o have_v sufficient_o prove_v the_o balance_n of_o our_o foreign_a trade_n to_o be_v the_o true_a rule_n of_o our_o treasure_n it_o rest_v that_o we_o show_v by_o who_o and_o in_o what_o manner_n the_o say_a balance_n may_v be_v draw_v up_o at_o all_o time_n when_o it_o shall_v please_v the_o state_n to_o discover_v how_o we_o prosper_v or_o decline_v in_o this_o great_a and_o weighty_a business_n wherein_o the_o officer_n of_o his_o majesty_n custom_n be_v the_o only_a agent_n to_o be_v employ_v because_o they_o have_v the_o account_n of_o all_o the_o ware_n which_o be_v issue_v out_o or_o bring_v into_o the_o kingdom_n and_o although_o it_o be_v true_a they_o can_v exact_o set_v down_o the_o cost_n and_o charge_n of_o other_o man_n good_n buy_v here_o or_o beyond_o the_o sea_n yet_o nevertheless_o if_o they_o ground_n themselves_o upon_o the_o book_n of_o rate_n they_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o make_v such_o a_o estimate_n as_o may_v well_o satisfy_v this_o enquiry_n for_o it_o be_v not_o expect_v that_o such_o a_o account_n can_v possible_o be_v draw_v up_o to_o a_o just_a balance_n it_o will_v suffice_v only_o that_o the_o difference_n be_v not_o over_o great_a importation_n how_o we_o must_v value_v our_o exportation_n and_o importation_n first_o therefore_o concern_v our_o exportation_n when_o we_o have_v value_v their_o first_o cost_n we_o must_v add_v twenty_o five_o per_fw-la cent._n thereunto_o for_o the_o charge_n here_o for_o freight_n of_o ship_n insurance_n of_o the_o adventure_n and_o the_o merchant_n gain_n and_o for_o our_o fish_v trade_n which_o pay_v no_o custom_n to_o his_o majesty_n the_o value_n of_o such_o exportation_n may_v be_v easy_o esteem_v by_o good_a observation_n which_o have_v be_v make_v and_o may_v continual_o be_v make_v according_a to_o the_o increase_n or_o decrease_v of_o those_o affair_n the_o present_a estate_n of_o this_o commodity_n be_v value_v at_o one_o hundred_o and_o forty_o thousand_o pound_n issue_v yearly_a also_o we_o must_v add_v to_o our_o exportation_n all_o the_o money_n which_o be_v carry_v out_o in_o trade_n by_o licence_n from_o his_o majesty_n 2_o dly_z for_o our_o importation_n of_o foreign_a ware_n the_o custom-book_n serve_v only_o to_o direct_v we_o concern_v the_o quantity_n for_o we_o must_v not_o value_v they_o as_o they_o be_v rate_v here_o but_o as_o they_o cost_v we_o with_o all_o charge_n lade_v into_o our_o ship_n beyond_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o respective_a place_n where_o they_o be_v buy_v for_o the_o merchant_n gain_n the_o charge_n of_o insurance_n freight_n of_o ship_n custom_n impost_n and_o other_o duty_n here_o which_o do_v great_o endear_v they_o unto_o our_o use_n and_o consumption_n be_v notwithstanding_o but_o commutation_n among_o ourselves_o for_o the_o stranger_n have_v no_o part_n thereof_o wherefore_o our_o say_a importation_n ought_v to_o be_v value_v at_o twenty_o five_o per_fw-la cent._n less_o than_o they_o be_v rate_v to_o be_v worth_a here_o and_o although_o this_o may_v seem_v to_o be_v too_o great_a allowance_n upon_o many_o rich_a commodity_n which_o come_v but_o from_o the_o low-countries_n and_o other_o place_n near_o hand_n yet_o will_v it_o be_v find_v reasonable_a when_o we_o consider_v it_o in_o gross_a commodity_n and_o upon_o ware_n lade_v in_o remote_a country_n as_o our_o pepper_n which_o cost_v we_o with_o charge_n but_o four_o penny_n the_o pound_n so_o that_o when_o all_o be_v bring_v into_o a_o medium_fw-la the_o valuation_n ought_v to_o be_v make_v as_o afore-written_a and_o therefore_o the_o order_n which_o have_v be_v use_v to_o multiply_v the_o full_a rate_n upon_o ware_n inward_o by_o twenty_o will_v produce_v a_o very_a great_a error_n in_o the_o balance_n be_v the_o trade_n to_o the_o east-indies_n be_v not_o only_o great_a in_o itself_o but_o
imaginary_a and_o feign_a or_o who_o keep_v not_o this_o orderly_a succession_n as_o be_v the_o ducat_n of_o catalonia_n of_o castilia_n of_o rome_n and_o of_o pertugal_n also_o those_o crown_n who_o have_v no_o proper_a part_n also_o the_o ducatoon_n in_o what_o country_n soever_o and_o the_o florm_n in_o germany_n all_o these_o i_o say_v which_o ought_v to_o succeed_v in_o 20_o and_o 12_o that_o be_v in_o sold_n and_o den._n or_o shilling_n and_o penny_n and_o each_o of_o the_o other_o sort_n of_o money_n shall_v be_v account_v according_a to_o the_o property_n of_o that_o country_n and_o as_o shall_v be_v signify_v in_o the_o front_n of_o the_o follow_a table_n of_o that_o place_n among_o which_o there_o be_v some_o which_o be_v common_o resolve_v by_o the_o more_o principal_a of_o their_o own_o money_n as_o the_o exchange_n of_o sicily_n with_o catalonia_n castilia_n portugal_n brabant_n and_o england_n and_o howsoever_o they_o make_v their_o exchange_n either_o by_o the_o sicilian_a florin_n or_o by_o the_o ducat_n notwithstanding_o the_o parcel_n be_v resolve_v in_o ounce_n tarin_n grain_n and_o pichols_n which_o be_v thorough_o declare_v in_o the_o follow_a table_n and_o last_o forasmuch_o as_o the_o term_n and_o day_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v find_v in_o many_o country_n to_o differ_v in_o length_n of_o time_n and_o be_v limit_v of_o divers_a day_n and_o that_o the_o rate_n â—…sing_v and_o fall_v of_o exchange_n have_v a_o course_n set_v by_o a_o continual_a meeting_n of_o exchanger_n and_o their_o opinion_n in_o equality_n of_o value_n i_o have_v think_v good_a to_o insert_v the_o same_o with_o some_o other_o needful_a circumstance_n of_o this_o art_n of_o exchange_v at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o table_n to_o which_o i_o refer_v the_o learn_v where_o also_o he_o shall_v find_v at_o large_a how_o most_o of_o these_o exchange_n be_v cast_v up_o and_o reckon_v from_o one_o place_n to_o another_o and_o now_o i_o will_v proceed_v to_o the_o table_n themselves_o as_o i_o find_v they_o calculate_v by_o the_o say_v geo_n bapt._n zuletta_n and_o other_o follow_v he_o chap._n cclxxvii_o of_o the_o exchange_n of_o placentia_n a_o place_n of_o fair_n or_o fiera_n of_o exchange_n in_o italy_n placentia_n the_o exchange_n of_o placentia_n this_o town_n be_v consider_v as_o a_o fair_a or_o staple_n of_o exchange_n and_o not_o as_o a_o city_n of_o trafficle_n and_o therefore_o there_o be_v no_o esteem_n make_v of_o the_o current_a money_n of_o the_o place_n but_o only_o of_o that_o which_o be_v make_v by_o exchange_v which_o be_v crown_n of_o mark_n in_o which_o money_n banker_n and_o exchanger_n do_v only_o treat_v and_o account_v in_o and_o the_o same_o be_v hold_v by_o crown_n sell_v and_o denier_n of_o mark._n and_o in_o the_o custom_n of_o exchange_n here_o in_o use_n it_o give_v the_o entire_a and_o whole_a sum_n to_o all_o other_o place_n be_v either_o crown_v one_o or_o crown_n one_o hundred_o placentia_n do_v exchange_n with_o lion_n crown_n 100_o for_o 96¾_n crown_v rome_n crown_v 100_o 99½_n ducat_n genova_n crown_n 1_o 67._o 10_o sol._n of_o gold_n milan_n crown_n 1_o 134._o 9_o sol._n venice_n crown_v 100_o 130_o ducat_n florence_n crown_v 100_o 109½_n crown_n lucca_n crown_v 100_o 116¾_n ducatoon_n naples_n crown_n 1_o 134_o grain_n lechi_n crown_n 1_o 135½_n grain_n bari_n crown_n 1_o 135_o grain_n palermo_n crown_n 1_o 29_o carlins_n mesina_n crown_n 1_o 29¼_n carlins_n antw._n &_o col._n crown_n 1_o 128_o gross_v london_n crown_n 1_o 81½_n d._n sterl_n valentia_n crown_n 1_o 24_o sold._n saragosa_n crown_n 1_o 24_o sol._n 6_o den._n barcelona_n crown_n 1_o 24_o sol._n 4_o den._n siv_n al._n med._n crown_n 1_o 432_o marvede_n lisbon_n crown_n 1_o 482_o raise_v bologna_n crown_n 1_o 119_o ducatoon_n bergamo_n crown_n 1_o 118¾_n ducatoon_n frankford_n crown_n 1_o 103½_n quarentins_n in_o the_o 382._o chapter_n the_o reader_n may_v find_v how_o these_o exchange_n be_v cast_v up_o and_o calculate_v chap._n cclxxviii_o of_o the_o exchange_n of_o lion_n paris_n and_o roven_n in_o france_n etc._n the_o exchange_n of_o lion_n etc._n etc._n in_o lion_n paris_n roven_n and_o through_o all_o france_n they_o keep_v their_o account_n in_o livre_n sol_n denier_n and_o turnois_n and_o they_o here_o do_v exchange_n in_o crown_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o denier_n of_o the_o sun_n this_o livre_fw-fr be_v also_o call_v in_o some_o place_n of_o france_n a_o frank_n and_o 3_o livre_n or_o frank_n be_v account_v for_o the_o say_a crown_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o crown_n of_o italy_n by_o a_o decree_n and_o standard_n of_o the_o country_n pass_v at_o 58_o sol._n of_o the_o say_a crown_n and_o in_o the_o custom_n of_o exchange_v it_o give_v the_o entire_a and_o whole_a sum_n or_o number_n either_o one_o crown_n or_o one_o hundred_o crown_n of_o the_o sol._n lion_n do_v exchange_v with_o placentia_n crown_n 100_o for_o 103½_n crown_v rome_n crown_v 100_o 99½_n ducat_n genova_n crown_n 1_o 66½_n sol._n of_o gold_n milan_n crown_n 1_o 115_o sol._n venice_n crown_v 100_o 116¾_n duc._n bank_n florence_n crown_v 100_o 106½_n crown_n lucca_n crown_n 100_o 117½_n ducatoon_n naples_n crown_n 1_o 124_o grain_n lechi_n crown_n 1_o 122½_n grain_n bari_n crown_n 1_o 123_o grain_n palermo_n crown_n 1_o 29½_n carlins_n mesina_n crown_n 1_o 29½_n carlins_n antw_n &_o col._n crown_n 1_o 96_o gross_n london_n crown_n 1_o 62_o penny_n sterl_n valentia_n crown_n 1_o 23_o sol._n 10_o den._n saragosa_n crown_n 1_o 23_o sol._n 8_o den._n barcelona_n crown_n 1_o 24_o sol._n siv_n al._n med._n crown_n 1_o 436_o marvede_n lisbon_n crown_n 1_o 485_o raise_v bologna_n crown_n 100_o 119½_n ducatoon_n bergamo_n crown_v 100_o 119â…•_n ducatoon_n frankford_n crown_n 1_o 104_o quarentins_n vide_fw-la chap._n 302._o and_o so_o follow_v of_o the_o calculation_n of_o the_o exchange_n of_o this_o place_n chap._n cclxxix_o of_o the_o exchange_n of_o rome_n in_o italy_n rome_n the_o exchange_n of_o rome_n in_o rome_n the_o banker_n and_o exchanger_n keep_v their_o account_n in_o crown_n julios_fw-la bacochs_n and_o quatrin_n and_o they_o exchange_n in_o ducat_n sol_n and_o denier_n of_o camera_n the_o crown_n of_o the_o abovesard_n money_n be_v worth_a 10_o julios_fw-la or_o 100_o bacoch_n or_o else_o 400_o quatrin_n the_o julio_n be_v 10_o bacoch_n or_o else_o 40_o quatrin_n and_o the_o bacoch_n be_v 4_o quatrin_n the_o ducat_n of_o camera_n according_a to_o the_o old_a value_n be_v worth_a 2½_n per_fw-la cent._n more_o than_o the_o crown_n of_o gold_n so_o that_o 100_o ducat_n be_v 102½_n crown_n in_o the_o custom_n of_o exchange_n among_o merchant_n the_o place_n give_v the_o break_a number_n to_o all_o italy_n except_v to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n to_o sicilia_n bologna_n and_o bergamo_n and_o to_o all_o other_o 〈◊〉_d give_v the_o whole_a number_n which_o be_v either_o one_o ducat_n or_o by_o a_o 100_o ducat_n rome_n do_v exchange_n with_o placentia_n ducat_n 97¾_n for_o 100_o crown_n lion_n ducat_n 97½_n 100_o crown_n genoa_n ducat_n 97â…›_n 100_o crown_n of_o gold_n milan_n ducat_n 97¼_n 100_o crown_n of_o gold_n venice_n ducat_n 85â…“_n 100_o ducat_n florence_z ducat_n 91¾_n 100_o crown_n lucca_n ducat_n 84_o 100_o ducatoon_n naples_n ducat_n 100_o 135_o ducat_n lechi_n ducat_n 100_o 134â…”_n ducat_n bari_n ducat_n 100_o 134½_n ducat_n palermo_n ducat_n 1_o 14_o 15_o tarin_n mesina_n ducat_n 1_o 14_o 17_o tarin_n antw._n &_o col._n ducat_n 1_o 125_o gross_v london_n ducat_n 1_o 87½_n d._n sterling_a valentia_n ducat_n 1_o 24_o 2_o sol._n saragosa_n ducat_n 1_o 23_o sol._n 8_o denier_n barcelona_n ducat_n 1_o 23_o sol._n 10_o denier_n siv_n al._n med._n ducat_n 1_o 440_o marvede_n lisbon_n ducat_n 1_o 482_o ray_n bologna_n ducat_n 100_o 119_o ducatoon_n bergamo_n ducat_n 100_o 119½_n ducatoon_n frankford_n ducat_n 1_o 103_o quarentins_n vide_fw-la how_o these_o be_v calculate_v chap._n 326._o and_o so_o follow_v chap._n cclxxx_o of_o the_o exchange_n of_o genova_n the_o metropolis_n of_o liguria_n genova_n the_o exchange_n of_o genova_n in_o genova_n exchanger_n keep_v their_o account_n in_o livre_n sol_n and_o denier_n current_n and_o they_o exchange_v in_o livre_n sol_n and_o denier_n of_o gold_n the_o money_n current_n be_v it_o that_o be_v the_o common_a in_o use_n of_o which_o the_o crown_n of_o gold_n be_v worth_a sol._n 90._o and_o in_o time_n past_a be_v worth_n less_o the_o money_n of_o gold_n be_v imaginary_a and_o value_v according_a as_o the_o fair_n of_o exchange_n permit_v of_o which_o the_o crown_n of_o gold_n be_v always_o worth_a 68_o sol._n in_o the_o custom_n of_o