to_o custom_n and_o the_o drawer_n be_v just_o to_o bear_v the_o charge_n thereof_o for_o his_o omission_n and_o oversight_n though_o i_o can_v see_v but_o if_o the_o party_n to_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v present_v to_o be_v accept_v have_v likewise_o advice_n thereof_o and_o sufficient_a ground_n or_o reason_n to_o have_v accepteed_o it_o if_o the_o bill_n have_v have_v a_o direction_n on_o it_o to_o himself_o he_o may_v accept_v the_o bill_n although_o the_o direction_n to_o he_o be_v omit_v but_o it_o must_v be_v confess_v it_o be_v a_o oversight_n and_o a_o error_n in_o the_o drawer_n in_o omit_v to_o direct_v his_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o if_o his_o friend_n do_v suffer_v it_o to_o be_v protest_v i_o conceive_v he_o shall_v have_v sufficient_o punish_v he_o for_o his_o error_n the_o drawer_n repay_v the_o value_n upon_o protest_v if_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v make_v payable_a to_o one_o man_n for_o the_o value_n receive_v of_o another_o and_o the_o party_n on_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v draw_v have_v accept_v it_o but_o when_o it_o fall_v due_a fail_v in_o the_o payment_n whereupon_o protest_v be_v make_v and_o by_o virtue_n of_o this_o protest_v the_o party_n who_o deliver_v the_o value_n recover_v satisfaction_n of_o the_o drawer_n in_o this_o case_n the_o drawer_n be_v free_o discharge_v against_o the_o party_n or_o party_n to_o who_o the_o say_a bill_n be_v make_v payable_a either_o immediate_o in_o the_o bill_n or_o mediate_o by_o assignment_n or_o assignment_n be_v they_o never_o so_o many_o upon_o it_o so_o that_o neither_o he_o to_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v first_o make_v payable_a nor_o any_o other_o to_o who_o it_o shall_v be_v assign_v in_o any_o manner_n whatever_o aught_o to_o molest_v or_o trouble_v the_o drawer_n or_o legal_o according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o merchant_n can_v sue_v or_o prosecute_v the_o drawer_n he_o have_v already_o repay_v the_o money_n to_o the_o right_a party_n who_o receipt_n and_o discharge_v for_o the_o same_o be_v a_o sufficient_a release_n from_o all_o further_a trouble_v which_o may_v happen_v neither_o can_v he_o to_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v first_o make_v payable_a if_o but_o a_o assign_v of_o the_o deliverer_n prosecute_v the_o acceptor_n after_o the_o drawer_n have_v give_v satisfaction_n to_o the_o party_n who_o deliver_v the_o value_n no_o more_o than_o my_o assign_v can_v protest_v and_o prosecute_v a_o surety_n upon_o a_o bond_n payable_a to_o i_o or_o my_o assign_v after_o i_o have_v receive_v satisfaction_n from_o the_o principal_a for_o though_o i_o must_v confess_v in_o this_o case_n the_o acceptor_n be_v not_o total_o discharge_v for_o it_o be_v suppose_v he_o do_v accept_v the_o bill_n by_o order_n of_o the_o drawer_n or_o for_o some_o other_o account_n to_o who_o therefore_o he_o must_v be_v responsible_a yet_o in_o reference_n to_o the_o party_n who_o first_o deliver_v the_o value_n and_o the_o party_n to_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v payable_a suppose_v himself_o to_o be_v but_o a_o assigné_n of_o the_o deliverer_n the_o acceptor_n do_v but_o confirm_v what_o the_o drawer_n have_v do_v and_o the_o drawer_n have_v make_v refaction_n to_o the_o deliverer_n the_o acceptor_n be_v likewise_o discharge_v against_o the_o deliverer_n and_o against_o the_o party_n to_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v first_o payable_a if_o he_o be_v but_o a_o assigné_n but_o the_o acceptor_n by_o virtue_n of_o his_o acceptance_n make_v himself_o debtor_n and_o be_v still_o liable_a to_o the_o drawer_n or_o to_o the_o account_n for_o which_o he_o accept_v the_o bill_n till_o satisfaction_n be_v give_v letter_n of_o credit_n the_o chief_a mean_n of_o correspondence_n and_o trade_n between_o merchant_n and_o merchant_n from_o one_o place_n or_o country_n to_o another_o do_v consist_v and_o be_v bear_v up_o by_o letter_n missive_n from_o one_o to_o the_o other_o which_o letter_n if_o not_o countermand_v be_v bind_v and_o may_v serve_v for_o sufficient_a proof_n according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o merchant_n in_o case_n of_o dispute_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v that_o merchant_n do_v usual_o keep_v copy_n of_o their_o letter_n which_o they_o write_v to_o their_o correspondent_o by_o which_o they_o know_v how_o to_o order_v their_o affair_n and_o to_o who_o they_o be_v bind_v and_o these_o letter_n have_v divers_a appellation_n though_o they_o serve_v all_o for_o advice_n and_o order_n yet_o some_o be_v more_o particular_o call_v letter_n of_o commission_n other_o letter_n of_o advice_n other_o be_v call_v freight-letter_n and_o other_o letter_n of_o credit_n letter_n of_o commission_n be_v for_o buy_v or_o sell_v of_o good_n freight_v ship_n take_v up_o money_n or_o remit_v money_n by_o exchange_n or_o the_o like_a letter_n of_o advice_n be_v such_o as_o i_o write_v to_o my_o friend_n servant_n correspondent_n or_o principal_a advise_v they_o of_o monies_n draw_v or_o remit_v by_o exchange_n freight-letter_n be_v such_o as_o be_v write_v upon_o the_o freight_a or_o take_v to_o freight_n any_o ship_n or_o vessel_n or_o any_o tonnage_n thereof_o inform_v what_o tonnage_n be_v take_v to_o freight_n and_o what_o freight_n be_v to_o be_v pay_v for_o the_o same_o letter_n of_o credit_n be_v proper_o such_o as_o be_v write_v to_o furnish_v money_n by_o exchange_n upon_o the_o credit_n of_o he_o who_o write_v the_o letter_n these_o letter_n of_o credit_n in_o regard_n they_o do_v more_o immediate_o concern_v the_o credit_n and_o honour_n of_o the_o party_n who_o write_v the_o same_o suppose_v he_o to_o be_v a_o merchant_n or_o trader_n who_o best_a and_o chief_a subsistance_n be_v credit_n must_v needs_o be_v of_o great_a concern_n and_o most_o bind_v by_o or_o from_o the_o party_n or_o party_n who_o underwrite_v or_o subscribe_v the_o same_o to_o those_o to_o who_o they_o be_v direct_v or_o who_o be_v concern_v therein_o in_o case_n he_o or_o they_o shall_v comply_v therewith_o because_o the_o credit_n of_o he_o who_o under-writes_a the_o letter_n be_v thereby_o vindicate_v and_o his_o honour_n repute_v and_o esteem_n much_o manifest_v now_o letter_n of_o credit_n for_o the_o furnish_n of_o money_n by_o exchange_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n the_o one_o general_n the_o other_o special_a the_o general_a letter_n of_o credit_n be_v when_o i_o write_v my_o open_a letter_n direct_v to_o all_o merchant_n and_o other_o that_o shall_v furnish_v money_n to_o such_o and_o such_o person_n upon_o this_o my_o letter_n of_o credit_n in_o and_o by_o which_o i_o bound_v myself_o that_o what_o money_n shall_v be_v by_o they_o deliver_v unto_o the_o party_n or_o party_n therein_o mention_v within_o such_o a_o time_n at_o such_o and_o such_o rate_n or_o in_o general_a term_n at_o the_o price_n currant_n i_o do_v thereby_o bind_v myself_o to_o be_v accountable_a and_o answerable_a for_o the_o same_o to_o be_v repay_v according_a to_o the_o bill_n or_o bill_n of_o exchange_n which_o upon_o receipt_n of_o the_o money_n so_o furnish_v shall_v be_v give_v or_o deliver_v for_o the_o same_o and_o if_o any_o money_n be_v furnish_v upon_o such_o my_o general_n letter_n of_o credit_n and_o bill_n of_o exchange_n therefore_o give_v and_o charge_v draw_v or_o direct_v to_o i_o although_o when_o the_o bill_n come_v to_o hand_n and_o be_v present_v to_o i_o i_o shall_v refuse_v to_o accept_v thereof_o yet_o according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n i_o be_o bind_v and_o liable_a to_o the_o payment_n of_o those_o bill_n of_o exchange_n by_o virtue_n and_o force_n of_o such_o my_o general_n letter_n of_o credit_n because_o he_o or_o they_o who_o furnish_v the_o money_n have_v not_o so_o much_o if_o any_o respect_v to_o the_o sufficiency_n or_o ability_n of_o the_o party_n who_o take_v up_o the_o money_n as_o to_o i_o who_o have_v give_v my_o letter_n of_o credit_n for_o the_o same_o and_o upon_o who_o credit_n mere_o those_o money_n may_v be_v proper_o say_v to_o have_v be_v deliver_v the_o special_a letter_n of_o credit_n be_v when_o a_o merchant_n at_o the_o request_n of_o another_o man_n write_v his_o open_a letter_n of_o credit_n direct_v to_o his_o factor_n agent_n or_o correspondent_n give_v he_o order_n to_o furnish_v such_o or_o such_o a_o man_n by_o name_n with_o such_o or_o such_o a_o sum_n of_o money_n at_o one_o or_o more_o time_n and_o charge_v it_o to_o account_v of_o the_o merchant_n who_o give_v the_o letter_n of_o credit_n and_o take_v bill_n of_o exchange_n or_o receipt_n for_o the_o same_o particular_a letter_n of_o credit_n be_v usual_o write_v and_o subscribe_v with_o the_o own_o hand_n of_o the_o merchant_n that_o grant_v they_o wherein_o it_o be_v very_o expedient_a as_o well_o for_o the_o certainty_n of_o he_o who_o be_v to_o furnish_v the_o money_n that_o he_o may_v be_v sure_a the_o letter_n come_v direct_o from_o the_o
merchant_n and_o so_o his_o credit_n may_v not_o suffer_v through_o any_o dilemma_n or_o demur_n in_o compliance_n by_o reason_n of_o any_o doubt_n which_o may_v be_v of_o the_o reality_n of_o the_o letter_n as_o for_o the_o plain_a meaning_n and_o obligation_n of_o the_o merchant_n himself_o to_o be_v responsible_a for_o the_o same_o that_o the_o merchant_n do_v mention_n or_o recite_v something_o or_o other_o particular_o which_o have_v happen_v in_o some_o former_a affair_n or_o deal_n or_o which_o be_v yet_o depend_v between_o they_o or_o at_o least_o the_o date_n of_o his_o last_o letter_n now_o in_o the_o general_n letter_n of_o credit_n he_o that_o write_v it_o make_v use_v of_o his_o credit_n for_o his_o own_o account_n and_o concern_v in_o his_o way_n of_o trade_n and_o so_o there_o need_v no_o more_o than_o his_o letter_n of_o credit_n to_o make_v he_o liable_a to_o repay_v what_o shall_v be_v so_o furnish_v but_o in_o the_o particular_a letter_n of_o credit_n he_o who_o write_v the_o letter_n do_v it_o not_o to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o money_n himself_o or_o to_o be_v employ_v for_o his_o own_o use_n but_o for_o the_o use_n and_o accommodation_n of_o some_o other_o man_n at_o who_o request_n he_o be_v willing_a and_o do_v write_v his_o letter_n of_o credit_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v very_o expedient_a and_o ordinary_a for_o he_o at_o who_o entreaty_n the_o letter_n be_v write_v at_o the_o writing_n and_o upon_o receipt_n thereof_o to_o give_v good_a security_n by_o bond_n or_o otherwise_o to_o the_o merchant_n that_o give_v the_o letter_n of_o credit_n for_o repayment_n to_o he_o his_o executor_n or_o assign_v of_o all_o such_o money_n as_o shall_v be_v receive_v by_o virtue_n of_o the_o say_a letter_n of_o credit_n for_o the_o merchant_n by_o his_o letter_n stand_v sufficient_o bind_v to_o his_o correspondent_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v but_o reason_n that_o he_o for_o who_o the_o letter_n be_v grant_v shall_v give_v as_o it_o be_v his_o counterbond_n for_o repayment_n the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n which_o be_v to_o be_v make_v for_o monies_n take_v up_o by_o letter_n of_o credit_n do_v run_v in_o the_o ordinary_a form_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n whereof_o i_o have_v set_v down_o several_a towards_o the_o beginning_n of_o this_o treatise_n as_o for_o the_o form_n of_o the_o general_n letter_n of_o credit_n in_o regard_n each_o man_n know_v best_a his_o own_o occasion_n induce_v he_o thereunto_o whereof_o the_o letter_n must_v chief_o consist_v i_o shall_v wave_v it_o and_o only_o set_v down_o the_o form_n of_o a_o particular_a letter_n of_o credit_n which_o may_v be_v as_o follow_v laus_fw-la deo_fw-la in_o london_n this_o 29._o of_o february_n 1654._o mr._n william_n m._n sir_n my_o last_o to_o you_o be_v of_o the_o 12_o of_o january_n wherein_o i_o write_v you_o what_o needful_a in_o answer_n to_o you_o of_o the_o 7_o of_o the_o same_o month_n this_o serve_v chief_o to_o desire_v you_o to_o furnish_v and_o pay_v to_o mr._n john_n g._n english_a gentleman_n to_o the_o value_n of_o two_o thousand_o crown_n at_o one_o or_o more_o time_n according_a as_o he_o shall_v have_v occasion_n and_o desire_v the_o same_o of_o you_o take_v his_o receipt_n or_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o the_o money_n which_o you_o shall_v so_o furnish_v he_o with_o and_o put_v it_o to_o my_o account_n and_o this_o my_o letter_n of_o credit_n shall_v be_v your_o sufficient_a warrant_n for_o so_o do_v vale._n you_o thomas_n p._n to_o mr._n william_n m._n merchant_n at_o paris_n such_o a_o letter_n as_o this_o be_v to_o be_v deliver_v open_a to_o the_o party_n who_o be_v to_o make_v use_n of_o it_o but_o then_o the_o merchant_n that_o write_v this_o letter_n of_o credit_n do_v usual_o give_v notice_n thereof_o in_o or_o by_o his_o next_o letter_n which_o he_o shall_v write_v to_o his_o friend_n to_o who_o it_o be_v direct_v who_o have_v pay_v the_o money_n and_o take_v receipt_n or_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o the_o same_o must_v send_v they_o back_o to_o the_o merchant_n who_o give_v the_o letter_n of_o credit_n for_o he_o to_o demand_v payment_n thereupon_o of_o those_o that_o of_o right_n shall_v appertain_v according_a to_o reason_n put_v bill_n in_o letter-case_n or_o almanac_n in_o regard_n bill_n of_o exchange_n though_o of_o great_a concern_v be_v ordinary_o write_v upon_o small_a piece_n of_o paper_n about_o 3_o or_o four_o finger_n broad_a by_o reason_n of_o which_o they_o be_v more_o subject_a to_o be_v lose_v especial_o if_o you_o carry_v they_o loose_v about_o you_o therefore_o i_o will_v advise_v you_o for_o prevention_n to_o keep_v a_o letter-case_n or_o which_o be_v better_o a_o pocket-almanack_n or_o small_a pocket_n paper-book_n with_o clasp_n and_o put_v your_o bill_n of_o exchange_n therein_o that_o so_o they_o may_v be_v keep_v clean_a and_o whole_a and_o less_o subject_a to_o be_v lose_v how_o to_o bring_v french_a crown_n into_o sterling_a mony_n if_o you_o have_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n send_v you_o from_o france_n the_o money_n to_o be_v receive_v in_o london_n and_o your_o bill_n be_v remit_v to_o pay_v so_o many_o crown_n at_o such_o or_o such_o a_o rate_n as_o it_o be_v usual_a to_o do_v to_o know_v how_o much_o you_o must_v receive_v here_o in_o sterling_a money_n you_o must_v first_o bring_v your_o french_a crown_n into_o penny_n sterling_a at_o the_o price_n or_o rate_n set_v down_o in_o your_o bill_n and_o then_o bring_v your_o penny_n into_o pound_n and_o you_o have_v your_o desire_n as_o for_o example_n if_o your_o bill_n be_v draw_v to_o pay_v 250_o crown_n at_o 56¼_n d._n per_fw-la crown_n first_o multiply_v the_o 250_o crown_n by_o 56_o d._n this_o make_v 14000_o penny_n whereunto_o add_v for_o the_o ¼_n 62½_n penny_n because_o 62½_n be_v the_o ¼_n part_n of_o 250_o and_o it_o will_v make_v 14062½_n sterling_a and_o divide_v the_o 14062_o by_o 240_o d._n because_o 240_o d._n make_v a_o pound_n sterling_a and_o it_o will_v produce_v 58_o pound_n sterling_a and_o there_o will_v remain_v 142_o penny_n which_o divide_v by_o 12_o d._n will_v make_v 11_o shilling_n and_o there_o will_v remain_v 10_o d._n then_o add_v the_o ½_n d._n remain_v of_o your_o multiplication_n and_o the_o total_a be_v 58_o 11_o 10½_n as_o for_o example_n thus_o by_o the_o same_o rule_n you_o may_v reduce_v ducat_n dollar_n and_o piece_n of_o eight_o into_o sterling_a money_n when_o you_o know_v how_o many_o penny_n sterling_a the_o ducat_n dollar_n or_o piece_n of_o eight_o be_v value_v at_o for_o the_o exchange_n thereof_o but_o because_o this_o proper_o belong_v to_o the_o art_n of_o arithmetic_n whereof_o divers_a able_a man_n have_v already_o publish_v several_a treatise_n in_o french_a and_o dutch_a and_o also_o in_o english_a some_z whereof_z have_v come_v to_o my_o hand_n therefore_o i_o shall_v not_o proceed_v any_o further_a herein_o it_o suffice_v that_o what_o i_o have_v in_o this_o treatise_n declare_v be_v warrantable_a according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o merchant_n and_o enough_o to_o guide_v any_o in_o the_o trade_n of_o exchange_n beyond_o what_o have_v ever_o hitherto_o be_v publish_v by_o any_o which_o i_o will_v aver_v and_o justify_v direction_n concern_v the_o two_o ensue_a table_n the_o first_o table_n be_v for_o any_o year_n except_o leap-year_n the_o second_o table_n be_v for_o leap-year_n only_o which_o happen_v every_o four_o year_n as_o namely_o anno_fw-la 1700_o 1704_o 1708_o etc._n etc._n in_o the_o first_o column_n of_o either_o of_o these_o table_n i_o have_v put_v the_o new_a style_n or_o the_o roman_a account_n of_o the_o day_n in_o the_o year_n in_o regard_n it_o be_v ten_o day_n before_o our_o english_a account_n and_o i_o have_v place_v the_o english_a account_n or_o old_a style_n in_o the_o second_o column_n and_o so_o again_o the_o new_a style_n in_o the_o three_o column_n and_o our_o english_a style_n in_o the_o four_o and_o so_o forward_o from_o the_o left-hand_a to_o the_o right_n every_o odd_a column_n which_o have_v the_o month_n name_v at_o the_o top_n thereof_o be_v the_o new_a style_n account_n and_o every_o second_o or_o even_a column_n which_o have_v not_o the_o month_n write_v at_o the_o top_n be_v the_o old_a style_n account_n as_o you_o may_v perceive_v because_o the_o month_n begin_v just_a ten_o day_n after_o they_o be_v begin_v by_o the_o new_a account_n and_o in_o both_o these_o table_n i_o have_v exact_o count_v day_n for_o day_n and_o set_v they_o side_n by_o side_n upon_o a_o equal_a and_o strait_a line_n from_o the_o left_a hand_n to_o the_o right_n from_o new_a style_n to_o old_a style_n for_o every_o day_n in_o the_o year_n leap-year_n contain_v 366_o day_n and_o the_o ordinary_a year_n 365_o day_n each_o style_n agree_v with_o the_o
a_o good_a road_n for_o ship_v where_o 500_o ship_n of_o any_o burden_n may_v safe_o anchor_v from_o all_o but_o south_n and_o westerly_a wind_n which_o very_o seldom_o in_o these_o part_n happen_v for_o the_o wind_n here_o general_o blow_v from_o east_n northerly_a and_o southerly_a wherefore_o it_o be_v that_o we_o call_v the_o east-part_n of_o the_o island_n the_o windward_n and_o the_o west-part_n the_o leeward_n here_o lie_v also_o the_o chief_a town_n for_o trade_n former_o call_v the_o bridge_n but_o now_o st._n michael_n and_o have_v two_o fort_n and_o a_o platform_n between_o they_o answer_v each_o to_o the_o other_o for_o the_o preservation_n and_o defence_n of_o the_o say_a town_n and_o command_v of_o the_o road._n the_o first_o and_o chief_a fort_n be_v call_v charles_n fort_n stand_v on_o needham_n point_n and_o lie_v out_o in_o the_o sea_n and_o to_o windward_n of_o the_o bay_n and_o town_n so_o that_o a_o enemy_n keep_v out_o of_o command_n of_o this_o fort_n can_v 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to_o do_v beside_o mallatoes_n and_o negro_n which_o be_v here_o keep_v and_o account_v for_o slave_n the_o number_n of_o which_o some_o few_o year_n since_o upon_o search_n be_v find_v to_o be_v 60000_o person_n viz._n 40000_o whites_n and_o 20000_o black_n the_o stand_a militia_n of_o this_o island_n that_o be_v always_o ready_a on_o all_o occasion_n to_o meet_v together_o and_o which_o at_o other_o time_n be_v often_o and_o well_o discipline_v consist_v of_o two_o regiment_n of_o horse_n and_o five_o regiment_n of_o foot_n wherein_o several_a company_n have_v near_o 200_o in_o a_o company_n and_o more_o than_o 100_o horse_n in_o a_o troop_n the_o government_n be_v not_o contrary_a but_o agreeable_a to_o the_o law_n of_o england_n only_o some_o particular_a law_n be_v make_v proper_a for_o this_o place_n by_o the_o governor_n or_o deputy_n and_o his_o council_n which_o usual_o be_v seven_o in_o number_n and_o a_o assembly_n that_o consist_v of_o 22_o person_n choose_v by_o the_o 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a_o coal_n wonderful_a in_o nature_n as_o kindle_v by_o water_n and_o quench_v by_o oil._n zutphen_n zutphen_n zutphen_n be_v the_o next_o earldom_n be_v only_o a_o town_n seat_v on_o the_o river_n issel_n of_o good_a strength_n take_v from_o the_o spaniard_n anno_fw-la dom._n 1590._o at_o the_o siege_n whereof_o be_v slay_v that_o honourable_a knight_n sir_n philip_n sidney_n of_o who_o be_v say_v digna_fw-la legi_fw-la scribis_fw-la facis_fw-la &_o dignissima_fw-la scribi_fw-la scripta_fw-la probant_fw-la doctum_fw-la te_fw-la tua_fw-la facta_fw-la probum_fw-la thou_o write_v thing_n worthy_a read_n and_o do_v do_v thing_n that_o be_v even_o most_o worthy_a writing_n too_o thy_o work_n thy_o learning_n praise_n thy_o deed_n thy_o goodness_n raise_v holland_n holland_n the_o next_o earldom_n be_v holland_n in_o circuit_n 180_o miles_n no_o part_n of_o which_o be_v distant_a from_o the_o sea_n three_o hour_n journey_n and_o comprehend_v 400_o village_n and_o 23_o to_n dort_n dort_n 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prosperity_n i_o wish_v may_v still_o increase_v and_o though_o these_o citizen_n have_v since_o upon_o some_o discontent_n force_v they_o to_o remove_v to_o rotterdam_n yet_o consider_v the_o town_n be_v compose_v altogether_o of_o brewer_n and_o that_o man_n so_o qualify_v be_v apt_a to_o forget_v themselves_o it_o may_v be_v imagine_v they_o have_v since_o sleep_v upon_o it_o and_o will_v peradventure_o regain_v their_o company_n at_o a_o great_a charge_n than_o can_v by_o any_o but_o by_o their_o wisdom_n be_v imagine_v alkmer_n alkmer_n the_o next_o be_v alkmer_n famous_a for_o the_o defeat_n which_o the_o duke_n d'alva_fw-la receive_v before_o it_o to_o his_o great_a loss_n of_o reputation_n and_o to_o this_o city_n honour_n rotterdam_n rotterdam_n the_o next_o be_v rotterdam_n famous_a for_o the_o birth_n of_o erasmus_n and_o note_v for_o lover_n of_o the_o english_a traffck_n in_o give_v late_o free_a and_o worthy_a privilege_n to_o the_o merchant-adventurer_n of_o england_n 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clxiii_o of_o amsterdam_n and_o the_o trade_n thereof_o thereof_o amsterdam_n and_o the_o trade_n thereof_o amsterdam_n be_v now_o by_o the_o late_a addition_n of_o the_o new_a to_o the_o old_a a_o fair_a city_n strong_a and_o beautiful_a the_o river_n tay_n flow_v like_o a_o large_a and_o calm_a sea_n on_o the_o north-side_n thereof_o and_o the_o river_n amster_n of_o which_o and_o the_o word_n damn_v this_o city_n be_v name_v run_v from_o the_o south_n through_o three_o lake_n enter_v this_o city_n and_o pass_v through_o it_o fall_v into_o the_o river_n tay_n on_o the_o north-side_n this_o town_n do_v consist_v of_o 5_o principal_a street_n through_o which_o the_o water_n do_v run_v and_o be_v divide_v therewith_o in_o which_o ship_n barge_n and_o boat_n of_o all_o kind_n be_v find_v both_o to_o come_v and_o go_v continual_o either_o to_o lade_v or_o unlade_v which_o be_v not_o only_o beneficial_a to_o the_o inhabitant_n but_o also_o commodious_a and_o beautiful_a the_o trade_n of_o this_o city_n be_v much_o enlarge_v since_o the_o passage_n of_o antwerp_n be_v stop_v and_o the_o trade_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n to_o the_o east_n and_o west-indies_n occasion_v by_o their_o industry_n their_o love_n to_o navigation_n and_o not_o the_o least_o by_o a_o great_a plenty_n of_o money_n which_o they_o deliver_v out_o at_o easy_a rate_n at_o interest_n as_o want_v land_n or_o other_o mean_n to_o put_v out_o the_o same_o to_o better_a benefit_n nothing_o be_v loft_n they_o but_o commerce_n and_o navigation_n to_o employ_v the_o same_o and_o of_o late_a day_n england_n and_o other_o neighbour_a country_n be_v find_v to_o have_v their_o estate_n go_v at_o interest_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o place_n which_o be_v 8_o per_fw-la cent_n whereas_o in_o their_o own_o country_n 4_o and_o 5_o per_fw-la cent_n be_v as_o much_o as_o the_o same_o will_v yield_v they_o but_o for_o the_o coin_n weight_n and_o measure_n as_o i_o observe_v they_o i_o shall_v here_o insert_v and_o refer_v the_o rest_n to_o the_o better_o experience_v amsterdam_n account_n in_o amsterdam_n they_o keep_v their_o account_n as_o in_o antwerp_n by_o which_o all_o these_o part_n be_v regulate_v in_o former_a time_n for_o what_o concern_v traffic_n netherlands_o money_n of_o amsterdam_n and_o all_o the_o netherlands_o their_o money_n have_v also_o a_o correspondency_n with_o antwerp_n coin_n but_o inhanse_v or_o debase_v as_o they_o see_v occasion_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o great_a yearly_a disbursment_n and_o ordinary_o the_o same_o be_v find_v to_o be_v as_o in_o the_o account_n of_o antwerp_n so_o as_o that_o their_o livre_fw-fr or_o pound_n which_o be_v twenty_o shilling_n flemish_n may_v be_v account_v twelve_o shilling_n sterling_a florin_n 6_o make_v that_o pound_n of_o 20_o stiver_n per_fw-la florin_n stivers_n 120_o make_v a_o pound_n of_o gross_n 6_o stivers_n a_o flemish_a shilling_n stivers_n 5_o be_v account_v as_o much_o as_o 6_o d._n sterling_a or_o 5_o sold_n turnois_n stiver_n 1_o be_v a_o sold_n turnois_n a_o gross_n be_v 6_o denier_n turnois_n carolus_n gulden_a be_v 20_o stiver_n 2_o shilling_n sterling_a or_o 20_o sol_n turnois_n beside_o these_o as_o the_o current_a money_n of_o the_o country_n all_o coin_n of_o europe_n do_v pass_v here_o current_o for_o their_o value_n and_o be_v receive_v and_o pay_v in_o payment_n for_o merchandise_n according_o amsterdam_n weight_n of_o amsterdam_n their_o weight_n be_v the_o pound_n 100_o whereof_o make_v their_o quintal_n which_o 100_o or_o quintal_n be_v hold_v in_o london_n to_o be_v incirca_fw-la 111_o l._n english_a yet_o some_o allege_v that_o the_o same_o true_o calculate_v will_v not_o produce_v above_o 108_o l._n subtle_a and_o for_o the_o concordancy_n see_v further_o amsterdam_n measure_n in_o amsterdam_n their_o measure_n be_v the_o ell_n which_o reduce_v to_o yard_n english_a be_v find_v to_o be_v 134_o ell_n for_o 100_o yard_n of_o london_n and_o the_o 100_o ell_n of_o london_n be_v here_o 167½_n ell_n so_o that_o the_o 100_o elâ—_n here_o make_v in_o london_n about_o 74_o yard_n or_o 60½_n ell_n incirca_fw-la and_o 40_o flemish_a ell_n make_v in_o england_n 24_o ells._n amsterdam_n exchange_n in_o amsterdam_n in_o the_o exchange_n this_o place_n be_v govern_v by_o antwerp_n rise_v and_o fall_v according_a to_o their_o present_a occasion_n and_o the_o value_n current_n of_o their_o money_n which_o be_v often_o inhanse_v and_o debase_v it_o be_v very_o frequent_o observe_v in_o this_o city_n and_o the_o rest_n subject_n to_o the_o netherlands_o or_o to_o the_o unite_a province_n that_o when_o they_o have_v occasion_n of_o great_a receipt_n they_o be_v decry_v in_o value_n and_o raise_v again_o where_o they_o have_v occasion_n by_o their_o war_n or_o otherwise_o of_o great_a disbursement_n according_a to_o which_o diversity_n of_o needful_a occasion_n the_o exchange_n of_o the_o place_n be_v observe_v to_o alter_v therefore_o therein_o can_v be_v prescribe_v any_o direct_a
the_o same_o be_v conclude_v genoa_n exchange_n practise_v at_o genoa_n i_o have_v show_v elsewhere_o the_o general_a exchange_n of_o genoa_n and_o with_o how_o many_o other_o place_n this_o city_n be_v find_v to_o exchange_n and_o there_o also_o declare_v the_o common_a rate_n and_o price_n how_o the_o same_o be_v find_v to_o govern_v which_o notwithstanding_o be_v find_v so_o subject_a to_o alteration_n that_o it_o can_v admit_v of_o any_o great_a certainty_n yet_o so_o far_o it_o be_v conducible_a to_o this_o knowledge_n that_o it_o may_v serve_v as_o a_o certain_a rule_n for_o the_o calculation_n thereof_o either_o in_o the_o draught_n remittance_n or_o order_n that_o may_v happen_v to_o fall_v within_o the_o limit_n of_o this_o city_n the_o form_n of_o which_o account_v now_o remain_v to_o be_v handle_v observe_v the_o same_o with_o some_o other_o principal_a place_n which_o be_v well_o understand_v will_v enlighten_v the_o way_n to_o what_o be_v here_o by_o i_o for_o brevity_n sake_n willing_o omit_v genoa_n account_n in_o genoa_n to_o give_v then_o introduction_n thereto_o it_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o exchanger_n do_v here_o keep_v their_o account_n several_a way_n as_o some_o in_o liver_n sol_n and_o denier_n of_o current_a money_n and_o other_o by_o liver_n sol_n and_o denier_n money_n of_o gold_n and_o both_o these_o account_v and_o sum_v up_o by_o 20_o and_o 12_o because_o 20_o sol_n make_v a_o liver_n and_o 12_o denier_n do_v make_v a_o sol._n moreover_o it_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o the_o crown_n of_o italy_n of_o gold_n in_o gold_n be_v worth_a here_o in_o current_a money_n 90_o sol_n of_o genoa_n though_o it_o be_v find_v sometime_o to_o be_v worth_n more_o and_o sometime_o less_o as_o money_n be_v request_v notwithstanding_o the_o say_a crown_n be_v always_o give_v for_o 68_o sol_n money_n of_o gold_n again_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o in_o genoa_n all_o or_o the_o most_o part_n of_o exchange_n that_o be_v practise_v be_v effective_o for_o placentia_n lion_n milan_n venice_n naples_n and_o rome_n and_o therefore_o in_o the_o handle_n thereof_o i_o shall_v to_o avoid_v tediousness_n be_v the_o brief_a chap._n ccclxii_o of_o the_o exchange_n of_o genoa_n with_o placentia_n placentia_n exchange_n of_o genoa_n with_o placentia_n genoa_n do_v exchange_n with_o placentia_n and_o give_v posito_fw-la sol._n 87¾_n current_a money_n to_o have_v there_o 1_o crow_n of_o mark_n i_o will_v know_v then_o for_o liver_n 10269._o 19_o 3_o d._n current_a money_n how_o many_o crow_n of_o mark_v i_o shall_v have_v in_o placentia_n example_n 1._o example_n first_o then_o multiply_v the_o say_v sol._n 87¾_n by_o 4_o to_o bring_v they_o into_o 4_o 4_o add_v the_o â—_o 4_o and_o they_o make_v 351_o quarter_n and_o then_o multiply_v the_o say_a sum_n of_o liver_n by_o 20_o to_o make_v they_o sols_n and_o then_o by_o 4_o to_o make_v they_o quarter_n of_o sol_n add_v to_o the_o multiplication_n ¼_n for_o the_o 3_o denier_n and_o it_o will_v be_v in_o all_o 821_o 597_o which_o divide_v by_o 331_o the_o price_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o mark_n and_o the_o division_n will_v be_v 2340_o multiply_v the_o rest_n by_o 20_o and_o by_o 12_o to_o make_v they_o sols_n and_o denier_n and_o they_o will_v be_v in_o all_o crow_n 2340._o 14._o 7._o of_o gold_n of_o mark_n which_o you_o must_v have_v in_o placentia_n as_o by_o example_n will_v be_v more_o evident_a to_o prove_v this_o account_n you_o must_v multiply_v the_o say_v crown_n of_o mark_n by_o lib._n 4._o 7._o 9_o beginning_n to_o multiply_v by_o the_o denier_n and_o then_o by_o sols_n calculate_v it_o by_o 12_o denier_n for_o one_o sol_fw-mi and_o by_o 2d_o for_o one_o liver_n and_o of_o the_o product_n will_v come_v l._n 10269-18-11_a so_o that_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o the_o account_n be_v just_a the_o difference_n be_v in_o some_o small_a part_n of_o the_o division_n which_o be_v lose_v as_o by_o example_n exchange_n another_o example_n of_o the_o say_a exchange_n at_o genoa_n it_o be_v oftentimes_o see_v that_o the_o exchange_n be_v make_v for_o placentia_n in_o sols_n of_o money_n of_o gold_n and_o the_o difference_n of_o this_o money_n be_v that_o the_o crown_n of_o gold_n by_o decree_n of_o the_o estate_n be_v worth_a sol_n money_n of_o gold_n and_o in_o current_a money_n 90_o sol_n and_o though_o that_o the_o say_a price_n of_o the_o current_a money_n rise_v and_o fall_v the_o money_n of_o gold_n never_o vari_v from_o the_o say_a price_n of_o 68_o sol._n if_o then_o i_o will_v know_v for_o liver_n 2816._o 13._o 4._o money_n of_o gold_n which_o one_o exchange_v at_o 66_o 5_o d._n money_n of_o gold_n per_fw-la crown_n how_o many_o crown_n of_o mark_n shall_v one_o have_v do_v thus_o reduce_v the_o abovesaid_a liver_n into_o denier_n multiply_v they_o by_o 20_o and_o the_o sol_n rest_v by_o 12_o likewise_o reduce_v the_o say_v sol_n 66._o 5_o denier_n into_o denier_n multiply_v they_o by_o 12_o and_o that_o which_o will_v come_v thereof_o shall_v be_v the_o divisor_n of_o the_o sum_n of_o denier_n come_v of_o the_o say_v liv._o the_o which_o divide_v will_v be_v 848_o cro._n 3._o 7._o of_o mark._n proof_n proof_n to_o prove_v this_o rule_n multiply_v this_o by_o 5_o d._n and_o the_o product_n will_v be_v 2186._o 13._o 3._o which_o show_v the_o account_n to_o be_v just_o cast_v example_n three_o example_n in_o genoa_n i_o will_v deliver_v for_o placentia_n lib._n 3248._o 15._o of_o current_a money_n which_o be_v exchange_v at_o 67_o sol._n 10_o d._n of_o money_n of_o gold_n i_o demand_v how_o many_o crown_n of_o mark_n they_o will_v be_v first_o reduce_v the_o say_a sum_n of_o liver_n of_o current_a money_n into_o liver_n of_o money_n of_o gold_n divide_v the_o same_o by_o 90_o sol_n the_o price_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o gold_n in_o current_a money_n and_o they_o will_v be_v crown_n 721._o 18._o 10_o which_o must_v be_v multiply_v by_o 3_o l._n 8_o s._n the_o price_n of_o the_o crown_n in_o money_n of_o gold_n and_o it_o will_v come_v to_o lib._n 2454._o 12._o money_n of_o gold_n which_o divide_v by_o 67._o 10_o to_o see_v what_o the_o crown_n of_o mark_n be_v worth_a and_o they_o will_v make_v crown_n 723._o 14._o 3._o of_o mark_n and_o so_o much_o shall_v genoa_n have_v medit_n in_o placentia_n for_o the_o say_v l._n 3248._o 15_o of_o current_a money_n as_o the_o example_n shall_v more_o evident_o demonstrate_v geona_n to_o reduce_v liver_n of_o current_a money_n into_o liver_n of_o gold_n in_o geona_n if_o in_o genoa_n you_o will_v reduce_v any_o sum_n of_o current_a money_n into_o liver_n of_o money_n of_o gold_n by_o a_o short_a rule_n because_o that_o the_o crow_n of_o gold_n in_o current_a money_n be_v 90_o s._n and_o in_o money_n of_o gold_n 68_o s._n you_o must_v take_v of_o the_o current_a money_n twice_o â…“_n place_v they_o the_o one_o under_o the_o other_o and_o out_o of_o one_o of_o the_o say_a â…“_n take_v â…•_n and_o of_o that_o which_o come_v of_o the_o say_a â…•_n you_o must_v take_v â…“_n and_o add_v these_o 4_o parcel_n together_o will_v come_v money_n of_o gold_n as_o will_v appear_v by_o this_o example_n proof_n proof_n for_o proof_n of_o the_o say_a account_n if_o by_o the_o same_o method_n you_o will_v reduce_v liver_n of_o money_n of_o gold_n into_o liver_n of_o current_a money_n you_o must_v add_v to_o the_o say_a liver_n of_o money_n of_o gold_n the_o ¼_n and_o of_o that_o which_o will_v come_v thereof_o take_v 1_o 17_o add_v the_o say_v two_o parcel_n together_o and_o they_o will_v make_v liver_n of_o current_a money_n example_n and_o thus_o much_o shall_v serve_v for_o the_o exchange_n of_o genoa_n with_o placentia_n wherein_o i_o have_v think_v fit_a thus_o far_o to_o enlarge_v myself_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a exchange_n continual_o practise_v between_o the_o say_v two_o place_n chap._n ccclxiii_o of_o the_o exchange_n of_o genoa_n with_o lion_n lion_n exchange_n of_o genoa_n with_o lion_n genoa_n exchange_v with_o lion_n and_o give_v posito_fw-la sols_n 59_o 9_o money_n of_o gold_n to_o have_v in_o lion_n a_o crown_n of_o the_o sun_n i_o will_v know_v then_o for_o liver_n 37296._o 6._o 0_o of_o current_a money_n in_o genoa_n how_o many_o crown_n of_o the_o sun_n i_o shall_v have_v in_o liver_n first_o reduce_v the_o say_a sum_n of_o liver_n of_o current_a money_n into_o liver_n of_o money_n of_o gold_n by_o the_o former_a rule_n divide_v by_o sol._n 90._o the_o price_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o gold_n in_o current_a money_n and_o they_o will_v make_v crown_n 8288._o 1._o 4._o which_o must_v be_v multiply_v by_o l._n 3._o 8._o 5._o the_o price_n of_o the_o crown_n in_o money_n of_o gold_n and_o it_o will_v come_v to_o
servant_n must_v have_v advice_n whether_o the_o parcel_n be_v accept_v or_o not_o to_o govern_v himself_o according_o and_o doubtless_o will_v be_v glad_a to_o hear_v the_o parcel_n he_o remit_v be_v accept_v and_o be_v trouble_v at_o the_o contrary_a wherefore_o although_o the_o money_n be_v remit_v i_o for_o my_o own_o account_n yet_o because_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n do_v concern_v other_o man_n as_o well_o as_o myself_o therefore_o i_o ought_v to_o have_v respect_n unto_o they_o also_o and_o to_o follow_v the_o usual_a course_n of_o exchange_n which_o be_v to_o endeavour_v to_o procure_v acceptation_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n as_o well_o as_o payment_n and_o indeed_o in_o the_o very_a letter_n of_o advice_n which_o be_v send_v by_o the_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n be_v he_o servant_n factor_n or_o principal_n to_o the_o party_n to_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v make_v payable_a it_o be_v usual_o express_v in_o these_o or_o the_o like_a word_n sir_n here_o enclose_v i_o do_v send_v you_o four_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o 500_o l._n viz._n 20_o nou._n 100_o l._n per_fw-la arthur_n a._n at_o do_v uso_fw-la on_o roger_n g._n ditto_n 100_o l._n per_fw-la joos_n d._n at_o do_v uso_fw-la 10_o day_n on_o gregory_n n._n ditto_n 150_o l._n per_fw-la arent_n b._n at_o 1½_n uso_fw-la on_o william_n m._n 22_o do_v 150_o l._n per_fw-la jac._n c._n at_o do_v uso_fw-la on_o frederick_n v._n whereof_o please_v to_o get_v acceptance_n and_o payment_n at_o the_o time_n when_o fall_v due_a give_v advice_n now_o certain_o all_o merchant_n be_v bind_v to_o follow_v order_n and_o consequent_o to_o endeavour_v the_o acceptance_n of_o all_o bill_n of_o exchange_n in_o the_o like_a kind_n send_v unto_o they_o or_o else_o they_o break_v the_o order_n of_o the_o party_n which_o send_v the_o bill_n whether_o the_o accepter_n be_v free_v by_o protest_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n which_o be_v accept_v and_o at_o the_o time_n not_o punctual_o pay_v there_o be_v other_o some_o that_o think_v if_o they_o shall_v cause_v a_o protest_v to_o be_v make_v on_o such_o a_o bill_n for_o nonpayment_n that_o they_o by_o protest_v shall_v free_v the_o party_n who_o have_v accept_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o that_o they_o do_v reserve_v their_o right_n only_o against_o the_o drawer_n of_o the_o bill_n to_o recover_v upon_o he_o by_o virtue_n of_o the_o protest_v to_o this_o i_o say_v it_o be_v true_a by_o protest_v the_o drawer_n be_v liable_a to_o make_v satisfaction_n but_o the_o party_n which_o accept_v the_o bill_n be_v so_o far_o thereby_o i_o mean_v by_o protest_v for_o want_n of_o present_a payment_n from_o be_v free_v as_o that_o he_o be_v thereby_o make_v more_o liable_a or_o at_o least_o liable_a to_o pay_v more_o than_o he_o be_v before_o the_o protest_v be_v make_v for_o than_o he_o be_v only_o liable_a for_o the_o just_a sum_n mention_v in_o the_o bill_n but_o now_o after_o protest_v be_v make_v for_o non_fw-la payment_n he_o be_v liable_a also_o to_o pay_v all_o cost_n damage_n and_o interest_n etc._n etc._n which_o the_o party_n protest_v do_v by_o his_o protest_v express_o declare_v he_o do_v intend_v to_o recover_v of_o the_o acceptor_n in_o usual_a manner_n and_o indeed_o a_o protest_v for_o nonpayment_n ought_v usual_o to_o precede_v a_o action_n at_o law_n for_o by_o the_o protest_v be_v prove_v default_n of_o payment_n of_o the_o money_n at_o the_o time_n limit_v in_o the_o bill_n and_o so_o the_o acceptor_n become_v liable_a to_o a_o action_n of_o the_o case_n and_o so_o soon_o as_o ever_o protest_v have_v be_v make_v for_o nonpayment_n the_o party_n accept_v may_v be_v arrest_v thereupon_o which_o before_o he_o can_v not_o so_o legal_o have_v be_v time_n of_o payment_n and_o in_o what_o species_n every_o country_n have_v its_o usance_n or_o accustom_a time_n for_o payment_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n from_o one_o place_n to_o another_o as_o for_o instance_n from_o london_n to_o antwerp_n amsterdam_n middleborough_n rotterdam_n lisle_n roven_n and_o paris_n usance_n be_v one_o month_n after_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n and_o so_o likewise_o from_o those_o part_n to_o london_n usance_n be_v one_o month_n after_o date_n double_a usance_n be_v two_o month_n etc._n etc._n and_o between_o hamborough_n and_o london_n monies_n be_v usual_o deliver_v at_o two_o month_n and_o in_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o hamborough_n they_o do_v usual_o express_v double_a usance_n when_o they_o intend_v only_o two_o month_n from_o venice_n and_o other_o part_n of_o italy_n to_o amsterdam_n etc._n etc._n and_o from_o thence_o to_o italy_n usance_n be_v two_o month_n from_o venice_n etc._n etc._n to_o london_n usance_n be_v three_o month_n and_o at_o lion_n and_o some_o other_o place_n they_o do_v usual_o make_v their_o money_n pavable_a at_o certain_a mart_n or_o fair_n and_o here_o in_o england_n at_o so_o many_o day_n sight_n each_o place_n observe_v its_o accustom_a manner_n and_o in_o some_o place_n likewise_o they_o contract_v for_o what_o sort_n of_o money_n to_o pay_v either_o currant_n money_n in_o bank_n or_o out_o of_o bank_n which_o be_v sometime_o 1_o 1½_n or_o 2_o or_o more_o per_fw-la cent._n difference_n this_o be_v very_o expedient_a to_o be_v know_v to_o the_o end_n that_o he_o which_o do_v deliver_v his_o money_n by_o exchange_n for_o any_o place_n may_v not_o be_v deceive_v in_o his_o expectation_n as_o well_o concern_v the_o time_n as_o for_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o money_n which_o be_v to_o be_v pay_v in_o exchange_n for_o the_o money_n which_o he_o deliver_v danger_n in_o make_v bill_n payable_a to_o the_o bearer_n never_o make_v your_o bill_n of_o exchange_n payable_a to_o such_o a_o one_o name_v his_o name_n or_o to_o the_o bearer_n hereof_o which_o be_v very_o dangerous_a but_o always_o make_v your_o bill_n payable_a to_o such_o a_o one_o or_o his_o order_n or_o his_o assign_v or_o the_o like_a for_o a_o bill_n which_o shall_v be_v make_v payable_a to_o robert_n w._n or_o the_o bearer_n hereof_o may_v chance_v to_o miscarry_v or_o come_v to_o a_o wrong_a man_n hand_n and_o he_o may_v go_v and_o receive_v the_o money_n upon_o such_o a_o bill_n and_o the_o party_n to_o who_o of_o right_n it_o ought_v to_o be_v pay_v never_o the_o wise_a i_o mean_v not_o know_v of_o it_o and_o he_o that_o pay_v it_o will_v produce_v the_o bill_n itself_o for_o his_o warrant_n to_o pay_v it_o to_o whosoever_o shall_v bring_v it_o so_o you_o may_v chance_v to_o be_v defeat_v of_o your_o money_n and_o it_o may_v be_v your_o friend_n on_o who_o you_o draw_v the_o bill_n be_v suspect_v by_o you_o to_o have_v have_v a_o hand_n in_o the_o business_n though_o it_o may_v be_v he_o never_o have_v any_o such_o thought_n but_o pay_v it_o real_o to_o the_o party_n that_o bring_v the_o bill_n not_o know_v he_o nor_o ever_o inquire_v where_o he_o dwell_v or_o what_o he_o be_v and_o if_o you_o will_v needs_o have_v your_o friend_n bear_v some_o blame_n for_o pay_v the_o money_n in_o that_o manner_n you_o must_v bear_v the_o great_a blame_n and_o thank_v yourself_o for_o give_v such_o a_o order_n for_o he_o have_v perform_v your_o order_n and_o so_o you_o can_v have_v nothing_o against_o he_o unless_o you_o can_v prove_v a_o fraud_n in_o he_o but_o to_o prevent_v all_o such_o suspicion_n always_o make_v your_o bill_n payable_a to_o a_o certain_a man_n by_o name_n the_o name_n and_o time_n of_o old_a and_o new_a style_n though_o both_o agree_n yet_o how_o distinguish_v the_o computation_n or_o stile_n of_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n among_o christian_n do_v differ_v in_o several_a country_n and_o nation_n both_o in_o name_n and_o time_n first_o in_o name_n there_o be_v the_o julian_n or_o english_a account_n which_o among_o merchant_n be_v call_v stilo_fw-it veteri_fw-la or_o old_a stile_n and_o there_o be_v the_o gregorian_a or_o roman_a account_n which_o among_o the_o merchant_n be_v call_v stilo_fw-it novo_fw-la or_o new_a stile_n the_o old_a stile_n be_v use_v with_o we_o in_o england_n and_o at_o hamburg_n strasburg_n and_o other_o part_n of_o germany_n the_o new_a stile_n be_v use_v in_o the_o netherlands_o france_n spain_n and_o most_o part_n of_o christendom_n then_o for_o matter_n of_o time_n we_o in_o england_n begin_v our_o year_n the_o 25_o day_n of_o march_n they_o in_o the_o netherlands_o and_o other_o place_n where_o they_o write_v new_a stile_n except_o at_o venice_n and_o some_o part_n of_o italy_n begin_v their_o year_n the_o first_o day_n of_o january_n or_o as_o dr._n vilvain_n say_v christian_n in_o general_a do_v reckon_v from_o christ_n nativity_n currant_n january_n 1._o but_o the_o church_n of_o england_n with_o pisa_n and_o sienna_n in_o italy_n from_o his_o
conception_n or_o incarnation_n march_v 25._o we_o take_v it_o complete_a or_o consummate_v when_o he_o have_v be_v a_o whole_a year_n in_o the_o flesh_n though_o but_o three_o month_n old_a they_o currant_n or_o inchoat_fw-la from_o the_o first_o day_n of_o conception_n as_o king_n reckon_v from_o their_o initiation_n so_o they_o date_n nine_o month_n before_o the_o vulgar_a and_o a_o whole_a year_n before_o we_o which_o be_v a_o difference_n in_o the_o manner_n but_o all_o equal_o true_a for_o the_o matter_n and_o the_o very_a stile_n distinguish_v the_o form_n for_o our_o term_n be_v anno_fw-la ab_fw-la incarnatione_fw-la imply_v complete_a they_o annus_fw-la incarnationis_fw-la imply_v currant_n pisa_n and_o sienna_n style_v this_o year_n annus_fw-la incarnationis_fw-la 1655._o we_o ab_fw-la incarnatione_fw-la 1654._o but_o all_o else_o call_v it_o annus_fw-la nativitatis_fw-la 1654._o commence_v at_o christ_n circumcision_n last_o pass_v so_o that_o though_o in_o italy_n they_o write_v new_a stile_n which_o be_v ten_o day_n before_o we_o yet_o they_o begin_v the_o year_n the_o 25_o of_o march_n as_o we_o do_v no_o witness_n to_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n such_o be_v the_o excellency_n of_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n that_o according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o merchant_n there_o be_v never_o any_o witness_n require_v to_o be_v present_a to_o see_v the_o drawer_n or_o party_n that_o do_v underwrite_v the_o bill_n subscribe_v his_o name_n thereunto_o or_o to_o be_v present_a when_o the_o party_n on_o who_o it_o be_v draw_v do_v underwrite_v his_o acceptance_n thereof_o for_o it_o be_v suppose_v that_o those_o which_o deal_v by_o exchange_n be_v man_n of_o credit_n who_o it_o do_v as_o much_o concern_v in_o reference_n to_o their_o credit_n of_o their_o own_o accord_n to_o acknowledge_v their_o subscription_n and_o take_v care_v the_o bill_n be_v punctual_o pay_v and_o discharge_v as_o it_o do_v the_o deliverer_n and_o party_n to_o who_o it_o be_v payable_a to_o look_v after_o their_o money_n and_o demand_v payment_n at_o the_o time_n and_o if_o it_o shall_v otherwise_o happen_v that_o the_o drawer_n or_o accepter_n shall_v presume_v to_o deny_v their_o subscription_n it_o may_v be_v easy_o prove_v against_o they_o by_o their_o letter_n in_o compare_v the_o one_o with_o the_o other_o and_o by_o the_o consequence_n of_o the_o draught_n and_o book_n of_o account_n and_o by_o divers_a other_o circumstance_n which_o case_n do_v seldom_o or_o never_o fall_v out_o i_o mean_v for_o a_o man_n to_o deny_v his_o hand_n to_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n because_o it_o strike_v at_o his_o credit_n and_o be_v so_o poor_a a_o shift_n as_o that_o he_o can_v hardly_o find_v any_o wool_n to_o cover_v it_o and_o if_o he_o shall_v be_v so_o unadvised_a as_o to_o stand_v it_o out_o and_o it_o be_v prove_v against_o he_o beside_o other_o damage_n he_o will_v lose_v his_o credit_n among_o merchant_n for_o ever_o and_o then_o though_o he_o may_v know_v they_o yet_o they_o will_v not_o know_v he_o further_o than_o they_o know_v his_o mony_n hamborough_n and_o strasburgh_n stile_n at_o hamborough_n and_o strasburg_n in_o germany_n they_o do_v write_v the_o same_o stile_n with_o we_o here_o in_o england_n namely_o old_a stile_n but_o in_o all_o other_o part_n beyond_o the_o sea_n except_o new_a england_n barbadoes_n and_o where_o our_o english_a plantation_n be_v they_o do_v general_o write_v new_a stile_n which_o be_v ten_o day_n before_o we_o usance_n from_o venice_n hamborough_n etc._n etc._n note_v also_o that_o usance_n from_o venice_n to_o london_n be_v three_o month_n from_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o from_o hamborough_n to_o london_n and_o so_o from_o london_n to_o hamborough_n bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v usual_o make_v payable_a at_o two_o month_n after_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n and_o according_o the_o price_n currant_n of_o exchange_n from_o london_n to_o hamborough_n be_v value_v and_o set_v down_o at_o two_o month_n from_o the_o date_n the_o price_n currant_n from_o london_n to_o venice_n and_o ligorn_n at_o three_o month_n and_o for_o antwerp_n amsterdam_n middleborough_n lisle_n rotterdam_n paris_n and_o roven_n at_o one_o month_n or_o single_a usance_n and_o so_o we_o call_v one_o month_n usance_n two_o month_n double_a usance_n three_o month_n treble_a usance_n no_o three_o day_n for_o acceptance_n when_o any_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v send_v unto_o you_o from_o beyond_o the_o sea_n or_o from_o any_o inland_a town_n to_o cause_v to_o be_v accept_v i_o will_v advise_v you_o present_o to_o present_v the_o bill_n so_o soon_o as_o possible_o you_o can_v to_o the_o party_n to_o who_o it_o be_v direct_v and_o request_v he_o to_o accept_v the_o same_o if_o he_o refuse_v to_o accept_v it_o you_o may_v present_o cause_v a_o protest_v to_o be_v make_v for_o non-acceptance_n and_o send_v it_o away_o with_o the_o next_o conveyance_n for_o according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n in_o london_n there_o be_v not_o any_o three_o day_n respite_n to_o be_v allow_v for_o acceptance_n before_o you_o can_v protest_v but_o so_o soon_o as_o the_o bill_n have_v be_v present_v and_o acceptance_n refuse_v present_o you_o may_v protest_v the_o very_a same_o day_n twenty_o four_o hour_n for_o acceptance_n but_o if_o the_o party_n to_o who_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v direct_v be_v a_o merchant_n well_o know_v unto_o you_o and_o when_o the_o bill_n be_v present_v he_o to_o accept_v he_o shall_v desire_v time_n to_o consider_v on_o it_o and_o so_o shall_v entreat_v you_o to_o leave_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n with_o he_o and_o to_o come_v to_o he_o the_o next_o day_n provide_v the_o post_n do_v not_o go_v away_o in_o the_o interim_n and_o that_o then_o he_o will_v give_v you_o a_o answer_n whether_o he_o will_v accept_v it_o or_o not_o herein_o he_o do_v demand_v nothing_o of_o you_o but_o what_o be_v usual_o allow_v between_o merchant_n know_v one_o to_o another_o for_o according_a to_o custom_n of_o merchant_n the_o party_n on_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v draw_v may_v have_v four_o and_o twenty_o hour_n time_n to_o consider_v whether_o he_o will_v accept_v of_o the_o bill_n or_o not_o but_o that_o time_n be_v expire_v you_o may_v in_o civility_n demand_v of_o the_o party_n on_o who_o your_o bill_n be_v draw_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n which_o you_o leave_v with_o he_o to_o be_v accept_v if_o so_o he_o please_v if_o he_o then_o say_v that_o he_o have_v not_o as_o yet_o accept_v it_o and_o that_o he_o will_v desire_v you_o to_o call_v for_o it_o some_o other_o time_n or_o the_o like_a the_o four_o and_o twenty_o hour_n be_v expire_v it_o be_v at_o your_o choice_n to_o stay_v any_o long_a or_o not_o and_o you_o may_v then_o desire_v a_o notary_n to_o go_v to_o the_o dwell_a house_n of_o the_o party_n that_o have_v the_o bill_n and_o demand_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n of_o he_o accept_v or_o not_o accept_v and_o in_o default_n of_o present_a delivery_n thereof_o you_o may_v cause_n protest_v to_o be_v make_v in_o due_a form_n but_o though_o this_o may_v be_v lawful_o do_v yet_o notwithstanding_o among_o merchant_n which_o do_v know_v one_o another_o they_o do_v not_o usual_o proceed_v so_o strict_o for_o acceptance_n but_o do_v leave_v their_o bill_n with_o the_o party_n to_o who_o they_o be_v direct_v to_o be_v accept_v sometime_o two_o or_o three_o day_n if_o it_o be_v not_o their_o prejudice_n as_o namely_o if_o the_o post_n do_v not_o depart_v in_o the_o interim_n but_o if_o the_o post_n be_v to_o depart_v within_o the_o two_o or_o three_o day_n than_o it_o be_v a_o very_a reasonable_a thing_n and_o which_o man_n that_o know_v the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n will_v not_o omit_v to_o demand_v their_o bill_n accept_v or_o not_o accept_v that_o so_o they_o may_v give_v advice_n thereof_o by_o the_o first_o post_n after_o the_o receipt_n of_o their_o letter_n unto_o their_o friend_n who_o send_v they_o the_o bill_n or_o deliver_v the_o value_n thereof_o for_o it_o be_v to_o be_v note_v by_o the_o way_n give_v advice_n by_o the_o first_o post_n that_o advice_n of_o the_o receipt_n of_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o of_o the_o acceptance_n or_o not_o acceptance_n and_o payment_n thereof_o aught_o to_o be_v give_v by_o the_o first_o post_n after_o receipt_n that_o thereby_o the_o deliverer_n may_v know_v the_o better_a how_o to_o govern_v himself_o and_o the_o taker_n know_v what_o to_o trust_v unto_o a_o bill_n draw_v on_o two_o person_n if_o any_o bill_n of_o exchange_n shall_v come_v direct_v unto_o two_o or_o more_o person_n in_o these_o term_n to_o mr._n robert_n a._n and_o mr._n john_n b._n merchant_n in_o london_n in_o this_o case_n both_o a._n and_o b._n ought_v to_o accept_v the_o same_o bill_n or_o else_o if_o but_o
because_o it_o strike_v at_o the_o credit_n of_o the_o party_n to_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v make_v payable_a as_o for_o example_n if_o the_o master_n or_o principal_a deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n do_v make_v over_o money_n by_o exchange_n payable_a to_o his_o servant_n or_o factor_n and_o do_v aferwards_o hear_v by_o certain_a advice_n give_v he_o that_o his_o say_a servant_n or_o factor_n do_v take_v ill_a course_n whereby_o the_o money_n and_o effect_n which_o he_o have_v in_o his_o hand_n or_o which_o may_v come_v to_o his_o hand_n for_o account_n of_o the_o principal_a deliverer_n may_v be_v in_o danger_n of_o be_v misspend_v or_o waste_v then_o and_o in_o such_o case_n the_o principal_n may_v send_v his_o countermand_n forbid_v the_o party_n to_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v direct_v not_o to_o pay_v the_o money_n to_o that_o servant_n or_o factor_n but_o to_o some_o other_o person_n or_o to_o keep_v the_o same_o in_o his_o hand_n when_o due_a until_o further_a order_n which_o countermand_n must_v be_v make_v and_o pass_v before_o a_o public_a notary_n in_o legal_a manner_n and_o by_o a_o notary_n notify_v to_o the_o party_n that_o have_v accept_v the_o bill_n or_o that_o be_v to_o pay_v the_o money_n to_o the_o end_n he_o may_v not_o pretend_v any_o ignorance_n thereof_o and_o such_o a_o countermand_n be_v good_a and_o lawful_a according_a to_o custom_n of_o merchant_n and_o aught_o to_o be_v obey_v according_o if_o the_o same_o be_v notify_v in_o due_a form_n and_o time_n by_o a_o notary_n to_o the_o party_n which_o have_v accept_v the_o bill_n before_o it_o be_v due_a and_o neither_o the_o drawer_n nor_o acceptor_n can_v suffer_v any_o damage_n in_o obedience_n thereto_o but_o if_o the_o time_n be_v expire_v and_o the_o money_n orderly_o pay_v before_o the_o countermand_n come_v to_o hand_n and_o be_v notify_v as_o above_o in_o such_o case_n there_o be_v nothing_o to_o be_v do_v for_o prevention_n of_o danger_n the_o bird_n be_v already_o flee_v and_o by_o this_o which_o have_v be_v say_v it_o may_v appear_v that_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v pay_v before_o it_o be_v due_a as_o shall_v be_v show_v hereafter_o usance_n what_o it_o be_v and_o how_o to_o be_v account_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n make_v payable_a at_o usance_n double_a usance_n or_o treble_a usance_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v by_o usance_n if_o from_o any_o part_n beyond_o the_o sea_n except_o hamborough_n and_o venice_n one_o month_n next_o after_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n and_o the_o like_a of_o double_a and_o treble_a usance_n two_o or_o three_o month_n to_o be_v account_v still_o from_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n for_o from_o hamborough_n they_o usual_o draw_v at_o two_o month_n and_o usance_n from_o venice_n be_v three_o month_n as_o i_o have_v already_o shewedâ—_n but_o i_o say_v always_o the_o usance_n be_v to_o be_v account_v a_o month_n from_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n let_v the_o month_n fall_v out_o how_o it_o will_v whether_o it_o be_v a_o month_n that_o have_v 31_o day_n 30_o day_n or_o 28_o day_n each_o month_n by_o denomination_n be_v a_o full_a and_o perfect_a usance_n for_o when_o it_o be_v say_v at_o usance_n it_o be_v as_o much_o as_o if_o it_o be_v say_v one_o month_n after_o the_o date_n now_o merchant_n usual_o count_v twelve_o month_n in_o the_o year_n and_o not_o thirteen_o month_n as_o among_o nurse_n and_o the_o female_a sex_n 4_o week_n or_o 28_o day_n to_o a_o month_n neither_o do_v we_o reckon_v every_o thirty_o day_n a_o month_n if_o the_o month_n have_v more_o or_o less_o day_n in_o it_o as_o some_o imagine_v but_o a_o full_a month_n by_o denomination_n from_o such_o a_o day_n of_o such_o a_o month_n to_o the_o same_o day_n of_o the_o next_o month_n or_o from_o the_o last_o day_n of_o one_o month_n to_o the_o last_o day_n of_o the_o next_o month_n as_o for_o instance_n a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n date_v in_o amsterdam_n the_o 20_o of_o december_n new_a stile_n which_o be_v the_o 10_o of_o december_n old_a stile_n payable_a at_o usance_n will_v be_v due_a the_o 10_o of_o january_n old_a stile_n a_o bill_n date_v the_o 15_o of_o june_n new_a stile_n which_o be_v the_o 5_o of_o june_n old_a stile_n payable_a at_o usance_n will_v be_v due_a the_o 5_o of_o july_n old_a stile_n and_o a_o bill_n date_v the_o 10_o of_o february_n new_a stile_n which_o be_v the_o last_o of_o january_n old_a stile_n make_v payable_a at_o usance_n in_o london_n will_v be_v due_a the_o last_o of_o february_n old_a stile_n and_o a_o bill_n date_v in_o amsterdam_n the_o 9th_o of_o january_n new_a stile_n payable_a at_o double_a usance_n will_v be_v due_a in_o london_n the_o 27_o of_o february_n old_a stile_n as_o will_v be_v make_v very_o plain_a and_o manifest_a by_o the_o table_n at_o the_o end_n of_o this_o book_n and_o in_o like_a manner_n be_v to_o be_v account_v from_o any_o other_o date_n for_o usance_n double_a usance_n or_o treble_a usance_n always_o reckon_v from_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n month_n after_o month_n day_n sight_n a_o bill_n payable_a at_o so_o many_o day_n sight_n be_v to_o be_v account_v so_o many_o day_n next_o after_o the_o bill_n shall_v be_v accept_v or_o else_o protest_v for_o non_fw-la acceptance_n and_o not_o from_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n nor_o from_o the_o day_n that_o the_o same_o come_v to_o hand_n or_o be_v private_o exhibit_v to_o the_o party_n on_o who_o it_o be_v draw_v to_o be_v accept_v if_o he_o do_v not_o accept_v thereof_o for_o the_o sight_n must_v appear_v in_o a_o legal_a way_n which_o be_v approve_v either_o by_o the_o party_n under-writing_n the_o bill_n accept_v thereof_o or_o by_o protest_v make_v for_o non-acceptance_n and_o therefore_o if_o a_o bill_n so_o make_v payable_a be_v omit_v to_o be_v present_o upon_o refusal_n protest_v for_o non-acceptance_n all_o that_o time_n which_o shall_v run_v out_o between_o the_o private_a present_v of_o the_o bill_n and_o the_o protest_v thereof_o be_v lose_v time_n and_o not_o to_o be_v account_v as_o part_v of_o the_o number_n of_o day_n mention_v in_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n except_o the_o party_n on_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v draw_v do_v of_o his_o own_o free_a will_v acknowledge_v to_o have_v see_v the_o bill_n from_o the_o first_o day_n it_o be_v private_o present_v unto_o he_o a_o accept_a bill_n lose_v by_o the_o party_n to_o who_o payable_a if_o a_o accept_a bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v lose_v by_o the_o party_n to_o who_o it_o be_v payable_a or_o his_o servant_n or_o any_o other_o who_o he_o have_v entrust_v with_o the_o bill_n i_o do_v advise_v he_o present_o so_o soon_o as_o he_o find_v the_o bill_n miss_v to_o notify_v the_o same_o unto_o the_o party_n on_o who_o it_o be_v draw_v and_o who_o have_v accept_v the_o same_o that_o he_o may_v take_v notice_n thereof_o to_o the_o end_n that_o if_o peradventure_o the_o accept_a bill_n be_v find_v by_o a_o stranger_n nothing_o concern_v therein_o and_o he_o shall_v knavish_o come_v or_o send_v for_o the_o money_n or_o use_v any_o indirect_a way_n for_o the_o finger_n thereof_o the_o party_n that_o accept_v the_o bill_n may_v be_v premonish_v at_o his_o peril_n not_o to_o pay_v it_o to_o the_o bringer_n without_o the_o special_a order_n of_o the_o party_n to_o who_o it_o be_v payable_a or_o that_o lose_v the_o bill_n and_o this_o notification_n to_o be_v make_v by_o a_o notary_n that_o may_v give_v testimony_n thereof_o if_o occasion_n be_v to_o serve_v and_o prevail_v to_o the_o right_a party_n to_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v make_v payable_a or_o that_o lose_v the_o bill_n in_o time_n and_o place_n according_a to_o reason_n and_o when_o the_o bill_n fall_v due_a and_o the_o time_n be_v come_v for_o he_o to_o go_v for_o the_o money_n the_o party_n which_o have_v accept_v the_o bill_n be_v not_o free_v from_o present_a payment_n of_o the_o money_n because_o the_o bill_n be_v lose_v for_o though_o the_o accept_a bill_n be_v lose_v yet_o he_o that_o accept_v it_o be_v not_o and_o though_o a_o specialty_n may_v be_v mislay_v and_o not_o present_o find_v yet_o that_o do_v no_o way_n free_v the_o deptor_n from_o perform_v his_o engagement_n neither_o must_v the_o acceptor_n think_v this_o to_o be_v a_o sufficient_a answer_n for_o he_o to_o say_v show_v i_o my_o accept_a bill_n and_o i_o will_v pay_v you_o or_o else_o i_o will_v keep_v the_o money_n until_o you_o bring_v i_o the_o second_o bill_n and_o such_o like_a flam_n mere_o to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o money_n a_o little_o long_a time_n think_v that_o because_o the_o accept_a bill_n be_v lose_v and_o it_o may_v be_v the_o second_o bill_n not_o yet_o come_v to_o
nor_o less_o because_o usance_n be_v one_o month_n by_o denomination_n to_o be_v account_v next_o after_o the_o date_n of_o the_o bill_n as_o i_o have_v very_o full_o show_v here_o before_o and_o there_o be_v not_o any_o month_n in_o the_o year_n which_o have_v in_o it_o above_o 31_o day_n now_o therefore_o upon_o a_o indifferent_a account_n fifteen_o day_n must_v be_v reckon_v for_o half_a usance_n because_o fifteen_o be_v the_o half_a of_o thirty_o and_o a_o day_n consist_v of_o 24_o hour_n can_v be_v subdivide_v from_o its_o proper_a denomination_n so_o that_o if_o you_o have_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n date_v the_o three_o of_o february_n new_a stile_n and_o payable_a in_o london_n at_o half_a usance_n and_o will_v know_v when_o this_o bill_n fall_v due_a you_o must_v first_o as_o before_o look_v to_o the_o date_n and_o you_o shall_v find_v that_o the_o three_o of_o february_n new_a stile_n be_v the_o 24_o of_o january_n old_a stile_n from_o whence_o count_v fifteen_o day_n forward_o or_o add_v fifteen_o day_n to_o the_o twenty_o four_o of_o january_n and_o you_o will_v find_v it_o will_v fall_v due_a the_o eight_o of_o february_n inclusive_a follow_v and_o in_o case_n you_o have_v a_o bill_n date_v the_o three_o of_o february_n new_a stile_n and_o payble_n at_o usance_n and_o half_a then_o count_v from_o the_o 24_o of_o january_n old_a stile_n to_o the_o 24_o of_o february_n old_a stile_n for_o the_o usance_n and_o from_o thence_o to_o the_o 11_o of_o march_n inclusive_a except_o in_o leap-year_n be_v 15_o day_n or_o half_a usance_n on_o which_o 11_o day_n of_o march_n and_o with_o the_o same_o day_n the_o usance_n and_o half_n will_v expire_v and_o that_o be_v the_o last_o day_n of_o the_o usance_n and_o half_a which_o day_n must_v be_v full_o expire_v and_o pass_v before_o the_o money_n ought_v to_o be_v pay_v and_o before_o any_o protest_v can_v be_v legal_o make_v for_o nonpayment_n three_o day_n after_o due_a you_o be_v to_o take_v special_a notice_n that_o the_o day_n on_o which_o any_o bill_n of_o exchange_n do_v fall_v due_a be_v always_o to_o be_v account_v as_o part_v of_o the_o time_n limit_v in_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n as_o include_v therein_o so_o that_o the_o day_n on_o which_o any_o bill_n of_o exchange_n do_v fall_v due_a do_v belong_v to_o the_o party_n which_o be_v to_o make_v payment_n thereof_o as_o be_v part_n of_o his_o time_n as_o now_o for_o example_n suppose_v a_o bill_n be_v make_v payable_a at_o thirty_o day_n sight_n and_o it_o be_v accept_v the_o five_o of_o february_n february_n have_v but_o 28_o day_n except_o in_o leap_v year_n you_o must_v reckon_v from_o the_o five_o of_o february_n to_o the_o six_o of_o february_n for_o one_o day_n and_o from_o thence_o to_o the_o seven_o two_o day_n and_o so_o forward_o allow_v 24_o hour_n to_o a_o day_n it_o will_v fall_v due_a or_o the_o 30_o day_n sight_n will_v expire_v with_o the_o seven_o of_o march_n inclusive_a and_o in_o like_a manner_n with_o bill_n payable_a at_o usance_n double_a or_o treble_a usance_n or_o bill_n payable_a at_o a_o prefix_a day_n the_o full_a time_n of_o the_o usance_n or_o prefix_a day_n must_v be_v take_v inclusive_a as_o part_v of_o the_o time_n appoint_v for_o payment_n of_o the_o bill_n and_o three_o day_n next_o after_o the_o expiration_n of_o that_o day_n be_v usual_o allow_v in_o london_n as_o well_o for_o he_o on_o who_o it_o be_v payable_a to_o procure_v payment_n thereof_o as_o for_o he_o on_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v draw_v to_o pay_v it_o unless_o it_o be_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n make_v in_o france_n and_o that_o the_o french_a post_n shall_v happen_v to_o depart_v on_o the_o second_o day_n after_o it_o be_v due_a or_o that_o the_o three_o day_n be_v a_o sunday_n or_o no_o work_a day_n or_o day_n of_o public_a commerce_n and_o trade_n and_o in_o any_o of_o those_o case_n the_o money_n must_v be_v pay_v the_o second_o day_n after_o the_o bill_n fall_v due_a or_o else_o protest_v must_v be_v then_o make_v for_o nonpayment_n that_o so_o lawful_a diligence_n may_v be_v use_v within_o the_o three_o day_n and_o advice_n thereof_o may_v be_v send_v away_o by_o the_o very_a first_o post_n after_o the_o bill_n fall_v due_a for_o although_o three_o day_n be_v usual_o allow_v after_o a_o bill_n be_v due_a yet_o it_o be_v with_o this_o proviso_n that_o the_o same_o be_v not_o to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o he_o to_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v payable_a or_o of_o his_o correspondent_n or_o the_o drawer_n for_o if_o the_o money_n be_v not_o pay_v and_o the_o protest_v make_v within_o the_o three_o day_n next_o after_o the_o bill_n fall_v due_a and_o that_o there_o shall_v happen_v in_o the_o interim_n any_o misfortune_n to_o the_o party_n on_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v draw_v that_o he_o shall_v be_v none_o solvent_a or_o the_o like_a those_o in_o france_n concern_v therein_o will_v soon_o take_v advantage_n thereupon_o to_o avoid_v the_o repayment_n than_o they_o will_v do_v in_o the_o like_a kind_n who_o take_v up_o money_n by_o exchange_n in_o holland_n or_o other_o part_n who_o bill_n if_o not_o pay_v the_o second_o day_n after_o due_a and_o that_o the_o three_o day_n fall_v on_o a_o saturday_n they_o many_o time_n forbear_v to_o protest_v for_o nonpayment_n until_o the_o monday_n follow_v however_o this_o be_v a_o general_a rule_n namely_o that_o according_a to_o custom_n of_o merchant_n in_o london_n protest_v aught_o to_o be_v make_v for_o nonpayment_n within_o three_o day_n after_o the_o bill_n fall_v due_a and_o the_o protest_v aught_o to_o be_v send_v away_o by_o the_o first_o post_n next_o after_o the_o time_n of_o payment_n be_v expire_v be_v it_o for_o what_o part_n soever_o i_o know_v there_o be_v some_o that_o will_v not_o have_v sunday_n reckon_v for_o one_o of_o the_o three_o day_n after_o a_o bill_n fall_v due_a true_o i_o think_v they_o may_v as_o well_o not_o reckon_v sunday_n to_o be_v any_o of_o the_o thirty_o day_n sight_n or_o the_o like_a for_o my_o part_n though_o payment_n be_v not_o use_v to_o be_v make_v on_o sunday_n neither_o ought_v protest_v to_o be_v make_v on_o a_o sunday_n for_o nonpayment_n i_o can_v but_o reckon_v sunday_n among_o the_o number_n of_o the_o three_o day_n for_o i_o be_o sure_a if_o saturday_n be_v the_o second_o day_n after_o the_o bill_n be_v due_a than_o monday_n will_v be_v the_o four_o day_n after_o it_o be_v due_a sure_o bound_v sure_o find_v protest_v must_v be_v make_v though_o the_o three_o day_n be_v expire_v but_o if_o protest_v for_o nonpayment_n be_v not_o make_v within_o the_o three_o day_n after_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n fall_v due_a and_o that_o through_o negligence_n or_o otherwise_o it_o be_v forbear_v four_o five_o six_o or_o more_o day_n after_o the_o time_n limit_v in_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n yet_o nevertheless_o even_o then_o if_o it_o be_v not_o pay_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n must_v be_v protest_v for_o nonpayment_n i_o say_v although_o the_o three_o day_n be_v expire_v because_o you_o can_v well_o take_v any_o course_n in_o law_n against_o the_o party_n which_o have_v accept_v the_o bill_n until_o you_o have_v make_v a_o legal_a demand_n of_o the_o money_n by_o a_o public_a notary_n neither_o be_v the_o party_n that_o draw_v the_o bill_n bind_v or_o liable_a according_a to_o custom_n of_o merchant_n to_o repay_v the_o money_n unto_o he_o of_o who_o he_o have_v receive_v the_o value_n until_o such_o time_n as_o there_o do_v appear_v a_o protest_v make_v for_o nonpayment_n to_o prove_v that_o the_o party_n who_o accept_v the_o bill_n or_o he_o on_o who_o it_o be_v draw_v have_v not_o pay_v the_o money_n upon_o that_o bill_n of_o exchange_n but_o though_o a_o bill_n must_v be_v protest_v although_o the_o three_o day_n be_v expire_v yet_o i_o will_v never_o counsel_v any_o body_n to_o omit_v protest_v a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n the_o three_o day_n after_o it_o be_v due_a for_o if_o it_o be_v not_o protest_v before_o the_o three_o day_n be_v expire_v and_o the_o party_n which_o have_v accept_v it_o shall_v then_o happen_v to_o be_v non_fw-fr solvent_a as_o i_o say_v before_o it_o may_v be_v allege_v by_o the_o drawer_n or_o endorse_o that_o the_o party_n to_o who_o it_o be_v payable_a have_v prejudice_v they_o in_o neglect_v his_o diligence_n therein_o and_o the_o party_n that_o draw_v the_o bill_n especial_o if_o it_o be_v a_o french_a bill_n that_o be_v to_o say_v a_o bill_n make_v in_o france_n may_v happen_v to_o delay_v if_o not_o free_a the_o second_o payment_n thereof_o upon_o that_o account_n for_o although_o the_o drawer_n be_v bind_v to_o the_o deliverer_n until_o the_o bill_n be_v satisfy_v yet_o it_o
therefore_o conclude_v that_o he_o have_v no_o good_n to_o sell_v ought_v not_o i_o rather_o to_o be_v blame_v to_o give_v disturbance_n to_o he_o at_o such_o a_o hour_n of_o the_o night_n i_o can_v say_v much_o in_o this_o particular_a but_o as_o i_o desire_v not_o to_o give_v advantage_n to_o any_o ill_n affect_v to_o forbear_v payment_n of_o money_n due_a by_o bill_n of_o exchange_n whensoever_o the_o same_o be_v just_o and_o right_o demand_v so_o i_o dare_v not_o conclude_v a_o protest_n to_o be_v legal_o make_v at_o any_o hour_n of_o the_o night_n or_o at_o a_o unseasonable_a time_n you_o can_v err_v in_o cause_v protest_v to_o be_v make_v if_o occasion_n be_v on_o a_o work_a day_n before_o noon_n or_o after_o noon_n in_o the_o time_n that_o man_n do_v general_o use_v and_o exercise_v commerce_n and_o trade_n as_o well_o in_o buy_v and_o sell_v of_o good_n as_o in_o pay_v and_o receive_v of_o money_n and_o therefore_o to_o prevent_v all_o objection_n which_o may_v be_v make_v against_o the_o legality_n of_o the_o protest_v nota._n nota._n i_o will_v advise_v every_o one_o that_o have_v occasion_n to_o cause_n protest_v to_o be_v make_v for_o nonpayment_n to_o play_v above_o board_n and_o to_o let_v their_o protest_n be_v make_v at_o convenient_a time_n as_o be_v before_o declare_v for_o you_o be_v not_o bound_v not_o to_o protest_v until_o the_o last_o hour_n of_o the_o three_o day_n after_o the_o bill_n be_v due_a but_o you_o be_v bind_v by_o the_o law_n of_o merchant_n use_v in_o england_n to_o protest_v within_o the_o three_o day_n and_o before_o the_o last_o hour_n be_v expire_v which_o be_v general_o take_v at_o sun_n set_v or_o thereabouts_o wherefore_o you_o may_v as_o well_o protest_v in_o the_o forenoon_n as_o in_o the_o afternoon_n and_o as_o well_o at_o two_o of_o the_o clock_n in_o the_o afternoon_n as_o at_o four_o of_o the_o clock_n and_o therefore_o be_v sure_a you_o do_v not_o prejudice_v yourself_o in_o tarry_v beyond_o your_o time_n before_o you_o cause_n protest_v to_o be_v make_v for_o nonpayment_n of_o your_o bill_n in_o case_n it_o be_v not_o pay_v before_o the_o three_o day_n protest_v return_v for_o non-acceptance_n or_o want_v of_o better_a security_n when_o any_o protest_n be_v return_v unto_o you_o for_o want_v of_o acceptance_n or_o for_o want_n of_o better_a security_n upon_o receipt_n thereof_o you_o must_v present_o repair_v with_o the_o protest_v to_o the_o party_n to_o who_o you_o deliver_v your_o money_n upon_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n which_o be_v either_o the_o drawer_n or_o indorse_o and_o upon_o sight_n of_o the_o protest_v he_o must_v give_v you_o good_a security_n to_o your_o content_n for_o the_o money_n so_o take_v up_o by_o exchange_n to_o be_v bind_v to_o repay_v the_o same_o with_o rechange_v and_o cost_n in_o case_n it_o be_v not_o pay_v at_o the_o time_n by_o the_o party_n on_o who_o it_o be_v draw_v and_o therefore_o the_o usual_a custom_n be_v in_o this_o case_n that_o the_o drawer_n or_o indorse_o have_v receive_v the_o value_n must_v procure_v a_o able_a man_n some_o friend_n of_o he_o to_o underwrite_v the_o protest_n which_o be_v come_v for_o not_o acceptance_n or_o for_o want_n of_o better_a security_n use_v these_o or_o the_o like_a word_n i_o here_o under-written_a do_v bind_v myself_o as_o principal_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o merchant_n for_o the_o sum_n of_o money_n mention_v in_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n whereupon_o this_o protest_n be_v make_v london_n this_o nine_o of_o february_n 1654._o john_n g._n protest_v for_o nonpayment_n return_v but_o if_o a_o protest_v be_v return_v for_o want_v of_o payment_n and_o if_o you_o have_v have_v security_n already_o give_v you_o on_o the_o protest_n for_o non-acceptance_n or_o for_o want_n of_o better_a security_n then_o upon_o receipt_n of_o your_o protest_n for_o nonpayment_n you_o may_v only_o acquaint_v the_o drawer_n or_o party_n that_o take_v up_o the_o money_n therewith_o and_o tarry_v out_o the_o same_o proportion_n of_o time_n at_o which_o the_o bill_n be_v make_v payable_a to_o be_v account_v from_o the_o time_n it_o fall_v due_a before_o you_o demand_v your_o principal_a money_n with_o the_o rechange_v and_o charge_n of_o the_o party_n that_o draw_v the_o bill_n or_o of_o his_o surety_n who_o according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o merchant_n be_v bind_v joint_o and_o several_o to_o repay_v the_o same_o upon_o the_o protest_v for_o nonpayment_n but_o if_o the_o bill_n be_v accept_v and_o the_o acceptor_n not_o fail_v so_o that_o there_o be_v not_o any_o protest_v make_v till_o the_o bill_n fall_v due_a and_o then_o there_o come_v a_o protest_n for_o want_v of_o payment_n in_o this_o case_n you_o must_v take_v security_n upon_o that_o protest_v for_o nonpayment_n as_o be_v direct_v here_o before_o upon_o the_o protest_v for_o non-acceptance_n except_o the_o drawer_n do_v present_o pay_v down_o the_o money_n and_o interest_n and_o charge_n accrue_v from_o the_o day_n it_o fall_v due_a until_o that_o very_a day_n of_o show_v he_o the_o protest_v for_o nonpayment_n and_o that_o you_o do_v consent_v thereunto_o for_o otherwise_o in_o case_n a_o bill_n be_v protest_v for_o non_fw-la payment_n and_o the_o protest_v exhibit_v to_o the_o drawer_n he_o may_v give_v security_n as_o before_o keep_v the_o money_n until_o so_o much_o time_n more_o be_v elapse_v as_o the_o bill_n be_v draw_v for_o before_o he_o can_v be_v compel_v to_o make_v payment_n as_o now_o for_o instance_n if_o the_o bill_n be_v date_v in_o amsterdam_n the_o nine_o of_o february_n and_o payable_a at_o usance_n in_o london_n and_o protest_v for_o nonpayment_n the_o drawer_n may_v claim_v the_o like_a time_n of_o usance_n for_o repayment_n thereof_o as_o above_o so_o that_o as_o there_o be_v one_o month_n for_o the_o exchange_n of_o the_o money_n from_o amsterdam_n to_o london_n so_o likewise_o there_o must_v be_v another_o month_n for_o re-exchange_n of_o the_o money_n from_o london_n back_o again_o to_o amsterdam_n and_o thus_o you_o see_v it_o will_v be_v the_o nine_o of_o april_n before_o you_o can_v have_v your_o money_n with_o the_o re-exchange_n thereof_o and_o charge_n at_o amsterdam_n but_o if_o the_o drawer_n will_v keep_v the_o money_n out_o the_o time_n and_o yet_o will_v not_o give_v security_n upon_o the_o protest_v than_o the_o deliverer_n may_v present_o take_v a_o course_n in_o law_n against_o he_o and_o he_o will_v be_v compel_v to_o repay_v the_o same_o with_o cost_n and_o considerable_a damage_n keep_v the_o accept_a bill_n but_o return_v the_o non-accepted_n when_o a_o accept_a bill_n be_v protest_v for_o nonpayment_n i_o will_v advise_v to_o send_v away_o the_o protest_v as_o i_o have_v show_v before_o but_o to_o keep_v the_o accept_a bill_n in_o your_o own_o custody_n except_o you_o have_v express_a order_n to_o the_o contrary_a for_o the_o protest_v for_o nonpayment_n will_v be_v sufficient_a proof_n whereby_o to_o recover_v of_o the_o drawer_n and_o then_o withal_o if_o the_o first_o bill_n be_v accept_v the_o second_o bill_n will_v serve_v against_o the_o drawer_n as_o well_o as_o the_o accept_a bill_n but_o here_o in_o england_n you_o can_v take_v course_n in_o law_n and_o expect_v a_o good_a issue_n in_o your_o suit_n against_o the_o acceptor_n without_o the_o original_n accept_v bill_n be_v produce_v in_o court_n so_o that_o you_o keep_v the_o accept_a bill_n by_o you_o and_o send_v your_o friend_n the_o other_o bill_n if_o you_o have_v it_o with_o the_o protest_v he_o can_v sufficient_o thereby_o claim_v his_o money_n of_o the_o drawer_n or_o party_n to_o who_o he_o have_v deliver_v the_o value_n and_o likewise_o you_o at_o the_o same_o time_n if_o it_o be_v a_o outland_o bill_n may_v implead_v the_o acceptor_n upon_o the_o accept_a bill_n and_o if_o the_o drawer_n shall_v desire_v to_o have_v in_o the_o accept_a bill_n as_o well_o as_o the_o other_o before_o he_o repay_v the_o money_n it_o will_v be_v time_n enough_o to_o send_v the_o accept_a bill_n when_o it_o be_v so_o desire_v but_o i_o will_v not_o advise_v to_o send_v away_o the_o accept_a bill_n with_o the_o protest_v for_o nonpayment_n for_o fear_v it_o miscarry_v nor_o to_o part_v with_o the_o accept_a bill_n without_o special_a order_n and_o upon_o good_a ground_n but_o if_o the_o bill_n be_v never_o accept_v and_o not_o pay_v at_o the_o time_n then_o there_o be_v no_o danger_n to_o send_v back_o the_o bill_n with_o the_o protest_v for_o nonpayment_n both_o together_o for_o you_o have_v do_v your_o whole_a diligence_n needful_a concern_v that_o bill_n and_o it_o will_v rest_v whole_o upon_o the_o deliverer_n to_o seek_v his_o remedy_n against_o the_o taker_n up_o of_o the_o money_n and_o to_o procure_v payment_n thereof_o from_o he_o as_o be_v fit_v bill_n
make_v thereupon_o as_o i_o have_v show_v before_o my_o advice_n be_v that_o the_o receipt_n which_o he_o shall_v take_v for_o the_o money_n by_o he_o pay_v be_v make_v and_o write_v under_o the_o protest_v and_o act_n but_o not_o upon_o the_o original_n accept_v bill_n of_o exchange_n for_o divers_a reason_n which_o i_o can_v give_v but_o especial_o i_o approve_v of_o a_o receipt_n upon_o the_o protest_v and_o not_o on_o the_o bill_n that_o so_o thereby_o he_o may_v still_o keep_v the_o bill_n free_a as_o not_o be_v satisfy_v by_o those_o who_o it_o particular_o do_v concern_v only_a if_o he_o will_v let_v the_o party_n to_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v payable_a and_o to_o who_o the_o money_n be_v pay_v subscribe_v his_o name_n on_o the_o backside_n of_o the_o bill_n to_o a_o blank_a and_o let_v the_o protest_v and_o act_n be_v send_v and_o return_v to_o the_o party_n for_o who_o account_n he_o do_v honour_v the_o bill_n but_o let_v he_o keep_v the_o accept_a bill_n by_o he_o to_o be_v ready_a upon_o all_o occasion_n against_o the_o acceptor_n bill_n must_v not_o be_v pay_v before_o due_a if_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v make_v payable_a at_o usance_n double_a usance_n thirty_o day_n sight_n or_o at_o any_o long_a or_o short_a time_n and_o when_o the_o bill_n shall_v be_v present_v to_o the_o party_n on_o who_o it_o be_v draw_v to_o be_v accept_v or_o at_o any_o time_n before_o the_o bill_n be_v due_a he_o to_o who_o it_o be_v payable_a shall_v desire_v to_o have_v the_o money_n present_o pay_v he_o by_o way_n of_o anticipation_n before_o it_o be_v due_a by_o the_o tenor_n of_o the_o bill_n and_o thereupon_o shall_v offer_v to_o rebate_v for_o the_o time_n or_o if_o the_o party_n to_o who_o the_o say_a bill_n be_v direct_v have_v some_o money_n by_o he_o and_o willing_a to_o make_v some_o profit_n thereof_o shall_v of_o his_o own_o accord_n offer_v he_o to_o who_o it_o be_v make_v payable_a to_o pay_v he_o the_o money_n present_o before_o the_o time_n limit_v in_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v expire_v in_o case_n he_o will_v discount_n for_o it_o or_o allow_v he_o some_o consideration_n for_o the_o time_n the_o party_n who_o shall_v so_o pay_v money_n upon_o any_o bill_n of_o exchange_n before_o it_o be_v due_a run_v in_o some_o danger_n in_o not_o observe_v order_n indeed_o he_o to_o who_o it_o be_v payable_a and_o who_o do_v receive_v the_o same_o be_v in_o no_o danger_n at_o all_o by_o receive_v the_o money_n before_o it_o be_v due_a but_o let_v he_o beware_v that_o so_o pay_v it_o for_o if_o the_o money_n or_o parcel_v which_o be_v remit_v be_v real_o and_o proper_o belong_v to_o the_o party_n which_o deliver_v the_o same_o by_o exchange_n to_o the_o subscribe_v of_o the_o bill_n and_o if_o the_o bill_n be_v make_v payable_a to_o a_o factor_n servant_n agent_n or_o friend_n of_o the_o deliverer_n only_a to_o and_o for_o the_o deliverer_n use_n and_o if_o before_o the_o bill_n be_v due_a the_o deliverer_n do_v send_v his_o countermand_n as_o he_o may_v do_v not_o to_o pay_v the_o money_n to_o such_o his_o factor_n servant_n agent_n or_o friend_n to_o who_o it_o be_v payable_a by_o the_o tenor_n of_o the_o bill_n but_o to_o some_o other_o who_o he_o shall_v appoint_v in_o this_o case_n he_o on_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v draw_v aught_o to_o be_v liable_a to_o the_o payment_n thereof_o according_a to_o that_o countermand_n to_o the_o party_n who_o shall_v be_v thereupon_o so_o appoint_v for_o as_o it_o be_v not_o proper_o in_o his_o power_n i_o mean_v in_o the_o power_n of_o the_o party_n on_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v draw_v to_o prolong_v the_o time_n of_o payment_n so_o as_o that_o he_o may_v choose_v if_o he_o will_v pay_v the_o money_n at_o the_o time_n limit_v in_o the_o bill_n or_o make_v the_o party_n to_o who_o it_o be_v payable_a to_o carry_v any_o long_o for_o it_o neither_o can_v that_o party_n to_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v payable_a in_o the_o case_n before_o mention_v warrantable_o shorten_v the_o time_n limit_v and_o appoint_v in_o the_o bill_n or_o agree_v with_o the_o party_n on_o who_o it_o be_v draw_v to_o pay_v he_o the_o money_n before_o it_o be_v due_a for_o the_o bargain_n be_v make_v between_o the_o deliverer_n and_o the_o taker_n and_o respect_n ought_v to_o be_v have_v thereunto_o and_o although_o this_o case_n of_o countermand_n do_v not_o ordinary_o and_o common_o happen_v yet_o it_o may_v happen_v and_o i_o have_v know_v it_o come_v to_o pass_v and_o who_o can_v certain_o assure_v himself_o that_o the_o same_o will_v not_o befall_v he_o in_o his_o payment_n of_o monies_n on_o any_o bill_n of_o exchange_n before_o it_o be_v due_a for_o my_o part_n the_o advice_n which_o i_o desire_v to_o give_v herein_o be_v such_o as_o may_v be_v for_o the_o security_n of_o he_o that_o part_n with_o his_o money_n that_o he_o may_v do_v it_o upon_o good_a ground_n and_o so_o may_v be_v warrantable_o discharge_v but_o that_o he_o can_v well_o be_v in_o break_v order_n wherefore_o i_o shall_v never_o advise_v any_o to_o pay_v money_n on_o bill_n of_o exchange_n before_o they_o be_v due_a second_o bill_n with_o a_o assignment_n if_o a_o second_o unaccept_v bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v send_v to_o you_o from_o the_o party_n to_o who_o it_o be_v payable_a with_o a_o assignment_n on_o the_o backside_n thereof_o order_v the_o payment_n to_o make_v to_o yourself_o for_o the_o value_n receive_v of_o your_o friend_n or_o factor_n present_o upon_o receipt_n thereof_o you_o must_v present_v or_o cause_v the_o same_o to_o be_v present_v to_o the_o party_n on_o who_o it_o be_v draw_v to_o be_v by_o he_o accept_v unless_o you_o have_v the_o first_o bill_n already_o accept_v if_o the_o party_n on_o who_o it_o be_v draw_v do_v refuse_v to_o accept_v the_o second_o bill_n pretend_v that_o he_o have_v already_o accept_v the_o first_o bill_n to_o another_o man_n unknown_a or_o that_o he_o can_v name_v unto_o you_o or_o if_o you_o can_v be_v actual_o possess_v of_o that_o first_o accept_v bill_n you_o ought_v upon_o refusal_n of_o acceptance_n to_o cause_n protest_v to_o be_v make_v for_o non-acceptance_n of_o that_o second_o bill_n that_o so_o upon_o send_v away_o the_o protest_v security_n may_v be_v give_v to_o your_o friend_n or_o factor_n that_o the_o money_n shall_v be_v pay_v to_o you_o at_o the_o time_n or_o at_o leastwise_o protest_v to_o be_v enter_v for_o the_o party_n to_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v direct_v be_v not_o bind_v by_o your_o second_o bill_n to_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o money_n to_o you_o till_o he_o accept_v the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n according_a to_o custom_n of_o merchant_n unless_o he_o have_v already_o accept_v the_o first_o bill_n and_o the_o same_o be_v in_o your_o custody_n for_o though_o as_o well_o the_o subscribe_v or_o drawer_n of_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n as_o the_o party_n who_o underwrite_v the_o assignment_n confess_v the_o value_n receive_v and_o likewise_o the_o acceptor_n of_o the_o bill_n be_v all_o of_o they_o liable_a and_o bind_v in_o the_o bill_n of_o exchange_n yet_o they_o be_v not_o all_o immediate_o bind_v either_o to_o the_o deliverer_n or_o the_o party_n to_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v payable_a but_o each_o party_n be_v bind_v to_o he_o with_o who_o he_o do_v more_o immediate_o correspond_v as_o i_o have_v more_o particular_o before_o declare_v party_n dead_a which_o accept_v if_o the_o party_n to_o who_o your_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v direct_v to_o accept_v the_o bill_n and_o then_o if_o he_o shall_v afterward_o happen_v to_o die_v before_o your_o bill_n be_v due_a you_o must_v at_o the_o appoint_a time_n for_o payment_n demand_v the_o money_n of_o his_o executor_n or_o administrator_n at_o his_o mortuary_n house_n or_o last_o dwellinghouse_n or_o place_n of_o abode_n and_o upon_o their_o refusal_n or_o delay_n of_o payment_n you_o must_v protest_v for_o non_fw-fr payment_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o you_o will_v have_v do_v if_o the_o party_n on_o who_o the_o bill_n be_v draw_v have_v be_v live_v and_o have_v not_o pay_v it_o at_o the_o time_n party_n dead_a to_o who_o payable_a if_o the_o party_n to_o who_o a_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v make_v payable_a be_v dead_a at_o the_o time_n when_o it_o fall_v due_a and_o his_o executor_n or_o administrator_n have_v not_o yet_o prove_v the_o will_n nor_o take_v out_o letter_n of_o administration_n nevertheless_o you_o must_v not_o omit_v to_o make_v demand_v of_o the_o money_n at_o the_o just_a time_n limit_v in_o the_o bill_n and_o if_o you_o offer_v security_n to_o save_v harmless_a against_o the_o executor_n and_o administrator_n of_o the_o decease_a party_n and_o it_o be_v refuse_v
full_o in_o its_o proper_a place_n where_o i_o shall_v show_v how_o much_o money_n a_o prince_n may_v convenient_o lay_v up_o without_o the_o hurt_n of_o his_o subject_n 12._o last_o in_o all_o thing_n we_o must_v endeavour_v to_o make_v the_o most_o we_o can_v of_o our_o own_o whether_o it_o be_v natural_a or_o artificial_a and_o forasmuch_o as_o the_o people_n which_o live_v by_o the_o art_n be_v far_o more_o in_o number_n than_o they_o who_o be_v master_n of_o the_o fruit_n we_o ought_v the_o more_o careful_o to_o maintain_v those_o endeavour_n of_o the_o multitude_n in_o who_o do_v consist_v the_o great_a strength_n and_o riches_n both_o of_o king_n and_o kingdom_n for_o where_o the_o people_n be_v many_o and_o the_o art_n good_a there_o the_o traffic_n must_v be_v great_a and_o the_o country_n rich_a the_o italian_n employ_v a_o great_z number_n of_o people_n and_o get_v more_o money_n by_o their_o industry_n and_o manufacture_n of_o the_o raw_a silk_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o 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than_o the_o natural_a wealth_n whereof_o i_o may_v instance_n other_o example_n but_o i_o will_v not_o be_v more_o tedious_a for_o if_o i_o will_v amplify_v upon_o this_o and_o the_o other_o particular_n before-written_a i_o may_v find_v matter_n sufficient_a to_o make_v a_o large_a volume_n but_o my_o desire_n in_o all_o be_v only_o to_o prove_v what_o i_o propound_v with_o brevity_n and_o plainness_n chap._n iu._n the_o exportation_n of_o our_o money_n in_o trade_n of_o merchandise_n be_v a_o mean_n to_o increase_v our_o treasure_n this_o position_n be_v so_o contrary_a to_o the_o common_a opinion_n that_o it_o will_v require_v many_o and_o strong_a argument_n to_o prove_v it_o before_o it_o can_v be_v accept_v of_o the_o multitude_n who_o bitter_o exclaim_v when_o they_o see_v any_o money_n carry_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n affirm_v thereupon_o that_o we_o have_v absolute_o lose_v so_o much_o treasure_n and_o that_o this_o be_v a_o act_n direct_o against_o the_o long_a continue_a law_n make_v and_o confirm_v by_o the_o wisdom_n of_o this_o kingdom_n in_o the_o high_a court_n of_o parliament_n and_o that_o many_o place_n nay_o spain_n itself_o which_o be_v the_o fountain_n of_o money_n forbid_v the_o exportation_n thereof_o some_o case_n only_o except_v to_o all_o which_o i_o may_v answer_v that_o venice_n florence_n genova_n the_o low_a country_n and_o divers_a other_o place_n permit_v it_o their_o people_n applaud_v it_o and_o find_v great_a benefit_n by_o it_o but_o all_o this_o make_v a_o noise_n and_o prove_v nothing_o we_o must_v therefore_o come_v to_o those_o reason_n which_o concern_v the_o business_n in_o question_n first_o i_o will_v take_v that_o for_o grant_v which_o no_o man_n of_o judgement_n will_v deny_v that_o we_o have_v no_o other_o mean_n to_o get_v treasure_n but_o by_o foreign_a trade_n for_o mine_n we_o have_v none_o which_o do_v afford_v it_o and_o how_o this_o money_n be_v get_v in_o the_o manage_n of_o our_o say_a trade_n i_o have_v already_o show_v that_o it_o be_v do_v by_o make_v our_o commodity_n which_o be_v export_v yearly_o to_o overbalance_n in_o value_n the_o foreign_a ware_n which_o we_o consume_v so_o that_o it_o rest_v only_o to_o show_v how_o our_o money_n may_v be_v add_v to_o our_o commodity_n and_o be_v joint_o export_v may_v so_o much_o the_o more_o increase_v our_o treasure_n we_o have_v already_o suppose_v our_o yearly_a consumption_n of_o foreign_a ware_n to_o be_v for_o the_o value_n of_o twenty_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n and_o our_o exportation_n to_o exceed_v that_o two_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n which_o sum_n we_o have_v thereupon_o affirm_v be_v bring_v to_o we_o in_o treasure_n to_o balance_v the_o account_n but_o now_o if_o we_o add_v three_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n more_o in_o ready_a money_n unto_o our_o former_a exportation_n in_o ware_n what_o profit_n can_v we_o have_v will_n some_o man_n say_v although_o by_o this_o mean_v we_o shall_v bring_v in_o so_o much_o ready_a money_n more_o than_o we_o do_v before_o see_v that_o we_o have_v carry_v out_o the_o like_a value_n to_o this_o the_o answer_n be_v that_o when_o we_o have_v prepare_v our_o exportation_n of_o ware_n and_o set_v out_o as_o much_o of_o every_o thing_n as_o we_o can_v spare_v or_o vent_v abroad_o mony_n money_n beget_v trade_n and_o trade_n increasee_v mony_n it_o be_v not_o therefore_o say_v that_o then_o we_o shall_v add_v our_o money_n thereunto_o to_o fetch_v in_o the_o more_o money_n immediate_o but_o rather_o first_o to_o enlarge_v our_o trade_n by_o enable_v we_o to_o bring_v in_o more_o foreign_a ware_n which_o be_v send_v out_o again_o will_v in_o due_a time_n much_o increase_v our_o treasure_n for_o although_o in_o this_o manner_n we_o do_v yearly_o multiply_v our_o importation_n to_o the_o maintenance_n of_o more_o ship_n and_o mariner_n improvement_n of_o his_o majesty_n custom_n and_o other_o benefit_n yet_o our_o consumption_n of_o those_o foreign_a ware_n be_v no_o more_o than_o it_o be_v before_o so_o that_o all_o the_o say_a increase_n of_o commodity_n bring_v in_o by_o the_o mean_n of_o our_o ready_a money_n send_v out_o as_o be_v afore_o write_v do_v in_o the_o end_n become_v a_o exportation_n unto_o we_o of_o a_o far_o great_a value_n than_o our_o say_a money_n be_v which_o be_v prove_v by_o three_o several_a example_n follow_v 1._o for_o i_o suppose_v that_o 100000_o l._n be_v send_v in_o our_o ship_n to_o the_o east_n country_n will_v buy_v there_o one_o hundred_o thousand_o quarter_n of_o wheat_n clear_v aboard_o the_o ship_n which_o be_v after_o bring_v into_o england_n and_o house_v to_o export_v the_o same_o at_o the_o best_a time_n for_o vent_v thereof_o in_o spain_n or_o italy_n it_o can_v yield_v less_o in_o those_o part_n than_o two_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n to_o make_v the_o merchant_n but_o a_o saviour_n yet_o by_o this_o reckon_n we_o see_v the_o kingdom_n have_v double_v that_o treasure_n commonwealth_n remote_a trade_n be_v most_o gainful_a to_o the_o commonwealth_n 2._o again_o this_o profit_n will_v be_v far_o great_a when_o we_o trade_n thus_o in_o remote_a country_n as_o for_o example_n if_o we_o send_v one_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n into_o the_o east_n indies_n to_o buy_v pepper_n there_o and_o bring_v it_o hither_o and_o from_o hence_o send_v it_o for_o italy_n or_o turkey_n it_o must_v yield_v seven_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n at_o least_o in_o those_o place_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o excessive_a charge_n which_o the_o merchant_n disburse_v in_o those_o long_a voyage_n in_o ship_n wage_n victual_n insurance_n interest_n custom_n impost_n and_o the_o like_a all_o which_o notwithstanding_o the_o king_n and_o kingdom_n get_v 3._o but_o where_o the_o voyage_n be_v short_a and_o the_o ware_n rich_a which_o therefore_o will_v not_o employ_v much_o ship_n the_o profit_n will_v be_v far_o less_o as_o when_o another_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n shall_v be_v employ_v in_o turkey_n in_o raw_a silk_n and_o bring_v hither_o to_o be_v after_o transport_v from_o hence_o into_o france_n the_o low_a country_n or_o germany_n the_o merchant_n shall_v have_v good_a gain_n although_o he_o sell_v it_o there_o but_o for_o one_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o thousand_o pound_n and_o thus_o take_v the_o voyage_n altogether_o in_o their_o medium_fw-la the_o money_n export_v will_v be_v return_v unto_o we_o more_o than_o treble_v but_o if_o any_o man_n will_v yet_o object_v that_o these_o return_n come_v to_o we_o in_o ware_n and_o not_o real_o in_o money_n as_o they_o be_v issue_v out_o the_o answer_n be_v keep_v our_o first_o ground_n that_o if_o our_o consumption_n of_o foreign_a ware_n be_v no_o more_o yearly_a than_o be_v already_o suppose_a and_o that_o our_o exportation_n be_v so_o mighty_o increase_v by_o this_o manner_n of_o trade_n with_o ready_a money_n as_o
those_o army_n which_o be_v compose_v of_o stranger_n and_o lie_v so_o far_o remote_a that_o they_o can_v feed_v cloth_n or_o otherwise_o provide_v for_o they_o out_o of_o their_o own_o native_a mean_n and_o provision_n but_o must_v receive_v this_o relief_n from_o other_o nation_n treasure_n the_o effect_n of_o different_a war_n concern_v treasure_n which_o kind_n of_o war_n be_v far_o different_a to_o that_o which_o a_o prince_n make_v upon_o his_o own_o confine_n or_o in_o his_o navy_n by_o sea_n where_o the_o soldier_n receive_v money_n for_o his_o wage_n must_v every_o day_n deliver_v it_o out_o again_o for_o his_o necessity_n whereby_o the_o treasure_n remain_v still_o in_o the_o kingdom_n although_o it_o be_v exhaust_v from_o the_o king_n but_o we_o see_v that_o the_o spaniard_n trust_v in_o the_o power_n of_o his_o treasure_n undertake_v war_n in_o germany_n and_o in_o other_o remote_a place_n which_o will_v soon_o beggar_v the_o rich_a kingdom_n in_o christendom_n of_o all_o their_o money_n the_o want_n whereof_o will_v present_o disorder_v and_o bring_v the_o army_n to_o confusion_n as_o it_o fall_v out_o sometime_o with_o spain_n itself_o who_o have_v the_o fountain_n of_o money_n when_o either_o it_o be_v stop_v in_o the_o passage_n by_o the_o force_n of_o their_o enemy_n or_o draw_v out_o fast_o than_o it_o flow_v by_o their_o own_o occasion_n whereby_o also_o we_o often_o see_v that_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v often_o so_o scant_o in_o spain_n that_o they_o be_v force_v to_o use_v base_a copper_n money_n to_o the_o great_a confusion_n of_o their_o trade_n and_o not_o without_o the_o undo_n also_o of_o many_o of_o their_o own_o people_n but_o now_o that_o we_o have_v see_v the_o occasion_n by_o which_o the_o spanish_a treasure_n be_v disperse_v into_o so_o many_o place_n of_o the_o world_n let_v we_o likewise_o discover_v how_o and_o in_o what_o proportion_n each_o country_n do_v enjoy_v these_o money_n for_o we_o find_v that_o turkey_n and_o divers_a other_o nation_n have_v great_a plenty_n thereof_o although_o they_o drive_v no_o trade_n with_o spain_n which_o seem_v to_o contradict_v the_o former_a reason_n where_o we_o say_v that_o this_o treasure_n be_v obtain_v by_o a_o necessity_n of_o commerce_n but_o to_o clear_v this_o point_n we_o must_v know_v that_o all_o nation_n who_o have_v no_o mine_n of_o their_o own_o be_v enrich_v with_o gold_n and_o silver_n by_o one_o and_o the_o same_o mean_n which_o be_v already_o show_v to_o be_v the_o balance_n of_o their_o foreign_a trade_n and_o this_o be_v not_o strict_o tie_v to_o be_v do_v in_o those_o country_n where_o the_o fountain_n of_o treasure_n be_v but_o rather_o with_o such_o order_n and_o observation_n as_o be_v prescribe_v for_o suppose_v england_n by_o trade_n with_o spain_n may_v gain_v and_o bring_v home_n five_o hundred_o thousand_o rial_n of_o eight_o yearly_a if_o we_o lose_v as_o much_o by_o our_o trade_n in_o turkey_n and_o therefore_o carry_v the_o money_n thither_o it_o be_v not_o then_o the_o english_a but_o the_o turk_n which_o have_v get_v this_o treasure_n although_o they_o have_v no_o trade_n with_o spain_n from_o whence_o it_o be_v first_o bring_v again_o if_o england_n have_v thus_o lose_v with_o turkey_n do_v notwithstanding_o gain_v twice_o as_o much_o by_o france_n italy_n and_o other_o member_n of_o her_o general_a trade_n then_o will_v there_o remain_v five_o hundred_o thousand_o rial_n of_o eight_o clear_a gain_n by_o the_o balance_n of_o this_o trade_n and_o this_o comparison_n hold_v between_o all_o other_o nation_n both_o for_o the_o manner_n of_o get_v and_o the_o proportion_n that_o be_v yearly_o get_v but_o if_o yet_o a_o question_n shall_v be_v make_v whether_o all_o nation_n get_v treasure_n and_o spain_n only_o lose_v it_o i_o answer_v no_o for_o some_o country_n by_o war_n or_o by_o excess_n do_v lose_v that_o which_o they_o have_v get_v as_o well_o as_o spain_n by_o war_n and_o want_n of_o ware_n do_v lose_v that_o which_o be_v its_o own_o chap._n vii_o the_o diversity_n of_o gain_n by_o foreign_a trade_n in_o the_o course_n of_o foreign_a trade_n there_o be_v three_o sort_n of_o gain_n the_o first_o be_v that_o of_o the_o commonwealth_n which_o may_v be_v do_v when_o the_o merchant_n who_o be_v the_o principal_a agent_n therein_o shall_v lose_v the_o second_o be_v the_o gain_n of_o the_o merchant_n which_o he_o do_v sometime_o just_o and_o worthy_o effect_v although_o the_o commonwealth_n be_v a_o loser_n the_o three_o be_v the_o gain_n of_o the_o king_n whereof_o he_o be_v ever_o certain_a even_o when_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o the_o merchant_n shall_v be_v both_o lofer_n concern_v the_o first_o of_o these_o we_o have_v already_o sufficient_o show_v the_o way_n and_o mean_n whereby_o a_o commonwealth_n may_v be_v enrich_v in_o the_o course_n of_o trade_n whereof_o it_o be_v needless_a here_o to_o make_v any_o repetition_n only_o i_o do_v in_o this_o place_n affirm_v that_o such_o happiness_n may_v be_v in_o the_o commonwealth_n when_o the_o merchant_n in_o his_o particular_a shall_v have_v no_o occasion_n to_o rejoice_v as_o for_o example_n suppose_v the_o east-india_n company_n send_v out_o one_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n into_o the_o east-indies_n and_o receive_v home_o for_o the_o same_o the_o full_a value_n of_o three_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n hereby_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o this_o part_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n be_v treble_v and_o yet_o i_o may_v bold_o say_v that_o which_o i_o can_v well_o prove_v that_o the_o say_a company_n of_o merchant_n shall_v lose_v at_o least_o fifty_o thousand_o pound_n by_o such_o a_o adventure_n if_o the_o return_n be_v make_v in_o spice_n indigo_n calico_n benjamin_n refine_a saltpetre_n and_o such_o other_o bulky_a ware_n in_o their_o several_a proportion_n according_a to_o their_o vent_n and_o use_v in_o these_o part_n of_o europe_n for_o the_o freight_n of_o ship_n the_o insurance_n of_o this_o adventure_n the_o charge_n of_o factor_n abroad_o and_o officer_n at_o home_n the_o forbearance_n of_o the_o stock_n his_o majesty_n custom_n and_o impost_n with_o other_o petty_a charge_n incident_a can_v be_v less_o than_o two_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o thousand_o pound_n which_o be_v add_v to_o the_o principal_a produce_v the_o say_a loss_n and_o thus_o we_o see_v that_o not_o only_o the_o kingdom_n but_o also_o the_o king_n by_o his_o custom_n and_o impost_n may_v get_v notorious_o even_o when_o the_o merchant_n notwithstanding_o shall_v lose_v grievous_o which_o give_v we_o good_a occasion_n here_o to_o consider_v how_o much_o more_o the_o realm_n be_v enrich_v by_o this_o noble_a trade_n when_o all_o thing_n pass_v so_o happy_o that_o the_o merchant_n be_v a_o gainer_n also_o with_o the_o king_n and_o kingdom_n in_o the_o next_o place_n i_o affirm_v that_o a_o merchant_n by_o his_o laudable_a endeavour_n may_v both_o carry_v out_o and_o bring_v in_o ware_n to_o his_o advantage_n by_o sell_v and_o buy_v they_o to_o good_a profit_n which_o be_v the_o end_n of_o his_o labour_n when_o nevertheless_o the_o commonwealth_n shall_v decline_v and_o grow_v poor_a by_o a_o disorder_n in_o the_o people_n when_o through_o pride_n and_o other_o excess_n they_o do_v consume_v more_o foreign_a ware_n in_o value_n than_o the_o wealth_n of_o the_o kingdom_n can_v satisfy_v and_o pay_v by_o the_o exportation_n of_o our_o own_o commodity_n which_o be_v the_o very_a quality_n of_o a_o unthrift_n who_o spend_v beyond_o his_o mean_n last_o the_o king_n be_v ever_o sure_a to_o get_v by_o trade_n when_o both_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o merchant_n shall_v lose_v several_o as_o afore-written_a or_o joint_o as_o it_o may_v and_o do_v sometime_o happen_v when_o at_o one_o and_o the_o same_o time_n our_o commodity_n be_v overbalance_v by_o foreign_a ware_n consume_v and_o that_o the_o merchant_n success_n prove_v no_o better_o than_o be_v before_o declare_v but_o here_o we_o must_v not_o take_v the_o king_n gain_n in_o this_o large_a sense_n for_o so_o we_o may_v say_v that_o his_o majesty_n shall_v get_v although_o half_o the_o trade_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v lose_v we_o shall_v rather_o suppose_v that_o whereas_o the_o whole_a trade_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o exportation_n and_o importation_n be_v now_o find_v for_o to_o be_v about_o the_o yearly_o value_n of_o four_o million_o and_o a_o half_a of_o pound_n it_o may_v be_v yet_o increase_v two_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n per_fw-la annum_fw-la more_fw-it by_o the_o importation_n and_o consumption_n of_o foreign_a ware_n by_o this_o mean_n we_o know_v that_o the_o king_n shall_v be_v a_o gainer_n near_o twenty_o thousand_o pound_n but_o the_o commonwealth_n shall_v lose_v the_o whole_a two_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n thus_o spend_v in_o excess_n and_o the_o merchant_n may_v be_v a_o loser_n also_o when_o the_o trade_n shall_v in_o this_o
of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o say_v they_o we_o see_v daily_o great_a store_n of_o our_o english_a coin_n carry_v over_o which_o pass_v current_a in_o the_o low-countries_n and_o there_o be_v great_a advantage_n to_o carry_v they_o thither_o to_o save_v the_o loss_n which_o the_o low-country-man_n have_v in_o the_o exchange_n for_o if_o one_o hundred_o pound_n sterling_a deliver_v here_o be_v so_o much_o undervalue_v that_o ninety_o pound_n of_o the_o same_o sterling_a money_n carry_v over_o in_o specie_fw-la shall_v be_v sufficient_a to_o make_v repayment_n and_o full_a satisfaction_n of_o the_o say_v hundred_o pound_n at_o amsterdam_n be_v it_o not_o then_o say_v they_o the_o undervalue_v of_o our_o money_n which_o cause_v it_o to_o be_v carry_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n to_o this_o objection_n i_o will_v make_v a_o full_a and_o plain_a answer_n show_v that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o undervalue_a of_o our_o money_n in_o exchange_n but_o the_o overbalancing_a of_o our_o trade_n that_o carry_v away_o our_o treasure_n for_o suppose_v that_o our_o whole_a trade_n with_o the_o low-countries_n for_o ware_n bring_v into_o this_o realm_n be_v perform_v only_o by_o the_o dutch_a for_o the_o value_n of_o five_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n yearly_a and_o that_o all_o our_o commodity_n transport_v into_o the_o say_a low-countries_n be_v perform_v only_o by_o the_o english_a for_o four_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n yearly_a be_v it_o not_o then_o manifest_a that_o the_o dutch_a can_v exchange_v only_o four_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n with_o the_o english_a upon_o the_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la or_o equal_a value_n of_o the_o respective_a standard_n so_o the_o other_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n which_o be_v the_o overbalance_n of_o the_o trade_n they_o must_v of_o necessity_n carry_v that_o away_o in_o mony_n and_o the_o selfsame_a loss_n of_o treasure_n must_v happen_v if_o there_o be_v no_o exchange_n at_o all_o permit_v for_o the_o dutch_a carry_v away_o our_o money_n for_o their_o ware_n and_o we_o bring_v in_o their_o foreign_a coin_n for_o their_o commodity_n there_o will_v be_v still_o one_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n loss_n now_o let_v we_o add_v another_o example_n ground_v upon_o the_o aforesaid_a proportion_n of_o trade_n between_o we_o and_o the_o low-countries_n the_o dutch_a as_o afore_o write_v may_v exchange_v with_o the_o english_a for_o 400000_o pound_n and_o no_o more_o upon_o the_o equal_a value_n of_o the_o money_n because_o the_o english_a have_v no_o further_o mean_n to_o satisfy_v but_o now_o suppose_v that_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o plenty_n of_o money_n which_o in_o this_o case_n will_v be_v here_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o dutch_a to_o deliver_v by_o exchange_n gain_n the_o vndervalue_v of_o our_o money_n in_o exchange_n be_v the_o stranger_n loss_n and_o our_o gain_n our_o money_n according_a to_o that_o which_o have_v be_v already_o say_v will_v be_v undervalved_n ten_o per_fw-la cent._n then_o be_v it_o manifest_a that_o the_o dutch_a must_v deliver_v four_o hundred_o and_o forty_o thousand_o pound_n to_o have_v the_o englishman_n four_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n in_o the_o low-countries_n so_o that_o there_o will_v then_o remain_v but_o 60000_o pound_n for_o the_o dutch_a to_o carry_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n to_o balance_v the_o account_n between_o they_o and_o we_o whereby_o we_o may_v plain_o perceive_v that_o the_o undervalue_v of_o our_o money_n in_o exchange_n will_v not_o carry_v it_o out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o some_o man_n have_v suppose_v but_o rather_o be_v a_o mean_n to_o make_v a_o less_o quantity_n thereof_o to_o be_v export_v than_o will_v be_v do_v at_o the_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari._fw-la further_o let_v we_o suppose_v that_o the_o english_a merchant_z carried_z out_o as_o much_o ware_n in_o value_n as_o the_o dutch_a merchant_n bring_v in_o whereby_o the_o mean_n be_v equal_a between_o they_o to_o make_v their_o return_n by_o exchange_n without_o carry_v away_o of_o any_o money_n to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o either_o state_n and_o yet_o notwithstanding_o the_o dutch_a merchant_n for_o his_o occasion_n or_o advantage_n will_v forsake_v this_o course_n of_o exchange_n and_o will_v venture_v to_o send_v part_n of_o he_o return_v in_o ready_a mony_n to_o this_o the_o answer_n be_v that_o hereupon_o it_o must_v follow_v of_o necessity_n that_o the_o dutch_a shall_v want_v just_a so_o much_o mean_n in_o exchange_n with_o the_o english_a who_o therefore_o shall_v be_v force_v to_o bring_v in_o the_o like_a sum_n of_o money_n from_o beyond_o the_o sea_n as_o the_o dutch_a carry_v out_o of_o this_o realm_n so_o that_o we_o may_v plain_o perceive_v that_o the_o money_n which_o be_v carry_v from_o we_o within_o the_o balance_n of_o our_o trade_n be_v not_o considerable_a for_o they_o do_v return_v to_o we_o again_o and_o we_o lose_v those_o money_n only_o which_o be_v make_v of_o the_o overbalance_n of_o our_o general_a trade_n that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o which_o we_o spend_v more_o in_o value_n in_o foreign_a ware_n than_o we_o utter_v of_o our_o own_o commodity_n and_o the_o contrary_a of_o this_o be_v the_o only_a mean_n by_o which_o we_o get_v our_o treasure_n trade_n 1._o the_o canker_n of_o england_n commonwealth_n 2._o free_a trade_n 3._o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la 4._o the_o centre_n of_o trade_n in_o vain_a therefore_o have_v gerard_n malines_n labour_v so_o long_o and_o in_o so_o many_o print_a book_n to_o make_v the_o world_n believe_v that_o the_o under-valuing_a of_o our_o money_n in_o exchange_n do_v exhaust_v our_o treasure_n which_o be_v a_o mere_a fallacy_n of_o the_o cause_n attribute_v that_o to_o a_o secondary_a mean_n who_o effect_n be_v wrought_v by_o another_o principal_a efficient_a and_o will_v also_o come_v to_o pass_v although_o the_o say_v secondary_a mean_n be_v not_o at_o all_o as_o vain_o also_o have_v he_o propound_v a_o remedy_n by_o keep_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n by_o bill_n at_o the_o par_fw-fr pro_fw-la pari_fw-la by_o public_a authority_n which_o be_v a_o new-found_a office_n without_o example_n in_o any_o part_n of_o the_o world_n be_v not_o only_o fruitless_a but_o also_o hurtful_a as_o have_v be_v sufficient_o prove_v in_o this_o chapter_n and_o therefore_o i_o will_v proceed_v to_o the_o next_o chap._n xiii_o the_o merchant_n who_o be_v a_o mere_a exchanger_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n can_v increase_v or_o decrease_v our_o treasure_n there_o be_v certain_a merchant_n which_o deal_v only_o upon_o all_o advantage_n in_o the_o exchange_n and_o neither_o export_n nor_o import_n ware_n into_o the_o kingdom_n which_o have_v cause_v some_o man_n to_o affirm_v that_o the_o money_n which_o such_o mere_a exchanger_n bring_v in_o or_o carry_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n be_v not_o comprehend_v in_o the_o balance_n of_o our_o foreign_a trade_n for_o say_v they_o sometime_o when_o our_o sterling_a money_n have_v be_v undervalue_v and_o deliver_v here_o for_o amsterdam_n at_o 10_o per_fw-la cent._n less_o than_o the_o equal_a value_n of_o the_o respective_a standard_n the_o say_v mere_a exchanger_n may_v take_v here_o one_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a and_o carry_v over_o only_o nine_o hundred_o thereof_o in_o specie_fw-la which_o will_v be_v sufficient_a to_o pay_v his_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o so_o upon_o a_o great_a or_o lesser_a sum_n the_o like_a gain_n be_v make_v in_o three_o month_n time_n but_o here_o we_o must_v know_v that_o although_o this_o mere_a exchanger_n deal_v not_o in_o ware_n yet_o notwithstanding_o the_o money_n which_o he_o carry_v away_o in_o manner_n afore-written_a must_v necessary_o proceed_v of_o such_o ware_n as_o be_v bring_v into_o the_o kingdom_n by_o merchant_n so_o that_o still_o it_o fall_v into_o the_o balance_n of_o our_o foreign_a trade_n and_o work_v the_o same_o effect_n as_o if_o the_o merchant_n himself_o have_v carry_v away_o that_o money_n which_o he_o must_v do_v if_o our_o ware_n be_v overbalance_v as_o ever_o they_o be_v when_o our_o money_n be_v undervalue_v which_o be_v express_v more_o at_o large_a in_o the_o 12_o chapter_n and_o on_o the_o contrary_a when_o the_o mere_a exchanger_n by_o the_o say_a advantage_n shall_v bring_v money_n into_o the_o kingdom_n he_o do_v no_o more_o than_o necessary_o must_v be_v do_v by_o the_o merchant_n himself_o when_o our_o commodity_n overbalance_n foreign_a ware_n but_o in_o these_o occasion_n some_o merchant_n have_v rather_o lose_v by_o deliver_v their_o money_n at_o a_o undervalue_n in_o exchange_n than_o undertake_v to_o hazard_v all_o by_o the_o law_n which_o notwithstanding_o these_o mere_a exchanger_n will_v perform_v for_o they_o in_o hope_n of_o gain_n chap._n fourteen_o the_o admirable_a feat_n suppose_v to_o be_v do_v by_o banker_n and_o the_o merchant_n exchange_n although_o i_o have_v already_o write_v something_o concern_v the_o merchant_n exchange_n and_o therein_o of_o the_o uunder-valuation_n of_o our_o money_n
common_a want_v of_o those_o country_n whereby_o in_o occasion_n of_o war_n we_o shall_v have_v mean_n daily_o to_o take_v much_o wealth_n from_o he_o whereas_o now_o the_o spaniard_n use_v little_a or_o no_o trade_n in_o these_o sea_n but_o employ_v his_o ship_n of_o war_n to_o the_o uttermost_a of_o his_o power_n he_o only_o take_v and_o we_o lose_v great_a matter_n continual_o now_o concern_v the_o second_o question_n whether_o the_o hollander_n be_v able_a to_o possess_v and_o keep_v this_o fish_n against_o all_o other_o nation_n it_o be_v very_o probable_a that_o although_o they_o claim_v now_o no_o other_o right_n than_o their_o own_o freedom_n in_o this_o fish_n seem_v to_o leave_v the_o like_a to_o all_o other_o yet_o if_o the_o practice_n of_o any_o nation_n shall_v seek_v either_o to_o fish_v with_o they_o or_o to_o supplant_v they_o they_o will_v be_v both_o ready_a and_o able_a to_o maintain_v this_o golden_a mine_n against_o the_o strong_a opposition_n except_o england_n who_o harbour_n and_o in-land_n with_o other_o daily_a relief_n be_v very_o needful_a if_o not_o absolute_o necessary_a for_o this_o employment_n and_o who_o power_n also_o by_o sea_n be_v able_a in_o short_a time_n to_o give_v this_o business_n disturbance_n and_o utter_a ruin_n if_o the_o occasion_n shall_v be_v so_o urgent_a as_o afore_o suppose_v neither_o be_v it_o enough_o for_o any_o man_n to_o contradict_v all_o this_o by_o say_v the_o hollander_n be_v very_o strong_a by_o sea_n when_o both_o sea_n and_o land_n encounter_v they_o with_o a_o great_a power_n we_o must_v observe_v from_o whence_o their_o strength_n grow_v and_o if_o the_o root_n be_v once_o spoil_v the_o branch_n soon_o will_v wither_v and_o therefore_o it_o be_v a_o error_n to_o esteem_v or_o value_v they_o according_a to_o the_o present_a power_n and_o wealth_n which_o they_o have_v obtain_v by_o trade_n or_o purchase_n for_o although_o this_o be_v far_o great_a than_o indeed_o it_o be_v yet_o will_v it_o soon_o be_v consume_v in_o a_o chargeable_a war_n against_o a_o potent_a enemy_n when_o the_o current_n of_o those_o accident_n may_v be_v stopâ—_n and_o turn_v by_o prevent_v the_o substance_n itself_o which_o be_v the_o fish_n in_o his_o majesty_n sea_n that_o give_v foundation_n and_o be_v the_o very_a fountain_n of_o their_o strength_n and_o happiness_n the_o unite_a province_n we_o know_v be_v like_o a_o fair_a bird_n suit_v with_o goodly_a borrow_a plume_n but_o if_o every_o fowl_n shall_v take_v his_o feather_n this_o bird_n will_v rest_v near_o naked_a nor_o have_v we_o ever_o see_v these_o netherlands_o as_o yet_o in_o their_o great_a occasion_n to_o set_v forth_o near_o so_o many_o ship_n of_o war_n at_o once_o as_o the_o english_a have_v often_o do_v without_o any_o hindrance_n of_o their_o ordinary_a traffic_n it_o be_v true_a indeed_o they_o have_v a_o infinite_a number_n of_o weak_a ship_n to_o fish_n with_o and_o fetch_v corn_n salt_n etc._n etc._n for_o their_o own_o victual_v and_o trade_n the_o like_a to_o setch_v timber_n plank_n board_n pitch_n hemp_n tar_n flax_n mast_n cordage_n and_o other_o ammunition_n to_o make_v those_o multitude_n of_o ship_n plough_n the_o netherlands_o plough_n which_o unto_o they_o be_v as_o our_o plough_n to_o we_o the_o which_o except_o they_o stir_v the_o people_n starve_v their_o ship_n therefore_o can_v be_v spare_v from_o their_o traffic_n as_o we_o may_v if_o occasion_n require_v no_v not_o for_o a_o very_a short_a time_n without_o utter_a ruin_n because_o it_o be_v the_o daily_a maintenance_n of_o their_o great_a multitude_n which_o gain_v their_o live_n but_o from_o hand_n to_o mouth_n upon_o which_o also_o depend_v the_o great_a excise_n and_o other_o public_a revenue_n which_o support_v the_o state_n itself_o neither_o indeed_o be_v those_o vessel_n strong_a or_o fit_a for_o war_n and_o in_o their_o proper_a use_n of_o fish_v and_o trade_n they_o will_v become_v the_o riches_n or_o the_o purchase_n of_o a_o potent_a enemy_n by_o sea_n as_o they_o partly_o find_v by_o one_o poor_a town_n of_o dunkirk_n notwithstanding_o their_o great_a charge_n of_o man_n of_o war_n strong_a convoy_n and_o other_o commendable_a diligence_n which_o continual_o they_o use_v to_o prevent_v this_o mischief_n but_o if_o the_o occasion_n of_o a_o more_o powerful_a enemy_n by_o sea_n shall_v force_v they_o to_o double_a or_o treble_v those_o charge_n we_o may_v well_o doubt_v the_o mean_n of_o their_o continuance_n especial_o when_o by_o we_o their_o fish_n may_v nevertheless_o be_v prevent_v which_o shall_v procure_v the_o maintenance_n alliance_n man_n who_o speak_v by_o affection_n or_o tradition_n not_o from_o reason_n the_o hollander_n main_a supportance_n be_v england_n good_a alliance_n these_o and_o other_o circumstance_n make_v i_o often_o wonder_n when_o i_o hear_v the_o dutch_a vainglorious_o to_o brag_v and_o many_o english_a simple_o to_o believe_v that_o the_o unite_a province_n be_v our_o fort_n bulwark_n wall_n outwork_n and_o i_o know_v not_o what_o without_o which_o we_o can_v long_o subsist_v against_o the_o spanish_a force_n when_o in_o truth_n we_o be_v the_o main_a fountain_n of_o their_o happiness_n both_o for_o war_n and_o peace_n for_o trade_n and_o treasure_n for_o munition_n and_o man_n spend_v our_o blood_n in_o their_o defence_n whilst_o their_o people_n be_v preserve_v to_o conquer_v in_o the_o indies_n and_o to_o reap_v the_o fruit_n of_o a_o rich_a traffic_n out_o of_o our_o own_o bosom_n which_o be_v assume_v to_o ourselves_o as_o we_o have_v right_o and_o power_n to_o do_v will_v mighty_o increase_v the_o breed_n of_o our_o people_n by_o this_o good_a mean_n of_o their_o maintenance_n and_o well_o enable_v we_o against_o the_o strong_a enemy_n and_o force_v likewise_o great_a multitude_n of_o those_o netherlander_n themselves_o to_o seek_v their_o live_n here_o with_o we_o for_o want_v of_o better_a maintenance_n whereby_o our_o many_o decay_a sea-town_n and_o castle_n will_v soon_o be_v re-edify_v and_o populate_v in_o more_o ample_a manner_n than_o former_o they_o be_v in_o their_o best_a estate_n and_o thus_o these_o force_n be_v unite_v will_v be_v ever_o more_o ready_a sure_a and_o vigorous_a than_o a_o great_a strength_n that_o lie_v divide_v which_o be_v always_o subject_a to_o delay_n diversion_n and_o other_o jealousy_n of_o all_o which_o we_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v ignorant_a but_o perfect_o to_o know_v and_o use_v our_o own_o strength_n when_o we_o have_v occasion_n and_o especial_o we_o must_v ever_o be_v watchful_a to_o preserve_v this_o strength_n lest_o the_o subtlety_n of_o the_o dutch_a under_o some_o fair_a show_n and_o with_o their_o money_n prevail_v as_o peradventure_o they_o late_o practise_v in_o scotland_n to_o have_v have_v a_o patent_n for_o the_o possess_v inhabit_v and_o fortify_v of_o that_o excellent_a island_n of_o lewis_n in_o the_o orcades_n who_o situation_n harbour_n fish_v fertility_n largeness_n and_o other_o advantage_n will_v have_v make_v they_o able_a in_o short_a time_n to_o offend_v these_o kingdom_n by_o sudden_a invasion_n and_o to_o have_v defend_v the_o aforesaid_a fish_n against_o his_o majesty_n great_a power_n add_v also_o to_o send_v out_o and_o return_v home_o their_o ship_n prosperous_o that_o way_n to_z and_z from_o the_o east_n and_o west-indies_n spain_n and_o strait_n and_o other_o place_n without_o pass_v through_o his_o majesty_n narrow_a sea_n where_o in_o all_o occasion_n this_o kingdom_n now_o have_v so_o great_a advantage_n to_o take_v their_o ship_n and_o prevent_v their_o best_a trade_n which_o will_v soon_o bring_v they_o to_o ruin_n whereby_o as_o they_o well_o know_v we_o have_v a_o great_a tie_n and_o power_n over_o they_o than_o any_o other_o nation_n and_o howsoever_o the_o say_a island_n of_o lewis_n may_v have_v be_v obtain_v in_o the_o name_n of_o private_a man_n and_o under_o the_o fair_a pretence_n of_o bring_v commerce_n into_o those_o remote_a part_n of_o scotland_n yet_o in_o the_o end_n when_o the_o work_n have_v be_v bring_v to_o any_o goad_n perfection_n the_o possession_n and_o power_n will_v no_o doubt_n have_v come_v to_o the_o lord_n the_o states-general_n even_o as_o we_o know_v they_o have_v late_o get_v divers_a place_n of_o great_a strength_n and_o wealth_n in_o the_o east-indies_n in_o the_o name_n and_o with_o the_o purse_n of_o their_o merchant_n whereby_o also_o their_o action_n herein_o have_v be_v obscure_v and_o make_v less_o notorious_a unto_o the_o world_n until_o they_o have_v obtain_v their_o end_n which_o be_v of_o such_o consequence_n that_o it_o do_v much_o concern_v this_o nation_n in_o particular_a careful_o to_o observe_v their_o proceed_n for_o they_o notorious_o follow_v the_o step_v of_o that_o valiant_a and_o politic_a captain_n philip_n of_o macedon_n hollander_n where_o force_n fail_v yet_o money_n prevail_v thus_o hope_v the_o hollander_n who_o
it_o do_v also_o make_v our_o other_o trade_n much_o great_a than_o they_o be_v for_o in_o this_o manner_n the_o ten_o thousand_o bag_n of_o pepper_n which_o this_o year_n we_o have_v bring_v hither_o from_o the_o east-indies_n shall_v be_v value_v at_o very_a near_o two_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o thousand_o pound_n whereas_o all_o this_o pepper_n in_o the_o kindom_n account_n cost_v not_o above_o fifty_o thousand_o pound_n because_o the_o indian_n have_v have_v no_o more_o of_o we_o although_o we_o pay_v they_o extraordinary_a dear_a price_n for_o the_o same_o all_o the_o other_o charge_n as_o i_o have_v say_v before_o be_v but_o a_o change_n of_o effect_n among_o ourselves_o and_o from_o the_o subject_a to_o the_o king_n which_o can_v impoverish_v the_o commonwealth_n but_o it_o be_v true_a that_o whereas_o nine_o thousand_o bag_n of_o the_o say_a pepper_n be_v already_o ship_v out_o for_o divers_a foreign_a part_n these_o and_o all_o other_o ware_n foreign_a or_o domestic_a which_o be_v thus_o transport_v outward_o aught_o to_o be_v cast_v up_o by_o the_o rate_n of_o his_o majesty_n custom-mony_n multiply_v by_o twenty_o or_o rather_o by_o twenty_o five_o as_o i_o conceive_v which_o will_v come_v near_o the_o reckon_v when_o we_o consider_v all_o our_o trade_n to_o bring_v they_o into_o a_o medium_fw-la 3_o lie_n we_o must_v remember_v that_o all_o ware_n export_v or_o import_v by_o stranger_n in_o their_o ship_n be_v esteem_v by_o themselves_o for_o what_o they_o carry_v out_o the_o kingdom_n have_v only_o the_o first_o cost_n and_o custom_n and_o what_o they_o bring_v in_o we_o must_v rate_v it_o as_o it_o be_v worth_a here_o the_o custom_n impost_n and_o petty_a charge_n only_o deduct_v last_o there_o must_v be_v good_a notice_n take_v of_o all_o the_o great_a loss_n which_o we_o receive_v at_o sea_n in_o our_o ship_n either_o outward_a or_o homeward_o bind_v for_o the_o value_n of_o the_o one_o be_v to_o be_v deduct_v from_o our_o exportation_n and_o the_o 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