these Examples But I have wandered too far and proceeded farther in this subject than I intended therefore here will conclude both the calcuations of Exchanges and these methods of abreviating the rules of Division and Multiplication referring what is here by me omitted in both the said subjects to the ingenious hand and head of the mysterious Exchanger FINIS An Alphabetical Table comprehending the most Notable Things contained in this Merchants Map of Commerce A. AFRICA bounded with longitude and latitude 1 Asia bounded with its longitude and latitude ibid. America bounded its longitude and latitude ibid. Art of Merchandizing and the general parts thereof 2 A Merchant should know the form of Acquittances Letters of Atturny of Account-keeping and Arithmetick ibid. To Abbreviate the labour of Weighing 6 How to Accord the weights of any two places ibid. Of Accounts and Account-keepings 7 Accounts kept diversly in divers Cities and Countreys ibid. The method used in Accounts is divers ibid. Four rules required in an Account ibid. Artificial commodities what 9 America and the Provinces thereof 11 Andalusia nova 13 Africa and the Provinces 14 Argier and the Trade thereof comaining the Commodities coins weights measures accounts and customs thereof 10 Aian and the Commodities thereof 27 Alexandria 28 and the Trade of the commodities weights measures 30 Asia and the Provinces thereof 40 Anatolia or Natolia 41 Alexandretta Scanderone 42 Angora with weights and measures 50 Amasia 51 Armenia and the Cities Chap. 67 52. Mount Ararat ibid. Acria and the Trade thereof 56 Containing weights measures and Coins ibid. Amano and the Trade thereof 58 Aleppo and the Trade thereof cont aining commodities weights coins measures accounts customs thereof c. 63 Arabia and the Provinces thereof 68 Assyria and the Cities thereof 69 Aden and the Trade thereof 71 Astracan and the Trade thereof containing the weights measures thereof c. 85 Aracan and Ava 88 95 Agria 90 Amadavar ibid. Adam's hills the Paradise of Siloners 102 Amboina Islands 103 Achin and the Trade thereof 105 Andalusia 112 Alicant and the Trade thereof containing coins accounts weights measures c. 115 Alcala ibid. Aragon 119 Aquitania 122 Anjou 125 Avergno 127 Avignon 131 Abruzzo 139 Apulia and the Trade thereof 141 Anco and the Trade thereof 149 Aste a great Mart 168 Antwerp and the Trade thereof 179 Artois ibid. Arras ibid. Amsterdam and the Trade thereof 180 Albis River in Germany 182 Alsatia 185 Anspache 186 Ausburge and the Trade thereof 194 Austria ibid. Amber 209 Archangel in Moscovia 220 Avalona or Valona and the Trade thereof 243 Argos in Morea 245 Arcadian Plains ibid. Achaia 246 Athens ibid. Albania and the Cities thereof 246 Mount Athos the holy Mountain ibid. Adrianopolis ibid. Adriatick Islands 254 Anglesey Island 269 262 Merchant Adventures their original and places of residency in London 267 Antwerp Exchanges 289 Alcala Exchanges 294 Augusta Exchanges 298 Custom of Acceptations of Bills of Exchanges in Lions 302 Account of Discounts and the manner thereof used as well in Lions as in many other places of Trade 305 Account-keeping in Lions how 307 Aggio of moneys practised in the payment of Bills of Exchanges in Rome 340 Examples of Exchanges practised in Antwerp and how calculated 435 Exchanges of Antwerp with Lions 436 Of Antwerp with Placentia 437 Of Antwerp with Florence 438 Of Antwerp with Venice 439 Of Antwerp with London 440 Of Terms of Payment of Bills of Exchanges in Antwerp 441 Orders and Commissions given and received in Exchanges at Antwerp 442 B. BArtering in use of old 2 Bargaining ibid. Things considerable in Bartering ibid. Things considerable in Bargaining ibid. A Merchant ought to know the form of a Bill of Exchange ibid. Of Bills of lading ibid. Of Bills of debt ibid. The Burse or Exchange 3 The Book of Rates of Customs 4 Bartering and Exchanging before the use of Gold and Silver 5 Brasilia 13 Barbada Island ibid. Barmuda or Summer Islands ibid. Barbary 14 Barbary Merchants 23 Borneo 25 Boro 27 Bithinia and the Cities thereof 47 Brusia in Bithinia the Trade commodities coins weights measures and customs thereof 48 Baruti with the Trade of the coins measures weights thereof 59 Babylon and the Trade containing the weights and measures c. thereof 72 Balsara and the Trade thereof containing the customs commodities weights and measures 77 Bindamir 79 Balasia 88 Bengala ibid. Barma ibid. Boroche and the Trade thereof 90 Bassain 92 Bengala and the Trade of that coast 94 Banda and Islands of Moluccos 103 Batavia olim Jacetra 104 Bantam and the Trade thereof ibid. Borneo Island and the Trade thereof 106 Beniermasa an English Factory ibid. Baiona and Biscay 114 Barselona and the Trade thereof 119 Burdeaux and the Trade thereof 124 Brittany 125 Burbon 127 Berry and la Beuse ibid. Burges and Beauvois ibid. Beaucarre 129 Burgundy 132 Bresse ibid. Bisanson ibid. Bolonia and the Trade thereof 143 Bressia and the Trade thereof 155 Brussels 178 Breda ibid. Bruges 179 Breme the Trade thereof 184 Baccrai 186 Baden ibid. Bainsberge ibid. Basil and the Trade thereof 193 Bavaria 194 Bohemia 195 Brandenburge 196 Brunswick and the Trade thereof 200 Beer of Lubeck famous 205 Baltick Islands 210 Bornholm ibid. Blesida ibid. Bergen one of the 4 ancient Mart Towns of Europe 216 Bodia in Sweden 217 Buda in Hungary 234 Bulgaria 235 Bosna ibid. Beaumares in Anglesey 262 Britain and the Provinces 268 Barkshire 269 Buckinghamshire ibid. Bedfordshire ibid. Barwick ibid. Brecknockshire ibid. Beauty of England ibid. Barbary Merchants of London their original and decay 270 Barry Exchanges 286 Barselona Exchanges 293 Bolonia Exchanges 296 Bergamo Exchanges 297 Bilan what 302 Examples upon Exchanges practised in Barselona and how calculated 426 Exchanges of Barselona with Lions 427 Exchanges of Barselona with Placentia 428 Exchanges of Barselona with Saragosa 429 Of Barselona with Valentia 430 Of Barselona with Sevil 431 Of Barselona with Lisbon 432 Of Orders and Commissions given and received in draughts and remittances in Exchanges made in Barselona 433 Terms of Payment of Bills of Exchanges in Barselona 434 C. The Commodity of the knowledge of Geography to Merchants 1 Cancer and Capricorn Tropicks ibid. Commutations distinguish'd into three manners 2 A Merchant should know the form of all Charter-parties ibid. Cities and Towns eminent in Trade only mentioned in this Map 3 Six parts required in a compleat City and Town ibid. What Cities are found sit for Traffick and Commerce ibid. Two sorts of Cities of Traffick ibid. Sea Cities of Trade what ibid. Land Cities of Trade what ibid. Cities of Trade in manual Arts ibid. The Cities of Trade mentioned in this Map of Commerce ibid. Five places in a City depending upon Trade ibid. The Custom-house ibid. The Customs Impositions and other duties paid by Merchants upon Goods 4 Customs not always alike in all places ibid. Customs due upon all commodities ibid. Customs differing in regard of times of places of Cities
Languedoc 129 Lorrain 132 Loretta 147 Leghorn and the Trade thereof 173 Lucca and the Trade thereof 175 Limburge 178 Liege ibid. Luxenburg ibid. Lovain ibid. Lisle 179 Leiden ibid. Lipsick and the Trade thereof 197 Luneburg and the Trade thereof 201 Lubeck and the Trade thereof 205 Lappia in Swethland 218 Livonia 222 Lituania ibid. Larta and the Trade thereof 244 Lepanto and the Trade thereof 245 Lemnos 248 Lesbos 249 Lipar Island 261 Lemster in Ireland 263 Liecestershire ibid. Lincolnshire ibid. Lancashire ibid. London and the Trade thereof 270 Liberty of Exchanging 273 The Exchanges of Lions 277 Lucca Exchanges 283 Leccy Exchanges 285 London Exchanges 290 Lisbon Exchanges 295 Examples upon Exchanges in Lions and how calculated 302 Customs of acceptions of Bills of Exchanges in Lions ibid. The price of Exchanges settled in Lions for succeeding Fairs ib. Recounters in Lions what ibid. Rules of casting up the Exchanges made in Lions ibid. Rates of Exchanges in Lions which may serve for the rates of interest in many other places 303 The reason and benefit of the Rules of Exchanges in Lions ibid. Examples of the Exchanges of Lions with the profit of the profits thereof 304 Accounts of disaccounts in Lions in many other places 305 Exchanges of Lions with Rome 307 Exchanges of Lions with Florence 308 Exchanges of Lions with Lucca 309 Exchanges of Lions with Naples 310 Exchanges of Lions with Palermo 311 Exchanges of Lions with Genoa 312 Exchanges of Lions with Millan 313 Exchanges of Lions with Venice 314 Exchanges of Lions with Bolonia 315 Exchanges of Lions with Placentia 316 Exchanges of Lions with Antwerp 317 Exchanges of Lions with London 318 Exchanges of Lions with Francfort 319 Exchanges of Lions with Sevil 320 Exchanges of Lions with Lisbon 321 Exchanges of Lions with Barselona 322 Orders and Commissions for Exchange in Lions 323 The Fairs of Lions 324 Exchanges of Lisbon 426 Examples of Exchanges practised in London and how calculated 443 Exchanges of London with Lions 444 Exchanges of London with Florence 445 Exchanges of London with Venice 446 Of London with Antwerp 447 Orders and Commissions in draughts and remittances in Exchanges in London 448 Terms of payments of Bills of Exchanges in London 449 M. MErchandising the first School of the present government of many Countreys 1 The use of Maps and Sea-Cards in general ibid. Meridian what ibid. Meridians and their use ibid. Merchandising accounted an Art 2 The materials of Merchandising are Commodities and Moneys ibid. The duty of Merchants ibid. A Merchant ought to know 1. the Form of a Bill of Exchange 2. of all Intimations and Protests 3. of Charter-parties 4. Bills of lading 5. Policies of Assurance 6. of Bills of Debt 7. of a Release 8. of Letters of Atturney 9 of Account-keeping and 10. Arithmetick ibid. The Merchant's purse and person supplies many defects in a City 3 Magazines for commodities ibid Met-house ibid. Merchants must learn what customs are and duly pay them 4 Moneys of Leather in Saint Dominico 5 Moneys of Shells in Tombuto ibid. Moneys of Iron in Massa ibid. Moneys of Lumaches in Congo ibid. Moneys of Glass in Melinda ibid. Moneys of Salt and Paper in Cathay ibid. Moneys of Gansa in Pegu ibid. Moneys of Almonds in Bengala ibid. Moneys of dead mens Sculls in Sumatra ibid. Moneys of Pepper and Cocos in India ibid. Moneys called by three several names ibid. Moneta what and how called ibid. The Merchant must be versed in all weights 6 Of Measures in general 8 False Measures are punishable by the Magistrate ibid. Measures of solid Bodies of dry and liquid Commodities ibid. All Measures to the Merchant must be as one measure ibid. A Merchant must be seen in all Commodities and in all Trades 9 A Merchant must know the value of all Commodities ibid. A Merchant must reduce the knowledge of commodities to a profitable end ibid. Merchants should know how to preserve all commodities ibid. Merchants should know how to better their commodities ibid. The Mystery of Exchange reduced to profitable principles 10 Mexicana and the Provinces 12 Mexico and the commodities ibid. Manoa the Golden City 13 Margarita ibid. Kingdom of Morocco 22 City of Morocco with the Trade containing the commodities coins weights measures and customs thereof 23 Mosambique and the Trade thereof containing coins weights measures and commodities thereof 28 Monomotapa 27 Manica ibid Manicongo ibid. Merchants of six sorts in Cairo 31 Madagascar otherwise Saint Laurence 35 Midium 46 Medina Talnabni and Mecha 68 Mesopotamia and the Cities 69 Mocha and the Trade containing the coins weights measures thereof 70 Media and the Cities thereof ibid. Mallavar Chap 88. and the Trade of that Coast 92 Mandoa ibid. Macin ibid. The Merchants that in general are found to traffick in India ibid. Musulapatam and the Trade of the coast of Cormandil with the coins weights measures of that place and coast 93 Maccau in China 95 Mallaca and the Trade thereof as the weights measures coins c. thereof 97 Moonsons at Mallaca ibid. Maccau and the Trade thereof containing the commodities coins weights c. thereof 99 Macasser and the Trade thereof containing weights measures coins c. 107 Malaga and the Trade thereof containing coins customs weights measures 114 Murcia ibid. Madrid 115 Measures of Spain reduced to the English Yard of London 120 Main 125 St. Mallos and Morlais in Britanny ibid. Moneys lately inhansed in France 127 Molins ibid. Mart of Lions formerly in Geneva 128 Marselia and the Trade thereof 131 Modena and the Trade thereof 145 Millan and the Trade thereof 165 Mantona and the Trade thereof 168 Mirandola and the Trade thereof 172 Mastricht 178 Marquisate ibid. Middleburge 180 Maclin ibid. Measures of the Netherlands reduced to the measures of London ibid. Mentz 186 Meclinburge 196 Measures of Germany reduced to London 208 Measures of Denmark to London 214 Moscovia and the Provinces 219 Mosco and the Trade thereof 220 Massovia 222 Moldavia 235 Modona and the Trade thereof 239 Morea and the Trade thereof ibid. Misene in Morea 245 Marathron 256 Megara ibid. Macedonia ibid. Migdonia ibid. Mastique 248 Mesina and the Trade thereof 257 Malta Island ibid. Majorque and Minorque and the Trade thereof 260 Man Island 262 Munster in Ireland 263 Meth in Ireland ibid. Middlesex 269 Mcrionethshire ibid. Mountgomeryshire ibid. Monmouthshire ibid. Merchants Adventurers of London their Original and places of residence 270 Moscovia Merchants of London their Original ibid. Measures used in England 272 Manner of Exchanging 273 Millan Exchanges 280 Mesina Exchanges 288 Medina del Campo Exchanges 294 Exchanges practised at Millan and how the same are calculated 410 Exchanges of Millan with Lions 411 Of Millan with Placentia 412 Of Millan with Venice 413 Of Millan with Rome 414 Of Millan with Naples 415 Of Millan with Genoa 416 Terms of Payments of Bills of Exchanges in Millan 417 Orders and Commissions given and received in Exchanges in Millan 418 Exchanges of
Rutland-shire 269 Richmondshire ibid. Rhadnorshire ibid. The Exchanges of Rouen 277 The Exchanges of Rome 278 Rescounters in Lions what 302 Rules of casting up the Exchanges made in Lions ibid. Rates of Exchanges in Lions which may serve for rates of interest in many other places 303 A Table for casting up the Account of Rebatements 305 Examples of Exchanges practised in Rome and how the same are to be calculated 326 Exchanges of Rome with Placentia 327 Exchanges of Rome with Florence 328 Exchanges of Rome with Venice 329 Exchanges of Rome with Millan 330 Exchanges of Rome with Naples 331 Exchanges of Rome with Genoa â—… Exchanges of Rome with 〈◊〉 lermo 333 Exchanges of Rome with Antwerp 334 Exchanges of Rome with London 335 Exchanges of Rome with Valentia Saragosa and Barselona 336 Exchanges of Rome with Sevil 337 Exchanges of Rome with Lisbon 338 Terms of Payments of Bills of Exchange in Rome 339 Aggio of moneys in Rome 340 Orders and Commissions by Exchange in Rome 341 S. SHipping distinguished into four parts as the duty of four distinct Persons 2 The Ship-wright's duty ibid. Strictness for not paying customs in Russin Denmark Sweden Spain in England Scotland Germany France Italy Netherlands and Turkey 4 Several forts of moneys in use in several Countreys 5 Ship-ponds in weights what 6 Stones in weights what ibid. Staple-commodities what 9 Sugar-trade 25 Sossala 27 Sues in the Red-sea 29. and the Trade thereof 33 Sauchen and the Trade containing the commodities measures and weights thereof 32 Smyrna with the commodities coins accounts weights measures customs and the Trade thereof 45 Mineral Salt 51 Syria in general 54 Sidon and the Trade containing coins weights and measures thereof 58 Syrophoenicia and the Cities thereof ibid. Samaria 65 Sciras and the Trade thereof 79 Sarmacand 86 Siam 88 Surat and the 〈…〉 the coins 〈…〉 c. thereof â—… Ships of 〈…〉 〈…〉 coast of Bengala weights c. 94 Strange manner of buying and selling in Pegu and that coast 95 Spinals digged at Coplan ibid. Siam and the Trade of the coast thereof their weights measures c. 96 Ten thousand sail of Ships belonging to the King of China in one River 98 A Ship yearly at Maccau from Goa going to Japan 99 Summatra and the Trade thereof 105 Socodana an English Factory 106 Spain and the Cities thereof 111 Sevil and the Trade thereof containing accounts coins Exchanges weights commodities measures c. thereof 112 Segovia 115 Salamanca ibid. Saragosa 119 Savoy and the Trade thereof 133 Sienna and the Trade thereof 163 SeventeenVnited Provinces 178 Sidan ibid. Sluis 179 The ancient Staple of Bridges 181 Strasburg and the Trade thereof 186 Stutgard ibid. Spiers and the Trade thereof 188 Saxony 196 Silver Mines in Friburg 202 Stoad and the Trade thereof 203 Sealand in Denmark 210 Scania ibid. Scandia ibid. Sweden and the Cities thereof 217 Stockholm and the Trade thereof 218 Seruca 219 Smaleusco ibid. Samogitia 222 Stralsond and the Trade thereof 229 Stetin and the Trade thereof 230 Servia 235 Sclavonia 236 Spallata and the Trade thereof 237 Schenico and the Trade thereof 241 Scuttari and the Trade thereof 242 Sparta 245 Salonica and the Trade thereof 246 Sidrocapse rich in Mines of Gold ibid. Samothrasia 248 Scio or Chios and the Trade thereof 249 Sciros Island ibid. Salamis Island ibid. Samos Island ibid. Suda a brave Harbour in Candia 251 Strucalli Islands ibid. Santo Mauro 252 Sicilia and the Provinces thereof 256 Sardinia Island 258 Sorlings Islands 262 Scotland and the Provinces thereof 264 Twelve Shires in Wales 268 Somersetshire 269 Surry ibid. Sussolk ibid. Sussex ibid. Staffordshire ibid. Shropshire ibid. Saragosa Exchanges 291 Sevil Exchanges 294 Sight what 299 Exchanges of Sevil 426 Exchanges of Saragosa ibid. T. TRopicks of Cancer and Capricorn 1 Things considerable in bartering bargaining and exchanging 2 Terra Cotterialis 12 Trindado 13 The Trade of America by Spaniards ibid. Tunis and the Trade thereof with the coins weights measures commodities and customs thereof 15 The Trade in general of Argier and Tunis 19 Of Trade in general of Barbary 23 Tarradant ibid. Tombotu 25 Troys Ruines ruin'd 46 Trapesond Chap. 51. with the weights and measures thereof 55 Tyre and the ancient Trade thereof 60 Tripoli in Syria with the Trade containing weights measures c. thereof 64 Turcomania 67 Tauris and the Trade thereof 74 The general Trade of Persia 82 Tartary and the Provinces thereof 83 Tartaria Precopensis ibid. Tartaria Asiatica and Antiqua 85 Tutta 90 The Trade in general of the Sea-coast of India 92 Ticco and the Trade thereof 105 Trade in general of Asia 109 Toledo 114 Tortosa 119 The Trade in general of Spain and Portugal survey'd 121 Thoullousa and the Trade thereof 123 Torrian 125 Thollon and the Trade thereof 130 Turino and the Trade thereof 134 The Trade in general of France 135 Tarranto 139 Treviso and the Trade thereof 152 The Trade in general of Italy 177 Tornay 179 The Trade of Antwerp augmented by three occasions and decayed by three occasions 179 The Trade in general of Netherlands 181 The Trade in general of Aermany 209 The Trade of Prussia ibid. The Trade of Denmark 215 The Trade of Moscovia 221 Transilvania 236 Thebes 246 Thermophilae Straights famous ibid. Thessalia ibid. Thracia ibid. The Trade of the Citizens of Constantinople 247 Tenedos 248 Terra Sigillata 248 Temple for the cure of Lovers 252 Turky or Levant Merchants their original in London 270 Though the Tables of Exchanges differ from the present rates yet the use thereof is no way lessened 274 Terms of payments of Bills of Exchange 299 A Table for casting up the account of Discounts or Rebatements 304 Tripoly in Barbary 15 V. VIrginia 12 Una and the Trade thereof containing the coins weights measures thereof 12 The Undermining tricks of the Dutch in the Trade of Guiny 25 The matchless Villany of the Dutch in the Amboina Islands 103 Validolide 115 Valentia and the Trade thereof 118 Vienne in France 127 Valentia in France ibid. Republick of Venice and the Cities 131 Vicentia and the Trade thereof 154 Verona and the Trade thereof 156 Venice and the Trade thereof 158 Urbin and the Trade thereof 169 Valencourt 179 Utrecht 180 Vienna and the Trade thereof 195 Veteravia 201 Valadomira 219 Volmia 222 Valona or Avalona and the Trade 243 Venetians the second Traders of eminency in Turky 247 Ulster in Ireland 263 The Use of the Table of Exchanges 275 Venice Exchanges 281 Valentia Exchanges 291 Vienna Exchanges 298 Usance what 299 Examples of Exchanges practised in Venice and how calculated 368 Exchanges of Venice with Lions 369 Of Venice with Placentia 370 Of Venice with Rome 371 Of Venice with Naples 372 Of Venice with Florence 373 Of Venice with Millan 374 Of Venice with Antwerp 375 Of Venice with London 376 Of Venice with Genoa 377 Of Venice with Norimberg 378 Of Venice with Bergamo 379 Of Orders and Commissions given
allowance to rectifie both the one and the other in equality and true value But so far forth is this to be understood that this is truly seen practised where a course of quiet Traffick is settled between two Kingdoms and Nations continuing in amity and firm peace together But where Princes either by the necessity of Wars or accidental great disbursements have occasion or do use to inhanse the current Rates of their Moneys in their Payments or decrying them in the Receipts and that Moneys by that either casual or constant course become either more plentiful or more scarce than ordinary then these rules of parity hold not so justly The Exchanger rectifieth the disorders of Mints and the necessity of Princes yet ever so as having in its self a predominant power over the sudden affairs of Princes in matters of Moneys and with all expedition possible rectifying by a common knowledge and consent of Exchanges and Bankers the error or necessity of Princes and their Mints who indeed are the Sovereigns of all Coins and Moneys so that though the Exchanger be not called to the Princes Counsel nor yet admitted to give his opinion and verdict either in his Mint or in the allay of his current Moneys nor yet to his Proclamations and Decrees in the setling or rectifying of the goodness or current value thereof yet the over-ruling part or Ballance is in his hand and he orders by an invisible mystery of a visible Exchange the allay value debasement or inhansement thereof with the allowances circumstances places and times being rightly considered such as the necessity of the Countrey the plenty or scarcicy of Moneys or other such like accidents may admit regulating by this means tacitely in his Closet the disorders committed by Mints and the over-sights which the great Affairs of Princes necessities plunge them in and thus erecting to himself and others of his Profession a certain Rule and publick Ballance that shall serve as an equal Parr and Standard of all Princes Coins whatsoever thereby as with a Touch-stone taking the true valuation thereof distinguishing still the fineness and coursness according to the true worth and real goodness altering and changing the price and rate thereof as time place and occasion may admit and give consent thereunto How to find out the Parr of Exchanges It now remaineth that I should shew this true Parr of Exchanges and howit may be found out and discerned in all Exchanges Experience hath made it evident to all the Learned in this Art that the true Royal Exchange for Moneys by Bills of Exchanges is fairly and substantially grounded upon the weight fineness and valuation of the Moneys of each several Countrey according to the Parr which by Bankers is understood to be value for value as the truth thereof is seen in our Exchanges in England which hath its ground upon the weights and fineness of our Sterling English Moneys the weight and fineness of each other Countrey according to their several Standards proportionable in the valuation being truly and justly made giving also thereby the price of the Exchange in and for every place according to the denomination of the Money and by which all Exchanges are or should be in themselves framed cast up and calculated but besides this real Parr of Exchange there is also a Merchants Parr which in due place I shall declare These Exchanges then in the general property thereof do much differ both in the name and in the proportion between the Gold and the Silver observed in most Countreys and that to set down the Parr of Exchanges exactly we are to examine and compare not only our own weight as is aforesaid with the weight of other Countreys but also the fineness of our Sterling Standards with the fineness of the several Standards of the Coîns of other Countreys and if we be found not to differ with them in the proportion between the Gold and Silver then may our Exchanges run at one and the same price and rate both for Gold and Silver taking the denomination according to the valuation of the Moneys of each Countrey and hereby shall we find how much fine Silver or Gold of our pound Sterling containeth and what quantity of other Moneys either of France Germany Low-Countreys Eastland and elsewhere we are to have in exchange to countervail the same in the like weight and fineness answerable to ours be it by the Pound Doller Ducate Crown or any other imaginary or real Coin giving always a value for value and receiving the like which is called by Exchangers as I said before the Parr the which should in all Exchanges be so particularly known and considered that as Money is publica mensura or the publick measure within the Realm between man and man so should Exchanges thus made for these Moneys be the publick measure between us and forein Countreys for all Commodities either bought or sold which therefore necessarily requireth a certainty in the calculation of this Parr aforesaid admitting nevertheless as I said before an advantage upon the farne upon good ground and just occasion on either side The price of the Exchanges at the disposal of the Exchanger But as the price of Exchanges is at this day seen to be at the only and sole disposal of the Exchanger and Merchant and that the same carrieth with it a predominancy in the buying and selling of their Commodities as is observed especially beyond the Sea so ought they carefully and circumspectly to consider the true nature thereof and not only look upon the present object which is to know how the price of Exchange goeth at the time when they have occasion to deal therewith but also truly to consider the Reality of this Parr as is aforesaid and as it is in it self really found to be for it is observed both here in England and abroad elsewhere beyond Seas that those who altogether do practise this Exchanging and deal for Moneys by Exchange have this observation therein for they being Exchangers indeed know perfectly the weight and fineness both of our English and of forein Coins and comparing the same together make thereby to themselves the true calculation of the Parr aforesaid wherein they are not directed by the current valuation of Coins which is often seen to be inconstant and uncertain nor by the toleration of Moneys either here or beyond the Seas going sometimes and in some places current above the said valuation and this indeed is one of the most mysterious parts that is included in this Art of Exchanging which the Merchant ought considerately to learn and distinguish And concluding here all further Observations and Circumstances practised in the general Exchanges amongst Merchants I refer the Reader for what is here purposely omitted to the end of this Tract where I have inserted what I have conceived to be further needful hereunto The Office of Garbling That King Henry the Sixth did first give the Office of Garbling all
last is the great of 144 l of 4 Roves of 30 l. a Rove which last is accounted the common Kintar of Sevil upon which these observations have been made which for the certainty I refer to trial 100 l. in Sevil have been found to make in London 102 l. Marselia 113  Venetia Sotile 152  Venetia Gross 96  Steilia 56½  Lisbon 90½  Florence 129½  Antwerp 98  Lion 97  Dantzick 117  Genoa Gross 100  Spanish Wooll Wooll of Sevil is commonly here bought about Michaelmas and they pay 〈◊〉 ready money 〈◊〉 at Christmas and have from March to May for payment of the rest of which here is great quantity provided Raw Silk Silk is bought at Almeria commonly worth 28 Pesanti the l. Morisco which is 18 s. Florence for which place it is bought and this it will cost 1020 Mar. the said pound which is 30 Rials which is performed between June and October the best time being from July to August by reason of the heat for after that the weight of Silk will increase And as for other Commodities here found besides Wooll and Silk it cannot properly be said to be the Commodities of the place but for the most are comprehended under the natural Commodities imported from the West-Indies of which this is the principal Port and Scale in Europe and as a Countrey entirely challenged by the Spaniards Measures of Sevil. Their common Measure in Sevil is the Vare which hath been observed The 100 Vares to make in London ells 74 Anvers  123 Frankford  154 Dantzick  102 Vienna  107 Lions a. 75 Paris al. 70 Genoav Pal. 336 Rouen al 74 Lisbon V. 74 Madera Br. 76 Venetia  133 Lucca  148 Florence  151 Millan  170 Of Oyl Oyl is bought here by the Rove 64 Roves is in Venetia one Miaria 40 or 41 Roves make a Pipe a Rove is 8 Somer a Somer is 4 Quartiles and a Quartile is â…› of a Stoop of Antwerp and 2 Pipes or 81 Roves is 25 or 26 Florence Barrels or 252 Gall. Gallons of English measure but Sevil Gage is accounted but of these Pipes 236 Gallons at 118 Gallons the Pipe Of Corn. Corn is measured and sold by the Cassise which is 28 Staos of Florence and makes Bushels English St. Lucar Note that St. Lucar is the Sea-Port of this City whereto all Ships of burthen do first come and there lade and unlade and where the Officers of the Custom-house do come aboard to take notice of the Goodsboth landed and laden for the City of Sevil where the Custom-house is Customs of Sevil. The Customs of Sevil are great and arise upon some Goods to 10 15 20 and upon most to 25 per cent which I must refer to the better experienced only it is noted by some that have treated of the Kings of Spain's Revenues that the Custom-house yearly of this City doth yield him as I said before half a Million of Gold Andalusia To proceed in the precinct of Corduba lies Andalusia wherein I find Sevil to be seated Secondly Granado wherein the City of Granado Malaga and Almeria principal Cities are situated And lastly Estremadura wherein I find only Merida for a City of note but not of Trade Granada Malaga therefore a word of the two former Granada and Malaga better known to the English CHAP. CXIII Of Granado and the Trade thereof GRanado is the ordinary Parliament and Court of Justice for all the Southern parts of Spain as Valladolid is for the North and therefore it may be imagined Where Lawyers are found to abound little Trade is commonly concurrent it is of it self a stately Town and curiously built all of Free-stone it is fenced with a strong Wall having twelve Gates and 130 Turrets the Palace of the late Moorish Kings is the prime and most magnificent building of this City it it seated within the Land and hath Motril for the next Port the neighbourhood of Almeria and Malaga both Maritime Ports hinder much the Trade thereof therefore I shall insist the lesser upon the Trade of this City which principally depends upon the Râ—… Silk made here and upon the Fabricks wrought thereof Weights used in Granado The Weight here used is the Cantar of 100 l. which hath been observed by some English to make 118 l. Averdupois and by some Venetians to have made there 111 l. Gross and 175 l. Sotile The Measure is as at Malaga CHAP. CXIV Of Malaga and the Trade thereof MAlaga is seated on the Mediterranean shore abounding in Raisins and Wines that are known by that name and thence vented to our colder Climate which makes this Town famous for its plenty therein where touching Anno 1617. I noted this observation Coins in Malaga Their Moneys are general with all Spain the principal being A Rial which is 34 Marvedies and is 6 d. sterl A Pistolet of Gold is 23½ Rials and the double being 47 Rials Customs of Malaga Their Customs upon Merchandise here differ for Sugar Almonds Wine and Oyls are found to pay Custom outwards 7½ per cent Cochineal and other such fine Commodities 10. All Commodities which are found to issue out else 5. All Commodities transported from Port to Port 2. Weights of Malaga Their Weight is the 100 l. divided into four parts of 25 l. which they call the Rove and every pound is 16 ounces and 1 ounce makes 16 drams and each dram 28 grains and this 100 l. or Kintar hath been found to make 112 l. 5 ounces English but yet I find some the have made observations upon this place alledge That the 100 l. of Malaga will yield iâ— London 105 l Measures of Malaga Their measure of length is a Vare which is 27â…ž inches by Rule Their liquid Measure for Wine and Oyl is a Rove and divided into 8 Sombres 25 Roâ— makes a Pipe and is 100 Gallons English Of Corn. Their Grain Measure is a Hanock and is divided into twelve Almodes this Hand is ¼ of a Bushel and twelve Gallons English which weigheth by heap 144 l. and by strâ—… 29 l. English Almeria Note That Almeria agreeth in Weights and Measures with Malaga above-named Gallicia In Galicia I find only St. James of Compostella famous for the Sepulchre of St. James which is worshipped with incredible devotion Q. Baiona Baiona commonly called the Groine whereto some Trade is driven by the Merchants of England principally of Bristol which I briefly thus anatomize The Coins are the same as used throughout Spain Here is in use two Quintals the one proper to Iron which is London 122 l. and the other called the Sutle Quintal which is 108 l. and the Measure here in use is as in Biâ—… following Biscay and the Trade thereof In Biscay I find Bilboa and St. Sebastians two noted Towns for Trading much frequented by Merchants whereupon I have
in Mark to have in Florence 57 or 58 Crowns according to the Cambio To have in Rome 56 Ducates of Camera more or less as the Exchange went To have in Naples 72 Ducates of Carlins more or less c. To have in Palermo or Messina 25 or 26 Carlins c. To have in Spain 400 Marvedies according to the rate of Exchange To have in Anvers so many gross as the Exchange did permit Exchange now of Lions But this custom being now lost by the expulsion of the great Bankers out of this Town in the days of Lewis the Twelfth it is since reduced to Crowns of the Sun of three Livers by which imaginary for so I call it now as having none to be found of that value and rate Coin there is now made and the common and ordinary pieces thereof I will willingly here omit as having mentioned the same at the end of this Work in the Chapters 277 and 302 and other following where all the due circumstances of Exchanges and payments of moneys are observed whereto I refer the Reader Fairs of Lions It is to be noted That here is observed four Fairs in which all payments either By Exchange or for Merchandize are made which run still from three months to three months wherein for so many days rescounters of payments are made without any Money seen stirring from Man to Man which is done in a publick place or Burse appointed to this purpose as I have touched in the Chapter of transferring of Bills of Debts and Specialties in my Factors Adviso the times and terms of which Fairs are these First the Fair of Easter after the Octaves of Easter The second is the Fair of August being the first Munday after our Ladies day in August The third is the Fair of All Saints the day after All Souls The fourth is the Fair of le Roys the day after Epiphany and every Fair lasteth fifteen days that are not Holy-days all business is done in these Fairs and all Bills of Exchange are made and dated in one day and two days after they make the rate of the Exchange which Fairs are counted by their payments Terms of the Bills of Exchange in Lions The terms of their Bills of Exchange hence are these From Lions to Florence Rome and Venice about 30 days little more or less according as the Merchant maketh the agreement every Fair but all the aforesaid places for one and the same day From Lions to Naples and Valentia 5 days later than Florence From Lions to Anvers as Florence From Lions to Spain that is to Medina in Villalion the Fair of All Saints and of the apparition of Lions they exchange for the Fair of Villalion of Middle-Lent and the Fair of Easter of Lions for the Fair of May in Medina del Campo as you shall see more at large in the days of payment of Bills dated in Lions in the said place of the Exchanges of this place Weights in Lions They have in Lions three Beams one used in the Custom-house which is the King's-Beam which contains 100 l. the Quintal and is greater than the second which is the Town weight by 8 per cent by which all Goods pay Custom that are ponderous The second is the Town-weight and is 100 l. the cent the pound thereof containing sixteen ounces per l. upon which all Calculations are made The third is only the weight used for Silk and is 100 l. the cent and the Pound containing fifteen ounces per l. and called The Pound of Mark. The 100 l. of the Town-weight is it whereby the Observations have been made with other Countreys and which by trial hath been found to render thus in these places following In London 96 l. Marselia 104  Venetia sot 143  Ditto gross 89  Sicilia 53  Lisbon 83  Florence 125  Antwerp 90  Sevil 92  Dantzick 109  Malaga 28 R. Rome 122 l. Millain 131  Paris 80  Genoa 135  Almeria 120  Bruges 114  Rochel 104  Diep 94  Rouen 92  And in Asia have made these In Aleppo 19 R. Silk R. 20,9  Tripoli 22¼  Ditto Barbar 81 l. Baruti 18¼  Alex. Zera 43¾  Ditto Forfor 96  Scios 86 Lod. Constantinople 78  Rhodes 17,2 R. Acria 15½  Babylonia 13â…“  Balsara 3,9¼ M. Ormus 93¾ l. CHAP. CXXIX How foreign Measures and Weights are compared with Lions I Find a French Merchant to have made these Observations upon the Trade of Lions which I refer to trial Millain with Lions 100 l. in Millain to have made by tryal in Lions 69 l. Silk-weight the Silk-brace in Millâ—… to render in Lions â— 9 of an Auln The Cloth-brace there to render in Lions 4 7 of an Auln And 20 Sols of Millain caculated for 10 Sols Turnois Turin with Lions 100 l. in Turin to render in Lions 77 l. Silk-weight The Ras which is the Measure to be ½ of an Auln The Florin in money calculated for three Sols Turnois Genoa with Lions The 100 l. of Genoa to render in Lions 72 l. Silk-weight 9 Palms of Genoa making a Câ—… 1 Palm 1 24 of an Auln The Spanish Pistolet worth in Genoa then 11 l. 12 s. in Lions 7 l. 7 s. The Crown of Gold in Gold of Italy worth in Genoa 1 l. 5 s. Florence with Lions The 100 l. of Florence to be in Lions 76¼ Silk-weight 4 Braces being there a Cane 100 Braces being 49 Aulns Lions The Crown of Gold of Florence calculated at 3 l. Turnois Lucca with Lions 100 l. of Lucca suttle weight hath rendred in Lioas 72 3 2 l. Silk weight 100 l. of Lucca of Custom-house weight made 81 l. The Pound of which place being composed of 12 ounces And 2 Braces of the said place made in Lions 1 Auln Bolonia with Lions 100 l. of Bolonia have rendred in Lions 77 l Silk-weight The Brace of Bolonia hath rendred 8 23 of an Auln of Lions The Liver thereof 20 Sols may be esteemed at 11 s. 3 d. Turnois Naples with Lions 100 l. of Naples have made in Lions 68 l. of Silk weight 8 Palnts make a Cane and multiply the Palms by 4 to make them quarters and divide by 17 for 17 quarters is an Auln in Lions which reduced into London measure is The Ducate may be calculated for 48 s. Turnois which is 4 10 sterling Venetia with Lions The 100 l. Suttle of Venetia made in Lions 63½ l. Silk-weight 80 Braces of that place Silk make in Lions 43 Aulns The Ducate may be calculated at 50 Sol. Turnois which is 5 s. sterling Mesina with Lions The 100 l. of Mesina renders at Lions ½ l. of Silk-weight The 100 Braces of Mesina give in Lions Aulns The ounce of Mesina gives by calculation in Lions Bergamo with Lions The 100 l. of Bergamo is in Lions 68 l. Silk-weight The Brace of Bergamo is
or otherwise Secondly by reason that the King of Portugal having discovered the East-Indies in Anno 1500 and diverted the course of Trade driven by the Venetians from Alexandria and the Red-Sea to his Port of Lisbon kept here his Factors and sent hither those Indian Commodities to seek their vent and this first drew the English Merchant-Adventurers from Bruges hither to reside The third was the Wars that fell between the French and Charles the Fifth which brought hither many Gentlemen from Villages and petty Towns for safety sake here to reside and build Now as the causes of her rising have been noted to be three so the causes of the loss of that Trade may be reduced also to three First the Wars here and in general in these Provinces between the Spaniards and the Dutch Nation wherein this City suffered pillaging and indured the command of new Laws Secondly the abrogation of part of those Privileges that were granted here to the English Merchant-Adventurers and others that the new and great Customs imposed upon their Goods and Merchandize Thirdly the Navigation of the English and Dutch to the East-Indies whereby the Portugal Factors decreasing thereby and the City of London in England and Amsterdam in Holland increasing thereby were also sharers in the India Trade and Commodities leaving by this means this City bare and to subsist upon the Traffick of her own Inhabitants in that nature as now the same is found to be Accounts in Antwerp Their Accounts are here kept by Livers Sol and Deniers which they term Pounds Shillings and Pence of grosses 12 grosses making a Sol and 20 Sol a Liver or Pound Flemish which may be accounted 12 Shillings Sterling or by their computation 240 grosses by which Species they do make their Exchanges with all other Cities Coins in Antwerp The Current Moneys here and in general through all the Arch-Duke's Countries are besides the Spanish and Imperial these current are Doits four makes a Stiver and ten Stivers a Shillings Sterling two Blanks makes a Stiver and half Stivers 6 makes a Shilling Flemish Stivers 28 makes a Guilder which is three Shillings four Pence Flemish Shillings 20 makes a Pound which is 6 Guilders Pounds 100 Flemish makes 60 Pound English so that 20 Stivers is or may be computed for two Shillings Sterling and one Pound Flemish for 12 Shillings Sterling and then 20 Shillings Sterling is 33 Shillings 4 Pence Flemish Weights in Antwerp The Weight of this Country is the Pound of 16 Ounces and the 100 l. of that Pound which is their Quintar which rendereth in London 104 l. The conceived original of our Tret in London and thereupon it comes as some imagine that upon Spices the tret of 4 l. upon 104 l. was allowed here to the Buyer for the English being supplyed hence in those days with their Spices found the 100 l. there to give here in the City of London 104 l. and made that allowance here willingly as desiring the 100 l. there would yield them a neat 100 l. here and take the same by the Factory without further allowance or garble which was not then in use Many observations have been made upon the weight and measure of this City which being reduced into a general Table by Mr. Malines and the same being there accorded with all the principal Cities in the World I will refer you thereunto for larger satisfaction and content my self according to my method to insert the same as I find it with some other particular places because I have found some errors in the said Concordance Weights of Antwerp compared with that of other places The Weights then in use in Antwerp being the 160 l. neat have been observed to have rendred thus In London 104 l. Marselia 115¾  Venice sotile 155  Ditto gross 97¾  Sicilia 68  Lisbon 84½  Florence 132½  Lions 110  Sevil 101â…ž  Dantzick 120  Ormus 108 Rot. Aleppo common 228 R. Ditto silk weight 240 R. Tripoly Soria 272 R. Tripoly Barbaria 97 R. Baruti 219 R. Alexandria Zeroi 519 R. Alexandria Forsia 1165 R. Constantinople 92 R. Rhodes 201 R. Acria 181 R. Babylon 156 R. And what other inlargements are here wanting I willingly omit and refer the same to Lex Mercatoria Measures of Antwerp compared with those of other Countries Now in the same manner it will be needful I do calculate the Measures of Antwerp which is the Ell which also by observation hath made in these places Acria 115 pico Aleppo 108 pico Argier 136 covad Alexandria 124 pico Amsterdam 101 ells Barcelona 43 canes Bruges 98â…” ells Candia 108 pico Castile 78 vares Constantinople 113 pico Corfu 116 braces Damasco 111 pico Dantzick 122 ells Florence Cloth 116 ells Ditto for Silk 102½ braces Genoa 122 braces Hamburgh 122 ells Holland 103½ ells Lisbon long 63 vares London for Linnen 60 ells Ditto for Wollen 75 yards Ditto for Frises 59 goads Lucca 120 braces Millan for Silk 141 braces Naples for Silk 33½ can Paris 59 aulns Rouen 58 aulns Sevil 83½ vares Venice for Woollen 101â…” braces Ditto for Silk 108 Valentia 73 canes Urbin 101 braces Note that this is for the common Measure of Antwerp besides which they use another El for Silk and these Ells make of that but 98½ Ells. The other Measure of sundry Commodities here in use are these Of Beer Beer is sold in Antwerp by the Barrel which is accounted throughout Flanders and Brabant to be 54 Stoops the 81 whereof is in Dantzick a Fat and contains there 180 Stoops but 50 Stoops of Antwerp make the Barrel of Lubeck and the English Gallon of Beer is 2 Stoops of Flanders and 1â…” Stoops of Amsterdam Of Corn. Corn is here sold by a Measure called the Vertule and 37½ Vertules is a Last of Corn in Ansterdam and 10¼ Quarters in London vide there further Of Wine Wine is sold by the Ame the Stoop and the But and is found thus to accord together 1 Aâ—… is 50 Stoops and one Stoop is six Pound and a But is 152 Stoops so that by this Rule 6 Ame which is 300 Stoops or 1800 l. is in London 252 Gallons so that the Ame is by this Calculation found to be 42 Gallons and the Stoop is about 3â…“ quarters of London Wine-measure or as some account it about 7 Pints vide London for more certainty Exchanges of Antwerp The Exchanges practised in this place are great and for very great sums of Money especially when as the King of Spain hath any general disbursements in this Country by reason of his continual Armies here in Action maintained against the Dutch the particulars whereof I have inserted in the end of this Tract in the Chapter 289 and in the Chapter 435 and some others following where I have at large declared the Practice and Use among the Machants of that place in the Calculation thereof whereto I refer
a Coal wonderful in Nature as kindled by Water and quenched by Oil. Zutphen Zutphen is the next Earldom being only a Town seated on the River Issel of good strength taken from the Spaniard Anno Dom. 1590. at the Siege whereof was slain that Honourable Knight Sir Philip Sidney of whom was said Digna legi scribis facis dignissima scribi Scripta probant doctum te tua facta probum Thou writ'st things worthy reading and didst do Things that are even most worthy writing too Thy Works thy learning praise Thy Deeds thy goodness raise Holland The next Earldom is Holland in Circuit 180 Miles no part of which is distant from the Seas three Hours Journey and comprehendeth 400 Villages and 23 Towns Dort The chief whereof is Dort where Anno 1618. was held a National Synod against the Arminians Harlem Secondly Harlem where Printing was invented Thirdly Leyden an University consisting of 41 Islands to which there is passage partly by Boats but principally by 40 wooden Bridges and by 110 of Stone the rarity whereof being the first City of consequence I noted in these parts Anno 1625. I could not chuse then but admire and here in this Town is a Castle said to be built by Hengist the Saxon at his return out of England if their Stories may be credited Delph The next Town is Delph a place of Residence for the Merchant-Adventurers of England where I was Anno 1625 admitted into that Society whose Welfare I am bound to desire and whose Prosperity I wish may still increase and tho these Citizens have since upon some discontent forc'd them to remove to Roterdam yet considering the Town is composed altogether of Brewers and that Men so qualified are apt to forget themselves it may be imagined they have since slept upon it and would peradventure regain their Companies at a greater Charge than can by any but by their Wisdoms be imagined Alkmer The next is Alkmer famous for the Defeat which the Duke d'Alva received before it to his great Loss of Reputation and to this City's Honour Roterdam The next is Roterdam famous for the Birth of Erasmus and noted for Lovers of the English Traffck in giving lately free and worthy Privileges to the Merchant-Adventurers of England who from Delph lately removed hither to reside to the future Prejudice of those Brewers Amsterdam Lastly Amsterdam has now the Honour of all these Countries for matter of Commerce and Traffick it hath raised it self to that height of Trade by the Industry Policy and Wealth of the Inhabitants that 1000 Sail of Ships have been seen at one Tide to go in and out and as one of their own hath it Quod Tagus atque Hemus vehit Pactolus in unum Vere hunc congestum dixeris esse locum What Tagus Hemus and Pactolus bear You would conjecture to be heap'd up here Now for the Manner and Matter of their Traffick I shall note the same such as I have observed it at my Residency there in 1625 above-mentioned CHAP. CLXIII Of Amsterdam and the Trade thereof Amsterdam and the Trade thereof AMsterdam is now by the late Addition of the New to the Old a fair City strong and beautiful the River Tay flowing like a large and calm Sea on the North-side thereof and the River Amster of which and the Word Dam this City is named running from the South through three Lakes entreth this City and passing through it falleth into the River Tay on the North-side This Town doth consist of 5 principal Streets through which the Water doth run and are divided therewith in which Ships Barges and Boats of all kinds are found both to come and go continually either to lade or unlade which is not only beneficial to the Inhabitants but also commodious and beautiful The Trade of this City is much inlarged since the Passage of Antwerp was stopt and the Trade of the Inhabitants to the East and West-Indies occasioned by their Industry their Love to Navigation and not the least by a great Plenty of Moneys which they deliver out at easie rates at Interest as wanting Land or other means to put out the same to better Benefit nothing being loft them but Commerce and Navigation to imploy the same and of late days England and other neighbouring Countries are found to have their Estate going at Interest according to the Custom of the place which is 8 per cent whereas in their own Countries 4 and 5 per cent is as much as the same will yield them But for the Coins Weights and Measures as I observed them I shall here insert and refer the rest to the better experienced Accounts in Amsterdam They keep their Accounts as in Antwerp by which all these Parts were regulated in former times for what concerned Traffick Moneys of Amsterdam and all the Netherlands Their Moneys have also a Correspondency with Antwerp Coins but inhansed or debased as they see occasion by reason of their great yearly Disbursments and ordinarily the same is found to be as in the Account of Antwerp so as that their Livre or Pound which is twenty shillings Flemish may be accounted twelve shillings sterling Florins 6 make that Pound of 20 stivers per Florin Stivers 120 make a Pound of Gross 6 Stivers a Flemish shilling Stivers 5 are accounted as much as 6 d. sterling or 5 Sold Turnois Stiver 1 is a Sold Turnois A Gross is 6 Deniers Turnois Carolus gulden is 20 stivers 2 shillings sterling or 20 sols Turnois Besides these as the Current Moneys of the Countrey All Coins of Europe do pass here currently for their Value and are received and paid in Payments for Merchandise accordingly Weights of Amsterdam Their Weight is the Pound 100 whereof makes their Quintal which 100 or Quintal is held in London to be incirca 111 l. English yet some allege that the same truly calculated will not produce above 108 l. suttle and for the Concordancy see further Measures in Amsterdam Their Measure is the Ell which reduced to Yards English is found to be 134 Ells for 100 Yards of London and the 100 Ells of London are here 167½ Ells so that the 100 El◠here makes in London about 74 Yards or 60½ Ells incirca and 40 Flemish Ells make in England 24 Ells. Exchanges in Amsterdam In the Exchanges this place is governed by Antwerp rising and falling according to their present Occasions and the Value Current of their Moneys which is often inhansed and debased it being very frequently observed in this City and the rest subject to the Netherlands or to the United Provinces that when they have occasion of great Receipts they are decryed in value and raised again where they have occasions by their Wars or otherwise of great Disbursements according to which diversity of needful Occasions the Exchange of the place is observed to alter therefore therein cannot be prescribed any direct
City exchanging and in what Region or Country seated Secondly the Manner and Method wherein the Accounts in that City is kept by Exchangers Thirdly the Quality of the Moneys in use is observed and in what Coin imaginary or real that City is accustomed to make its Exchange with the others there mentioned Fourthly underneath that is orderly set down the Names of all the other Places the which by a Line are found to be joyned and knit together and lastly in the midst of the Line is written the Name of the Place and City it self for which the said Table in the said Leaf is made As for Example in the first Leaf which is for Placentia in Italy where besides the Name of the Place it self is found these words Placentia exchangeth with the which words by reason of the including Line drawn from the highest to the lowest hath reference to every one of the Names of the other Places which are so included together so that it is to be understood as that Placentia exchangeth with Lions Placentia exchangeth with Reâ—e with Genoua c. and so in the rest from one to another Next to every one of the said Names of Places followeth the Species or Moneys exchanged either by an entire and whole Sum or by a broken and lesser denomination which the place in the Table giveth in exchange by proportion with the other to whose Name the said Moneys are placed and put unto as to say Placentia exchangeth with Lions 100 Crowns that is understood that in Exchanging between Placentia and Lions 100 Crowns of Placentia are supposed and put by an equivalency or in value to that quantity or sum of Money which is found to be noted in Lions following As in the said Example Placentia exchangeth with Lions Crowns 100 for Crowns 97¾ so likewise is it to be understood that in the said Exchanges that for every 100 Crowns of Placentia or of Fiera or of Mark it is as much as to say as Lions counter-payeth or giveth 97¾ of his Crowns that is of the Sun Also Placentia exchangeth with Genoua Crown 1. for Sol. 67. 10 d. that is to say that Placentia Exchanging with Genoua it giveth or as I said before it selleth Crownâ— of Mark to have in Genoua Sol. 67. 10 d. of Gold and in the same manner the rest of the said places are to be understood Though the Tables of Exchanges differ from the present Rates yet the use thereof is not any way lessened and whereas the Rates and Prices of these Exchanges may here be sound to disagree from the current Rates of the same in sundry places as at this very day and time yet that cannot take away the Benefit that may redound to Merchants by the use thereof nor prejudice the Labour or Judgment of him that calculated the said Table because we see by experience that the Rates of Exchanges do hourly differ and the Moneys also are found to rise and fall daily in sundry places upon which these Exchanges have their Ground work and Foundation and though a Table were calculated precisely to this present day and time yet e'er the same could be published it would find a disagreement in divers places CHAP. CCLXXVI The Use of the Table of Exchanges The use of the Table of Exchanges by three Examples THE method being thus understood the use thereof is easily comprehended which by three Examples I shall illustrate and make plain where by the way it is to be noted that in Exchanging of any Sum of Moneys whatsoever the Rates mentioned in this Table are not observable save only for the Examples sake and for Instruction in the Contract that may be made thereupon but the Rate agreed upon and by which the Exchange is conditioned by both the Giver and Taker is the true and firm Rule whereby the question is to be wrought First Example notwithstanding for the first Example we will propound a Question by a contracted Price according to the current Rates mentioned in this said Table and that from Naples a Merchant would exchange Ducats 738. 4. 10. with Placentia and the Price of the Exchange shuâ— be that which is mentioned in the Table of Naples with the Town of Placentia where it is found that Naples exchangeth with Placentia at Grains 133 for a Crown By these three Numbers in the Tables mentioned I work thus then by the Rule of Thres saying If 133 Grains give 1 Crown how many do 738 Ducats 4. 10. give and working Arithmetically according to the said Rule it makes 555 Crowns 11. 3. of Mark in Credit to be given in â—…era of the said Placentia Second Example For a second Example I will propound that Naples would exchange 500 Ducats with Placentia at Sold. 18. 2 d. c. This Example considered will not be found to differ from the former save that in the former Naples gave the lesser or broken Number and in this Naples gives the whole and entire Number notwithstanding which the Rule is not found to differ as in other the like Questions in simple Exchanges wherein it is to be observed that Sol. 18. and Den. 2. of Valentia are paid for 1 Ducat of Naples and by that Price and Rate I would know how many Livres of that Money of Valentia the proposed Sum of 500 Ducats in Naples come into and by that which we find in the Table by the same Rule of Three I say if one Ducat is worth 18 Sol. 2 Den. how many shall 500 be worth and by working the Question it makes 454 Livrâ—s 3 s. 4 d. and so much Credit will 500 Ducats of Naples give at the Price aforementioned thus Third Example All other Exchanges have their Resolutions as these two former but yet sometimes it is true some accidents may interpose which may cause the Question to have a double working as if I should say that Genoua would exchange with Venetia Crowns 1000 of Livres 4. to Livres 7 l. 10 Sol of that Money and the Credit is required in Ducats Now then because the simple Exchange gives the Money in Livres you must make another reckoning to reduce the same into Ducats but yet for all this neither in this nor in any other case would I have but one account made the which may be done by the Rule multiplied I say then if 1 Crown be worth 7. 100. Den. and that 6 s. 4 Den. is worth one Ducat how many Ducats will a 1000 Crowns make and by working the Question it will be found to make 1209 Ducats 13. 6 d. for Credit which from Genoua will be produced by a thousand Crowns in Venice the Question being well observed it will be found to be wrought in this manner It is to be noted that in what place soever the Moneys are accounted by Livres Sols and Den. or as we say in England by Pounds Shillings and Pence it is accounted by 20 and by 12 because that Sol. or Shill 20
Crown Lucca Carl. 25½ 1 Ducatoon Naples Duc. 100 96½ Duc. of 6 Tarins Lechy Turin 11. 14 1 Ducate Bary Carl. 23½ 1 Ducate Palermo Ounce 100 102 Ounces Antw. Col. Ducate 1 107 Grosses London Ducate 1 72 Pence Sterling Valentia Florin 1 Sol 9. 9 D. Saragosa Florin 1 Sol 9. 10 D. Barselona Florin 1 Sol 9. 8 D. Siv al. Med. Florin 1 190 Marved. Lisbon Florin 1 200 Raies Bollonia Carlins 25¼ 1 Ducatoon Bergamo Carlins 25 1 Ducatoon Francfort Ducate 1 90 Quarentins Vide Chap. 419. how these are calculated CHAP. CCXC. Of the Exchanges of Antwerp in Brabant and Collen in Germany the Lower The Exchanges of Antwerp and Colonia IN both these places the Exchangers keep their Accompts in Livres Sols and Deniers of Grosses so that their Grosses are there accounted as their Deniers or Pefening And in the Custom of the Exchanges of these two places they give the broken number to all other places London only excepted which they give not by the Gross but by the Sol. or Shillings Antwerp and Colonia doth Exchange with Placentia Gross 125 for 1 Crown Lions Gross 128 1 Crown Rome Gross 130 1 Ducate Genoa Gross 129 1 Crown of Gold Millan Gross 127 1 Crown of Gold Venetia Gross 94½ 1 Ducate Florence Gross 112 1 Crown Lucca Gross 104 1 Ducatoon Naples Gross 91 1 Ducate Lecchi Gross 90½ 1 Ducate Bary Gross 91 1 Ducate Palermo Gross 107½ 1 Ducate Mesina Gross 107 1 Ducate London Sold. 34½ 1 Pound Sterling Valentia Gross 107 1 Ducate Saragosa Gross 109 1 Ducate Barselona Gross 112 1 Ducate Siv al. Med. Gross 106¼ 1 Ducate Lisbon Gross 102 1 Ducate Bolonia Gross 104 1 Ducatoon Bergamo Gross 105 1 Ducatoon Francfort Gross 78 1 Floren of 65 quar Vide Chap. 435. how these are calculated CHAP. CCXCI. Of the Exchanges of London the Metropolis of England The Exchanges of London IN London and throughout all England Exchangers keep their Accompts in Pounds Shillings and Pence Sterling and cast it up as in other places by Livres Sols and Deniers by 12 and 20. And in the custom of Exchanging it giveth the Exchange to all places by the broken number of Pence Sterling Antwerp and Colonia only excepted with which two places it Exchangeth by the Pound of Sterling Money above specified London doth Exchange with Placentia Sterl Pence 64 for 1 Crown Lions Pence 64 1 Crown Rome Pence 66 1 Ducate Genoa Pence 65 1 Crown of Gold Milan Pence 64¾ 1 Crown of Gold Venetia Pence 50 1 Duc. in Banco Florence Pence 61 1 Crown Lucca Pence 53½ 1 Ducatoon Naples Pence 50 1 Ducate Lechy Pence 50½ 1 Ducate Bary Pence 51 1 Ducate Palermo Pence 57½ 1 Ducate Mesina Pence 56½ 1 Ducate Antw. Col. Poun Sterl 1 34½ Shill Flem. Valentia Pence 57½ 1 Ducate Saragosa Pence 59 1 Ducate Barselona Pence 64 1 Ducate Siv al. Med. Pence 58½ 1 Ducate Lisbon Pence 53½ 1 Ducate Bolonia Pence 53⅓ 1 Ducatoon Bergamo Pence 52 1 Ducatoon Francfort Pence 59½ 1 Florin Vide Chap. 443. how these are calculated CHAP. CCXCII Of the Exchanges of Valentia the Metropolis of Valentia The Exchanges of Valentia IN Valentia and in all the Kingdoms of Valentia in Spain Merchants do keep their Accompts in Livres Solds and Deniers the current Moneys of the place are Rials and Deniers and Ricls ten are accounted for a Livre so that half a Rial is a Soldo the Ducate is here imaginary and accounted for 10½ Rials and accounted 21 Sols In the custom of Exchanges of this place it giveth the broken number to all Italy Spain and Germany and to all other places the intire number either of one Ducate or 100 Ducates The Castiliano is also here found in use for an imaginary Coin in the ancient custom of Exchanging with Sevil and accounted worth 27 Sol. 4 Deniers Valentia doth Exchange with Placentia Sol. 23. 6 for 1 Crown Lions Sol. 23. 8 1 Crown Rome Sol. 24. 2 1 Ducate Genoa Sol. 23 10 1 Crown of Gold Millan Sol. 23. 9 1 Crown of Gold Venice Sol. 17. 10 1 Ducate Florence Sol. 23. 0 1 Crown Lucca Sol. 20. 2 1 Ducatoon Naples Sol. 18. 0 1 Ducate Lechy Sol. 18. 2 1 Ducate Bary Sol. 18. 1 1 Ducate Palermo Sol. 9. 6 1 Florin Mesina Sol. 9. 7 1 Florin Antw. Col. Ducate 1 106 Grosses London Ducate 1 72½ Pence Sterl Saragosa Ducat 100 102 Ducates Barselona Ducat 100 101½ Ducates Siv al. Med. Sol. 20. 3 1 Ducate Lisbon Ducate 100 100⅓ Ducates Bollonia Sol. 20. 3 1 Ducatoon Bergamo Sol. 20. 4 1 Ducatoon Francfort Sol. 14 1 Florin Vide Chap. 426. how these are calculated CHAP. CCXCIII Of the Exchanges of Saragosa in Catalonia The Exchanges of Saragosa IN Saragosa Merchants keep their Accompts as in Valentia aforementioned and have the same Monies saving that the Ducate passeth here in account for 22 Sols or 11 Rials In the Custom of Exchanging it giveth the broken number to all Italy and to all the rest the whole number which is found to be either one Ducate or 100 Ducates Saragosa doth Exchange with Placentia Sol. 23. 8 for 1 Crown Lions Sol. 23. 11 1 Crown Rome Sol. 24. 3 1 Ducate Genoa Sol. 23. 9 1 Crown of Gold Millan Sol. 23. 8 1 Crown of Gold Venetia Sol. 17. 9 1 Ducate Florence Sol. 22. 10 1 Crown Lucca Sol. 20. 1 1 Ducatoon Naples Sol. 17. 10 1 Ducate Lechi Sol. 18. 1 1 Ducate Bary Sol. 18. 0 1 Ducate Palermo Sol. 9. 8 1 Florin Mesina Sol. 9. 9 1 Florin Antw. Col. Duc. 1 105 Grosses London Duc. 1 73 Pence Sterling Valentia Duc. 100 103 Ducates Barselona Duc. 100 102 Ducates Siv al. Med. Duc. 100 105 Ducates Lisbon Duc. 100 108 Ducates Belonia Sol. 20. 2 1 Ducatoon Bergamo Sol. 20. 1 1 Ducatoon Francfort Duc. 1 95 Quarentins Vide Chap. 426. how these are calculated CHAP. CCXCIV. Of the Exchanges of Barselona the Metropolis of Catalonia The Exchanges of Barselona IN Barselona the use of Accompt keeping and the Monies are the same as is specified in Valentia excepting that the Ducate is here accounted Sol. 24 which is twelve single Rials In the Custom of Exchanging this place giveth the broken number to all other places excepting to Antwerp Colonia London Lisbon and Germany to which it giveth the whole number which is found to be either one Ducate or 100 Ducates Barselona doth Exchange with Placentia Sold. 23. 10 for 1 Crown Lions Sol. 24 1 Crown Rome Sol. 24. 4 1 Ducate Genoa Sol. 24. 2 1 Crown of Gold Milan Sol. 24. 1 1 Crown of Gold Venice Sol. 18. 2 1 Ducate Florence Sol. 23. 0 1 Crown Lucca Sol. 20. 2 1 Ducatoon Naples Sol. 18. 3 1 Ducat Lechy Sol. 18. 2 1 Ducat Bary Sol. 18. 1 1 Ducat Palermo Sol. 9. 10 1 Florin Mesina Sol. 9. 9 1 Florin Antw. Col. Ducate 1 103 Grosses London Ducate 1 72 Pence Sterling Valentia Duc. 103 100
of Lions with Genoa LIons exchangeth with Genoa and giveth one Crown of the Sun have in that place positâ— of mony in Gold 59 s. 9 d. I demand for Cro. 9432. 9 of the Sun how much credit shall Lions have in Genoa in current mony To do which first multiply the said Crown of the Sun by Sol. 59. 9 d. and it maketh Sol. 563588. 10 d. which reduced into Livers makes Lib. 28179. 8. 10 Mâ—ny of Gold which divided by 68 Sol which is the price of a Crown of Gold in mony of Gold and that which resteth of the division you must multiply by 20 to make them Sols of Gold and then by 12 to make them Deniers and they will be Crowns 8288. 1. 5 of Gold the which multiply by 4½ which is the price at present of the Crown of Gold in current mony and of its prodâ—ct will come Lib. 37296. 6. 4 of mony current and so much credit shall Lions have in Genoa for the said Crown 9432. 9. of the Sun And you must note That the Livers of the mony of Gold cannâ—e be reduced into current mony unless first it be reduced to Crowns of Exchange Proof The proof of this Rule is seen when that Genoa doth Exchange for Lions CHAP. CCCXIV Of the Exchanges of Lions with Millan Exchanges of Lions with Millan LIONS Exchangeth with Millan and giveth a Crown of the Sun to have in Millan posito 118â…“ s. I would know how many Livers makes Crowns 1564. 15. 6. of Gold of the Sun in Millaâ—t To do which you must multiply the said sum of Crowns by 5 l. 18. 4. which are the Sols 118â— beginning to multiply the l 5 by the 6 Den. and then by the 15 which are with the Crown of the Sun the proceed of the multiplication shall be l. 9258. 5. which shall be had in Millan for the said Crown of the Sun as for Example Proof The proof of the said account shall be manifest in the Example of Millan with Lions CHAP. CCCXV. Of the Exchange of Lions with Venetia Exchanges of Lions with Venetia LIONS Exchangeth with Venice and giveth 100 Crowns of Gold to have their Dâ—cates posito 119â…” of Livers 6â…™ per Ducat I demand for Crowns 3549. 10. of the Sun how much credit shall Lions have in Venice To know which multiply the said sum of Crowns by the said 119â— Ducats and the remainder produced by the said multiplication shall be divided by 24 because that the Ducat is worth 24 Gross and out of that product cut the two last figures the which being multiplied by 24 to make them Grosses they will make Dacâ—t 48 38 1 12 which Lions shall have credit in Venice for the said Crowns of the Sun as Example Facit 4238 Ducat 2 Gross And the proof of this account shall be manifested by Example Proof in the Exchanges of Venetia back for Lion CHAP. CCCXVI. Of the Exchanges of Lions with Bolonia Exchanges of Lions with Bolonia LIONS Exchangeth with Bolonia and giveth 100 Crowns of the Sun to have in Bolonia Crowns 113 of Livers 4¾ per Crown I demand then for Crowns 3879. 13. 4. of the Sun how much credit shall Lions have in Bolonia To do which multiply the said Crowns of the Sun by 113 and from the product cut the two last figures then multiply them by 20. and 12. to make them Sols and Deniers and it will come to Crowns 4282. 6. 5. in Bolonia the which you must bring into Livers by multiplying them by l. 4. 15. which is the value of the Crown in Bolonia and they make l. 20341. 0. 5. which Lions shall have credit for in Bolonia The proof hereof serveth to know how to make the account when Bolonia exchangeth for Lions and is done by the Rule of 3 saying If Crowns 213 give 100 Crowns how many shall 4282 Crowns 5. s. 6 d. give CHAP. CCCXVII Of the Exchanges of Lions with Placentia Exchanges of Lions with Placentia LIONS Exchangeth with Placentia and giveth 119â…” posito Crowns of the Sun to have in Placentia Crowns 100 of Marc. I demand for Crowns 3489. 15 of Gold of the Sun how many Crowns shall be due to me in Placentia To find which I say by the Rule of three If Crowas 119â…” give 100 Crowns of Marc. how many will Crowns 3489. 15. give the product of which Rule giveth Crowns 2916. 4. 6. d. of Marc. and so much shall be due to me in the said place of Placentia for the said sum of Crowns of the Sun for example The proof of this rule is seen when that Placentia shall exchange with Lions CHAP. CCCXVIII Of the Exchanges of Lions with Antwerp Exchanges of Lions with Antwerp LIONS Exchangeth with Antwerp and giveth one Crown of the Sun to have in Antwerp posito 121â…“ Gross I demand then how many Livers of Grosses I shall have there for Cro. 6895. 11. 3. To do which I multiply the said sum by the said 121â…“ Gross and it giveth Grosses 836661 out of which take 1 12 to make them Sols and they make Sols 69721. 9. which to make into Livers you must cut the two last figures and take the ½ of the others and it will come to l. 3486. 1. 9. of Grosses which I should have in the said place of Antwerp for the above-mentioned sum of Crowns of the Sun as by Example Proof The proof of the said account will appear when that Antwerp exchangeth with Lions and therein is to be noted that in the manner of the Exchange that Lions maketh with Antwerp the Calculation will serve in the same manner with Colonia because the same Moneys are used in Exchanges in the said City of Colonia as in Antwerp and the same also is in use in Amsterdam and throughout the Netherlands CHAP. CCCXIX. Of the Exchanges of Lions with London Exchanges of Lions with London LIons exchangeth with London and giveth a Crown of the Sun to have in London posito Pence sterling 58 I then demand for Crowns 7693. 10. 0. Crowns of the Sun how many Liens of Pounds sterling shall I have in London working the same as in the precedent Rule and accounâ— from Lions to Antwerp and it will make sterling Pounds 1859. 5. 3. d. And so much Credit shall the same give me in London as shall appear by Example following Proof The proof of this account shall appear when I come to the Exchanges of London with this place of Lions Paris Rouen Here also is to be noted That the account is calculated in the same manner when either Pâ—ris Rouen or any other part of France doth exchange for the City of London or for any other City in England CHAP. CCCXX Of the Exchange of Lions with Francfort Exchanges of Lions with Francfort LIons exchangeth with Francfort and giveth a Crown of the Sun to have in the said place Quarentines posito 95¼ I demand for 1500 Crowns of
Crow calculating for 12 Den. one Sols and for 20 Sols in Money one Liver and it will make l. 4314. 14. 2 which one shall have in the said place of Millan for the said Ducates 850. As for Example Proof The proof of this account is manifested when this parcel is Exchanged back from Millan to Naples as aforesaid CHAP. CCCL Of the Exchanges of Naples with Lechy and Bary Exchanges of Naples with Lechy and Bary NAples exchangeth with Lechy and Bary Cities within that Kingdom and giveth posito 98½ Ducates to have in the said places Ducates 100. I demand then for Ducates 3850. 1. 15 of Naples how many Ducates shall I have in these two places This Rule must be cast up as in the precedent Exchange for Millan and multiplying the remainder of the division by 100 to bring it into grains and thereof will come 98 which are 4 Taries and grains 18 and in all Ducates 3908 Taries 4 grains 18 which Naples shall have credit in the said places And note That when Naples exchangeth with Montetion with Cosense or any other part of this Kingdom the account is made as above As for Example Proof The proof of this Rule and Account is thus made up CHAP. CCCLI Of the Exchanges of Naples with Mesina Exchanges of Naples with Mesina NAples exchangeth with Mesina and giveth posito Duc. 115⅛ to have in Mesina Crowns 100 of Tar. 13 of that money I demand how many Crowns of Taries 13 shall I have there for Duc. 2348. 3. 8. To do which working as by the precedent Rules I say If Grains 115⅜ make one Crown of 13 Taries what will Grains 234868 make And multiplying the remainder of the division by 52 to bring them into half Carlines because that 13 Taries are worth 26 Carlins and by this working it maketh Crowns 2035 36 32 which abridged are 9 13 or otherwise multiplying the remainder of the division by 13 and then by 20 to bring them into Taries and Grains which will be the easier to comprehend but the reason why I have otherwise demonstrated it is because herein I would follow the method and manner of the Merchants of Naples who in their accounts are accustomed to do as above is shewed and to reduce the said Crowns 2035 9 13 into ounces you must multiply by 13 to bring them into Taries adding to the multiplication 9 for 9 13 and they will be Taries 26464 from which cutting the last figure and take ⅓ of the rest to make them Ounces because that 30 Taries is an ounce and the remainder of these thirds are tens of Taries to the which adding the figure cut off which are so many Taries as must be placed after the ounces and it will make ounces 882. 4 and for so much shall Naples have credit in the said place of Mesina for Duc. 2348. 3. 8. Proof The proof of this Rule is manifested when that Mesina shall be found to Exchange for Naples CHAP. CCCLII. Of the Exchanges of Naples with Palermo Exchanges of Naples with Palermo NAples exchangeth with Palermo and giveth one Ducate to have in the said place posit◠166½ Pontos I demand for Duc. 2846. 2. 10. what credit shall I have in ounces in Palermo to do which multiply the said sum of Duc. by 166½ Pontos per Ducates and it makes Pontos 473942 to which add ⅓ to make them Grains because that 1 Pontos is 1 Grain and ⅓ and for as much as one Grain is worth 6 Piccolis and 1 Pontos is 8 Piccolis and it maketh Grains 631922 to reduce which into ounces you must cut off the two last figures and take ⅙ of the rest because that 600 Grains make an ounce which in all make ounces 1035 and there remaineth 1 which is worth with the two figures cut off 122 grains which are 6 Taries and 2 grains because that 20 grains is 1 Tarie and they will be ounces 1053 Taries 6 and Grains 2 and so many ounces by the said Exchange shall you have in Palermo Aggio allow'd in Palermo And note That over and above they give credit 1 Carl. per ounce for good money to add which said Carl. per ounce do thus considering that for the said ounces 1053 will come the same sum of Carlins for the Aggio of the money and to make the said Carlin into ounces you must cut the last figure and take ⅙ of the rest will make ounces 17 and there will remain 3 tens of Carlins which are 30 in value to which adding the figure cut and it is 33 Carlins for which taking ⅓ to make them Taries a Carlin being ½ a Tarie which are 16 Taries and the remainder is 1 Carl. in worth 10 grains and adding 2 grains for the 6 Taries which is with the ounce because that for 3 Taries which are 60 gra the Aggio will be 1 grain and it will be in all ounc 17 tar 16 and gra 12. which added to the abovesaid ounces it makes 1070 Tar. 22 and gra 14 and so much credit you shall have in Palermo for Duc. 2846 2. 10. in Naples at Pont. 166½ per Duc. Example Proof The Proof of this account is shewed when Palermo doth exchange back with Naples this same parcel CHAP. CCCLIII Of the Exchanges of Naples with Genoa Naples Exchangeth with Genoa NAples exchangeth with Genoa and giveth one Ducate to have posito in Genoa 66⅔ Sols I demand for Duc. 1345. 4. 5 how many Livers current money shall I have in Genoa the which is done by Multiplication in taking of grains 85 which are the 4 Taries and grains 5. the ⅓ Seeing that it may be calculated for one grain of Naples ⅔ of a Sols and it will come to Sol. 89723 and Deniers 4 which to reduce into Livers you must cut the last figure and take the ⅓ of the rest and if any rest it will be a tenth to which must be added the figure cut off and it will be Sols and thus it will appear to be Livers 4486. 3. 4. and so much will your credit be in the said place of Genoa as by this Example Proof The proof of the said Rule is more evident when this sum cometh to be rechanged from Genoa to Naples as is aforesaid CHAP. CCCLIV. Of the Exchanges of Naples with Antwerp Exchanges of Naples with Antwerp NAples exchangeth with Antwerp and giveth one Ducate to have in Antwerp posito 90 gross I demand then by this Exchange what credit shall Naples have in Antwerp for 3200 Duc. to do which you must multiply the said sum of Duc. by 90 and it maketh 288000 gra which reduced to pounds Flemish will make 1200 l. 00. 0 d. and so much credit shall Naples have in Antwerp for the said sum of Duc. 3200. As in the following Example Proof The proof of this Rule is more apparent when this sum of 1200 l. Flem. is rechanged from Antwerp to Naples
l. 28179. 8. 6. the which divided by Sol. 59. 9. the price of the Crown of the Sun it will be Crowns 9432. 8. 10. And so many Crowns of the Sun will Lions give for those Livers of câ—…rent Money as above propounded Example Proof The proof of this rule will appear when this parcel shall be rechanged back from Lions to Genoa CHAP. CCCLXIV Of the Exchanges of Genoa with Millan Exchanges of Genoa with Millan GEnoa doth Exchange with Millan and giveth 1 Crown of Livers 4 of current Money to have in this place posito Sol. 118½ I would know then for Livers 3850. 14. 8. of current Meney what credit shall Genoa have in Millan First take the quarter of the said sum of Livers to make the same into Crowns of Livers 4 and they will make Crowns 962. 13. 8 the which must be multiplied by Livers 5. 18. 6. per Crown which are the said Sol. 118½ and they will make l. 5703. 17. 11 d. And so much shall the said credit be in Millan as doth appear by the Example in the work following Proof The proof of this account will more evidently appear when this parcel is rechanged for Genoa from Millan CHAP. CCCLXV Of the Exchanges of Genoa with Venice Exchanges of Genoa with Venice GEnoa doth Exchange with Venice and giveth one Crown of Livers 4 current money to have in Venice posito 146½ Sol de Banco and of that money I demand for l. 8340. 12. 0. turrent Money of Genoa how many Ducats de Banco of l. 6â…• per Duc. shall one have credit in Venice To do this then first take the ¼ of the said sum of Livers to reduce them into Crowns of 4 l. and they will make Crowns 2085. 3. 0. the which by l. 7. 6. 6. per Crowns which are the said Sol. 146½ and of the Product thereof will come l. 15273. 14. 6. which must be reduced to Ducats dividing them by 124 the price of the Ducat of 6 l. 4 Sol. and multiplying the rest of the Division by 24 to bring them into Grosses because that 24 Grosses maketh one Ducat and by thus working the same will be Ducats 2463. ½ and so many Ducats of lib. 6â…• shall you have credit in Banco for at Venice as for Example Proof The proof of this rule is seen when Venice doth Exchange back for Genoa this said sum CHAP. CCCLXVI Of the Exchanges of Genoa with Naples Exchange of Genoa with Naples GEnoa doth Exchange with Naples and giveth posito 66â…” Sols of current money to have in this place one Ducat of 5 Taries I demand then for liv 4486. 3. 4. current Money how many Ducats in credit shall I have in Naples First reduce all the said sum of Livers with the said l. 66â…” of current Money into Deniers multiplying the Livers by 20 and the Sols that come thereof by 12 doing the same by the Sols of the price of the Exchange multiplying the same by 12 and by the Division thereof it will make Ducats 1345 and multiplying the remainder of the Division by 100 by reason that 100 Grains doth make one Ducat and there will come Grains 85 which are worth 4 Taries and Grains 5 seeing as hath been before remembred that 1 Tary is in Naples 20 Grains And by thus working it will make Ducats 1345. 4. 5. and so much shall the credit be in Naples as by the Example Proof The proof of this account is seen when Naples shall Exchange back with Genoa I could much more inlarge the Exchanges practised at Genoa with other places but for brevity I willingly omit the same and therefore now come to the Commissions and Orders given in matters of Exchanges at Genoa CHAP. CCCLXVII Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Genoa Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Genoa 1. Example ACcording to my proposed method I will here add one or two Examples of the Orders and Commissions given and thereby received in Draughts and Remittances at Genoa First the posito from Venice there is order given to Genoa to remit to Venice and to prevail for Millan at such a Price that the Draught from Millan to Venice comes but to 148 l. clear of all charges now then there do present Bills for Venice at 149 and money for Millan at 148. I demand if at these prices the said Commission may be performed To do which say by the Rule of Three If Sols 148 of Venice give at Millan Sols 117 being the price of the Crown of the said Millan what will Sols 149 give the price of the Crown of Livers 4 l. at Genoal And it will come to 117¼ Sol. the which without deduction of provision is apparent that the Commission cannot be performed because that the remitting to Venice at 149 the Draught cannot be made for Millan at more then 117¾ besides the provision and the patido is found at 118 Sols as the Example sheweth See Example Again to Genoa cometh order from Antwerp to buy some Velvets and to prevail for the same by Placentia at such a price that the Palm of Velvets in Genoa amount not being bought to more than Sol 8½ money of Gross and the Draught for Placentia at Gross 123. Now there is found Velvets at 72¼ Sols the Palm and Money for Placentia at Sol 88. in current Money I demand then if at these prices the said Commissions may be effected To know which say by the Rule of Three if Gross 123 the price of the Crowns of Mark give at Genoa Sol. 88. what will Gross 102. which are the said Sol. of 8½ of Grosses give and it will come to Sol. 72. 11 so that as it will appear the said Commissions may be performed to benefit because that in drawing for Placentia at 88. Sol the Velvets may be bought at 72 Sol. 11 Den. the Palm and iâ— is found at 72 1 â— Sol. CHAP. CCCLXVIII Of the terms of payment of Bills of Exchanges in Genoa Of the terms of payment of Bills in Genoa From Genoa the terms of Bills are TO Venetia at 15 days sight and at 16 dayes back To Avignon at 15 days sight and so back To Barselona at 20 days sight and so back To Valentia at 20 days sight and so back To London at 3 months from the date and so back To Millan at 5 days sight and so back To Rome at 10 days sight and so back To Pisa at 5 days sight and so back To Gaietta at 10 days sight and so back To Bridges and Antwerp at 10 days sight and thence at two months from the date To Paris the same as to Bridges and Antwerp To Naples and Palermo at 15 days sight and back at 20 days sight And thus much shall serve for Exchanges practised at Genoa together with the Comnissions given and received there and so proceed to the next eminent place of Exchanges
pence and money for Francfort at Florins 132â…• I demand then at these rates whether this Commission without breach of Order may be performed To do which say by the Rule of Three seeing that Venice giveth the certain price to both those said two places If 56 pence sterl give 130 Florins the limited price what shall 57¼ pence give the price found and it will make Flor. 132 9 10 from which deduct 10 s. 7 Den. for the provision that is taken at â…– per cent there will remain Flor. 132. 7. 5 so that thereby the said Commission may be performed with benefit because that remitting to London at 57¼ pence sterl the draught may be made for Francfort at Florins 132. 7. 5 and the money that is found is at Flor. 132â…• as appeareth by this Example 2. Example Again a Merchant of Florence is creditor in Venice posito 2000 Ducats of banco who ordereth that the same be remitted unto him at Crow 81½ thence or by the way of Antwerp at gross 91¼ and to take the most beneficial way of the two and finding a remittance by both to profit according to the limited prices the order is to take the most prositable of the two and finding the remit tances produce loss to accept of the least Now then there are Bills found for Florence as I said at 82½ Crow and for Antwerp at 92 7 10 gro I would know by which the remittance ought to be made seeing that by both the remittance may be made to profit and desirous to find out the most profitable you must say by the Rule of Three If Crow 81½ give gross 91¼ the price limited what shall 82½ Crow give which is the price found And it will make grosses 92 7 10 or thereabouts so that the remittance must be made by Florence straight because that remitting by that way at 82½ Crow to make the price you should remit to Antwerp at 92 7 10 gross and there are no Bills found but at gross 92 9 10 as it is seen wrought by this Example 3. Example Again posito from Lions the Exchange goeth for Venice at Duc. 117â…– and for Naples at Duc. 125 I demand giving order to Lions that at these prices they make draught to Venice and remit 〈◊〉 Naples at what price then will the remittance come out to be from Venice to Naples To know â—aich say by the Rule of Three If Ducats 117â…– of Venice the price of 100 Crow of Sol. of Gold of Lions give at Naples Duc. 125 how many will Duc. 100 give of the said place of Venice and it will make Duc. 106½ or thereabouts and so much credit must be had in Naples for Duc. 100 of lib. 6â…• which are disbursed in Venice out of which must be deducted â…– per cent for the provision that is paid in Lions 4. Example Again in the said place of Venice cometh order from Florence to remit to Placentia at Duc. 136 and to prevail on them at Crow 80 not of charges the partido being made for 5000 Crowns of Mark Now the said 5000 Crow of Mark is found for Placentia at Duc. 135 and for Florence may be drawn Duc. 2000 at Crowns 80¼ I would know at what price must the rest be dawn To know which I must first see for remittance of the said Crew 5000 of Mark at the price inordered how many Crow of Gold it is at Florence and to do this multiply the said sum of Crowns by Duc. 136 per cent and they make Duc. 6000 without calculation of provisiâ—… seeing that the order is not of charges you must multiply them by Crowns 80 per cent and they will be Crow 5440 of Gold and so much the draught will appear to be for the said Crow 5000 of Mark by remittance and afterwards multiplying the said Crowns 5000 by Duc. 135 per cent the price that is found it maketh Duc. 6750. to which adding Duc. 27. for the provision at â…– per cent seeing that the draught must be made for Florence and they will be Duc. 6777 out of which deduct Duc. 2000 which were found to be drawn at Crowns 80¼ there will rest Duc. 4777 and for the said Duc. 2000. there disbursement is at Florence Crowns 1605â— which must be deducted out of Crow 5440 which must be drawn there will remain Crowns 3835 of Gold which must be drawn for the which I must be imbursed at Venice Ducats 4777 and to know at what price say by the Rule of Three If Duc. 4777 give by disbursment at Florence Crowns 3835 of Gold what will Duc. 100 give And it will make Crow 80. 5. 7. of Gold and at this price the said partido of Duc. 4777 may be drawn and the other Duc. 2000 at 80¼ Crow and so for both these parcels must be drawn Crown 5440 as is inordered and there is imbursed Duc. 6777 there being per contra disbursed Duc. 6750 for the remittance of the said Crown 5000 of Mark at Duc. 135. per cent and Duc. 27 which is imbursed over and above proceeding from the provision and in this manner this said Commission will remain performed as it was by the Committees inordered as by example the same will appear evident following Note And note when the said City of Venice exchangeth for Naples Rome Antwerp and London and that you would know at how much cometh the Money of any one of the said places for Lions or Placentia the account is made as in the precedent rule of Florence and Placentia alway multiplying the price by which the Exchange goeth for Lions with the price of the other place from whence it is remitted or drawn And therefore for brevity sake it is needless to propound here any further example CHAP. CCCLXXXII Of the Terms of Payment of Bills of Exchange in Venice Terms of payments of Bills of Exchange in Venice The Terms from Venice TO Naples and Gaietta at 15 days sight and so back To Palermo and Mesina at 30 days sight and so back To Rome at 10 days sight and so back To Florence and Lucca at 20 after date and 5 days sight back To Avignon at 45 days after date and thence 2 months after date To Barselona at 2 months after date and so back To Valentia at 75 days after date and so back To Sevil at 90 days after date and so back To Lions for the Fair and from Fair to Fair. To Bridges and Antwerp at 2 months after date and so back To London at 3 months after date and so back To Paris at 2 months after date and so back To Genoa at 10 days sight and 15 days back To Millan at 12 days sight and 20 days thence after date To Constantinople 5 months after date and so back CHAP. CCCLXXXIII Examples of the Exchanges that are practised in Placentia and how the same are to be calculated Of Exchanges practised at Placentia I Have shewed in the general Exchanges of Placentia
100 and dividing the same it will make Duc. 2500 which Florence is to have in Venice and if there were any remaining of the division they must be multiplied by 24 to make them Grosses because that 24 Gross make a Duc. of Lib. 6. 4 Sols Example Proof The proof of the said Account is more evident when Venice doth rechange for Florence CHAP. CCCCIV Of the Exchanges of Florence with Rome Exchanges of Florence with Rome FLorence is said to Exchange with Rome and giveth 100 Crowns of Gold to have in the said place posito Crowns 92¼ of Gold of Estampe I demand then for Crow 1600 2 Sols 5 Den. of Gold of Florence how many Crowns of Gold of Estampe shall Florence have credit for in Rome First multiply the said Sum of Crowns of Gold at 92¼ per cent and multiply the remainder by 20 and by 12 to bring them into Sols and Deniers of Gold and they make Crowns 1476 2 Sols 2 Den. of Gold which should be had in Rome As for Example Proof The Proof of the said Rule is evident when this parcel is rechanged from Rome to Flounce CHAP. CCCCV. Of the Exchanges of Florence with Naples Exchanges of Florence with Naples FLorence Exchangeth with Naples and giveth Crow 100 of Gold to have in Naples posito Duc. 119⅔ of Taries 5 per Duc. I demand then for Crow 780. 15 of Gold what credit in Duc. shall Florence have in Naples To do which first multiply the said sum of Crow of Gold by Grains 119⅔ per Crown because it is so many Grains per Crow as it comes to be Duc. for Crow 100. and they make Grains 93429. of which cut off the two last figures to make them Ducats saying that the Duc. is worth 100 Grains and they make Duc. 934. and for the Grains 29 Taries 1 and Grains 9. And so much Credit shall Florence have in Naples as by this Example is shewed Proof The proof of this Rule is manifested when Naples is seen to exchange with Florence CHAP. CCCCVI Of the Exchanges of Florence with Antwerp Exchanges of Florence with Antwerp FLorence doth Exchange with Antwerp and giveth one Crown of Gold to have in the said place Groff 112½ posito I demand then for Crowns 1400. 12. 8. of Gold how many pounds of Groff am I to have in Antwerp To do this multiply the said sum of Crowns by the said price of Gross 112½ and it maketh Grosses 157571. of which take the 1½ to make them Sols and they make Sols 13130 and Gross 11. which to reduce to pounds cut off the last figure of the said Sols or Shillings and take ½ of the rest and it maketh pounds 656 and for the tenth that is remaining it is to be accounted 10 Sols and if the figure cut off had been any number it should have been added to the 10 Sols and it thus makes pounds 656. 10. 11. Money of Antwerp Proof The proof of the said Account is seen when that Antwerp doth exchange with Florence Note Florence with London Note That when Florence doth Exchange for London which is seldom in use the rule of casting up the same in sterling Money is this as above with Antwerp in Flemish Pounds CHAP. CCCCVII To Reduce Crowns of 7 l. in Florence into Crowns of Gold of Lire 7½ IF in Florence you would reduce any sum of Crowns of money of Lire 7 l. per Crow into Crowns of Gold of Lire 7 l. ½ you must take the 1⅕ of the Crow of money and the remainder will be Crowns of Gold And if again you would reduce Crowns of Gold into Crowns of Money you must add contrarily to the Crow of Gold 1¼ and they will be so many Crowns of Money As for Example CHAP. CCCCVIII Of the Terms of Payment of Bills of Exchange in Florence THE Term of Payment of Bills of Exchange is found to be from Florence To Naples at 10 days sight and from thence at 15 days sight To Rome at 10 days sight and so back To Venice at 5 days sight and thence at 20 days after date To Bollonia at 3 days sight and so back and so for Pisa To Ferrara at 5 days sight and so back To Perugia and Sciena at 2 days sight and so back To Genoa at 8 days sight and so back To Avignon at 30 days after date and thence 45 days after date To Gaietta at 10 days sight and so back To Paris 2 months after sight and so back To Padua at 5 days sight and so back To Palermo and Mesina at 15 days sight and so back To Ancona at 10 days sight and so back To Barselona at 2 months after date and so back To Valentia at 40 days sight and so back To Bruges and Antwerp at 2 months after date and so back To London at 3 months after date and so back To Genoa at the Fairs and thence 15 days sight back To Lions to the Fair and from Fair to Fair. To Millan at 10 days fight and so back To Aquila and Sermona at 11 days sight To Comerino at 8 days sight and so back CHAP. CCCCIX. Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances by Exchanges in the City of Florence in Tuscany Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances by exchange in Florence ACcording to my proposed method I will here set down an Example or two of Draughts and Remittances made by Order and Commission in Florence 1 Example To Florence then cometh advice from Venice that the Exchange for the said place of Florence cometh at Crow 80½ and for Placentia at Duc. 135½ they inorder in the said place of Venice That at this rate they make a Remittance to Florence and draw from Placentia at how much then will the Draught of Florence for Placentia come unto To do this Multiply Duc. 135½ which is the value of 100 Crow of Mark by Crow 80½ of Gold per cent because the said Crow of Gold is the rate of the Duc. 100 of Venice and it will be Crow 109. 19. from which take 2 ◠per cent for the provision payed at Venice and there will rest Crow 108. 12. 10. and so many Crow of Gold is imbursed at Florence for 100 Crow of Mark for a debt at Placentia As thus for Example 2 Example Again one of Venice is Creditor in Florence Crow 3000 of Gold who inordereth that the same be remitted unto him at Crow 81½ or by Placentia at Crow 110 where the most advance and profit shall appear to be that is to say That finding a Remittance in both places to benefit of the price limited the Remittance should be where the profit and benefit is greatest and finding the Remittance to loss the Remittance be made where the damage is least there is then Bills found for Venice at Crow 82¼ and for Placentia at Crow 110⅚ I demand by which of the two
and giveth Crow 100 of l. 5 per Crow to have in Naples posito 98½ Ducats I demand for l. 4314 14 2 of Millan how many Ducats shall I have in Naples First take â…• of the said sum of Livers to reduce them into Crow of 5 l. and they make Crow 862. 18. 10. which must be multiplied by grains 98½ per Crow seeing it is the same as at Ducats 98½ per 100 Crow and it makes grains 84999 and cutting off the two last figures there will remain Ducats 849 and for the two figures cut off which are grains 99 will be Livers 4 grains 19 in all Ducats 849. 4. 19. which is to be had in Naples for the said sum of Livers of Millan As for Example Proof The Proof of the said Account is seen when Naples shall exchange with Millan CHAP. CCCCXVI Of the Exchanges of Millan for Genoa Exchanges of Millan with Genoa MIllan exchangeth with Genoa and giveth posito Sols 118½ to have in Genoa one Crown for 4 l. of that money I demand for l. 5703. 18. 0 of Millan how many Livers of current Money shall I have in Genoa First reduce the said sum into Sols multiplying them by 20 and adding to the multiplication the 18 Sols which account with the Livers and then of the Sols produced and of the said Sols 118½ taken for division bring into ½ Sols and dividing the same will become Crowns and the remainder of the Division multiply by 20 and by 12 to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold and they will make Crowns 962. 13. 8. of l. 4. money of Genoa the which to bring into Livers must be multiplied by l. 4. per Crow beginning to multiply the said l. 4. by Deniers 8 and by the Sols 13 which are with the Crowns calculating for 12 Deniers 1 Sol and for 20 Sols one Liver it will come to l. 3850. 14. 8. and so many Livers of money current shall you have in Genoa for the said Livers 5703. 18. of Millan Proof The Proof of the said Rule is seen when that Genoa doth exchange for Millan CHAP. CCCCXVII Of Terms of Payment of Bills of Exchange in Millan Terms of payments of Bills of Exchange in Millan THE Terms of Payment found to be in Millan are observed to be from thence To Genoa at 5 days sight and so back To Pisa at 10 days sight and so back To Florence at 10 days sight and so back To Venice at 10 days sight and so back To Paris at 2 months after date and so back To Bruges and Antwerp at 2 months after date and so back To Barselona at 20 days sight and so back To Montpellier at 20 days sight and so back To Lions for a Fair and so from Fair to Fair. And thus much shall serve to have spoken of the Exchanges of Millan and now to Orders and Commissions in use in the said place CHAP. CCCCXVIII Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances Orders and Commissionâ— given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Millan ACcording to my proposed method I will here briefly insert some Examples of Draughts and Remittances made here by Order and Commission from other places 1 Example From Naples then cometh Order to Millan to remit for Placentia at 133 Sol. and to prevail for Genoa at Sol. 118½ the parcel being for 3000 Crowns of Mark. Now there are Bills found for Placentia at Sols 131. considering then the benefit which is found in the Remittance at how much may the Draught be for Genoa Say by the Rule of Three If Sol. 133 give 118½ the price inordered what will 131 give the price found for Placentia And it will be Sol. 116â…” and at this price the Draught must be made for Genoa in remitting to Placentia at Sol. 131 and the Commission will remain effected according to the Order given 2 Example Again from Lions is order given to Millan that they may draw for Lions at Sol. 118 and reâ—it to Venice at Sol. 145 the parcel being for Duc. 5500 of l. 6â…“ per Duc. there is money for Lions at Sol. 119 and Bills for Venice at Sol. 144â…“ I demand if at these prices the order may be performed Say by the Rule of Three taking one of the prices which is found for divisor by reason that Millan giveth according to my former method the certain price to Venice and the uncertain to Lions and say If 144â…“ the price found for Venice give Sol. 118 what will 145 the price inordered give And it will make 118½ so that the said Commission at the prices found may be effected to benefit because that remitting to Venice at the said price of 144â…“ the Draught may be made for Lions at 118½ and there is money found at Sol. 119. As by Example 2 Example Again from Rome cometh Order to Millan to draw on them at Crow 115 and remit to Plaâ—…ntia at 132 Sol the party being for Crow 4000 there is Bills found for Placentia at Sol. 133½ and mo for Rome at Crow 11. 6â…” I demand if at these rates the Commission may be performed without loss Say by the Rule of Three If Sol. 132 give Cro. 11. 5. tho price limited what will 133½ give the price found for Placentia And it will come to Crow 116. 6. 1. so that the Commission may be performed to benefit because that remitting to Placentia at the said price of Sol. 133½ the Draught may be made for Rome at Crow 116 3 18 and there is found at more that is to say at Crow 116â…– as per Example And thus much shall serve for the Exchanges of Millan next is Palermo and Mesina CHAP. CCCCXIX Of Exchanges practised in Palermo and Mesina and how the same are to be calculated Exchanges practised in Palermo and Mesina I Have shewed in the general Exchanges of Palermo and Mesina with how many other places these Cities in Sicilia are observed to Exchange and there also set down the common current Rates thereof which every day are found so subject to alteration that no positive rule can be observed in the same yet it is in it self so beneficial that thereby the unexperienced may know how to make his calculation both in his Draughts and Remittances The way of casting the sum up is now to be handled observing the same here with some few principal places which is sufficient for instruction to those others omitted Accounts kept in Sicilia First it is to be noted that in Palermo and Mesina and generally throught the Island of Sicilia the Exchangers keep their Accounts in Ounces Taries and Grains which are cast up by 30 and 20 because that 30 Taries do make an Ounce and 20 Grains make a Tarie And also it is to be observed That the Ducat is worth Taries 13 which is Carlins 26 the Crown of money is worth Taries 12 which is Carlins 24. The Florin is worth Taries 6 which is
handled the way and method how the same is cast up which I shall only observe with such other principal places as may be sufficient for instruction and as a guide to rule that which is here omitted Accounts kept in Antwerp And the better to understand what shall ensue it is to be noted that in Antwerp Bankers and Exchangers do keep their accounts in pounds shillings and pence Flemish or gross which are cast up by 20 and by 12 because that 20 Sols or shillings make a pound and 12 pence or gross makes shilling CHAP. CCCCXXXVI Of the Exchanges of Antwerp with Lions Exchanges of Antwerp with Lions ANtwerp doth exchange with Lions and giveth posito 121⅓ gros to have in Lions one Crown of the Sun of Gold of 3 l. I demand then for l. 3486. 1. 9. money of Antwerp how many Crowns must I have in Lions First reduce the said sum of Livers into grosses multiplying the same by 20 and then by 12 adding to the multiplications 1 Sol. and 9 pence which are with the pounds and divide by 121⅓ gros the sum of Grosses which shall come of the said Livers reducing both them and others into thirds of Grosses and of the Division will come Crowns and multiplying the remainder of the Division by 20 and 12 to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold they will make Crow 6895. 11. 1. of Gold of the Sun which you shall have in Lions for the said sum delivered in Antwerp Example Proof the Proof of the said Rule is seen when that Lions doth exchange for Antwerp CHAP. CCCCXXXVII Of the Exchanges of Antwerp with Placentia Exchanges of Antwerp with Placentia ANtwerp doth exchange with Placentia and giveth posito Gros 124½ to have in Placentia one Crown of Mark I demand for l. 363. 10. 3. money of Antwerp how many Crowns of Mark shall I have in Placentia First reduce the said sum of Livers into Gros multiplying the sum by 20 and by 12 adding to the Multiplication 10 s. and 3 d. which are with the pounds and divide the Grosses that come thereof by the said Gros 124½ the price of the Crown of Mark bringing both the one and the other into half Grosses and by division it will come to Crow multiplying the remainder by 20 and by 12 to bring the same into pence and then they will be Crow 700. 14. 11 of Mark which will be due at Placentia for the said sum of Livers or pounds in Grosses Proof The Proof of the said Account is seen when that Placentia shall exchange with Antwerp CHAP. CCCCXXXVIII Of the Exchanges of Antwerp with Florence Exchanges of Antwerp with Florence ANntwerp doth exchange with Florence and giveth posito 112½ gross to have in that place one Crown of Gold I demand for l. 656. 10. 11. money of Antwerp how many Crow of Gold do they make and doing as in the precedent Rule it will appear to be Crow 1400. 12. 7. of Gold which I shall have in Florence for the said pounds Flemish Proof The Proof of the said Account is seen when that Florence shall be found to exchange with Antwerp CHAP. CCCCXXXIX Of the Exchanges of Antwerp with Venice Exchanges of Antwerp with Venice ANtwerp doth exchange with Venice and giveth posito 92½ Grosses to have in that place one Ducat of l. 6⅕ money of Venice I demand for l. 1468 14 6 money of Antwerp how many Ducats shall I have in Venice and doing as in the precedent Accounts it will come to Ducats 3810 17 24 and so many Ducats of l. 6⅕ will be due in Venice Example Proof The Proof of this Account is seen when that Venice shall exchange for Antwerp CHAP. CCCCXL. Of the Exchanges of Antwerp with London Exchanges of Antwerp with London ANtwerp doth exchange for London and giveth posito Shillings 33⅓ to have in that place one pound sterling I demand for l. 748 18 6 money of Antwerp how many pounds sterling shall I have in London First reduce as well the said sum of pounds sterling as the said sum of pounds Flemish into Grosse and Pence multiplying the pounds by 20 and then by 12 adding the shillings 18 6 d. which are with the pounds Flemish and the shillings Flemish 33⅓ multiplied by 12 adding 4 Gross for ⅓ of a shilling Flemish and the Gross which shall come thereof must be taken for Divisor against the sum of Grosses come of the said pounds and dividing the sum will come pounds sterling multiplying the remainder of the division by 20 and then 12 to make them shillings and pence sterling they will make pounds sterling 449 7 1 due in London for the said sum of pounds Flemish 748 18 6. Proof And for proof of the said Exchange multiply the said pounds sterling 449 7 1 by 1 l. 13 shillings 4 d. with the said 33⅓ shillings and it will make the abovesaid l. 748 18 5 pounds Flemish so that the account will appear to be just cast up And thus much shall serve to have said here of Exchanges Now to the Terms of Payments of Bills in Antwerp CHAP. CCCCXLI Of the Terms of Payment of Bills of Exchange in Antwerp Terms of payment of Bills of Exchange in Antwerp THE Terms of Payments of Bills of Exchange observed in Antwerp and to go from thence to other Cities is To Venice 2 months after date and so back To Florence at two months after date and back the same To Genoa at 2 months after date and thence the same To Avignon at 2 months after date and so back To Barselona at 50 days after date and so back To Valentia one month after sight and back 30 days after date To London one month after date and so back To Pisa 2 months after date and so back To Millan 2 months after date and so back To Paris one month after date and so back To Montpellier 20 days after sight and so back To Lions for the succeeding Fair. To Placentia for the next succeeding Fair. To Rouen one month after date and so back Now for the Orders and Commissions given in Antwerp I will here insert a word also according to my method CHAP. CCCCXLII Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Antwerp Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Antwerp ACcording to my proposed method for the better understanding of what is said I will insert some Examples of Draughts and Remittances made by Order and Commission in the City of Antwerp 1 Example At Venice then is found an Exchange for Antwerp posito at Gross 90 and for Placentia at Duc. 135 Order being given to Venice that at these prices they draw to Antwerp and remit to Placentia I demand at how much will come the Remittance from Antwerp to Placentia First you must multiply the said Ducats 135 the value of 100 Crow of Mark at the said
price of 90 Gross per Ducat and of the Grosses which shall come thereof you must cut off the two last sigures and there will remain Gross 121½ and so many Gross and ⅖ more per cent for provision which is payable in Venice is disbursable in Antwerp for one Crown of Mark in credit in Placentia 2 Example Again at Venice is Exchange found for Antwerp at gro 90⅓ and for London at 56 pence sterling there is hereupon Order given to Venice that at these prices they draw for Antwerp and remit to London the question is At what price will the Remittance be from Antwerp to London To do this say by the Rule of Three If 56 pence sterling give gros 90⅓ seeing that the one and the other is the value of a Ducat of Venice what will 240 pence sterling give being the price of the pound sterling of London It will be gros 387 which reducing to shillings in taking the 1 12 and it will be 32¼ shillings and so many shillings Flemish and ⅖ more per cent for the provision payable in Venice comes to be disbursed in Antwerp for one pound sterling money Credit in London 2 Example Again a Merchant of London is Creditor in Antwerp 2000 l. Flemish who inordereth that it be remitted him at Shillings 33¼ or to Placentia at 121 gro where the most profit shall be found that is to that place which shall be most beneficial or to least loss of the prices limited Now there are found Bills for London at Shillings 33½ and for Placentia at gro 121¼ I demand to which of the said places should the Remittance be made seeing that by both there is found Remittance to loss And to know where is the least say by the Rule of Three If shil 33¼ give gros 121 the price inordered what will shil 33½ give being the price found for London It will come to gros 121 9 10 so that the Remittance should be made to Placentia because that remitting to London at shil 33½ to go to the Par should be delivered for Placentia at gro 121 9 10 and there is found Bills for loss that is at 121¼ gross And thus much for the Exchanges practised in Antwerp CHAP. CCCCXLIII Of the Exchanges practisd in London and how the same are to be calculated Exchanges practised in London I Have shewed in the general Exchanges of London with how many other places this City is found to Exchange and there also set down the common current prices and rates thereof which every day is found to be so subject to alteration that no positive rule can be observed rightly to set down the same yet it is in it self so beneficial that thereby the unexperienced may know how to make his calculation thereof and that as well in his Draughts as in his Remittances Now only there resteth to conclude this Tract of Exchanges and this Map of Commerce to handle the way how the same is cast up and how by Arithmetick it is performed which I will observe here with some other principal places which may serve for a sufficient ground and instruction to those here omitted Accounts kept in London It is here to be noted for the better understanding of what ensueth That all Bankers or Exchangers do keep their Accounts in London in pounds shillings and pence commonly called sterling and cast up by 20 and by 12 for 20 Shillings make a pound and 12 pence make a shilling And morcover that London exchangeth in the Denominator of pence sterling with all other Countreys Antwerp and those Countrys neighbouring of Flanders and Holland excepted with which it exchangeth by the entire pound of 20 shillings sterling CHAP. CCCCXLIV Of the Exchanges of London with Lions Exchanges of London with Lions LOndon exchangeth with Lions and giveth posito 61 pence more or less to have in Lions a Crown of Gold of the Sun of 3 l. piece I demand then for 348 l. 15 shillings sterling how many Crowns of the Sun shall I have Credit for in Lions First reduce the said sum of pounds sterling into shillings multiplying the same by 20 and adding thereto 15 shillings and then by 12 pence adding thereto the pence if any were and then divide the same by 61 pence and the Divident will make Crowns multiplying the remainder of the Division by 20 to make them Sols and by 12 to make them Den. of Gold and then they make in all Crow 1372008 Pence of the Sun of Gold that I shall have in Credit at Lions for the said sum of 348 l. 15 sterling delivered in London Proof The proof of this rule is manifested when that Lions shall exchange the said sum of 1372⅛ Crowns for London Exchanges of London with Paris Rouen c in France And here also it is to be noted that the rule is the same when London shall exchange with either Paris or Rouen or any other City of the Kingdom of France CHAP. CCCCXLV Of the Exchanges of London with Florence Exchanges of London with Florence LOndon doth exchange with Florence and giveth posito 70 pence ster more or less to have in Florence a Crow of Gold I demand then for pounds 656 10 6 d. ster how many Crowns shall I have Credit in Florence This is to be cast up as in the precedent rule of London with Lions and it will appear That for the said 656 10 6 sterling I am to have Credit in Florence the sum of Crow 2250⅛ as per Example Proof Note That this Exchange is seldom practised from London and therefore not in use in these days but when many Florentine Merchants resided in London it was much in use yet the Rule is right and the proof thereof is evident when Florence rechangeth again for London CHAP. CCCCXLVI Of the Exchanges of London with Venice Exchanges of London with Venice LOndon is found to Exchange for great Sums with Venice and giveth posito 50 d. sterling to have in the said place one Ducat in Banco of l. 6⅕ money of Venice I demand then for 555 l. 17 6 d. sterling how many Ducats shall I have Credit for in Venice This is done as in the precedent rule reducing the pounds sterling into shillings by the multiplication of 20 and adding 17 and then multiplying that again by 12 to bring it into pence and adding thereto 6 d. and it will make Duc. 2668⅕ which should be rendred in Venice for 555 l. 17 6 d. sterling in London as per Example Proof Difference between money in Banco and current money in Venice Note that for distinction of the current money in Venice which is 21 per cent at present worse than the money payable by Exchange it is termed in Banco in which all Bills of Exchange are payable and the proof of this rule is apparent when that the said sum of 2668⅕ Ducats is rechanged for London CHAP. CCCCXLVII Of the Exchanges of
London with Antwerp Exchanges of London with Antwerp LOndon doth exchange with Antwerp and giveth one pound sterling to have in Antwerp posito Shillings 35. 6 pence or gross money of Antwerp I demand then for 445 l. 15 and six pence sterling how many pounds Flemish shall I have in Antwerp First multiply the pounds sterling by 20 and bring them into shillings and then by 12 to bring them into pence sterling do also the same with the pounds Flemish bringing them first into shillings Flemish by a multiplication of 20 and then to pence or gross by multiplication of 12 d. accounting the 35 s. 6 d. for l. Flem. 1. 15. 6 d. and say then by the Rule of Three If one pound sterling give 35. 6 d Flemish the price proposed what will 445 l. 15. 6 sterling give which will make l. 791. 5. 0 d. Flemish for which you must have credit in Antwerp Proof The proof of the Rule is more apparent when that Antwerp doth Exchange for London London Exchange with Amsterâ—… Câ—olondâ—… and note That the account is the same when that London doth exchange for Colonia Amsterdâ—m and other places in the Low-Countries CHAP. CCCCXLVIII Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in London Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in London ACcording to my proposed method I will here for conclusion of the Exchanges practised in London briefly insert some Examples of Draughts and Remittances made by Commission and Order in the City of London Example 1. To London then cometh Order from Venice to remit to them at 60 pence and to draw for Placentia at 82 per sterling the partido being for Crow 40000 of Mark I find then Bills for Venice at 61 pence I would know considering the loss that presenteth in the Remittance at how much should I draw my Draughts for Placentia you must say by the Rule of Three If pence 60 give pence 82 the price inordered how many will pence 61 give the price found for Venice and it will be pence 83â…“ sterling or thereabouts and at less must not the Draught be for Placentia Example 2. Again posito Florence is found to exchange for London at pence 83 sterling and say for Placentia at Crow 108 and that there is Order given to Florence that at these rates they draw for London and remit to Placentia at how much then will the remittance come from London to Placentia to do this I multiply the said Crow of Florence which properly are to the value of Crowns 100 of Mark by pence sterling 83 as is above-mentioned and out of the pence that are thence produced I cut off the two last figures and there will remain pence sterling 89â…” incirca and so many pence together with â…– per cent for the provision that is commonly paid in Florence comes to be disbursed in London for one Crown of Mark credit in Placentia 3 Example Again to Antwerp cometh Order from London to draw thither and to remit to Venice at such a price that the remittance from London for Venice come but to 55 pence sterling clear of charges the partido being 1000 pound sterling now there is found money for London at s. 33â…“ and Bills for Venice at gro 90â…” I demand if at this price the said Commission may be essected First reduce the said s. 33½ into gros and they make 400 then say by the Rule of Three if pence 240 the value of the pound sterling give 400 gro what will 55 pence sterlâ—…g give being the price of the Ducats of Venice it will make gross 91â…” from whence mull be deducted â…– per cent for provision taken and there will remain gro 91 3 10 so that the said Commission may be effected to profit because that drawing for London at s. 33 â— â— may be delivered for Venice at gross 91 3 10 and there present Bills at less that is at gross â…– 90 Example And this is as much as I conceive needful at this time to insert concerning the Exchanges practised in London now there only resteth Terms of payment of Bills of Exchange in London CHAP. CCCCXLIX Of the Terms of Payments of Bills of Exchange in London Terms of payment of Bills of Exchange in London THE Terms for the Payment of Bills of Exchange in London are observed to be with other Cities thus To Venice at 3 months after date and so back To Antwerp at one month after date and so back To Genoa at 3 months after date and so back To Florence at 3 months after date and so back To Pisa at 3 months after date and so back To Lions for the Fair and so from Fair to Fair. To Placentia the same as Lions To Rouen and Paris at one month after date and so back CHAP. CCCCL Of the Abreviation of Division and Multiplication after the Italian and foreign manner and method Of Division and Multiplication abreviated after the Italian manner FOr as much as I have in many parts of this particular Tract of Exchanges followed the Arithmetical method and manner of those rules practised in the calculation of these Exchanges by the Bankers and Exchangers of Italy it will be here needful for the better enlightning of the same and the easier casting up and calculation thereof that I shew how the Italian Brokers and Exchangers do abreviate their labour and shorten their task therein and the rather I have presumed to add the same here and in this place partly in regard that I have not found it published by any of our English Arithmeticians but princinally to shew the learner the ways how the same are there wrought and Arithmetically calculated It is generally confest by all Arithmeticians that the whole Art of Arithmetick depends upon five principal Rules now commonly in all Countreys received and taught that is by Numeration Addition Substraction Multiplication and Division and that no one proposed question in Arithmetick can be perfected without the help of some of these for the three former I find not any disagreement in the common received manner by them and us and therefore I will omit to speak any thing thereof but of the two latter whereby is observed that most Rules and Questions of all Exchanges are perfected and performed I will here insist upon induced principally as I said before to enlighten thereby the precedent Examples that I have handled in the calculations of the Exchanges before-mentioned I will then in the first place contrary to the custom of our English Masters in this Science begin with that part of Arithmetick which we call Division and by an example or two of the working thereof explain the same to such as either shall be desirous to learn it or such as shall desire to make use of the before-mention'd Tables Division abreviated in Calculations of Accounts A certain Merchant then bought 46 Cloths which cost him 673 l.
Prices in Exchanges are setled amongst Merchants 300 Of Examples upon Exchanges practised at Lions and how the same are calculated 302 Examples of the Exchanges of Lions with the profit of the presits thereof as interest upon interest 304 Certain and incertain prices in Exchanges what 323 Examples of Exchanges in Rome and how the same are calculated 325 Examples of Exchanges in Naples and how the same are calculated 342 Examples of Exchanges in Genoa and how the same are calculated 360 Examples of Exchanges practised in Venice and how to be calculated 368 Examples of Exchanges practised in Placentia and how calculated 382 Questions of Exchanges in Placentia 399 Examples of Exchanges practised in Florence and how calculated 400 Exchanges practised at Millan and how the same are to be calculated 410 Exchanges practised at Palermo and Mesina and how to be calculated 419 Exchanges of Barselona Sevil Lisbon Valentia and Saragosa and how the same is calculated 426 Examples of Exchanges practised in Antwerp and how calculated 435 Examples of Exchanges practised in London and how calculated 443 The Excellency of the Palm Tree 30 F. FLorida 12 Fishing in New-found-land ibid. Fess and the Provinces thereof 20 The City of Fess with the commodities moneys weights measures and customs thereof 21 The manner of farming the Pepper in India by the Portuguese 92 The Fortune of Siam and Pegu 96 Firando and the Trade thereof 101 France and the Provinces thereof 122 French not addicted to Trade 127 Foreign Weights compared with the Weights of Lions 129 Farara and the Trade thereof 144 Florence and the Cities of that Dukedom 159 Florence and the Trade of that City 160 Flushing 180 Franconia 186 Francfort and the Trade thereof 191 Fountain of Salt in Limburg 201 Friburg and the Trade thereof 202 Fionia 210 Fincria ibid. Finmark 216 Finland in Siden 217 The French Nation the Third eminent Traders into Turky 247 Fromentary 261 Frisland 262 Flint 269 French Merchants of London their original 270 Florence Exchanges 282 Francford Exchanges 298 Fairs and Marts what 299 Fairs in Lions when 324 Examples of Exchanges used in Florence and how calculated 400 Exchanges of Florence with Lions 401 Of Florence with Placentia 402 Of Florence with Venice 403 Of Florence with Rome 404 Of Florence with Naples 405 Of Florence with Antwerp 406 To reduce Crown of 7 Livers in Florence to Crown of Gold of 7½ l. 407 Terms of payment of Bills of Exchange in Florence 408 Orders and Commissions in Exchanges practised in Florence 409 G. GEography dilightful profitable and necessary to Merchants 1 Geography demonstrated in Maps and Sea-cards ibid. Gold and Silver the most excellent of Metals 5 Nova Granada 13 Guiana ibid. Goaga 25 Genin and Benin and their Trade with their customs coins weights measures and manner of accounting ibid. Gordion 46 Gallacia and the Cities thereof 50 Grogram Trade ibid. Galelia 66 Gasa and the Trade thereof 66 Georgia 67 Gedrosia 78 Gombrone and the Trade thereof 80 Ganges the famous River 88 Goa and the Trade thereof containing the commodities coins weights and measures 91 The greatness of China 98 Granado and the Trade thereof 113 Geneva and the Trade thereof 136 Genoa and the Trade thereof 174 Guelderland 178 Gante 179 Graveling ibid. Groining 180 Germany and the Provinces thereof 182 Grats 194 Gorlits 195 Germany accounts and coyns 206 Gothland in Sweden 217 Grecia and the Provinces thereof 238 Galipolis or Calipolis 246 Gallata 247 The Government of the Trade of the English into Constantinople ibid. Groanland 262 Garnsey Island ibid. Glocestershire 269 Glamorganshire ibid. Greenland Merchants of London their original 270 Genoa Exchanges 279 Genoa Exchanges and how calculated 360 Exchanges of Genoa with Placentia 361 To reduce Livers of current money into Livers of Gold in Genoa ibid. Exchanges of Genoa with Lions 362 Of Genoa with Millan 363 Of Genoa with Venice 364 Of Genoa with Naples 365 Orders and Commissions in Genoa 366 Terms of payment of Bills of Exchange in Genoa 367 Galetta in Tunes 15 Granatins or Moro francos ibid. H. HUndred weights what 6 Hispaniola 13 Hispahan and the Trade thereof containing the commodities coins accounts weights measures thereof and Persia 81 The Hollanders the second Traders into India 107 Holland 179 Henalt ibid. Harlem ibid. Hans-Towns in Germany 182 Hidleberg and the Trade thereof 189 Helvetia 191 Hasia 201 Hamburg and the Trade thereof 204 Holfatia 210 Hungaria and the Cities thereof 234 The Hollanders the least Traders into Turkey of the Western Christians 246 Mount Hibla in Sicilia 256 Hebrides Isles 262 Hampshire 269 Hartfordshire ibid. Huntingtonshire ibid. Herefordshire ibid. HalfVsance what ibid. I. A Merchant should know the form of Intimations and Protests 2 Impositions upon Goods 4 An Instrument to find out the argreement of measures in any two Cities or Places 8 Jucatan 12 Isles of Salomon 13 Isles of Baccalos ibid. Island of Beriquen ibid. Jamaica ibid. Island St. Thomas 37 Islands Canaries and the Trade thereof 38 Island Tarceras or Asores 39 Ionia and the Cities thereof 44 Jordan the River 65 Idumea ibid. Judea ibid. Jerico 66 Jerusalem ibid. Jasques in Persia 80 India and the Provinces thereof 88 Islands of Asia and their Trade 100 Islands of Japan and their Trade containing their coyns weights measures c. 101 Island of Silon and the Trade 102 Inhabitants of Silon excellent and rare Tumblers and Moris-dancers ibid. Islands of Moluccos and the Trade 103 Islands of Java and the Trade 104 Jacetra baptized Batavia ibid. Japarra and the Trade thereof ibid. Jambe and the Trade thereof 105 Isle of France 126 Italy and the Provinces thereof 137 Imperial Towns in Germany 202 Juitland in Denmark 210 Julin an ancient Mart 229 Illyria 236 The Trade of the Islands seated in the Ionian Egron Mediterranean and Adriatick Sea 248 Ithecca and the Trade thereof 252 Ivisa Island and the Trade thereof 261 Iscia Islands ibid. Island 262 Jarsey Island ibid. Ireland and the Trade thereof 269 Ingland and the Cities thereof 269 Levant Merchants of London their original and splendour 270 Ignorant Exchangers censure the judicious if varying from the custom of Exchanging 273 Dates of Exchanges in Lions which may serve for the rate of Interest in any other place 303 Interest paid upon Rebate 304 K. The King's Beam or Weigh-house 3 How a Merchant may have a knowledge in all Commodities 9 The Kingdoms now in subjection to the Grand Seignior 67 Kent 26 Kings of Portugal great Merchants into India 28 L. Latitude how accounted 1 The Longitude of a place how to be found out ibid. The Latitude of a place how to be found ibid. Latitude and Longitude found out by the Meridians ibid. Lucay Islands 13 Lybia and the Provinces 24 Lydia 46 Liconia and the Cities 52 Lahoare 90 Lawibander ibid. Lisbon and the Trade thereof containing coyns weights measures and customs of Portugal 117 Locrams 125 Limosin 127 Lions and the Trade thereof 128
3. The Party that is to pay the Bill for the Taker directs the Bill to his Friend or Servant to pay the same Now this way of Exchange is very useful according as occasion may be For suppose I were to go from London to Plimouth there to employ some Monies in the buying of some Coromodity I deliver my Monies here in London to some body who gives me his Bill of Exchange on his Friend Factor or Servant at Plimouth payable to my self so I carry the Bill along with me and receive my Mony my self by virtue thereof at Plimouth Another way wherein only three Persons are needful in the Negotiation of Monies by Exchange namely First the Drawer Secondly the Party on whom it is drawn Thirdly the Party to whom it is payable 1. The Drawer having Monies in his hands belonging to the Party to whom he orders the Bill to be paid doth make a Bill of Exchange himself confessing the value received in his own hand 2. Charging it on his Friend or Factor 3. Payable to the Party to whom he was indebted There is yet one way more wherein Monies may be remitted by Exchange only with the help of three Persons 1. The Taker 2. The Deliverer 3. The Party to whom payable As thus If I were at Dartmouth or Exon and intended to come to London I would take up Monies by Exchange at Dartmouth or Exon and subscribe Bills of Exchange for the same confessing the Value received of the Deliverer directed or drawn on my self payable to whom the Deliverer should appoint in London Two Persons to make an Exchange LIkewise a Parcel of Money may be done by Exchange between two Persons First the Drawer and secondly the Party on whom it is drawn the Drawer he makes a Bill of Exchange payable to himself or Order for the Value in himself and subscribes the Bill and directs it to the Party that owes him Money and is to pay it by Exchange by which Bill when the Party on whom it is drawn hath accepted it he becometh Debtor to the Drawer and he before the Bill falls due doth negotiate the Parcel with another Man and so draws in the Money at the place where he liveth and makes only an Assignment on the Bill payable to him of whom he hath received the Value The Usefulness of framing Bills of Exchange after these several Forms before-mentioned will be found out according as each Man's Occasion shall present in his Trade and Commerce by Exchange which is so necessary that there is fearce a Merchant but at some time or other one way or other doth either receive or pay Monies by Bills of Exchange All these manner of Exchanges before-mentioned are termed Real Exchange because it is a thing really done and the Mony really Exchanged from one place to another There are other Exchanges of Monies so called but improperly as Dry Exchange Feigned or Imaginary Exchange Small or Petty Exchange Dry Exchange DRY Exchange is when I having occasion for Monies desire a Banker to lend me 100 l. at Interest for a certain time the Banker unwilling to deliver at Interest offers me 100 l. by Exchange for Amsterdam whereunto I agree but not having any Correspondence there the Banker bids me make my Bills of Exchange for so much Mony to be paid at double or treble Usance at Amsterdam by any imaginary Body at the Price the Exchange shall there go at which I do the time being run out comes a Protest from Amsterdam for Non-payment with their Exchange of the Mony from Amsterdam to London all which with Costs I must repay him here in London for the Mony he lent me Feigned Exchange FEigned Exchange is when I ow a Banker Monies and have none at present to pay I desire time the Banker grants it me but I am to pay him his Mony by Exchange at the time at Rouen yet we are agreed between our selves that if I pay it him here in London at the time then I am free otherwise I am bound as above In the interim the Banker writes to his Friend at Rouen that against such a time he send him from thence a Bill of Exchange for the like Sum feigning that he oweth it him there After the time is expired comes a Bill of Exchange from Rouen to pay here so much as he owed there with the Rechange all which the Banker puts to my Accompt and per our Agreement will force me to pay in case I do not pay him here at the time agreed upon Petty Exchange PEtty Exchange is the Changing of one sort of Mony for another as to exchange 20 s. in Silver for 21 s. in Brass or Copper Farthings and the like But these three last-mentioned kinds of Exchanges I intend not to insist upon in this ensuing Treatise in regard they are not so commendable as the Real Exchange nor as I conceive much practised in these parts PAIR PAir as the French call it is to equalize match or make even the Mony of Exchange from one place with that of another when I take up so much Mony per Exchange in one place to pay the just Value thereof in other kind of Mony in another place without having respect to the price currant of Exchange for the same but only to what the Monies are worth and do currantly pass for in each place according whereunto is easily found out the Profit and Loss which from time to time is made in whatever Parcels of Mony drawn or remitted by Exchange and it is likewise delivering Mony at Pair when there is received in one Town just so much Mony as was delivered by Exchange in another Town as when I deliver by Exchange 100 l. sterling at York to receive 100 l. sterling at London which is done only by the Loss of time For what Parts the Exchange is made THE Price of Exchange of Monies from one Country to another is usually made from and to the most eminent Cities or Towns in each Place or Country where Commerce and Trade is held between Merchants in Exchange of Monies and the Trade ceasing at any Town the Price currant for Exchange for that Town ceases with it As for instance when the English Merchant-Adventurers had their Factors and Company at Delft then there was a Price currant of Exchange from London to Delft but the Company removing from Delft to Rotterdam where they are at present there is now no Price currant of Exchange from London to Delft but from London to Rotterdam Upon what the Exchange is valued NOW most Countries using several kinds of Monies different in Value one from another the Exchange is valued or rated upon some one certain most considerable Species or sort of Mony for each Country or Town as followeth The Exchange of Monies from London to Antwerp Amsterdam Middleborough Lisle and Rotterdam is usually accounted and valued on the Pound sterling of 20 s. English Mony that is to say to pay after the
rate of so many Shillings and so many Pence Flemish Mony for every Pound sterling the Exchange from London to Hamburgh is on the Pound sterling to pay so many Shillings and Pence Hamburgh Money per Pound sterling which differeth something from the Flemish Mony The Exchange from London for Paris and Rouen is valued on the French Crown that is to pay so many Pence and so many parts of a Peny sterling for every French Crown The Exchange from London to Venice is made on the Ducat so many Pence and parts of a Penny sterling for every Ducat And the Exchange from London to Legorn is made on the Dollar or Piece of Eight to pay so many Pence and parts of a Penny sterling for every Dollar and these are the most usual Places for which there is a Price currant of Exchange at London at present The PAIR of several Countries THE Pair at Antwerp Amsterdam Middleburgh Lisle and Rotterdam with our Pound sterling is 33 s. 4 d. Flemish to a Pound sterling which 33 s. 4 d. Flemish do make 10 Gilders at 2 s. sterling the Gilder or 10 Livres Tournois Pair at France THE Pair at Paris Rouen and other Parts of France with our sterling Mony is at 71 Soulz the Crown or 6 s. sterling the French Crown of 3 Livres Tournois which 3 Livres make 6 s. sterling every Livre at 2 s. sterling and every 10 Soulz French rekoned at 12 d. sterling Pair at Legorn THE Pair at Legorn with our sterling Mony is at 4 s. 6 d. or 54 d. per Dollar or Piece of Eight Pair at Venice THE Pair at Venice with our sterling Mony is at 6 Livres and 4 Soulz of Venice per Ducat or 4 s. 3 d. or 51 d. sterling per Ducat Pair between Antwerp and Paris or any part of France THE French Crown of 60 Soulz or 3 Livres Tournois wherein Exchanges are usually made for France is worth 89 31 67 gross of Antwerp which is indeed the true Value of the Crown If then the Bill of Exchange be made for less than 89 37 67 gross per Crown of 3 l. Tournois there is a Loss thereby and if for more there is a Gain So that 89 37 67 gross being the Pair in Exchanges between these two Countries in the Crown of France and the Gross of Antwerp you may presently see whether there be Loss or Gain by any Parcel done by Exchange And the like may be done between any other two Places having first found out the Pair or equalizing the Mony of one Country with that of the other Country where the Exchange is to be made and knowing at what Price the Exchange then goes the Loss or Gain will soon appear But this Pair being grounded principally upon the currant Value of Coins the Plenty and Scarcity thereof the rising and falling Inhancement and Debasement of the same it must necessarily follow that the same is subject to change as Experience doth shew Hamburgh Pair TWenty Shillings sterling for Hamburgh at Pair is wont to be reckoned four Rix-Dollars which makes Flemish 33 s. 4 d. Receive your Mony before you part with your Bill by Assignment to receive the Mony elsewhere WHen a Bill of Exchange is due and the Party to whom it is payable or his Servant comes for the Mony to the Party who hath accepted the Bill and ought to pay the same demanding Payment thereof and he writes him a Note to go to a Goldsmith or to such a Place to such a Man and there orders the Mony to be paid Or that he gives him another Bill of Exchange due upon another Man and sets his Name on the Backside thereof leaving some space above his Name to make a Receipt for the Mony as is usual I would advise the Party who is to receive the Mony to keep his Bill I mean the first mentioned Bill of Exchange in his Custody till he hath received his Mony by Assignment as above and then he may either leave his Bill with the Goldsmith or Party of whom he hath received the Mony or else he may carry the Bill back to the Party that gave him the Note or other Bill of Exchange to receive the Mony by according as he shall order him But I should not advise to part with the first-mentioned Bill and to give it up to the Party upon whom it is drawn upon the Receipt of his Note or other Bill of Exchange for the Mony till such time as he be actually possessed of his Money I know the contrary is sometimes practised namely upon the receipt of such a Note c. to give up the Bill of Exchange but then here is the Inconvenience If the Mony be not presently paid me at the time upon such Note c. I am hindred from protesting my Bill of Exchange which I have deliver'd up as satisfied and so whereas I before had both the Drawer and Accep or bound and it may be the Endorsers also I have now only the Acceptor upon his single-sol'd Note c. And if the Acceptor or Party on whom my Bill is drawn in this Case of Assignment will not trust me with his Note c. whereby to go to receive my Mony I have less reason to trust him with my Bill of Exchange before I have my Mony for should I receive my Mony upon his Note c. and afterwards not deliver him up his Bill of Exchange if I am a solvable Man and of known Residence his Bill will do me little good for the Payment will appear upon the Testimony of the Goldsmith or Party that paid the Mony upon the Note c. but if I deliver up my Bill upon the receipt of his Note c. and then have not my Mony I must rest only upon him for my Mony and dance after his Pipe which I hold not convenient only I concieve it good for the Party that makes such a Note to mention in it the Party's Name to whom the Mony is to be paid and upon Payment of the Mony to take up that Note and Bill of Exchange and then there can be no Danger But suppose I give such a Note to receive the Mony by not mentioning in it to take up my Bill of Exchange the Party to whom I give this Note receives the Mony assigns his Bill of Exchange which he hath on me to another Man and plays the Knave and absents himself Cannot this other Man sue me for the Mony on my accepted Bill I answer he can and therefore it is good to know the Party to whom I give such a Note and mention in my Note that upon payment of the Mony the Goldsmith c. do take up my Bill of Exchange with that Note But now if he give me another Bill of Exchange to receive my Mony by and I go to the Party to whom it is directed and he do not presently pay me it being the third day after the Bill is due I ought
Their Coins current are these 1 Stiver of their Money here and in Hamburgh is 2 pence 32 Stivers make a Dollar which is 5 s. 4 d. there 4 Stivers which are 8 d. make a Spanish Rial of 6 d. Sterling 1 Rix Dollar is worth 33 Stivers and is 4 s. 4 d. Sterling or more 1 Mark is 16 Stivers or 2 s. 8 d. Flemish 7½ Marks make 20 s. I say 20 s. Flemish Weights of Stoad Their Weight is the Pound of 16 ounces 100 l. is their Quintar which hath made in London 107 and some have observed 109 l. Measures of Stoad Their Measure is the Ell as in Hamburgh following CHAP. CCIV. Of Hamburg and the Trade thereof Hamburg and the Trade thereof HAMBURG is a Free City of the Empire and one of them which enjoy the privilege of a Hans-Town and for the building and populousness much to be praised the Senate-House is a beautiful Fabrick and the Exchange where Merchants do meet together is likewise as pleasant The Haven is guarded and shut up with an Iron Chain the City it self compassed with a deep ditch and on the East and North sides with a double ditch and wall Water is conveyed into the same from a hill distant some miles off it is seated on a large plain and sandy soyl and adorned with nine Churcher and six gates on the South side it is washed with the River Elve which also putteth a branch into the Town but on the North-east the River Alster runneth by towards Stoad from which it is five miles distant and falleth into the Elve the streets in general are narrow excepting one which hath the name of Broadstreet and their buildings is all of Brick and all the beauty of their houses is in the first entrance which as in all the other Sea-bordering Cities lying from these parts towards Flanders have for the most part broad and fair gates into a large hall the lower part whereof on both sides is used for a ware-house and in the upper part lying to the view of the door their chief houshould-stuff is placed and especially their vessels of English Pewter which being kept bright make a glittering shew to them that pass by so that their Houses promise more beauty outwardly than they have inwardly The present Trade of this City is great principally by reason of the residence of the English Merchants and some quantity of shipping of reasonable burthen is found belonging to the Citizens Weights of Hamburg The weight of Hamburg is the pound of which is made the 120 pound their quintar divided into three denominations the first of 12 stone of 10 pound to the stone 300 pound thereof to the Skip pound which is the second and 20 Lispound of 15 pound to the said 300 pound which is the third so that it may be more properly said to be two quintars one of 120 pound another of 300 pound Measures of Hamburg Their measure of length is an Ell wherewith they measure both Linen Woollen and Silk the 100 whereof hath been found to make in London about 48½ ells for Linen and the 100 yards of London hath been found to yeild here about 162 or 163 yards agreeing with Embden and Brem◠before mentioned Exchange in Hamburg The Merchants here are found to exchange for London by the pound sterling and for all other places upon the Rix Dollar of 54 s. Lapisto or 54 stivers Dollar A Dollar is here noted to be worth three whitpence one whitpenny to be 18 shillings one shilling to be 12 pence and one penny two hellers Of Corn. Corn is here measured by the Schepel ninety making a Last and 83 Schepels making a Last of Corn in Amsterdam or 10 quarters English CHAP. CCV Of Lubeck and the Trade thereof Lubeck and the Trade thereof LUBECK is an Imperial and free City and one of those that are accounted Hans-Towns it is seated on the top of a fair and spacious Hill upon the very crown whereof is a beautiful Church from whence leadeth streets to all the gates of the City It is incompassed with a double wall one of Brick and narrow the other of earth and broad In some parts there is also deep ditches where Ships of a 1000 tuns are brought up to winter from Tremuren the Maritime Port of this City seated on the Baltick Sea a mile distant from this Town the buildings hereof are very beautiful of Brick having many pleasant walks without the walls The government of this Town is much commended for their neatness pleasant gardens courteous carriage to strangers civility of manners and strict execution of justice Their water is conveyed hither by pipes and have each of them a Cock of water in his own house also all the poor inhabitants are constrained to live in a street by themselves where they are set on work and provided for This City adorned with ten Churches one whereof being a decayed Monastery they have converted to an Armory of all Ammunitions for war S. Maries the Cathedral Church being the principal and seated as I said before on the very summit of this hill whereon the City standeth Beer of Lubeck famous The Trade of this City at present is great partly by the industry of the inhabitants and partly by reason of the commodious situation of the place and the neighbourhood of the Baltick Sea the place of it self is famous for the Beer made and hence transported into other Regions and by some used medicinally for bruises of the body and such like accidents though by them in use commonly both for their ordinary drink and food and rayment Weights of Lubeck The common weight of Lubeck is a pound of which is made a Centiner and a Skip-pound for 112 pound is the centiner or quintar the stone 10 pound and 32 stone to the Skip pound which is 320 pound and the 20 Lispound of 16 pound mark is also accounted for a Skip-pound which is in London pounds Measures of Lubeck The measure of length of Lubeck is the Ell 120 ells whereof makes in London 60 ells and the 100 yards London hath made here 160 ells incirca Of Corn. In Lubeck Corn is measured by the Last 96 Schepels making a Last which is 10¼ quarters of London and 85 Schepels is found to make a Last in Amsterdam Lasts 7 of 18 Barrels in Lubeck is found to make 100 Sacks of Salt being 122 small Barrels for the 100 Sacks at Armuiden in Zeland which is found to be 7½ Lasts of 18 Barrels of Salt in London but accounted by the weight in London to make 11½ Weyes and it is accounted 40 Bushels to a Wey water measure of ten gallons of Beer Beer is here sold by the Barrel which is 50 Stoops of Antwerp and every Stoop hath been observed to hold about 7 pints of Beer measure in England which is about 44 Gallons CHAP. CCVI. Of the Coins current in
general of Germany Coins current in Germany COnsidering the privilege of coining of monies granted by the Emperors of Germany to divers Cities that are Imperial and to sundry free Princes that are comprehended within this Empire it will prove an impossible labour to my confessed ignorance in particular to set down all the coins found current therein besides which the sundry accidents of war necessities Trade or the like inforceth an uncertainty in all certain Rules and Edicts published and agreed upon for an uniform value to be conveyed in all monies stamped for current through all this Empire yet because I would not omit what I have in this point gathered I will here insert the same and leave the truth to tryal and experience And before I enter upon this particular of Coins it will not be amiss to see in what nature Accounts are kept in this country Accounts in Germany First then I find their Accounts are kept by three principal denominations partly consisting of imaginary Coins the first whereof is by Florins and Crutchers whereof sixty is accounted to a Florin the second is by florins batches and crutchers the Florin being accounted for 15 batches and the batch for 4 crutchers the third is by florins sold and deniers 12 deniers being a soldo and 20 soldoes a florin the florin may be valued at 3 shilliings 4 pence sterling or 33 shillings 4 pence tarine and the batch at 2 shillings sterling and in payments of Merchandise note that a florin is accounted for a common silver guilden of which there is no such Coin found being meerly imaginary as is the same Coin of marks of Collen and Lubeck likewise imaginary or at least not now coined nor in use Coins in Stoad Hamburg and Lubeck Now for the current Coins observe that first in Stoad Hamburg and Lubeck before named the gold Rhenish guilden was worth when these notes were taken 28â… silver misen gross or worth 36½ Lubeck shillings and the Imperial Dollar was worth 33 Lubeck shillings A common silver guilden was worth 28 Lubeck shillings A French Crown of gold was worth 44 Lubeck shillings An English Angel was worth two dollars and a quarter and 2 Lubeck shillings or to say otherwise it was worth 12 Flemish shillings and 4 Lubeck shillings Lubeck s. 7½ made an English shilling sterl Lubeck s. 6 made a Flemish shilling and likewise a shilling of Hamburg In Hamburg they coin a piece of Gold called a Portegue which is worth 4 pound and 8 shillings of Hamburg or 33 marks of Lubeck Again Coins current in Embden At Embden upon the confines of the Empire and the Low Countries a silver guilden of Emden was worth 20 stivers an Imperial dollar 45 stivers which since I understand is worth 48 stivers a dollar was worth 30 stivers a French Crown was worth 3 Flemish guild and 6 stivers and now 6 stivers as also 6 Lubeck shillings make one shilling Flemish where by the way it is to be noted that Princes and Cities do coin gold and silver guildens which are found often in their value to differ from the Imperial guildens Again Coins current in Breme Oldenburg c. At Breme Oldenburg and in those parts they have current coins called groats and small pieces stamped called copstacks and a dollar was there worth 4½ copstacks or 55 groats a French Crown was worth 6 copstacks and one copstack 10 stivers or 12 groats and this groat was worth a little more than an English penny a sesting was worth half a Lubeck shilling and they have here half sestings Coins current in Brunswick At Brunswick a dollar was 36 mariagross which are of equal weight with 24 silver misen gross also 9 mariagross make 8 Lubecks the same doller was worth 18 spitzgrossen whereof each was worth two maria groshe Coins current in Magdenburg Misen Lipsick c. At Magdenberg Lipsick Misen and in all the Electorate of Saxony and in the neighbouring Tenitories to the Confines of Bohemia a doller was worth 24 silver grossen which are the same at 18 Spitzgrossen or 36 maria grossen A Rhemish Gold Guilden was worth 27 Silver gross and the Philip Doller was of the same value A common Silver Guilden was esteemed at 21 Silver gross A French Crown at 33 Silver gross A Spanish Pistolet at 32 Silver gross A half Milres at 36 Sil. gros the Hungarian Ducate at 3 ounces A short and long Crusado at 35 Silv. gross A Rosenoble at 3½ Dollers the English Angel at 2¼ Dollers the Silver gross was worth more than 2 pence and about 2¼ pence sterling And for the small Coins a gross was worth 4 driers and 1 drier 2 dribellers and 1 dribeller was worth a pfening and half and 12 pfening made a gross and two schwerd grossen made one Schneberger Coins current through the upper parts of Germany In general through all the upper parts of Germany a Doller was esteemed at 18 batsen a silver guilden at 15 a Philip Doller at 20 a French Crown at 24½ a gold Crown of Italy at 24 a silver Italian Crown at 22½ batsen a Rhemish Gold Guilden through higher Germany was worth 27 silver misen gross a silver Guilden there as in Saxony at 21 gross the batson roay be accounted 3 pence English and 4 cretzers makes a bats 4 pfening make a cretzer and three cretzers make a zwelver and 20 zwelvers make 15 batsen which is a common silver guilden But I have noted before how subject these Coins are to be hoised in common payment which proceeds through divers and sundry occasions and this being none of the least that Merchant foreiners do carry out the Coins of the Empire more than they do the Commodities of the Empire and therefore to have good moneys are oftentimes contented to receive them at a higher rate than they commonly do otherwise pass at The Coins of Bohemia The Kingdom of Bohemia as also that of Hungary have used the Coins of the Empire in the same value as at first coined by common consent of both those Nations but it is to be understood that as well in those free Cities and by those free Princes which have the privilege of coining there is always stamped certain small brass mony that only passeth current in their Jurisdictions and no farther and those passing in the Kingdom of Bohemia are found to be these First 3 potchandles make one cretzer nine cretzers and one potchandel make four wissgross and 30 gross of Moravia or wisgross make a Doller also here Merchants reckon two hellers for a pfening and six pfenings for a gross and 60 gross for a shock and 40 gross for a mark The Coins of Switzerland In Switzerland it is found that divers of the Cantons do coyn monies which pass current among themselves the principal of which Mints are found to be in Basil Zurich and Schaphusen the common and usual whereof I will only note Their