their_o exchange_v money_n than_o the_o prince_n allow_v it_o to_o be_v worth_a of_o his_o value_a money_n which_o be_v never_o see_v before_o these_o day_n for_o see_v their_o exchange_v money_n be_v worse_a by_o 6._o penny_n &_o 12._o penny_n in_o a_o pound_n than_o the_o prince_n value_v money_n why_o shall_v not_o more_o thereof_o be_v give_v and_o allow_v for_o the_o english_a pound_n then_o of_o value_a money_n according_a as_o it_o have_v be_v accustom_v to_o be_v ever_o here_o before_o when_o the_o prince_n of_o that_o country_n allow_v 26_o sh_n 8._o penny_n of_o his_o value_a money_n for_o the_o english_a pound_n therefore_o that_o the_o queen_n majesty_n may_v be_v exonerate_v of_o so_o great_a loss_n when_o her_o affair_n do_v require_v the_o foresay_a mean_n to_o provide_v money_n and_o to_o the_o end_n some_o way_n of_o reformation_n may_v also_o be_v provide_v for_o the_o redress_v of_o the_o excessive_a price_n that_o special_o all_o foreign_a ware_n be_v sell_v for_o in_o england_n the_o foresay_a merchant_n stapler_n and_o adventurer_n will_v be_v by_o some_o order_n compel_v to_o bring_v the_o english_a pound_n to_o this_o aforesaid_a just_a price_n &_o valuation_n it_o ought_v to_o have_v in_o their_o unjust_a and_o poll_n exchange_n &_o then_o shall_v they_o bring_v the_o sales_n of_o their_o commodity_n at_o the_o mart_a town_n to_o be_v sell_v at_o 26._o and_o 27._o ss_z flemish_a and_o upward_o for_o the_o english_a pound_n for_o the_o sales_n of_o their_o ware_n must_v be_v 2_o sh_n in_o a_o pound_n above_o the_o price_n it_o have_v in_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n or_o else_o shall_v they_o make_v no_o reckon_n to_o live_v by_o and_o so_o after_o this_o reckon_n raise_v the_o price_n of_o their_o exchange_n shall_v they_o be_v able_a to_o sell_v in_o england_n and_o afford_v all_o foreign_a commodity_n 25._o in_o the_o hundred_o better_a cheap_a and_o under_o the_o price_n they_o sell_v they_o now_o a_o day_n which_o reckon_v shall_v induce_v some_o manner_n of_o reformation_n in_o the_o disordinate_a price_n which_o all_o ware_n bear_v at_o this_o day_n to_o the_o great_a ease_n of_o all_o the_o common_a wealth_n after_o the_o same_o sort_n when_o the_o say_v marting-merchant_n venture_v into_o spain_n although_o they_o can_v devise_v no_o such_o way_n and_o mean_n to_o practice_v their_o exchange_n thither_o as_o they_o do_v to_o there_o marting-towne_n yet_o by_o the_o example_n thereof_o they_o occupy_v in_o that_o country_n as_o subtle_a practice_n and_o as_o injurious_a and_o hurtful_a to_o the_o common_a wealth_n of_o their_o country_n as_o their_o exchange_n for_o when_o they_o bestow_v xx_o noble_n in_o the_o commodity_n of_o england_n to_o be_v transport_v into_o spain_n at_o the_o come_n thither_o withal_o they_o make_v not_o their_o reckon_n to_o sell_v their_o ware_n to_o make_v their_o english_a money_n good_a again_o in_o spanish_a money_n that_o be_v to_o make_v of_o every_o english_a noble_a 15._o rial_n of_o plate_n and_o of_o every_o 5_o sh_n english_a 11._o rial_n or_o a_o single_a ducat_n of_o spain_n which_o be_v to_o make_v of_o every_o pound_n worth_a of_o english_a ware_n 4._o ducat_n in_o spanish_a money_n but_o they_o make_v their_o reckon_n to_o sell_v their_o ware_n there_o as_o the_o ducat_n be_v value_v in_o england_n when_o the_o coin_n and_o money_n of_o england_n be_v most_o base_a and_o drossy_a after_o the_o reckon_n they_o make_v of_o a_o english_a noble_a but._n 11._o rial_n or_o a_o single_a ducat_n in_o spain_n so_o where_o they_o shall_v sell_v the_o 20._o nobles_z english_z for_o 26._o or_o 27._o ducat_n spanish_n if_o they_o be_v profitable_a merchant_n for_o their_o country_n with_o some_o gain_n towards_o their_o charge_n they_o content_v themselves_o now_o a_o day_n rather_o than_o fail_v to_o make_v of_o the_o 20._o nobles_z english_z but_o 20._o ducat_n spanish_n and_o so_o turn_v the_o matter_n clean_o contrary_a devise_v aforehand_o at_o their_o return_v home_o into_o england_n to_o make_v by_o the_o sales_n of_o such_o spanish_a ware_n as_o they_o bring_v into_o england_n not_o only_o 20._o nobles_z english_z of_o 20._o ducat_n spanish_n but_o within_o these_o few_o year_n they_o have_v price_v spanish_a ware_n after_o such_o sort_n that_o they_o have_v ☞_o make_v of_o every_o spanish_a single_a ducat_n between_o 8._o and_o 10_o sh_n english_a which_o unreasonable_a reckon_n they_o be_v most_o diligent_a to_o make_v when_o the_o english_a pound_n be_v most_o vile_o price_v in_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n and_o that_o be_v always_o at_o such_o time_n as_o when_o either_o the_o queen_n majesty_n that_o now_o be_v or_o any_o of_o she_o ☞_o prodecessor_n be_v most_o studious_a by_o the_o abolish_n of_o the_o say_v drossy_a and_o base_a coin_n then_o currant_n to_o have_v bring_v down_o the_o excessive_a price_n by_o their_o subtlety_n raise_v upon_o all_o thing_n in_o england_n for_o at_o such_o time_n the_o say_v mart_a merchant_n have_v always_o think_v best_a and_o most_o fit_a to_o take_v occasion_n to_o raise_v and_o enhance_v the_o price_n of_o all_o manner_n of_o thing_n in_o their_o own_o country_n to_o the_o intent_n thereby_o to_o decline_v and_o avoid_v the_o loss_n that_o shall_v be_v bear_v by_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o coin_n &_o money_n and_o therewithal_o do_v they_o venture_v most_o busy_o their_o own_o country_n commodity_n into_o spain_n in_o great_a number_n than_o ever_o they_o be_v wont_a to_o do_v before_o and_o all_o because_o of_o this_o new_a manner_n of_o reckon_n to_o make_v of_o every_o spanish_a ducat_n 8._o or_o 10_o sh_n english_a in_o the_o sales_n of_o those_o country_n ware_n through_o which_o occasion_n they_o have_v also_o raise_v the_o commodity_n of_o that_o country_n to_o double_a and_o treble_a the_o price_n that_o ever_o they_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v sell_v for_o in_o spain_n insomuch_o that_o the_o wise_a and_o discreet_a man_n of_o that_o country_n wish_v that_o the_o mart_a merchant_n may_v be_v keep_v from_o the_o trade_n of_o that_o country_n two_o or_o three_o year_n together_o note_n note_n for_o than_o they_o say_v that_o the_o wine_n of_o those_o part_n will_v not_o be_v much_o more_o worth_a than_o the_o cask_n they_o be_v put_v in_o and_o so_o likewise_o of_o oil_n and_o other_o commodity_n thereof_o which_o now_o be_v unreasonable_a dear_n and_o yet_o do_v they_o sell_v their_o own_o country_n commodity_n in_o that_o country_n not_o only_o as_o base_o and_o low_o price_v as_o ever_o they_o do_v note_n note_n but_o also_o have_v bring_v they_o to_o be_v in_o no_o regard_n or_o estimation_n throughout_o all_o the_o country_n where_o they_o have_v bring_v all_o those_o country_n ware_n to_o be_v sell_v in_o england_n for_o thrice_o as_o much_o as_o a_o foretimes_o they_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v sell_v in_o england_n which_o be_v unreasonable_a and_o excessive_a price_n yet_o can_v they_o not_o well_o sell_v they_o under_o those_o price_n to_o be_v any_o gainer_n they_o lose_v so_o much_o in_o the_o sales_n of_o their_o own_o commodity_n which_o they_o sell_v in_o those_o part_n although_o they_o need_v not_o to_o do_v so_o if_o they_o keep_v any_o merchant-like_a order_n in_o the_o transport_v of_o their_o commodity_n into_o those_o part_n and_o in_o the_o sales_n thereof_o at_o their_o come_n thither_o as_o other_o merchant_n of_o the_o realm_n have_v do_v in_o time_n past_a when_o they_o make_v ever_o reckon_v to_o make_v in_o the_o sales_n of_o their_o commodity_n in_o that_o country_n 15._o rial_n of_o plate_n of_o every_o english_a noble_n worth_n of_o ware_n they_o bring_v thither_o which_o gain_n be_v sufficient_a towards_o the_o charge_n so_o may_v wise_a and_o discreet_a merchant_n do_v now_o at_o this_o day_n as_o well_o as_o they_o which_o be_v wise_a in_o time_n past_a do_v for_o the_o commodity_n of_o england_n be_v as_o necessary_a and_o commodious_a for_o the_o country_n at_o this_o day_n as_o ever_o they_o be_v before_o and_o therefore_o will_v they_o give_v for_o they_o 1565._o they_o this_o treatise_n be_v write_v about_o the_o time_n of_o the_o colloquy_n of_o bruges_n which_o be_v hold_v in_o aunis_fw-la 1564._o et_fw-la 1565._o as_o much_o money_n as_o ever_o they_o do_v whereof_o i_o poor_a and_o plain_a writer_n of_o this_o treatise_n have_v have_v good_a experience_n even_o in_o these_o day_n a_o abridgement_n of_o the_o special_a inconvenience_n to_o this_o realm_n of_o england_n handle_v in_o the_o foresay_a ten_o chapter_n first_o that_o from_o transport_v of_o the_o store_n and_o translate_n of_o the_o staple_n sometime_o hold_v at_o calais_n and_o other_o good_a town_n in_o england_n to_o private_a mart-towne_n in_o foreign_a country_n have_v proceed_v the_o principal_a occasion_n of_o the_o
regard_n of_o justice_n but_o their_o person_n shall_v die_v like_o men._n justice_n be_v distributive_a or_o commutative_a commutative_a justice_n enclude_v traffic_n the_o end_n of_o traffic_n be_v equality_n in_o supply_v necessity_n ut_fw-la quod_fw-la uspiam_fw-la nascitur_fw-la boni_fw-la id_fw-la apud_fw-la omnes_fw-la affluat_fw-la either_o by_o barter_v ware_n for_o ware_n or_o by_o some_o midd_n or_o mean_v certain_a and_o indifferent_a to_o prevent_v advantage_n the_o end_n therefore_o in_o traffic_n be_v equity_n and_o the_o use_n exchange_n the_o measure_n be_v by_o public_a consent_n of_o all_o nation_n call_v money_n and_o as_o the_o standart_n of_o all_o kind_n of_o measure_n for_o general_a justice_n like_o urim_n and_o thummim_n be_v the_o prince_n charge_v only_o give_v thereby_o weight_n and_o content_a length_n and_o breadth_n to_o all_o proportion_n so_o the_o coin_v of_o money_n and_o the_o valuation_n thereof_o be_v a_o measure_n of_o principal_a excellency_n and_o peculiar_a to_o traffic_n be_v immediate_o uni_fw-la soli_fw-la et_fw-la semper_fw-la a_o essential_a part_n of_o sovereign_a authority_n out_o of_o which_o premise_n this_o must_v be_v conclude_v that_o either_o to_o coin_v money_n or_o be_v coin_a to_o alter_v the_o true_a valuation_n thereof_o in_o what_o kind_n soever_o be_v in_o subject_n whosoever_o when_o and_o wheresoever_o to_o presume_v upon_o the_o majesty_n of_o sovereign_a prince_n to_o profane_v the_o sacred_a seat_n of_o justice_n to_o contemn_v public_a authority_n and_o in_o traffic_n to_o prevent_v and_o pervert_v all_o order_n and_o equity_n a_o capital_a sin_n against_o god_n and_o nature_n ¶_o thus_o much_o only_o be_v add_v by_o way_n of_o preface_n by_o the_o customer_n of_o the_o out-port_n who_o for_o the_o effect_n sake_n be_v every_o way_n bind_v to_o advance_v the_o cause_n that_o which_o follow_v of_o the_o matter_n and_o use_n of_o traffic_n be_v proper_a to_o merchant_n hear_v therefore_o a_o loyal_a merchant_n experience_n write_v in_o his_o own_o style_n and_o phrase_n of_o exchange_n in_o merchandise_n and_o marchandise_v exchange_n in_o order_n as_o follow_v tractent_fw-la fabrilia_fw-la fabri_fw-la chap._n i._o ¶_o the_o antiquity_n necessity_n and_o use_v of_o lawful_a exchange_n and_o a_o description_n thereof_o it_o be_v apparent_a to_o such_o as_o be_v conversant_a in_o record_n of_o time_n and_o old_a writer_n that_o the_o exercise_n of_o exchange_n be_v a_o thing_n of_o great_a antiquity_n bear_v with_o traffic_n itself_o and_o as_o it_o seem_v beget_v the_o first_o name_n and_o title_n of_o those_o which_o be_v call_v in_o latin_a numularii_n argentarii_fw-la and_o colybistae_n that_o be_v to_o say_v public_a and_o common_a exchanger_n and_o commutor_n of_o bullion_n strange_a and_o foreign_a coin_n to_o all_o manner_n of_o stranger_n for_o the_o lawful_a and_o current_a money_n of_o those_o country_n and_o commonwealth_n where_o the_o say_a exchange_n be_v proportion_v and_o authorise_v by_o the_o prince_n &_o governor_n of_o the_o same_o and_o because_o the_o office_n of_o exchange_v and_o courtesy_n of_o lend_v money_n in_o a_o commonwealth_n after_o a_o easy_a &_o tolerable_a reckon_n be_v very_o necessary_a and_o expedient_a the_o old_a civil_a law_n do_v grant_v and_o permit_v to_o this_o honest_a kind_n of_o exchange_n a_o certain_a rate_n in_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o year_n for_o the_o interest_n of_o such_o money_n as_o be_v lend_v to_o such_o as_o have_v need_v and_o a_o certain_a exercise_n and_o use_v of_o the_o same_o be_v sometime_o allow_v and_o admit_v in_o england_n as_o when_o the_o table_n of_o exchange_n be_v set_v up_o &_o erect_v in_o diverse_a town_n thereof_o in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o and_o other_o king_n reign_v succeed_v he_o the_o exchanger_n &_o keeper_n of_o which_o table_n do_v change_v to_o all_o manner_n of_o foreign_a merchant_n and_o stranger_n which_o resort_v thither_o aswell_o bullion_n as_o all_o foreign_a coin_n and_o money_n which_o they_o bring_v thither_o for_o the_o currant_n money_n of_o the_o realm_n according_a to_o the_o prince_n just_a valuation_n thereof_o and_o this_o manner_n of_o exchange_n seem_v also_o to_o be_v the_o first_o occasion_n of_o the_o erect_n of_o those_o shop_n of_o exchange_n which_o at_o this_o day_n be_v call_v in_o spain_n and_o italy_n cambios_fw-la and_o bancos_fw-la which_o at_o the_o first_o institution_n of_o they_o be_v appoint_v for_o great_a safeguard_n and_o commodity_n of_o such_o as_o have_v money_n for_o that_o they_o may_v without_o danger_n lie_v into_o the_o say_a cambios_fw-la and_o banckes_n as_o it_o be_v in_o deposito_fw-la what_o sum_n of_o money_n they_o will_v for_o the_o which_o the_o cambiador_n and_o bankar_n will_v be_v answerable_a as_o for_o a_o thing_n deposit_v and_o commit_v to_o their_o custody_n and_o will_v also_o make_v payment_n thereof_o according_a to_o the_o order_n of_o the_o say_a depositor_n which_o far_o do_v use_v to_o change_v silver_n for_o gold_n and_o all_o manner_n of_o foreign_a coin_n and_o money_n for_o the_o lawful_a and_o current_a money_n of_o those_o country_n and_o that_o according_a to_o the_o lawful_a valuation_n of_o the_o same_o and_o moreover_o by_o these_o cambiador_n or_o bankar_n sometime_o there_o be_v way_n and_o mean_v take_v to_o make_v exchange_n of_o money_n from_o one_o country_n to_o another_o for_o such_o as_o have_v occasion_n for_o to_o travel_v and_o pass_v country_n likewise_o according_a to_o the_o just_a and_o public_a valuation_n of_o such_o coin_n and_o money_n the_o reward_n and_o salary_n of_o cambiador_n for_o their_o labour_n and_o pain_n in_o keep_v money_n exchange_v white_a money_n for_o gold_n or_o foreign_a coin_n for_o the_o lawful_a and_o current_a money_n of_o spain_n within_o this_o thirty_o year_n be_v not_o above_o two_o and_o a_o half_a in_o the_o thousand_o for_o the_o space_n of_o on_o fair_a which_o common_o endure_v there_o six_o week_n and_o this_o interest_n and_o gain_n amount_v not_o above_o three_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o whole_a year_n this_o manner_n of_o exchange_n be_v not_o only_o to_o be_v suffer_v &_o permit_v in_o a_o commonwealth_n but_o as_o it_o appear_v very_o necessary_a expedient_a and_o commodious_a to_o the_o same_o not_o only_o for_o the_o exchange_v of_o bullion_n and_o coin_n within_o the_o self_n same_o realm_n and_o commonwealth_n but_o also_o for_o the_o pass_n of_o money_n from_o one_o country_n to_o another_o for_o such_o as_o have_v affair_n to_o travel_v country_n as_o the_o ambassador_n of_o prince_n do_v whereby_o be_v diverse_a peril_n avoid_v that_o they_o shall_v run_v in_o carry_v of_o ready_a money_n about_o they_o so_o that_o the_o say_a exchange_n be_v not_o practise_v of_o such_o as_o traffic_v merchandise_n and_o will_v employ_v their_o money_n so_o exchange_v again_o in_o ware_n and_o commodity_n to_o be_v return_v into_o their_o own_o country_n for_o to_o all_o such_o the_o say_a exchange_n be_v always_o prohibit_v in_o england_n as_o a_o thing_n discommodious_a and_o pernicious_a both_o to_o the_o prince_n and_o commonwealth_n as_o may_v appear_v by_o diverse_a act_n of_o parliament_n provide_v to_o that_o end_n describe_v exchange_n describe_v ¶_o exchange_v therefore_o be_v a_o certain_a lawful_a kind_n of_o commutation_n and_o change_v of_o money_n appoint_v by_o the_o public_a authority_n of_o a_o commonwealth_n either_o for_o the_o change_n of_o bullion_n strange_a and_o foreign_a coin_n bring_v thither_o according_a to_o such_o valuation_n as_o the_o say_a bullion_n and_o coin_n have_v or_o be_v esteem_v at_o by_o the_o common_a authority_n of_o the_o same_o commonwealth_n and_o country_n or_o else_o it_o be_v a_o certain_a mean_n for_o the_o commutation_n and_o exchange_v of_o money_n from_o one_o realm_n or_o country_n to_o another_o according_a to_o the_o just_a and_o lawful_a valuation_n of_o money_n price_v &_o set_v forth_o by_o the_o public_a authority_n of_o such_o country_n and_o realm_n chap._n ii_o how_o merchant_n have_v devise_v and_o introduce_v another_o kind_n of_o exchange_n but_o under_o the_o colour_n and_o pretence_n of_o this_o lawful_a exchange_n and_o commutation_n of_o money_n merchant_n of_o late_a year_n have_v devise_v and_o bring_v up_o another_o manner_n of_o exchange_n of_o coin_n to_o the_o which_o they_o do_v also_o common_o give_v this_o plain_a and_o simple_a name_n exchange_v when_o indeed_o it_o be_v not_o so_o but_o a_o mere_a faeneration_n and_o a_o make_v a_o ware_n and_o merchandise_n of_o money_n for_o that_o in_o the_o same_o and_o by_o the_o same_o they_o buy_v and_o sell_v raise_v and_o abate_v the_o price_n of_o money_n as_o well_o as_o they_o do_v raise_v and_o abate_v the_o price_n of_o any_o other_o ware_n &_o merchandize_n they_o traffic_v in_o wherefore_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v call_v simple_o exchange_n but_o
at_o paris_n he_o now_o by_o this_o merchant_n exchange_n shall_v receive_v at_o the_o most_o not_o above_o 105._o crown_n or_o 102_o crown_n and_o sometime_o less_o than_o the_o hundred_o crown_n so_o that_o by_o this_o one_o example_n appear_v sufficient_o what_o a_o difference_n it_o be_v to_o pass_v money_n by_o the_o lawful_a exchange_n which_o be_v rule_v and_o order_v by_o the_o stable_n &_o constant_a price_n give_v to_o money_n by_o public_a authority_n and_o by_o this_o other_o fallible_a exchange_n depend_v only_o upon_o the_o alterable_a price_n of_o money_n give_v after_o the_o instable_n affection_n of_o covetous_a merchant_n chap._n viii_o the_o first_o stand_v bank_n and_o pillar_n of_o merchandise_v exchange_n and_o a_o description_n thereof_o the_o first_o &_o principal_a pillar_n of_o all_o may_v rome_n most_o worthy_o be_v take_v and_o repute_v where_o such_o great_a rapine_n rome_n usury_n first_o hatch_v in_o rome_n avarice_n and_o other_o filthiness_n if_o so_o in_o common_a use_n that_o it_o be_v figure_v in_o the_o scripture_n by_o the_o beast_n and_o harlot_n with_o who_o all_o the_o prince_n merchant_n &_o rich_a man_n of_o the_o earth_n have_v commit_v abomination_n and_o of_o who_o they_o have_v learn_v the_o love_n of_o money_n that_o be_v idolatry_n who_o antichristian_a prince_n and_o governor_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o anates_fw-la and_o other_o great_a tribute_n exact_v special_o of_o the_o ecclesiastical_a person_n of_o all_o other_o realm_n invent_v this_o commutation_n and_o exchange_n as_o the_o most_o expedient_a and_o commodious_a mean_n for_o the_o convey_v of_o their_o revenue_n unto_o they_o so_o that_o the_o holy_a father_n begin_v first_o in_o the_o babilonicall_a rome_n the_o erection_n of_o a_o stand_a bank_n for_o the_o traffic_n and_o merchandise_v exchange_n by_o which_o mean_v it_o have_v ever_o since_o be_v in_o exercise_n for_o the_o transport_v of_o money_n as_o a_o ware_n and_o merchandise_n by_o the_o ministry_n of_o merchant_n from_o all_o place_n of_o christendom_n to_o the_o city_n of_o rome_n rome_n rome_n unto_o the_o which_o in_o continuance_n the_o say_a merchant_n be_v so_o delight_v with_o that_o trade_n have_v devise_v to_o adjoine_v three_o other_o city_n for_o stand_v bank_n and_o pillar_n of_o the_o same_o exchange_n as_o venice_n lion_n and_o antwerp_n which_o four_o place_n be_v therefore_o call_v standing-banck_n antwerp_n venice_n lion_n antwerp_n because_o the_o exchanger_n and_o banker_n thereof_o do_v exercise_v the_o same_o exchange_n public_o and_o have_v their_o open_a shop_n for_o the_o same_o purpose_n at_o this_o day_n in_o all_o the_o say_a town_n and_o moreover_o they_o have_v as_o it_o be_v some_o kind_n of_o warrant_n liberties_n and_o previledge_n from_o the_o superior_a power_n of_o the_o same_o town_n for_o the_o more_o sure_a and_o safe_a traffic_n therein_o by_o which_o previledge_n at_o the_o least_o in_o these_o other_o three_o city_n under_o the_o pretence_n and_o colour_n to_o be_v lawful_a exchanger_n and_o honest_a merchant_n all_o honest_a trade_n of_o merchandise_n be_v corrupt_v throughout_o all_o the_o town_n &_o region_n of_o europe_n but_o special_o in_o england_n all_o manner_n of_o ware_n and_o merchandise_n &_o other_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v grow_v thereby_o to_o excessive_a price_n from_o whence_o also_o spring_n daily_o more_o and_o more_o abuse_n and_o absurdity_n in_o the_o trade_n and_o manner_n of_o all_o sort_n of_o occupier_n throughout_o all_o christendom_n exchange_n the_o description_n of_o merchandise_v exchange_n therefore_o merchandise_v exchange_n be_v a_o unlawful_a commutation_n of_o money_n make_v between_o party_n upon_o certain_a subtle_a compact_n &_o condition_n for_o the_o pass_n of_o money_n from_o one_o country_n to_o another_o according_a to_o the_o private_a valuation_n give_v by_o merchant_n and_o banckars_n to_o the_o coin_n and_o money_n of_o all_o prince_n and_o common_a wealth_n devise_v and_o invent_v of_o they_o only_o for_o their_o private_a benefit_n and_o gain_v to_o the_o confusion_n of_o all_o good_a order_n in_o merchandise_v and_o the_o corruption_n of_o all_o honest_a occupy_v and_o traffic_n in_o any_o common_a wealth_n chap._n ix_o three_o practice_n and_o five_o abuse_n hurtful_a and_o pernicious_a to_o all_o commonwealth_n by_o merchandise_v exchange_n first_o merchant_n do_v make_v thereby_o all_o prince_n coin_n and_o money_n to_o be_v as_o ware_n and_o merchandise_n buy_v and_o sell_v the_o same_o for_o more_o and_o less_o price_n as_o well_o as_o any_o other_o kind_n of_o ware_n and_o merchandise_n they_o traffic_v in_o contrary_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o money_n and_o also_o the_o law_n and_o ordinance_n of_o all_o prince_n and_o commonwealth_n by_o who_o authority_n only_o coin_n of_o money_n ought_v to_o have_v their_o price_n and_o valuation_n and_o that_o unalterable_a for_o the_o preserve_n of_o a_o equity_n in_o all_o thing_n vendible_a in_o the_o country_n and_o commonwealth_n second_o merchant_n do_v use_v by_o that_o mean_n to_o serve_v their_o turn_n of_o money_n from_o one_o country_n to_o another_o therewith_o to_o buy_v ware_n and_o merchandise_n by_o which_o policy_n they_o hinder_v prince_n and_o commonwealth_n of_o such_o toll_n and_o custom_n as_o they_o shall_v pay_v to_o they_o upon_o their_o ware_n and_o commodity_n that_o they_o will_v bring_v and_o convey_v into_o their_o dominion_n and_o country_n to_o do_v their_o feat_n with_o if_o this_o merchandise_v of_o money_n be_v not_o whereby_o also_o many_o merchant_n do_v colour_n the_o convey_v of_o ready_a money_n out_o of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n and_o special_o it_o be_v a_o great_a let_v impediment_n &_o hindrance_n to_o the_o bring_n in_o of_o bullion_n into_o this_o realm_n which_o all_o foreign_a merchant_n be_v wont_a to_o do_v when_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v vent_v &_o utter_v at_o calais_n or_o at_o the_o staple_n town_n within_o england_n before_o the_o two_o society_n of_o english_a merchant_n begin_v to_o usurp_v such_o liberty_n for_o the_o traffic_n as_o they_o pretend_v at_o this_o day_n to_o enjoy_v by_o lawful_a authority_n three_o merchant_n at_o this_o day_n do_v practice_v to_o buy_v and_o sell_v only_o according_a to_o the_o price_n and_o valuation_n that_o money_n have_v by_o the_o disorder_n of_o this_o merchandising-exchange_n and_o do_v omit_v and_o pass_v over_o the_o just_a and_o lawful_a valuation_n of_o money_n give_v and_o set_v forth_o in_o every_o country_n by_o the_o prince_n and_o common_a authority_n thereof_o money_n be_v the_o only_a mean_a to_o preserve_v a_o mediocrity_n and_o a_o equality_n in_o the_o price_n of_o all_o thing_n vendible_a in_o any_o country_n or_o commonwealth_n and_o so_o have_v they_o be_v the_o occasion_n why_o the_o price_n and_o estimation_n of_o all_o manner_n of_o ware_n and_o commodity_n be_v so_o excessive_o enhance_v &_o rise_v in_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n at_o this_o day_n ¶_o 1._o first_o by_o the_o occasion_n of_o this_o exchange_n usury_n usury_n many_o person_n in_o diverse_a place_n before_o entangle_v and_o wrap_v in_o &_o with_o heavy_a burden_n bite_v and_o inextricable_a usury_n 2._o second_o it_o cause_v the_o traffic_n with_o the_o use_n &_o custom_n of_o borrow_v and_o lend_v of_o money_n in_o a_o commonwealth_n to_o be_v hard_a dear_a and_o scant_o which_o be_v a_o very_a necessary_a and_o expedient_a thing_n to_o be_v liberal_o frank_o and_o free_o use_v 3._o three_o it_o give_v occasion_n to_o all_o manner_n of_o occupier_n although_o they_o follow_v no_o just_a and_o lawful_a trade_n of_o merchandise_n to_o set_v their_o price_n of_o their_o ware_n after_o such_o sort_n and_o rate_n that_o their_o gain_n thereby_o may_v pass_v and_o exceed_v not_o only_o six_o and_o eight_o in_o the_o hundred_o but_o also_o twelve_o for_o a_o small_a time_n 4._o four_o under_o the_o colour_n thereof_o not_o only_o the_o bankar_n of_o antwerp_n and_o lion_n with_o such_o like_a usurer_n open_o and_o by_o profession_n practise_v usury_n do_v exceed_v the_o limit_n of_o all_o honest_a and_o lawful_a interest_n in_o let_v or_o lend_v out_o their_o money_n but_o also_o all_o other_o covetous_a person_n have_v money_n by_o they_o by_o the_o example_n of_o these_o exchaunger_n either_o public_o or_o privy_o either_o open_o or_o secret_o seek_v the_o mean_n and_o way_n to_o put_v out_o their_o money_n for_o the_o like_a gain_n pretend_v and_o allege_v for_o their_o excuse_n that_o they_o put_v and_o let_v out_o their_o money_n in_o company_n with_o these_o exchange_v merchant_n and_o open_a usurer_n upon_o common_a gain_n 5._o five_o many_o merchant_n especial_o such_o as_o have_v grow_v to_o great_a wealth_n and_o riches_n be_v and_o have_v be_v by_o this_o mean_v allure_v and_o entice_v to_o give_v over_o and_o neglect_v all_o manner_n of_o honest_a
reign_v in_o the_o commonwealth_n of_o england_n by_o the_o reason_n whereof_o all_o thing_n be_v grow_v to_o excessive_a price_n also_o since_o these_o two_o aforesaid_a company_n of_o english_a merchant_n usurp_v these_o liberty_n and_o privilege_n to_o themselves_o that_o the_o one_o of_o they_o shall_v transport_v only_a staple_n ware_n to_o the_o staple_n of_o calais_n and_o the_o other_o broad-cloth_n england_n note_v staple-towne_n be_v call_v mart-towne_n begin_v the_o decay_n of_o trade_n &_o town_n in_o england_n with_o such_o other_o commodity_n unto_o the_o marting-towne_n of_o brabant_n the_o most_o part_n of_o all_o the_o good_a town_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n have_v decay_v and_o come_v to_o ruin_n which_o partly_o have_v come_v to_o pass_v by_o the_o reason_n that_o many_o kind_n of_o artificer_n which_o be_v wont_a to_o inhabit_v the_o say_v town_n maintain_v and_o make_v the_o prosperous_a by_o such_o artificial_o as_o they_o make_v there_o by_o the_o mean_n of_o these_o two_o fraternity_n of_o marting-merchant_n be_v utter_o destroy_v &_o consume_v for_o that_o they_o be_v notable_a at_o length_n to_o live_v by_o their_o art_n and_o labour_n these_o foresaid_a merchant_n devise_v and_o cause_v the_o like_a artificial_o as_o the_o say_a artificer_n make_v in_o england_n to_o be_v make_v in_o foreign_a country_n and_o be_v by_o they_o bring_v and_o transport_v into_o england_n and_o sell_v better_a cheap_a somewhat_o &_o low_o price_v then_o those_o of_o english_a make_v may_v be_v aford_v through_o which_o occasion_n the_o english_a artificer_n in_o continuance_n be_v wear_v out_o because_o none_o be_v bring_v up_o under_o other_o to_o follow_v their_o say_a art_n &_o workmanship_n that_o they_o exercise_v forsomuch_o as_o they_o perceive_v that_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v able_a to_o live_v by_o such_o kind_n of_o labour_n in_o time_n to_o come_v because_o the_o foreign_a workmanship_n be_v more_o regard_v and_o soon_o buy_v than_o they_o partly_o also_o they_o have_v be_v the_o destruction_n decay_n and_o ruin_n of_o the_o say_a town_n by_o take_v away_o the_o trade_n of_o the_o staple_n from_o the_o say_a town_n for_o the_o utterance_n of_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n which_o for_o the_o most_o part_n of_o all_o the_o time_n traffic_n staple_n town_n always_o within_o england_n make_v the_o realm_n full_a of_o traffic_n from_o edward_n the_o three_o to_o the_o end_n of_o edward_n the_o four_o be_v keep_v in_o good_a town_n of_o england_n or_o at_o least_o ship_v from_o they_o when_o the_o staple_n be_v keep_v at_o calais_n by_o the_o occasion_n whereof_o there_o be_v so_o great_a resort_n of_o people_n unto_o the_o say_a town_n that_o thereby_o they_o be_v enrich_v and_o daily_o prosper_v and_o flourish_v wheresince_o for_o lack_v of_o like_a resort_n and_o traffic_n and_o the_o destruction_n of_o the_o foresay_a artificer_n they_o be_v altogethers_o ruinous_a and_o decay_a and_o never_o like_v to_o be_v restore_v so_o long_o as_o these_o merchant_n enjoy_v their_o usurp_a liberty_n moreover_o since_o these_o two_o society_n of_o english_a merchant_n usurp_v unto_o they_o the_o private_a exportation_n of_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n bullion_n the_o hindrance_n of_o bring_v in_o of_o bullion_n the_o liberal_a usual_a and_o daily_o bring_v in_o of_o bullion_n into_o the_o realm_n by_o foreign_a merchant_n out_o of_o all_o foreign_a realm_n to_o buy_v the_o commodity_n of_o england_n have_v decay_v and_o cease_v and_o severe_a and_o great_a punishment_n and_o penalty_n be_v provide_v by_o the_o prince_n of_o such_o foreign_a realm_n against_o all_o they_o which_o shall_v attempt_v the_o convey_v of_o any_o such_o thing_n out_o of_o their_o realm_n into_o england_n where_o in_o time_n pass_v they_o most_o glad_o suffer_v and_o concent_v unto_o it_o for_o that_o it_o be_v open_o know_v to_o all_o prince_n and_o ruler_n of_o commonwealth_n in_o christendom_n that_o what_o kind_n of_o merchant_n soever_o england_n staples_n ever_o keep_v within_o england_n resort_v into_o england_n to_o the_o staple-towne_n for_o the_o and_o carry_v away_o of_o the_o commodity_n &_o merchandise_n thereof_o be_v bind_v by_o the_o act_n and_o order_n of_o the_o realm_n to_o pay_v for_o they_o at_o the_o say_a staple_n in_o ready_a gold_n and_o silver_n afore_o their_o departure_n from_o thence_o as_o may_v appear_v by_o diverse_a act_n make_v in_o diverse_a king_n day_n from_o edward_n the_o three_o unto_o the_o end_n of_o edward_n the_o four_o and_o therefore_o at_o that_o time_n be_v all_o prince_n well_o content_v to_o suffer_v their_o merchant_n to_o carry_v their_o coin_n and_o bullion_n into_o england_n which_o manner_n of_o traffic_n continue_v between_o england_n and_o all_o other_o realm_n till_o that_o these_o merchant_n become_v to_o be_v a_o private_a society_n and_o so_o within_o a_o while_n after_o compound_v &_o agree_v with_o the_o merchant_n of_o holland_n zealand_n brabant_n flanders_n and_o other_o country_n thereabouts_o which_o be_v the_o buyer_n of_o the_o staple-ware_n to_o receive_v their_o money_n for_o such_o staple-ware_n as_o the_o say_v stapler_n sell_v they_o at_o calais_n in_o flemish_a money_n at_o the_o mart_a town_n of_o their_o own_o country_n rate_v set_v and_o value_v the_o english_a pound_n at_o a_o certain_a stint_a price_n of_o flemish_a money_n for_o ever_o thereafter_o to_o be_v pay_v unto_o they_o after_o the_o say_a price_n which_o be_v a_o drift_n drive_v of_o the_o say_v stapler_n of_o england_n to_o bring_v to_o pass_v this_o exchange_v traffic_n to_o the_o intent_n they_o may_v make_v the_o return_n of_o their_o money_n from_o thence_o into_o england_n by_o merchandise_v exchange_n whereby_o they_o make_v a_o reckon_n much_o more_o to_o their_o private_a gain_n and_o lucre_n then_o to_o be_v pay_v in_o ready_a money_n at_o the_o staple_n of_o calais_n or_o any_o place_n of_o england_n according_a to_o the_o old_a custom_n although_o that_o manner_n of_o payment_n be_v much_o more_o beneficial_a and_o commodious_a for_o the_o common_a wealth_n of_o the_o whole_a realm_n which_o they_o pass_v not_o upon_o neither_o yet_o do_v so_o they_o may_v gain_v and_o get_v money_n and_o thus_o the_o fair_a lady_n merchandise_v exchange_n entice_v and_o allure_v the_o merchant_n adventurer_n of_o england_n england_n staple_n call_v mart_n town_n a_o deceptio_fw-la visus_fw-la to_o turn_v all_o traffic_n beyond_o sea_n to_o the_o ruin_n of_o england_n to_o procure_v themselves_o in_o fraternity_n and_o to_o seek_v mean_n to_o plant_v their_o mart_a town_n in_o a_o foreign_a realm_n and_o country_n for_o the_o utterance_n of_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n because_o they_o may_v make_v their_o return_n and_o employment_n from_o thence_o into_o englang_n by_o the_o reckon_n of_o money_n currant_n in_o the_o say_v merchandise_v exchange_n and_o by_o this_o mean_n cease_v and_o end_v the_o frank_a and_o free_a bring_v in_o of_o money_n &_o bullion_n into_o england_n by_o foreign_a and_o strange_a merchant_n after_o the_o english_a merchant_n have_v nussele_v themselves_o in_o the_o mart_a town_n beyond_o the_o sea_n so_o that_o now_o a_o day_n no_o money_n or_o bullion_n be_v bring_v into_o england_n by_o merchant_n but_o secret_o and_o as_o it_o be_v by_o stealth_n and_o for_o the_o respect_n of_o private_a gain_n and_o profit_n which_o they_o find_v thereby_o after_o the_o reckon_n they_o make_v thereof_o by_o currantnes_n of_o money_n in_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n item_n when_o it_o please_v that_o famous_a prince_n eight_o henry_n the_o eight_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o upon_o good_a consideration_n and_o purpose_n and_o for_o the_o great_a benefit_n of_o his_o people_n and_o common_a wealth_n to_o augment_v and_o increase_v the_o valuation_n and_o price_n of_o his_o coin_n and_o money_n throughout_o all_o his_o realm_n within_o a_o little_a process_n and_o countinuance_n of_o time_n after_o it_o chance_v by_o the_o malice_n and_o wickedness_n of_o man_n such_o a_o quantity_n of_o corrupt_a and_o drossy_a coin_n of_o money_n to_o be_v bring_v into_o the_o realm_n out_o of_o foreign_a country_n by_o the_o ministry_n of_o merchant_n as_o it_o have_v be_v suppose_v think_v and_o gather_v by_o certain_a cercumstance_n which_o money_n be_v currant_n as_o well_o as_o the_o true_a and_o lawful_a money_n among_o all_o manner_n of_o person_n within_o the_o realm_n by_o the_o reason_n of_o the_o likeness_n of_o the_o fashion_n and_o form_n that_o it_o have_v with_o the_o true_a and_o lawful_a money_n cause_v many_o inconvenience_n to_o rise_v thereby_o at_o length_n to_o the_o whole_a common_a wealth_n for_o such_o a_o marvellous_a desire_n and_o hastynes_n enter_v into_o all_o kind_n of_o occupier_n by_o the_o loathsomeness_n and_o hatred_n they_o conceive_v of_o the_o say_a dross_n coin_n to_o bestow_v it_o
ruin_n and_o decay_v of_o most_o of_o the_o port_n haven_n town_n and_o city_n of_o this_o realm_n &_o the_o overthrow_n of_o sundry_a artificer_n and_o trade_n dwell_v within_o they_o most_o necessary_a to_o have_v be_v maintain_v for_o the_o general_a good_a of_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o special_a relief_n of_o the_o poor_a second_o that_o merchant_n by_o the_o vnderprice_a of_o the_o coin_n of_o this_o realm_n in_o there_o merchandise_v exchange_n at_o their_o private_a mart-towne_n have_v be_v the_o impediment_n that_o neither_o the_o queen_n majesty_n nor_o her_o predecessor_n can_v bring_v to_o effect_v the_o thing_n which_o they_o go_v about_o by_o reform_v and_o refine_n the_o drossy_a and_o loathsome_a coin_n and_o money_n currant_n in_o the_o realm_n three_o the_o say_a merchant_n by_o the_o practise_n of_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n be_v the_o original_a cause_n why_o all_o manner_n of_o ware_n merchandize_n and_o commodity_n as_o well_o of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n as_o of_o all_o other_o foreign_a realm_n rise_v to_o huge_a immoderate_a and_o excessive_a price_n four_o that_o all_o the_o excellent_a and_o necessary_a commodity_n of_o england_n be_v unprofitable_o export_v and_o transport_v into_o foreign_a country_n at_o this_o day_n forsomuch_o as_o by_o the_o occasion_n of_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n they_o be_v better_a cheap_a sell_v abroad_o than_o they_o cost_v in_o england_n to_o the_o great_a disorder_n and_o hindrance_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n five_o the_o queen_n majesty_n be_v great_o defraud_v by_o the_o say_a exchange_n when_o her_o majesty_n affair_n do_v constrain_v she_o to_o provide_v money_n by_o that_o mean_n at_o the_o foresay_a merchant_n hand_n contrary_a to_o the_o truth_n and_o valution_n of_o her_o own_o coin_n and_o so_o likewise_o be_v her_o ambassador_n send_v in_o her_o majesty_n affair_n and_o message_n into_o any_o foreign_a realm_n when_o soever_o they_o have_v need_v to_o provide_v money_n by_o the_o say_a exchange_n six_o by_o the_o practise_n of_o the_o say_a exchange_n all_o manner_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v continual_o convey_v carry_v and_o transport_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n and_o be_v the_o let_v and_o impediment_n why_o neither_o bullion_n of_o gold_n or_o silver_n be_v so_o liberal_o and_o free_o bring_v into_o the_o same_o as_o in_o time_n past_o it_o have_v be_v seaventh_o &_o last_o the_o say_a exchange_n cause_v through_o the_o vile_a base_a and_o untrue_a valuation_n the_o foresay_a merchant_n keep_v the_o english_a pound_n at_o in_o their_o foresay_a exchange_n be_v so_o far_o under_o the_o price_n it_o ought_v to_o have_v that_o these_o immoderate_a and_o excessive_a price_n which_o they_o have_v bring_v all_o thing_n to_o be_v sell_v at_o in_o england_n can_v be_v diminish_v bring_v down_o or_o mitigate_v to_o moderate_v reasonable_a and_o indifferent_a price_n a_o general_a conclusion_n this_o treatise_n thus_o end_v have_v for_o warrant_n and_o credit_n these_o four_o circumstance_n probability_n of_o reason_n plain_n of_o style_n special_a experience_n and_o time_n of_o writing_n from_o whence_o this_o conclusion_n be_v draw_v be_v hereunto_o add_v that_o king_n and_o kingdom_n be_v heavenly_a relative_n and_o truth_n have_v say_v it_o that_o the_o desire_n of_o money_n be_v the_o root_n of_o all_o evil_a &_o that_o covetousness_n be_v flat_a idolatry_n which_o stand_v most_o true_a 3.5_o 1._o tim._n 6.15_o coloss_n 3.5_o it_o follow_v by_o consequence_n that_o merchandise_v exchange_n be_v that_o labyrinth_n of_o error_n &_o prinate_a practice_n whereby_o though_o king_n wear_v crown_n &_o seem_v absolute_o to_o reign_v particular_a banker_n private_a society_n of_o merchant_n &_o covetous_a person_n who_o end_n be_v private_a gain_n be_v able_a to_o suspend_v their_o counsel_n &_o control_v their_o policy_n offer_v even_o bounty_n to_o king_n the_o fountain_n of_o goodness_n &_o lend_v money_n to_o sovereign_a state_n and_o emperor_n themselves_o that_o only_o can_v make_v coin_n and_o shall_v have_v to_o give_v large_o and_o lend_v unto_o other_o thus_o make_v king_n to_o be_v subject_n and_o vassal_n to_o be_v king_n such_o have_v be_v the_o strength_n of_o that_o stain_v and_o stay_v of_o piety_n that_o contempt_n of_o justice_n that_o seed_n of_o dissension_n that_o world_n of_o war_n and_o art_n of_o witchcraft_n vsurie_n such_o be_v and_o will_v be_v the_o power_n thereof_o at_o all_o occasion_n till_o king_n and_o counsellor_n take_v their_o own_o charge_n in_o hand_n and_o next_o to_o religion_n that_o sanctify_v all_o relieve_v &_o maintain_v the_o nurse_n of_o justice_n that_o rectify_v all_o to_o wit_n freeborn_a traffic_n i_o mean_v in_o england_n and_o english_a traffic_n in_o magnis_fw-la voluisse_fw-la sit_v est_fw-la sunt_fw-la cetera_fw-la diwm_fw-la