and it was time to preach to them when as suddenly there was seene a strange alteration throughout all the Romane campe Their mourning was conuerted into furie euerie man fell to his armes and they cried out that they should bring them to the enemie They sally forth of their gates The Carthaginians proud of their great victorie are defeated by the Romans and with great courage receiue the Carthaginians who came disordred and in a manner contemning them whom they had alreadie vanquished This resolution of the Romanes amazed them wondering at the number and order of these men who had gathered them together or what captains they had remaining after the death of the two Scipioes But in the end they were forced to flie and were hotly pursued that day vntill that Martius thinking the souldious did abandon themselues too much L. Martius restraines the furie of the Romans caused a retreat to be sounded and himselfe standing before their ensignes stayed their rashnesse which might haue drawne them into some disorder and so desiring nothing but reuenge and bloud hee brought them backe to the campe The Carthaginians being thus roughly repulsed from the Romane trenches seeing they were no more pursued they presumed it had beene feare and therefore they retired softly and without care Being in their campe they vsed the like negligence in their gards and watches for notwithstanding they did see the enemie neere them yet they did esteeme them to be but the reliques of two armies which they had beaten and defeated some few dayes before Martius being aduertised by good spies what was done in the enemies campe hee vndertooke rather a rash than hardy attempt but the issue was fortunat Knowing that he had the armie of Asdrubal Gisgo now in front the which was followed by the two others hee thought it lesse daunger to aduenture to fight with that alone than to attend and bee beaten by all three together If he vanquished he should restore their affaires which were almost ruined and if he were beaten at the least he should haue the honour to bee the assailant Hauing therefore assembled the captaines centeniers and chiefe souldiors he deliuered vnto them the pitifull estate of their affaires and how that for the honour and reputation of their countrey for the loue they bare to the deceased Scipioes and for the interest of their owne liues they were to carrie themselues valiantly and couragiously against their cruell enemies which pursued them whose negligence and contempt did inuite them to goe and assaile them and did promise them a certaine and easie victorie especially if they made hast before all their forces were vnited the which afterwards they could not withstand concluding that there was no other meanes to make warre than to issue forth the next night and to goe and force the Carthaginians in their trenches He found the souldiours well disposed at this motion wherefore he commaunded them to prepare their armes and to be readie to depart when he should commaund The ouer great boldnesse of Martius which proued sucâ—esfull by the enemies negligence The Carthaginian armie made two lodgings about a league and a halfe one from the other betwixt both was a great valley couered with trees In this forest was an ambush of Romane souldiours layed with some horsemen to stop the passage for such as would runne from one campe to the other the rest of the Romane armie was led with great silence against the enemies where finding neither gards nor sentinels nor any thing else to stop their passage they entred farre as if they had beene within their owne campe then suddenly the trumpets sounded and making great cries they fell to the execution killing all they met without mercie and setting fire of the enemies lodgings and tents but aboue all they seised vpon the ports and issues that not any one might escape The amazement fire cries and slaughter did so trouble the Carthaginians as they could not heare one another nor giue any order for any thing They found themselues among troupes of armed men thinking to flie they were slaine at the gates if any leapt ouer the rampars they fell into the ambushes so as the enemies which were in the other lodging could haue no intelligence of this surprise but by death which was presented vnto them at the Romanes comming who with great celeritie boyling with furie and implacable desire of reuenge came thither and there found greater negligence than they had done in the first campe For these were farther retyred from the enemie and vpon the breake of day many were gone forth for forrage and wood There were armes at the ports but no souldiours some here some there some asleepe and some walking in their gownes in the trenches The Romans fell vpon these carelesse people hauing no resistance made at the ports they entred within the campe and in the middest thereof began a bloudie fight the enemies running from all parts at the first crie and tumult striuing vertuously to repulse the Romanes Which conflict was likely to continue long but when as the Carthaginians discouered their enemies targuets all polluted with bloud they fainted hauing thereby an assured argument of the defeat of their companions A great defeat of the Carthaginians This feare put them in rout and to a miserable flight euerie one sauing himselfe where he found any way open to escape and abandoning the campe So in one night and the day following there were two campes taken vnder the conduct of L. Martius The number of the dead according vnto some was seuen and thirtie thousand and aboue eight hundred prisoners The spoyle was verie rich and among other things there was found a great targuet of siluer weighing one hundred thirtie and eight pounds on the which was grauen the picture of Asdrubal Barca A targuet of siluer a monument of Martius victorie the which was afterwards set in the temple of the Capitoll and it was called Martius targuet remaining for a memorie of the victorie which hee had gotten against the Carthaginians where it continued vntill the Capitoll was burnt This action restored the Romans power and authoritie in Spaine and was the cause that some time was spent without any enterprises of either side either fearing to hazard any thing after so great losses 10 These diuers and contrarie accidents teach vs how little wee should relye vpon the euents of war and that it is not in the power of man to maintaine himselfe one day wherefore if modestie be necessarie in humane things yea in greatest prosperitie and to beare a respect to the diuine power presuming little vpon our owne judgements wisedomes happinesse and fame it is chiefely in the conduct of warre There wanted no qualities in the two Scipioes to make them great and famous captaines yet they tooke bad counsell both together and diuided and ruined themselues by their ouerweening and by too much attempting at one instant The Carthaginians by the victorie
carried ladders to all parts Lelius did also presse them on his side so as then the valour of the defendants was forced to giue place and they abandoned the rampiers It happened that during this tumult the fort which was held impregnable was surprised for certaine souldiors of Africke reuolted which were in the Romane armie seeing that they of the towne were busied to withstand an assault in the most dangerous places and the Romanes as busie to get an entrie into the towne they obserued the highest part of the towne couered with a steepe rocke which had neither rampier gard nor defence These men being actiue and nimble began to creepe vp this rocke with the helpe of certaine pykes of yron which they did strike into the stones and made steps of them the first helping vp their companions which followed Illiturgis taken and the executiâ—n cruell so as in the end they got vp to the top of the rocke from whence they began to run with horrible cries towards the towne which was alreadie woon by the Romanes Then shewed they the fruits of their choler and hatred none were spared but all put to the sword men and women of all ages and sexes yea and poore infants no man cared for spoyle the fire deuoured what might be consumed And quite ruined and the rest was ruined for that the Romanes would not leaue the markes of a towne nor the memorie of any habitation of such enemies From thence Scipio led his armie to Castulo This towne was not onely kept by Spaniards which were come thither from diuers places but also by the remainder of the Carthaginians which were brought thither to garrison after the retreat of their armie But before that Scipio arriued they had newes of the taking of Illiturgis which strucke a great rerror among them and made them almost to despaire and as euery mans guilt was not alike so euery one sought to prouide for his owne safetie Wherefore they began to distrust one another and in the end fell to an open diuision the Spaniards seperating themselues from the Carthaginians Cordubelus commaunded the Spaniards who spake openly That they must yeeld vnto the Romans Cordubelus yeeldeth vp Castulâ— and the Carthaginian garrison Himilco was chiefe of the Carthaginians whom Cordubelus deliuered vp with the towne vnto the Romans By this voluntarie reddition being also not so culpable as they of Illiturgis the victorie was vsed with lesse rigor 22 From thence Martius was sent against them of that nation which plaid the rebels to subject them to the Romane yoke and Scipio returned to new Carthage to performe the vowes which he had made vnto his gods and to represent the games of fencing which he had prepared in honour of his deceased father and vncle These fencers which were brought forth were none of his slaues nor such as had beene made free which the master fencers were wont to present vnto the people which sell their bloud and are hired for money but all those that did fight came willingly without any fee Combats vpon furious ambition for some were sent by the noblemen of the countrey to shew the valour and dexteritie of the nation others presented themselues vnto the combat for the loue they bare vnto their Generall others thrust forth with glorie defied or being challenged accepted the combat willingly Some there were which not able to end their suits by pleading resolued trie it by the sword who were of no base condition but gentlemen of noble houses Among others Corbis and Orsua A suit decided by armes two cousin germines who contended for the principalitie of the towne of Ibis would end their controuersie by armes Corbis was the elder The father of Orsua had lately ruled in that towne hauing succeeded to that seigniorie by the death of his brother Scipio would haue reconciled them by justice and knowledge of the cause but they both answered That it was not the custome among kinsfolkes and that they would not haue any gods nor men to be their judges but Mars Corbis was the stronger and Orsua the more couragious by reason of his youth both resolute to die rather than to submit himselfe vnto his aduerse partie With this resolution they shewed themselues to the whole armie The eldest also had more experience in his weapon and was more cunning so as he did easily vanquish the foolish presumption of the younger To these sights of fencers were added funerall plaies according to the manner of the Pagans with preparation fit for the countrey and as at the warre 23 During these shewes the Romanes lost no time Scipioes lieutenants being seriously imployed about their affaires Martius hauing past the riuer Betis called Circe by them of the countrey tooke two good and rich townes without striking stroke There was another towne called Astapa the which had alwayes held the Carthaginians partie Astapa and made profession to hate the Romanes deadly yea when there was not any necessitie of warre and yet their towne was neither strong by nature nor art whereby they should grow proud but the nature of these men who had no delight but in theeuing had caused them to spoile the countries of the Romane allies and to strip their victualers souldiors or merchants Astapians desperat theeues if they found them scattered yea they had layd an ambush for a great troupe of men passing through their countrey and hauing surprised them in a strait had slaine them When as the armie came before the towne the inhabitants prickt with the feeling of their faults expected no mercie of their enemies and seeing no meanes to hold against a siege they tooke a cruell and detestable resolution for they brought into the middest of their market place all that was good and precious within the towne and laied it on a heape vpon the which they set their wiues and children then they planted great store of fagots and other wood round about it this being done they appointed fiftie yong men well armed for the gard thereof enjoyning them that whilest the euent of the fight betwixt them and the Romanes was doubtfull they should remaine there and be faithfull gardians of their goods and of those persons whom they held deerest but if they saw it succeeded ill and that the towne was in daunger to bee lost they might then be assured that all they which had fallied out vpon the enemies were slaine in the fight wherefore they did conjure them by all the celestiall and infernall gods A barbarous detestable resolution of the Astapians to remember their liberties which that day should end by an honest death or by an infamous seruitude and therefore they should not leaue any thing that belonged vnto them wherewith the enemie in his furie might glut his crueltie to which end they had both fire and swords in their hands and that therefore such things as were to perish should be destroyed by the hands of their faithfull
was vpon the assurance of a goodly armie which he had and if they would see it to make a more certaine report vnto their men he would suffer them commaunding some captaines to cause them all to arme and to make them march and skirmish together These deputies reported vnto their people what they had seene which diuerted them from sending any succours to the towne besieged The inhabitants whereof seeing themselues abandoned yeelded paying the value of 62000 crownes and gaue fortie knights of the noblest among them not in shew as hostages for they put them among their bands to carrie armes although in effect they were as pawnes of their promises and accords From thence Gracchus led his armie to Alce a town whereas the Celtiberians who had sent the ten deputies vnto him were camped against whom for some dayes he sent his light horsmen to tire them with light skirmishes euen within their gards sending more men daily to the end he might draw them out of their trenches to battell The which succeeding according to his desire hee commaunded the Generall of the allies to begin the fight and that presently turning their backes and making shew to bee oppressed with multitudes they should returne with all speed towards the campe He in the meane time put his armie in battell within the rampars neere vnto euerie gate and suddenly when he saw his men turne head towards the campe flying as he had commanded them and the enemie following with no lesse speed hauing retired his men he drew forth his armie by all those ports with great cries so as the enemies could not make any resistance and it happened that those which came running to take the Romanes campe Gracchus victorie against the Celtiberians could not defend their owne for presently they were repulsed put to rout and beaten into their palisadoes where they were soone after forced There were nine thousand slaine that day vpon the place three hundred prisoners 112 horses of seruice and 37 ensignes woon On the Romanes side there died but 109 men After this defeat Gracchus led the legions to spoyle the countrey of the Celtiberians wasting and carrying all away Wherefore many either for feare or otherwise forced yeelded vnto him so as in few dayes he reduced vnder the Romanes obedience one hundred and thirteene townes Some of the antient said these 113 townâ— were but farmes or doueâ—â—ouses to eclips the glorie of Gracchus and tooke great spoyles From thence hee returned againe towards Alce and began to assaile it The inhabitants endured the first assault but afterwards seeing them prepare their engines to batter it distrusting in their owne strength they retired all into the castle the which yeelded soone after submitting themselues to Gracchus his mercie The spoyle was great and many noblemen and of good houses were taken prisoners among the which there was a sonne and a daughter of Thurtus who was the greatest nobleman of the countrey Thurtus a pettie Spanish king lord of Alce and to whom the place belonged Hearing what was happened he came with a safe-conduct into the armie to Gracchus of whom he demanded life both for himselfe and his whereof Gracchus assured him Then he desired to be admitted to carrie armes with the Romanes the which was granted him and from that time he shewed himselfe faithfull and valiant in their seruice and did greatly aduance the Romane affaires in Spaine Ergauica a mightie and famous towne being amazed with the miseries and ruines of her neighbours opened the gates to the Roman armie Some write that these yeeldings were not done faithfully and that as soone as the legions were gone they entred into rebellion so as the Pretor had two encounters with the Celtiberians Caunus â—â—ount Caâ—o at this day the one neere vnto mount Caunus where the fight continued six houres with great slaughter on either side neither partie confessing himselfe to be vanquished The second time which was the third day after the Romans had an assured victorie where there were 22000 of the enemies slaine vpon the place and 300 prisoners and as many horses and 72 ensignes taken By which defeat the war was ended in that countrey and the Celtiberians demaunded peace the which they did faithfully entertain for a time without rebelling They write that L. Posthumius had at the same time woon two battles of the Vaccens others say of the Brecaires which are betwixt Minio and Duero and had slaine 35000 of the enemies and tooke their campe At Rome M. Iunius Brutus A. Manlius Volso being chosen consuls Ann. Romae 575 M. Titinius T. Fonteius Capito were created Pretors gouernors of Spain Titinius had that part which was neerest vnto Gaule and Capito the Westerne part and then Sempronius Gracchus and L. Posthumius came to Rome who had the honour of a triumph granted them for that they had gouerned the affaires of the commonweale wisely and valiantly Gracchus entred first in triumph for the Celtiberians bringing into the treasurie fortie thousand pounds weight in siluer His companion entred some dayes after triumphing for the Lusitanians and other neighbour people who also brought twentie thousand pounds To euerie one of the souldiours was giuen fiue and twentie deniers which is worth two crownes and a halfe to the centeniers double and to the horsemen treble as much and to the souldiours of their allies as much as to them of Rome Spaine tyred with warre was quiet during the gouernment of the new Pretors who continued there two yeares The third yeare Cn. Corn. Scipio Hispalus Anno 577. and Q. Petilius Spurrinus being Consuls M. Corn. Scipio Maluginensis The new Pretors refuse their charge in Spainâ— and P. Licinius Crassus were chosen Pretors in Spaine Crassus had the hither Spaine and Scipio the further but either of them pretended excuses not to go and therefore Titinius and Fonteius were continued in the gouernment as vice-Pretors to whom there was appointed to fill vp their armies three thousand foot citizens of Rome and two hundred horse and fiue thousand Latins of their allies with three hundred horse yet there is no mention of any tumult in Spaine during their abode nor after they were changed vntill the Consulship of Sp. Posthumius and Q. Mutius which was two yeres after in the which the gouernment of the hither Spaine fell to P. Furius Philo Anno Rome 579 and the further to Cn. Seruilius Cepio We read that whilest these Pretors prepared themselues to go into their prouinces the Celtiberians being in armes App. Claudius Cento who was vice-Pretor there gaue them a great defeat so as they were forced to submit themselues vnto the yoke They began their rebellion by a sudden assault which they came to giue vnto the Romanes campe at the breake of day Being discouered by the centinels they cried to armes so as the souldiors were presently armed and readie to sallie forth as they did by the ports but the Celtiberians
them fled away as fast as they could forsaking their king who was there taken prisoner There were taken at this encounter nine hundred mules fiue hundred horse and nine Moorish Standards besides other spoiles which were distributed among the souldiers and the Kings person fell to the Earle of Cabraes share in token of which victorie the Earles of Cabra The Earle of Cabraes armes by the aduice and grant of the Kings of Castile do beare for their armes a Mores head in prison tyed with a chaine of gold with a bend ouerthwart their shield wherein nine standards are painted By this ouerthrow king Mahumet the Little lost much of his reputation and many strong Castles reuolted from him to his father Muley Albohacen during his imprisonment he was honorably vsed and like a king King Fernand beeing ioyfull for this victorie did thinke it fit to follow the occasion and with a great armie to assayle the Moores who were astonished with their losse wherefore he tooke order that the Affrican Moores should not come by sea into Spaine to their ayde and then hee entred into the Countrey of Granado with an army of tenne thousand horse and thirtie thousand foote among whome there were great numbers of Switzers Switzers in the wars of Granado with a great trayne of Officers victuallers Merchants and other people who serued and followed the campe before which the Earle of Cabra and Don Alphonso of Aguilar did march with troupes of auantcourrers who burned the country round about Illora and Montefrio the armie passed by Illora which was not easie to be taken without great Artillerie but they tooke the towne and castle of Tagara which lies betwixt Alhama and Loxa the King would not take those of the Castle to his mercie because they did not yeeld at the first assault which together with the town was razed to the ground Diuers valiant men of the Christian campe were hurt at the taking thereof as namely Don Henry Henriques the Kings Vncle and Lord great Master of his house Being come to Alhama the King caused it to be well fortified and left Don Inigo Lopes de Mendoza Earle of Tendilla Gouernour there who was a very vertuous Knight then he led his armie farther into the countrie of Granado ouerthrowing and destroying all that stood before him but for want of victuals he returned to Cordoua The Moores beeing thus persecuted and afflicted did beginne to intreate for peace and offered to pay the King tribute and some Moore children of Noble houses for hostages Wherewith King Fernand acquainted the Queene his wife who then lay at Victoria to looke to the affaires of Nauarre which shee feared would shortly stirre who was of opinion to haue the hostages to be townes and castles and not children whereunto the Moores not consenting the warre stood at that same stay as it was before Thereuppon the Moore Queene mother to the King made meanes for her sonnes deliuerie and sent to offer King Fernand perpetuall homage twelue thousand Duckets for yearely tribute and a great summe of readie money for his ransome and besides to set three hundred Christian prisoners at libertie such as he would please to name and shee offered sufficient hostages for the performance of what shee promised The King commaunded the Earle of Cabra to deliuer the prisoner vnto him the which he did and deliuered him to Martin Alarcon Captaine of Porcuna whether King Fernand sent to visite and comfort him for the which Mahumet gaue him infinite thankes saying that he could not be in care so long as he was in the hands of so great and courteous a King whome he had euer desired to serue beeing at his full libertie and to receiue the Crowne of Granado at his hand in the same manner as king Ismael his Grandfather had done from King Iohn And because the King had occasion to go into Castile and also to Arragon King Mahomet deliuered he did determine to deliuer the Moore King the opinions concerning his deliuerie were diuers some agreeing thereunto and others not wherein the master of Saint Iames and the Marquis of Cales were contrarie one to the other Wherefore they sent to haue the Queenes opinion in the matter who therein agreed with the Marquis that he should bee deliuered the prisoner was brought to Cordoua where he wold haue kissed king Fernands hand but he would not permit it the better thereby to oblige him to himselfe hee did there sweare to accomplish whatsoeuer was agreed vppon and he was set at libertie hauing beene honoured with rich presents King Fernand after that went to Victoria from thence he passed into Arragon and going by Guadalupa being a deuout Prince he there performed a vow The Frontier was well furnished and prouided of all things necessarie against the assaults of the Moores yet notwithstanding they hauing notice of the Kings departure out of Andalusia did make diuers roades into the countrey beeing extreamely mooued against King Mahumet in regard he had beene so well intreated by the Catholicke King and was become his vassall and of whom besides other benefites he had promise of aide and assistance against Muley Albohacen his father and they sayd that it was a matter displeasing to God and against all right for the Mahometan Kings to beg any assistance of Christians against the Princes of their owne religion wherefore diuers forsaking him they tooke part with Muley Albohacen and brought him with fiue hundred Knights into the Castle of Alhapubre where he slue all such as were of his sonnes faction who retired himselfe to Almeria Now the army of the Moores beeing strong and resolute to do their worst entred into the marches of Andalusia the Garrisons and chiefe Commanders of the warre being in the citties were foorth-with aduertised thereof by the souldiers called Almogaraues or ordinarie watches of the frontiers therefore Don Lewis Fernandes Porto Carrero Lord of Palmes who was afterward made Earle thereof with the forces of the Master of Saint Iames of the Marquis of Cales those of Eccia Xeres Arcos and others which were gathered together did march against the enemies whome hee found disbanded spoyling and destroying the territorie of Vtrera The Moores defeated at Vtrera whome he charged with such resolution and courage as in an instant they were all defeated and put to flight with losse of diuers of their captaines great numbers of souldiers fifteene ensignes and all their spoyle of which victorie the Queene beeing aduertised shee caused generall processions to bee made in the cittie of Victoria and because this encounter happened vppon the sixth day of lanuarie beeing Twelfth day shee sent a gowne of cloath of gold to the Lord of Palmas wife to the end shee should weare it euery yeare vppon that sollemne festiuall day The Christians in Andalusâ—a hauing this good hap Zahara surprized by the Christians the Marquis of Cales was aduertised that Zahara was ill furnished of souldiers and victuals wherefore hauing
grow verie smal he sent often to Messina where they made slow preparatioÌ„ to relieue theÌ„ to acquaint D. Garcia with their estate in what daÌ„ger they were to lose S. Herme afterwards the whole IlaÌ„d beseeching him to make hast but he neither ansuered his request nor the necessity which prest theÌ„ for D. Garcia besides that he was tedious graue after the maner of Spain he esteemd himself too weak to make any attempt that might auaile the besieged saying that he must gather forces together consisting of many peeces according to the time will of theÌ„ that did coÌ„tribute the which was true wherfore the Turk hath a great aduantage ouer vs hahauing alwaies a great nuÌ„ber of vessels armed beloÌ„ging to himself hauing no need to beg or borrow them of any other as we do with great charge losse of time the which is verie preiudiciall in warre whereas the Turke hath the assignatâ—ons of his treasure certaine which may not be diuerted and in this war of Malta he had an extraordinarie aduantage Rosa Sultana his best beloued being dead a little before she had left a great masâ—e of â—seasure to be especially imploied in war against the Christians for to helpe her soule D. Garcia besides his naturall slownes was growne into a conceit that it was good to suffer the Turke to waste consume themselues in the Iland of Malta about those places which he held to be strong and well furnished and that hee should come time enough to assaile them when they were weakened with hunger which did alreadie presse them and with other discoÌ„modities which follow long sieges This was to make war by discourse but in the mean time he held his arms a crosse which is against the rules With much pressing importunitie he did hazard some gallies to put certain knights and souldiers which came late into the borogh of Malta the which attempting often some entred and others were many times forced to return from wheÌ„ce they came He also sent to sea to cut off the victuals that went to the Turks army The two commanders were not very sory for Draguts death whom they hated deadly wherefore to haue the honor to haue taken the fort of S. Herme without him they doubled their battery with 32 Canons with the which they so ruined the fort as the defendants lay open then presently they gaue a generall assault both by land and Sea the which was so cruell and bloudie as they were forced to yeeld Thus the fort of S. Herme was won by the Turkes S. Herme taken by the Turkes the which had cost the liues of 10000 of their men 20000 canon shot in diuers batteries and assaults All that were found liuing in it were put to the sword among others 30 valiaÌ„t knights who had bin reserued by the Ianisaries to draw a ransom from them but others comming in murthered them cruelly they found 24 canons culuerins within the place with some remainder of munition which they imployed against the other fortâ— This losse was greeuous to the great Master to al those that were with him their number being much decreased for they had lost aboue 1500 of their best men among them many knights Wherefore the rest being grown mercilesse hearing what cruelties the Turkes had shewed to them of S. Herme they resolued not to take any more to mercy so it was ordained by the great master who had resolued to dy with al his company but to sel their liues dearly vnto the enemy dispairing in a maner of all succours from Italie But these desperate men were somewhat reuiued by the vnexpected coÌ„ming of Hen. Parisot the great masters nephew who broght him about 500 good soldiers with some knights they had bin 14 daies at sea before they could find an oportunity to recouer the Iland the which they did in the end on the 29 of Iune landing at a place called Pietra Negra from whence they slipt without discouerie into the citie of Malta and were from thence conducted with a conuoy to the Borough receiued there with great contentment ioy Some of this new supply were put into S. Michels fort which they thought would be presently attempted The losse of S. Herme being vnderstood in Sicile many made offer to D. Garcia to hazard themselues to lead succours to Malta through the Turks gards the which could hardly be effected by sea for hauing taken S. Herme they were masters of the entrie which went vnto the Bourg vnder castel S. Ange. Iohn Andrew Doria was confident that with ten gallies he wold land as many men as he could carry in some part of the Iland lead them himselfe into the Bourg which D. Garcia would not suffer for that hauing not any newes of the gallies of Spaine which was his best excuse in his dilations he wold not hazard those he had which were for the safetie of Sicile the realm of Naples The Turks hauing clensed the ruins of the fort which they had won they lodged 300 Ianisaries in it then they planted 60 canoÌ„s in six seueral batteries at la Grotte Batteries made by the Turkes at Malta Coraasin Mandrasse at Sancta Maria du Secours at Sancta Marguerita elsewhere making so wonderful a thunder as they were heard into Sicile beyond Messina assailing the Bourg and fort of S. Michael both together by sea and land but it pleased God so to strengthen the beseeged as they had alwaies the better against the Turks since the taking of Saint Herme who in the end did noâ— fight but with an obstinate despaire battering the houses of the Bourg more than to make a breach to enter their pouder began also to wast for at their comming to this seege they had lost a great ship at Sea 1563 in the which were sixe thousand barrels of pouder with 〈◊〉 hundred â—â—nisaries and they had sent into the Leuant to haue new with other things which they wanted In the meane time Hâ—scen king of Alger son to Barberousse came vnto the 〈◊〉 with seuen great gallies many foists and other vessels carrying many Turkes and other good Souldiers for whose welcome Mastapha seeking to doe some extraordinarie exploit against the fort of Saint Michael towards the sea and against the Bourg by land was repulst and lost aboue fiue and twenty hundred Turkes some were drowned with their barkes and some were slaine with the canon and the sword at which charge there dyed also about two hundred Christians and many were hurt yet the Turks fainted not for all this but increased their batterie against the fort and Bourg ruining the flankes courtines and leauing the beseeged â—â—most naked to the shot of the canon from whome notwithstanding they could not take any thing 〈…〉 althogh they did assaile them fiercely by all meanes and deâ—ices casting bridges made of their maine yardss ouer their ditches vpon their ruines as
that life which passed without armes Whereof the Consull being aduertised he caused the Senatours of all the townes of that countrey to come vnto him to whom he sayd That what hee had done was more for their profites than any interest of the Romanes For when they were to make warre you know said he it was decided with more misfortune and losse for the Spaniards than trouble or paine for the Romanes Wherefore to preserue you hereafter from ruine I thought there was but one onely meanes which is to keepe you from rebelling Let vs then bethinke our selues of the mildest course and giue me your aduice beleeue me I will not willingly entertaine any but what you shall giue These Senatours demaunded time to aduise thereon and being called againe they answered not any thing Whereupon the Consull caused all their townes to be demanteled in one day Cato demantels the townes in Spaine and from thence marched with his armie against their neighbours which were yet in armes whom he brought to obedience namely Segestica a towne of great importance and rich the which he tooke by sappe It was a greater difficultie for Cato to subdue these people of Spaine than it had beene for the first captaines which came thither for the Romanes when the Carthaginians did rule there for at that time if the Spaniards were wearie of the Carthaginians commaund they had recourse vnto the Romanes but Cato making warre against them they had no other refuge but from an vsurped libertie they must fall into slauerie Finally he found all this Prouince altered some hauing taken armes some being besieged by their neighbours to force them to take armes who if they had not beene preuented in time would haue also rebelled with the rest This Consull had such an actiue spirit as all things both great and small must passe through his hands neither did he thinke it sufficient to resolue discourse and commaund that which he held fit to be done but he himselfe did execute many things neither was he more strict and seuere to any one in his commaundements than to his owne person There was not any one to be found in his armie that did watch fast and toyle more than himselfe Finally he had no aduantage among those that he commaunded but the honour to commaund The Turditane warre grew more difficult to P. Manlius by reason of the mercinarie Celtiberians wherefore the Consull being called thither by letters from the Pretor he marched with his armie At his arriuall he found that the Turditanes had their campe diuided from the Celtiberians Cato seekes to corrupt the Celtiberians being encamped the Romans had continuall skirmishes and light encounters with the Turditanes who had alwaies the worst As for the Celtiberians he caused them to be solicited by the colonels and captaines of his armie propounding vnto them the choice of three conditions If they would turne vnto the Romanes they should haue double the pay which the Turditanes had promised them or if they would retyre to their houses without taking any partie they promised them abolition of all which they had done and for the third if they desired warre they should come to field and present themselues in battaile The Celtiberians demaunded respite to make answere and then did communicate these propositions in open Councell to the Turditanes where there was great contention but no conclusion so as many daies passed without any assurance of peace or warre during the which the Romanes ouerrun the enemies countrey and spoyled their townes as if it had beene in open warre oftentimes making priuat treaties and accords they entred went and came into their forts The Consull Cato seeing that hee could not draw the enmie to battaile hee first sent some troupes with their ensignes to spoyle that part of the countrey where they had not yet beene then hearing Plinie makes mention of a Saguntia in the Betique Prouince besides that which is now called Seguenâ—a that the Celtiberians had all their baggage in the towne of Seguntia he went thither to take it and yet could hee not draw them out of their campe In the end hauing mustered and payed his armie he left all the forces with the Pretor and returned with seuen bands which made about 3500 men towards the riuer of Ebro With these few men he tooke townes and forced obedience from the Sedetanes Ansetanes and Suessetanes As for the Lacetanes a people dwelling in a sauage countrey and out of the way besides that their rough and barbarous disposition kept them in armes they had highly offended the Romanes whilest that the Consull was busie in warre vpon the marches of the Turdules ouerrunning and spoyling the lands of their allies Wherefore the Consull led vnto the siege of their towne not onely the Romane bands but also the youth of those allies whom they had wronged This towne it may be is that which they now call Iacca This towne was long but not very broad Encamping within foure hundred paces of it there he placed certaine chosen companies commaunding them not to stirre vntill he returned vnto them and then he led the rest of his forces vnto the other side of the towne There were a great number of Suessetane soldiors among the strangers allies whom he caused to march against the towne and to assayle the wall These being discouered by the Lacetanes and knowne by their armes and ensignes to be souldiors of Suesse whose territorie they had spoyled at their pleasure and many times defeated their troupes they sallied out vpon them but the Suessetanes scarce seeing them approach crying out and shaking their armes fled and the others pursued them The Consull who expected no lesse gallopped along the wals vnto the companies which he had left on the other side and whilest the townesmen pursued the Suessetanes he seized vpon their towne being vnmanned and tooke it before the townesmen were returned from the chase forcing them to yeeld vnto his mercie Presently after this exploit he went against a strong towne called Vergium which was the receptacle of all the theeues in the countrey who robbed and spoyled all men which dwelt thereabouts or passed that way The Lord of the place came foorth presently to meet with the Consull excusing himselfe That neither he nor his subjects did wrong any man but that certain theeues being receiued into the towne they had made themselues masters thereof The Consull said vnto him That if it were so he should returne into the towne and find some meanes when he should giue an assault to seize vpon the citadell or fort with them of his faction whilest the theeues were busie to defend the walls Vergium taken by Cato This was cunningly put in practise and the theeues which held the towne were surprised in diuers places being encountred on the one side by the Romane armie and on the other side by them of the fort Thus Cato woon this place and hauing pardoned them which held
his losse so as he slew nine thousand of the Romane armie vpon the place Mumius defeats the Spaniards and is beaten by the vanquished through his own negligence and not onely recouered his owne baggage but tooke the enemies and carried away a great number of ensignes which the Lusitanians dragged vp and downe in scorne of the Romanes Mumius hauing gathered together fiue thousand souldiours which remained and reuiued them as well as he could he found an opportunitie to charge the enemie going to forrage Mumius reuengeth his losses and did so well as he slew a great number and recouered his ensignes The Lusitanians which dwelt beyond the riuer of Tayo hauing in like maner proclaimed warre against the Romanes and tooke the towne of Conistorgis by assault a great and strong towne confederat to the Romanes they being led by a captaine called Caucene and not content to make a tumult in Spaine some of them passed the strait at Hercules pillars and went to spoyle Africke the rest went to assaile Ocile But Mumius arriuing with a thousand foot and fiue hundred horse slew about fifteene thousand forragers and made them to leaue the siege of Ocile Then going against others who thought to escape with the prey hee left not one aliue to carrie newes of their defeat Hee distributed the bootie which was portable among his souldiours and the rest being consecrated to those gods who hee thought did preside ouer the warres he burnt After all this he returned to Rome and triumphed Attilius or Acilius Balbus succeeded Mumius who at his first arriuall cut seuen hundred Lusitanians in peeces and tooke Oxthraca being the greatest and richest towne they had striking terrour in all the neighbour people which submitted themselues to his deuotion as far as the Vectons But when as Acilius had lodged his armie for Winter they rebelled and began to annoy them that were friends and confederats to the Romanes Against whom Ser. Galba sent Pretor to succeed Acilius meaning to succour them made a march of 15 leagues and being come in sight of the enemie without giuing rest to the souldiours he led them to fight Galba being victor is defeated by his rash pursute and vanquished happily But as the Romanes pursued the flying enemie in disorder and made many stands being wearie the Lusitanians turning head slue seuen thousand and forced Galba to flie with his horsemen into Carmel whither many that had escaped were retired who hauing rallied them together and leuied twentie thousand men of their confederats he wintered at Cunes The Consull Lucullus who wintered in Turditania hearing that the Lusitanians were in armes he sent the best of his captaines against them and slue foure thousand of them and afterwards hauing made a new head neere vnto Gades hee cut fiue thousand and fiue hundred in peeces And as Galba on his side pressed these people they sent embassadors vnto him seeming desirous to enjoy the accord made before with Attilius Galba made shew to pitie them and to excuse their excesse for that pouertie had made them to breake the treaties and to steale saying That he knew well that the Barbarians of the countrey was the cause of these inconueniences but if they had a true intent to be friends he would diuide them into three troupes and send them into fertile places to liue in The Lusitanians being woon with these promises put themselues into three troupes and suffered themselues to be led to the places assigned by Galba who spake vnto the first as if they were in full peace The treacherous cruelfie of Serg. Galba injoyning them to leaue their arms which hauing done he caused them all to be massacred and with the like fraud and crueltie he defeated the other two troupes before they could haue any newes of the slaughter of their companions Many slipping through the armed troupes escaped among the which was Viriatus who reuenged the trecherie crueltie of the Romanes against his country-men Galba shewing himselfe as treacherous and it may be more couetous than Lucullus hauing filled his cofers with the spoyles of Lusitania wherof he did defraud both his friends and souldiours returned to Rome where he was called in question for his abuses but being the richest man in the citie he escaped by bribes 20 The Lusitanians which remained of Lucullus and Galbaes treacheries assembled together to the number of ten thousand and did ouerrun the countrey of Turditania against whom the Pretor C. Vetilius was sent who hauing joyned the armie which hee brought from Rome with the forces he found in Spaine he went against them which spoyled their friends countrey and slew many of them forcing the rest to retire to the side of a hill where he besieged them so as they must either end their dayes by hunger or by the sword wherefore they resolued to sue for mercie and to intreat him to appoint them a countrey to dwell in the which he willingly graunted But Viriatus being in this besieged companie who had escaped from Galbaes slaughter began to speake in this manner Viriatus incourageth his companions not to trust the Romans How wretched are we that hauing so often tried the treacherie of these Romanes we will againe offer our throats vnto them and bee murthered by them vnder the sweetnesse of their false promises Do we not know that they with whom we haue now to deale are the same who by their notable treacherie haue slaine our brethren and companions Were it not better to keepe our armes and selling our liues at a deere rate let them feele that wee are men than suffering our selues to be disarmed by a foolish credulitie to bee afterwards slaine like beasts at the slaughter No my companions let vs not commit so grosse an error as to despaire in that sort let vs rather trie to force vs a passage and you shall find the difficultie is not so great as you imagine if you do what I shall aduise you This souldiour speaking with a great courage reuiued their spirits Viriatus chosen captaine by the Lusitanians besieged deceiues the Pretor who with one voice cried out vnto him That in a good houre he should be their captaine and that he should lead them whither he should thinke good Then he put them all in battell except some thousand of the best appointed which he kept with himselfe and then he commaunded euerie one to flie appointing their Rendezuous at Tribola Vetilius was in doubt to pursue them that fled thinking it the safest course to assaile Viriatus his thousand souldiours which were in battell on the side of the hill But they hauing spent that day and a part of the next in making a shew that they would fight with the Romanes easily freed themselues being well mounted and knowing the countrey and then came to Tribola and so this Spanish armie was preserued by the judgement and resolution of Viriatus who of a shepheard became a huntsman then afterwards a
promised assurance and forgetfulnesse of all they had done but there was nothing obserued Hambroz the Moore betrayes the Toledanes for this Hambroz to abuse the Toledanes said That he would not remaine in the castle for feare to be surprised by the kings men which arriued dayly but caused another lodging to be assigned him in a street called Moutichel neere vnto S. Christophers Church in the which he made a caue vnder the ground to murther them that had rebelled against the king In the meane time Halihatan vnder colour to make warre against the Christians and to succour the frontier caused his forces to approach neere the towne vnder the commaund of a sonne of his called Abderramen the which by the means of Hambroz entred quietly into Toledo and without any shew to doe harme Abderramen lodged with Hambroz where shewing a good countenance to the chiefe of the Toledanes Moores he inuited a great number of them to a stately feast which he had prepared for them As these Moores came one after another thinking to make good cheere they were presently layd hold on and beheaded by some that were appointed to that purpose and then cast into the vault There had beene many dispatcht in this manner when as one of the guests which was inuited discouering some bloud grew amazed and suddainely slipt out and gaue an alarme to the towne crying out that they murthered the citizens in Hambroz lodging The Toledanes being terrified with these newes and hauing no meanes to make resistance and without any captaine to lead them found no better expedient then to crie out for mercie but it was in vaine for then they pursued them openly A cruell reuenge vpon the Toledanes for their rebellion so as there was aboue 5000 slaine to punish their offence committed against Halihatan against whom they of Cordoua being also rebelled he caused 300 of them to be hanged vpon the riuer side there was a captaine called Abdelcarin appointed for this execution who a little before had subdued Calaorra Halihatan growne proud with this successe sent his captaines to annoy the Christians frontiers who entred into Gallicia in the yeare 812 where he was vnfortunat in many encounters by the prouidence of king D. Alphonso The like happened to Ores Gouernor of Merida who was defeated neere vnto Benevent in the territorie of Leon. An. 813. The yeare after 813 another Moore called Alcama Gouernor of Badaios layed siege to Zamorra but he was forced to retyre Not content with this two armies of Moores entred into D. Alphonso his countrey in diuers places against the which he opposed 2 armies the one led by himself the other by Bernard del Carpio his nephew who was growne of good yeares in both which he was victor so as the Moores did forbeare for a time to annoy the Christians and fell to spoile one another whereupon a great nobleman among them called Mahomad came out of the quarters of Merida to seeke refuge of king D. Alphonso for that he was violently pursued A Moore seâ—kes refuge of D. Alphonso his trecherie and punishment and could find no safetie in all the Moores countrey D. Alphonso entertained him and assigned him rents to liue on in Gallicia but he shewed himselfe ingratefull trecherous raising a great armie by the intelligence he had with other Moores to inuade the countrey of his benefactor but they were readie in time to resist him and gaue him battaile where there died aboue 50000 Moores Mahomad their Generall being taken was beheaded as a traitor At that time Marsil or Massile successor to Ibnahalla raigned at Saragosse who was at the battell of Ronceuaux where the French were defeated It is certaine as Authors write that this battaile was giuen in the time of D. Alphonso the chast but the yeare is doubtfull yet they hold it was a little before the death of Charlemaigne who died about the yeare 815. 22 If that which the Spaniards write be true Ouiedo it is most certaine that among these Princes ambition went before and religion followed after D. Alphonso hauing liued chastly being sorrie that he had no children and for that he had receiued great aid from the Emperour Charles and it may be presumed that so mightie a Prince was most necessarie to restore Spaine to her beautie and the Christians to their former possession or else for some other consideration he had a determination to make him heire of his estates after his death but the Nobilitie of Spaine hauing notice thereof did not allow it refusing to be vassales to any forraine Prince Charlemaigne made heire of Ouiedo and afterwards reiected yet D. Alphonso had by his letters and embassages giuen great hope thereof vnto Charles who affected it and had appointed the realmes of Ouiedo and Leon for Bernard sonne to his sonne Pepin and did prepare himselfe to come vnto Alphonso vnder colour of succouring him against the Moores but he had newes from him that he was forced by his Earles and Barons to recall it and therefore he entreated him to forbeare his comming the which Charlemaigne taking for an affront resolued to force him by armes to performe his promise wherefore he raised a mightie armie of French Germanes and Italians which were vnder his Empire and sent it beyond the Pyrenees led by his best captaines yea some who haue not duly considered the age of Charlemaigne who was then 72 yeares old say that he was there in person whereof the Spaniards being aduertised they made a league of all the Christian Potentates of Gallicia Leon Arragon Nauarre and others and of some Princes of the Moores League of Christian Princes and Spanish Moores against the French to whom the gouernment of the French in Spaine was suspected among the which was Marsil of Saragosse All these forces joyned together stopt the passages and forced the French to returne into their countrey but with great disaduantage and disorder through the straits of the mountaines whereas the Spaniards hauing seized vpon the passages the foreward and battaile of the French were defeated and their baggage taken with such slaughter as they write there were aboue 40000 men slaine that day Defeat of the French at Ronceual among the which was Roland and all those whom fabulous writers call Peeres of France with other great personages In this action the valor and good conduct of D. Bernard of Carpio nephew to D. Alphonso was admirable as also in his warres against the Moores as the Spaniards write who was for a long time held for the kings sonne and he himselfe beleeued it but being aduertised of his parents and of the calamitie of the Earle of Saldagne his father he made many petitions vnto the king and vsed all the means he could to moue him to pardon the injurie which he pretended had beene done him and to free him after so many yeares imprisonment the which he could not obtaine wherefore being discontented he
of Montagu who in this last tumult had beene opposite to the Gouernor Eustache Bellemarche would reconcile himselfe vnto him they came in the night into his lodging and murthered him cruelly Such insolencies did the Inhabitants of Nauarriere commit against the Maiesty of God and their Queene D. Pero Sanches de Montagu murthered wherefore they drew a heauy Iudgement vpon them for the French King beeing aduertised of their rebelious actions vpon the descouery of their conspiracy was wonderfully offended wherefore he raised a great army meaning to punish those which had carried so little respect vnto his greatnesse and had beene the cause of the ensuing miseries which army he himselfe would lead into Nauarre in the yeere 1276. but being arriued at Saluaterre in Bearn and forced to stay there some time An. 1276. by reason of the aboundance of snow which had fallne and stopt the passages of the mountaines he was so sollicited by them that were not well pleased with this voyage as he resolued to returne giuing the floure of his army to Charles the Histories of France call him Robert the second Earle of Artois to conduct it into Nauarre who crossing the mountaines by Iacca Earle of Artois sent into Nauâ—â—e to punish the rebels of Pampelone came by Sanguessa to Pampelona refusing to passe by the Valley of Roncal for that the Inhabitants held the party of them of Nauarriere To whose succors there were certaine bands of Castillans entred into the realme who would haue retired when as they heard of the comming of the French but beeing charged in the reereward they lost some men and as they retired slowly the French and Nauarrois of their party charged them againe wherevpon they turned head but they were defeated and put to flight with great losse And for that during the fight the Nauarrois cried often vnto the Castillans Aqui tornais that is to say doe you returne and that this demaund was often heard they say that the hospital which was built to bury them that were slaine in this incounter was for this caused named Aqui tornais and so continues vnto this day The Earle of Artois besieged Nauarriere the which he prest in such sorrt D. Garcia almorauid abandons the rebels as D. Garcia Almorauid who was within it with many of his confederates fearing they should not bee able to defend it got out in the night abandoning those miserable wretches to the punishment which they had deserued These commanders retired to the castle of Sar from whence the French dislodged them forcing them to flie into the Island of Sardaigne The Inhabitants of Nauarriere finding themselues in the morning without captaines were much troubled and like men which were better theeues and mutines then soldiars they beganne to cry out for mercy and to craue pardon of the Earle of Artois who seeming to pitty them much Nauarriere of Pampclone taken whilst he entertained them with words on the one side hee caused the walles and forts which were vnmanned to be assailed on the other so as the souldiars entred sodainely and made a cruell butchery of this wretched people neuer ceasing to kil whilst that day lasted and when night came they fel to the spoile committing such excesse and violences as victory hatred and fury doth sugiest to insolent souldiars and not content to haue slaine the men and taken their goods without respect of holy to prophane they extended their rage euen vnto the houses and buildings which they did ruine and burne wherewith the other quaters of the towne were indomaged the fire flying from one to the other doing great harme to them that had not offended The Chamber of accounts was fired where there were many titles letters and ancient Records of the realme of Nauarre burned the rest which could bee saued was carried to the castle of Tiebas whereas the Treasor and Chamber of accounts of Nauarre hath continued long Seuere punished The fury beeing ended those which had escaped the sword were condemned and publikely executed as traitors not any one escaping the seuerity of that sentence but such as the innocency of their age excused and all their goods were confiscated Thus Nauarriere of Pampelone was ruined by a iust iudgement of God in reuenge of the brutish cruelties which these mutines did vse against innocent age in the villages against the city and other their insolencies and rebellions For the murther committed vpon the person of D. Pedro Sanches of Montagu Lord of Cascante and other their insolencies there were called in question and accused before the Estates of Nauarre which were called to that end D. Gonçal Inigo Iohn Inçalbiz and his sonne Symon of Varriz Michel Garces of Varriz Garcia Perez of Liçoani Pedro Ximenes of Sabalça Symon Perez of Opaco Inegâ— Gil of Vrdauiz Sancho Inigues of Vrdaniz Gonçalâ—o of Arbiçu and Ruy Gonçales his brother Sancho Perez of Aguerre Ochoa Perez his brother Iohn of Armendariz Iohn and Sanches the Biscain al which appeering not their cause was more hainous hauing for their aduerse parties Ruy Peres of Echales Fernand Perez of Echales Michel Perez of Subica and Pedro of Aybar By these proceedings and excutions and rest of mutines were terrefied and the realme remained in peace 17 During these actions in Nauarre D. Alphonso King of Castille Castilie made preparation to march with an intent to despossesse the Emperor Rodolphus who had beene chosen to his preiudice notwithstanding that he had beene perswaded by many of his friends not to make any more account of the Empire seeing the occasions which might haue fauored him were lost yea Pope Gregory being come to the councel of Lyons considering the miseries which might come to Christendome if D. Alphonso should wilfully pursue his pretended right hee sent one vnto him called Fredul Abbot of Lunel afterwards Bishoppe of Ouiedo to perswade him to rest satisfied with his royall Estate and not to trouble himselfe any more with the affaires of the Empire seeing that by the consent of all the Electors Rodolphus had beene crowned in the towne of Aix La Chappelle And to make him beleeue that hee gaue him fatherly councell he dispensed with him to take the tenth of all the reuenues of the Clergy for sixe yeeres to make warre against the Moores But D. Alphonso being obstinate hee thought that if hee went to see the Pope he might draw him to set downe some order betwixt him and Rodolphus so as both might intitle themselues Kings of the Romains wherefore he told the Abbot of Lunel that he desired to passe into France and to conferre personally with his Holinesse in some commodious towne either Montpellier or where hee pleased The Pope hearing this answer perswaded himselfe that D. Alphonso had no great desire to be Emperor wherevpon without further deliberation he ratefied the Election of Rodolphus Pope ratefies the elections of Rodolphus with the consâ—â—t of the whole consistory in a conuocation
Iohn Infants of Arragon with many other knights followed him He tooke D. Maria of Padilla from Montalban brought her to Toledo These that were about him preuayled so by their intreaties as he returned to Vailledolit to his wife but he stayed but two dayes and went away againe leauing the Lady much perplexed at these strange courses The Queene D. Blanche retired with the Queene-mother to Tordesillas and the king returned to D. Mary of Padilla who entertained the hatred and dislike which the king had of his wife that shee alone might enioy him It is written by Diego of Valera that among all the precious iewels which the Queene had brought out of France there was a rich girdle which she presented to the king her husband the which D. Mary of Padilla hauing in her power she found out a Iew Girdle inchanted a Magitian which did inchant it so as when the king would put it on beeing amazed and demanding what Prodigie it might be his minions who were allyed to his concubine answered that they were the goodly presents which this French Gentlewoman had brought him Whereupon he was much incensed against this poore Lady In the meane time D. Tello the kings base brother married D. Ieanne the eldest daughter of D. Iohn Nugnes de Lara deceased whereuppon by this marriage he became Lord of Biscay and of the other places and lands aboue-mentioned the which did much offend the king causing him to grow into a greater furie and rage against him and the rest then before whereof the sharpest effects were against them that reprooued his leud life and the indignities he did vnto the Queene his wife whom for spite hee caused to be led to Areualo with a guard and vnder the custodie of Don Pedro Gudiâ—l Bishop of Segobia and a Bourgesse of Toledo in whome he trusted his name was Tello Palomochio as a prisoner and began to displace all the Officers of her house and al others which had beene aduanced by the fauor of D. Iohn Alphonso of Albuquerque hee tooke away the Office of Chamberlaine from Guttiere Fernandes of Toledo and gaue it to Diego Garcia of Padilla brother to his Mistris that of Cup-bearer which Iohn Rodrigues of Viedma held was giuen to Aluar Garcia of Albornoz the allowance of diet was taken from Guttiere Gomes of Toledo and giuen to Pero Gonçales of Mendoça a great Lord in Alaua from whence are descended the Dukes of Infantazgo In Seuile the king did also change many of the chiefe Officers of the Realme which had beene aduanced by the fauour and councell of Don Iohn Alphonso of Albuquerque giuing them to others that were recommended by Diego Garcia of Padilla and Iohn Fernandes of Hinestroça namely he looke the gouernment of the frontier from Don Garcia Fernandes Manriquez and aduanced Fernand Perez Puerto Carrero Thus the king altered things within his Realme forced the greatest to humble themselues and to sue vnto the kinsfolkes and fauorites of Donna Maria of Padilla hating all them deadly that did but tell him that he ought to loue Donna Blanche the Queene his wife and liue Christian-like and honestly with her as Don Gil Carillo of Albornoz Arch-bishop of Toledo had sought to do who being of his councell and a Prelate of great dignitie in Spaine had presumed to reprehend his disordered life in that behalfe Arch-bishop of Toledo forced to leaue Spaine but hee tooke it in so ill part as this reuerent man was forced to abandon all the liuing hee had in Spaine and retire to Auignon to Pope Clement by whose successor Innocent the sixth who came to the Popedome that yeare 1353. he was made Cardinall and in his life-time they proceeded to a new election in the Arch-bishoppricke of Toledo and Primacie of Spaine putting in his place one Don Blaise This King made himselfe to be feared and so much hated of all the Noblemen of his Realme as euery man made choice of a party and sought how to assure himselfe from his fury and violence Don Iohn Nugnes of Prado Master of Calatraua a friend to Don Iohn Alphonso of Abuquerque retired into Arragon to the Commanderie of Alcaniz but the king who had a desire to haue him in his power sought all meanes lawfull and vnlawfull to assure him so as he made him come vppon his faith and promise that he should haue to harme This good Knight who found himselfe guiltlesse of any crime but that he had beene a friend to the Lord of Albuquerque came into Castile to the towne of Almagro but he was presently beseeged by the kings commandement by Don Iohn de la Cerde and by Peter Nugnes of Godoy who notwithstanding did secretly aduice him to returne into Arragon before that the king who was gone out of Seuile to come thither were arriued the which he would not do saying That he found his conscience free from all rebellion and that he had no cause to feare to put himselfe into the kings mercy but it succeeded ill for him The king beeing come the master came vnto him and cast himselfe at his feet intreating him to receiue him in his iustifications but this cruell Prince refusing to heare him him Imprisonment and murther of D. Iohn Nugnes of Prado master of Calatraua depriued him instantly of the Master-ship of Calatraua the which he gaue to Diego Garcia of Padilla and commaunded that he should bee carried prisoner to the castell of Masqueda whereas Stephen Domingo of Auila commanded an there within few dayes after he was murthered by Diego Lopes of Portas seruant to Diego Garcia of Padilla whereof the king would haue excused himselfe saying That it was done without his commandement but it appeared sufficiently that he was not discontented there-with Going from Almagro the king came before the towne of Medellin belonging to the Lord of Albuquerque whereas Diego Gomes of Silua a Knight of Galicia a commanded the towne yeelded fearing the kings furie and soone after the castle the which the king in disdaine of the Lord of Albuquerque caused to be instantly razed after which hee led his army before Albuquerque the which was held in the name of their Lord by Martin Alphonso Botello a Genlteman of Portugall and vnder him commanded Peter Esteuanez Carpintero Commander maior of Calatraua The King hauing summoned them to yeeld the place vppon refusall he proclaymed them Rebels whereof the Portugall who was not his subiect made no accompt The Commander excused himselfe saying That the place was not in his power Wherefore he past on towards Cobdesera another place belonging to Don Iohn Alphonso the which he would not take so as after some skirmishes he left Don Henry Earle of Transtamare and Don Frederic Master of S. Iames his breethren who followed him against their wils and he came to Caceres Afterwards he resolued to send ambassadors into Portugall whither the Lord of Albuquerque was retired to demand him of the king of Portugall as his
his last acts Kings in Spaine mentioned in this eighteenth Booke ARRAGON 15. D. Martin 1. 16. D. Fernand 1. 17. D. Alphon 5. CASTILE and LEON 18. D. Iohn 2. and the 39. NAVARRE 32. D. Iohn 1. IN the reigne of King Henry the third it often appeered how vaine the enterprises of bad subiects are against a vertuous and innocent Prince for God did preserue this poore pupill from the ambitious rage of his Tutors Princes Prelats and great Lords of Castile ruining them by their owne discord And he did so much honour the royall Maiesty as when as this young Prince had taken vpon him the gouernment of the realme at the age of foureteene yeeres he deliuered them into his hands to punish them as their obstinate rebellion and ingratitude had deserued Being freed as we haue said of the Duke of Benauent the Queene of Nauarre and the Archbishop of Saint Iames and hauing by their example reduced the Earle of Transtamara and the Archbishop of Toledo to their duties there onely remained D. Alphonso Earle of Gijon his vncle who was reduced to that extremity as he was forced to vndergoe the censure of a strange Prince in a cause which concerned his honor his goods and his liberty the which he might haue enioyed with reputation yea much augmented his dignity if he had contained himselfe with modesty in the fauor of D. Henry King of Castile his naturall Prince According to the accord made at the seege of Gijon the King sent his Ambassadors to the French King to debate the causes he had to dispossesse D. Alphonso who hauing staied many daies in the court of France Proceeding against the Earl of Gijon the Earle of Gijon nor his Attorney appeering and the time of the assignation being expired they prepared for their returne when they had newes that their aduerse party was come to the coast of Brittaine and was comming towards Paris wherefore to giue more countenance to their cause they attended Being arriued hee spake with King Charles for his iustification accusing the King his Nephew that he sought to take his portion from him lying in Asturia Leon and Castile the which was asigned him by the deceased King D. Iohn his brother adding many other charges and excesse wherevnto the Ambassadors answered pertinently laying open the Earles ingratitude rebellion and conspiracy against the King his Lord and benefactor who had drawne him out of prison and restored him to all his goods the which King Iohn had iustly taken from him adding therevnto pensions Estates and honours and accusing him in particular of the violent vsurpation of the towne of Paredes of Naua and other tyranicall actions done by him hauing also refused to signe the truce of Portugal with many others acts of contempt and fellony concluding that hee ought to loose the Earldome of Gijon and to be wholy left to the discretion and will of the King his Lord so as in the proofes of these crimes exhibited by the Ambassadors in defence of their Princes actions hauing not any thing to reply publikely he gaue the Lords of the French Kings councell secretly to vnderstand that the ill will which the King his Nephew bare him incensed by his bad councellors who werre corrupt and mercenary proceeded from nothing else but that hee had alwaies opposed himselfe to the practises and secret intelligences which they had with the English in league with whom they would draw the King of Castile to the preiudice of the friendship and ancient alliance which was betwixt the houses of Castile and France wherefore he intreated them to deale so with King Charles as he would iudge fauorably of his cause causing his Estates and Lands to be restored to him againe promising all his life time to doe him good and loyal seruice The King desirous to reconcile Princes that wee neere in bloud caused the Ambassadors to be treated with about a prorogation of the assignation for they had protested that the time prefixt being expired through the Earles negligence and contempt to whom the King their master had caused three hundred thousand marauidis to be deliuered for the charges of his voiage and to take from him all excuse that they could no more appeere before him as before their Iudge yet they said that seeing the King of Castile their Lord had submitted himselfe vnto his Iudgment for the brotherly loue that was betwixt them notwithstanding that many of his councell had diswaded him holding it a disparragement for the soueraigne Prince to contend with his vassall and subiects before a strange Iudge and out of his country and iurisdiction They were of opinion that if the Earle Don Alphonso did willingly deliuer the towne of Gijon vnto the King of Castile and submit himselfe to his will and mercy that by his intercession the Earle should obtaine a safe conduit and assurance to come into Castile and so he should treat of his affaires more profitably then by any other course They withall made a request vnto King Charles in the name of the King their Lord that for the league which was betwixt the two Kings and realmes he would be pleased to command D. Alphonso to depart his country which the French King could not refuse and therefore he caused notice to be giuen vnto the Earle that he should retire himselfe commanding all Gouernors of Prouinces especially of port towns not to giue him any fauor or aide wherefore he went away in poore estate kept himself some daies about Rochelle The six monthes of truce concluded betwixt the King and him being many daies before expired and yet the Ambassadors had not written any thing concerning the conclusion of this sute there were some troupes of horse and foote sent about Gijon after which the King came with greater forces both by land and sea the which did so presse the place as the Contesse Donna Isabella of Portugal yeelded it compounding for her life and liberty and of some Knights that were within it and the deliuery of her sonne D. Henry whom the King held in hostage In the meane time letters came out of France from the Ambassadors contayning what had past in this cause wherewith the King was wel satisfied The miserable Countesse Isabella daughter to D. Fernand King of Portugal being destitute of all meanes went into France to her husband D. Alphonso who was poore Gijon yeelded vnto the King and the Earle dispossest and banished into France and without any helpe or fauour but from the Vicontesse of Touars in whose country he liued in the towne of Marant After the taking of Gijon the King went to Seuile to treat a truce with the Moores being sollicited by King Mahumet then reigning in Granado the third after the death of Mahumet the old who was bruted to haue poisoned the King D. Henry the second and this was his succession Mahumet Guadix the tenth King of Granado MAhumet surnamed Guadix after the death of Mahumet the Old his
but sent a learned Lawyer to King Ferdinand and Queene Isabell to shew his reasons for the contrary who came to Valiodolit with the Ambassadors his comming beeing to no purpose The citty of Perpignan beeing succoured as heretofore hath beene said by Prince Ferdinand Arragon was after his returne into Castile againe besieged by the French King Lewis willing and commanding his Captaines who had shamefully raised their siege and were retired into the countrie and territory of Narbona on paine of being punished as traitors to their king and country to returne and assaile the towne and not to stirre from thence till they had taken it although it should cost all their liues whervpon they came backe and by the helpe of the Castle did for eight moneths space so presse the beseeged as they brought them to the extreamest poynt of necessitie for besides the continuall toyle watchings fights and daily reparations of the breaches whereunto they were constrained the want of victuals was so great in the towne as they were not onely enforced to eate dogges Famine in Perpignan cattes and all other sorts of vncleane meates but also the very bodies of men friends or enemies which were slayne in the assault yea mothers did deuoure their owne children such was the obstinacie of those people who would not yeeld to an enemie whome they had despised and offended and from whome they did expect no mercie but in the end extreame necessitie and inexorable famine brought them to that poynt which they sought most to auoyde Perpignan yeelded to the French and they found more mercie then they hoped for for they were taken by composition their offences pardoned and the Garrison permitted to depart with their armour and weapons so as King Lewis by the taking thereof pretended now more interest to it then before This was the last quarrel which King Iohn of Arragon had with the French or any other for the goute his yeares and other discommodities of old age perswaded him to spend the remainder of his dayes in rest and quiet in the citty of Barcelona leauing the gouernement of the Kingdome of Nauarre to his daughter who was heire thereunto and his other dominions to the rest of his children and Lieutenants This yeare 1457. there grew a contention betwixt King Fernand and Queene Izabella about the gouernement of Castile disputing which of them two had most tight to the succession thereof Castile she as daughter to King Iohn of Castile the second and hee as sonne to King Iohn of Arragon who descended in direct masculine line from King Iohn the first in the third degree Some who tooke the Kings part did say that it was a thing against nature and all good order that the regiment of so great a State should be in a womans power and that so many great Lords and braue Knights should be vnder the commaund of that sexe weake both in body and mind without experience wisedome or knowledge of what was profitable or hurtfull to a kingdome vnlesse it were by heare-say beeing oftenest deceyued by ignorance and which did follow their owne passions and those of them that they fauoured who for the most part were chosen amongst the worst sort of people That all kingdomes Iurisdictions and well-gouerned Common-wealths as well auncient as moderne had wholy reiected a womans empire and if at any time they had submitted themselues thereunto Contentions betwixt king Fernand and Q. Izabella their ruine and desolation had soone after ensued alledging for example the Sallicke law of France which is a good old custome alwaies profitable when it was obserued either in the totall gouernement or parts thereof On the contrarie part others who held with Queene Izabella did say that euery one ought to be maintayned in their right and that there was nothing more consonant to nature then that children should succeed their fathers and neerest kinsfolke that diuers women had beene profitable to Kingdomes and Common-wealths as well in old times as of fresh memorie namely that there were sundrie recent examples thereof in the Monarchie of Castile And as for Queene Izabella her constancie iudgement and wisedome was sufficiently knowne and that all men were assured of her good gouernement and that shee was not the first woman which had inherited that kingdome This last opinion was followed and allowed of whereat king Fernand seemed to be highly displeased but the Queene who did dearely loue him and would not willingly haue him discontented told him that her intent was not in matters concerning the affaires of Castile and Leon to bee more obeyed than himselfe and requested him to consider that whatsoeuer was decreed in that poynt was for the good and benefite of their onely daughter Donna Izabella if so bee that they should happen to haue no issue male who otherwise should bee wholly depriued of that honour and royall dignitie if what hee had poursued and alleadged should take place by these probable reasons the king was satisfied with that which the great Lords had decreed Yet neuerthelesse it was concluded and determined that all letters missiue writings and other expeditions should bee made in both their names and vnder the seale of the two kingdomes of Castile and Arragon and that all coyne shold be likewise stamped with both their armes quartered therein The Marquis of Villena mooued the King and Queene that by their fauour he might be confirmed in the Master-shippe of Saint Iames The Marquis of Villena his demaunds and that a husband might be prouided for Donna Ioane with a dowrie befitting her estate which beeing performed hee promised to become their faithfull and obedient seruant hee was one of the brauest Knights and best men at armes in all Spaine tthe King and Queene sent him word that concerning the Master-shippe hee should haue all their fauours and assistance as well to the Pope as to the Knights of the same Order notwithstanding that Don Alphonso of Cardegna and Don Roderigo Manrique had diuided it betwixt themselues and were in possession thereof and that as for Donna Ioane they would intreate her kindly and honourably and prouide her a husband but in any case it behooued him to deliuer her into their hands The Marquis who had bad counsell and was still accompanied with seditious persons refused to deliuer the Ladie and that which was worse at the perswasion of Doctor Anthonie Nugnes of Cité Rodrigo A seditious Prelate hee beganne to broach new practises with Don Alphonso king of Portugall for to procure him to marrie Donna Ioane promising to make him King of Castile On the other side the Arch-bishop of Toledo a man of a turbulent spirit and a louer of Innouations complayned that the King and Queene did not accomplish that which he had hoped for and deserued nor yet what they had promised him before their comming to the Crowne seeking all meanes and occasions to free himselfe from their seruice But enuie was it that vexed
yeeld to their mercy Those of the towne hauing vnderstood the Kings resolution by their deputies did say that in regarde they went about to take away the liberty of their persons they were resolued to hang fiue hundred Christian prisoners on the walls and then to come forth euery man with his sword in hand and to dye fighting the King sent them word that if they did put one Christian to death hee would without any mercy put them all to the edge of the sword Those of Malaga once againe sent foureteene Moores of euery quarter of their Citty to the Campe who brought with them a writing which they shewed for an example of the deceased Kings of Castiles clemencie vsed to the subiugated Moores and with great humillity they begged for mercy Diuers of the Lords and Captaines were of opinion to put all that raskally obstinate nation to death who were enemies to the name of a Christian but the Queenes more iust and Christian-like opinion was followed which was to saue all their liues Then the King wrote back to them that their liues were onely granted and no more whereat the Moores being much astonied were at strife amongst themselues some beeing of opinion to make a desperate sally vpon the Christians with their weapons and to set fire on the Citty and all the wealth thereof following the examples of certaine townes of Spaine in antient times but they who thought it better to become slaues did preuaile Thus was the Citty of Malaga yeelded The Citty of Malaga yeelded the great Commander of Leon entring first into it with his troopes in armes by meanes of hostages who seazed vpon the Citty towers and Fortes thereof and hauing disarmed the Moores of all their weapons and munition all people of both sexes and of all ages were assembled in the two base Courts of the Castle of Alcaçauo where most lamentable cryes of Morish men and women were heard lamenting their liberty and goodly Citty lost with their Fortes Towers and Castles which could not defend her Cittizens liues nor giue them buriall after their death Among the multitude twelue renegades Christians were found who serued as spyes for the Moores who were stricken thorow with Darts and so slaine the Christian prisoners were deliuered and sent home to their houses fauoured and rewarded by the Kings Two other Sea townes neere to Malaga were likewise taken and the Moores made slaues by Pedro de Vera whom the King had sent thither After that all things were surely possessed by the Christians in Malaga the Bishops and Clergie made their entrance who performed the accustomed ceremonies purifications dedications with such other solemnities as wee haue heretofore written and the Kings hauing at the same time receiued a Bull from Pope Innocent by the which hee granted them and their successors authority to name and appoint Bishops and other Ecclesiasticall dâ—gnities needfull in the Realme of Granado it was thought fit to restore the Bishops Sea to the Citty of Malaga Don Pedro de Toleno Bishop of Malaga as it had beene in times past and Don Pedro de Toledo was chosen Bishop of the same who was a Channon of Siuill a man of great learning and merit who was confirmed therein by the Pope vnto whom the Kings sent a hundred Moores Gomeres of Affrick for a present and to Queene Ioane of Naples the Kings sister fifty Morish maides and thirty to the Queene of Portugall of all the other slaues the third part of them was diuided among the Lords Knights Gentlemen and Captaines of the Campe an other third part was imployed for the redemption and exchange of Christian Captines and an other third part remained to the Kings towards their great costs and charges sustained in that siege the which lasted three moneths and one day which was the eighteene of August this yeare 1487. The order and gouernement of the Cittie beeing disposed the commaund thereof was giuen to Don Garcia Fernandes Manrique who had beene Corrigidor of Cordoua The Iudges Rectors and Iurates with other Officers of iustice beeing established the goods were distributed to such as were receiued for new inhabitants who were prouided of good and wholesome lawes though fit and necessarie for those times These matters with others beeing dispatched the King and Queene returned victorious and triumphant to Cordoua where they were no sooner arriued but they began to thinke vppon necessarie prouisions for the next yeares warre for seeing they had had so happie successe alreadie they were very loth to giue it ouer by any interruption whatsoeuer In the interim of these great businesses the strifes of diuers Arragonois did still trouble the Kings eares for that in regard of his long absence all appeales comming before the Magistrate whom they call Iustice of Arragon all euident wrongs excesses and outrages committed by the great ones were with partialitie drawne out in length The Kings left Cordoua and came to Sarragossa where they assembled the Estates to redresse those insolencies which were complayned of The Estates beeing perswaded by the Vice-chancellor of the Kingdome whom the King had appoynted to speake vnto them did relinquish diuers poynts of their pretended rights and liberties and did suffer many things to be reformed and namely they were content to establish the Courts of iustice of the Hermandades or brotherhoods Hermandades in Arragon after the manner of Castile a most profitable and necessarie matter for the whole countrie and did besides that obtaine great subsidies of money for the King towards the wars of Granado Inquisition in Arragon And because the Inquisition brought great profite to the Kings coffers in Castile of the goods of the Iewes and Moores which were reuolted to their foolish superstitions it was decreed that like proceeding should be vsed against them in Arragon and Iudges appointed to make their definitiue sentence One of the sayd Commissioners had like to haue beene slayne by those manner of people on a morning in the Church of Sarragossa which gaue them occasion to enquire more diligently of such as were faulty wherein choller greedinesse of gaine and desire to fill the kings coffers made them greatly to exceed the which the practise of their successours at this day can very well witnesse the obstinate were burned and those which did reconcile themselues or were in any fault at all were fleeced to the very quicke The Kings passing into the Realme of Valencia which was troubled with the same diseases did call the Estates to Orihuela where they made diuers goodly Edicts Whilest the Court lay at Valencia there entred into Cattalonia an Ambassador from the French king Charles the eighth sent to King Fernand who sent to meete him and to let him vnderstand that vnlesse he brought with him the restitution of the Earledome of Rossillon he might returne from whence hee came King Fernand refuseth to heare or see the French Ambassadour and for ought that the Ambassadour could say or do he
they had a joyfull entrie made them The head of Aben Aboo was put in a cage of yron and set ouer the citie gate which lookes towards the Alpuxarres The bodie being quartered was hung vpon the high-wayes Troubles of the Moors specified After which there was not any Moore found to make head all layed aside armes and submitted themselues to the kings mercie according to the generall pardon which was graunted to Francis Barrero But they were all drawne out of the mountaines and the townes of Granado and thereabouts and sent into plaine countries and more accessible to inhabit as the Emperour Traian did with the auncient Spaniards who were accustomed to rebell often vpon the assurance of their townes and castles built vpon the edge of the mountaines the which he caused to be rased and commanded by an Edict that they should not build any more but in the plaines Thus ended the warre of the Moores of Granado in Nouember 1570 hauing continued neere two yeares verie daungerous and difficult being rashly caused by the ill vsage of them that they call old Christians in Spaine by the importune pursuits of the Clergie and Inquisition and by the bad administration of justice and insolencie of the ministers there of and no lesse inconsiderately entertained by the impatiencie of the Moores and augmented by their obstinacie and ignorance which suggested wicked and monstrous conceptions The charge and losse was great for there was aboue fiue millions of crownes of the kings treasure spent in this warre The interest of priuat men and the spoyle and vnpeopling of the countrey was inestimable in the which aboue thirtie thousand Christians lost their liues As for the Moores that were slaine of all ages and sexes the number cannot be saied for a great realme might haue beene peopled therewith If they had been intreated with more mildnesse and humanitie without doubt they might easily haue kept them in obedience and by little and little might haue made them leaue that which was vnpleasing or scandalous in their manner of liuing and as for religion they should bee instructed with more care and charitie causing that injurious contempt which is ordinarie in Spaine and other places of them that are newly come to the knowledge of Iesus Christ to cease being vnpleasing vnto God King Philip being somewhat freed from cares by the end of this warre with the Moores of Granado hee would haue his mariage consummated with Anne of Austira Mariage of king Philip with his neece his neece daughter to his sister and to the Emperour Maximilian for the which he obtained a dispensation from the Pope according to the vse of that holy Church She past through the Low Countries and was receiued by the duke of Alba at Nymeghen with great honour who conducted her to Brussels and so to Flessingue where shee imbarked in October and within eight dayes arriued happily in Biscaie being accompanied by the Archdukes Albert and Wenceslaus her brethren being verie young Shee was receiued there by the cardinall of Seuille whom the king had sent thither to doe that office The king entertained her at Segouia with that state that was befitting the greatnesse then passing on to Madrid whereas the widow Queene of Portugall met them they were maried with great solemnitie The king of Spaine as wee haue said was solicited to enter-into league with the Pope and the Venetians against whom Selym the great Turke picking a quarell had declared warre And for that the danger of this warre required aid the Pope sent a Nuntio into Spaine which was Lewis Torres clerke of the chamber with speciall order from him to draw the king into this league but aboue all to craue the assistance of his gallies for that present yeare that being ioyned with them of Venice they might goe and make head against that mightie fleet which the Turke had sent to sea The king knowing how much it did import himselfe and the whole state of Christendome King of 〈◊〉 sends his 〈◊〉 to assist the â—â—netions being moued with many speciall considerations hee graunted his gallies which were then readie in Italie Wherefore he sent a speciall commission to Iohn Andrew Doria That according to the Popes pleasure he should go as head of those gallies to Messina but he gaue him no direction that hee should goe from thence to Corfu to ioyne with the Venetian armie and with the Popes gallies which were commaunded by Mars Anthonie Colonna and that hee should leaue the commaund of all vnto Colonna being lent by the king vnto his Holinesse the which being not well specified was a great prejudice to the armie that yeare But the businesse of the league being treated of in the kings Councell with great deliberation was not so easily concluded notwithstanding that Torres and Leonardo Donata a Senator of great worth sent from the State of Venice into Spaine did solicite it verie earnestly but the importance of the businesse the ordinarie disagreement which is found in all Councels consisting of men of diuers complexions and the naturall slownesse of that nation made those embassadours to spend many monethes in vaine and did somewhat coole the ardent desire the king had to satisfie the Pope and that Commonweale as he did afterwards shew â—y the effects But to come to the cause of this warre The Turke had sent a Chaous to the Venetians that they should without delay deliuer vnto him the island of Cypres which did belong vnto him as hauing succeeded to the rights of the Emperours of Constantinople the kings of Ierusalem and of the auncient kings of Syria and Aegypt the which said hee they had gotten away Warre 〈◊〉 by the 〈◊〉 against the â—â—netians The which hauing refused he denounced war against them wherein they had great difficulties being surprised for that it was before the succours â—ame which they had begged from the king of Spaine the Pope and other princes who performed not their promises but verie late after the losse of Nicosia and all they had in that island euerie one selling the succours which hee had promised in balancing the interest they had to oppose against the Turke and seeking to contribute with some aduantage for his owne particular But the next yeare there was a league made as you shall heare by the which D. Iohn of Austria the kings brother was chosen to be Generall of the confederates armie against the Turke The enterprise which the Turke made vpon Cypres and the battell at sea which happened vpon this occasion is memorable and merits a particular relation in this historie of Spaine for that the power and meanes of king Philip did much auaile and D. Iohn of Austira his brother had the honour to be Generall of the armie at sea and woon a famous victorie The island of Cypres was in truth a remainder of the Empire of Constantinople Cypres an island and a realme and of the realme of Ierusalem erected by the French
to leaue it and to defend his fort betwixt the citie Goulette the which was presently inuested by the Moors towards the town but he scattered them often by his continuall sallies and â—lew great numbers Goulette being besieged Porto Carrero did importune Serbelloni to send him men the which he did by the lake but the Turkes did soone take that passage from them making a long bridge of barques bound together and thereon as it were a causey of earth whereon they placed many musketiers The batterie planted against the bastion which looked towards the sea made a great breach where the Turkes gaue a terrible assault with bridges made of maine yards according to their custome the which notwithstanding was defended by the valour of the Christians Ignorance of Porto Carrerâ— but Porto Carrero did either forget the dueties whereunto men besieged are bound or hee did not know them Hee neuer would suffer his men to make a sallie it seemes hee feared to wast poulder and shot so as the Turkes had good meanes to view the fort to lodge and to plant their ordnance at their pleasures And to shew the great arrogancie of this gouernor whereas Anthonie Carrafe a gentleman of Naples sought to giue him good aduice he caused him to be strangled to be cast in a sacke into the sea Serbelloni although he had need of all his strength within the fort yet knowing the importaunce of Goulette he weakened himselfe to fortifie it being continually called on by D. Pedro and sent him men as he could yet could he not preuent it but that Goulette was taken by force Sinan hauing caused a general assault to be giuen the which was continued with such fresh supplies one after an other without intermission as they within it were no longer able to make any more resistance but were forced and all or the greatest part put to the sword Goulette taken by 〈◊〉 some write that Porto Carrero with three hundred souldiers were made slaues and that the sonne of King Amida was taken in that place Goulette being taken the Turkes went and besieged the fort both by sea and land hauing filled certaine great barques with packes of wooll wet to choake their cannon shot and planted many harquebuziers in them with long fowling peeces which carried very great bullets to keepe the besieged from their defences Sinan made batteries and cast vp trenches to approach vnto the fort as he was accustomed to batter sappe and mine at one instant in diuers places where hauing made great breaches hee caused three seuerall assaults to be giuen but they were all resolutely defended and hee caused fire to be set to a mine the which did more harme vnto the Turkes than vnto the besieged The assaults were continued vnto the fourth time still they were repulsed with great slaughter but this valor decreasing by litle and litle through their ordinary assaults they were so weake at the fift which was generall and more obstinate than any of the rest as the place was forced and all within cut in peeces excepted Serbelloni who was taken being wounded and drawne by the beard before the Bassa who caused him to bee kept Pagan Doria flying the Turkes and thinking to find more mercie with the Moores was slaine by them Fort at Tunis taken by assault and his head set vpon a pike Porto Carrero being a prisoner died within few dayes after as some say of poison D. Iohn de Sinoghera after these two losses was left alone with three hundred and fiftie men to defend the tower vpon the lake standing betwixt Tunis and Goulette the which although it were very strong yet considering his owne strength and the enemies he could not hope to make any long defence he yielded vpon certaine conditions and passed afterwards into Sicile to carrie newes of this great losse This Goulette the honour of the Emperours conquests the which kept Afrike in awe was lost through carelesnesse Sinan caused it to be rased to the ground and then returned triumphantly to Constantinople 17 This yere the Christians reaped both losse and dishonour in Afrike D. Sebâ—stian King of Portugall goes into Afrike for D. Sebastian the yong King of Portugall of too warre like a disposition as we haue shewed and desirous of glorie seeking to aduaunce himselfe by some enterprises against the Moores hauing not imparted any thing vnto the Queene his grandmother nor vnto the Cardinall his vncle by whose care his actions should haue beene gouerned by reason of his age which was voyd of experience He sent D. Antonio Prior of Crato his cosin but base to Tanger in Afrike which did belong vnto the Crowne of Portugall and made him his lieutenant generall there deliuering him the Standard with great solemnitie He would haue him accompanied with some numbers of soldiers but specially with many knights and within few dayes after the King himselfe taking many of the chiefe noble men with him imbarked at Cascais whenas no man suspected it and went in like maner into Afrike leauing order in Portugall that some knights should follow him and therefore hee did write many priuat letters vnto them Being come to Tanger and hauing tried the Moors forces in the neighbour garrisons and seeing his men in all their skirmishes to be ouerlayed with multitudes and the nimblenesse of the enemies horse he beganne to consider better of the daunger whereinto he had runne of whom depended the peace and quiet of his whole Realme and so being better aduised by some noble men of authoritie that were with him but especially being moued by a letter written by father Lewis Gonzales a Iesuite who had beene his Scholemaster and was then in great credit with him he resolued to returne presently ⧠THE 30 BOOKE OF THE Historie of Spaine The Contents 1 D. Lewis de Requesens great Commaunder of Castille sent gouernour into the Low Countries for King Philip. 2 D. Iohn of Austria sent Gouernour into the Low Countries 3 Death of D. Iohn of Austria 4 Xerifes Kings of Maroc and Fez their beginning and proceeding 5 D. Sebastian first of that name King of Portugall 6 He led an armie into Afrike 7 Battell in Afrike and death of D. Sebastian 8 D. Henry 17 King of Portugall a Cardinall 9 Pretendants to the Crowne of Portugall 10 D. Anthonie Prior of Crato a bastard made legitimate disanulled by King Henrie 11 Fiue gouernours in Portugall during the inter-reigne 12 Death of the King D. Henrie 13 Confusions in Portugall all during the inter-reigne 14 The king D. Philip meanes to debate his right by armes 15 Aduice and Councell of the Doctors in Spaine touching the Kings title 16 D. Antonio is declared Defender of the Realme against King Philips forces and then is saluted King 17 Duke of Alba generall of the King of Spaines armie in Portugall and his exploits 18 Defeat and flight of D. Antonio and the taking of Lisbone 19 Death of D. Anna Queene of Spaine
saw the ships which had brought Monsieur de Chattes and his men and some other vessels which the Gouernors did vse to send to sea there he left certaine gallies to keepe them in and instantly caused the city to be summoned offering a pardon to the Inhabitants Conquest of the Ilands of the Terceres for King Philip. and a good composition to the Captaines and souldiers but they answered him with the Canon the Marquis seeing that all landing places neere vnto the cittie were fortified he began to coast along the shoare to find some fitte descent but it seemed to him that all were rampared and fortified being in this caâ—e he was aduertised by a Portugueze that there was a good landing place at port des Moles farre from Angra where presenting himselfe he found some accesse but difficult both for that the place was stonie and there was a fort built yet he did hazard some souldiers who did assure the way for the rest Beeing at land they that garded this fort made some resistance which gaue Monsieur de Chattes time being aduertised by the fires and smoke and by the bels which hung at either of these forts to draw his men together French and Portuguezes to go and succor them but vpon the way he found the souldiers which had abandoned this fort flying whom he caused to returne with him being resolued to fight with the enemie the which he indeauored to do and might haue amazed him if Emanuel de Silua the Gouernor and his men had held good but they did not continue as they had begun for hauing skirmished well all the day against the Spaniards and others of the Marquises armie and against hunger through the bad order of Emanuel de Silua night beeing come they abandoned the French and retired to the mountaine whether the Commander de Chattes was forced also to make his retreat with his French troupe for there was no reason that so few men shold wilfully make head against an army of 12000. Emanuel de Silua thought then to go and imbarke himselfe and to flie away but he could not for euery man watched him and therefore he retired also to the mountaine to a place apart It was strange to heare those Ilanders who before had seemed so braue to call then vpon Castile Augra at the Terceres taken by the Marquis of Santa Cruz. and to confesse that those Ilands did belong vnto King Philip. The Marquis seeing himselfe master of the field marched towards the citty of Angra which he found abandoned and emptie so as the souldiers made small profit of the sacke thereof When as the Marquis entred the citty by land the gallies seized vpon the shippes which were within the port without resistance for there were neither souldiers nor marriners in them From thence Don Pedro de Toledo was sent to the Iland of Fayal to subdue them that would not acknowledge the King of Spaine In the meane time the Marquis apprehending the difficultie to draw the French out of those rockes by force hee sought to haue them by some honest composition The Commander de Chattes at the beginning made great demands considering the estate whereunto he was reduced which made the Spaniards resolue to vanquish them or to lose their liues and so they did promise the Marquis but he did auoyd that danger hauing found more moderation in those poore forelorne men for so they might well be tearmed for had he not fought with them hunger would soone haue forced them to haue yeelded to his mercie Their accord was treated by a Colonel called Pedro de Padilla whom the Commaunder de Chattes had sometimes knowne at Malta where it was concluded that they should deliuer vp their armes and ensignes keeping onely their swords and that they should lodge in a quarter of the cittie and shippes prouided for their retreat D. Pedro de Toledo beeing come to Fayal sought to perswade the souldiers and inhabitants to yeeld without force wherefore hee sent vnto the Gouernor whose name was Pero Antonio Guedes de Sosa a man of qualitie that was in his company who had his wife and children in that Iland to let him vnderstand what had happened to the Iland of Tercere and to perswade him to apply himselfe vnto the time and to yeeld to the Conqueror This Gouernour being proude and disdainfull making no other answer to this messenger slue him wherefore Don Pedro staying awhile doubting that which had hapned began to aduance with 2500. soldiers which he had brought beeing to skirmish with 400. French which came to encounter them whom he made to retire soone into their fort to yeeld vpon the same conditions that the rest had done Sosa was taken who for the vild part he had played with him that was sent by D. Pedro was hung vp by one arme Fayall and the other Ilands yeelded to king Philip. both his hands hauing beene first cut off The Portugals of the Iland were sackt and then left free hauing submitted themselues to the Kings obedience Anthony of Portugall was left Gouernor there with 200. souldiers and the rest returned with the gallies to the Tercere where as the Ilanders came and made the submissions that were required So as there was not any one but did acknowledge King Philip for king of Portugal Before the Marquis of Santa Cruz returned he caused Emanuel de Silua's proces to be made hauing had no meanes to escape who with some others were executed Emanuel lost his head and so did Amador Vieira hee who had discouered the Portugals in the Iland that were affected to the k. Emanuel Surradas who had spoiled the Ilands of Cap Verd was also beheaded others of meaner qualitie were hanged The mony which had beene coyned with D. Antonio's stampe was condemned as counterfeit and a great quantitie was burnt in the market place of Angra This done the Marquis hauing disposed of the estate of these Ilands and left Iohn d' Vrbine for Gouernor of the Tercere with 2000. foot he bent his course towards Spain and arriued safely with his fleet in the ports of Andalusia where there was great ioy as also in Portugal and thanks giuen to God for so happy a victory which put King Philip in a peaceable possession of the Realme of Portugal and all the dependances so as he might then iustly intitle himselfe King of all Spaine The end of the 30. Booke A CONTINVATION OF THE GENERALL HISTORY OF Spaine from the yeare 1583. to this time THE warre of Portugall beeing ended Philip King of Spaine subdued the Ilands which had made resistance he returned into Castile whether the Estates of Arragon and other weightie affaires did call him Among other things there was a mariage treated of betwixt Catherine his youngest daughter and the Duke of Sauoy which allyance hee held would be both profitable and honorable to himselfe Mariage concluded â—etwixt Catherine Infanta of Spain and the Duke of Saâ—oy and
as they durst not looke out During the fight with the Gallies the wind calmed and the English fleet went slowly ahead most of the Spanish ships neuer staied vntill they came to Portreal which is the furthest part of the Bay the ships mooued themselues with their broad sides towards the English that they might fight to their greater aduantage The English masters of ships were generally of opinion that they could not go neer without danger of running on ground the which did much crosse the forwardnesse of the chiefe Commanders of the sormost ships led by the Lord Thomas Howard and Sir Walter Rawleigh whose desire being to draw as neere the enemy as they might were notwithstanding inforced to come to anchour without the reach of Musket shot and to attend the floâ—d where they fought with perpetuall volleys of the Canon from sixe in the morning to eleuen of the clocke the ships that followed them neerest were commanded by Sir Francis Vere Lord Marshall Sir George Carew now Lord Carew Vice-admirall of Sir Walter Rawleighs Squadron and Generall of the artillerie by Sir Robert Dudley Viceadmirall of the Lord Admirals Squadron by Sir Robert Southwell Vice-admirall of the Lord Thomas Squadron by Sir Robert Crosse the Earle of Sussex being aboord him and by Sir George Gâ—fford The Earle of Essex and the Lord Admirall came vp an houre before the flood hauing beene all that morning soundly battered by the forts of Cadiz And for that the Arke drew too much water for the narrownesse of the Chanel where those ships did ride who also took vp the whole breadth of the riuer the Lord Admirall put himselfe into the Lord Thomas Howards ship When the flood beganne to swell Spanish ships runne aground at Cadiz the Lord Thomas and Sir Walter Rawleigh determined to lay the Armadoes aboord with the Queenes ships for the hulkes filled with Musketiers which were promised came not but as soone as Soto the Spanish Admirall perceiued that the said Leaders beganne to hoyse their top-sailes they presently cut their Cables by the halfe and draue a shoare sauing as many of themselues as they could carrie at once in their boates of the rest some were slaine in the furie and the rest taken to mercie The Admirall of the Spaniards called the Philip a goodlie and a powerfull ship tooke fire before she could be entred by an inch of a match fired and laied in the mouth of a barrell of powder in her gunner roome But the Lord Thomas Howard and sir Walter Rawlegh saued the Mathew and Andrew Viceadmirall and Rereadmirall of the Spanish fleet the other ships were set on fire by certain Negros who leapt into the riuer and saued themselues by swimming The IndiaÌ„ fleet of merchants being about 40 saile were gotten vp 4 English miles into the riuer for the redemption of which the K. officers in Cadiz offered the English 600 thousand pounds sterling The Earle of Essex was often prest to haue them first taken and then solde Spanish ships fired by themselues but hee beleeued that such as offered the composition had meant bonafide to pay the money from which hee could not bee dissuaded vntill he saw the ships all in a flame which the duke of Medina Sydonia commanded to bee done The number of the Spanish Fleet was fiftie seauen ships foureteene of the kings men of warre â—and three great Fly-boats which brought the Treasure from Portricco the rest were Merchants all faire ships full of good ordnance and richlyer laden than euer any Fleet was that went to the West Indies Here also I should remember that during the fight the gallies and Fort of Pontall plaied continually vpon the English ships The English hauing obtained this great victorie by Gods especiall fauor the earle resolued to follow it with all possible expedition and so immediately hee dispatcht the Sergeant Maior to get as many Gentlemen and old souldiers into boates English land at Cadiz as might well bee landed at once which being performed his Lordship and the Lord Marshall went to discouer the landing and finding it good he put betwixt two and three thousand men on land returning the boates to fetch my Lord Admirall with his seconds These being put in battell he commanded the Marshall to march directly with his regiment to the other side of the Iland which was halfe a mile from their landing his Lordship with the rest that were on shoare following him speedily Beeing come to the Southside the Earle diuided his troupes equally sending the one halfe with Sir Coniers Clifford sir Charles Blunt and sir Thomas Gerrard to breake downe a bridge called El Ponte del Suasso at a streit that keepes the passage from the maine marching himselfe with the other halfe towards the Towne the like directions hee gaue for the seconds to bee equally diuided and sent these two waies When hee came within halfe a mile of the Towne a cornet of horse with some shot made offer to skirmish but they were soone put to flight when they came within musket shot of the Towne there sallyed forth great troupes both horse and foot vnder fauor of their wals with their Cornets and Ensignes which the earle discouering from a little hill as they fell out of the towne hee gaue direction to the formost of the troups being some thirty pikes and as many shot to runne away as soone as the enemie offered to charge them the which they did giuing the enemy courage to come farther on than they first intended but the English charged them so fast as they had scarce time to recouer the Port and shut it The Horsemen which sallied out of the â—owne were called the Knights of shires they could not get into the Towne being so closely followed by the English foot whereupon they forsook their horses leapt ouer the wals at the west corner by which the English also entred The English in pursuing the Spaniards staied not vntill they came to the foot of their formost rampar and then the Earle diuided his troupes equally consisting of twelue hundred men keeping the one halfe with himselfe on the Southside of the Port and sending the Marshall with the rest to the Northside The Earle of Essex on this side with much â—doe found meanes for himselfe and some few others to get vp where he saw on the one side a Parapet of stone almost inaccessible for thâ—â— neither the bulwaâ—ke nor any part of the Courtine was finished There the English did first beate the enemie from the Parapet yet they lay open to another square bulwarke of stone which flanked them within a pikes length but they did so beset the bulwarke with shot as the enemie did them little harme Notwithstanding considering that they must quit the place for that their men lay vncouered the earle sought for an entrance which being found the leape downe being a pikes length Cadiz entred by the English hee commanded one Eâ—â—â—s which stood next him