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A12121 A treatise of schemes [and] tropes very profytable for the better vnderstanding of good authors, gathered out of the best grammarians [and] oratours by Rychard Sherry Londoner. Whervnto is added a declamacion, that chyldren euen strapt fro[m] their infancie should be well and gently broughte vp in learnynge. Written fyrst in Latin by the most excellent and famous clearke, Erasmus of Roterodame. Sherry, Richard, ca. 1506-ca. 1555.; Erasmus, Desiderius, d. 1536. De pueris statim ac liberaliter instituendis. English. aut 1550 (1550) STC 22428; ESTC S111062 82,560 238

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horne in hys nose naturall enemye to the Elephant Tragelaphus a goate hart Onocrotalus a byrd lyke to a swā whyche puttyng hys head into the water brayeth lyke an asse an asse of Iude and an Elephant The table maye haue an Elephant whom a Dragon claspeth harde aboute wrapping in his former feete with his tayle The litle chyld laugheth at the syght of thys straunge paintynge what shall the master do then He shall shewe him that ther is a greate beaste called in Greeke an Elephante and in Latine lykewyse saue that sometyme it is declined after the latine fashion He shall shewe that that whyche the grekes cal proboscida or his snout the latines call his hande because wyth that he reacheth hys meate He shall tell hym that that beaste doth not take breath at the mouthe as we do but at the snoute tha● he hath teth standyng out on bothe sides and they be iuory which rich mē set much price by and therwith shal shew hym an iuory combe Afterwardes he shall declare that in Iude ther be dragons as greate as they And that dragon is bothe a greke worde and a latine also saue that the grekes saye dracontes in the genitiue case He shall shewe that naturallie betwyxte the dragons and the Elephantes is great fyghte And if the chylde be somewhat gredy of learnynge he maye rehearse manye other thynges of the nature of Elephantes and dragons Manye reioyse to see huntinges paynted Here howe manye kyndes of trees hearbes byrdes foure footed beastes maye he lerne and playe I wyll not holde you longe wyth examples seynge it is easye by one to coniecture all The master shall be diligent in chosynge them oute and what he shall iudge moste pleasaunt to chyldren most me●e for them what they loue best and is most floryshyng that in especially let hym set before them The fyrste age lyke vnto the spring tyme standeth in pleasaunt sweete flowres and goodly grene herbes vntyl the heruest time of ripe mans age fyll the barne full of corne Then as it were agaynst reason in ver or springe tyme to seeke for a rype grape and a rose in autumne so muste the master marke what is mere for euerye age Mery and plesaunte thynges be conueniente for chyldehod howbeit all sourenesse and sadnes muste be cleane awaye from all studies And I am deceyued except the olde men ment that also whyche ascribed to the muses beynge virgins excellent bewtye harpe songes daunses and playes in the pleasaunt fieldes and ioyned to them as felowes the Ladies of loue and that increase of studies dyd stande specially in mutual loue of myndes and therefore the olde men called it the lernyng that perteined to man And ther is no cause why profite maye not folowe pleasure and honestie ioyned to delectacion For what letteth that they shulde not lerne eyther a proper fable arte of poets or a sentence or a notable prety hystorie or a learned tale as well as they lerne and can wythout boke a pi●yshe songe and oftētimes a baudy one to folishe old wiues tatlynges very trif●es of triflyng womē What a sūme of dreames vaine ryddels and vnprofitable trif●es of spirites hobgoblines fayries witches nightmares wood men and gyauntes how manye naughty lies how many euyll sayinges remember wee yea euen when we be men whych beyng lytle chyldrē we lerned of our dadies graūdmothers nurses maydens whyle they were spynnynge and heard thē when they kissed plaied wyth vs And what a profite shuld it haue bene to lernynge if in stede of these moste vaine garringes not only folyshe but also hurtfull wee had lerned those thynges that we rehearsed a litle before Thou wylt saye what lerned man wyll lowly hys wyt to these so small thynges Yet Aristotle hym selfe beynge so greate a philosopher was not greued to take vpon hym the office of a teacher to instruct Alexander Chiron fashioned the infancy of Achilles and Phenix succeded hym Hely the priest brought vp y e childe Samuell And ther be now a daies whych eyther for a lytle money or for theyr plesure take almost more payne in teachyng a pye or a popiniay There be some that for deuocions sake take vpon them iourneys that both be farre of and ieoperdeous and other laboures besyde almost intollerable Why dothe not holynes cause vs to do thys office seynge nothyng can please god better Howbeit in teachinge those thynges that we haue rehearsed the master must neyther be to much callyng vpon neither to sharpe but vse a continuaunce rather then be wythout measure Continuaunce hurteth not so it be mesurable spiced also wyth varietie and plesaūtnes Finally if these thynges be so taught that imaginaciō of labour be awaye and that the chylde do thynk al thinges be done in playe Here the course of our talkyng putteth vs in remēbraunce briefely to shewe by what meanes it maye be brought to passe that lernyng shuld waxe swete vnto the chylde which before we somwhat touched To be able to speake redely as I told you is easely gotten by vse After thys cōmeth the care to reade and write why●h of it selfe is somwhat tedious but the griefe is taken awaye a great parte by the cūnyng handling of the master if it be sauced w t some pleasaunt aliurementes For you shall fynde some whych tarye long and take great paine in knowyng ioynynge their letters in those fyrst rudimētes of grammer whē they wyl quyckely lerne greater thyngs The yrkesōnes of these thinges must be holpē by some pretie craft of the which y e old fathers haue shewed certē fashions Some haue made the letters in sweete crustes and cakes that chyldren loue well th● so in manner they myghte eate vp their letters When they tell the letters name they geue the letter it selfe for a rewarde Other haue made the fashion of iuorie that the chylde shulde playe wyth them or if there were any other thyng wherin that age is specially delited The englyshe mē delyte principally in shotynge and teache it their chyldren fyrst of all wherfore a certen father that had a good quicke wyt perceiuinge his sonne to haue a greate pleasure in shotyng bought hym a prety bowe very fayr arrowes in al partes both of hys bowe arrowes were letters painted Afterwards in sted of markes he set vp the fashiō of letters fyrste of Greke and after of latē when he hyt tolde the name of the letter besyde a greate reioysinge he had for a reward a cherye or some other thynge that chyldrē delyte in Of that playe commeth more fruite if two or thre matches playe together For then the hope of victorie and feare of rebuke maketh them to take more heede and to be more chereful By thys deuise it was broughte aboute that the chylde wythin a fewe dayes playynge had perfitely lerned to know sound all hys letters whych y e cōmō sort of teachers be scarse able to brynge
adherentes Delecio put●ynge oute when .ii. vowels comyng together the first is as it were put out as thone and thother for the one and the other Littera pro littera One letter for an other as akecorne for okecorne Transposicio Transposing of letters in wrytynge as chambre for chamber Figure of construccion Figure of construccion is when the order of construccion is otherwyse then after the comen maner And the kyndes be these Presumpcio a takynge before or generall speakynge of those thynges whych afterwardes be declared more perticulerlye as in the meane seasō that kyng Henry rode royally to Calais on a sumpteous courser Lewes in a gorgeous chariot was cart●d to Boloygne Iunctio ioynyng as Linacer sayeth is when in lyke sentences a certen comen thyng that is put in the one and not chaunged in the other is not expressed but lefte out as in Uyrgyll Before I forget Cesar eyther the Parthian shall drynke of the flud Araris or Germany of Tigris here is left out shall drynke Or to define it more playnelye Iniunctio is when the verbe in diuerse lyke sentences is referred to one and that thre maner of waies Fyrste when it is set before and is called Preiunctio as There dyd ouercome in hym lechery his chastitie saucines his feare madnesse hys reason Secondlye when it is set in the miodes is called Media iunctio as bewtye eyther by age decaieth or by syckenes Thyrdly whē it is put in the end and is called Postiunctio as bewtie by syckenes by sorowe or by age decayeth Disiunctio disiunccion when of those thynges of whych we speake eyther both or eche one of them is concluded with their certen verbe thus The people of Rome destroyed Numance ouerthrew Cartage cast downe Corinth and raced Fregels Couetousnes hurteth the bodye and corrupteth the mynd Concepcio when in vnlike clauses a certeyn cōmon thynge that is put in one of thē can not agre with the other excepte it be chaunged But thys is more playne in the latine because of the concordes albeit in englyshe for the verbe we may vse this example The Nobles and the Kynge was taken Hys head and hys handes were cutte of In the whyche sentences the verbe agreeth wyth the nexte Appositio when two substātiues are put together immediatly with oute any verbe betwyxt the one to declare the other as in Uyrgyll Coridō loued faire Alexis his masters darlynge Transgressio when the ryghte order of wordes is troubled hath these kyndes Reuersio a preposterous order of the woordes contrarye to the good order of speakyng as He fell from of the wall for he fel of from the walle Prepostera loquutio when y e that is done afterwardes is set in speaking in the former place as plucke of my bootes and spurres Dissectio a cutting when the ioynyng of a compound worde is losed by putting somewhat betwixt as Hys saying was true as here shal appere after for hereafter He shal be punyshed what man so euer offēdeth for whatsoeuer man Interpositio Interposicion is a dissoluciō of the order of the words by putting a sentence betwixt as The man I speke it for no harme wyl somtime haue his owne wyll Defectus when somewhat lacketh in speakyng but cōmenlye vsed to be vnderstand as Good morowe good nyght Casus pro casu when one case is putte for another as me thynke it is so Faute Of Scheme the second parte is in speach as it we●e a faute which though it be pardoned in Poetes yet in prose it is not to be suffered The kyndes bee these obscure inordinate barbarous Obscure and hys partes Obscure is when ther is a darknes thorow faut eyther of the wordes or of the settynge of them and these ben the partes Improprietas when a worde nothynge at all in hys proper significacion is broughte into a sentence as a cloude as you shall haue syxe strypes you longe for Super abundancia when y e sentence is laden with superfluous wordes as he spake it wyth his mouthe he sawe it wyth hys eyes Sermo superfluus when a sentēce is added y e matter therby made neuer the waightyer as y e Embassadours obteining no peace returned backe home frō whēce they came Inutilis repe●icio eiusdem is a vayne repeting agayn of one word or moe in all one sentence whyche faute by takyng lytle heede Cicero also fell into as in the oracion for Aulus Cluencius Therefore that iudgemēt was not lyke a iudgemēt O Iudges Sermo ubique sui similis a greater faute then the other is when the whole matter is all alyke and hath no varietie to auoyde tediousnes as He came thither to y e bath yet he saide afterwardes Here one seruaunt bet me Afterwardes he sayde vnto hym I wyll consider Afterwardes he chyd wyth hym cryed more and more when manye were presente Suche a folyshe tellyng of a tale shall you heare in many simple halle folyshe persons Ambiguitas when thorow faute of ioynyng the wordes it is doutefull to whych the verbe belongeth as Hys father loueth hym better then hys mother Sedulitas superflua when ther i● in speakyng tomuch diligence and curiositye and the sentence ouerladen with super●●uous wordes whiche faute is the same or verye lyke to that that is called Macrologia whych is when the sentence vpon desyre to seme fyne and eloquent is longer then it shulde be Inordinate and his partes Inordinate is when eyther order or dignitie lacketh in the wordes and the kyndes ben these Humiliatio when the dygnitye of the thyng is diminyshed by basenes of the worde as if we shuld say to a greate prynce or a kynge If it please your mastershyp Turpis loquutio when the words be spoken or ioyned together that they may be wronge into a fylthye sence Of thys it nedeth not to put any example when lewde wanton persons wyl soone fynde in owe. Mala affectatio euyll affectaciō or leude folowyng when the wytte lacketh iudgement and ●ondlye folowyng a good maner of speaking runne into a faute as when affectyng copy we fall into a vaine bablynge or laboryng to be brief wax bare drye Also if we shuld saye a phrase of building or an audiēce of shepe as a certē homely felow dyd Male figuratum when the oracion is all playne and symple lacketh his figures wherby as it wer wyth starres it might shyne which faute is counted of wryters not amonge the leaste Male collocatum when wordes be naughtelye ioyned together or set in a place wher thei shuld not be Cumulatio a mynglyng and heapyng together of wordes of diuerse languages into one speche as of Frenche welche spanyshe into englyshe and an vsynge of wordes be they pure or barbarous And although great authors somtyme in
in this poynte also the diligēce of the parētes helpeth much The fyrst poynt is that a mā chose to hym selfe a wyfe that is good come of a good kynred and well broughte vp also of an healthfull bodie For seyng the kynred of the body and mynde is very stray●lye knytte it can not be but that the one thynge eyther muste be ●o●●en or h●rte of the other The nexte is that when the husband● dothe hys duetye to get chyldren ●e do it neither beyng moued wyth anger nor yet ●runk●n for these aff●c●●●ns go into the chylde by a secrete 〈◊〉 A ce●●en philosopher seemed to haue ma●ked that thyng proper●y w●ych seynge a yonge man b●●a●●n●e h●m selfe not verye ●oderlie it is meruell quod he but if thy father ●egat the whē he was dr●nke Uerily I thinke this also maketh greatli to the matter if the mother at all times but specially at y e time of concepcion and byrthe haue her mynde free from all cr●mes and be of a good cōscience For ther can be nothyng eyther more quiet or more merye then such a mynd The thyrd point is y t the mother noryshe with her own brestes her infāt or if ther hap any necessitie that it maye not so be let be chosē a nurse of a wholsome body of pure mylke go●d condicions nether drunkē nor brauler nor lecherous For the vices that be takē euen in y e very beginninges of lyfe both of the bodye and of the mynd abyde fast vntyl we be olde Some men also write y t it skilleth muche who be his sucking felowes who be his playfelowes Fourthlye that in due season he be set to a chosen scholemaster alowed by all mens witnes and many waies tryed You must be diligēt in chosyng and after go thorowe with it Homer disaloweth wher many beare rule and after the olde prouerbe of the grekes The multitude of captaines dyd lose Caria And the oftē chaunginge of phisicions hath destroyed manye There is nothynge more vnprofitable then often to chaunge y e master For by that meanes the web of Penelopes is wouē vnwouen But I haue knowen childrē whych before they wer .xii. yere old had more thē .xii. masters and that thorowe the rechelesnesse of their parētes And yet after this is done must the parētes be diligēt They shall take heede bothe to the master to the sonne neither shall they so caste away al care from thē as they are wonte to laye all the charge of the doughter vpon the spouse but the father shall oftentyme looke vpon them and marke whether he profite remembrynge those thynges whych the olde men spake both sage●y and wittely that the fore●ead is set before the hynder part of the head and that nothyng sooner fatteth the horse then the masters eye nor that no dunge maketh the ground more fruitfull then the masters footyng I speake of yonge one For as for the elders it is meete sometyme that they be sente far out of oure syght whiche thing as it were a graffing is inespecially wont to ●ame yongemens wyttes Emonge the excellent vertues of Paulus Emilius this also is praised that as oftē as he might for his busines in the cōmon welth he wolde be at the exercises of hys sōnes And Plinie the nepheu was contente nowe and then ●o go into the schole for his friendes sonnes sake whom he had taken vpon him to brynge vp in good learnynge Furthermore that that wee haue spoken of nature is not to be vnderstand one wayes For there is a nature of a common kynde as the nature of a man is to vse reason But ther is a nature peculier eyther to hym or him that properly belōgeth either to thys man or that as if a man wolde saye some menne to be borne to disciplines mathematical some to diuinitie some to rethorike some to poetrie and some to war So myghtely disposed they be and pulled to these studies that by no meanes they canne be discoraged from them or so greatly they abhor them that they wyl sooner go into the fyre then apply their mynde to a science that they hate I knewe one familierlye whych was verye well seene both in greke and latin and well learned in all liberall sciences when an archbishop by w●● he was found had sende hither by hys letters that he shulde begynne to heare the readers of the lawe agaynst hys nature After he had cōplayned of this to me for we laye both together I exhorted hym to be ruled by his patron saying that it wold wexe more easy that at the beginning was harde and that at the least waye he shulde geue some part of hys tyme to that study After he had brought oute certen places wonderfull folyshe which yet those professours halfe goddes dyd teache their hearers wyth greate authoritie I answered he shuld set light by them take out that whiche they taught well and after I had preased vpon hym wyth many argumentes I am quod he so minded that as often as I turne my selfe to these studies me thinketh a swerde runneth thorowe my hert Menne that bee thus naturallye borne I thynke they be not to bee compelled against their nature lest after the common saying we shuld leade an Oxe to wreastlynge or an Asse to the harpe Peraduenture of this inclinacion you may perceiue certen markes in lytle ons There be that can pronosticate such thynges by the houre of hys birthe to whose iudgemente howe muche ought to be geuen I leaue i● to euerye mans e●●macion It molde yet muche ●rofite to haue espyed the same assoone as can be b●cause we learne those thynges moste easelie to the which nature hath made ●s I thinke it not a very vayne thing to coniecture by y e figure of the f●ce and the behaueour of the rest of the bodie what disposicion a man is of Certes Aristotle so greate a philosopher v●●chsaued to put oute a booke of phisiognomye verye cunnynge and well laboured As saylyng is more pleasaunt when wee haue bothe the wynd and the tyde so be we soner taught those things to the whych we be inclined by redines of wyt Uirgyll hath shewed markes wherby a man may know an oxe good for y ● plough or a cowe meete for generacion encrease of cattell Beste is y ● oxe that looketh grimly He techeth by what tokēs you may espie a yong colte mete for ●usting Sraight waye the colt of a l●sty courage trāplethgaylie in the fieldes c. for you know the verses They are deceyued whyche beleue that nature hathe geuen vnto man no markes whereby hys disposiciō maye bee gathered and they do amisse that do not marke them that be geuen Albeit in my iudgemente there is scante anye discipline but that the wyt of man is apt to lerne it if we continue in preceptes and exercise For what may not a man learne when an Eliphant maye be taught to walke vpō a corde a bear to daunse and an asse to playe
chyld to beat the sides of an infant woldest thou not beleue that a bull were taught to y e plowgh or an asse to bear paniars and not a mā to vertue And what rewarde doth he promise vs That he grope not after other mēnes dores He is afeard lest his son shulde be poore as the greateste of all mischiefe What is more coldly spoken then thys sentence Let gentle admonicion be oure rodde and sometyme chydyng also but sauced wyth mekenes not bitternes Let vs vse thys whyp continuallye in our chyldren y t beyng wel brought vp they maye haue at home a meanes to lyue well and not be cōpelled to begge counsell at their neighbours how to do their busines Licon the philosopher hath shewed .ii sharpe spurres to quicken vp chyldrens wyttes shame and prayse shame is the feare of a iust reproch prayse is the norysher of all verteous actes wyth these prickes lette vs quicken our chyldrens wyttes ▪ Also if you wyl I wyl shewe you a club to beate their sides wythall Continuall labour vanquysheth all thynges sayth the best of al poetes Let vs wake let vs prycke thē forwardes styl call vpon them by requitinge repetynge and often teachyng Wyth this club let vs beate the sydes of our infantes Fyrst let them lerne to loue and maruell at vertue and lernyng to abhor sinne and ignorance Let them hear some praysed for theyr well doinges and some rebuked for their euyl Let examples be brought in of those men to whom lernyng hath gottē hygh glorye ryches dignitie and authoritie And againe of them to whom their euyll condicions wyc wythout all lernyng hath brought infamie contempt pouertye and myschiefe These verely be the clubbes meete for christians that make disciples of Iesu. And if we cānot profite by monicions nor prayers neyther by emulacion nor shame nor prayse nor by other meanes euen the chastenyng w t the rod if it so require ought to be gentle honeste For euen thys that the bodies of gētle children shulde be made bare is a kind of despite Howbeit Fabius vtterly cōdemneth al y e custume to beate gentle chyldrē Some mā wil saye what shall be done to them if they can not be driuen to ●●udy but by stripes I answer roūdly what wold ye do to asses or to oxen if thei went to schole Woldest thou not driue them in to the contrey put the one to the backhouse the other to the plowe For there be men as well borne to the plowe and to the backehouse as oxen and asses be But they wyll saye then decreseth my flocke What then Yea and myne aduauntage to Thys is an harde matter thys maketh them to weepe They set more by money then by the profite of the chyldren But suche are all the cōmon sorte of folyshe teachers ● graunte As the philosophers describe a wyse mā y e rethoricians an oratour such one as scarse maye be foūd in anye place So muche more easye it is to prescribe what manner of man a scholmaster shuld be thē to find many y t wil be as you wold haue thē But thys oughte to be a publyque care and charge and belongeth to the ciuyle officer and chyef prelats of the churche that as ther be men appointed to serue in war to singe in churches so muche more there shulde be ordeined that shuld teach citizens chyldren well and gently Uespasianus oute of hys owne cofers gaue yerely sixe hūdred poūde to Latine and Greke rethoricians Plinie the nephew of his owne liberalitie bestowed a great sūme of money to the same purpose And if the comēty in thys poynt be slacke certenly euerye man ought to take hede at home for his owne house Thou wylt saye what shall poore men do which can scarse fynd their chyldren muche lesse hyre a master to teache them Here I haue nothynge to saye but thys oute of the comedie We muste do as we maye do when we can not as we wolde We do shewe the beste waye of teachynge we be not able to geue fortune Saue that here also the liberalitie of ryche men ought to helpe good wyt●es whych can not shewe forthe the strength of naturall inclinacion because of pouertye I wyll that the gentlenes of the master shulde be so tempered that familiaritie the companion of contempte put not away honeste reuerence suche one as men say Sarpedo was tutour to Cato of Utica which thorowe hys gentle maners gat greate loue and by hys vertue as lyke authoritie causynge the chylde to haue a greate reuerence and to set much by him wythout anye feare of roddes But these y t can do nothynge elles but beate what wolde they do if they had taken vp on them to teache Emperoures or kynges chyldren whome it were not lefull to beate They wyll saye that greate mens sonnes muste be excepted from thys fashion What is that Be not the chyldren of citizens men as well as kynges chyldren be Shulde not euerye manne as wel loue hys chylde as if he wer a kynges sonne If his estate be sūwhat base so muche the more neede hath he to be taught and holpen by lernynge that he maye come vp from hys pore case But he be of hye degre philosophy lernyng is necessarye to gouerne hys matters well Further not a fewe be called frome lowe degre to hye estate yea sometyme to be great byshops All men come not to thys yet oughte al men to be brought vp to come to it I wll braule no more with these greate beaters after I haue tolde you this one thing How that those lawes officers ●e condemned of wyse men whych can no more but feare men wyth punyshement do not also entyse men by rewardes and the whych punyshe fautes and prouide not also y t nothyng be done worthy punishmēt The same must be thought of the cōmon sort of teachers whych only beate for fautes and do not also teache y e mynd that it do not amysse They straitlie require their lesson of them if the chylde fayle he is beaten and whē this is done daily because the child shuld be more accustumed to it thei thinke they haue plaied the part of a gaye scholemaster But the chyld shulde fyrste haue ben encoraged to loue lernyng and to be afearde to displease hys teacher But of these thynges peraduenture some man wyl thynke I haue spoken to much so myght I worthely be thought except that almoste all men dyd in this poynte so greatly offende that hereof a mā cā neuer speke inough Furthermore it wyll helpe verye muche if he that hathe taken vpon hym to teache a chylde so sette hys mynd vpon hym that he bear a fatherlye loue vnto hym By thys it shall come to passe y t both the child wil lerne more gladly he shal fele lesse ●ediousnes of his laboure For in euery busines loue taketh away y e greatest part of hardnes And because after the olde prouerbe Lyke