torment_v themselves_o to_o no_o purpose_n with_o other_o people_n calamity_n and_o epictetus_n advise_v they_o shall_v not_o but_o they_o sacrifice_v themselves_o and_o all_o their_o quiet_n to_o care_n and_o trouble_v they_o neglect_v their_o own_o private_a affair_n and_o family_n and_o must_v be_v content_a with_o perpetual_a vexation_n and_o interruption_n and_o to_o lose_v many_o precious_a opportunity_n that_o may_v be_v improve_v to_o very_o wise_a and_o virtuous_a purpose_n upon_o all_o these_o account_n and_o to_o make_v they_o some_o amends_o every_o man_n be_v bind_v not_o only_o to_o be_v obedient_a but_o so_o far_o as_o in_o he_o lie_v to_o ease_v they_o and_o bear_v a_o part_n of_o their_o burden_n to_o be_v active_a and_o vigorous_a in_o their_o support_n and_o defence_n as_o look_v upon_o their_o danger_n to_o affect_v the_o state_n in_o common_a and_o threaten_v the_o whole_a constitution_n and_o if_o these_o governor_n be_v such_o as_o do_v by_o no_o mean_n answer_v their_o character_n nor_o take_v the_o care_n that_o become_v they_o though_o we_o be_v not_o bind_v to_o vindicate_v their_o error_n or_o their_o wickedness_n yet_o even_o in_o such_o case_n we_o be_v oblige_v to_o pay_v they_o all_o that_o be_v due_a to_o the_o dignity_n of_o their_o post_n we_o must_v show_v they_o all_o fit_a deference_n and_o respect_n and_o comply_v with_o their_o command_n as_o far_o as_o with_o a_o good_a conscience_n we_o may_v but_o it_o be_v very_o fit_a i_o shall_v now_o apply_v myself_o to_o the_o follow_a chapter_n and_o not_o quit_v my_o first_o design_n which_o be_v to_o explain_v epictetus_n and_o not_o to_o run_v out_o into_o unnecessary_a enlargement_n upon_o the_o several_a relation_n man_n stand_v in_o to_o each_o other_o for_o otherwise_o while_o i_o teach_v my_o reader_n his_o duty_n he_o will_v be_v apt_a to_o suspect_v that_o i_o have_v forget_v my_o own_o chap._n xxxviii_o take_v notice_n that_o the_o principal_a and_o most_o important_a duty_n in_o religion_n be_v to_o possess_v our_o mind_n with_o just_a and_o become_a notion_n of_o the_o god_n to_o believe_v that_o there_o be_v such_o supreme_a being_n and_o that_o they_o govern_v and_o dispose_v all_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o world_n with_o a_o just_a and_o good_a providence_n and_o in_o agreement_n to_o such_o a_o persuasion_n to_o dispose_v yourself_o for_o a_o ready_a and_o reverend_a obedience_n and_o a_o perfect_a acquiscence_n in_o all_o their_o dispensation_n and_o this_o submission_n be_v to_o be_v the_o effect_n of_o choice_n and_o not_o constraint_n as_o consider_v that_o all_o event_n be_v order_v by_o a_o most_o wise_a and_o excellent_a mind_n for_o this_o be_v the_o only_a principle_n that_o can_v secure_v you_o from_o a_o querulous_a temper_n and_o prevent_v all_o the_o impious_a murmur_n which_o man_n be_v use_v to_o utter_v who_o imagine_v themselves_o neglect_v and_o their_o merit_n overlooked_a by_o a_o partial_a deity_n now_o for_o attain_v to_o the_o good_a disposition_n i_o have_v be_v describe_v there_o be_v but_o one_o possible_a method_n viz._n to_o disregard_n the_o thing_n of_o the_o world_n and_o be_v full_o satisfy_v that_o there_o be_v no_o happiness_n or_o misery_n in_o any_o other_o thing_n but_o what_o nature_n have_v put_v within_o your_o own_o power_n and_o choice_n for_o so_o long_o as_o you_o suppose_v any_o external_a enjoyment_n capable_a of_o make_v you_o happy_a or_o the_o want_n of_o they_o miserable_a you_o must_v unavoidable_o blame_v the_o disposer_n of_o they_o as_o oft_o as_o you_o meet_v with_o any_o disappointment_n in_o your_o hope_n or_o fall_v into_o any_o calamity_n you_o fear_v this_o be_v a_o principle_n fix_v in_o all_o creature_n by_o nature_n and_o nothing_o can_v change_v or_o remove_v it_o to_o run_v away_o from_o all_o that_o seem_v hurtful_a and_o destructive_a and_o to_o have_v a_o aversion_n for_o the_o cause_n of_o these_o thing_n to_o we_o and_o so_o likewise_o to_o pursue_v and_o court_v the_o contrary_a and_o love_n and_o admire_v the_o person_n we_o owe_v our_o good_a to_o so_o that_o no_o man_n can_v take_v pleasure_n in_o the_o suppose_a author_n of_o his_o mischief_n any_o more_o than_o in_o the_o mischief_n itself_o hence_o it_o be_v that_o son_n complain_v of_o their_o father_n and_o reproach_v they_o for_o not_o let_v they_o into_o a_o great_a share_n of_o their_o estate_n in_o which_o they_o place_v their_o happiness_n hence_o polynices_n and_o eteocles_n engage_v in_o that_o unnatural_a war_n because_o they_o place_v their_o happiness_n in_o a_o crown_n hence_o the_o husbandman_n cry_v out_o against_o god_n when_o the_o season_n be_v unkind_o and_o the_o merchant_n repine_v at_o storm_n and_o loss_n at_o sea_n and_o master_n of_o family_n at_o the_o death_n of_o their_o belove_a wife_n and_o child_n now_o no_o man_n can_v have_v religion_n without_o mix_v some_o prospect_n of_o advantage_n with_o it_o nor_o can_v we_o hearty_o serve_v and_o adore_v a_o be_v of_o who_o justice_n and_o kindness_n we_o have_v not_o a_o good_a opinion_n so_o that_o by_o make_v it_o our_o business_n to_o regulate_v our_o desire_n and_o our_o aversion_n and_o direct_v they_o to_o worthy_a and_o proper_a object_n we_o do_v at_o the_o same_o time_n most_o effectual_o secure_v our_o piety_n it_o be_v necessary_a also_o that_o you_o shall_v offer_v sacrifice_n and_o conform_v to_o the_o custom_n of_o your_o country_n in_o the_o exercise_n of_o religion_n and_o that_o all_o thing_n of_o this_o kind_n be_v perform_v with_o sincerity_n and_o devotion_n not_o slovenly_a and_o careless_o but_o with_o a_o decent_a application_n and_o respect_n and_o that_o your_o offering_n be_v according_a to_o your_o ability_n so_o temper_v as_o neither_o to_o betray_v a_o vnwillingness_n or_o sordid_a grudge_a in_o one_o extreme_a nor_o to_o run_v out_o into_o the_o other_o of_o profuseness_n and_o ostentation_n comment_fw-fr after_o the_o duty_n expect_v from_o we_o to_o our_o equal_n that_o be_v of_o man_n to_o one_o another_o he_o proceed_v now_o to_o instruct_v we_o what_o we_o owe_v to_o our_o superior_n viz._n those_o of_o a_o nature_n more_o excellent_a than_o our_o own_o and_o in_o all_o disquisition_n of_o this_o kind_n it_o be_v a_o very_a convenient_a method_n to_o begin_v with_o those_o thing_n that_o be_v near_o and_o most_o familiar_a to_o we_o and_o so_o by_o degree_n ascend_v to_o those_o above_o and_o at_o a_o great_a distance_n from_o we_o now_o these_o duty_n be_v likewise_o discover_v by_o take_v a_o just_a view_n of_o the_o relation_n between_o the_o god_n and_o we_o and_o that_o be_v such_o a_o one_o as_o effect_n bear_v to_o their_o high_a and_o first_o cause_n if_o then_o they_o be_v to_o be_v consider_v under_o this_o notion_n it_o be_v evident_a that_o they_o stand_v not_o in_o any_o need_n of_o our_o service_n nor_o can_v we_o add_v to_o their_o happiness_n or_o perfection_n our_o duty_n consequent_o and_o the_o intent_n of_o they_o be_v only_o such_o as_o may_v express_v our_o subjection_n and_o procure_v we_o a_o more_o free_a access_n and_o intercourse_n with_o they_o for_o this_o be_v the_o only_a method_n of_o keep_v up_o the_o relation_n to_o first_o and_o high_a cause_n the_o instance_n of_o this_o subjection_n due_a from_o we_o be_v honour_n and_o reverence_n and_o adoration_n a_o voluntary_a submission_n to_o all_o they_o do_v and_o a_o perfect_a acquiescence_n in_o all_o event_n order_v by_o they_o as_o be_v full_o satisfy_v that_o they_o be_v the_o appointment_n of_o absolute_a wisdom_n and_o infinite_a goodness_n these_o be_v such_o qualification_n as_o we_o must_v attain_v to_o by_o rectify_v the_o idea_n of_o our_o mind_n and_o reform_v the_o error_n of_o our_o life_n the_o idea_n of_o our_o mind_n must_v be_v rectify_v by_o entertain_v no_o thought_n of_o the_o god_n but_o what_o be_v worthy_a of_o they_o and_o become_v we_o as_o that_o they_o be_v the_o first_o cause_n of_o all_o thing_n that_o they_o dispose_v of_o all_o event_n and_o concern_v themselves_o in_o the_o government_n of_o the_o world_n and_o that_o all_o their_o government_n and_o all_o their_o disposal_n be_v wise_a and_o just_o and_o good_n for_o if_o a_o man_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o there_o be_v no_o god_n or_o if_o he_o allow_v his_o existence_n but_o deny_v his_o providence_n or_o if_o he_o allow_v both_o these_o but_o think_v that_o god_n and_o that_o providence_n defective_a in_o his_o counsel_n or_o unjust_a in_o his_o distribution_n such_o a_o one_o can_v never_o pay_v he_o true_a honour_n and_o hearty_a adoration_n nor_o submit_v with_o a_o resign_v and_o content_v spirit_n to_o the_o various_a accident_n of_o humane_a life_n as_o if_o all_o be_v order_v for_o the_o best_a again_o it_o be_v likewise_o necessary_a that_o the_o life_n and_o conversation_n
immediate_a discovery_n of_o heaven_n for_o the_o benefit_n and_o support_v of_o mankind_n such_o as_o physic_n and_o architecture_n and_o the_o like_a we_o have_v no_o more_o than_o some_o faint_a shadow_n and_o imperfect_a image_n remain_v how_o i_o say_v be_v it_o possible_a that_o these_o and_o many_o other_o calamity_n and_o monstrous_a wickedness_n which_o the_o present_a age_n be_v perfect_o overrun_v with_o shall_v be_v matter_n of_o pleasure_n or_o contentment_n and_o who_o be_v there_o that_o can_v take_v satisfaction_n i_o do_v not_o say_v in_o see_v or_o bear_v a_o part_n in_o they_o but_o so_o much_o as_o to_o endure_v the_o very_a hear_v they_o name_v except_o he_o be_v first_o forsake_v of_o all_o humanity_n and_o all_o goodness_n such_o doubt_n as_o these_o which_o give_v sometime_o great_a perplexity_n not_o only_o to_o the_o weak_a and_o common_a man_n but_o to_o the_o think_v and_o more_o accomplish_v person_n will_v receive_v satisfaction_n if_o either_o epictetus_n be_v allow_v to_o have_v any_o authority_n in_o what_o he_o say_v or_o the_o great_a governor_n of_o all_o thing_n be_v grant_v to_o order_v the_o world_n in_o wisdom_n and_o justice_n for_o our_o piety_n and_o our_o advantage_n will_v be_v sure_a to_o terminate_v in_o the_o same_o object_n as_o epictetus_n himself_o will_v assure_v we_o more_o full_o hereafter_o in_o answer_v therefore_o to_o the_o objection_n i_o say_v that_o if_o all_o these_o deplorable_a accident_n which_o the_o objector_n have_v give_v so_o tragical_a a_o account_n of_o be_v real_o evil_a and_o such_o as_o they_o be_v general_o esteem_v to_o be_v it_o be_v not_o possible_a that_o either_o any_o good_a man_n shall_v without_o forfeit_v that_o character_n be_v please_v to_o have_v they_o so_o nor_o can_v the_o providence_n of_o almighty_n god_n be_v acquit_v from_o the_o imputation_n of_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o evil_a to_o we_o nor_o can_v man_n ever_o prevail_v with_o themselves_o to_o honour_n or_o love_n or_o pay_v adoration_n to_o such_o a_o deity_n for_o let_v man_n pretend_v what_o they_o will_v no_o argument_n in_o the_o world_n be_v able_a to_o produce_v these_o affection_n for_o the_o author_n of_o misery_n and_o mischief_n it_o be_v a_o principle_n root_v in_o every_o creature_n as_o epictetus_n will_v show_v you_o to_o hate_v and_o decline_v and_o run_v away_o from_o all_o thing_n that_o be_v prejudicial_a to_o it_o themselves_o or_o the_o cause_n of_o other_o thing_n be_v so_o to_o it_o but_o whatever_o be_v for_o its_o benefit_n and_o productive_a of_o its_o happiness_n these_o thing_n it_o natural_o court_v and_o admire_v thus_o much_o be_v certain_a upon_o supposition_n that_o these_o accident_n be_v real_o evil_a but_o now_o if_o notwithstanding_o our_o dreadful_a apprehension_n of_o they_o they_o be_v in_o truth_n no_o such_o matter_n but_o rather_o good_a as_o conduce_v very_o much_o to_o some_o mighty_a benefit_n and_o direct_v to_o excellent_a purpose_n and_o that_o if_o any_o evil_a do_v indeed_o attend_v these_o dispensation_n this_o be_v what_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n be_v no_o way_n concern_v in_o but_o be_v whole_o owe_v to_o the_o desire_n and_o strong_a impulse_n of_o our_o own_o mind_n in_o this_o case_n it_o will_v by_o no_o mean_n follow_v that_o he_o who_o be_v well_o enough_o please_v all_o thing_n shall_v be_v just_a as_o they_o be_v be_v either_o a_o vicious_a or_o a_o barbarous_a man_n nor_o can_v we_o with_o any_o colour_n charge_v the_o evil_n we_o find_v in_o the_o world_n upon_o these_o occasion_n to_o almighty_a god_n but_o must_v acquit_v his_o providence_n and_o acknowledge_v it_o to_o be_v infinite_o wise_a and_o good_n now_o the_o thing_n in_o which_o all_o these_o seem_a evil_n be_v and_o from_o whence_o they_o spring_v must_v be_v consider_v in_o this_o condition_n of_o mortality_n and_o undergo_a the_o vicissitude_n of_o generation_n and_o corruption_n either_o as_o body_n or_o soul_n and_o of_o these_o soul_n again_o some_o be_v irrational_a of_o the_o same_o date_n and_o duration_n with_o the_o body_n and_o have_v none_o or_o but_o very_o little_a peculiar_a excellence_n of_o their_o own_o their_o office_n and_o power_n extend_v no_o far_o than_o mere_o the_o animate_v those_o body_n to_o which_o they_o belong_v and_o therefore_o all_o their_o motion_n depend_v upon_o and_o proceed_v in_o conjunction_n with_o the_o body_n but_o other_o soul_n be_v rational_a these_o have_v a_o inward_a principle_n of_o motion_n and_o a_o essence_n and_o excellence_n distinct_a from_o their_o body_n they_o move_v by_o their_o own_o choice_n and_o be_v absolute_a in_o the_o dispose_n their_o own_o desire_n and_o inclination_n now_o the_o body_n belong_v to_o these_o be_v in_o their_o own_o nature_n pure_o mechanical_a and_o derive_v their_o essence_n from_o external_n cause_n be_v subject_a to_o the_o motion_n of_o heavenly_a body_n which_o influence_n their_o generation_n and_o corruption_n and_o the_o various_a alteration_n through_o which_o they_o pass_v but_o if_o we_o come_v near_o and_o descend_v to_o the_o immediate_a and_o material_a cause_n than_o they_o be_v move_v and_o affect_v by_o a_o mutual_a operation_n upon_o one_o another_o for_o this_o be_v agreeable_a to_o all_o the_o reason_n in_o the_o world_n that_o temporary_a and_o corruptible_a thing_n shall_v depend_v upon_o the_o eternal_a for_o their_o subsistence_n and_o be_v obedient_a to_o their_o influence_n mechanical_a being_n upon_o such_o as_o be_v endue_v with_o a_o faculty_n of_o selfmotion_n and_o those_o that_o be_v contain_v within_o other_o upon_o the_o ambient_n that_o contain_v they_o this_o be_v the_o constant_a method_n and_o rule_n of_o nature_n that_o these_o shall_v follow_v the_o other_o superior_a to_o they_o as_o have_v no_o principle_n of_o motion_n in_o themselves_o no_o faculty_n of_o choose_v no_o power_n of_o determine_v their_o â—_z or_o affection_n of_o their_o nature_n no_o merit_n or_o demerit_n from_o choice_n or_o action_n but_o be_v only_o good_a or_o evil_a in_o respect_n and_o proportion_n to_o their_o cause_n just_o as_o the_o shadow_n of_o body_n do_v not_o choose_v their_o side_n or_o shape_v as_o they_o please_v but_o be_v necessary_o determine_v by_o their_o cause_n and_o their_o circumstance_n and_o be_v never_o the_o worse_o or_o the_o better_a for_o those_o determination_n now_o as_o to_o body_n whatever_o change_n they_o undergo_v this_o variety_n can_v be_v no_o ill_a to_o they_o whether_o they_o be_v compound_v or_o simple_a body_n first_o of_o all_o because_o it_o be_v what_o the_o condition_n of_o their_o nature_n have_v make_v they_o liable_a to_o they_o be_v bind_v in_o law_n irrevocable_a which_o they_o may_v neither_o control_v nor_o resist_v and_o consequent_o can_v receive_v no_o harm_n by_o whatever_o they_o impose_v as_o have_v no_o power_n to_o do_v otherwise_o for_o ignorance_n will_v be_v no_o evil_a nor_o the_o most_o brutish_a and_o extravagant_a conversation_n nor_o will_v the_o rational_a soul_n be_v one_o whit_n the_o worse_a for_o either_o have_v not_o nature_n endue_v she_o with_o a_o faculty_n of_o discern_v and_o understanding_n the_o truth_n and_o give_v she_o a_o power_n over_o the_o brutish_a appetite_n by_o which_o she_o be_v enable_v to_o subdue_v and_o over-rule_v they_o second_o because_o the_o compound_v body_n which_o consist_v of_o simple_a ingredient_n that_o be_v of_o contrary_a quality_n such_o as_o be_v perpetual_o struggle_v with_o and_o usurp_a upon_o one_o another_o by_o disease_n and_o excess_n of_o humour_n be_v sometime_o strengthen_v by_o throw_v off_o the_o corrupt_a part_n and_o sometime_o by_o decay_n and_o death_n be_v deliver_v from_o all_o that_o trouble_v and_o pain_n and_o mutual_a strife_n of_o contrary_a quality_n in_o they_o and_o in_o this_o case_n each_o of_o the_o simple_n be_v restore_v to_o its_o primitive_a mass_n and_o recover_v itself_o from_o that_o weakness_n which_o be_v occasion_v by_o this_o opposition_n of_o contrary_a humour_n for_o as_o each_o of_o the_o ingredient_n in_o composition_n make_v some_o impression_n upon_o its_o opposite_a so_o it_o likewise_o continual_o receive_v some_o from_o it_o and_o suffer_v by_o it_o but_o now_o when_o the_o simple_n be_v change_v according_a to_o the_o change_n of_o the_o contrary_a quality_n they_o return_v again_o to_o their_o own_o primitive_a be_v thus_o water_n evaporate_v into_o the_o air_n from_o whence_o it_o come_v and_o air_n be_v turn_v into_o fire_n from_o whence_o it_o original_o be_v and_o i_o can_v suppose_v any_o evil_n in_o thing_n of_o this_o kind_n though_o inundation_n or_o fire_n or_o any_o the_o most_o violent_a change_n in_o nature_n shall_v be_v the_o effect_n of_o these_o inequality_n in_o the_o element_n that_o compose_v the_o universe_n or_o though_o pestilence_n and_o earthquake_n shall_v destroy_v and_o dash_v in_o piece_n the_o
monstrous_a impiety_n that_o opinion_n be_v guilty_a of_o that_o tax_v god_n with_o such_o infidelity_n and_o baseness_n to_o his_o charge_n as_o not_o man_n only_o but_o even_o brute_n beast_n disdain_v and_o abhor_v indeed_o if_o we_o consider_v the_o thing_n only_o in_o the_o general_n it_o be_v most_o irrational_a to_o conceive_v that_o the_o offering_n of_o wicked_a man_n shall_v ever_o prevail_v upon_o god_n or_o incline_v he_o to_o be_v propitious_a at_o all_o it_o be_v true_a he_o gracious_o accept_v those_o of_o the_o pious_a and_o upright_a not_o for_o any_o respect_n to_o the_o gift_n themselves_o or_o any_o occasion_n he_o have_v for_o they_o but_o for_o the_o sake_n of_o the_o votary_n who_o when_o they_o thus_o apply_v desire_v that_o not_o only_o their_o mind_n but_o their_o estate_n and_o all_o they_o possess_v may_v be_v consecrate_v to_o his_o use_n and_o service_n there_o be_v likewise_o no_o doubt_n to_o be_v make_v but_o the_o matter_n may_v be_v so_o order_v as_o 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be_v we_o deprave_v and_o debase_v ourselves_o by_o forsake_v the_o dictate_v of_o nature_n and_o reason_n we_o deface_v the_o image_n of_o the_o divinity_n in_o our_o soul_n and_o by_o our_o wickedness_n and_o folly_n fall_v off_o and_o withdraw_v ourselves_o from_o he_o not_o that_o we_o can_v run_v away_o from_o that_o watchful_a eye_n to_o which_o all_o thing_n be_v present_a but_o we_o change_v the_o manner_n of_o its_o influence_n upon_o we_o and_o expose_v ourselves_o to_o a_o different_a sort_n of_o treatment_n for_o now_o we_o have_v bring_v a_o disease_n upon_o our_o soul_n and_o make_v severity_n and_o a_o harsh_a providence_n necessary_a for_o our_o cure_n but_o when_o we_o recover_v the_o soundness_n and_o perfection_n of_o our_o nature_n and_o make_v near_a approach_n to_o god_n by_o restore_v that_o image_n and_o character_n of_o his_o divinity_n in_o we_o which_o consist_v in_o the_o imitation_n of_o his_o justice_n and_o holiness_n and_o wisdom_n we_o then_o return_v and_o be_v admit_v to_o a_o more_o easy_a access_n we_o renew_v our_o acquaintance_n and_o contract_v a_o sort_n of_o fresh_a affinity_n with_o he_o and_o this_o return_n of_o we_o to_o god_n we_o often_o express_v in_o such_o term_n as_o if_o it_o be_v his_o return_n to_o we_o just_o as_o man_n at_o sea_n who_o when_o their_o cable_n be_v fasten_v to_o a_o rock_n while_o they_o draw_v themselves_o and_o their_o vessel_n to_o the_o rock_n be_v so_o idle_a as_o to_o imagine_v that_o they_o draw_v the_o rock_n to_o they_o and_o this_o be_v our_o case_n man_n repentance_n and_o devotion_n and_o work_v of_o piety_n and_o charity_n answer_v exact_o to_o that_o cable_n for_o these_o thing_n be_v the_o instrument_n of_o their_o conversion_n and_o the_o best_a proof_n of_o its_o be_v unaffected_a and_o real_a when_o we_o cherish_v and_o support_v either_o the_o person_n self_n who_o have_v suffer_v by_o our_o oppression_n or_o our_o insolence_n or_o our_o slander_n or_o if_o that_o can_v be_v 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that_o they_o be_v design_v to_o change_v the_o soul_n by_o the_o suffering_n and_o torture_n inflict_v upon_o it_o that_o a_o sense_n of_o her_o own_o wretchedness_n may_v provoke_v she_o to_o a_o just_a detestation_n of_o the_o vice_n that_o be_v the_o wicked_a cause_n of_o it_o and_o inflame_v she_o with_o the_o more_o servant_n love_n and_o impatient_a desire_n of_o virtue_n there_o be_v indeed_o something_o very_o instruct_v in_o affliction_n and_o a_o strange_a aptness_n in_o the_o rational_a soul_n to_o hearken_v to_o it_o and_o be_v teach_v by_o it_o but_o a_o man_n be_v never_o so_o well_o dispose_v to_o learn_v nor_o make_v such_o quick_a and_o sure_a progress_n as_o when_o he_o exercise_v this_o discipline_n upon_o himself_o because_o then_o the_o very_a punishment_n be_v voluntary_a and_o the_o improvement_n be_v