be sound only we observ'd his Pericardium to be full not only of Water but a great quantity of thick Bloud which upon some vehement motion foregoing the Heart being contracted through extream Grief had made its way through the two Lappets and suddenly suffocated the Principle of Life whence follow'd sudden Death Through Fear also the Spirits and Bloud are drawn back to their first Fountain whence it comes to pass that the Parts wax cold the Countenance grows pale the Body quivers Utterance fails and the force and strength of the whole Frame grows weak and faint On the other side in Anger the motion of the Natural Heat is more vehement which at length throws it self forth with violence into the outmost parts From whence the Countenance becomes red and the whole Body being warm becomes more bold and ready to put it self forth into danger In Shame both the inner and outer Parts suffer because the Heat first flies to the inner Parts and then throws it self forth again Seeing then the force of the Perturbations of the Mind is so great it behoves the Physician to correct or expel them by all the Art imaginable THE THIRD DISPUTATION Of Things Preter-Natural In the Knowledge of Pathology employs it self Doctor THus far of things Natural and not Natural it remains behind to treat of things Preternatural What are Preternatural things Cand. Those things which destroy the Natural Constitution of the Body of Man are call'd Affections or such Postures of Evil under which the Body suffers which being by the Greeks call'd Pathe therefore the Learning which handles these Affections is call'd Pathology D. How many Preternatural Affections are there C. Three The Disease the Cause and the Symptom In regard that every Affection of the Body receding from its natural Constitution is either a Disease or the Cause of Disease or a Symptom as Galen testifies l. 1. De Diff. Symp. D. How are they distinguish'd one from another C. That Affection which hinders the Action is call'd a Disease if any thing follow this a Symptom that which occasions it the Cause Of Diseases D. What is a Disease C. A Disease is a Preternatural Affection by which the Action is first harm'd D. I thus dispute against it Every Disease is not a Disposition therefore is ill defin'd by Galen C. I deny the Antecedent D I prove it thus For the most part a Disease is a Habit but Disposition is not a Habit yea it is oppos'd to Habit by Aristotle because Habit is a permanent Quality which cannot easily be remov'd from the Subject but Disposition is a Quality that may be easily remov'd from the Subject C. The Word Disposition that is Affection is understood by Galen not according to that more special signification wherein Disposition that is a preparation to Habit is us'd by Aristotle but according to the more general signification under which he comprehends Disposition and Habit for some Diseases easily come and soon go off others are with difficulty remov'd D. Moreover by this Argument I prove that the Disease does not in the first place injure the Action Faculty differs from Action as the Cause from the Effect but the Disease first injures the Faculty therefore the Action is not first injur'd C. That is false in an Organic Distemper for the Use of the Instrument may be hinder'd without any injury to the Faculty D. However in a similar Disease the Faculty is injur'd before the Action C. I answer A Physician makes his Judgment of all things according to Sense but we do not find the Faculty hurt before we find the Action fail D. Besides I thus prove That every Disease does not injure the Action A Wound is a Disease but the Functions of the wounded Part remain entire because it attracts retains assimilates the Bloud and lastly restores the portion of Flesh cut off There every Disease does not injure the Action C. I Answer these things are performed by the found part which are next to the Wound D. How many general Divisions are there of a Disease C. A Disease is threefold Similar Organic and Common D. What is a Similar Disease C. A Distemper which first injures the Action of the Similar Part. D. Of how many sorts is Distemper C. It is either Simple or Compound A Simple Distemper is either hot cold moist or dry The Compound Distemper is either hot and moist hot and dry cold and moist cold and dry at that either alone or joyn'd with Matter D. What is an Organic Distemper C. A Disproportion of the Structure which first injures the use of the Organ D. Of how many sorts is it C. It is fourfold either in the forming the Magnitude the Number or Situation D. What is the Disease of Form C. The Disease of Form is when the natural Figure of the Frame is deprav'd or when a Passage or Cavity is dilated beyond measure or streightn'd or obstructed where it should not be or when the Part is rough where it should be smooth or smooth where it should be rough D. What is the Disease of Magnitude C. The Disease of Magnitude is when any Part is increa'sd or diminish'd beyond or beneath its due proportion D. What is the Disease of Number C. The Disease of Number is when any Part is wanting or superabounds D. What is the Disease of Situation C. When any Part loosens from its proper place as when the Kall or great Gut falls into the Scrotum D. What is the Common Disease C. The separation of the Continuity which hinders the Functions of both parts D. Of how many sorts is the separation of Continuity C. Fourfold A Wound an Ulcer a Fracture a putting out of Joynt which may be likewise call'd a Disease in Situation D. Why do you here omit a Tumor against Nature C. Because a Tumor preternatural is said to be a compounded Disease of Distemper ill Figure and separation of the Continuity by a Word from the Greek call'd an Aposteme D. How many significations will the Word Aposteme bear C. Two The one General and the other Special for generally the Word Aposteme is taken for any Tumor which is preternatural but specially for an Inflammation brought to Suppuration and many times for a Tumor wherein some certain Matter appears in the Vesicle resembling Honey or Grease or thick Grewel D. Where do these Apostemes breed C. In the extream Parts of the Body D. There 't is true they use to breed but we observ'd not long since a new place which they had found out never heard of before in the Schools of the Physicians The most Illustrious the Marquess of Monte-pezzati a Person of a sharp Wit upon the ceasing of a Dysentery to which he had been subject from his younger years and after a suppression of the Emrods which for eight years together had kept their constant course in the 49th year of his Age 1619. he was taken at Tours with a violent and obstinate pain in the
of Elements mixt together no more of hot then moist no more of cold then dry This Galen believes to be rather imaginary then real or if at any time it happen to be yet that it lasts but a very short time D. What call ye Temper'd to Justice in several kinds C. That which does not contain an exact evenness of Contraries but such a decent Mediocrity as its Nature requires and best agrees with the Genus or Species So that the equality of the Mixture is not to be measur'd by Arithmetical but Geometrical Proportion For Justice gives to every thing its due according to Dignity D. What are the simple Temperaments without Temper C. Such Temperatures wherein one of the four Qualities exceeds as either Heat Cold Moisture or Drought D. Which are the Compounded C. In which there is an Excess of two Qualities as a Temperature hot and moist in which the Heat exceeds the Cold and Moisture Driness Cold and dry which has more of Cold then Heat and more of dry then moist D. Thou hast in vain distinguish'd the Temperaments into Simple and Compound when there is no simple Temperaments but all are compounded C. That I deny D. I prove it thus A Simple Temperament is that wherein one only Element prevails as Hot in whose Temperament Fire prevails Cold in which Fire overcomes But every Element has two Qualities for Fire is hot and dry Water cold and moist Therefore there is no simple Temperament C. That is call'd a Simple Temperament wherein one Quality prevails not one Element D. Against thy Answer I thus argue Seeing that Quality is an Accident it cannot subsist by it self without a Subject And therefore if any Quality of an Esement prove superior of necessity he Element to which it belongs must tprevail C. Altho every Element have two Qualities there is but one which is predominant from which the Temperament derives its name But therefore is it call'd a Temperament hot or cold because the Heat prevails over the contrary Cold or the Cold over the contrary Heat with an equality of moist and dry And it it call'd a moist and dry Temper because the moist is more powerful then the dry or the dry then the moist with an Equality of hot and cold Of the Parts D. Thus much for the Elements and Temperaments now let us come to the Parts What is a Part C. The Word Part in a large sense signifies whatever makes up the whole frame of Human Body for whatever compleats and perfects the whole is call'd a Part as Galen testifies In this large and extended signification Hippocrates uses the Word when he calls the Humors and Spirits Parts But by Fernelius a Part is properly described to be a Body cohering to the whole conjoyn'd by Life common to both and provided for such a Use or Function By which Definition Humors and Spirits are excluded out of the number of Parts because they never stay or cohere but are carry'd with a swift motion through the Veins and Arteries D. What is the Division of Parts C. The Division of Parts is manifold but the chief Division is into such as contain and such as are contained D. Which are the containing parts C. The solid parts which are upheld by themselves D. How are they divided C. Into Similar and Dissimilar D. What are Similar Parts C. Similar Parts so call'd as being of the same Nature are such as consist of one equal Substance every way like to its self in which as being smallest to the Sence the Dissolution of the Body consists for which reason they are sometimes call'd Simple and Primary and sometimes sensible Elements as appearing most simple to the Senses D. How are Similar Parts divided C. Into Spermatic and Sanguine D. What are the Spermatick Parts C. Such as consist of Seed D. How many are the Similar Spermatic Parts C. Nine Bones Muscles Ligaments Fibres Membranes Nerves Veins Arteries and Skin D. But I say Nerves Veins Arteries and Skin are Dissimilar Parts for Galen Hippoc. and Plat. Of the Vse of the Parts assert that the Nerves are Marrowy within Membrany without that the body of the Veins and Nerves are interwoven with Membranes and several Fibres and that the Skin consists of Nerves Veins and Arteries and therefore they ought not to be numbred among the similar Parts C. I answer There are two sorts of Similar Parts for some are really Similars as Bones Muscles Ligaments Fibres Membranes other only in the judgment of Sence and so Nerves Veins Arteries and Skin shall be Similar Parts because upon the first view their substance seems to be of the same kind D. Which are the Sanguinary Parts C. Which have their Original from the Blood as Flesh and Fat D. Which are the Dissimilar Parts C. The Dissimilar Parts are such as are not compos'd of parts of the same Nature but of several differing in Species They are otherwise call'd Organic as being the Instruments of which the Faculties and Functions of the Mind make use D. How are the Organic Parts divided C. Into Animal Vital and Natural and every one of these into Principal and Assistant D. What d' you call the Animal Vital and Natural Parts C. The Instruments of the Animal Vital and Natural Functions D. What d' ye call the Principal part C. That part which governs the rest D. Which are the Assisting parts C. Those which are subservient to the Principal and derive their Original from it for the most part D. Which is the principal Organ of the Animal Function C. The Brain for it is the common Original of all the Animal Functions as well sensitive as moving the Seat of the Animal Spirit and the beginning of the Nerves D. How many are the Organs assisting the Brain in the exercise of the Animal Function C. Twofold for some conveigh the Animal Faculty to sense and motion others operate of which sort are all the proper Organs of every Sense exterior and voluntary motion D. Which are the Organs that conveigh the Faculty of sense and motion C. The sensitive and moving Nerves D. Which are the proper Organs of every Sense C. The Eyes of seeing the Ears of hearing the Nose of smelling the Tongue of taste and the Skin of feeling D. which are the proper Organs of voluntary motion C. The Muscles D. Which is the principal Organ of the Vital Functions C. The Heart for it is the fountain of Vital Faculty and Spirit the principal Seat of native Heat and the Original of the Arteries D. Which are the Organs subservient to the Heart C. They are twofold the Organs of Respiration and of the Pulses D. Which are the Organs of Respiration C. They are of three sorts some for conveighance others for reception others for motion The Organs that conveigh the Air the Wind-pipe and rough Artery The Lungs receive the Air down in and prepare it for the Heart The moving Organs are sixty five Muscles dilating and contracting the
Breast for the Air is not drawn nor the Vapors excluded without the motion of the Breast D. Which are the Instruments for the Pulses C. The Arteries D. Which is the principal Organ of the Natural Functions C. The Liver for it is the Original of the natural Faculty and of all the Veins and the first Instrument of the generation of Blood D. How many sorts of Organs are subservient to the natural Faculty C. Two sorts for some are appropriated for nourishment others appointed for generation D. Which are the assisting Organs of nourishment C. They are of three sorts some for preparation some for purgation and some for distribution of the Nourishment D. Which are for preparation of the Nourishment C. The Mouth and Stomach prepare the Nourishment the one by Mastication the other by Concoction D. Which serve for Purgation C. They are of two sorts for it is the Office of some to purge the Chylus for the Excrements of the Chylus are sent forth from the Belly but the Bladder of the Gall the Spleen the Kidneys and Bladder are the Organs appointed to purge the Bloud for they receive and separate from the Bloud those excrementitious Humors begot in the Chylous matter at the time that it turns to Bloud D. Which serve for the Distribution of the Nourishment C. The Veins D. Thou hast reck'nd up all the Organs serving to Nourishment now give me an accompt of the Organs of Generation C. The Organs of Generation some are common both to Male and Female some proper to each Sex D. which are common to both Sexes C. Testicles and Spermatick Vessels as well preparing as conveighing the Seed D. Which Proper C. The Yard to the Male the Womb to the Female Of the Humors D. Having thus reck'nd up the parts containing now for the parts contain'd Which then are the Parts contain'd C. The fluid parts which are supported by the help of others such as are the Humors and Spirits D. How many Humors are contain'd in the Body C. Besides the Primogeneous Humor or that which comes naturally of it self there are two other adventitious that is to say the Alimentary and Excrementitious D. What d' ye mean by the Primogenious Humor C. A certain Oily substance bred in the more solid parts of the Body from their first Original being the Basis and Seat of Spirit and innate Heat and is therefore call'd by the name of Radical Moisture D. Which d' ye call the Alimentary humors C. The Juices of the solid parts appointed for nourishment which derive their original from a commixture of the four Elements D. Which the Excrementitious C. The superfluous moisture in the Body useful to Nature D. How are the Alimentary humors distinguished C. Into Primary and Secondary D. Which are accompted the Primary C. Those which are distributed by the Chylus in the Liver by the Power of its natural inbred heat through the Veins to the several parts of the Body for their Nourishment D. How many Primary Humors are there C. Four Bloud Choler Melancholy and Flegm Which are all mix'd together in the Veins This mixture of the four Humors is call'd the Sanguinary Mass by reason that the Bloud has the greatest share in it D. What is to be understood by the Word Blood C. The Word Blood is sometimes taken in a diffusive Sence for the whole Mass of the Bloud but properly it signifies the more pure and enlivening part of it D. What is the Temperature of the Bloud C. The Bloud generally taken for the whole Mass of Bloud is well temper'd in regard the temperature arises from an equal mixture of the future contrary humors together with a just proportion and decent Harmony of the same but being consider'd in it self as pure and limpid it is hot and moist and somthing of the nature of Air Nor is it differenc'd from the rest of the humors by reason of this peculiar temper only but also by its Consistency Colour Taste and Use D. What is the Consistency of the Bloud what its Colour Taste and Use C. The Bloud is of a consistency so thin that while it is kept within the bounds of Nature it appears neither thicker nor thinner of a red Colour and sweet Taste It nourishes chiefly the musculous parts while it hai the predominancy and makes men fleshy lively handsom good disposition'd and cheerful D. In what Ages is the Bloud most prevalent C. In Children Youth and Young men thus Galen affirms That Boys Young men and Striplings between both enjoy most of the sanguine Humor as in whom the first Principles of Life are yet most vigorous D. When does it most abound in the Body C. The Bloud is most plentiful in the Spring because then the Frosts are dissolv'd and the Waters are let loose according to the Opinion of Hippocrates D. What is Choler C. Alimentary Choler is the more thin part of the Sanguinary Mass partaking of the Nature of Fire in Temperament hot and dry of a pale or yellow Colour bitter in Taste and causes men to be lean tough active rash and hasty nourishing those parts which are most akin to its Nature wherein it differs from the excrementitious D. What is the excrementitious Choler C. That which is sent to the Bladder or Bagg of the Gall to hasten the expulsion of the Excrements and to cleanse the Guts of any slimy matter sticking to them D. In what sort of persons is Choler most predominant C. Yellow Choler abounds most in those who are in the Prime of their Age as Galen avers D. When does it most abound C. Choler abounds most in the Summer as Hippocrates declares as also in a dry season of the Air for that drought renders the hands more Choleric in quality as Galen delivers his judgment D. What is Melancholy C. Alimentary Melancholy is the thicker part of the Sanguinary Mass of the nature of the Earth in temper cold and dry of a black colour sowr in taste and renders men sad thoughtful morose severe and constant it nourishes the most solid and dry parts of the Body as the Bones where it differs from the excrementitious D. Which is the excrementitious Melancholy C. That which is carried to the Milt where it is separated from the more useful Juice that affords it nourishment and so poured out into the Stomach to excite the Appetite and to strengthen the Faculty which retains the meat there during Concoction D. What sort of People are most subject to Melancholy C. Black Melancholy is most exuberant in the declining Age of Men by the Authority of Galen D. When does it most abound in the Body C. Black Melancholy abounds most in the Autumnal Season as Hippocrates relates D. What is Flegm C. Alimentary Flegm is the more liquid part of the sanguinary Mass of the nature of Water in temper cold and moist of a white colour and sweet Taste or rather without any savour It makes men sloathful sleepy dull fat white and
vehement then more gentle again D. What time is most fit for Exercise C. When the Concoction is perfected But in regard that Exercise stirs up the Natural Heat without which the Meat cannot well be concocted Exercise ought to be always us'd before Meals Besides that Exercise consumes many Superfluities which are first to be expell'd before any more Nourishment be receiv'd in After Meals Exercise is hurtful in regard the agitation of the Body joggs down the Nourishment out of the Stomach ere it be concocted which occasions several Crudities in the Veins that beget several Diseases Neither is a man to exercise till he has emptied his Body of such Excrements as call upon Nature lest any thing of them be carried away into the Habit of the Body through the force of the Natural Heat redoubled by Exercise Of the Rest D. When is Rest required C. When the Body is wearied with extraordinary motion for in all motion of the Body says Hippocrates when any person comes to be wearied Rest is presently the Remedy against Weariness This Ovid also confirms where he says That whatever wants alternate Rest can never long support it self for Rest repairs the strength and recreates the weary Members The Mind also wearied with Cares and study stands in need of Relaxation and Rest which unless you grant it is impossible to maintain its Vigor Ease nourishes the Body and feeds the Mind But as moderate Ease is wholesom so immoderate Sloth is hurtful for it dulls the vigor of the Mind and begets Crudity For as by Exercise the Native Heat is increas'd and Concoction expedited so is it by Sloth extinguish'd and Concoction hinder'd Of the Excrements D. What Excrements are wholesom C. The several Excrements if they be moderate and seasonably thrown off are wholesom but if they be kept in and tarry too long in the Body they putrefie and breed several sorts of Diseases Wherefore for the preservation of Health they are to be expell'd in time by the help of Art D. But artificial evacuation is not convenient because we learn out of Hippocrates That sane People purg'd by Cathartick Med'cins suddenly decay C. That is to be understood of such as are of an unblameable habit of Body who before Meals are constant in their exercise of their Body and Mind and take an accurate care in observing due Concoction But as for them who keep no constant method of Feeding or through Intemperance or Business or Ignorance tho healthy and strong they cannot pretend to be safe from Diseases unless it be by a provident loosning the Belly by intervals or sometimes by making use of more powerful Purgation and by seasonable opening a Vein or taking such Remedies as are effectual to concoct attenuate and cleanse as Galen tells us in his Book De Euchymia D. What is to be observ'd in determining the Quantity of Evacuation C. You are always to consider the strength of the Person for all Evacuation too excessive is dangerous because it weak'ns the strength D. What is the method of Evacuation C. Where there is most superfluous Matter there by little and little not all at once evacuation is to be made lest the Body be too suddenly and too violently weak'nd therefore it is better to let Bloud often then to take away too much at one time In the same manner it is safe to purge the Body by moderate reiteration then to give a Scowrer all at once Thus it is better to procure Sweat Urine or Womens Flowers by gentle reiterated Med'cins then by one forcible Medicament And thus the moderate Use of the Venereal Act with due cessation may be wholsom for the preservation whereas the immoderate use of it is the destruction of Health D. What is the fittest time for Evacuation C. As for the Season of the Year the Spring is the fittest for Bloud-letting and Purging according to the Opinion of Hippocrates for then saith Philotheus the Heat is neither too fierce which a Dissolution of the Body nor the Cold too vehement which thickens the Humors Galen also prescribes the Evacuation of superfluous Humors in Autumn by way of Precaution Now for the Excrements which are hurtful in themselves as the Excrement of the Guts Urine Sweat Snot and Spittle they are daily to be evacuated but such as are only hurtful in their Excess as the Seed and Menstruous Bloud they may be retain'd till their Quantity offend Moderate Coition after the first Sleep is most profitable as well for the preservation of Health as for Generation for then the Seed is perfectly concocted and the loss of Spirits is easily made good again by the ensuing Sleep Coition during the coming down of the Monthly Courses is prohibited for fear the Birth prove Leprous nor is it good upon a full or a fasting Stomach The Spring is the most proper season and Youth the most proper Age for it In other Ages of men the Seed is either none at all or else unfit for Generation If the Flowers come not down they are to be provok'd by Art at the same time that usually they came down before But neither Women with Child nor Nurses nor young Girles nor Old Women are permitted to make use of Art in that particular Of the Passions of the Mind D. Of all the things not Natural which belong to the preservation of Health there only remain those which the Latins call Perturbations of the Mind I desire thee to explain what and how many they are and whether they be wholesom or no C. The Passions are Motions of the Mind violent and contrary to right Reason which cause an alteration in the Body because of the extraordinary force of the Native Heat acting together with the Spirit and Bloud both without and within There are four Principal Passions two arising from an Opinion of a good Object as Gladness or Joy and Desire and as many out of an apprehension of a bad Object as Sadness and Fear Anger and Shame are added but the first being a burning Desire of Revenge is referr'd to Desire as the latter may be said to relate to Fear The two first sorts of Passion if they be moderate are wholesom otherwise pernicious For many pusilanimous Persons have expir'd through immoderate Joy as the Writings of several Authors testifie but all the rest are hurtful for many have di'd through vehement and sudden grief at what time a weak little Soul being oppress'd by a strong Affection was presently extinct and suffocated while all the Bloud was violently carry'd away to make an inundation upon its first Original Thus Pliny relates that P. Rutilius hearing the News of his Brothers Repulse upon his putting in for the Consulship presently expir'd Thus upon the 16th of August 1619. Monteler a Noble young Gentleman of Tours and Lieutenant Colonel of the Regiment of Ments through extraordinary Grief fell down suddenly dead as he was talking in the Street His Body being open'd all his Bowels appear'd to