are composed out of the Similar And yet among those Similar Parts which compose the Organic never did any one reck'n the Blood or Spirits as Similar Parts For all the Organs ought to derive their Composition from those things which are proper and fixed not from those things which are common to all and fluid continually wasted and continually renewed IX Therefore the Body of Man may exist intire in its Parts without Blood Spirits and Air but it cannot act nor live without ' em And thus a Man cannot be said to live without a rational Soul and to be a perfect and entire Man yet every one knows that the Soul is not to be reck'n'd among the parts of the corruptible Body as being incorruptible subsisting of it self and separable from the rest of the Body since that being incorruptible it cannot proceed from any incorruptible Body but derives it self from a divine and heavenly Original and is infused from above into the corruptible Body to the end it may act therein so long as the Health and Strength of those corruptible Instruments will permit Actions to be perform'd To which we may add that an Anatomist when he enquires into the parts of human Body considers 'em as such not as endu'd with Life nor as the parts of a Rational Creature Neither does he accompt the Causes of Life and Actions by any manner of Continuity or Unity adhering to the Body to be Parts nor is it possible for him so to do And thus it is manifest from what has been said That the Spirits and Blood and other Humors neither are nor can be said to be Parts of our Body Yet all these Arguments will not satisfy the most Eminent I. C. Scaliger who in his Book de Subtil Exercit. 280. Sect. 6. pretends with one Argument as with a strong battering Ram to have ruin'd all the Foundations of our Opinion If the Spirit saith he and he concludes the same Thing of the Blood and Spirits be the Instrument of the Soul and the Soul is the beginning of Motion and the Body be the Thing moved there must of Necessity be a Difference between the thing moved and that which moves the Instrument Therefore if the Spirits are not animated there will be something between the thing enlivening and enliven'd forming and form'd which is neither form'd nor enliven'd But the Body is mov'd because it is enliven'd Yet is it not mov'd by an external but an internal Principle Now it is manifest that the Spirits are also internal and that the internal Principle of Motion is in them therefore it follows that they must be part of the Member But this Argument of the most acute Scaliger tho' it seems fair to the Eye at first sight yet thoroughly considered will appear to be without Force as not concluding any thing of Solidity against our Opinion For the Spirit is no more an Instrument that moves the Body than the Air is the Instrument that moves the Sight or Hearing So neither are the Spirits the Instrument of the Soul but only the necessary Medium by which the active Soul moves the instrumental Body and also perceives and judges of that Motion so made in that Body So that it is no such Absurditie as Scaliger would have it to be but a Necessity that there should be something inanimate between the enlivening Soul and the instrumental Body enliven'd which is part of neither but the Medium by which the Action of the enliven'd instrumental Body may be perform'd by the enlivening Soul But saies Scaliger the Body is moved because it is enlivened and that not by an external but an internal Principle We grant the whole yet we deny the Spirits to be the internal Principle when it is most apparent that the Soul is the internal Principle which operates by the assistance of the Spirits So that it cannot from hence be proved that the Spirits live or are Parts of the Body but only that they are the Medium by which the Soul moves the Body But because that Scaliger spy'd at a distance a most difficult Objection viz. How the Spirits could be a Part of any corporeal Body when they are always flowing and never in any constant Rest but continually in Motion through all the Parts of the Body indifferently to avoid this Stroak he says that the Spirit 's a quarter of that part of the Body where they are at the present time and when they flow out of that part then they become a part of that Body into which they next infuse themselves and so onward But this way of concluding of Arguments is certainly very insipid and unbeseeming so great a Man when it is plain from the Definition of a Part that a part of our Body is not any fluid and transient Substance but as it is joyned to the Body by Continuity and Rest. X. The Parts of the Body are twofold 1. In respect of their Substance 2. In respect of their Functions XI In respect of their Substance they are divided into Similar and Dissimilar XII Similar Parts are those which are divided into Parts like themselves So that all the Particles are of the same Nature and Substance And thus every part of a Bone is a Bone of a Fiber a Fiber Which Spigelius calls Consimiles or altogether alike the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or of like Parts They are commonly reckoned to be ten Bones Gristles Ligaments Membranes Fibers Nerves Arteries Veins Flesh and Skin To these by others are added the Scarf-Skin Tendons and Fat By others the two Humors in the Eyes the Glassie and the Crystalline by others the Marrow the Brain and Back-Bone And lastly by others the Hair and Nails Of these some are simply Similar as the Bones Gristles Fibres c. wherein there is no difference of Particles to the Sight I say manifest to the Sight for that in respect of the several smallest Elements not to be perceived by the Eyes but by the Mind of which they are composed no part of 'em can be said to be really and simply Similar Others are only Similar as to the Senses wherein there is a difference of Particles manifest to the Sight as a Vein Arterie Nerve c. For a Vein consists of the most subtile Fibers and a Membrane An Arterie of Fibers and a double different Tunicle A Nerve consists of the Dura and Pia Mater or Membrane little Fibers and Marrow Nevertheless to a slight and careless Sight they seem to be Similar because they are every where composed after the same manner and so are like to themselves as not having any other Substance or Composition in the Brain than in the Foot or any other Parts Of the several similar Parts we shall afterwards discourse in their proper Places Now all the similar and solid parts in the first forming of the Birth are drawn like the Lines of a rough Draught in Painting out of the Seed to which the Blood and milkie Juice
it must not be denied but that the Soul is actually in the Seed tho' by reason of the Impediments its Action does not presently appear LIII But here it may be question'd Whether that Soul which forms the Birth be only in the Man's Seed or as well in the Womans I say that it is only in the Man's Seed for if part of the Soul should proceed from the Man part from the Woman then the Soul would prove a compound thing whereas it is meerly simple Or if it should be deriv'd all from the Male and all from the Woman then there would be two Principles of Formation of which one would be superfluous For there would be no necessity that the acting Principle of the Male should be joyned with the acting Principle of the Female for that the latter having an acting Principle in it self and a place convenient as the womb convenient nourishment and all other things convenient would not want any other efficient Principle of the Male but might conceive in it self and form the Birth out of its animated Seed with the Coition of the Male. And in Creatures that lay Eggs a Chicken might be hatch'd out of Wind-eggs without the Cock's treading Neither of which were ever heard of LIV. Aemilius Parisanus tho' he understood not this Mystery exactly yet seems to have observ'd something obscurely and therefore he constitutes a twofold Seed he had better have said twofold parts of the Seed one generated in the Genital Parts which he denies to be animated the other not generated in the Genital Parts but divided from the whole which he allows to be animated LV. Others who will not allow in Mankind any other Soul particularly than the Rational assert that That alone perfects the Lineaments of all the Parts out of the Seminal Matter conveniently offer'd and is the Architect of its own Habitation and stiffly uphold their Opinion with several Arguments and so tacitly endeavour to maintain that the Rational Soul is ex traduce or by Propagation no otherwise than as the Body is propagated Concerning which may be read that most acute Tractate of the Generation of Living Creatures written by Sennertus LVI But these Principles most Philosophers and all Divines oppose with great heat and affirm the Rational Soul not to be propagated but to be created and infused To whose Opinion we readily submit because the Soul is not of that nature that it can produce any thing of it self it has nothing to do in the Formation of the Body nor with any Natural Actions it is not to be divided into parts nor corruptible as the rest of the Body but immutable and separable from the Body which it inspires Besides that it is not created like the Bodies of Creatures which were commanded to be produced out of Earth and Water according to their kind wherein the Vegetative Soul of every one is included but after the whole Body of Man was form'd alive out of the Earth God is said to have breathed into him the Breath of Life and then he became a living Creature Whence it is manifestly apparent that the Rational Soul of Man inspired by God was not form'd out of Earth Water or any other corruptible Matter like his corruptible Body which was form'd out of Clay before the breathing of his Soul into him But that it proceeded incorruptible and simple from the immediate Operation of God without any parts by the separation of which it could be dissolv'd and dye as the Body for the same Reason perishes with its vegetable Soul and subsists of it self when its Temporal Habitation is fallen For which Reason Man is not only said to live Naturally like other Creatures but after the Image of God which sort of living is not ascrib'd to any other Creatures LVII But these latter tho' they seem to discourse rightly and truly of the Creation and Infusion of the Rational Soul yet if they do not likewise admit a Vegetative Soul in Man they are under a gross mistake nor do they unfold the first Efficient Principle concerning the Explanation of which the Question is here and not of the Original of the Rational Soul Against those therefore that will not admit a Vegetative Soul in Man I bring these two powerful Arguments First Seeing that the Rational Soul is not propagated by Generation but Created of necessity it must be infus'd and that either into a living or a dead Body Not into a dead Body for that Soul cannot inhabit a dead Body nor enliven it for its life is different from the life of the Body which perishes while the Soul departs out of the Body and lives to perpetuity Therefore it is infus'd into a living Body What then rais'd Life in the Body before the Infusion of the Rational Soul It will be said perhaps That at the same time that the Parts are to be delineated the Rational Soul is infus'd and that it is which introduces Life and is Life it self I answer Not when they are to be delineated but after all the Parts are compleatly delineated and form'd then the Rational Soul is infus'd according to the Testimony of the Scripture it self where it is said that God first form'd Man out of the Dust of the Earth observe the word Man therefore a living Creature or a Creature endued with a Vegetative Soul and then inspired into him the Breath of Life and he became a living Creature as much as to say that then was inspired into him his perpetual living and Immortal Soul Therefore as then so also afterwards the Rational Soul does not form and enliven the Body but is infus'd into the Body form'd and living I say living for that which forms the Body of necessity enlivens it and lives it self For such a wonderful Structure cannot be form'd by a dead thing nor by Heat alone which only serves to attenuate and melt the Substance of the Seed and rowse and set at liberty the forming Spirit lying hid and entangled within it and excite it to action not able of it self to form the Parts of the Body nor to adjust the order and shape of all its Parts And therefore it is not the Rational Soul but this same enlivening Spirit which Galen calls Nature we the Vegetative Soul rais'd out of the Seed it self wherein it is potentially is that which out of it self and the Subject wherein it abides and out of which it proceeded forms and enlivens the Body and all its agreeing Parts into which being form'd and living the Rational Soul is afterwards infus'd and united to it to determine and temper the Motions of the Corporeal Soul till the Body proving at length unfit to entertain it any longer it departs out of it not being the occasion of Death of it self but chas'd and expell'd from its Habitatation by the death of the Body So no way guilty of the death of the Body by its recess as by its access it contributed
Secondly Because action is competible to the whole operating Organ but use to every part of the Organ for instance The action of a Muscle is to contract but the use of the Musculous Membrane is to contain its fibres and to seperate it from other Muscles of the Artery to bring blood to it as of the nerves animal spirits to support the fibres of the flesh Yet oftentimes use action and function are promiscously used by Anatomists And the action of a part because it tends to some end or other is often called use And also use because it excludes not action is called action But use is of greater latitude then action Hippocrates divided things that make up the whole into things containing things contained and things that move or have in themselves the power of motion Galen calls these three things Solid parts Humors and Spirits In this division the threefold parts of the body are not comprehended but only three things without which a man cannot continue entire that is alive For only the containing or solid parts are true parts of the body Yet these parts cannot continue alive except they be continually nourished by the humors Not that humors are parts of the body but the proximate matter which by coction is changed into the substance of the parts into which till they are changed they cannot be called parts and when they are changed they cannot be called humors for a bone is not blood and blood is not bone though the one be bred of the other The same must be understood of spirits which being made of the subtilest and hottest part of the blood do very much contribute to the nutrition of the body Therefore though a man cannot continue alive without these three yet it does not follow that all these three must necessarily be parts of the body A Vine consists of solid woody parts and a Juyce whereby it is nourished and yet it is evident this Juice is no part of the Vine because if a Vine be unseasonably cut abundance of it runs out the Vine remaining entire wherefore a blind man may see that it is no part if the Vine but only liqour which by further coction would be turned into a Vine Thus also when there is a Flux of blood by the Haemorrhoids Menses or any other part or when one makes water or sweats no man in his wits will say that then the parts of a mans body are voided although a man cannot live without blood and serum But if pieces of the Lungs be brought up in coughing or if piecesâ—… of the Kidneys be voided in Urine as it sometimes happens in their exculceration then it is certain that the true parts of the body are voided Besides these are parts of the body whence actions immediately proceed and they proceed not from the humors and spirits but from solids For the humors and spirits move not the Heart Brain and other parts but they both breed and move the humors and spirits for when the Heart Brain and other parts are quiet humors and spirits are neither bred nor moved this appears in a deep swoon and though there is abundance of them in the body and those very hot and fit for motion as in such as dye of a burning Fever yet as soon as the Heart is quiet they neither move through the Arteries Veins and Nerves nor are able to move the Heart or any part else which is a certain Argument that they are Passive and that no Action can proceed from them And that the humors and spirits are moved by the Heart and bred in it and other parts will more plainly appear lib. 2. cap. 11. and lib. 3. cap. 10 11. and in several other places And now though solids cannot act without the humors and spirits and by them their Actions in as much as by their quantity or quality as their heat cold c. they are able to cause this or that mutation or temper in Solids are made quicker slower stronger weaker better or worse yet they are without air yet air is no part of the body neither does the Action of respiration proceed from it but from the muscles of the breast forcing it out though in the mean time air by giving way to the motion of the muscles and passing in and out through the Aspera Arteria affords such an aptitude for respiration as without it no respiration could be performed though also by its heat or cold it may make respiration quicker slower longer or rarer according as by these mutations the heat of the parts is augmented or diminished and thereupon necessity obliges one to breath quicker or slower So the Heart and other solid Parts are not mov'd by the humors and spirits but act upon the humors and spirits they move attenuate and concoct them till at length they turn their apt particles into a substance like themselves and so apply and unite them to themselves and make them parts of the body which they were not before they were applied and assimilated For one part of the body is not nourished with another part of its whole a bone is not nourished with flesh nor a vein with a nerve c. Neither can that which nourishes the parts by any means be called a part for otherwise there would be no difference between a part and its nutriment With which Nourishment unless the Parts be daily cherished and their consumed particles restored their strength and substance would quickly waste and fail and by that failure at length their Action would be lost So that Man of necessity must have both Blood and Spirits for the support of Life hence saith the Text in Levit. 17. 11. the Soul that is the Life of the Flesh is in its Blood as being the nearest Support of the Body without which neither the Parts of the Body can act nor the Man himself live Yet it does not follow from thence that the Blood and Spirits are part of the Body For the same might be said of the external Air without which no Man can live For take away from a Man the use of external Air either by suffocation or drowning or any other way you presently deprive him of Life as surely as if you took from him his Blood and Spirits Yet no man of Judgment will say that the external Air is a part of the Body Seeing that most certainly if that without which Life cannot subsist were to be accounted a Part the external Air must of necessity be said to be a Part of our Body as well as the Blood and Spirits Moreover it is to be considered that if the Humors and Spirits have contracted any Foulness or Distemper they are by the Physicians numbred among the Causes of Diseases not among the diseased Parts Besides that if they were Parts they ought to be similar yet never any Anatomist that I ever yet heard of recken'd 'em among similar Parts For most of the Organic Parts
contain d in the Amnion and Membrane that wraps about the Birth soon after joyning nourish the Parts delineated and encrease and enlarge their Bulk 'Till of late it was believed that the Blood of the Mother in the first forming of the Parts did concur with the Seed not only as a material but effective Principle which Opinion was afterwards exploded by all the most eminent Philosophers and that some Parts shared of more Seed others of more Blood and others received an equal Share of both And hence proceeded that old Division which divided the Parts in respect of this Principle of Generation into Spermatic which in their Forming were thought to partake of more Seed than Blood as the former eight Similar Parts Others into Sanguine in the forming of which the Blood seemed to predominate as in the Flesh. Others mixt which were thought to be form'd of equal Parts of Blood and Seed as the Skin But this Diversity of the Parts does not proceed from the first forming but from the Nourishment in respect of which some receiv'd more others less Blood for the Increase of their Substance Also others are more and more swiftly others less and more slowly encreased in their Bulk Those Parts which are called Spermatic being cut off never grow again or being broken or separated never grow again but by the assistance of a Heterogeneous Body Thus a Bone cut off can never be restored but it being broken it unites together again by means of the Callus or glutinous Substance that gathers about the Fracture but Parts made of Blood are soon restored as is apparent when the Flesh is wounded or cut off Those that are mixed are in the middle between both Nevertheless as to the Spermatic Parts when broken or separated some question whether they may not be united again without the help of a Heterogeneous Medium and they believe that in Infants and Children whose Spermatic Parts as the Bones are very tender may be united again by Vertue of a Homogeneous Medium But seeing we find that even in Children and Infants wounds of the Skin never unite without a Scar nor fractures of the Bone without the assistance of the Callous Matter 't is most probable that in no Age the Spermatic Parts unite without a Heterogeneous Medium though it be not so conspicuous by reason of the extraordinary Moisture of the Parts in new Born Children and young People XIII Dissimilar Parts are those which are divided into Parts unlike in Nature and Substance but not into Parts like themselves Thus a Hand is not divided into several Hands but into Bones Flesh Nerves and Arteries c. XIV In respect of their Functions the Parts are distinguished two ways 1. Into Organic and not Organic 2. Into Principal and Subservient XV. Organical Parts are such as are design'd for the performing of Actions and to that end have received a certain determinate and sensible Conformation and Fashion Now that they may have an aptness for the Duties imposed there are required in these Parts Continuity fit Situation and Number proper Figure and Magnitude Which Parts are not only Dissimilar as was formerly thought but also Similar For Example a Nerve tho' it be a Similar Part yet because it is entrusted with the office of Conveighing and distributing the animal Spirits for this reason it is no less an Organical Part than a Muscle or a Hand and the same thing is also to be understood of a Bone an Arterie and a Vein So that it is a frivolous distinction of Caspar Bauhinus and some others who while they endeavour to exclude Similar Parts out of the number of Organic distinguish between Instruments and Instrumental Parts whereas indeed there is no more difference between 'em than between an Old Woman and a very Old Woman XVI Parts not Organic are those which have a bare Use but perform no Action as the Gristles the Fat the Hair XVII Principal Parts are those which perform the Noblest and Principal Action By these the Motions of several other Parts are promoted and from them proceed And they are reckoned to be three in Number two in respect of the Individual and one in respect of the Species 1. The Heart the Fountain of Vivific Heat and the Primum Mobile of our Body from whence the vital and Natural Actions proceed 2. The Brain the immediate Organ of Sense Motion and Cogitation in Man by means of which all the Animal Actions are perform'd 3. The Parts of Generation upon which the Preservation of the Species depends XVIII Subservient Parts are all those that are useful and subservient to the Principal As the Stomach Liver Spleen Lungs Kidneys Hands c. And these as necessary to Life are to be called either Noble without which a Man cannot live as the Lungs Stomach Guts Liver and the like Others as not being necessary for Life but are proper for some use or action which renders Life more Comfortable are to be called Ignoble as an Arm a Finger a Foot a Hand Ear Nose Teeth c. which we may want and yet Live To these may be added those whose Office is more mean and hardly manifest as Fat Hair Nails and the like Now that the Demonstration of these Parts may be the more conveniently made plain and described in their Order we shall divide the Body of Man according to the modern Anatomists into the three Ventricles and Limbs XIX The Venters are certain remarkable Cavities containing one or more of the Noble Bowels In this Place the words Cavity and Venter are not to be strictly taken for the Cavities themselves only but lest the Members of this Division should be too Numerous we would have comprehended under 'em at large as well the containing Parts that form those Cavities as also the Parts contain'd within 'em together with the Neck or if there be any other parts annexed to 'em which may be reckoned to the Members Afterwards in the following Chapters when we come to discourse particularly of the several Venters we shall more at large subdivide 'em into Parts Containing Contained and such as are adjoining to them XX. These three Venters are the uppermost the middle and the lowermost XXI The uppermost Venter or Cavity is the Head wherein are contained the Brain the Eyes the Ears and other Parts Now there was a necessity that this same Tower of the principal Faculties should be seated in the highest Place to the end that being at a further distance from the places where the Nourishment is drest the most noble Animal Functions should not be disturb'd by its Steams and thick Exhalations partly for the convenience of the Senses of Hearing Seeing and Smelling whose Objects more easily dart themselves from a higher than a lower place into the Organs of the Senses and by that means become more perceptible XXII The second or middle Venter or Cavity is the Breast the Mansion of the
the Mother Others call it a Vegetative Soul and make no distinction between this and Nature but say that Fertile Seed of necessity must be enlivened This Soul of the Seed Iulius Scaliger and Ludovicus Mercatus stiffly defend And Sennertus following their footsteps Institut Med. lib. 1. cap. 10. has these words They seem all to me to be in an Error who deny the Soul which is the Cause of Formation to be in the Seed For if you grant the forming power to be in the Seed you must allow the Soul to be likewise in it For in regard the Powers are not separable from the Soul of which they are the Powers it is impossible that the Powers proper to any thing should be in a Subject wherein the Form is not from whence the Power slows And since we come to the knowledge of the latent Essence by the Operations what 's the reason we do not attribute a Soul to the Seed that sufficiently manifests it self therein by its Operations But they are two the enlivening of the Seed and the Conception and the forming of all the parts that are necessary for the Actions of Life For every Soul as is manifest in the Seed of Plants is preserv'd while the Soul is in it and remains prolific for some time and while it is sound and uncorrupted in a proper place and with convenient Nourishment operates as living and exercises its operations upon the matter at hand which is not only to be seen in some Creatures by the Action it self but in the regenerating of some parts especially in Plants For the same Operations are observ'd in the Seed and in Plants sound in all their parts which shew the same Agent in both For it is altogether the same Operation whereby the Soul latent in the Seed forms the Body of the Plant out of the Matter attracted and afterwards every year restores the fallen Leaves and gather'd Flowers and thrusts out new Branches and new Roots and therefore it is a sign and Argument of the same Faculty and of the same Soul And this not only in Plants but also in the Seeds of perfect Creatures must of necessity be allow'd to be done For as the Flesh is not made out of Blood unless the Flesh it self enliven'd change the Blood into Flesh much less shall a Creature be made of Seed if the Seed want a Soul And a little after he adds For the Body of Creatures being the most excellent and perfect it follows that what is not enlivened cannot be the principal Cause of the enlivened Body but that the Body enlivened is produced by a Body enlivened as the principal Cause And certainly these Arguments of Sennertus are of great weight to prove that there is a Vegetative Soul in all generated Bodies which is also stiffly maintain'd by Deusingius De Gener. Foet in Utero part 2. sect 1. L. But because a Doubt may here arise from whence the Seed has this Soul it will not be amiss to add something for the clearer illustration and confirmation of the said Opinion We must know then that all and singular the parts of a living animated Body ought to participate of that Soul and to live by it and hence that which is separated to the perfection of the Seed out of the several parts ought also to participate of the same Soul which is also to intermix with the Mass of the Seed And because out of all and every part something of most spirituous parts like Atoms is allow'd to the making and perfection of the Seed hence it comes to pass that the Epitome of the whole animated Body endu'd with the like Soul is contain'd in the Seed and that Soul the Seed being deposited in a convenient place is separated from the thicker parts of the Seed by the Heat with that same Matter of the Seed wherein it inheres that is to say the most spirituous part divided from all and every the other parts and rows'd into Action and so throughout forms a resemblance to that form which is separated together with that same subtile part of the Seed unless prevented and hinder'd in its Operation or that it be extinguish'd and suffocated by any defect of the Heat or circumfus'd Matter LI. But it may be objected That the Forms of animated Beings are indivisible and hence that no parts of the Soul can be separated from the single parts but that those parts meeting together in the Seed constitute the whole and entire Soul To which I answer That the Forms of animated Beings are not of themselves divisible however they may be divided according to the division of the Matter so that the Matter be such wherein the Soul can commodiously lye hid and out of which it may be rais'd again to its duty by the natural Heat temper'd to a convenient degree This is apparent to the Eye in a Willow wherein any Bough being torn off from the Tree the Soul is divided according to the division of the Matter and as it remains in the Tree it self so likewise in the Bough as appears by its Operation For that Bough being planted in a moist Ground the present Soul acts in it forthwith and produces Leaves Roots and Boughs and the Mother Tree it self shews no less the presence of the Soul in it self by the same Operations So likewise in Creatures that same spirituous Essence which is separated from all the several living parts to be carried to the Seed participates of the same Soul of the parts out of which it is separated as being able to afford a convenient Domicil for the Soul seeing that where such a Domicil cannot be afforded the living Soul fails and so being mix'd with the Seed it causes the Seed to be potentially animated if the substance of the Seed be rightly tempered which Soul potentially lying hid therein the Seed being deposited in a convenient place being afterwards freed from the Fetters of the thicker Substance wherein it is enclos'd is rais'd into Action and acting forms out of the Subject wherein it inheres like parts to those out of which the Separation was made as being of the same Species with the Soul out of which it was separated LII And therefore when it is said by Aristotle and other Philosophers That the Soul lies hid potentially only in the Seed this is not to be understood as if the Essence of the Soul were not present but in reference to its being intangled in the other thicker Matter of the Seed so that it cannot act till disintangled from it the Seed being deposited in some convenient place by the Heat which dissolves the said Matter but so separated it acts forthwith and out of its spirituous Subject separated from the parts of the Creature delineates and forms what is to be form'd and increases it with the next adjacent Nutriment For the Seed being of the number of Efficients and seeing every Agent acts not as it is potentially but actually such
and Nutrition is perform'd in all the boughs which cannot be perform'd by a part of the Soul but by all the Soul And so the foresaid Maxim of the Peripatetics may be rightly expounded which nevertheless has hitherto by many Philosophers been too hastily rejected as false and impossible LXV Among those that have not rightly apprehended the learned Willis seems to have been one who in his 4. Chap. de anim Brutor thus writes The Corporeal Soul says he in more perfect Brutes and common to Man is extended to the whole Organical Body and vivifies actuates and irradiates both its several Parts and Humours so that it seems to subsist in both of them actually and to have as it were its imperial Seats But the immediate Subjects of the Soul are the vital Liquor or the Blood circulated by a perpetual Circulation of the Heart Arteries and Veins and the animal Liquor or nervous Iuice flowing gently within the Brain and its Appendixes The Soul inhabits and graces with its Presence both these Provinces but as it cannot be wholly together in both at once it actuates them both as it were divided and by its Parts For as one Part living within its Blood is of a certain fiery Nature being enkindled like a Flame So the other being diffused through the animal Liquor seems as it were Light or the Rayes of Light slowing from that Flame And a little after There are therefore Corporeal Souls according to its two chief Functions in the Organical body viz. the Vital and the Animal two distinct Parts that is to say the Flamy and the Lucid. LXVI From this Text of Willis it appears that the most famous Person conceived a new Opinion of the Soul but less congruous to Reason For First He alledges that the Soul besides the Parts of the Body enlivens likewise the Humours and Spirits wherein he very much deviates from the Truth For that the Humours and Spirits do not live but they would live were they enliven'd by a Soul Secondly Seeing that Life cannot be ascribed to the fluid Nourishments continually passing away nor joyn'd to the whole in Continuity but only to the real Parts of the Body Willis seems tacitly to take it for a thing not to be question'd that the Blood and animal Spirits are the true Parts of an animated Body no less than the solid Parts adhering to the whole in Continuity which that it is not true we have demonstrated in the first Chapter of this Book Thirdly He asserts that the Blood and animal Spirits are the immediate Subjects of the Soul the contrary to which is apparent for that the immediate Subjects of the Soul are the Parts themselves of the Body among which neither the Blood nor Spirits nor any other of the Humours are to be numbered Fourthly Contrary to Reason he constitutes two Parts of the Body one Fierie or Flammeous another Lucid and ascribes to each particular Seats to the one the Blood to the other the animal Liquor for thus the Soul that had no Feet before will have two Feet in this our Age and with one Foot shall tread upon the Blood with the other upon the animal Liquor Yet lest the Soul having broken one Leg by Accident should chance to fall provident Dr. Willis has provided her a third Leg. But besides these two Members says he of the Soul fitted to the individual Body a certain other Portion of it taken from both and as it were the Epitome of the whole Soul is placed apart for the Conservation of its Species This as it were an Appendix of the vital Flame growing up in the Blood is for the most part Lucid or Light and consists of animal Spirits which being collected into a certain little Bundle and having got an appropriate Humour are hidden up among the spermatic bodies And thus the Soul that formerly knew neither how to walk or stand now shall stand more firmly supported with three Leggs And yet with all her three Leggs she will halt not without danger of falling and therefore if any one could furnish her with a fourth Leg then she would not only stand more stoutly but proceed equally in all her Actions without halting like a strong fourfooted Horse But setting the Jest aside it is apparent from what has been said that the learned Willis did not rightly understand the Maxim of the Peripatetics and for that Reason miserably mangl'd and divided the Soul indivisible so far as it abides in the whole into several Parts at his own Pleasure whereas it is the same and of the same Nature in all the Parts If any one should here object That the Seed is also potentially animated and that from thence it is manifest that the Humours may live and be animated as well as the Parts of the Body which we have so strenuously deny'd I answer that the Seed is no nutritive Humour like the Blood and animal Liquor nor is any longer a part of the individual Body Iohn or Peter from whence it is separated but a specific Juice containing in it self a Compendium of the whole Man and the Ideas of all the Parts and therefore the Soul may lie hid therein as in all the Parts of the whole Body till at length separated from its Entanglements by Heat it declares its being present by its enlivening Actions Which enlivening Actions never proceed nor can proceed from any nutritive Humours or redundant after Nourishment LXVII But seeing the Philosophers of our Age leave no Stone of Enquiry unturn'd nor are ever at rest till they have found out something in their most obscure Searches whereby to perswade themselves and others that they are within reach of the Truth I would have them now explain to us what this vegetable Soul is which is the first efficient and Protoplastic Principle in the Formation of the Birth For otherwise if we were to acquiesce in the Name alone the efficient Principle might be affirm'd to be rather a Chimera than an efficient Principle If perhaps any one shall say with Aristotle That the Soul is the beginning of Motion Or That it is the first Act of a natural body potentially having Life Or with Ferneliâ—…s That it is the Perfection of an Organic body and whatever shall give Life to that body and introduce vital Actions Or with Sennertus That it is an Act and substantial Form by which such a body is animated Or with some of our modern Philosophers That it is the first matter of Fermentation and Formation and that Life is nothing else but Fermentation These are all meer Words and meer Chimeras For by such words the Essence of the Soul is no way unfolded Nor does it appear what that beginning of Motion or what that first Act is nor what that Perfection or substantial Form or first matter of Fermentation is In Man alone we know the rational Soul its Divinity and its Immortality only by Revelation and Faith and by its wonderful and
by several as an unusual Accident This liquor I always found to be less in Quantity and more ruddy in Men of a hot Temper in whom the Vapors exhaling from the Heart are more thin and but a small Quantity condens'd in the Pericardium and such as were condens'd were sooner attenuated by the violent Heat of the Heart and sooner exhale through the Pores of the Pericardium On the other side I observ'd it more watery more plentiful and pale in colder Complexions in whom through ill Diet a diseased Constitution or some other Causes their Heat was less strenuous For which reason thicker Vapors sent from the Substance of the Heart and collected and condens'd in greater Quantity in the Pericardium were not so soon dissipated for want of sufficient Heat Hence Vesalius affirms it to be more plentiful in Women than in Men And Riolanus observ'd it more plentiful in old Men than in young Men. X. Moreover we observ'd that a greater Quantity of this Liquor does not cause the Palpitation of the Heart which is generally asserted however by most Physicians from Galen's Opinion For in all those in whom after they were dead I found a greater quantity of this Liquor in the Pericardium during all the time of their Sickness I observ'd no Palpitation of the Heart at all not so much as in the Englishman before mentioned but on the other side a languid and weak Pulse Neither does the Plenty of that Liquor cause such a Narrowness of the Pericardium as is vulgarly believed that the Heart cannot move freely within it and therefore palpitates But on the other side we always found that the Pericardium was thereby rendered so broad and loose that the Heart might move more freely therein than in lesser Liquor So that the Plenty of this Liquor does not cause Palpitation which is rather excited by any Liquor tho but small which contrary to Custom suddenly and violently dilates or by its Acrimony Corruption or griping Quality molests the Heart and stirs it up to expel so troublesom an Enemy CHAP. VI. Of the Heart in General See Table 9. I. COR the Heart seems to take its Name from Currere to run for which reason the Belgians call it Hart or Hert that signifies also a Hart or Stag because as that Beast excels all others in Swiftness and Motion so does the Heart surpass all other parts of the Body in the same Qualities Which Belgic word nevertheless seems to be deriv'd from Harden which signifies Duration or from Hard which signifies Hardness either because its Motion lasts all a Mans Life-time or else because it exceeds the Muscles and other Parenchyma's in hardness of Substance Riolanus deduces the word Cor from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 contracted of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to burn because from thence the Fire of our Body proceeds And so the Belgic Hert may be deriv'd from Heert which signifies a Hearth Menetiâ—…s derives it from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to Shake or Brandish Chrysippus deduces it from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying Strength or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to be strong in Empire because it performs most strenuous Actions and governs all the other parts of the Body II. However it is the Principal of all the Bowels the Sun of the Microcosm the Principle of the Actions of Life the Fountain of Heat and Vital Spirit and the Primum mobile of our Body Which being vigorous and active all the natural Functions of the Body continue in a vigorous and flourishing Condition when that languishes they languish and when that fails they cease altogether For in this is contain'd the Fuel and Flame of natural Heat while all those parts of the Body grow stiff and numm'd with Cold to which the Blood is hindred from coming from the Heart and that Blood grows cold that is absent longest from this Fountain of Heat and the wast of natural Heat can be repair'd in no other part of the Body than in this All which things are confirm'd by the Testimony of the Sences for that if you put a Finger into the Heart of a dissected living Creature so extraordinary a Heat is felt therein as the like is not to be felt in any other part of the Body III. This Heat tho so excelling from the Principle of Heat it self as it is and tho it be implanted and fixed within it yet certain it is that it is maintained and augmented by the Humours infused into its Ventricles and there fermenting and is continually fed by that continual Fermentation or Effervescency of Humours discharged into it Lime-stone burns through the mixture of Water by reason of its Fermentation or Effervescency what wonder then if the Heat of the Heart be presently inflam'd by the Fermentation of Humours flowing into it and that Flame should be more or less according to the greater or lesser fermentaceous Effervescency which greatly depends upon the aptitude of the Matter to be fermented For the innate hot Spirits of the Heart act upon the Matter that flows in and ferment it with its Heat and cause it to boyl and so renew the Flame that would extinguish by degrees till it went quite out IV. It is seated in the middle of the Breast surrounded with the Pericardium and Mediastinum somewhat reflexed with the Point toward the left by reason of the Diaphragma and fasten'd to it in none of the adjoyning parts but hanging only from the Vessels going in and out at the bottom to which it is united But its Pulsation is felt most in the left side below the Pap because the Sinister Ventricle arises toward the fore-parts of the Thorax with the Aorta which both together strike the left side But the Right Ventricle lies deeply seated toward the right side and therefore its Pulsation is less felt without upon the right side It is very rare that the Heart changes this Situation and that the right Ventricle lies in the left side and the left Ventricle in the right Side and beats in this Yet Riolanus affirms he observ'd this Situation in a Man of forty Years of Age and in the Queen Mother of Lewis the XIII V. The Substance of it is firm thick compact some thinner and softer in the right side thicker and more compacted in the left side closer and harder at the Point Yet at the end of the point where the left Ventricle ends thinner as consisting of the Concourse of the inner and outer Membrane VI. This Substance Galen affirms to be interwoven with a threefold sort of Fibres whom most Anatomists follow But if the Fibres of the Heart be diligently considered and sunder'd by degrees which may be done as well in a boyl'd Heart as in one newly taken out there are no transverse Fibres to be found whatever Vesalius has imagin'd but they seem all to be wound about with a periwincle
with it as is seen upon Blood-letting in Malignant Fevers which are no part of the Chylus but only corrupt Humors XXI This is the true manner of making the Blood which serves for the nourishment of all the Parts and contains in it self Matter adapted for the nourishment of all and singular the Parts out of which that is appropriated to every one which is most convenient for their nourishment to some Particles more concocted and subtile to others less concocted and thicker to others Particles equally mix'd of Salt and Sulphur as in fat Bodies to others more Salt and Tartarous as in Sinewey and Boney People and to others Particles are united and assimilated some disposed one way some another XXII This Apposition proceeds chiefly from the Diversity of Figures which as well the particular Particles of the Blood as the Pores of the several Paris obtain For hence it happens that the Blood being forc'd into the Parts some Particles more easily enter some sort of Pores and others another sort and are figur'd one among another after various shapes and forms and so are immediately united with the Substance of the Parts and are converted into their Nature and those which are not proper for such a Figure are carry'd to other Parts till the remaining and improper portion is again transmitted back to the Heart there to be concocted anew and endu'd with another more proper Aptitude It is vulgarly said That the several Parts attract from the Blood and unite the Particles most similar to themselves But there is no such Attraction allow'd in our Bodies neither are the Parts endu'd with any Knowledge to distinguish between Particles similar or dissimilar But the Blood such as it is is equally forc'd to all the Parts but the Diversity of Figures as well in the several Particles of the Blood as in the Pores of the Parts is the Reason that some Particles stick and are united to these and others to other Parts to these after one manner to those after another From which Diversity the Diversity of Substances arises some softer some harder some stronger and some weaker XXIII This Nutrition by the Blood is caus'd two manner of ways 1. Immediately when the Particles of the Blood are immediately oppos'd without any other previous or remarkable Alteration as is to be seen in the Fleshy and Fat Parts 2. Mediately when Apposition happens after some remarkable Concoction or Alteration preceding as in the Bones to whose Nourishment besides the Salt Tartareous Particles of the Blood there concurs the Marrow made before out of the Blood as also in the Sinews which are not nourished only by the Blood communicated to their outward Tunicle through invisible little Arteries from the continuation of those Arteries that pass through both Membranes of the Brain and Spinal Marrow but also by the Salter Sanguineous Particles first prepar'd by the Concoction of the Brain XXIV But in this Nutrition from the Blood three Degrees are to be observ'd 1. When the Body is so nourish'd as to grow by that Nourishment 2. When it is nourish'd and remains in the same Condition 3. When it is nourish'd and decays XXV Now that the Cause of this Diversity may be more plainly known we are to consider That there are Four Things necessary to perfect Nutrition 1. The Alimentary Juice it self 2. The Apposition of this Juice 3. Then its Agglutination 4. And lastly Its Assimilation The Alimentary Juice is the Blood which is forc'd by the Beating of the Heart through the smallest Arteries to the Parts that are to be nourish'd and is thrust forward into their Pores by which means the Substance of the Parts does as it were drink it in And because in these Pores something of Humor tending toward Assimilation remains over and above hence it comes to pass that the convenient Particles of the new-come Blood more agreeable to that Humor are mingl'd with that Humor sticking there before and being there concocted by the convenient Heat and proper Temper of the Parts are by degrees agglutinated and more more assimilated to the Substance of the Parts and are so prepar'd and dispos'd by the Vital Spirit continually flowing into the Parts together with the Arterious Blood that they acquire Vitality and become true Particles of the Parts endu'd with Life and Soul equally to the rest XXVI If now while that Nutrition is made the smaller Particles of the Parts by reason of their moister Temperament or cooler Heat stick but softly to each other then upon their first Apposition by reason of the great Plenty of Alimentary Humor flowing in by the impulse of the Heart they easily separate from each other and admit more Nutritive Humor than is requisite to their Nutrition from the Plenty of which being agglutinated and assimilated happens the Growth of the Parts by degrees because more is appos'd and agglutinated than is wasted But when by the increase of Heat the smaller Particles are dry'd up and become hard and firm as in Manhood then they no longer separate one from another by reason of the Alimentary Juice forc'd in and the Juice that is pour'd into the Pores in great quantity is vigorously discuss'd by the more violent and stronger Heat that no more can be appos'd and assimilated than is dissipated whence there follows a stay of Growth wherein the Substance of the Parts will admit no Excess or Diminution of Quantity Lastly Those smaller Particles of the Parts are not only dry'd up by that same stronger Heat and the Pores are streightn'd so as to admit less Alimentary Juice but the Alimentary Juice it self by reason of the Heat dimimish'd by Time and Age and consequently a worse Concoction of the Bowels grows weaker and less agreeable to the Substance of the Part it self and then as in Old Age the Parts themselves decrease and diminish For the unaptness of the Pores in the Parts and of the Nutritive Juice it self as also of the concocting Heat and the small Quantity of the said Juice are the reason that less is appos'd than is dissipated Now â—…his Decrease is chiefly and most manifestly observ'd in the softer Parts whose smallest Particles are moister and more easily dissipated as the Flesh the Fat c. But it is less observable in the Bones and other harder Parts whose smallest Particles are more fix'd and not so easily dissipated XXVII Here by way of Parenthesis a Question may be propos'd Whether Old Men grow shorter than they were in their Prime This many affirm and confirm by Ocular Testimony Spigelius absolutely denies it For says he That they grow shorter I deny but that they grow leaner I grant For the Bones according to which the Length of the Body is extended being hard and solid Bodies are neither diminish'd by Age nor the Force of any Disease But the Flesh is wasted and consumed as well by Age as by many other Causes So that if they
Decemb. 1629. Now in these Children where were the Animal Spirits made Where was the Seat of the principal Faculties and the common Sensory We must answer that these Observations contain a manifest Error not out of wilâ—…ul Mistake but the more sleight careless inspection of Kerckringius Zacutus Costerus and the rest For sâ—…st the Brain might not have been altogether defective as they thought but only through the extraordinary redundance of the Serum was so soften'd that it seem'd to be a perfect Slime which was the reason that few Animal Spirits were generated and that the operations of the principal Faculties were weakly perform'd and so at length the Children dy'd Secondly Kerckringius Zacutus and Coster through their over-hasty inspection might not observe whether there were not something remaining of a more solid Brain by which the foresaid operations might be perform'd Vesalius in the Ventricles of the Brain of one that dy'd of the same Distemper found nine pints of Serum by which means the upper part of the Brain to the thickness of a Membrane by means of its extension was become very thin However all this while the Cerebel and all the bottom of the Brain as also the Productions of the Nerves were all in their natural condition In like manner in all the former Examples produc'd by Kerckringius the upper part of the Brain might be extended thin and soft for which reason they examining no farther too rashly gave their Judgment that the Brain was altogether wanting Moreover what Kerckringius adds to confirm his Opinion from the Relation of an ignorant Butcher of certain silly Sheep that had no Brains at all is a meer Fable which Kerckringius ought not to have believ'd because no Creature of all those that bring forth living Creatures can live without a Brain and the sooner the Heart and Brain are form'd in such Creatures at the beginning of the formation the sooner and the more all the other parts of the Body encrease as also all the Actions as well Natural as Animal So that these operations prove nothing of any operations perform'd without the assistance of the Brain But as to the Seats of the Animal Functions and after what manner they operate there lies the main Question undetermin'd And these Mists a certain Observation in the Brain of an Ox still renders more obscure which Bauschius transcribes out of Iames de Negroponte how that the Bendictine Monks having a Design to fat an Ox at Padua put him up but observing that the Ox did not grow fat though he eat greedily they kill'd him with a resolution to enquire into the Cause of his continu'd Leanness to which purpose the Ox was cut up by Sebastian Scarabeccio Anatomy Professor at Padua When says he we came to the Brain we found it altogether like a Stone which all the standers by wondring at some thought it might have been congeal'd by some extremity of Colâ—… and therefore laying the Head in a Platter before the Fire they powr'd hot Water upon it and boyld it for some time then taking it from the Fire again they found the Brain harder than before so that they could not get it out of the Skull Having told this Story he proposes two Doubts If the Brain says he be the original of all the Animal Functions of Motion and Sence and this is suppos'd to be petrify'd how was it capable of admitting any Faculty to impart Motion Sence and Appetite to the Ox Or since this Ox had an Appetite to eat how came he not to grow fat Not less miraculous was that Brain which was seen in a Swedish Ox describ'd by Bartholine which was wholly turn'd into a Stone bor'd through with many holes and now preserv'd in a Farm belonging to the Count of Oxenstern where that Ox was kill'd Truly such observations more deeply consider'd command us to suspend our Judgments in determining the Seats of the Animal Faculties and their manner of operating till other things more certain are discover'd to render the truth of these things more evident XXVII The Brain is the most Noble Bowel which together with the Heart rules and governs the whole Body as its Actions plainly demonstrate For it is the only Organ by which and in which the Animal Spirits are made without which besides that Life cannot subsist no Animal Actions are perform'd which flow themselves out of this Fountain Whence it is manifest that the Wounds which it receives must be very dangerous for which reason Hippocrates truly pronounc'd all Wounds penetrating into its Ventricls to be mortal nay the least Wounds which it receives are to be accounted dangerous and mortal For though monstrous things as Avrrhoes calls them have happen'd in the Cure of Wounds in the Brain and some have with great difficulty escap'd that have had a considerable portion of the Meninxes and the Substance of the Brain taken from them yet a slight Wound of the Meninxes and Brain uses to be the Death of the greatest part and it rarely happens that any one so wounded escapes XXVIII By the way we are to take notice of what Pliny writes of Snakes that have bred in the putrify'd Brains of Men. Of which we have an Example cited by Plutarch in the Life of Cleomenes who was crucify'd by Ptolomy about whose Head in a few days after a huge Serpent twiâ—…'d her self in folds which the Doctors affirm'd to have brâ—…d out of the putrify'd Marrow of the Brain and related it as wonderful to be admir'd at by all men Thus Rolfinch tells us a Story fron Gerard the Divine of a certain Nobleman whose Body being digg'd up again a Month after it had been buried two great Serpents were found creeping out of the putrify'd Corners of his Eyes Certainly Nature seems by this Generation of Serpents out of Human Carkasses to shew the Author of all our Calamities and of our swift Corruption CHAP. VI. Of the Brawny Body the light Enclosure the three Ventricles the Choroid Fold the Fornix the Buttocks the Testicles and the Pineal Kernel IN the Demonstration of the Parts of the Brain some begin from the upper part of the Brain some from the lower the one following the Ancient the others the Modern way of Dissection For our parts we shall first proceed according to the Ancient and most familiar way and after that briefly according to the Modern way I. The Brain being a little separated at the upper part where it is divided by the interceding Scythe more below beneath the Division appears the Brawny Body or Corpus Callosum call'd also Psalloides Which Anatomists do commonly alledg to be a Portion of the Brain harder than the rest of the Substance Nor is it any peculiar Body added to the Brain but only a Connexion of both sides of the Brain or rather a Continuation of the Substance In this Body Willis affirms That he has observ'd certain oblique Plaits or Furrows which he describes in his Tables These
infus'd by God and governing all the Animal Actions of the whole Body and yet be able to perceive all those things which are done in the extream parts in the least space of a moment even in the very point of time they are acted Moreover they do not believe the Seat of the Rational Soul to be so small in Man and yet in Brutes which are destitute of that Soul to be three times as big Furthermore they cannot apprehend why the Seat of the Soul should not be ascrib'd as well to the Heart as to the Brain seeing that all the Motions of the Animal Spirits and the Brain it self proceed from the Heart which when it ceases to beat all the Animal Actions fail as it happens in a Syncope and in Wounds of the Ventricles of the Heart Concerning this Matter in our Age sharp and furious have been the Contests on both sides as if they were contending for the safety of their Country and daily most terrible Paper-Disputes arise eager indeed and vehement but vain and frivolous by which the Minds of young People are more disturb'd than taught But setting aside these unprofitable Contests let us enquire into the more sensible Action of the Brain it self III. Aristotle teaches us that the Office of the Brain is to temper the heat of the Heart Which Opinion though most reject Spigelius nevertheless endeavors to assert it for Rational Galen attributes to the Brain the Office of generating and making Animal Spirits With whom most of the Modern Philosophers agree For this is most certain that the Animal Actions are not at the first hand perform'd by the Brain it self but by the Animal Spirits made in the Brain by means of which the Soul in well dispos'd Organs executes its Actions and so the Brain is the Instrument which generates those Spirits These Spirits Zabarel Argenterius Helmont Deusingius and some others as well Physitians as Philosophers confound with the vital Spirits and affirm that they differ from them not in Specie but only in certain Accidents and therefore it is that Spigelius says Not that there is here a certain mutation of the vital Spirits which destroys their whole nature but only a certain alteration of the Temperament Eâ—…t agrees with Spigelius and supports his Opinion with these three Arguments 1. The Birth both feels and is mov'd in the Womb without the aid of any Animal Spirit in regard that no Maternal Nerve runs to the Birth 2. A most subtil Spirit cannot be made in a cold Brain and full of mucous Filth for Cold stupifies the Spiriâ—…s and hinders their Actions 3. The Nerves themselves derive their Life and Heaâ—… from the Arteries which are conspicuously diffus'd through them To these Arguments others add one more that the most subtil Spirits never descend to the lower parts but always tend upwards and exhale and hence although there should be allow'd any Animal Spirits to be so subtil they would never descend into the Nerves but would always fly upwards through the Pores But though these things seem specious enough at a distance yet they neither prove nor confirm the said Sentence To the First I answer That the Birth in the Womb is neither mov'd with an Animal Motion nor feels until the first delineaments of the Brains and Nerves are arriv'd and increas'd to such a Bulk Firmness and Perfection that the Brain may be able to generate Animal Spirits sufficient and that those Spirits may be conveniently convey'd to the sensitive and moving parts and because it requires some Months to attain that perfection therefore the Birth does not move it self until the Woman have gone out half her time that is about the fourth Month and a half For what Spirits are generated before that time are very few and weak and the rest of the Parts themselves of the Body unapt for Motion or Sence Nor does the Motion of the Birth proceed nor is it perform'd by the Spirits or Maternal Nerves running to it of which there are none that enter the Birth but by the Spirits and Nerves generated in it self To the Second I say that there is no considerable Magnitude requir'd for the making of Animal Spirits but rather a Mediocrity of Heat such as is sufficient in the Brain though it be much less than in the other parts And there is a necessity for that lesser Heat which they call Cold to asswage the Heat of the Arterious Blood and in some measure to thicken its Volatile sulphurous Spirits that so the Animal Spirit may separate it self more pure from the salt Particles and may flow into the Nerves no longer beset with superfluity of viscous Vapors Moreover it is to be understood that although the Brain be said to be colder than other parts yet that it is not absolutely cold only that the Temper of it is less hot than of many other parts and that the proper confirmation of it is such as is most fit for the generation of Spirits Lastly the natural Temper of the Brain inclining to Cold is not such as stupifies the Spirits nor renders them unapâ—… to perform their Actions in the Parts but its preternatural cold Temper excluding the Blood and natural Heat by a too close constriction of the Pores is the cause that for want of convenient Matter few Spirits are generated therein and that those already generated with great difficulty and in small quantity flow through the streightned Pores and Nerves Which is the Reason that then the Actions fail by degrees not because the Actions are stupify'd as is vulgarly believ'd but because very few are generated flow into the parts For the Spirits endure no Stupefaction for Drowsiness is nothing else but a rest of the Actions in the Sensory Organs by reason of the scarcity of the Animal Spirits To the Third I answer that although the Brain and Nerves are nourish'd with Arterious Blood it does not thence follow that the Animal Spirits generated in the Brain are nothing different from the Blood and Vital Spirits generated in the Heart and carry'd through the Arteries for the nourishment of the Parts for this is as much as if a man should say The Stomach is nourish'd by the Arterious Blood generated out of the Chylus therefore the Chylus concocted therein is nothing different from the Blood Or thus The Heart changes the Chylus into Blood therefore the Blood which is generated therein is nothing different from the Chylus Or thus The Bread is turn'd into Chylus and the Chylus into Blood therefore the bread differs nothing either from the Chylus or the Blood To the Last I say That the Animal Spirits would easily exhale out of the Brain and Pith unless they were there with-held in their cool Work-house which hinders their sudden Exhalation and would flow into the Nerves which are of a firmer Substance and thus all Chymical Spirits are best kept close in cool Vessels and hinder'd from exhaling Moreover that they would not descend
moses The Vas breve Internal Haemorrhoid Vâ—… No Chylus goes to the Spleen Its Nerves Whether they carry any Alimentary Liquor Wherefore the Spleen is not so quick of Feeling The Substance Whether â—… be liâ—… 〈◊〉 Substance of the 〈◊〉 ver Whether it be bloody Little Glandules in the Spleen Unusual things found in the Spleen The Temper of the Spleen The Action Whether it separate Melancholy from the Chylus Whether it make Blood Whether it prepare blood for the â—…eart Whether it 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 part of the blood Whether it nourish the Nerves Whether the seat of the Soul An Experiment of Malpigius The true Action of the Spleen Whether a man may live with his Spleen cut out The former Opinion reâ—…ed by Reason By Experience The Spleen not of so great vse in a Dog as in a Man It is a most necessary Bowel for Life A Digâ—…sion The â—…ons of the three â—…els The Ferment of Breadâ—… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 operates Nâ—…te this 〈◊〉 viz. 〈◊〉 Honey 〈◊〉 the Ferment Chyle and 〈◊〉 ferâ—… in 〈◊〉 same 〈◊〉 The Liver causes the Ferment The matter of the Ferment Preparation of the Ferment Yest or the Ferment of Beer Generation of Choler Choler slides down the Ductus Cholidochus into the Jejunum Why the Jejunum is empty How 〈◊〉 Choler 〈◊〉 comâ—… 〈◊〉 sharp The farther Progress of the Fermentation 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 Blood The Original of Ferment Blood is made of the Chylus in the Heart Another Ferment in the Spleen Ferâ—… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 degrees 〈◊〉 be 〈◊〉 The true Office of the Liver Spleen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈…〉 The first Matter of the Ferment prepared in the Spleen The rise of Diseases from the Spleen In a weak Spleen the acid Iuice is not enough concocted The said Ferment too thin full of Spirits causes other Diseases The Spleen vitiated begets many Evils The Functions of the Liver are apparent from the Diseases that proceed from it Diseases arising from the Spleen The cause of Anasarca The Liver Scirrhous Ferment in the Birth Conclusion The â—… derac tweeâ—… Liveâ—… Spleeâ—… Of rum Reiâ—… The give cessa thin flux to 〈◊〉 Blooâ—… Whether it be an Alimentary Iuice The Emunctories twofold The external Evacuatories The external Evacuatories of the Serum Whether any difference between the Serum Sweat and Urine The Reins Two in number Their place The Situation The Bigness The Figure Their Membranes The Vesse The Emulgent Artery The Emulgent Vein The left Emulgent Vein higher and longer than the right The dispersing of the Vessels through the Kidneys The Pelvis The Papillary Caruncles The Substance of the Reins The Superficies smooth in Men rough in Children The Discoveries of Malpigius The use of the Reins The first Digression How the Separation of the Serum is made Wheâ—… 〈◊〉 the Kâ—…nels * This 〈◊〉 be much doubted whether that which after â—…sing when the internal heaâ—… of it is vanished appear to be Matter slimy Flegm or other very thick Humours came so thick out of the Reins or that Gravel or Sand should be sent out of the Blood iâ—… that largeness I think yea know the contrary and that â—…ose so thick Humours Matter or Flegm are as thin as the rest of the Urine from the internal heat of the parts after the same manner as it happens in Gelly-broths which while very hot will be liquid and fluid but having lost their heat become thicker the 〈◊〉 happens in the Reins but with this difference that the glutinoâ—… Substance is less in proportion to the quantity of Urine than it is in Gellies and therefore being â—…old cannot be so thick and 〈◊〉 so Sand or Gravel while in the Blood is no such thing but a 〈◊〉 Paste or Tartar which after hardens in that form Salmon Observ. 1. Observ. 2. Observ. 3. The thing farther considered The thing considered in solids Annot. ad c. 14. de Substan fac Natural Serm. 4. Tract 4. c. 29. â—… 8. Sympos Prob. 9. Other passages supposed leading to the Bladder The milkie Vessels to the Bladder and Womb. Bartholine's Opinion that there is some other and shorter way Clemens Niloe his Opinion The Opinion of Bernard Swalve in this mâ—…r Whether there be a consent between the Kidneys Second digression Whether the Kidneys 〈◊〉 Blood Another Action Refutation That no Spâ—…cifick Vessels are extended from the Reins to the Testicles Whether Wounds in the Kidneys be mortal A Plexure of Nerves between the two Kidneys The Names Situation The Number Substance The Figure Bigness Tunicle Concavity Wharton's Observation Artery from the Emulgent Nerves from the Ramus Thoracicus Use of these Glandules not well known Definition Source Number The Substance Bigness Situation Definition Situation Membranes The Figure Bigness Its Concavities It s Holes Its Vessels It s Division The Bottom The Neck Its Valves See Table 3. 4. Preamble The Privities Genitals The Genital Parts of Men. The spermatic Vessels Spermatic Arteries Whether the Arteries mâ—…y be wanting Spermatic Veins carry the Blood to the Vena Cava Valves The Progress of the Spermatic Vessels The Way they make The Error of the Anatomists The Fold representing the Form of the Tendrils of a Vine Hernia varicosa Hernia Carnosa De Graef's Opinion No Anastomoses The Office of the Vessels The Stones Their number Situation Shape and â—…igness Their Substance The Seed-bearing Vessels extended to a great length Vessels Distribution of the Vessels The use and Office of the Stones A Question How the Separation of various Particles from the Blood are made * How Nature performs this Operation we have demonstratively shewn in our Synopsis Medicinae lib. 4. cap. 8. Sect. 10. §. 14. ad 36. to which I shall refer you Salmon Lymphaticâ—… Vessels observed in the Testicles The Tunicle called Albugineous The Vaginal Tunicle The Muscles The â—…od call'd Scrotum Signs of Health The Seed flows from the Testicles through the Deferent Vessels The Parastatae The Beginning The Progress Their Substance The Function Vasa deferentia Other Opinions * That is to say the Lymphatic Matter 〈◊〉 or Aâ—…eous Iuice call it by what Name you please which is separated from the Blood and sent by the Vasa spermatica into the Testicles is there by their own proper Fermentum converted into Seed as we have formerly declared concerning the Generation of other Iuices destinated to particular Ends according to the Nature of the Parts and Necessities enforcing the same As our Author even in this place declares in so many Words to wit That it is done by a specific Fermentation of Humour in some specific Part or Bowel without which it could not be made the reason of which he renders immediately for that the said Bowels when weak or enfeebled are not then able to prepare those new Iuices Salmon Their Progress Seminal Vessels Their Substance Bigness Situation Number Their Cavities Whether any Valve The Cause of the Gonorrhea The Prostates The bigness Their Vessels Their Liquor The passage of this Liquor How