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law_n	word_n	work_n	year_n	226	3	4.2092	3	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A46233	An history of the constancy of nature wherein by comparing the latter age with the former, it is maintained that the world doth not decay universally in respect of it self, or the heavens, elements, mixt bodies, meteors, minerals, plants, animals, nor man in his age, stature, strength, or faculties of his minde, as relating to all arts and science / by John Jonston of Poland.; Naturae constantia. English	Jonstonus, Joannes, 1603-1675.; Rowland, John, M.D.	1657 (1657)	Wing J1016; ESTC R11015	93,469	200

third cannot be granted For I. Goropius Becanus speaks expresly Bodies will endure Helle●●r now as well as they did formerly in the same or greater quanlity as I have tried in others And Jacchmus is of the same minde II. I remember saith Galen that blood was drawn to six pound weight in some men and so the Fever was cured But he took lesse from others Where the forces are strong and age will allow it it is fit to draw blood till they faint III. Pareus writes that in four dayes he drew seven pounds of blood from a Man and D. Deodate affirms that from a Man of seventy six yeers in three dayes he took sixty Ounces of blood Also Schenckius mentions strange bleedings at the nose when sometimes eighteen sometimes twenty sometimes fourty pounds of blood have run forth Lastly Pasquier in Epistol ad Turnerum observed that blood was drawn now more commonly than formerly for of old to open a vein was dangerous before fourteen yeer old and it is usual What concerns the Gut twelve fingers broad It is true that Archangelus Picolominie concludes thence that men were greater then and lesser now but how truely let him see to it I. It is certain that Pliny and Tertullian mention Herophilus yet it is uncertain what age he lived in And should we suppose that he lived a thousand yeers since it will follow that two third parts of men are lost in their statures and if men be now five foot high they were then fifteen II. If that happen to us by reason of those times then that hapned to them in respect of former times And it is wonder nor Galen nor Hippocrates should speak any thing of them III. Riolanus seems to decide this controversie when he writes And take nothing from the Ancient Measure unlesse you adde the more slender and narrow part of the Ventricle which reacheth forth from the bottom below to the very beginning of the windings of the guts which I have often seen to be twelve fingers breadth long Laurentius and many others think that the Antients took the Pylorus with the Duodenum The last thing of the Impurity of Seed is false For I. Wee see sometime that sickly Parents beget strong and healthy children II. The same may be said of Animals and doublesse Men had faild by this time and there had been an end of the dispute III. There are many Examples of women that have exceeded in bearing of Children Vives relates of a Countrey Man in Spain whose progeny had fild a Village of a 100 houses whilst he yet lived In the Temple of the Marschall in Essex there is a Sepulchre sen of one Mary Waters who when she died hd of her Legitimate posterity three hundred sixty seven children sixteen of her own a hundred and fourteen of her childrens two hundred twenty eight in a third degree nine in a fourth Also that is common The Mother said to her Daughter Daughter say to your Daughter that she must mourn for her Daughters Daughter I let passe other examples And I conclude that strength and stature have not failed for some thousands of yeers Article III. Nothing is wanting to the Faculties of of the minde THus much is spoken hitherto concerning those things are principally to be considered in the body of Man now followes the rationall Soul Wherein we are to consider whether the faculties thereof have failed in generall or in speciall That is principally known both by the proceedings of Arts and manners yet not omitting those things that are requisite thereunto as Memory Judgement Imagination wherefore these parts are to be considered I. That Memory and Judgement have not failed II. Nor any thing in the three Faculties III. Thirdly nor in Speculative Philosophy IV. Nor in practicall Philosophy and History V. Nor in Languages and Arts. VI. Nor in M●chanicall Arts and Navigation VII Nor in Manners The first Branch Memory and Judgement have not failed HOw have they failed when as greater things have fallen out in the latter times and in our own than were the vast examples mentioned by the Antients Seneca the Rhetorician saith that he rehearsed two thousand words in the same order they were spoken and that he repeated from the last to the first all the verses that each man propounded that came to hear his Master and they were above two hundred persons But Marcus Antonius Muretus reports of a certain young man of Corsica who studied the Civil Law in the University of Padua who could repeat thirty six thousand names without any staying in the same order they were spoken To which Muretus adds I know not any of the Ancients I can oppose to this unlesse it be Cyrus of whom Pliny Quintilian and the Latine Writers relate that he remembred all the Souldiers names Xenophor sayes Onely of his Officers But Aenaeas Sylvius testifies that Ludovicus Pontanus a Counsellour of Spalato did not onely repeat all the Heads of the Laws but the whole body of them he died at thirty yeers old Famianus Strada writes that Francis Suarez that famous Jesuite had so strong a Memory that he recited Saint Augustines works in the same words they were written We have often saith he seen him readily to teach and shew with his finger the very place page wherein he spake of such a thing Greater and more things may be spoken of Johu Raynolds a Famous divine in Oxford University For men say he was so conversant in all Classicall Authors that he might truly be called a Living Libray or a third university Gentilis confessed that he knew the Laws better than himself yet he was professour of them To confirm the force of Judgement and the other Faculties it shall suffice to Instance in Budaeus Tostatus Scaliger Ludovicus Vives saith that France never brought forth any man that had a more sharp wit strong jugdement more exact diligence or more learning nor yet Italy in this Age And indeed he had more knowledge of the Latine and Greek Tongues than of his own Wherefore what he writ in them was extemporary If you read his Books De Asse you shall finde he had read all the Philosophers and was imployed in publike Affaires both at home and abroad But this is the greatest wonder which he found in him onely they are the words of Vives Both the Master and the Scholler and the method and reason of teaching and the tenth part of those things Men can hardly learn under other great Masters that he learned wholly being his own Master from himself Tostatus in the 22 yeer of his age had the knowledge almost of all Arts and Sciences whence one writes of him This the worlds wonder knows all to be known And Metamorus writes further of him Had he lived in any age than in in that he did we should never Envie at Augustine of Hippo nor Hierome of Stridon nor yet any of

eleventh moneth also sometimes and he reckons the eighth Moneth to be dangerous Some divide Mans age into three others into four five six or seven parts according to the consideration of the Planets Philo produces Solons Elegiack verses of the seventh yeer causing changes in Mans body Young children when seven yeers do go about Renew their teeth that serve them to speak out When seven more by Gods decree are run Hair on their secret parts are first begun And in thrice seven yeers a soft hair down With strength of yeers their beardlesse chin doth crown Macrobius clearly explains the changes of every seventh yeer in Mans age That in the first the teeth are shed in the second hair breaks forth on their secrets in the third their beard sprouts in the fourth Man ceaseth growing in the fifth strength is given in the sixth consistence in the seventh declining The Observations of the Learned say the same is now done And although as in health there are degrees of Latitude so here yet it is sufficient if it be infallible for the greatest part and uniformity hold the other things being considered At this time we hold the thirty fifth yeer to be the flower of Mans age as being the Mean between seventy and the Age our Savior died at unto which the Apostle in his Epistle to the Ephesians seems to allude So it was in former ages For Heraclitus as Plutarch relates affirmed that thirty was the mean in mans Age. The same may be said of Climactericall yeers Whereof Gellius writes thus It hath been observed for a long time and it hath been approved in most Old men that the 63d yeer of their life was with some danger hurt either of their body or with some great disease or losse of their life or grief of minde See Baptista Codon chus concerning these things in a speciall Treaty concerning Climactericall yeers To this may be added the Age of his Marriage and Generation which is the same now as it was formerly The third Councill of Carthage Chap. 9. Ordained that Readers in Churches when they came to fourteen yeers should be forced to Marry wives or to Vow Chastity Quint. writes that his wife dyed leaving two sons being not full nineteen yeers old Epict●●us saith that women so soon as they are fourteen yeers old men called them Ladies The Civill Lawes approve of women to marry at twelve yeers old So doth the Jews Talmud and the Canons of the Church Hesiodus 15. l. Under Tiberius by the Papian Law it was forbidden men at 60 to marry And women of 50 yeers old were likewise forbidden But that law was repealed in Justinians Reign Also the same may be proved by the Taking of Church Offices or Military and Civill Offices For anciently they were assoon admitted and discharged assoon Parker writes He that must be promoted to be a Bishop must not be under thirty But now adays they are seldom under fifty Venerable Bede who lived about 800 yeers since was made a Deacon at ninteen yeers old Origen saith Eusebius was made a Catechist at eighteen yeers The Levites were discharged after fifty As for Souldiers The French at fourteen yeers prepare their sons for War ●n Pompeius at eighteen Augustus at nineteen endured war The Romans at seventeen made them take up Arms. Whence was the Law of Gracchus A Souldier must not be chosen under seventeen Yet Livie writes that when the second Punick War was it was Decreed that the Tribunes of the people should publish to them that all that were under seventene that should take the Military Oath should have their pay as well as if they were seventeen or more The Athenian Law discharged men at fourty and took them on for Wars at eighteen By the testimony of Polyhistor Cajeta● Pererius Simeon and Levi were hardly twenty yeers old when they killed the Sichemites What shall I say of Alexander C. Caesar Julian and others As for Civill affaires as Plutarch writes Romulus reigned thirty eight yeers and died at fifty therefore he began to Reign at twelve Cicero as Cornelius Nepos writes made his Oration pro Roscio at twenty three yeers old Euripides saith G●llius at eightteen yeers old writ his Tragedies Augustus at sixteen put on his Toga Virilis and was made Consull at twenty Josephus writes that when he was nineteen he bare Office in the Common Wealth Lastly Tertullian de Veland Virgin saith Also the Heathen observe the seasons that according to the Law of Nature they may give lawes to severall ages For they receive Women at twelve and Men at fourteen for Employments But here are two principall Objections especially against this Namely that the Patriarchs before the Flood lived very long and that Men now marry sooner then they did formerly I answer briefly to this I grant the first and say that is most false that some maintain that their yeers contained onely thirty six dayes For were that true it would follow that Enoch and Cain begat children at six or seven yeers olde at the most For the Scripture saith This got children at sixty five and the Other at seventy yeers Nor had any of the Patriarchs lived to ninety seven yeers old and many now live above a hundred and that would be false that the Scripture writes that Abraham died ful of dayes a good old Man For according to their account he should be but seventeen yeers old And should we grant this to be most true yet this would evince nothing for a generall decay of the world For it seems that was done formerly for Vertues sake and the glorious Profits they sought after that is for Astrology and Geometry or for the encrease of Man ki●de Hence Rabbi Levi as Genebrard quotes him calls the long lives of the Patriarchs a work of Providence and not of nature or else by reason of their diet Hence Roger Bacon writes That as they had great wisdom they found out all Regiment of health and secret Medicaments whereby their old age was retarded and by which when it came it might be mitigated and their children had this Regiment and Experiments against old age For God gave them all wisdom and so they might live long Moreover we finde by constant observation almost in all times that in some Countreys there were some that lived longer than others Epimenides of Crere lived a 150 yeers Gorgias Siculus a Rhetorician a 108 Hippocrates a 114. Terentia wife to Cicero a 103. Clodia daughter of Osilius a 115 though when she was young she had borne fifteen children What shall I say of Luceia or Galeria Copiola She lived not a little more than a hundred yeers For it is reported that for a hundred yeers she played the Jester upon the Stage it may be at first she acted the maids part and at last an old Wives Isra the Player and Dancer was

Apocalyps was then powred forth To this contempt was joyned a wonderful ignorance of Tongues To understand Greek was suspected and Hebrew was almost Heresy Remigius being ignorant of those Languages in his Comment upon those words 1 Thes. 1. 8 From you sounded out the word saith that Paul spake something improperly for he should have said divulged being ignorant that S. Paul writ in Greek In a part of Germa●y as appears out of the Rescript of Pope Zacharie to Boniface Bishop of Germany One Baptized in this maner Ego baptizote in Nomine Patria Filia Spiritua Sancta King Alfred in the Pastoral Preface prefixed to St. Gregory writes that in his dayes there was noe Priest in the Southpart of Humber who understood the Sacred Office written in Latine or could interpret it And Clemangus They came not from their Studies or Schooles but from the Plough tail and baser arts almost every where to take charge of Parishes who understood little more Latine than Arabick and they could not read and it is a shame to speak it they could scarce distinguish Alpha from Bets and if they had a little learning their manners were naught forasmuch as they were bred without learning in idlenesse and followed nothing but ribaldry playes eating and drinking and vain controversies I shall here set down the example of Du Prat a Bishop and Chancellour of France wh● when he met with these words in the Letters of Henry the eighth King of England written to Francis the First King of France Mitto tibi duodecim Molossos He thought he m●●nt Mules by Molossos and afterward observing his mistake he mended the matter well taking Molossos for Muletis and so doubled his ignorance But all men will excuse themselves with that saying of Saint Gregory The words of the Heavenly Oracle must not be subject to the Rules of Donatus He that would know more herein let him read Henricus Stephanus in his Apologie on Herodotus VII Lastly it is beyond all doubt that no longer than about two hundred yeers did Greek and Hebrew begin to revive And as St. Augustine said before Pelagius arose the Fathers spake more carelesly and that may be said also of the times that preceded Luther I need not speak much of the knowledge of the Imperiall Lawes He that shall compare Baldus Bartho Jason Accursius with Cujacius Alciat Ho●toman Duarenus French men he shall see the phrase more polite in these and the method more exact and the sense of the Law more quick For Cujacius said as Thuan testifies that Govianus of all the Interpreters of Justinian his Law as many as are or were is the onely Civilian to whom the Garland must be ascribed if the question were made concerning the best Yea Pithaeus in his Epitaph made upon him calls the same Man the first and last Interpreter of the Romane Lawes from the first founders Massonius writes thus of him Jacob Cujacius dug up the Romane Lawes by the Roots and brought them to the light with so great care that others before him may seem to be ignorant of them he alone after many men seems to have sought them out more diligently and more neerly to have discovered them But if we enquire concerning the practick from the decisions and judgements that now are at Rome Naples Florence Genoa Bononia Mantua at Perussium in Italy Spires in Germany at Paris Burdeaux Gratianapolis in France we shal easily perceive to whether the Goal must be delivered We acknowledge that Physick flourished in the dayes of Hippocrates and was renewed as it were by Galen but that it is now come to the top point may be demonstrated by most firm Arguments And I. Anatomy or artificiall Dissection of bodies was scarce known to the Antients For the Aegyptians Dissected and Annoynted bodies to preserve them from corrupting The Greeks burn'd them witnesse Herodotus and Thucidides Plutarch intimates that the custome was to burn one Womans body with ten Mens as being fatter and Hippocrates speaks nothing of these things Democritus was found by him dissecting many Animals and when he asked him the reason of it he answered I dissect these Animals you see not that I hate Gods works but to search out the nature of the Gall and of Choler Amongst the Jewes the custome was either to burn Malefactours or to stone them if they were hanged they were buried the same day It was sin to touch the bodies of the dead Amongst the Romanes also bodies were burnt The place where was called Puticulae or Culina and the vessels their ashes were put into Urnae And though Cicero writes that Sylla was the first who amongst the Senators of the Cornelii would be burnt with fire Yet Ovid writes of Remus The limbs must burn he did annoint And Numa who was addicted to the Sect of Pythagoras forbad men to burn his body Tully himself saith that the Lawes of the twelve Tables forbad to bury a dead body in the City or to burn it And these were given in the 300. V. C. yeer Lastly Vignerius shewes out of the eighth Book of Livie that the body of the Son of Manlius the Consull was burned in the fields and that was done in the yeer V. C. CCCC XII Before Syllas death CCLXX. It was not lawfull for them to behold the Entralls of man This custome began to be antiquated after the Antonini Macrobius saith it began to fail in his dayes Yet fifty yeers after the bodies of Pertinax and Severus were burnt as Dion and Herodian testifie Then lived Galen who as some write did dissect many Apes and Monkeys no bodies of Men unlesse perhaps he did One. Whilst Laurentius writes that he did that often he saith onely it is probable that he did so As for the Primitive Church Tertullian calls Herophilus a Butcher rather then a Physitian who hated man that he might know him And Augustine Though the diligence of some Physitians be cruelty yet those men call'd Anatomists do butcher the bodies of the dead Boniface threatens those with Excommunication who should take out mens bowels Which is not onely saith he made very odious in the sight of the Majesty of God but ought also as being obvious to the eyes of men to be exceedingly abhorred Therefore in our and our predecessours dayes that Science began to be adorned and it was adorned by Vesalius who was the restorer of it Valerius Sylvius Fallopius Columbus Riolanus Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapedente Remmelinus Spigelius Casserius and others II. The knowledge of Plants though it were first known to Theophrastus after that to Pliny and most of all to Dioscorides yet in the Age newly past this also is brought to greater perfection And this is not onely apparent by the peregrinations of Ravilius L●on●ardus Fuchsius Clusius and Americus by the Discovery of the New World and by Navigations into both the Indies which amongst the rest have brought

Britains French Germans of Pyrrhus and of the Carthagenians against them we shall finde these inferiour to them in very few things He that desires to see an exact comparison between the Britains and the Romans let him read Rawleghs History of the World Moreover if unity be respected amongst vertues It is most certain that there was no example of Amity amongst the Greekes or Romans that may be compared with the examples of Marcus Tarvisanus and Nicolaus Barbadicus Senatours of Venice Alexander de Galtis hath described it prefixing before it an Historicall Argument Point X. And the last It is probable as some think that the Church shall be in greater glory upon the earth yet than ever it was before THough the matter be as I have shewed yet many places of Scripture are objected which seem clearly to speak the contrary of the last times And indeed it is expresse in Saint Matthew Because iniquity shall abound the charity of many shall wax cold When the Son of Man comes shall he finde faith in the Earth In Saint Paul The spirit speaks expresly that in the latter times some shall fall from the faith Wicked men shall grow worse and worse deceiving and being deceived In Saint Peter There shall come Scoffers in the last days walking after their own lusts c. But all this cannot evince so much as to subvert our Opinion And I may answer to those places both in generall and in speciall Generally I. For though it were true that about the end of the world Mens maners should grow worse yet it follows not that therefore there was an universall perpetuall decay II. It cannot be understood how we shall expect a conversion of Jews and Gentiles and yet mens manners should grow worse III. The last dayes seem not to mean those that are neerest to Christs coming but for all that time that is between his first and second ●●mming So in Isaiah And it shall be in the last dayes when the Mountain of the House of the Lord shall be set in the top of the Mountains and lifted above the hills that all Nations shall come unto it Man is a little World and as his age is divided into many parts so is the age of the World divided into many periods Therefore as old age onely may equall all the other periods past so may the last times also Nor may that seem strange For the time from Jobs restitution untill his death is called his last age though it comprehends a 140 yeers IV. The last dayes may be taken for the latest whence as Joel speaks of Prophesies And it shall be after that saith he Peter in the Acts of the Apostles pronounceth the same by saying that shall be in the last times And that appears most clearly in the Prophecie of Jacob preceding his death For he promiseth to certifie unto his sons what should happen in the last dayes Yet he sets between those times the taking away of the Scepter from Judah and the comming of Shiloh Wherefore the last times seem not here onely to be meant but also as a learned man explains it in his Comment upon the Epistle of Jude the Kingdom of Christ And thus much for the generall In speciall I. The Praediction of S. Paul concerning forbidding to marry is fulfilled in Eustatius the Tatiani Marcionists Manichees Catharists and Montanists The same reason serves for the other For he doth not compare his age with ours but rather teacheth us what shall be the condition of the kindgom of Christ. Nor is that increase of wickednesse joyned with the succession of time any thing to a universall and perpetuall ruine of nature For as some fall off to wickednesse others hold the faster to what is good And S. Paul himself saith But they shall proceed no further but their folly shall be made manifest unto all II. The Prophesie of Peter came to passe then in Judes times for Jude useth almost the very same words and the difference is no more but this that one foretells it and the other shews it fulfilled III. The predictions of Christ are to understood concerning the Persecutions of the Christian Religion and the subversion of the City of Jerusalem and in this sense Maldonat and Aretius alleadge Saint Pauls words 2 Tim. 4. v. 6. Those words in Saint Luke signifie nothing else than that from the time that Christ asscended into Heaven untill his coming again Men will be alwaies incredulous Divines interpret them and Jansenius saith They do not onely signifie Paucity and want of faith in men who shall be found alive in the last day but also in men of all times Some things also are alleadged for the coming of Antichrist but of this subject you may read Whitaker Downam and others The most certain Argument is the removing of that which hindereth or the overthrow of the Romane Empire which the popish party as Thomas Lyra Ribera and Salmeron confess to be done already Who succeeded into his place Pasquier Matchiavel and Sigonius shew But the clearest of them all is Lipsius whose most memorable words are these Wonderfull is Gods goodnesse to this City When he took away the force of arms he gave force to the Lawes When he would not let the sword rule he granted power to the Church and so also he made it to be the honour the defence and the support of things But they say that old Senate is not Not that but an other and behold in that Purple select Judges out of all our World who are to be regarded for their Manners Prudence and Arms. Should the old Cynick live again should see this Assembly he would make no question to compare it with Kings or Noblemen What are the Tributes Not so great but they are more innocent also and more willingly paid What are the Embassies of Nations Nor are they wanting but they come from the known and unknown world so wide doth this Majesty spread it self and hence they fetch Rights and Lawes of Sacred things Kings and Princes come and how themselves and submit their obedient heads to this one head But as it is no doubt but that Antichrist is come and is also revealed to the world so many places of Scripture according to some pious Interpreters seem to intimate the neernesse of his Ruine upon which they say will follow such a peace of the Church as the like was never before To this peace some adjoyne a more full conversion of Jewes and Gentiles to which the noble D. Makovius the Light of his Countrey amongst strangers addes their return into the land of Canaan The restitution of all things by Elias the ceasing of all Heresies Forrain persecutions and of all Impiety Some adde further to this the Resurrection of the Martyrs and a Reign with Christ upon the Earth for a thousand yeers Of that opinion are Carolus Gallus Professour formerly of the University at Leyden