against_o the_o legallity_n of_o this_o indictment_n l._n pres_n go_v on_o then_o m._n love_n sir_n the_o first_o motion_n i_o shall_v make_v be_v for_o counsel_n to_o advise_v in_o matter_n of_o law_n relate_v to_o this_o trial_n and_o as_o i_o do_v gather_v from_o hear_v the_o indictment_n there_o be_v several_a matter_n of_o law_n that_o do_v arise_v in_o which_o i_o desire_v to_o have_v counsel_n assign_v i_o and_o the_o first_o be_v whether_o the_o act_n by_o which_o this_o court_n be_v constitute_v of_o the_o 26_o march_n 1650._o that_o forbid_v receive_v or_o send_v letter_n or_o message_n to_o or_o from_o england_n or_o ireland_n do_v enable_v you_o to_o receive_v a_o charge_n against_o i_o concern_v letter_n to_o or_o from_o scotland_n scotland_n not_o be_v mention_v in_o that_o act_n by_o which_o you_o be_v constitute_v therefore_o see_v this_o be_v matter_n of_o law_n i_o desire_v i_o may_v have_v counsel_n to_o advise_v with_o about_o it_o att._n gen._n mr._n love_v then_o 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day_n of_o march_n 1650_o and_o the_o first_o day_n of_o june_n 1651._o at_o london_n and_o other_o place_n as_o aforesaid_a do_v traitorous_o and_o malicious_o give_v hold_v use_v and_o maintain_v correspondence_n and_o intelligence_n by_o letter_n message_n instruction_n and_o other_o way_n prejudicial_a to_o this_o commonwealth_n with_o the_o say_v charles_n stewart_n son_n of_o the_o late_a king_n and_o with_o the_o late_a queen_n his_o mother_n and_o with_o the_o say_v henry_n jermin_n henry_n piercy_n and_o divers_a other_o person_n be_v of_o council_n and_o abide_n with_o charles_n stewart_n and_o further_o to_o carry_v on_o and_o accomplish_v the_o say_v traitorous_a and_o wicked_a design_n he_o the_o say_v christopher_n love_n several_a day_n and_o time_n in_o the_o respective_a year_n aforesaid_a at_o london_n aforesaid_a and_o divers_a place_n within_o this_o commonwealth_n of_o england_n and_o elsewhere_o as_o aforesaid_a do_v traitorous_o and_o malicious_o use_v hold_v 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touch_v matter_n of_o law_n but_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n in_o truth_n that_o which_o we_o be_v to_o tell_v you_o and_o which_o we_o be_v bind_v in_o justice_n and_o conscience_n to_o let_v you_o know_v be_v this_o that_o you_o be_v out_o of_o your_o way_n and_o therefore_o do_v not_o destroy_v yourself_o for_o if_o you_o refuse_v to_o plead_v there_o be_v nothing_o then_o but_o a_o plain_a downright_a judgement_n m._n love_n in_o ordinary_a court_n of_o judicatory_a the_o judge_n do_v counsel_n for_o the_o prisoner_n but_o you_o be_v here_o judge_n not_o only_o in_o matter_n of_o law_n but_o of_o matter_n of_o fact_n also_o and_o therefore_o i_o can_v advise_v with_o you_o for_o shall_v i_o confess_v any_o thing_n than_o it_o arise_v out_o of_o my_o own_o mouth_n and_o you_o will_v condemn_v i_o upon_o it_o see_v therefore_o both_o lie_v in_o you_o both_o matter_n of_o law_n and_o matter_n of_o fact_n i_o beseech_v you_o afford_v i_o counsel_n and_o let_v i_o have_v a_o copy_n of_o 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counsel_n can_v give_v you_o advice_n in_o this_o m._n love_n i_o still_o say_v i_o do_v not_o refuse_v to_o plead_v but_o if_o you_o will_v afford_v i_o counsel_n i_o shall_v think_v my_o life_n in_o a_o great_a deal_n less_o danger_n for_o i_o do_v not_o know_v whether_o i_o may_v not_o by_o the_o advice_n of_o counsel_n confess_v some_o part_n of_o the_o indictment_n whether_o i_o may_v not_o demur_v in_o law_n upon_o some_o part_n or_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o indictment_n which_o i_o have_v do_v already_o as_o that_o i_o be_o charge_v for_o treason_n for_o those_o thing_n that_o be_v not_o within_o your_o cognizance_n or_o power_n as_o i_o apprehend_v and_o thing_n do_v before_o your_o act_n and_o for_o such_o thing_n that_o if_o i_o have_v do_v they_o i_o must_v have_v be_v indict_v for_o they_o within_o a_o year_n or_o else_o not_o at_o all_o and_o these_o i_o deem_v legal_a exception_n member_n of_o the_o court._n my_o lord_n he_o be_v very_o ignorant_a of_o the_o law_n 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this_o point_n for_o the_o presbyterian_a government_n if_o it_o be_v rectify_v doubtless_o it_o tend_v to_o the_o peace_n of_o this_o nation_n and_o all_o place_n but_o not_o with_o a_o scotch_a limitation_n i_o deny_v that_o nor_o limit_v by_o a_o scotch_a covenant_n the_o next_o thing_n be_v this_o because_o you_o often_o fall_v upon_o distinction_n of_o the_o law_n and_o that_o you_o be_v ignorant_a of_o the_o law_n the_o more_o to_o blame_v you_o that_o profess_v the_o learning_n of_o the_o law_n of_o god_n for_o there_o be_v no_o law_n in_o england_n but_o be_v as_o real_o and_o true_o the_o law_n of_o god_n as_o any_o scripture-phrase_n that_o be_v by_o consequence_n from_o the_o very_a text_n of_o scripture_n for_o there_o be_v very_o many_o consequence_n reason_v out_o of_o the_o text_n of_o scripture_n so_o be_v the_o law_n of_o england_n the_o very_a consequence_n of_o the_o very_a decalogue_n itself_o and_o whatsoever_o be_v not_o consonant_a to_o scripture_n in_o the_o 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religion_n in_o the_o world_n both_o in_o christendom_n and_o out_o of_o it_o and_o this_o sir_n we_o will_v have_v you_o know_v that_o lawyer_n doctrine_n tend_v to_o this_o and_o i_o hope_v hereafter_o you_o will_v be_v more_o obedient_a and_o better_o verse_v to_o know_v these_o ground_n of_o the_o law_n of_o england_n by_o which_o now_o you_o be_v call_v here_o i_o shall_v say_v no_o more_o but_o take_v advice_n with_o the_o court_n about_o you_o the_o court_n adjourn_v and_o m._n love_n be_v command_v away_o the_o four_o day_n proceed_v june_n 27._o 1651._o mr._n hall_n the_o first_o council_n for_o the_o commonwealth_n mr._n hall_n my_o lord_n the_o prisoner_n at_o the_o bar_n mr._n love_n stand_v impeach_v
then_o subsequent_a to_o that_o there_o follow_v this_o that_o the_o court_n have_v now_o read_v we_o say_v that_o in_o this_o case_n here_o be_v not_o a_o charge_n of_o a_o overt_a act_n neither_o by_o the_o one_o nor_o by_o the_o other_o there_o be_v not_o a_o charge_n by_o the_o former_a because_o that_o be_v a_o distinct_a treason_n make_v distinct_o treasonable_a by_o another_o act_n and_o therefore_o that_o which_o be_v make_v a_o distinct_a charge_n of_o treason_n by_o another_o act_n shall_v not_o be_v a_o overt_a act_n within_o the_o former_a that_o be_v one_o thing_n we_o say_v and_o another_o thing_n we_o say_v be_v this_o that_o in_o this_o case_n the_o second_o that_o be_v that_o which_o the_o court_n have_v be_v please_v to_o direct_v to_o be_v read_v to_o we_o concern_v his_o hold_a correspondence_n that_o shall_v not_o be_v a_o overt_a act_n relate_v to_o the_o first_o charge_n for_o it_o be_v a_o uncertain_a relation_n for_o there_o be_v two_o design_n mention_v before_o the_o one_o be_v a_o design_n contain_v in_o the_o first_o charge_n the_o other_o a_o design_n contain_v in_o the_o second_o charge_n for_o the_o promote_a of_o charles_n stewart_n and_o we_o say_v the_o three_o shall_v not_o be_v couple_v up_o to_o the_o former_a because_o it_o be_v a_o distinct_a charge_n of_o treason_n in_o itself_o and_o because_o it_o be_v uncertain_a to_o which_o it_o relate_v for_o it_o refer_v not_o more_o to_o the_o first_o charge_n then_o to_o the_o second_o concern_v the_o promote_a of_o charles_n stewart_n that_o be_v call_v the_o prince_n of_o wales_n l._n pres_n for_o this_o i_o take_v it_o for_o the_o present_a that_o the_o charge_n be_v found_v upon_o four_o statute_n if_o he_o lie_v the_o offence_n against_o the_o first_o second_o three_o and_o four_o and_o he_o shall_v come_v and_o conclude_v it_o without_o relation_n to_o any_o particular_a of_o these_o treason_n he_o do_v thus_o and_o thus_o by_o letter_n and_o correspondency_n that_o will_v relate_v to_o they_o every_o one_o though_o it_o come_v but_o in_o the_o conclusion_n and_o though_o the_o statute_n be_v various_a yet_o the_o indictment_n be_v but_o one_o and_o he_o may_v put_v in_o this_o of_o the_o overture_n in_o one_o place_n sufficient_o to_o be_v a_o sufficient_a overture_n to_o every_o one_o and_o therefore_o though_o to_o one_o of_o they_o there_o shall_v be_v no_o overture_n in_o it_o at_o all_o but_o valet_fw-la ut_fw-la valere_fw-la potest_fw-la it_o will_v hang_v upon_o so_o much_o as_o it_o will_v bear_v a_o overt_a act_n and_o then_o you_o will_v not_o deny_v but_o that_o those_o word_n be_v overture_n m._n hales_n it_o be_v true_a they_o be_v so_o but_o yet_o still_o we_o conceive_v this_o three_o which_o we_o call_v the_o three_o charge_n that_o be_v concern_v hold_v correspondence_n the_o three_o or_o four_o i_o can_v tell_v which_o it_o be_v but_o it_o be_v one_o of_o they_o we_o say_v that_o that_o be_v not_o a_o overt_a act_n apply_v to_o the_o first_o charge_n when_o we_o come_v to_o the_o substance_n of_o that_o charge_n as_o it_o stand_v by_o itself_o than_o our_o exception_n will_v rise_v upon_o it_o as_o it_o stand_v single_o by_o itself_o but_o we_o conceive_v that_o shall_v not_o be_v a_o supplementall_a charge_n to_o make_v good_a that_o first_o charge_n that_o be_v concern_v endeavour_v to_o subvert_v the_o state_n as_o it_o stand_v establish_v it_o shall_v not_o be_v use_v as_o a_o overt_a act_n to_o make_v good_a the_o first_o charge_n when_o we_o come_v to_o that_o particular_a charge_n that_o be_v concern_v the_o maintain_n of_o correspondence_n whether_o it_o be_v a_o good_a substantive_n charge_n of_o itself_o than_o we_o shall_v offer_v our_o exception_n to_o that_o but_o in_o the_o mean_a while_o we_o be_v but_o upon_o debate_n of_o the_o first_o whether_o the_o first_o contain_v such_o a_o charge_n as_o by_o the_o act_n of_o the_o 17_o of_o july_n 1649._o be_v require_v at._n gen._n my_o lord_n we_o be_v hear_v before_o you_o concern_v it_o mr._n hales_n will_v find_v that_o after_o all_o these_o law_n be_v repeat_v and_o after_o all_o his_o offence_n against_o those_o law_n be_v repeat_v it_o be_v conclude_v that_o all_o be_v against_o the_o several_a act_n of_o parliament_n in_o such_o case_n make_v and_o provide_v if_o mr._n hales_n will_v single_a they_o â—he_v impeachment_n do_v not_o but_o relate_v to_o all_o of_o they_o and_o i_o think_v that_o in_o this_o way_n of_o impeachment_n we_o be_v not_o tie_v to_o those_o very_a nice_a and_o strict_a formal_a rule_n upon_o indictment_n but_o if_o substance_n do_v appear_v it_o do_v appear_v to_o you_o my_o lord_n that_o in_o substance_n the_o act_n be_v pursue_v and_o that_o upon_o the_o whole_a impeachment_n there_o be_v even_o this_o that_o be_v require_v the_o expression_n of_o a_o open_a deed_n a_o overt_a act_n those_o be_v lay_v and_o it_o will_v be_v acknowledge_v by_o mr._n hales_n that_o they_o be_v in_o themselves_o sufficient_a be_v thus_o express_v and_o conclude_v that_o those_o several_a practice_n and_o design_n and_o treason_n be_v against_o the_o form_n of_o the_o several_a statute_n in_o that_o case_n make_v and_o provide_v not_o in_o relation_n to_o the_o 17._o of_o july_n nor_o the_o 2_o of_o august_n but_o to_o all_o of_o they_o and_o i_o believe_v that_o all_o of_o these_o fact_n all_o of_o this_o treason_n all_o of_o this_o design_n whether_o with_o the_o scotch_a nation_n or_o member_n of_o the_o scotch_a nation_n or_o those_o adhere_n to_o the_o scot_n nation_n have_v all_o but_o one_o foundation_n the_o subversion_n of_o this_o present_a government_n that_o be_v the_o foundation_n and_o treason_n of_o the_o whole_a that_o be_v it_o that_o be_v intend_v for_o to_o bring_v one_o in_o and_o not_o to_o cast_v out_o the_o other_o will_v have_v do_v no_o good_a but_o upon_o the_o whole_a that_o be_v the_o treason_n and_o upon_o all_o these_o circumstance_n and_o open_a deed_n and_o design_n the_o sum_n though_o it_o be_v a_o treason_n to_o hold_v correspondence_n though_o it_o be_v a_o treason_n to_o promote_v charles_n stewart_n though_o it_o be_v a_o treason_n to_o do_v other_o thing_n yet_o the_o treason_n be_v in_o this_o the_o scot_n nation_n to_o come_v in_o with_o intent_n to_o subvert_v the_o government_n charles_n stewart_n to_o be_v make_v king_n to_o subvert_v the_o government_n so_o that_o the_o grand_a work_n at_o heart_n at_o root_n be_v the_o subversion_n of_o the_o present_a government_n and_o as_o for_o that_o i_o wish_v hearty_o for_o mr._n love_n sake_n there_o be_v not_o so_o many_o open_a deed_n express_v by_o he_o s._n tho._n wither_n mr._n hales_n speak_v of_o the_o charge_n the_o word_n be_v these_o and_o further_o to_o carry_v on_o and_o accomplish_v the_o say_v traitorous_a and_o wicked_a practice_n and_o design_n he_o the_o say_a christopher_n love_n now_o this_o i_o take_v to_o be_v the_o overt_a act_n divers_a day_n and_o time_n between_o the_o 29._o of_o march_n 1650_o and_o the_o first_o of_o june_n 1651_o at_o london_n and_o divers_a other_o place_n as_o aforesaid_a do_v traitorous_o and_o malicious_o use_n and_o hold_v correspondence_n and_o intelligence_n by_o letter_n those_o be_v open_a act_n message_n instruction_n and_o otherwise_o to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o these_o be_v lay_v within_o the_o time_n and_o not_o a_o distinct_a charge_n as_o mr._n hales_n will_v infer_v but_o they_o do_v direct_o set_v forth_o a_o overt_a act_n do_v by_o mr._n love_n mr._n hales_n be_v it_o your_o lordship_n pleasure_n i_o shall_v reply_v any_o thing_n because_o i_o come_v utter_o unprovided_a for_o it_o i_o must_v profess_v at._n gen._n we_o may_v give_v he_o this_o and_o one_o or_o two_o more_o l._n pres_n go_v on_o master_n hales_n if_o you_o have_v that_o that_o be_v material_a for_o another_o reply_n do_v but_o take_v this_o master_n hales_n i_o take_v it_o very_o strong_a both_o in_o grammar_n and_o logic_n too_o as_o well_o as_o in_o law_n that_o when_o all_o the_o whole_a charge_n be_v radical_o and_o fundamenta_o but_o one_o treason_n though_o there_o be_v many_o branch_n of_o it_o the_o charge_n have_v knit_v they_o altogether_o and_o make_v but_o one_o act_n of_o so_o many_o complicate_v treason_n as_o here_o be_v and_o when_o he_o come_v to_o the_o latter_a end_n if_o some_o of_o they_o be_v de_fw-fr facto_fw-la not_o by_o a_o overt_a deed_n publish_v yet_o if_o he_o come_v and_o prove_v that_o it_o be_v so_o do_v by_o the_o proof_n that_o there_o be_v correspondence_n and_o these_o thing_n de_fw-fr facto_fw-la do_v and_o that_o charge_n de_fw-fr facto_fw-la do_v you_o can_v break_v it_o there_o to_o say_v that_o this_o fact_n do_v not_o
five_o treason_n and_o one_o act_n may_v be_v a_o offence_n against_o four_o or_o five_o act_n of_o parliament_n and_o this_o be_v the_o truth_n for_o where_o the_o several_a act_n be_v repeat_v that_o my_o lord_n be_v those_o law_n against_o which_o this_o treason_n and_o this_o treasonable_a practice_n and_o design_n be_v lay_v to_o be_v then_o follow_v the_o several_a enumeration_n of_o those_o practice_n design_n and_o open_a act_n of_o his_o now_o apply_v by_o we_o but_o mr._n hales_n will_v take_v they_o and_o apply_v they_o to_o one_o single_o but_o i_o observe_v to_o your_o lordship_n that_o those_o open_a act_n of_o his_o be_v offence_n by_o a_o open_a act_n against_o the_o several_a act_n of_o parliament_n but_o it_o serve_v his_o turn_n for_o his_o client_n to_o apply_v they_o so_o but_o i_o hope_v you_o will_v not_o apply_v they_o so_o but_o when_o they_o come_v between_o the_o offence_n and_o the_o overt_a act_n follow_v it_o and_o the_o conclusion_n upon_o the_o whole_a that_o all_o those_o traitorous_a and_o wicked_a practice_n and_o design_n be_v against_o the_o several_a act_n of_o parliament_n and_o if_o there_o be_v a_o open_a act_n so_o express_v in_o the_o impeachment_n that_o in_o law_n be_v a_o open_a act_n suppose_v it_o shall_v be_v require_v to_o be_v express_v if_o there_o be_v a_o open_a act_n than_o i_o hope_v you_o will_v be_v satisfy_v when_o it_o have_v be_v well_o prove_v if_o it_o be_v express_v in_o the_o indictment_n a_o open_a act_n that_o i_o hope_v will_v satisfy_v your_o judgement_n and_o conscience_n especial_o when_o open_a act_n shall_v appear_v to_o you_o to_o be_v a_o offence_n against_o the_o act_n of_o parliament_n i_o shall_v leave_v this_o to_o your_o judgement_n and_o trouble_v you_o no_o further_o and_o you_o will_v find_v in_o its_o place_n whether_o it_o be_v requisite_a or_o not_o l._n pres_n that_o that_o mr._n hale_v say_v if_o it_o be_v a_o thing_n of_o absolute_a necessity_n in_o a_o indictment_n than_o the_o conclusion_n will_v not_o help_v if_o the_o thing_n be_v of_o absolute_a necessity_n there_o charge_v and_o not_o charge_v contra_fw-la formam_fw-la statutis_fw-la will_v not_o do_v it_o but_o if_o i_o understand_v it_o right_n it_o be_v full_o lay_v in_o this_o charge_n that_o he_o do_v by_o open_a and_o overt_a act_n do_v the_o thing_n it_o be_v lay_v so_o the_o word_n of_o open_a act_n be_v not_o but_o the_o value_n that_o be_v that_o he_o do_v by_o writing_n by_o word_n by_o message_n by_o money_n and_o these_o be_v real_o overt_a act_n though_o he_o do_v not_o call_v these_o overt_a act_n these_o be_v lay_v full_o in_o the_o charge_n and_o then_o if_o they_o be_v lay_v full_o in_o the_o charge_n and_o we_o satisfy_v in_o the_o full_a proof_n of_o that_o charge_n that_o we_o have_v hear_v overt_a act_n to_o maintain_v it_o than_o i_o think_v this_o can_v come_v within_o any_o of_o those_o case_n that_o when_o a_o essential_a thing_n be_v leave_v out_o of_o a_o indictment_n there_o the_o conclusion_n will_v not_o help_v this_o i_o conceive_v so_o far_o then_o the_o next_o what_o method_n or_o order_n this_o can_v be_v by_o set_v down_o the_o statute_n and_o then_o withal_o these_o overt_a act_n of_o letter_n of_o message_n of_o money_n will_v reach_v to_o every_o one_o of_o the_o quality_n that_o these_o treason_n be_v manifest_v by_o this_o act_n but_o if_o it_o be_v a_o treason_n of_o such_o a_o nature_n that_o none_o of_o these_o can_v reach_v to_o the_o manifestation_n of_o it_o than_o you_o say_v well_o but_o when_o these_o word_n reach_v to_o the_o manifestation_n of_o every_o charge_n lay_v in_o the_o charge_n than_o it_o be_v effectual_a and_o real_a and_o the_o conclusion_n be_v sufficient_a att._n gen._n before_o he_o go_v to_o the_o next_o i_o shall_v crave_v your_o direction_n in_o it_o for_o i_o profess_v my_o lord_n to_o you_o that_o i_o in_o draw_v the_o impeachment_n take_v not_o myself_o to_o be_v so_o strict_o tie_v to_o the_o form_n of_o indictment_n in_o letter_n and_o syllable_n and_o the_o form_n i_o have_v take_v and_o do_v take_v be_v those_o that_o have_v pass_v heretofore_o and_o i_o follow_v they_o and_o till_o i_o receive_v your_o direction_n to_o the_o contrary_a i_o take_v not_o myself_o bind_v but_o to_o express_v the_o substance_n of_o that_o which_o be_v lay_v to_o his_o charge_n by_o which_o he_o may_v know_v his_o offence_n and_o give_v a_o answer_n but_o to_o form_n and_o quiddity_n and_o nicety_n i_o conceive_v i_o be_v not_o bind_v to_o that_o mr._n hales_n i_o press_v not_o form_n nor_o quiddity_n nor_o nicety_n in_o this_o business_n the_o next_o be_v concern_v the_o charge_n of_o promote_a the_o prince_n of_o wales_n att._n gen._n no_o there_o be_v no_o such_o thing_n in_o it_o your_o copy_n be_v amiss_o again_o read_v it_o mr._n hales_n our_o exception_n be_v this_o we_o have_v be_v but_o upon_o the_o first_o all_o this_o while_n i_o take_v it_o so_o the_o next_o be_v that_o he_o do_v traitorous_o publish_v the_o son_n of_o the_o late_a king_n of_o england_n to_o be_v king_n of_o england_n mean_v this_o commonwealth_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o people_n in_o parliament_n first_o have_v or_o signify_v by_o ordinance_n to_o that_o purpose_n i_o think_v we_o shall_v not_o trouble_v your_o lordship_n much_o with_o that_o for_o if_o that_o be_v as_o our_o copy_n be_v it_o be_v true_a it_o be_v not_o well_o lay_v but_o if_o it_o be_v never_o so_o well_o lay_v i_o conceive_v as_o i_o be_o inform_v there_o be_v nothing_o of_o that_o endeavour_v to_o be_v prove_v att._n gen._n that_o we_o leave_v to_o the_o court_n mr._n hales_n mr._n hales_n then_o the_o next_o be_v that_o to_o accomplish_v the_o say_v traitorous_a and_o wicked_a design_n christopher_n love_n do_v at_o several_a day_n in_o the_o year_n aforesaid_a traitorous_o and_o wicked_o advise_v the_o scot_n our_o exception_n to_o that_o be_v this_o there_o be_v a_o treasonable_a assistance_n charge_v in_o some_o of_o the_o year_n that_o be_v before_o the_o make_n of_o the_o act_n that_o do_v prohibit_v it_o at._n gen._n and_o afterward_o too_o m._n hales_n mr._n hales_n it_o lay_v it_o in_o some_o of_o the_o year_n before_o the_o make_n of_o the_o act_n and_o that_o be_v sufficient_a to_o invalidate_v this_o charge_n the_o clerk_n and_o further_o to_o carry_v on_o and_o accomplish_v the_o say_v traitorous_a and_o wicked_a practice_n and_o design_n he_o the_o say_v christopher_n love_n several_a day_n and_o time_n in_o the_o respective_a year_n aforesaid_a at_o london_n and_o divers_a other_o place_n within_o this_o commonwealth_n of_o england_n and_o elsewhere_o as_o aforesaid_a together_o with_o the_o say_v william_n drake_n henry_n jermin_n and_o other_o their_o complice_n aforesaid_a do_v traitorous_o and_o malicious_o invite_v aid_n and_o assist_v the_o scot_n be_v foreigner_n and_o stranger_n to_o invade_v this_o commonwealth_n of_o england_n and_o have_v adhere_v to_o the_o force_n raise_v by_o the_o enemy_n of_o the_o parliament_n and_o commonwealth_n aforesaid_a and_o keeper_n of_o the_o liberty_n of_o england_n as_o aforesaid_a at._n gen._n you_o will_v find_v this_o in_o a_o statute_n before_o this_o mr._n hales_n not_o before_o the_o 17_o of_o july_n 1649._o and_o then_o your_o charge_n be_v repugnant_a you_o charge_v we_o for_o a_o offence_n which_o be_v precedent_n to_o the_o statute_n at._n gen._n for_o that_o you_o go_v and_o take_v they_o and_o pick_v they_o but_o we_o lie_v they_o all_o together_o theâ—e_n be_v treason_n he_o commit_v in_o 1648._o and_o that_o which_o i_o pitch_v upon_o still_o be_v this_o that_o mr._n hale_v think_v be_v wave_v that_o this_o man_n do_v not_o promote_v the_o interest_n of_o charles_n stewart_n late_a king_n or_o that_o he_o have_v not_o endeavour_v a_o subversion_n of_o this_o government_n i_o lay_v that_o against_o this_o act_n make_v in_o 1648._o then_o by_o consequence_n to_o maintain_v that_o he_o do_v it_o to_o promote_v his_o interest_n and_o to_o subvert_v the_o government_n and_o there_o be_v a_o law_n in_o 1648_o that_o do_v inhibit_v that_o there_o be_v a_o law_n inhibit_v the_o call_n in_o of_o stranger_n and_o it_o follow_v by_o that_o that_o he_o who_o call_v in_o stranger_n may_v promote_v the_o interest_n of_o charles_n stewart_n too_o and_o that_o foundation_n be_v to_o this_o purpose_n that_o he_o do_v promote_v he_o to_o have_v be_v king_n of_o england_n and_o you_o know_v what_o he_o express_v to_o you_o what_o tenderness_n of_o conscience_n he_o have_v to_o take_v care_n that_o he_o may_v not_o go_v elsewhere_o mr._n hales_n if_o it_o be_v so_o than_o we_o must_v desire_v that_o part_n of_o the_o charge_n may_v be_v read_v
at._n gen._n i_o have_v not_o charge_v they_o nor_o until_o i_o receive_v command_n shall_v i_o vary_v from_o what_o i_o have_v receive_v former_o that_o i_o shall_v charge_v this_o to_o be_v against_o this_o and_o that_o against_o that_o but_o i_o have_v lay_v down_o the_o act_n of_o parliament_n that_o have_v make_v thing_n treason_n and_o the_o offence_n several_o and_o upon_o the_o whole_a conclude_v that_o these_o be_v treason_n against_o several_a act_n of_o parliament_n several_o if_o one_o or_o all_o together_o serve_v turn_v i_o hold_v it_o well_o enough_o if_o you_o put_v i_o to_o every_o one_o of_o they_o particular_o i_o must_v have_v more_o time_n and_o better_a clerk_n to_o draw_v the_o inditement_n mr._n hales_n still_o the_o same_o objection_n meet_v with_o submission_n to_o the_o court_n and_o mr._n attorney_n the_o same_o objection_n meet_v with_o they_o we_o say_v then_o he_o will_v make_v this_o a_o kind_n of_o a_o additional_a charge_n to_o the_o first_o or_o to_o the_o second_o or_o to_o both_o but_o we_o know_v not_o to_o which_o att._n gen._n yes_o mr._n hales_n but_o we_o say_v that_o that_o be_v not_o sufficient_a upon_o these_o reason_n because_o it_o be_v a_o charge_n of_o treason_n in_o itself_o and_o therefore_o shall_v not_o be_v make_v a_o additional_a and_o supplementall_a charge_n to_o make_v out_o another_o and_o then_o we_o say_v that_o this_o be_v uncertain_o charge_v whether_o you_o will_v make_v it_o supplementall_a to_o the_o first_o charge_n of_o treason_n that_o be_v the_o endeavour_v of_o the_o subversion_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n or_o to_o the_o second_o charge_n of_o treason_n which_o be_v a_o distinct_a charge_n of_o treason_n of_o the_o promotion_n of_o the_o interest_n of_o charles_n stewart_n att._n gen._n i_o can_v divide_v they_o l._n pres_n be_v not_o these_o as_o perfect_a as_o before_o do_v not_o the_o subversion_n of_o this_o commonwealth_n promote_v the_o interest_n of_o charles_n stewart_n and_o do_v not_o the_o promotion_n of_o charles_n stewart_n subvert_v the_o interest_n of_o this_o commonwealth_n if_o he_o have_v lay_v it_o that_o he_o do_v both_o of_o these_o by_o assume_v it_o by_o a_o double_a or_o multiply_a act_n and_o all_o these_o multiply_a act_n be_v but_o one_o subversion_n if_o i_o subvert_v it_o by_o one_o or_o by_o 20_o act_n both_o of_o they_o be_v the_o same_o in_o nature_n for_o the_o subversion_n of_o the_o one_o be_v the_o bring_n in_o of_o the_o other_o and_o the_o bring_n in_o of_o the_o one_o be_v the_o subversion_n of_o the_o other_o and_o so_o they_o be_v relative_n full_o one_o to_o the_o other_o and_o there_o can_v be_v more_o express_v in_o the_o charge_n then_o this_o and_o notwithstanding_o all_o these_o act_n though_o that_o act_n have_v make_v the_o treason_n can_v it_o be_v by_o another_o act_n you_o may_v prosecute_v by_o virtue_n of_o this_o subsequent_a act_n any_o thing_n that_o be_v understand_v to_o be_v general_a treason_n by_o the_o law_n of_o the_o land_n mr._n hales_n my_o lord_n this_o be_v that_o we_o insist_v upon_o it_o be_v true_a we_o do_v conceive_v though_o the_o promotion_n of_o the_o interest_n of_o cha._n stewart_n be_v not_o consistent_a with_o the_o preservation_n of_o the_o interest_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n yet_o every_o destruction_n of_o the_o interest_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n be_v not_o therefore_o a_o promotion_n of_o the_o interest_n of_o charles_n stewart_n for_o then_o there_o can_v be_v no_o treason_n against_o the_o commonwealth_n but_o it_o must_v be_v a_o promotion_n of_o the_o other_o interest_n now_o there_o may_v be_v a_o treason_n against_o the_o commonwealth_n without_o the_o promotion_n of_o the_o other_o interest_n i_o urge_v it_o to_o this_o purpose_n to_o make_v it_o appear_v that_o they_o be_v several_a charge_n bottom_v upon_o several_a act_n and_o therefore_o the_o reference_n here_o make_v to_o promote_v the_o design_n aforesaid_a be_v uncertain_a to_o which_o it_o shall_v relate_v it_o may_v fall_v out_o the_o party_n may_v be_v guilty_a upon_o the_o first_o article_n it_o may_v fall_v out_o he_o be_v not_o guilty_a upon_o the_o second_o article_n and_o then_o it_o be_v uncertain_a to_o which_o article_n it_o relate_v that_o he_o be_v guilty_a of_o or_o not_o guilty_a of_o and_o here_o may_v be_v the_o consequence_n of_o it_o than_o you_o will_v make_v a_o treason_n which_o to_o this_o three_o clause_n be_v a_o substantive_n and_o contain_v in_o itself_o to_o be_v a_o overt_a act_n to_o another_o charge_n of_o treason_n and_o that_o you_o can_v do_v you_o can_v make_v a_o treason_n which_o be_v so_o charge_v to_o be_v a_o overt_a act_n or_o exposition_n or_o a_o declaration_n of_o that_o which_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o former_a like_o that_o case_n i_o instance_a in_o before_o of_o the_o 25_o of_o edward_z the_o 3_o that_o no_o man_n shall_v go_v about_o to_o destroy_v the_o person_n of_o the_o king_n nor_o to_o raise_v war_n against_o his_o people_n so_o that_o we_o use_v it_o not_o in_o any_o other_o reference_n but_o only_o to_o explain_v and_o bring_v the_o reason_n of_o that_o ancient_a law_n to_o this_o law_n in_o that_o case_n a_o man_n can_v charge_v the_o overt_a act_n of_o go_v about_o to_o destroy_v his_o person_n which_o be_v a_o distinct_a treason_n of_o itself_o to_o be_v a_o overt_a act_n to_o the_o charge_n of_o levy_v war_n which_o be_v another_o distinct_a treason_n and_o if_o he_o allege_v such_o a_o one_o do_v go_v about_o to_o destroy_v the_o prince_n or_o the_o consort_n of_o the_o king_n or_o the_o king_n and_o to_o make_v the_o levy_n of_o war_n to_o be_v a_o overt_a act_n to_o it_o this_o he_o can_v do_v because_o though_o it_o be_v true_a it_o may_v be_v a_o overt_a act_n to_o it_o yet_o notwithstanding_o it_o be_v make_v a_o distinct_a treason_n it_o can_v be_v a_o overt_a act_n to_o another_o treason_n and_o so_o here_o this_o very_a assist_v and_o invite_v of_o force_n be_v make_v a_o distinct_a treason_n and_o so_o if_o you_o take_v it_o substantive_o it_o be_v insufficient_o lay_v and_o if_o relative_o you_o may_v not_o do_v so_o because_o it_o be_v a_o treason_n of_o itself_o and_o shall_v not_o be_v bring_v in_o relation_n to_o another_o treason_n lay_v before_o it_o att._n gen._n for_o that_o i_o hope_v mr._n hales_n will_v leave_v i_o to_o that_o liberty_n i_o have_v that_o be_v that_o if_o one_o act_n be_v a_o offence_n against_o several_a act_n i_o may_v aggravate_v it_o so_o as_o to_o make_v he_o know_v it_o be_v so_o and_o i_o take_v it_o for_o a_o aggravation_n of_o his_o offence_n when_o he_o have_v offend_v against_o so_o many_o several_a law_n which_o he_o have_v do_v and_o that_o i_o may_v have_v liberty_n to_o say_v so_o though_o perhaps_o that_o subversion_n of_o this_o government_n be_v not_o in_o every_o respect_n a_o promote_a of_o the_o interest_n of_o charles_n stewart_n but_o the_o subversion_n of_o this_o government_n as_o it_o be_v here_o lay_v in_o this_o indictment_n be_v a_o promotion_n of_o the_o interest_n of_o charles_n stewart_n and_o so_o it_o be_v here_o and_o i_o have_v do_v now_o with_o that_o l._n pres_n then_o mr._n hales_n i_o will_v add_v a_o word_n because_o that_o you_o do_v put_v the_o case_n of_o a_o man_n destroy_v the_o person_n of_o a_o king_n and_o levy_v of_o war_n if_o it_o be_v lay_v those_o very_a act_n if_o they_o be_v lay_v as_o a_o continue_a or_o a_o medium_n or_o a_o enterprise_n that_o he_o have_v take_v up_o a_o war_n to_o destroy_v the_o person_n of_o the_o king_n those_o word_n in_o one_o sense_n if_o it_o have_v be_v lay_v solitary_o by_o itself_o and_o destroy_v the_o king_n in_o another_o but_o if_o he_o show_v that_o by_o levy_v of_o war_n he_o endeavour_v it_o than_o the_o denomination_n be_v from_o the_o end_n in_o that_o place_n and_o though_o they_o be_v two_o treason_n substantive_o yet_o when_o they_o be_v lay_v as_o one_o continue_a act_n they_o be_v but_o one_o and_o so_o it_o be_v in_o this_o case_n all_o these_o though_o there_o be_v several_a statute_n and_o several_a treason_n these_o multiply_a act_n make_v up_o but_o one_o complete_a in_o the_o conclusion_n if_o there_o want_v one_o of_o these_o if_o there_o be_v sufficient_a in_o the_o other_o it_o be_v treason_n enough_o and_o too_o much_o too_o i_o will_v it_o be_v not_o so_o if_o they_o be_v lay_v in_o subordination_n as_o all_o these_o be_v every_o one_o of_o they_o further_o to_o promote_v this_o and_o to_o promote_v that_o so_o they_o be_v lay_v in_o promotion_n of_o it_o to_o every_o one_o and_o then_o they_o be_v contiguous_a and_o depend_v one_o upon_o another_o and_o be_v substantive_a and_o so_o substantial_a as_o
act_n of_o the_o 2._o of_o august_n 1650._o in_o express_a word_n read_v the_o impeachment_n the_o clerk_n and_o further_o to_o carry_v on_o and_o accomplish_v the_o say_v traitorous_a and_o wicked_a practice_n and_o design_n he_o the_o say_v christopher_n love_n within_o the_o time_n and_o at_o the_o place_n last_v aforesaid_a do_v traitorous_o and_o voluntary_o relieve_v the_o say_a silas_n titus_n edward_n massie_n col._n bamfield_n one_o mason_n late_o of_o london_n gentleman_n and_o one_o sterk_n late_o of_o london_n gentleman_n who_o then_o be_v and_o yet_o be_v under_o the_o power_n of_o the_o scotch_a nation_n in_o arm_n against_o the_o parliament_n and_o commonwealth_n of_o england_n with_o money_n and_o ammunition_n which_o treason_n and_o traitorous_a and_o wicked_a practice_n and_o design_n of_o he_o the_o say_v christopher_n love_n be_v and_o be_v to_o the_o apparent_a hazard_n of_o the_o public_a peace_n of_o the_o common_a wealth_n and_o free-state_n parliament_n and_o people_n of_o england_n and_o to_o the_o manifold_a breach_n contempt_n and_o violation_n of_o the_o law_n of_o this_o land_n and_o contrary_a to_o the_o form_n of_o divers_a statute_n and_o act_n of_o parliament_n in_o such_o case_n make_v and_o provide_v m._n hales_n then_o we_o say_v it_o be_v uncertain_o allege_v and_o uncertain_o lay_v but_o we_o take_v it_o it_o be_v not_o within_o the_o word_n of_o the_o act_n we_o desire_v that_o act_n may_v be_v read_v the_o clerk_n that_o shall_v from_o and_o after_o the_o 5._o of_o august_n 1650._o use_n hold_v and_o maintain_v any_o correspondence_n etc._n etc._n m._n hales_n then_o this_o be_v not_o within_o this_o act_n because_o that_o this_o be_v concern_v send_v to_o person_n that_o be_v in_o scotland_n i_o observe_v not_o that_o it_o be_v charge_v that_o they_o be_v in_o scotland_n at._n gen._n or_o shall_v abbet_n assist_v countenance_n or_o encourage_v the_o scotch_a nation_n or_o any_o other_o person_n or_o person_n adhere_v to_o they_o in_o their_o war_n against_o the_o commonwealth_n what_o think_v you_o of_o relieve_v be_v not_o that_o abet_v and_o encourage_v m._n hales_n it_o shall_v be_v lay_v so_o then_o i_o desire_v that_o part_n of_o the_o charge_n may_v be_v read_v again_o the_o clerk_n and_o further_o to_o carry_v on_o etc._n etc._n m._n hales_n my_o lord_n we_o think_v this_o be_v not_o full_o charge_v according_a to_o the_o act._n at._n gen._n i_o will_v read_v you_o another_o of_o the_o 26._o of_o march_n 1650._o m._n hales_n that_o make_v it_o not_o treason_n at._n gen._n it_o come_v very_o near_o it_o but_o i_o insist_v upon_o it_o it_o be_v under_o the_o other_o relieve_v they_o with_o money_n buy_v of_o arms._n mr._n hales_n still_o the_o same_o exception_n lie_v upon_o it_o within_o the_o time_n aforesaid_a which_o certain_o can_v be_v acknowledge_v at._n gen._n we_o acknowledge_v the_o same_o exception_n and_o the_o same_o answer_n lie_v to_o it_o that_o of_o the_o 26._o of_o march_n 1650._o it_o be_v he_o shall_v suffer_v death_n and_o upon_o this_o it_o be_v treason_n upon_o both_o together_o we_o can_v divide_v they_o but_o must_v express_v they_o so_o mr._n hales_n under_o favour_n the_o one_o make_v it_o felony_n and_o the_o other_o a_o treason_n at._n gen._n but_o it_o be_v a_o deadly_a one_o l._n pres_n if_o a_o statute_n law_n make_v a_o thing_n felony_n that_o be_v not_o felony_n or_o recite_v a_o thing_n that_o be_v felony_n and_o say_v it_o shall_v be_v punish_v with_o death_n be_v a_o petty_a larceny_n therein_o you_o say_v well_o but_o if_o the_o statute_n recite_v that_o that_o be_v treason_n in_o itself_o actual_o and_o say_v that_o they_o that_o do_v these_o thing_n shall_v suffer_v death_n according_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o that_o offence_n that_o be_v former_o recite_v and_o limit_n it_o so_o in_o the_o recital_n if_o the_o recital_n be_v treason_n in_o the_o beginning_n and_o then_o say_v that_o that_o trartor_n shall_v suffer_v death_n without_o 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be_v promise_v reward_n that_o be_v likewise_o move_v and_o overrule_v the_o court_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o they_o may_v do_v it_o that_o if_o there_o be_v a_o treason_n and_o there_o be_v many_o correspondent_o in_o it_o and_o one_o out_o of_o remorse_n as_o some_o of_o these_o do_v say_v that_o when_o they_o have_v be_v there_o they_o do_v not_o like_o their_o way_n but_o go_v from_o they_o and_o come_v to_o they_o no_o more_o if_o this_o man_n or_o any_o other_o man_n afterward_o shall_v come_v and_o reveal_v this_o it_o be_v in_o the_o power_n of_o the_o state_n either_o to_o reward_v he_o with_o money_n and_o to_o promise_v he_o life_n too_o if_o he_o shall_v faithful_o do_v it_o and_o this_o we_o say_v be_v a_o strong_a case_n than_o the_o case_n of_o a_o approver_n which_o afterward_o when_o they_o become_v approver_n they_o must_v confess_v the_o fact_n and_o say_v they_o be_v guilty_a of_o the_o fact_n plain_o and_o open_o and_o yet_o then_o they_o be_v good_a witness_n to_o discover_v this_o as_o it_o be_v plot_v in_o hell_n for_o this_o be_v no_o other_o though_o they_o have_v a_o vizard_n upon_o they_o which_o be_v no_o otherwise_o i_o say_v if_o any_o one_o will_v discover_v such_o nay_o haply_o it_o be_v offer_v to_o master_n love_v himself_o if_o he_o will_v have_v do_v it_o i_o believe_v there_o be_v some_o overture_n make_v to_o he_o but_o this_o be_v law_n too_o by_o the_o law_n of_o this_o land_n which_o be_v the_o law_n of_o god_n for_o we_o have_v no_o law_n practise_v in_o this_o land_n but_o be_v the_o law_n of_o god_n and_o so_o do_v the_o lawyer_n maintain_v it_o before_o the_o king_n in_o henry_n the_o eighths_n time_n the_o pope_n legate_n and_o chief_a arch-bishop_n and_o bishop_n of_o england_n and_o do_v then_o prove_v it_o to_o they_o that_o there_o be_v no_o law_n practise_v in_o england_n but_o the_o law_n of_o god_n which_o our_o minister_n be_v loath_a to_o touch_v and_o busy_v themselves_o to_o study_v but_o study_v the_o 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of_o now_o mr._n attorney_n have_v answer_v all_o the_o exception_n every_o one_o and_o i_o think_v for_o that_o matter_n of_o fact_n every_o one_o of_o they_o particular_o mr._n love_n do_v take_v his_o exception_n too_o and_o they_o be_v overrule_v now_o to_o come_v whether_o these_o be_v lawful_a witness_n over_o again_o when_o it_o be_v in_o matter_n of_o fact_n and_o overrule_v by_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o court_n master_n hales_n will_v not_o think_v that_o be_v regular_a and_o then_o whether_o there_o be_v two_o to_o one_o point_n or_o nor_o that_o be_v another_o of_o your_o exception_n that_o i_o take_v it_o master_n hales_n be_v not_o matter_n of_o law_n but_o for_o the_o judge_n to_o consider_v of_o it_o that_o which_o shall_v be_v matter_n of_o law_n be_v this_o whether_o that_o single_a proof_n some_o to_o one_o and_o some_o to_o another_o join_v all_o together_o do_v issue_n out_o all_o this_o treason_n we_o want_v not_o precedent_n for_o that_o for_o this_o be_v a_o 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