sort ingrafted as may be said that the cause became common and therefore the Narrative with equal exactness ought not to be omitted Carlo covering with a profound dissimulation the jealousie he had of Toledo sends at his arrival in Milan the Seignor de Parela not so much to complement him as to penetrate his intentions and insinuate to him the conveniencies in fulfilling the Treaty of Asti with restitutions and disarming If the Governour was new in his Office he shewed himself also a very Novice in the discourse of Treaties and Peace and so clearly expresses himself That he knew not to what a powerful King could be obliged That he was bound to no Law or Contract but his own moderation and clemency And if Carlo would make tryal of it and cast himself upon his favour and Royal arbitrement he should experience that the bounty of a great Prince is the only restraint of his power As to the disarming he declares That the Reputation of the King the State of Italy the Motions of the Venetians and the Concernments of Ferdinand did not permit it From such an answer was clearly understood the sum of Toledo's instructions to consist in breaking the Treaty of Asti to re-establish either by Arms or Treaty the pre-eminency of that Crown in Italy The Duke neverthess upon his perswasions is reduced to write into Spain and make some kind of excuse for the things past and press for the fulfilling of that Treaty but at the same time came Orders to the Governour of Milan to press the Duke to ask pardon to refer himself concerning the Capitulation to the Royal Favour and that Maurice the Cardinal his Son should go to the Court of Spain All this being a bitter Pill for Carlo to swallow Toledo sweetens it with an offer to give him assistance to recover Geneva and reclaim that City from disobedience to their Prince and their Apostasie from the Faith This did not at all satisfie the wary and wise disposition of the Duke and so much the less for having towards the end of the past year discovered some practices of the Government against his own person and came daily more and more to know that the eldest Prince his Son had been tempted by the Spaniards to solicite the Succession though he that retained towards his Father an affection equal to veneration resisted all their suggestions There was a Treaty in Zuccarello to deliver that place to the Spaniards which came to be discovered and the flight of the Colonel Allardi Provencal who passed from the Service of the Duke to that of the Governour of Milan confirmed it He gives out that the Savoyards held Intelligence in several places of the Milanese and particularly in Pavia But the Duke denied every thing bitterly complaining that Toledo should lay Plots to intrap him corrupted the Governors of his places received his Rebels and debauched his Souldiers Preparations for War were now strongly carried on and the Agent of France being gone to Milan to endeavour means to bring the Treaty to effect Toledo inveighing against the Duke sollicited France to force Carlo to lay down Arms promising that when by the restitutions he should have shewn the respect due Spain should leave nothing to be desired from its just Greatness declaring nevertheless that the present Arms tending to the relief of the Archduke and to bring the Venetians to a Peace were to be reputed out of this case and the obligation of laying them down But Carlo sustained that by the Treaty not only himself but all Italy ought to be freed from the Jealousie of his Arms and offered the restitutions whensoever Toledo should first disarm These then were the steps to a new War in Piedmont and Carlo informing the Princes especially those which were Protectors of the Treaty of Asti represented the opposition of the Governour and with his own suspicions the common dangers The Pope to prevent the impendent mischieves appoints for Nuntio Extraordinary Alessandro Lodovisio Archbishop of Bologna The King of England presses anew that the Republick and the Duke would enter into the Northern League but they thinking it not an adequate remedy for the diseases of Italy King James applies himself to the ways of procuring Peace For the same purpose arrives from France Monsieur de Bethune Ambassadour in Italy and under-hand proposes a Marriage betwixt Christina the Kings Sister and Vittorio Prince of Piedmont But Carlo receives it with a kind of distrust as if it aimed at disarming and amusing him France to say truth was not now in a condition to give the Duke that assistance of Arms which he earnestly required for d'Ancre governing all by private Counsellors grounding himself upon the Marriages contracted with Spain and the impressions he received from that Crown had perswaded the Queen to imprison the Prince of Conde upon which many withdrew from Court complaining that promises and treaties served but to insnare and make ridiculous the unwary So that the Duke of Savoy had little more hope of assistance left than of the Venetians who by the Jealousie they received from Toledo and for the Declarations of the King in favour of the Archduke were very much perplexed The Ambassadour Scaglia then coming into the Senate relates the series of the former Negotiations the endeavours of Carlo the answers of the Governour his actions the designs justly giving Jealousie to all but to the Republick and the Duke chiefly mischievous then adds It is known how much Carlo a generous and magnanimous Prince in his consent to the Peace hath considered the satisfaction of the Princes Mediators and particularly of this Republick on whose word and warrant and none other he was willing to let his Arms fall out of his hand And now I beseech you what is the state of Affairs Treaties the just Rules of Friendship are converted into the treacherous snares of interest Heretofore we fought armed but now under the fraudulent name of Peace we find our selves little better than without Arms environed by a most powerful King exposed to dangers It is uncertain how far the Spaniards will extend the greatness of their power and arbitrage If enlarging Dominion be their design no other mans state is more secure than that of Piedmont True it is that my Prince stands the first exposed and although he be strengthened with his own generosity and animated by the hopes of friends yet he hath recourse as to the inviolable Sanctuary of Faith to your assistances He supposes them because of the treaties the promises and your friendship I may say of your own interest but let that be left to be weighed in the scales alone of your greatest prudence 'T is certain that common and greater troubles are at hand Toledo either imposes disarming or threatens War Betwixt two great and little less than equal dangers the Duke must either lose himself in the one or hazard himself in the other Betwixt War and Servitude there is no middle security
the makers of it themselves divulged the conclusion and endeavoured to suppress the Articles gave cause for due considerations Nor was the business so secretly carried betwixt the two Kings but that the Princes Confederate with France had a scent of it But the appearances of War the refuse given to the Popes mediation and the firm assurances of the principal Ministers of that Crown had made them confident of the contrary From the time the Cardinal Legate was at the Court of France it was discovered that the Marquess de Mirabel Ambassadour of Spain had insinuated that it belonged to the greatness and authority of the Crowns to convert the mediation of others to their own arbitrement and by agreeing betwixt themselves to impose the Law to others Olivares afterwards in Spain dealt with Fargis the French Ambassadour to the same purpose with such instance that to sound the bottom Monsieur de Rambogliet under pretext to congratulate the delivery of the Queen was sent from Paris to Madrid From discourse they passed quickly to the Treaty and from the Treaty to the conclusion During the Negotiation frequent Courriers ran to and fro and as it was no easie matter to discover the precise conditions the knowledge so much as of a Treaty being kept from every body but the two Favourites and very few of their Confidents so it was manifest that some great matter was in Treaty and the secrecy made it the more suspicious The Ambassadours of the Republick and of the Prince of Piedmont who were in the Court of France to sollicite the re-inforcement of their Armies concealed not their Jealousies because besides the obligation to which the League did bind not to treat or conclude a part expedience required that they should be Parties to the Treaty who had a common interest in the charge and hazard of the War But some believing though falsely the loss of reputation and faith less than that of private interest it was so far that the chief Ministers had communicated the project or the conditions which were negotiated in Spain that rather with constant asseverations and oaths they denied that there was a Treaty At last that secret being slippery which though the tongue concealed the face declared the Confederates found themselves to be deluded and complained bitterly of it Schomberg in conclusion confessed the Treaty affirming then that some Propositions were come from Olivares but so unworthy that being scorned and rejected by France they had not deserved communication to the Princes their Friends That the Ambassadour Fargis had since transgressed in signing certain Articles prejudicial and contrary to the designs of the Confederates but that the King was not only resolved to disavow them but to recal Fargis and severely to punish him All this aimed only to temper the taste of the Venetians and Savoyards imbittered to extremity to digest by little and little a business so displeasing for the truth was the Articles by direction and approbation of both the Crowns had been sealed in Barcellona where the Catholick King was though they appeared to have been under-written some days before in Monzone and therefore the Cardinal Barberins landing just at that time in Barcellona was believed in some measure to cover the dis-respect which accrued to his own reputation and the dignity of the Pope by not giving way nor place to his Mediation The Treaty which was called of Monzone contained many Articles in the beginning whereof the Worship alone of the Catholick Religion being established in the Valley and in the two Counties adjacent it seemed that other Affairs were to be restored to the state in which they were found to be in the beginning of the year 1617. with abolition of all Treaties and every other thing which had been made or had happened since that time But this came to be destroyed rather than restrained by other conditions for taking away all substance of Soveraignty from the Grisons free Election of Judges and Magistrates was yielded to those of the Valteline the three Leagues were prohibited in a manner to oppose themselves nay were so straightly obliged to the confirmation that they remained deprived also of this apparent right if they should but prolong or deny it In recompence a certain yearly Pension was assigned which the people of the Valley were to pay the Grisons the sum to be limited by Deputies of both sides and this and every other Prerogative should be forfeited besides the resentment of both the Crowns by Arms if the three Leagues should not content themselves with thus much and should in any manner disquiet the Valley or pretend to impose Garrisons there The care over the exercise of Religion was committed to the Pope who in case of innovation advertising the two Kings of it was to sollicite the remedy from them the Forts in like manner were to be delivered into his hands to demolish those which had been built from the year 1620. forwards It was imposed upon the Grisons to lay down Arms and the Crowns were presently to suspend their Auxiliaries in the difference of Duke Carlo with the Genouese offering themselves to interpose that both Parties might perform it and that cause be made an end of They reserve to themselves at last the interpretation in case of any difficulty in the present Treaty which by other private Articles was yet made worse for the Grisons and those of the Valteline not agreeing about the Pension or the Duke of Savoy not according with the Genouese about the business of Zuccarello the Crowns assumed the decision to themselves In sum capitulating all rather like Arbitrators than as Princes of contrary Parties and different Interests Many believed that the two Kings and their chief Ministers being with so much secrecy thus agreed had their aim to divide the care or rather the Dominion of the World prescribing Laws to inferiours and promising themselves reciprocal assistances to oppress their Envyers and Enemies subdue the Protestants and Hereticks divide England and share Europe betwixt them But others considered that the interests of France and Spain being incompatible what between the emulation and the power no other effect in this Conjuncture could happen but that which is seen in bodies which possessed by two spirits are strangely tossed up and down and from thence did foretel that the present friendship would quickly break out into greater contests and a more sharp War In effect the Treaty was penned in terms very differing from those which lodged in the heart of their Authors such a Union so extemporary taking its measures at that time only from occasion and interest The two Ministers had no other aim but to deceive each other Richelieu sacrificed all considerations whatsoever to appease a furious storm which with danger to involve the Kingdom in a Civil War was rising against his Authority He had besides a great desire to subdue Rochel and humble the Huguenots and no less passion drove him to vent his revenge against
which among those belonging to the City and Policy have the chiefest ranks and who in Ambassages to Kings had done Service to the Country bringing back the degree of Knighthood continued to use the same form of Garment but black during their lives When this custom had its beginning is not known or whether there was a Law for it obliterated by time or that time had given it the authority of a Law The number now seemed somewhat enlarged whilst a certain virtuous desire to render themselves distinguished from the common provoked many to sollicite the chief Imployments of the City and to merit them animated to undertake those abroad that were more difficult and burdensom Some began with whispers afterwards with more open discourses in Companies and the idle Market-place to blame the custom and the distinction not authorized by a Law nay rather to accuse it as an ambitious invention of those who not being able through the wise Institutions of the Republick to continue in the Magistracy had yet a mind for ostentation to bear the Badges of it They said That in these Garments was not manifested that moderation of a private life in which the interchangeable course of command regulates the equality of the Citizens Whence was that Law which in the Republick if liberty exempts from the command of Strangers moderates and restrains the pride and avarice of private men Can possibly Honours be wanting to Citizens or can Citizens be wanting for Honours where in the quality of Birth they all enjoy the ornament of liberty united to the dignity of command Their service being as a debt which is lent to the Country ought to pass without reward and if the imployments be short to the end that the exercise of them may be modest why should a perpetual distinction be desired That in the moderate minds of the Citizens were more firmly grounded the Ornaments of Dignity the Monuments of Glory the Badges and the Praises Others dissented from that opinion believing that with the uniformity of Garments was intended the taking away the degrees and difference not only from Persons but from Merit in such sort that actions and persons should undistinguishedly be confounded Nevertheless by Anthony Veniero and Andrea Morosini Counsellors Giovanni Baptista Foscarini and Giovanni Cernovicchio Capi de Quaranta was proposed to the great Council a Decree that laying aside the Ducals by those that wore them and not continuing them for the future when out of Office they should only be reserved to the Procurators of St. Marco the Eldest Son or Brother of the Dukes and to the Great Chancellor to whom they were already permitted by the Laws To Knights in honour of the degree it was granted that under the Vest should be worn Garments of red and the Welt of the Robe with the Ornaments of the Girdle gilt Conformable to the inclination of the major number it was embraced though the Duke and Francesco Basadonna Giovanni Pizani Domenico Ruzzini Counsellors together with Francesco Barbarigo Capo de Quaranta proposed that this very ancient custom should not be abolished but rather reformed yielding that Vest in future to him that should have twice undergone the Charge of Counsellor or four times that of Savio of the Council reckoning also within that number Embassies and Governments Immediately with a notable Example of Punctuality was seen the day following the Habits laid aside some remaining from age their grey hairs and their merit taken notice of by the people much more adorned and distinguished than they were before by the Garment A while after an attempt was made by Girolamo Trivisano Girolamo Pesaro and Marino Bragadino Avogadori of the Commons to suspend the resolution to the end it might be proposed anew with some kind of reformation but it being confirmed no more was said of it which signified that in the debates of businesses the Understanding is in the Citizens the Father of divers opinions but after Decrees past the Will is in all equally the Mother of obedience Re-assuming now the discourse of the War betwixt the Crowns Forces not inferiour to the hatreds were in preparation nor had advantages served on the one side to pacifie them or losses on the other to suppress them but from ancient experiences and new successes the Forces seeming rather equally poised the emulation of minds was so much the more inflamed In Italy the Spaniards during the Winter were very strong both by the arrival of new succours and because the passages for Germany and for Flanders being shut before them they were forced to entertain the Army in that Province On the other side the French partly consumed before Valenza and partly by natural impatience disbanded appeared to be greatly weakned Nevertheless there wanted not several Factions of War The Marquess Villa lodged with the Troops which served for Convoy to those of Duke Edward in the Piacentino and had order to made an Inroad into the Modonese to revenge the adherence of that Duke and the sending of Souldiers to the Spaniards To have a pretext for it he desires quarters might be given to a part of his Troops and that being denied him he falls of a sudden into the Territory of Modena with a thousand Foot and as many Horse plundering Castelnuovo and other places and carrying away the Booty The Duke from the flames and flight of the Peasants informed of the assault was greatly surprised because the mischief was done him by the Troops of the Duke of Savoy his Uncle and he was obliged to revenge himself upon him of Parma his Neighbour Kinsman and till now Confident He and his Country were taken unprovided of men and if he invited the Spaniards he knew the succours would cost him dear Having recourse to the Venetians he found that if amidst the discords of Strangers they kept themselves neuter they would much less take other part amongst the Princes of Italy than to perswade and sollicite Peace so that he was forced to address himself to Leganes the Governour of Milan and he readily embracing the invitations sends him two thousand Foot and eight hundred Horse with his best Commanders which were Vincenzo Gonzagha the Baron de Batteville and the Count Arese To these joyning between three and four thousand men tumultuarily got together of the Country-Militia under the Prince Luigi his Uncle who by leave of the Venetians was come into that Country he sends them into that of Parma whither Villa was withdrawn who assaulting them with great bravery in their march towards Parma forced them to a Retreat Gonzagha and almost all the Spanish Officers being hurt Nevertheless Rossena which is a little District beyond the River Lenza belonging to Parma remained in the hands of the Modenese in recompence of the damages or rather for a fair pretext for a Treaty In effect the Dukes Edward and Francis had little inclination to break into War betwixt themselves and the Savoyards letting pass this resentment as in complacence to
a Renfort proportionable But the Enemies eagerness gave not time for the advertisement whereupon the fight beginning the Venetians who to cross upon several passages were obliged to an order too distant from one another were defeated A Company of German Cuirassiers lighting on foot with their Swords in their hands did the greatest execution few saved themselves 80 were made Prisoners the rest with Baglione himself Verginio Orsino Lamentana and Giamaco Alberti a French Captain were left dead upon the place The Senate to recompense with immortal memory to posterity a life lost in the flower of his age erected in the Church of St. John and Paul a goodly Monument for Oratio who with equal testimony of his fidelity and courage had in this War made his Name famous above any other These reliefs to Gradisca though frequent yet scanty sufficed not to secure it from being taken at last the Germans therefore putting themselves upon new attempts by artificial Fire-works took upon them to burn the Bridge at Fara but the Engine being in disorder it came to nothing The Venetians on the other side to cut off communication with the Fort Stella by means whereof succours entred into Gradisca and some unprofitable mouths were got out made a quarter at Drausina straightning the besieged in such sort that the Fort wanted water and the Town was brought to extremity The Inhabitants had sent to Ferdinand the Baron of Ech to inform him that now at last their fidelity was invaded by the utmost necessity and to Milan the Bishop of Trieste to sollicite Toledo to some vigorous diversion He in the hottest of his actings in Piedmont had always kept a good number of men on the Borders of the Venetians and they having kept them well provided left no place but for reciprocal Jealousies and good heed till Vercelli coming to be taken and the Spaniards increasing the number of their Militia suspicions were also increased on this other side for Ladders being making at Lodi and other Preparatives given order for it seemed that the Governour of Milan had his eye upon some surprisal and attacques and particularly of Crema But in this very Juncture a Courrier from Spain brings the approbation of the Capitulation of Peace as it had been first concluded at Paris where the King and his Ministers desirous above measure that the affairs of Italy should be composed without being obliged to imploy their Arms in that War had perswaded Carlo to consent to disarm under the word and faith of that Crown and the Duke had not made difficulty to approve it because despairing to recover Vercelli by force he desired by all means to have it by some Treaty Then concerning the affairs of the Venetians the Duke de Monteleone Ambassadour of Spain not having the powers necessary had given assurance under his hand-writing that at Madrid they should not recede a tittle from what had formerly been concerted betwixt Lerma and Gritti The Ambassadours of the Venetians hereupon making no difficulty persisted only in the pretence that the restitution of the Merchandize and Ships might be comprehended in the agreement But resolutions and power concerning that point being not yet come from Spain the French Ministers glad to have happily gotten the preheminence which the Spaniards had endeavoured with so much noise to arrogate to themselves alone for prevention of any evil accident obliged the foresaid Ambassadours to be contented that King Lewis should promise in writing to interpose with his father-in-Father-in-law his most effectual offices for the restitution The Venetians to say truth had instructions to the contrary but having a jealousie that the affairs of Piedmont being composed in which the Duke inamoured with a secret Proposition of Marriage of a Sister of that King with the Prince Vittorio as a caution of the Treaty shewed himself contented the Republick should be left alone and exposed to an inundation of the Austrians after some hesitation gave their consent Upon the sixth of September then was a writing under-written in which referring themselves as the Vscocchi to the Articles already adjusted in Spain there was added over and above for the observance of them the word of France and for the restitution of the things made prize of Mediations and Offices were promised to Carlo were confirmed the Articles of Asti with the promise of France that Vercelli should be restored to him It did not to say truth appear that the Capitulation did unite in the expressions of it as was desired the interests of the Republick with those of the Duke but by Gritti to whom the Ambassadours in France as they had it in commission referred the extension of the whole Treaty it was fully supplied So that in Madrid the 26. the September the agreement was signed in which the reciprocal consideration of the quiet of Christendom and of Italy being premised it was through the mediation of the Pope and France agreed that Ferdinand placing a Garrison of Germans in Segna the Republick should render one place in Istria at the choice of the Emperour and of Ferdinand after that by the meeting of two Commissioners on each side it should within twenty days be declared that the Vscocchi which were to be far removed from Segna and the maritime places were to be accounted Adventurers and Banditi which imploy themselves in Piracies except those that dwelt quietly in their houses or which had only been guilty of some Hostility in this present War The Barks imployed in this Piracy were to be burnt All this being performed the Venetians promised to withdraw their Garrisons from all places taken Nevertheless from the beginning of the excution of the Treaty two months were to be allowed Fortifications and Hostility by Land and by Sea were presently to cease on both sides all things being to be executed within the said time and then Commerce to begin which also was to take place though the execution should require more than two months The Treaty of Vienna was word for word inserted and the point of free Navigation referred to another time Prisoners according to custom were released and were comprehended under a general oblivion those Subjects which had served on the other side The Catholick King for performance received the word of the Venetians and he gave it reciprocally that Ferdinand should not restore the Vscocchi nor any one damage be felt from them suspending equally his Arms and Hostility every where ceasing Then as to what concerns Savoy Gritti capitulates with Lerma that the Treaty of Asti should be executed places and Prisoners restored all offences betwixt Carlo and the Duke of Mantua laid aside all which was to be ratified within forty days if in that interim no other accord were made in Italy with Toledo which in that case was to take place Concerning the restitution of things pretended by the Venetians by the depredations of Ossuna the Duke of Lerma consents not that they should be mentioned in the Treaty but orders
neither being secure by reason of Orders from those of Coira not to let him remain there he was obliged to return into the Bergamasâ—o And so the Souldiers which had been levied disbanded without much difficulty and over and above every Pass was stopped to some Souldiers of the Republick An Dom. 1618 which by connivence filed towards their own State and it was proposed that a Tribunal should be erected to punish those of the Commonalty who had hearkned to the Proposition of Union with the Republick The League of the Grisons to give them their due opposed that but some of the chief prevailed and turning Justice into a Revenue hoped to make their profit by it This was the foundation of that open discord which did in a manner totally subvert the liberty of Rhetia which being equally in confusion and poverty easily prostituted it self to be the laughing-stock of strangers and to be changed according to the private interest of the Inhabitants ANNO MDCXVIII The year terminating so tempestuous 1618. in consequence begins with little appearance of quiet In Germany the truth was that the inclinations of Matthias without question tended to Peace whence although the Austrians to give all the honour to Spain desired only that the Treaty of Madrid should be approved with the exclusion of that Writing stipulated in Paris nevertheless the Venetians dissenting from it both from decency and the Warranty of the Treaty the ratifications were solemnly exchanged in Vienna Giorgio Justiniano Ambassadour for the Republick with Matthias was admitted to Audience with Ferdinand to whom in an honourable discharge of his function omitting past diffidences he represented the intentions of the Republick towards his Royal person and Family inferring from the present accord and the mutual readiness to execute it presaging of a lasting peace and felicity of their Subjects who from the affections of their Princes receive the most benign or the most severe influences The Emperour together with the King had both a mind to nominate Commissioners for executing the accord Pope Paul and Cosimo the Grand Duke but that served chiefly for State and rather to have Mediators Confidents to both Parties if any difficulty should come to arise Whereupon it being necessary that the Deputies should meet upon the place from the Austrians were sent the Barons Carlo d'Harach and Giacomo Elding and from the Republick Girolamo Justiniano and Anthonio Priuli Cavalier both Procurators of St. Marco The Island of Veglia was chosen for the place of meeting both for the conveniency of the place and because the Venetians even in that loved to keep up a seemliness bringing them home into their own Country In the mean time the Austrians being sensible of an Incursion upon the Frontiers of Croatia sent thither a part of the Militia which was in Friuli abandoning the Post of Rubia and the Republick re-inforced with some of their Souldiery their Army by Sea appointing Barbarigo Captain General over it in whose place passed out of Istria into Friuli Barbaro in quality of Vice-Proveditor General of the Armies Into Segna being brought the Company of Germans of Captain Suech for a Garrison Zemino was immediately delivered by Luigi Giorgio Proveditor General of the Venetian Cavalry to the Commander Rudolfo di Colloredo All passed with somewhat greater length than was accorded and it was caused by various accidents and the quality of the business rather than by the will of the Parties besides because it behoved reciprocally to substitute new Commissioners Elding of the Austrians being dead and of the Venetians in place of Giovanni Bembo Duke deceased Nicholo Donato having possessed the place less than a month Priuli was assumed into the Principality He resolved to depart secretly from Veglia and being met near to Venice by twelve Ambassadours not of the oldest but of the most illustrious with great solemnity assumes the Government of the Republick There succeeded as Commissioner Nicholo Contarini and to Elding Marquardo Baron d'Ech but being recalled a while after the Plenipotence rested in Harach alone The Commerce was re-established and there being 133 names of the Vscocchi agreed upon they were banished with their families and threatnings of most severe punishments if they should dare to return The Barks were burnt and in them also was burnt the Name of the Vscocchi with which the Republick was rid of an unquietness which had vexed them for many years The greatest part of them were transported to Carlistot and other Frontiers of the Turks further from the Sea some of the boldest were received under the protection of Ossuna and amongst them Andrea Ferletich conveying away a Bark made in his passage some pilfering upon the Island of Arbe at which the Venetian Commissioners highly moved protested to suspend the restitution of the places they possessed if against the offence visible severities were not made appear whereupon Harach desirous to make a speedy end of the business because the Insurrections in Bohemia required to haste the Troops thither not being able to get Ferletich into his hands arrests by way of Hostage the Wives of three of his Followers and banished them all with a sentence of death if they ever returned With this and the restitution of the Cannon of the Gally of Veniero the Venetians delivering in exchange those carried away from Scrisa the Austrians having punctually performed the agreement the Republick presently delivered the places they held though on the one side the stirs of Bohemia which greatly straightned the Empire and Ferdinand suggested a conjuncture to attempt advantages and the proceedings of the Ministers of Spain pricked them sharply forward to new resentments and revenge For Ossuna was so far from shewing any inclinations to Peace that rather denying the restitutions promised and continuing secret contrivances and publick designs if he covered the one with silence he published the other with ostentation and talked of nothing else in his Government keeping no other rule but his own will and Capricio the conduct he used was in all things most extravagant To be subject to Reason and Law he held an unbecoming servitude violated the Priviledge of the Church trod under foot the Nobility carried himself insolent tnwards all and oppressing the Kingdom insulted without distinction over all the Princes of Italy Howsoever his extravagances serving for a kind of excuse and cover he seemed at the bottom not only supported by the most secret counsels of Spain but there was a talk of prolonging his Government for three years more The Pope foresaw that this troublesom Spirit would over-turn again the Peace of Italy insists therefore with most effectual offices that he would be quiet restore the Prizes and not disturb the Gulph But the vice-Vice-King all other excuses failing offered to execute every thing when the Republick should discharge the Hollanders He nevertheless at the very same time was providing himself with Ships in England and Holland whereupon the Republick rather than suffer Laws to be imposed upon
it self no farther than by Treaty and name proposing that the Republick should charge upon it self the burden and the War for which purpose Desdiguieres in quality of a private Captain offered under their pay to raise in an instant ten thousand Foot and a thousand Horse and to pass them through Helvetia into the Grisons but the Venetians excusing themselves upon the season so far advanced which made the passage difficult did not embrace the proposal insisting that they would not be alone but that in the Cause which was common the Crown also should concur and the Switzers assembled then at Badan upon these occurrences Nothing therefore was concluded in Piedmont but in France Priuli being arrived at Court and found the King rid of the disagreements with his Mother and the Voyage of Bearn Declares the intensions of the Republick to be that Religion should be secured and the Country restored to preserve to God and the Princes that which divine and humane right had imparted to them He offers the consideration that Italy despoiled in a manner of the ornaments of its liberty of its strength and of its beauty did apprehend destruction being invironed with a formidable power watching on occasions ready to take advantages greedy of conquests and tenacious in keeping them That in the support of that Crown alone was placed the hopes of the Grisons a people it may be said protected from their very beginning and by the constancy in their friendship ready to fall under the Yoak True it was that the Republick was concerned in the neerness but nevertheless glory ought to stir up the King who was bound to render an account to publick fame of the distress of his most faithful friends That Europe had hopes now in his youth of fruits equal to justice and power the one being due to the oppressed and the other required by his own and common interest That in his Kingdom he had by both triumphed over two of the fiercest Monsters Heresie and discord That now Heaven reserved for him the honour of conquering the ambition of Strangers and overthrowing the slavery of Italy That nothing was so much expected in that afflicted Country as the happiness of his conduct and authority to add new examples to the old that in its straits it was delivered by the Arms of France An. Dom. 1621 That Rhetia at present did implore him and the Republick readily offered it self to second his royal intentions with their endeavours and they not being sufficient with Arms mindful of the ancient friendship and so long correspondence by which Italy hath always received honour and relief That the Valteline and Rhetia did expect it alone from this Vnion equalising by a just Treaty the present advantages of the power of France with the benefits of the vicinity of the Venetians France truly acknowledged the great mischiefs received in the fears of the minority and the civil discords for having neglected foreign occurences and Monsieur de Villeroy being dead an old man and trusty Minister but most averse to the affairs of the Grisons and of Italy a great obstacle was removed Monsieur de Pisieux then Secretary of State in the name of the King answers to Priuli with full encomiums of the vigilance and prudence of the Republick that by sudden and seasonable assistance to the Swizzers and Grisons had endeavoured to remedy the present evils and prevent the future That the King would not suffer the wrongs of Rhetia nor the oppressions of his other Friends That he was sending to the Court of his brother-in-Brother-in-Law the Marshal of Bassompiere Ambassador extraordinary that he might endeavour the quieting of the present divisions by removing violence and restoring all things to their first estate In case that should not avail that he declared himself fully resolved to take Arms in conjunction with the Republick and Carlo both keepers of the liberty and security of Italy All this was communicated to the Pope who being far advanced in years and desirous to repose his ashes and adorn his Sepulchre with the memorials of Peace was greatly disturbed hearing it in danger and tossed up and down among the greater Powers Of such resolutions which howsoever came to nothing in regard Treaty separated from Force served not but to confirm the Spaniards in the possession of the Valley and of their minds the Austrians believed the Venetians to be Authors A War therefore of hatred rather than Arms breaking forth the Spaniards recal upon the score of their private interests their Ambassador from Venice and attempted in other Courts to introduce disparity betwixt their Ministers and those of the Republick contrary to the practice and use of the other Crowns which treated them as belonging to a Prince that for Soveraignty Power and Titles was numbred amongst the Kings so that all correspondence by Treaty and Offices was wholly interrupted whilst in such formalities the present Age believes that if not the Essence the Covering and Vail of Principality consists ANNO M.DC.XXI The Spaniards judging it their great advantage that the business of the Valteline should pass for a matter of Religion to the end that amidst applauses excuses and pretexts some Princes might be restrained and others proceed with greater caution applied all care well to impress the Pope with that opinion to their offices of duty joining other means and in particular to gain his Kindred having for that purpose created the Prince of Sulmona his Nephew Grande of Spain Paul nevertheless having had the teaching of a long experience preferred Peace before all flattery nor did believe it fit that confounding together the interests of Religion and State the Popes ought to expose themselves to the enmity of great Princes or put themselves to have need of the assistance of the more powerful He applied therefore to a neutrality as a course more prudent than what the Princes shewed themselves pleased with But in the beginning of the year having in a certain ecclesiastical function superfluously wearied and inflamed himself he passes to Heaven to render an account of the World over which for the direction of Souls he had been for sixteen years placed in the Popedom Ever since to the Ecclesiastical Dignity a worldly Power hath been superadded and that the corruption of the Age hath with the veneration of holy things confounded also humane respects Princes have very often in the election of Popes caused to be profaned with their interests that which the Church possesses of most pure and most to be regarded But God that hath espoused it with the Ring of his true Faith protects it from violence confounds the counsels punisheth the attempts and preserving it by his holy Spirit makes it clearly evident that though the Conclaves are not exempt from factions and affections nevertheless the counsels of man seldom succeeding the lot falls where Divine Providence directs it For the present by how much the suspence of the Affairs of the Valteline was more embroiled with
so much the more diligence did the Princes effectually labour to prevail with their partisans to cause the Pontificate to fall upon him that either by his own inclination adhered to their wills or in regard of the Family and Kindred was like to be more easily gained The will of the Spaniards and of the Nephew of the dead Pope inclined to Cardinal Campori of Cremona subject not only by birth but by affection partially addicted to Spain and by consequence for the same respects abhorred by France and it appeared as though the election was not to be hindred so strong was that party although together with his private enviers the Marquess de Coure Ambassador of France did openly oppose him But the minds of the Conclave unexpectedly altering contrary to the opinion of themselves all concurred unanimous in Alexander Cardinal Lodovisio Boltognese by birth who took the name of Gregory the Fifteenth He almost seventy years old giving himself to quiet more than business leaves quickly the direction of Affairs to his Nephew now a Cardinal who governed them through the whole course of this Pontificate with great ability and an authority supreme The Princes studiously contended to possess the Pope in their favour in the business of the Valteline Favin sollicites those People to send Deputies to the Court of Rome that they might fill all with clamours and complaints so to stir up compassion towards those that made a shew to breathe nothing but Religion and Liberty motives so powerful that the one with reason possesses the chief place in things sacred and the other in civil He sends also Giovanni Vives a known Minister of the advantages of the Monarchy and of the disturbances of Italy and joyns to him the President Acerbi who during his private Fortune had been familiar with the Pope that so in publick Audiences and private Discourses he might continually have his ears beaten with the incitements of zeal and piety The Ambassadour of the Venetians on the other side endeavoured to represent that affair in a contrary shape and separate from Religion Because that If the Republick kept it with so much care unviolated in its own Dominions it could no less suffer it to be defiled amongst their Neighbours But it was not to be endured that under a pretext of Piety Interest should intrude it self to the possessing of a Country to which the Spaniards had no other title but that of their own profit and convenience and the oppression of others The Pope was greatly perplexed at these beginnings and desired a composure of the business and thereupon with his own hand wrote into Spain to the King and the Cardinal Lodovisio to his Confessor and principal Ministers representing That to Italy nay rather to all Christendom there could not be an appearance of a greater calamity by War in which amidst the zeal of Religion military Licence would slip in with the contempt of Laws both divine and humane it being impossible for impiety it self and injustice to carrry on a War by honest rules and innocent means There arrived at this time in Rome an Embassy from the Venetians which according to the pious custom of Catholick Princes is called of obedience and consisted of four chief Senators that is to say Girolamo Justiniano Procurator Anthonio Grimani Francesco Contarini Cavalier Procurator and Girolamo Soranzo Cavalier the which besides the accustomed offices had order to insist much upon the business of the Valteline But Gregory by a diversion from that chief point required with great earnest that the Republick would re-admit into their State again those religious people of the Society of Jesus which for important causes in the time of his Predecessor had been banished which being repugnant to many Laws and Formality the indissoluble bonds of Government he could not obtain Nevertheless the Marquess de Coevre in quality of Ambassadour Extraordinary passing from Rome to Venice with the business better laid presses it home in the Name of King Lewis and at the same time the Bishop of Monte Fiascone Nuntio Apostolico with a Brief from the Pope and Letters from the Cardinal Lodovisio did earnestly second the importunity But the Senate did not depart from their first conception remonstrating to the foresaid Ministers their Decrees and grave Considerations by reason whereof Princes in amity with them ought not to press them to that which was neither permitted to them to grant nor could they deny without doing displeasure to themselves Some took upon them to judge that this demand had its rise from a higher account and more secret ends it having perhaps been the aim of some to render the Venetians who it was supposed would not have given their consent either distrusted by the new Pope or little acceptable to France at a time when it was needful to gain the good disposition of the one for the affairs in agitation and to manage confederations and adjustments with the other In the mean time the hinge of the business of the Valteline being fixed in Rome with various turnings passing also to other Courts Feria manages his business more happily planting Forts at Morbegno Sondrio and Tirano to establish himself in possession Sowing in Rhetia incessant divisions the effect was that he at last gained la Lega Grisa by Rams of gold which equally over-turn Mountains and the hearts of those people perswading them to send six Ambassadours to Milan The Government being in this manner divided he could not have safer Hostages of their Venality and of the ruine of that unhappy Country To give it the last blow with four of the Ambassadours the other two dissenting he concludes a Treaty by which the Custody of the Forts was yielded to the Spaniards the Passes were to be open to them they with a shew of words reserving to themselves in appearance the ancient Alliance with France and Feria promising assistance if the other two dissenting Leagues should not confirm the Treaty This Monster of Ambition and Interest was without form begotten by an illegitimate Authority but which nevertheless served for an advantage to Feria's designs to put the Grisons into confusion to remain in the Valley and discompose whatsoever might be resolved elsewhere Gheffier attempted to oppose himself but in vain the name of the French being either detested by the party most oppressed or despised by that already sold to the Spaniards Scaramuccia Visconti going hereupon into Rhetia in the name of the Governour of Milan with money and promises some of the Commons of the Grisa failed not to adhere to the foresaid accord induced thereto besides from the fear of some Colours of the Catholick Switzers who at the instance of Feria being entred into that Country oppressed it with Quarters And the Canton of Zurich in opposition to them kept Souldiers in the other two Leagues but esteeming no mischief greater than charge these would have been long before disbanded if the Venetians with ten thousand Florins a month had not
it self and two large Dukedoms in Silesia There remained both the Palatinates higher and lower the Patrimony of Frederick in whose name Mansfelt yet making War was as hath been said entred into Alsatia doing the Bishoprick of Spira and other places on the Rhine intolerable mischiefs and in Alsatia it self taking Haghenau and with a strait but vain Siege attempted Zabern In favour also of Frederick some other Generals of Armies discovered themselves who in imitation of Mansfelt had the boldness with secret assistance from other Princes to struggle with the Power and Fortune of Ferdinand One was John George Marquess of Jagendorf of the House of Brandenburg who by reason of the Reformation of Religion which the Imperialists in the subdued Provinces executed with so much severity that it seemed to many a slaughter rather than a remedy or chastisement assembled many of the male-contents and some Souldiers to infest Moravia and Silesia Another was Christian Duke of Branswich and Administrator of Halberstat who taking into his service some Troops of the King of Denmarks for that purpose disbanded and having formed a considerable Army harassed Westphalia and the Catholicks of those parts Frederick weary of the vexations of a Crown so troublesom and now desperate being retired into Holland gave way that under the protection of the King of England his Interest should be managed in the Imperial Court and that the Palatinate should defend it self But the offices of James were discredited by the weakness wherewith he accompanied his force whereupon under pretext that the business of the Peace and pardon of Frederick was to be deferred to a general Diet as was desired not only by England but by Denmark and the Lower Saxony the Army of the Austrians marched Upon Spinola's coming near the Rhine with an Army well ordered and provided the Princes Protestants of the Union being frighted condescended to a Treaty in Mentz by which their Union being dissolved which consisted more in name than in a true concord of minds they resolved to stand neutral and Spinola on the other side promises so to respect them In the Palatinate there being now and that but with a very few Troops only Colonel Veer an English man and Obentrauta German it would have been easie for Spinola to have possessed it if out of fear to have too much irritated the King of England and a desire he had to attempt some Exploit upon the Hollanders he had not consented to a Truce for some months A Truce highly disapproved by the Spanish Ministers but which being of little continuance advantaged them in the pretexts of their attempts because the Commanders of the Troops in the Palatinate encouraged with the succours which Mansfelt and Halverstat gave out they would bring them having by a pernicious Council broken it awakened the Spaniards separated into Quarters to assemble themselves and besiege Franckental after having taken Stein which was done by Gonzalo di Cordua Spinola being elsewhere imployed The King of England nevertheless ceased not by means of his Ambassadour Digby at the Imperial Court to sollicite the renewing the suspension of Arms. But Ferdinand impressed already with the thought of depriving Frederick of his Electorship and Country remits the Treaty to Brussels to gain time and in that interim the Duke of Bavaria in a manner provoked by Mansfelt who with several Treaties for several months had deluded him enters the Vpper Palatinate and possesses it without opposition the Country being destitute of Fortresses or Forces And the Duke not to be wanting to the occasion and his own advantages to pursue Mansfelt sends Tilli to the Rhine and orders him to seize all that part of the Lower Palatinate which lies betwixt the Rhine and the Neccar A blow which Maximilian believed doubly pleasing to the Catholicks not only because it deprived the Hereticks of that very strong Hold but because it prevented the Spaniards whom the Germans did not willingly see advanced into the Empire by such Conquests The King of England was inraged to see his son-in-Son-in-law oppressed and himself deluded but not having forces proportionable to his anger and his Authority serving no longer for a sufficient cover for his weakness had called a Parliament according to custom to consider of Contributions and Provisions But grievous complaints were presently started some desiring that the Treaty of Marriage betwixt the Prince and the Infanta of Spain might be broken and that a Wife might be given him of a Religion comformable to their own others pressing a Reformation in the Government with pretensions which were injurious to the Soveraignty and opposite to the nature of it so that he dissolves it without coming to a resolution The Palatinate then remained at the discretion of the Enemy-forces nor was to expect other succours but from Mansfelt who according to his custom with sly marches and unexpected arrives there so unlooked for that Cordua taking fright raises the Siege retiring or rather running away by night leaving in his Quarters sick Souldiers Materials and Cannon Thus ends this year famous for War kindled in so many parts and to the end no corner of Europe might remain free from the flame in the Low-Countries also the Truce being expired it fiercely breaks out again Heretofore in the interval of greater Wars that of Flanders served the Spanish Monarchy for a standing Army and to keep Military Discipline in exercise But exercise it self becoming violent and to excess consumed the most vital spirits of the Crown the Souldiers of Spain the gold of the Indies the vigour of Italy being not able to supply them And therefore a Truce for twelve years was willingly interposed and might easily again have been prolonged if in Spain at the expiration thereof the counsels of those had been continued who first setled it But the Conde Duke new in Government keeping the young King remote from affairs took the measure of his power from his own opinion and pride An. Dom. 1622 Hence the Treaties which for some months had run on being by this means broken his thought was to break out into War vainly believing to make the glory of the Monarchy appear if amusing France in the divisions of Religion and dandling England with Treaties of a Marriage he should slight all others and at the same time molest Italy overwhelm Holland and triumph over Germany Spinola then having consented to a Truce in the Palatinate as hath been said marches to the Frontiers of the United Provinces threatning many places At last encamps his Army near to Prince Maurice of Orange who was at Emerich to observe his motions and having by a Stratagem induced him to draw a thousand men out of Juliers making a shew to attacque another place turns to that first invested by Count Henry Vanden Berg with six thousand Foot a thousand Horse and six pieces of Cannon and afterwards by Spinola himself with the gross environed with Forts and deep Trenches That Town the Metropolis of the Dukedom
than the favour it self nevertheless he had the great Art how to fix the mutable and suspicious Genius of the King and the inconstant nature of the people governing as with a supreme Dictatorship the one and the other even to his death But as to the Affairs of Italy by the disgrace of Pisieux the Minister being changed there was a change also at Rome in the proceeding of the Treaty and Sillery being recalled all that was disavowed which he had negotiated and consented to Monsieur de Bethune a Minister formerly well known in Italy being come to Rome in his place assures the Pope that all that which his Predecessor had approved concerning the Passes was wholly against the Kings mâ—nd and in the name of the Confederates expressing to the holy See unalterable duty and ready consent to that which might secure Religion in the Valley as to the rest refuses any expedient which did not deliver the Grisons from the present oppression restore them to their Country and Soveraignty and did not exclude the Spaniards from the Passes They published this change of Ministers to be a shift but the Pope who had made them deliver to him Riva also and Chiavena endeavoured to gain time perceiving that to which soever of the Parties he should give the possession of the Forts it would serve but for a pretext to kindle a most dangerous War which flaming out betwixt the two Crowns by Auxiliary Forces would quickly extend it self throughout all Europe Nor did the Spaniards now fail as they had succeeded in the gaining of the Cardinal Lodovisio with Rewards and Marriages to try every way to insnare the Barberins also giving hopes to Vrbans Nephews of the Princess Stigliana who being an Inheritrix of vast Territories in the Kingdom of Naples brought also in Dowry the Soveraignty of the strong Fortress of Sabioneda Some also suggested to the Pope and to his House hopes that amidst the jealousies and dissensions of the Princes he might have the hap to get himself glory by uniting the Valley to the Church or obtain advantages by investing his Kindred in it But the one and the other equally displeased the Confederates because no less suspicious was the temporal greatness of the Popes who protected by the Cloak of Religion cannot make War themselves without danger nor overcome without blame then the inclination of the Nephews doubtful it being not possible for him that possesses the Valley but to depend upon the protection and assistance of the Governour of Milan Nothing then remained but the closing in a War France before ingaging out of the Kingdom strengthens it self with two great and important Treaties The first with the Provinces of Holland to whom were promised three millions and two hundred thousand Livres Tournois to be paid in three years upon condition not to make Peace or Truce with Spain without their knowledge and if it should so fall out that France it self should have need of assistance they were to retribute it either by restoring the half of the foresaid sum or by furnishing Ships in proportion The other was the Marriage of Henrietta Sister of King Lewis with Charles Prince of Wales from which was derived a report that the English would break into a War with Spain and the Palatine be restored into his Country by Arms. Charles to say truth from his Voyage into Spain had brought back discontent hatred and desire of revenge against that Crown for though he were received at Madrid with all possible honours he nevertheless penetrated the intention not to restore his Country to Frederick nor conclude the Marriage for which the King the Princess her self Olivares and all the Kingdoms had in their hearts a particular aversion Being for some months amused with several proportions and a difficulty which they feigned came to them from the Court of Rome though to remove it he was induced to write himself to the Pope and tempted at last if he would have a Wife to change his Religion he parted in great haste returning to London by Sea It is not possible to express what disdain vexed the heart of that young Prince and King James with no less vehemency published his revenge having a mind in his old age to adorn his Sepulchre with those resentments which in the course of his Reign having been blunted by idleness seemed to have blemished the glory of his life For this purpose he calls a Parliament in which Buckingham having justified with a zeal to common good and a desire of Peace the Kings intentions concerning the Marriage with Spain and rendred an account of the Princes Voyage it was resolved that the Kings son-in-Son-in-law should be restored into his Country by Arms and that the Son should marry with a Princess of the Blood Royal of France But it being usual in England that Parliaments have an equal suspicion of their Kings when they are armed as Kings have of Parliaments when they are united it was presently desolved many jealousies being spread abroad which were believed fomented at least if not raised by the Ambassadour of Spain as if the Parliament adhering to the youthful age of Charles and with applause flattering that Generosity which he shewed to revenge himself would condemn the cooler proceedings and past actions of the King in whose life time they were disposing the spoils and Funerals of his Authority and Command But withal the means were not ripened nor the contributions consented which might raise and keep on foot an Army So that as the Marriage with Henrietta was easily concluded with a dispence from the Pope and many Articles of favour to the consciences of the Catholicks so the moving of Arms quickly vanished It is notwithstanding true that Mansfelt beaten in Germany and in Holland not willingly suffered by Orange through emulation of military glory and the applause of the people was called into England by the King where being received with great honour making him his General for the recovery of the Palatinate he ordains him an Army of ten thousand Foot and three thousand Horse with six pieces of Cannon if France would concur with a Force proportionable Sending him with this Proposition to King Lewis who professed himself disgusted with the Count because he had taken the Title of the Kings General without his knowledge and therefore when he went to London had forbid him coming into France he obtains to be admitted to treat with his Ministers denying him his own presence He was supplied with some money by the French with promises of more though in effect they had little fervency in the interest of the Palatine But for Italy having secured all behind him by the friendship of the English and the flank by the War of Flanders they applied themselves with more warmth to the Affairs of the Valteline The Venetians imployed all care with the Princes of Italy to unite them in the common Interest But succeeded no further but to induce the Dukes of Savoy and
who invites the French and sollicites to get Companions Things then are not deplorable to that degree that we should despair of a remedy if we shall be willing to apply it in the beginning but if the disease shall go on fomented by our negligence such will be the increase of it that the recovery will be made more difficult than can be repented of There are O Fathers in cases of importance three Springs whence all disasters plentifully flow which point by point in the contrary opinion I have throughly noted false security careless delay and a covetous fear of charge Let us consider the Duke of Mantua as a new Prince a Stranger as may be said to the Customs and to the Language encompassed with Subjects unknown with a Militia that must be intreated oppressed with necessity staggering under the weight of a State shaken by the Arms of so powerful Enemies that who sees him not ready to fall Let us suppose Casal almost without other Garrison than the Inhabitants deprived of all succour assailed by the forces and skill of the Governour of Milan and by the designs and contrivements of Savoy so that who expects it not almost as soon rendred as attempted Now in this condition let us weigh our own dangers and in the consideration of them more than of the necessities of the Duke let us resolve if we can satisfie our own minds to deny him speedy succours It may possibly be believed that Casal may hold out that Savoy may revolt that the Germans may stay their march and that the French may pass the Alps But if such hopes do but flatter us of what then shall we be afraid to declare our selves in favour of the Duke O Fathers these are Hobgoblins and give me leave to say so false Visions represented from weakness and the fear accompanying too wary Counsels From the Precepts of our Ancestors and the Examples of all Princes may sufficiently be learnt that by assisting the weak ones Power is either preserved or increased The Republick hath always had this belief that the fruit of their quiet and I will say of their parsimony was in a manner due to their friends Those Treasures have been well spent those Cares happy and Counsels wise which in former times have preserved this Country in safety the Princes in their dignity and our selves in our liberty Let us not blush here to speak it Our assistances have been given out to usury with the manifold gain of our own tranquillity and glory All the good which with vain flatteries and uncertain hopes is proposed to us from Chance we may reap from our own generous and wise deliberations for the Duke not abandoned of assistance will take courage and strength his Subjects will get vigour Casal being succoured will defend it self and by holding out will divert blows far from Mantua and keep dangers remote from our Confines France in this interim dis-ingaged from Rochel will joyn to make a seasonable Counterpoise but if standing negligently idle we shall behold the destruction of our Neighbours what may we expect but to be abandoned by all even in their own ruine If to the French be objected the Rampiers of the Alps which way shall we open them a passage if when we shall have passed the Mountains Casal being lost they shall find the door shut That Prince is reduced to a too lamentable condition that expects savour for himself alone from him that is an Enemy to all Can we possibly hope to find in the Austrians moderation and respect towards us I for my part prefer security before hopes because we live in times in which Ambition bears rule the Conjuncture is a pretext Interest is the Idol of Princes and the Corner-stone of States I cannot frame to my self reasons more strong nor justice more apparent how to indemnifie and save the Common-wealth than that which appears on the side of the Duke of Mantua and if he be invaded I fear the example and if he be overcome I apprehend lest Fortune should justifie the lust of Dominion The will and a fit Conjuncture to break is enough for Princes to find abundant matter for occasions and pretexts Let us at least resolve upon that which necessity then which no eloquence is more powerful or more compendious perswades us because having once with a generous constancy blunted the edge of the pride of Strangers in Italy Glory and Peace will for a long time reside amongst us But let us be mindful here Fathers that while we are consulting Casal is losing and that if we delay to take our resolution here safety it self will not be able to succour it Amidst these contrary opinions the minds of the Senators were wavering because besides the weight of the reasons of both the Parties a certain discreet and experienced prudence produced great credit to the Author of the first and the conceit of a great sufficiency in Politick matters did no less for the second At last as it often happens that in extremes equally difficult middle counsels prevail a third opinion was followed which consisted in arming and strongly fortifying themselves in all kinds to sollicite France to maintain the Cause of the Duke and when France should ingage it self and send an Army on this side the Mountains to joyn to it that of the Republick for the defence of Mantua which could no more without difficulty receive succours from elsewhere The Senate also were willing particularly in Spain to repeat their most effectual offices for Peace not because they hoped the Armies being so far advanced to divert them but at least to justifie the resolutions to which they saw themselves constrained And to say truth their remonstrances were rather made known to than considered by the Conde Duke whereupon all being reduced to extremes sollicitations were turned again towards France But above that affair there arose great divisions in the Kings Council in which according to the nature of the Nation opinions degenerating into Factions and in them passions and interests ingrafting themselves both Ministers and business were confounded The Queen-mother had by nature a certain propension to the Spaniards and nourished a great aversion against Nevers ever since during her Regency he joyned himself several times to the male-contents But now there were added causes more urgent for the Duke of Orleans for so we will henceforward call the Kings Brother his first Wife being dead earnestly desired to take in second Marriage Mary the Daughter of the same Nevers a Princess of exquisite Beauties on the other side the Mother abhorring to see the Daughter of her Enemy her daughter-in-Daughter-in-law preferred Anna de Medici Sister of Ferdinand great Duke of Tuscany or Nichola de Loraine Daughter of Henry both allied to her in blood And because she doubted that the Cardinal inclined to Gonzagha she began from this suspicion to convert her favour into hatred and their discord had so many things to nourish it as will hereafter render
Troops straightens Casale taking away at last the entry of Victuals and Succours by the possessing of Ponzone Rossignano St. Giorgio and other Posts on the Hill The place nevertheless defended it self with brave and frequent Sallies in one of which Monsieur de Bevron a French man being come in as a Voluntier and having given proof of singular courage was killed and in another the Serjeant Major Luzzago a Brescian seeing amongst the Enemy the Traitor Spadino ingaged himself so far to take off his head that he there lost his life The Marquess Rivara observing relief would be difficult and tedious and fearing that the consumption of the Victuals in the Town would at last bring it to extremity got store into the Citadel to maintain himself the longer there exhorting the Inhabitants to stint Victuals as they did with great proof of their constancy and fidelity Nor did the besiegers experience little less necessity for Italy overflowed this year by the Rivers had given such a slender harvest of Corn that Famine was an affliction every where and especially in the Milanese whence that which could be taken serving for nourishment though very scanty to the Army the people in the City of Milan perished In Provence the French had restrained the liberty of transport The Duke of Mantua shut up the passage of the Po and the Venetians who also suffered very much were careful that no grain should pass into the Milanese So that the people being famished brake out into a kind of Tumult which constrained the Governour to go thither and quiet it and must have raised the Siege if in that instant from Sicily and elsewhere some Vessels arriving in the River of Genoua there had not been a supply seasonable to the necessity In the Imperial Court to divert the Imperial Ban and the vigorous consequences which it uses to carry with it it was proposed by the Bishop of Mantua that in token of the Emperours Authority to content Guastalla some place of the Mantuan should be delivered to him and a suspension of Arms be in the mean time in Monferrat to treat some Accord with the Savoyards But the Spanish Ministers accepting of no Propositions perswaded Ferdinand to new intimations carried to Mantua by Doctor Foppis a Counsellor of the Court that the Duke within the space of a month was to yield obedience to the Commissary He always to gain time and commiseration sends the Prince his Eldest Son to Vienna to shew his Duty to Ferdinand and to offer also upon the obtaining the Investiture of Mantua to deposite Casal and the Monferrat into the hand of some Prince of confidence to be kept in the Name and by a Garrison of the Emperours for a certain time within which the cause should be decided provided notwithstanding that the Spaniards and Savoyards should do the same in what they possessed The Prince instead of being well received which the Spanish Ambassadour opposed even to protests was scarce privately admitted but although he carried back little advantage by the Journey the Duke nevertheless got himself great applause by it shewing that having on his side omitted nothing of his bounden duty towards the Emperour on the other side was discovered the desire and intention of the others for it was answered That Casal being in the Emperours Name put into the Custody of the Germans which served under the Ensigns of Spain the Emperours will was that the Governour should keep what he possessed on the account of the pretensions of Guastalla and that the Savoyards should keep what they held in consideration of their own Rights till an Agreement or Sentence should be declared and then there should be a suspension in the Mantuan From which was plainly discovered the design to put the Spaniards in possession of Casal and deprive the Duke of Mantua of Monferrat whereupon the Prince denying to have power concerning that departs though the Empress had first given him counsel to lay the whole Concern at the Emperours foot and receive Law from that Authority which he had no power to resist Yet to give time to the French that they might apply themselves to the Affairs of Italy the Duke not wholly breaking off the Negotiation shews himself inclined to some kind of Exchange and a Meeting in Piacenza to adjust it was negotiated by the Nuntio Scappi but Cordua dissents from it alledging to have no power but to reduce Carlo to acknowledge respect due to the Emperour at the same time notwithstanding secretly proposes to him great advantages if he would deliver Casal to himself The Duke to let it be known that the actions of the Governor had had no other thing in aim but the zeal for the Emperours Authority sends to the besieged some Ensigns with Eagles in them that being set up in the Castle Citadel and the City they might procure respect to the Emperours Colours but the Governour getting notice of it suffered them not to go in Amidst these Negotiations Casal holding out though there being daily gained on the Duke of Mantua's side if not advantages at least hopes arrives the news which was so much longed for in Italy that Rochel was at last taken The King of England to maintain it had not failed to use his utmost force though Buckingham being dead much of that heat was quenched which inflamed the War for having sent a third Float under the Earl of Denby to its assistance it made a new attempt to bring it in but the French Ships making a brave opposition the Dike was maintained against all attempts The Sea afterwards swelling with a great tempest dispersed and disordered the English Ships and and on the other side had such respect to the Dike as if it had conspired to the overthrow of the one and the glory of the other the Tides which in the month of July and about the Equinox were wont to be more than ordinarily violent and forcible passed that year so calmly that they did no hurt Denby perceiving that he could not compass his purpose making a Truce for a few days to the end to retire with greater security goes his way and the Rochelois having spent their Victuals and the uncleanest things now failing to satisfie hunger seeing all hope of succours and safety vanished rendred themselves at discretion upon the 29. of October The place to say truth suffered during the Siege all that which by humane patience could be endured or which in any former times may have been suggested by despair The streets covered with dead Carcasses made a shew rather of a Church-yard of bones unburied than of a City of living men and those few that were found alive either languished like men or almost like Skeletons seemed no less to represent the Funerals of that proud City than to signalize the Triumph of the Conquerours The King causing it for two days to be cleansed of the dead and sick made his solemn Entry the first of November restoring the Divine Worship
Empires to totter The Elector of Trier seeing him of Mentz driven out of his Country took occasion to publish the protection which France had secretly some years before consented to him when he offended with the Emperour for not having adjudged the Abby of St. Maximine which he pretended was annexed to that Crown and now opening the Gates to his Forces puts Hermestain into their hands Bavaria who forced to play fast and loose without separating himself from the Austrians but no less to hazard himself with them had likewise made a late Treaty with the French in which they promising him the conservation of the Electoral Vote in his Family both the King and Duke obliged themselves mutually to defend those Countries which they then possessed with a certain number of Horse and Foot By this alliance Richelieu obtained the separation of Bavaria as head of the Catholick League from giving assistance to Lorrain because that Duke after the Conspiracies with the English despairing of ever reconciling himself to that Minister had not only given himself to the protection of the Austrians but during the War of Italy had perswaded the Emperour to fortifie Moyenvich a place of consequence upon the Frontier of Mets and of the jurisdiction of that Bishoprick and afterward to deliver the place to him to the end that with it he might cover his own Country and withall upon occasion give passage for the invading of France He had afterwards received Orleans in his Country and now though the protection which he expected from the Emperour appeared weakned nevertheless provoking the King with offences and the Cardinal with disgusts drew unseasonable troubles into his bosom The said Duke of Orleans by the suggestion of the Queen Mother and of his Sister in Law no less than of his Favourites taking the plausible pretext of ill Government of a sudden retires from Court The King now comprehending that both by domestick and foreign encouragements his Brother went about to obtain the Kingdom in present rather than hope any longer for it follows him towards Orleans with so much speed that the Duke not willing to be taken by force nor to trust to any accord departs towards Burgundy where with the Duke of Bellegard Governour of that Province he had already contrived intelligences and agreements The King coming thither also and the Cardinal constrained him to pass into the Franche Conté and from thence to take refuge in Lorrain Lewis well to secure himself first in the Kingdom reforms the Court of the Queen his Wife discarding the persons suspected and forbidding the Ambassador of Spain to visit her in private Afterwards brings his Mother to Compiegne and of a sudden parting thence leaves her there kept under the care of the Mareshal d' Estré His will after was that she should be removed to Molins a Town not strong and in the heart of the Kingdom giving her as a token of honour the Government of the Bourbonois but the Queen interposing delays by the pretext of her weakness insinuated to the Governour of la Chapelle that giving her entrance she should resign again the place to him and in this confidence whilst the Cardinal privy to all to facilitate her flight dexterously causes the Guards to be slackened she secretly departs But coming to la Chapelle finds it in Arms against her there being entred into it the Marquess de Vardes Father of the Governour sent thither seasonably by the Cardinal himself whereupon entrance being denied her she was forced to pass into the Province of Henault and thence to be conveyed to Brussels where being received with great tenderness by the Infanta Isabella she spreads throughout the whole world the complaints of her condition that being driven out of that happy Kingdom where she had heretofore commanded she was now in her old age put to seek for entertainment and perhaps a Grave amongst strangers The Spaniards hoped from these domestick broils in France great advantages having the Mother of the King in their hand and the Brother in the house of a Prince their friend Nevertheless they could not with Forces proportionable to so great a design promote the disturbances of the Kingdom being engaged in Germany and beaten in Flanders by the Hollanders whilst by the Scheld they were attempting a surprise in Zealand They saw Orleans also not well provided with Forces nor with the intelligencies they expected for those who as it was said were to take Arms and kindle the War in the Kingdom being prevented by the vigilance and authority of the Cardinal had been able to effect nothing but provide for their safety by running away The Duke of Lorrain who had in his hand the pledge of the Successor of the Crown thought himself secure yet to bind him faster perswades him to marry Margaret his Sister a Princess of great virtue and rare beauty On the advice whereof Lewis was inflamed with extream anger and Richelieu taking hold of the occasion to revenge himself perswades him to cause the Mareshal de la Force to invest Moyenvich which the Imperialists being not able to relieve nor the Duke of Lorrain daring without their help to attempt it was within a few days rendred The French Army would then have proceeded farther if Carlo in person humbling himself to the King had not made this agreement To renounce all intelligence and junction prejudicial to France to cause the Rebels and enemies to the King to go out of his Country denying them entrance for the future and to join to the Kings Army four thousand Foot and two thousand Horse with which entring into Germany the third part of the Conquests should be the Dukes For warranty he delivers for three years the Town of Marsall to the French the King promising not to make Peace without comprehending him in it This Agreement concluded the last day of the year men truly judged that on the Dukes side it would be no longer lived than the necessity which dictated it at present The King to make it appear that the more Richelieu was attacqued by envy and hatred the more he embraced him in his favour created him Duke and Peer of France So that by those applauses with which over and above the rejoycings of those of his own party fame exalted him he vindicated himself from certain invectives which spread abroad in print by unknown Pens came to be published by the discontented and especially by those in the Low Countries In Venice also at the requisition of the Ambassador d' Avan he was by the great Council received into the Order of the Patricians with unanimous Votes THE HISTORY OF THE REPUBLICK OF VENICE THE NINTH BOOK WE shall now describe some peaceable years of the Republick rendred more joyous from the memory of past calamities and the hideousness of dangers undergone out of which amidst Fire and Sword she was with safety and glory rescued after the assistance of Heaven by the constancy and counsels of the
Army being raised he would send it against the States of Holland for the Conquest of Friesland of which with the title of King they willingly gave him the propriety He by rejecting the offer increased the jealousie and much more by entring into a project of agreement with Arnheim General of the Saxons justly offensive to the Emperour though Fridland with wonted craft let him know that he had no other end but to delude and amuse the Enemy But Arnheim having taken his march towards Leutmerits to attacque Gallas he makes a show to follow him but on a sudden falls near Stenan upon a body of men commanded by the old Count de la Tour and the Collonel Tubald and surprises them in such sort that wanting means and time to defend themselves the Souldiers rendred themselves upon the shameful conditions to deliver up the Cannon and Colours to inroll themselves amongst the Imperial Troops and to leave their Commanders Prisoners until the other places of Silesia should be rendred to Ferdinand But the Governours refusing to obey the orders of Tubald and la Tour Fridland nevertheless increasing as it were with his military attempts the suspicions which were had of his intentions gave to the one together with many Officers liberty and promoted the escape of the other He afterwards recovers Lignits Glogau and Francford on the Oder and would have passed on further aspiring to the recovery of Mechelburg without considering those greater mischiefs which the Emperour suffered elsewhere if new and greater accidents had not recalled him After the death of the King Gustavus France saw the Affairs of the Empire constituted in a state which was more pleasing to them the prosperity of those Arms declining which at first gave them great jealousie and all the party of the Protestants reduced to a necessity to receive with its assistances the law and motion of its interests Therefore renewing in Hailbrun for other ten years with the Chiefs of the Swedes Army the Treaty which France had with the King deceased and inlarging it with other Princes of that faction it obliges them to hold him for a common Enemy that should dare to separate himself or conclude a Peace without the consent of all Supplying then the Confederates with money the King of France begins also to dispose of those Forces Whereupon to divert the United Provinces from the wonted Treaties about a Truce with Spain he brings to pass that the Colonel Melander who served the Landgrave of Hesse should be sent with a good number of Troops to join Orange who so re-inforced might take Rhinberg and keep the Armies of Spain so distracted that the French under the title of protection might have success in making themselves Masters of all the Country of Trier without resistance In Westphalia then the Duke George of Luneburg and William Landgrave of Hesse in their progress against the Elector of Colen and other Catholicks of that quarter defeated the Count John Merode who with an Army of thirteen thousand men raised with Spanish money defended that circle and intended to attempt the relief of Hamelen but being put to flight by the Protestants left them in prey not only almost all his Souldiers with Cannon and Baggage but the place it self and many others thereabouts Weimar in this interim employs himself in Francony and Horn with Bannier opposed themselves to the Elector of Bavaria who with his own Forces alone upholding in those parts the Affairs of the Catholicks was after the taking of Raim passed into Swevia and there taken Meminghen and Kempen The Swedes effectually strengthened at Donawert to the number of seven thousand Horse and eight and twenty thousand Foot did most terrible mischiefs in his Country possessing themselves of Munichen and the Bishoprick of Aichstadt but by Aldringher who came speedily to his assistance were constrained to retire out of it The Austrians were not a whit less troubled by the Rhingrafe in Alsatia and for the defence of it had stirred up with great promises Charles Duke of Lorrain who equally ready to take Arms and to lay them down had in order to the executing of the Treaty with France delivered to the King some Troops but in such sort that they immediately disbanding and re-assembled anew under the name of the Emperour with others which he feigned to license forming an indifferent Army they took in Haghenau Colmar and other places which being presently put into his hand served for the price of his ingagement and a spur to his declaration in favour of the Emperour He hoped to quell the Swedish Force by Arms and to preserve himself from the invasion of the French by the revolutions which Orleans promised to raise up in that Kingdom But on the one side his design was betrayed by fortune and on the other success answered not his hopes for in the first place the Swedes being come to recover Haguenau whilst Charles attempted to relieve it he was entirely defeated by them whereupon Lorrain no less than alsatia remaining a prey to the Enemy the Rhingrave with many incursions did miserably afflict him Lewis then taking upon himself the revenge of the common injury possesses without dispute the Dukedom of Bar after an arrest of Parliament which declared it devolved to the Crown for that Charles had not done his Homage for it and St. Michael Pont a Mousson Chaunes Luneville and other places of less importance being rendred he comes near with his Army to Nancy Duke Charles having brought the War into his own Country without means to maintain it endeavours to pacifie the King with several propositions of submission and agreement But Richelieu admitted not for caution of his faith other pledge than the depositing of Nancy the Metropolis of the Country the residence of the Duke and a very strong place The Duke seeing that by nourishing distrusts he had put all things into a confusion renounces on a sudden to the Cardinal Nicola Francisco his Brother with the Title the Country to the end that being new as to offences he might better mitigate the resentments Richelieu despising the shift and calling the contrivance fraudulent refuses any propositions from the new Duke though having laid down his Purple sought in marriage Mad. Combalet the Cardinals beloved Neece offered instead of Nancy to deposit la Motha and to cause to pass into France Margaret whose marriage with Orleans King Lewis pretended was null as contrary to the Laws of the Kingdom which prohibit those in succession to the Crown to marry without the Kings consent But these very propositions were by Richelieu turned into distrusts and accusations for that Margaret while these things were in agitation going out of Nancy disguised and deceiving the French Guards which environed the place on all sides made her escape by flight and came to her Husband at Brussels after having wandred in the woods and narrowly avoided the risque of falling into the hands of some Swedish parties of Souldiers whence
intending to surprise Nizza della Paglia arrived there so late in the day that he was easily discovered And not thinking it honourable to retreat fortifies himself in a Convent obliging Leganes who by the weakness of the place hoped for a short conquest of it to repair thither with the whole Army Nor was he deceived for after four days the Governour renders it there going forth four hundred Monferrins two hundred forty French and some Horse Savoyards Thence passing into the Territory of Asti orders Philippo di Silva to take in Algiano which easily succeded With the Duke of Mantua who complained of the Invasion of Monferrat and with the Venetians who did not willingly hear of his prejudice the Governour of Milan justified himself alledging that he was not bound to use respect where he found Garrisons of that Nation which with molestations and jealousies afflicted the Frontiers of the Milanese But the progress of the Spanish Arms quickly terminated in this period for Crequi returned out of France where he had been to justifie his past conduct joyning with six thousand Foot and two thousand Horse Savoyards attempted la Rocca d'Arasso a little before taken by the Spaniards but Leganes coming near with all the Army he was constrained to retire This Campagnia afterwards ended with certain Incursions and some Encounters betwixt Brem and Vercelli which were of no small moment where Villa beat Arragona with the death of some Officers on the Spaniards side and among them Spadino the known Promoter of the first Siege of Casal and the same Chiefs not far from Monbaldone putting it to a new tryal Aragona went away with the worst who hardly saving himself by flight abandoned six Cannons and his Baggage After these the accidents of Nature promoted new and unthought of successes for Italy greatly afflicted by the death of two of its Princes opened the bosom to new strokes The Duke Vittorio in Vercelli upon the seventh of October in the one and fiftieth year of his Age ended his days with various judgments upon the nature of his sickness there wanting not some who imputed it to poyson given by Crequi either for private hatred or the publick distrusts of the Crown and they drew their argument from an invitation where were with the Duke the Count de Verrua his most confident Minister and the Marquess Villa the most faithful General of his Army of which falling sick together with the Duke the first dyed and the other hardly by the strength of his complexion overcame the accidents Others believed that the powder of Diamonds given him some time before had corroded his inward parts But besides that the French are abhorring such Arts it ought not to seem strange that the Duke macerated with many cares and tedious indispositions in the decline of his age should run the common Fate so that in such cases of doubt and concealment it is more beseeming to give credit to Nature than authorize falshood Let it be as it will he left with three Daughters two Sons both very young and to them War for an Inheritance and for a Patrimony the hatred of one of the Crowns and the distrust of the other without support of any sincere friendship Francesco Giacinto the eldest having scarce tasted the benefit of life but not of command was after a few months snatched away by death leaving the Title to Carlo Emanuel his Brother Vittorio dead the Tutelage and Regency were assumed by the Dutchess Christina alledging the Will of her Husband expressed in his Testament which committed it to her alone The Princes Maurice the Cardinal and Tomaso pretended to have a share in it and pressed it so much the more as believing the life of the little Duke doubtful by reason of his tender age and weak constitution and because by the Laws of the Country Women being excluded they were incouraged to conceive great hopes that the Succession might devolve to them For which cause the Cardinal who resided at Rome leaves the Court notwithstanding that the Pope doubtful of what happened endeavoured to stop him with offers of imployments and advantages He come to the Borders of Piedmont and finding an Order there from the Dutchess that he should retire further off with a promise if he did of satisfaction and an Appennage things being not yet in a condition to use force retired into the Genouese King Lewis freed from those suspicions in which the deep and wise Conduct of the Duke Vittorio held him was glad to see his Sister Regent who since she could not adhere to her brothers-in-Brothers-in-law nor put trust in them remained constrained to shelter her self under his protection On the other side the Spaniards by reason of this dependence and conjunction of Blood endeavoured to have her excluded or at least that she might govern with an Authority so limited and restrained that she might not be able to bring prejudice to their interests Expecting therefore accidents from time Leganes was not solicitous to make advantage in that Conjuncture with Arms save only that he took in the Castle of Pomar in Monferrat which he abandoned so soon as he saw Crequi joyned again with Villa These two Chiefs were joyned notwithstanding their disgusts grown even to publick distrust from the time that Crequi taking occasion from the death of the Duke had attempted to cast a Garrison of French into Vercelli and Villa had prevented him by bringing in a strong Renfort of Savoyards The other accident which gave no less apprehension to Italy was the death of Carlo Duke of Mantua upon the 21. of September in the sixty and one year of his age He whilst he lived privately had had several thoughts and designs of a great Prince but having attained the Principality with great hazard governed himself amidst great troubles with the spirit and manners of a private man The Succession fell to Carlo Nephew of the Duke deceased and Son of the Prince Carlo Duke of Rhetel yet in Minority and therefore recommended by Testament and by a Codicil of the Grandfather to the protection of the French and the Venetians and to the Regency of the Mother a Princess of a most prudent understanding who altering nothing of the present state of things requires the Oath in the name of the Son and sends to Venice the Senator Paraleoni to obtain the continuance of the assistance and the direction of the Senate The Republick doubling to the end to preserve that State their diligence passed immediately effectual offices with the Emperour to divert all thoughts of novelty and in Spain used remonstrances to the end the Infanta Maria should have no thoughts of returning to Mantua to sow unseasonable suspicions Nor was it difficult to obtain it for although the Spaniards were not pleased at the assistance of Monsieur de la Tour a French Commander in Mantua yet fancying to themselves greater advantages on the side of Piedmont An. Dom. 1638 they thought it best as yet not to
clearly that for the same causes for which there was a breaking into War it was likely to continue a long time The Venetians therefore being to expect little succours in their necessity whilst they saw the danger slighted applied themselves to some kind of composure with the Turks which might at least be able to retard that mischief for which there appeared as yet no remedy in a readiness Amurath as hath been said being come to Diarbechir intended to continue his way to Constantinople for the plague raging more and more had almost consumed all the Army and the remaining Souldiers were mutined against the Grand Visier murmuring at the King himself as if wont to palliate his avarice with his cruelty he had abandoned his Souldiers to the plague and to sufferings expresly to defraud them of those recompences and gifts which were wont to be bestowed by the Ottoman Kings on those that well deserved and the victorious Armies The Grand Visier having had much ado to quiet them sollicited from his own danger counselled Amurath to remain in those Provinces prognosticating otherwise that the Souldiers in his absence would lose all discipline and respect and the Conquests would with as much shame be exposed as they had been gotten with glory But the self same considerations expresly hastened the Kings departure both to withdraw himself from the grumblings of the Souldiers and not to be a Spectator without force of that which the Persians might attempt To take away every shadow and every chief which might but in name give countenance to sedition since the Turks are not accustomed to seek Kings out of the Ottoman Family he dispatches as he was upon the way order to Constantinople to take away the life of his Uncle Mustapha This unhappy man having twice scarce tasted the Empire was kept in a most strict prison always hating life and every moment fearing death The order as usual was immediately executed though there remained none of the Blood Royal but one Brother of Amurath believed a Fool. The King pursuing his Journey made a solemn Vow to his false Prophet not to lay down his Sword till he should have subjected the Christians to his Empire and Law But God hath set limits to the fury of man as well as bounds to the Sea Amurath through the strength of his body sottishly fierce gave himself up as a prey to every excess particularly that of Wine His Genius was his Law-maker though to the contempt of the Alcoran which expresly forbid it and his example prevailing over the Authority of the Law drunkenness became familiar with the Turks The complexion of the King though of the strongest not able to bear incessant disorder was at last shaken and on the way subjected to a dangerous sickness He found himself weakned in such sort that moderating the pride of his mind he inclines to thoughts of Peace At Smith not far from Constantinople his pleasure was to hold a Council about it and there it was fully considered The Army in Asia destroyed the War of Persia not as yet ended the difficulty to put to Sea a powerful Fleet thirty Gallies to bridle the Cossacks being to be imployed in the Black Sea That the Venetians had advantagiously made use of the time provided for the Islands and Towns increased their Fleet and had ordered and in a readiness all sorts of Provisions It was then secretly resolved to stoop to an accord but such is always the custom of that Government to shew it self averse to it to maintain its faste and meliorate the conditions Their great preparations therefore made a great noise and the Venetians did oppose as great having chosen Proveditor General of the Sea with Authority of Captain General Luigi Giorgio Procurator of St. Marco to the end that he should arm and go forth according as he should be clearly informed of the Turks hostile intentions The Tartars called Crim depending upon the Ottoman Port made at this time to revenge themselves of the Cossacks and to arm the Turkish Gallies with Slaves an Incursion into Russia bringing away a great Booty and number of men which they sold as is their custom to the Turks at a low rate But Amurath being come to Constantinople made not his entry with any designed Triumph because weakned with the late accident he could not sit vigorously on Horse-back some principal Prisoners only were brought in and a great quantity of Gold which stupendiously exceeded the sum expended for the War of Persia So much are the Ottomans wont to make profit by their Armies which to other Princes serve to consume their Treasure He presently let the Bailo know that he held him no more a publick Minister but the Hostage for Ships hostilly taken within his Port. Displacing Mussa the Caimecan he nevertheless orders Mustapha substituted into the same Charge that he should not shut his ears to a Treaty Contarini was admitted to Audience and the Bassa quietly hearing the reasons of the fact and the fixed resolution of the Senate not to deliver up in exchange their own Gallies condescended at last to an adjustment which consisted In the Bailoes promising some money as in reparation of the hurt done at Vallona in restoring that Vessel which was in being as properly belonging to the Turks as to other things that all sorts of pretensions should be silenced that the Corsaires should be commanded not to molest the Venetians and the Governours of Fortresses not to receive them in the Ports till first caution given not to make any disturbance That the Commanders for the Republick might punish the said Corsaires in conformity to the ancient Capitulations that Commerce should be renewed and the Bailo be restored to his liberty and house As was done the Caimecan sending him back with a Vest of Gold which is an Honour used by the Turks The advice of this agreement coming unexpectedly to Venice raised in mens minds as it happens in great things and unlooked for diversity of thoughts whilst some were not wanting who confounding the reflections of the Government with the discourses of the Vulgar judged that it would have been good counsel to have secured themselves with Arms rather than with Money out of a doubt that the Turks making a shew of Peace would by this false security protract their revenge and under a feigned tranquillity till a better conjuncture cover their hatreds and disgusts But the Senate from the experience of former times and the conjuncture of present things undeceived as to the hopes of Christian assistances soberly weighing the dangers the charges and the consequences of the War which might be carried on rather with good courage than with equal Forces and good successes having formerly commanded the Bailo to endeavour an accord approved the conclusion participating to the Princes to have resolved to procure honest conditions of Peace since the state of Christendom understood the trouble of such a War unseasonable The resolution was approved of all and
also render the places it had gained Concerning the Succession if it should happen the Duke should dye he promised to protect the Right of the Princes understanding those who should be adhering to his Party As for the rest to Thomaso was left in Government that which he had in his present power for so long till an agreement were made with his Nephew and Sister-in-law assigning great Pensions to himself his Wife and his Sons for one of which hopes were given him of a Marriage with the Daughter of the Duke of Longueville endowed with great Riches Under the faith of this Treaty which for the present required secrecy the Truce was prolonged for all February of the next year But amidst the Negotiations of Italy the hopes of the general Peace went in such sort backwards that the Pope weary of the Charge and the dishonour of keeping a Legate idle in Collen recalls him leaving for Nuntio Extraordinary Signor Macchiavelli Patriarch of Constantinople to whom Rossetti a while after was substituted These discomposures of the Treaty rose chiefly from the revolts of Catalogna and of Portugal which filling one side with great hopes and designs and the other with perturbation of mind and perplexity admitted not the appearance of any expedients to reconcile their minds and interests It hath formerly been hinted how Olivares with an absolute power governed in Spain the King no less than his Dominions with a Spirit highly elated Maxims severe and Counsels violent He had proposed to himself to exalt the Power and Glory of the King equal to the Title which he had caused him to assume of Great but Fortune with unhappy events seconded so ill his purpose that the Splendour of the Crown seemed in a great measure darkned Whereupon among Strangers there was a relaxation of that awe which rising from power was wont to keep them in respect and in the mind of the Subjects accustomed under the vail of reputation and prosperity to venerate as infallible the Arcana of the Government entred contempt and hatred towards the King and his Favourite The design of Olivares was manifest not only to enlarge the Monarchy beyond its first Confines but in the Kingdoms themselves to establish the absolute Authority of a Monarch who in some of the Provinces circumscribed by Laws Concessions and Covenants seemed precarious and that he enjoyed rather the name than the force of Dominion That which urged him to this was chiefly the want of money and men to supply so many foreign Wars for being to depend upon the consent of the people provisions came not to be furnished equal to the necessity nor ready for the urgency Wherefore he thought to abolish or at least to restrain so great a liberty which some attributed to themselves and principally the Catalans who provided with no small priviledges and free from many burdens kept their Liberty with no less zeal than their Religion The King being some years since with the Court at Barcellona they several times opposed Olivares his demands whereat he being irritated nourished ever after in his mind thoughts to chastise and humble them The Kings to say truth were wont to bear respect to that Nation arrogant by Nature and for the situation important because the Province if from the Sea-Coast by reason it hath no Harbours it be impenetrable on the Land side it seems inaccessible by reason of the Mountains and they piercing deeply inwards and being divided into many branches form themselves into as many Fortifications within which are comprehended strong places populous Cities Towns and a great number of Villages so that the whole Province may be resembled to one mighty Bastion defended with several cuttings of retreats The Neighbourhood then to France the Passes of the Pirenean the largeness of the Circuit the population and martial inclination of the Inhabitants made it considered and little less than feared Nevertheless the Condé Duke busied his thoughts for an opportunity to bridle it but when he thought that Fortune had opened the way to it he was not aware that it carried along with it a down-fal to the greatness and safety of all Spain We have formerly observed how Richelieu tempting the Confines on that side hoped to promote accidents and particularly to irritate the mind of the people amidst the inconveniencies of War and the mischiefs of Arms and so it punctually fell out For Salses being lost the Spaniards to recover it were forced to plant their place of Arms in Catalogna and when they had taken it left the Army to quarter there so that if during the Siege the Province was grievously afflicted by the passages of the Souldiery that people felt afterwards their license so much more intolerable as they had not been accustomed to it Nothing was heard of but extortions and oppressions Churches profaned Women ravished goods taken by violence to which excesses the Chiefs making no reparation an opinion was raised that Olivares to impose under the title of necessary defence the yoak upon that Province willingly suffered it Sure it is that the Count of Saint Coloma the Vice-Roy instigated by frequent Letters from him to draw men and money from that Province under the countenance of the Army without sticking at their priviledges and expecting the consent of the States seized in Barcelona upon certain money which belonged to the disposal of the City and because one of the Jurates the most considerable Magistrate opposed so great a License and insisted that the extravagances also of the Souldiery might be punished he imprisoned him This was enough to put a people into commotion which suffered obedience but was not yet acquainted with slavery Arms were taken the Prisons opened a torrent of people in the Streets with so great and universal a tumult that the Vice-Roy frighted thought his safety only placed in running away He therefore gets into the Arsenal where being as little secure for the people putting fire to the Pallace sought him over all he caused a Galley to come near the shoar but while he was going to the Sea side to imbarque being overtaken by the Mutineers was killed The people now partly terrified by their own excess partly inveigled and confounded amidst the apprehensions of slavery and the appearances of liberty judged that there was no place left for repentance nor for the Kings clemency Shaking off the yoak then they ran out into extremities and the confusion being not able to subsist of it self an independent Government was formed with a Council of an hundred joined to the other ancient Magistrates of the City Upon such an example almost all the Country fell into a commotion and the Towns and Villages universally taking Arms killed and forced to fly all those that were native Spaniards The mind of the Condé Duke at so unexpected an accident being greatly disordered he neither durst make it known to the King nor could it be concealed He endeavours to make him believe that it was nothing but a
great pomp and with a numerous squadron of Ships where he was received with a sutable welcome and applause The chief point agreed upon consisted In arming forty Ships to ply too and again in the Ocean to interrupt the Navigation of the Indies and lying in wait at Sea to make prey of the Spanish Fleets and Treasures The Hollanders were to join twenty others With whom a Truce also was stipulated by Portugal for ten years with many Articles which concerned Navigation and Trade especially in Brasil and the Indies it being agreed That each should remain possessed of what he held in those parts and endeavours be used to drive out the Spaniards every where But that the Treaty beyond the Equator by reason of the distance should not take place till after a year The United Provinces making use of this time with great artifice and much advantage dispatched with diligence orders to Count Maurice of Nassau who commanded in Brasil that he should with all expedition make profit of the opportunity as he did by possessing on the Coast of Africa San Paolo Loanda with certain Islands and places of great importance to the great damage and bitter resentment of the Portuguais who nevertheless were forced to dissemble it But they now wanted not an intestine and perillous storm The Archbishop of Braga had in appearance adhered to the revolt but conserved in his heart a most partial affection for Castile retaining a confidence with Olivares from whom he secretly received incitations and incouragements He communicates his thoughts to Lewis Marquess de Villareal and found him no less inclined whereupon animating one another the Marquess draws into them by force as it were of perswasions and by authority the Duke de Camina and the Marquess d' Armamar the first his Son and the other his Nephew They agreed to kill upon the third of July the King the Queen and their Sons to set the City on fire in several places and if it could be compassed the Ships also in the Port to the end that the people being in confusion and distracted in several parts and amazed should not mind succouring the Kings Palace nor to suppress the Conspirators Hereupon the Archbishop a man of a majestical authority with a Crucifix in his hand was to cry up and perswade obedience to Castigle Nor were Troops to be wanting in a readiness on the Confines to be brought into those places where confusion opened the Gates or the conjuncture required Treachery and Secrecy being for the most part incompatible every thing was revealed to King John and he seemingly hiding it calls a Council whereat the Conspirators were present and being come into the innermost Rooms of the Palace causes them to be arrested The Archbishop was detained in Prison the others with publick punishment expiated the offence The King with equal Art endeavoured to revenge himself of the Castiglians tempting his brother-in-Brother-in-law the Duke of Medina Sidonia to revolt with Andaluzia where he had good Credit and a great Estate Nor should his endeavours have wanted success for upon the invitations of the Portuguais and the insinuations of Richelieu the Duke had lent his ear and promised safe shelter to the Fleet of the Mareshal de Brezé under the countenance whereof he was to declare himself but that the news coming of the relief of Terragona and of the Siege raised apprehending his own danger he refuses to receive the French Fleet into his Ports and knowing that Olivares had got knowledge of the Intelligence to clear himself of it he challenges the King of Portugal to fight with him reproaching him with the title of Traitor and Infamous He then not having appeared as was well to be supposed in the field he sets upon his head a great sum of money But King Philip being therewith not contented the Duke was summoned to Court and he not finding in Andaluzia an alienation to the Castiglians nor for himself the favour he had hoped obeys with so much readiness that he caused the first suspicions to vanish or at least to be dissembled Whilst Portugal established it self and the Armies were contending in Catalogna Richelieu easily made himself believe that the Affairs of Italy and Flanders would remain in prey to him and in this push of Fortune every thing might have succeeded for him if the course of his felicity had not been hindred in France it self by very considerable accidents though quickly and happily suppressed It hath been said elsewhere that hatred against the Cardinal was with his prosperity increased corrupt and discontented humours being now amassed to such a degree that the vigour of the Government Reputation and Force it self were found not sufficient to digest and purge them It was doubted that the Duke of Vendosm imployed some to kill him Whether it were true or false the Cardinal being in reputation to know every thing and pardon nothing the Duke passes into England where the Queen-Mother as yet resided and thither repaired other dissatisfied and suspected persons The Parliaments of the Kingdom were also exasperated and particularly that of Paris for that having shewed a will to oppose certain Edicts it had been severely reproved by the King with a command that for the future it should not meddle in any thing that belonged to the Government The people then in general as they are wont to be the first to cry up Favourites so being also the readiest to execrate them it cannot be said how much they abhorred the Name and Authority of this Minister The Wars obliged to vast expences and the Kings Revenues being ill managed it was found that the grievance arose from the publick want for money being wanting in the Treasury there was a necessity to take it by force from the rich and extort it with vexations from the poor All seemed full of lamentations but each one passed frequently under the accusation of a Spy tears going not unpunished and the very sighs admitting of reproach Grief becoming at last too fierce could not be suppressed any longer with fear and if talking and discourses were forbidden and punished Writings and Pamphlets abounded that filled all places with detractions and invectives There was raised at last a great storm and the body of it appeared assembled at Sedan declared by the Duke of Bouillon who was Soveraign of it the publick refuge of the Malecontents He was not satisfied with the Court and to his disgusts were quickly added those also of others The chief were the Count of Soissons and the Duke of Guise who framing to themselves a general Commotion of the Kingdom oppressed by the Cardinal with all sorts of calamities represented His Ministry as the sad Center of the common miseries He Author of the War betwixt the Crowns under a feigned lustre of prosperity kept the mind of the King bewitched in the mean while extorted Treasures consumed the spirits and the blood of the Kingdom and to preserve himself in this ambitious station kept
hindred from several considerations 98. give jealousie to France 102. exhorted again by the Republick to a League 119 139. tempted by the Crowns of France and Spain 299 382. withdrawn from the dependency on Spain 381. confer together about making a League 386. admit neither the invitations of France or Spain 513 Princes of Savoy unite with the Spaniards 460. made by the Empire Tutor to the Duke their Nephew 461. make a great progress in Piedmont 461. desire to raise Forces of their own 462. tempted by the French to separate themselves from the Spaniards 475. agree with their sister-in-Sister-in-law and with the King of France 513. demand of the Spaniards the places of Piedmont 514 Q. QUarnaro the Gulph described 17 R. RAgusians foment the designs of Ossuna against the Republick 94. render a Holland Ship into his power 95. damaged by the Venetian Fleet 113. their Ships taken by the Venetians restored by favour 320 Rambolt Count of Collalto commands the Imperial Army in Italy 312 Rambogliet Ambassadour of France presses the Duke of Savoy to a peace 40. concludes it at Asti 50 Reniero Zeno Ambassadour at Turin 39. well received by the Duke 41. concludes an Vnion betwixt the Republick and Duke 119. Ambassadour to the Pope 202. hurt by Giorgio Cornaro 294. Ambassadour to the Emperour 432 Rochel bridled by the Fort Lewis 180. declares in favour of the English 264. its strength and description of the place ibid. besieged and the Sea shut out by a Dike 265. succours in vain attempted by the English 281. is rendred 289. demolished ibid. S. SAbioneda jealous to its Borderers 230. desired and pretended by many is at last yielded to the Spaniards by the Duke of Parma 421 Salses taken by the French and recovered by the Spaniards 472. retaken by the French 537 St. Jean d'Angeli taken by the King of France 176 St. Ja preserved from a conspiracy 99 Scavona in vain attempted by the Savoyards 234 Shichsconce surprised by the Spaniards besieged by the Hollanders 399. recovered by the Hollanders 423 Schatteau en Cambresi taken by the French 430 Scrisa taken by the Venetians 77 Sigismond King of Poland assists the Emperour 137. refuses peace with Swede 260. dyes 374 Simeon Contarini Ambassadour to the Pope Princes of Italy King of France Emperour King of Spain of the Turks and a second time into France harangues to suspend the resolution of the Senate in favour of the Duke of Mantua 276 Sollevation in Bohemia 127. Austria and Moravia 134. Hungary 137. of the Valteline 159. of Zaintonge 424. Normandy 479. Catalogna 486. Portugal 488 Spaniards make a shew to desire quiet in Italy 14. the judgment of those Councils concerning the Treaty of Asti 58. and the War betwixt the Republick and the Archduke 60 63. endeavour to divert the King of France from the affairs of Italy 102. their ends in promoting Ferdinand to the Empire 104. disgusted with the Venetians 139 145. hope for advantages from the intestine divisions of France 361. jealous of the Popes arming 505 Stralsundt besieged by Fridland relieved by the King of Swede 293 Swedes after their Kings death continue the War and make progress 378 392. especially against Bavaria 380. several successes of their Armies 412 432 442 499 Switzers move to assist the Grisons 159. at variance among themselves refuse to enter into the League for the Valteline 198 T. TArragona besieged by the French and succoured by Sea by the Spaniards 492 Thoiras defends the Isle of Rhé 263. goes into Casal 302. made Mareshal of France 344. Ambassadour to the Republick 354. is killed at Fontanetto 419 Title of Eminence to the Cardinals decreed by the Pope not well taken by the Republick 365. satisfies the Republick ibid. Thomaso Prince of Savoy pillages Candia 44. defends Savoy 82. goes to Venice 150. goes to serve the Spaniards in Flanders 387. returns into Italy 460. surprises Chivas 461. draws near to Turin and refuses conditions of agreement 462. surprises it is besieged there 464. renders himself and treats with France 483 Treaty at Vienna betwixt the Republick and the Archduke about the Uscocchi not executed 20 23. in Milan to agree the Dukes of Savoy and Mantua without effect 34 35. betwixt the Austrians and Spain 105. at Madrid for the Valteline 169. the Archduke Leopold and Duke of Feria making difficulty ibid. betwixt the Dukes of Savoy and Mantua without effect 208. at the Hague against the Austrians not concluded 240 Treaty of the Duke of Lorrain with the King of France 362 496. of France and Poland for the liberty of John Casimir 443. of the Republick with the Turks for what passed at Vallona 467. of the French with the Wiemarians 471. of France with Prince Thomas 484. of the Spaniards with the malecontent Princes of France 497. of Preliminaries concluded in Hamburg for the general peace 499. of peace betwixt the Pope and the Duke of Parma artificially handled by the Cardinal Spada 525 527. of the Duke of Orleans and other malecontents with the Spaniards 553 Truce in Piedmont not concluded 78 80. concluded and broken in the Palatinate 177. expired in Holland War kindles again in the Vnited Provinces 179. concluded in Piedmont but universally blamed yet executed 340. proposed betwixt the Crowns but rejected 431 458 459 474. concluded and executed in Piedmont 470. the prolongation excluded 474 Trier the Elector declares himself under the protection of France 360. who take his Town 367. recovered by surprise by the Spaniards the Elector Prisoner 397 Trino taken by the Duke of Savoy 11. and by the Spaniards 463 Turks lose Gallies taken by Octavio d'Arragona 30. grow jealous of the motions of Ossuna 95. offer assistance to the Republick 96 227. are pacified for the loss received by taking the Merchant Gallies 97. confirm peace with the Emperour but reject a Truce with Spain 227. promise Levies to the Republick ibid. confirm peace again with the Emperour 258. imbittered for the success of Vallona 450. busied in the Siege of Asach 500 Turin defended by the French the people inclining to favour the Princes of Savoy 462. surprised by Prince Thomas 464. besieged by Harcourt 479. is rendred 483 V. VAlenza besieged by the French and their Confederates defended and succoured by the Spaniards 407 Valetta driven from his Posts in the Mantuan is taken prisoner by the Germans 332 escapes 334. attacques the Quarter of the Pontificians in the Ferrarese 546. and Crevalcuore 547 Valezzo a place where was lodged the Army of the Republick 313. abandoned in disorder 332. possessed by the Germans 333. left by them 352 Valteline described 157. important for the situation 158. the Inhabitants offer themselves to Feria 158. revolt 159. the Grisons attempt to recover it 160. but are defeated ib. the Spaniards cloak their interest with Religion 163 164. Feria fortifies himself there and divides the Grisons 166. for their restitution a Treaty is concluded at Madrid 169. but the Spaniards interpose difficulty ibid. the
235. relieved by the Savoyards ibid. Vescovo Bishop of Bertimoro endeavours the Peace of Italy 16 Vescovo de Boves chief Minister of the Queen Regent of France succeeds not in the direction of affairs 556 Vescovo of Mantua Ambassadour to the Emperour 274. proposes Articles of Peace 288. Bishop of Lamego Ambassadour of Portugal at Rome meets and fights with him of Spain 519. Wesel surprised by the Hollanders 308 Vests with large sleeves regulated in Venice 415 Uguenots disunited 178 181. their agreement with the King 185. are subdued 305 Viadana taken by the Imperialists 313 Vincenzo Duke of Mantua would marry his Niece 268. dyes 269 Vincenzo Gussoni Ambassadour for the Republick with the Duke of Savoy recalled 15. to the King of France 60. visits in his Voyage the Princes of the Rhine ibid. recalled out of France 111. harangues in the Senate in the occurrences betwixt the Pope and Duke of Parma 508. deputed to treat the League 519 Vienna besieged by the Count de la Tour. 134 Vienville favoured by the King of France for a little while 205 Vipulsuna taken by the Venetians 75 Vittorio Prince of Piedmont goes into Spain 16. received ill there returns into Italy 32. takes Masserano Creveceur 84. marries with the sister of the King of France 124. attempts Scavona in vain 234. opposes the passage of the French 286. beaten by the Duke of Memoranci 339. succeeds his Father in the Dukedom 340. yields Pignerol to the French 355. 352. assumes the Title of King of Cyprus 384. unites with France 401. invades the Milanese 407. plants the Fort of Brem 409. dies 434 Uladislaus elected King of Poland 378 Vote Electoral given to Bavaria 195. 197 Urban 88. created Pope 201. ingag'd in the affairs of the Valteline 202. labours the Pass might be left to the Spaniards 204. who attempts to gain him 206. resents the possession of the Valley taken by the Confederates 218. sends a Minister into France and Arms 223. appoints his Nephew Legate 224. the Confederates moved 239. his aims ibid. sends Souldiers 242. counsels the Republick to call the French into Italy for the affairs of Mantua 272. arms and builds the Fort Urban 273. resolves to be Neutral and sends the Cardinal Anthonio Legate 300. a commendatory Brief to the Republick for the peace of Italy 353. Vnites the Fief of Urbino to the Church 363. confers the Pretorship of Rome upon his Nephew 364. excuses assisting the Emperour 368. inclined to France 382. jealous of the Spaniards ib. interposes for Peace betwixt them and the Duke of Parma 383. and betwixt the Crowns 413. grants voluntarily to the Republick Tythes upon the Clergie 459. cancels the Elogium placed by him in the Royal Hall ibid. disgusts betwixt him and the three Crowns 458. endeavours to reconcile the Princes of Savoy with their sister-in-Sister-in-law 465. excuses assisting the Emperour 471. sends a Minister into Piedmont to procure Peace 474. proposes a League to the Republick 476. growing old leaves the power to his Nephews 503. arms and makes the Princes jealous 508. resolute in ruining the Prince of Parma 506. proceeds against him with Excommunication and Arms 500. deny the Mediation of the Republick 511. the persons desired by the Crowns promoted to the Cardinalat 513. moved by the French to make War against Spain resists 515. agrees to a suspension of Arms in the affairs of Parma 519. the fear of the Duke of Parma's Arms ceasing grows cold in the Treaties of Peace 529. denies assistance to the Emperour 531. inclines to Peace 566. falls sick 570. recovers and the Peace concluded 571 Urbino united to the Church 363 Uscocchi situation of the places where they dwell their Original do mischief to the Venetians and Turks 17. an accord betwixt the Republick and the Archduke 20. not executed ibid. after other successes they surprise a Gally ibid. the Republick complains 21. besieges Segna 23. yet continue their invasions 36. why tolerated by the Austrians 51. success at Scrisa 52. disgusts with insults augment 54. fomented by Ossuna rove near to Venice 96. dispersed after the Peace 116 Z. ZAccaria Sagredo General in Terra firma 327. concerts a design against the Germans in the Mantuan 331. abandons Valezza 332. the Treasury disburdened of debts 436 Zemino possessed by the Venetians 88. restored 116 Zuccarello taken by the Savoyards 41. serves for a pretext to make War upon the Genouese 212. FINIS A Catalogue of Books Printed for John Starkey Book-seller at the Miter in Fleet-street near Temple-Bar DIVINITY 1. THirty six Sermons Preached by the Right Reverend Father in God Robert Sanderson late Lord Bishop of Lincoln the fifth Edition corrected in Folio price bound 18 s. 2. Eighty Sermons Preached at the Parish-Church of St. Mary Magdalene Milk-street London by the late eminent and learned Divine Anthony Farindon B. D. the second Edition corrected and inlarged in Folio price bound 24 s. 3. The Jesuits Morals collected by a Doctor of the Colledge of Sorbon in Paris who hath faithfully extracted them out of the Jesuits own Books which are Printed by the permission and approbation of the Superiors of their Society Written in French and exactly translated into English in Folio price bound 10 s. 4. A Practical and Polemical Commentary or Exposition upon the third and fourth Chapters of the later Epistle of St. Paul to Timothy By Thomas Hall B. D. in Folio price bound 10 s. 5. Tetrachordon Expositions upon the four chief places in Scripture which treat of Marriage or nullities in Marriage Wherein the Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce is confirmed by explanation of Scripture by Testimony of Ancient Fathers of Civil Laws in the Primitive Church of famousest Reformed Divines And lastly by an intended Act of the Parliament and Church of England in the last year of Edward the Sixth The Author J. Milton in quarto price 1 s. 6 d. 6. Tho. Hall Apologia pro Ministerio Evangelico Lat. in octavo price bound 2 s. 7. A Confutation of the Millenarian Opinion plainly demonstrating that Christ will not reign visibly and personally upon Earth with the Saints for a 1000 years either before the day of Judgment in the day of Judgment or after it By Tho. Hall B. D. price bound 1 s. PHYSICK 8. Basilica Chymica Praxis Chimiatricae or Royal and Practical Chymistry augmented and enlarged by John Hartman To which is added his Treatise of Signatures of internal things or a true and lively Anatomy of the greater and lesser World As also the Practice of Chymistry of John Hartman M. D. Augmented and enlarged by his Son with considerable Additions all faithfully Englished by a Lover of Chymistry price bound 10 s. 9. The Art of Chymistry as it is now practised Written in French by P. Thybault Chymist to the French King and Englished by W. A. Doctor in Physick and Fellow of the Royal Society in octavo price bound 4 s. 10. Medicina Instaurata or a brief Account of the true
Grounds and Principles of the Art of Physick with the Insufficiency of the vulgar way of preparing Medicines and the Excellency of such as are made by Chymical Operation By Edward Bolnest Med. Lond. in octavo price bound 1 s. 11. Aurora Chymica or a rational way of preparing Animals Vegetables and Minerals for a Physical Vse by which preparations they are made most efficacious safe and pleasant Medicines for the preservation of the life of man By Edward Bolnest Med. Reg. Oâ—d in octavo price bound 1 s. 6 d. LAW 12. An Abridgment of divers Cases and Resolutions of the Common Law Alphabetically digested under several Titles By Henry Rolls Serjeant at Law published by the Lord Chief Baron Hales and approved by all the Judges in folio price bound 40 s. 13. The Reports of Sir George Croke Knight in three Volumes in English Allowed of by all the Judges The second Edition carefully corrected by the Original in folio price bound 45 s. The first part of the Institutes of the Laws of England or a Commentary upon Littleton Written by the Lord Chief Justice Coke the eighth Edition in Folio price bound 18 s. 15. The second part of the Institutes of the Laws of England containing the Exposition of Magna Charta and many ancient and other Statutes Written by the Lord Chief Justice Coke The third Edition with an Alphabetical Table added in Folio price bound 14 s. 16. The third part of the Institutes of the Laws of England concerning High Treason and other Pleas of the Crown and Criminal Causes The fourth Edition Written by the Lord Chief Justice Coke in folio price bound 6 s. 17. The fourth part of the Institutes of the Laws of England concerning the Jurosdiction of Courts Written by the Lord Chief Justice Coke The fourth Edition with an Alphabetical Table not heretofore printed in Folio price bound 9 s. 18. Brief Animadversions on Amendments of and Additional Explanatory Records to the fourth Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England concerning the Jurisdictions of Courts By Will. Prynne Esq in folio price bound 12 s. 19. Action upon the Case for Slander or a Methodical Collection of thousands of Cases in the Law of what words are Actionable and what not By William Sheppard Esq in folio price bound 6 s. 20. Thesaurus Brevium or a Collection of approved Forms of all sorts of Original and Judicial Writs in the Kings-Bench With their special directions By J.C. in folio price bound 6 s. 21. Brevia Judicialia or an Exact Collection of approved Forms of all sorts of Judicial Writs in the Common-Bench together with their Returns By Rich. Brownlow in folio price bound 12 s. 22. The History of Gavel-kind with the Etymology thereof containing a Vindication of the Laws of England together with a short History of William the Conqueror By Silas Taylor in quarto price bound 3 s. 23. The Compleat Solicitor performing his Duty and teaching his Client to run through and manage his own Business as well in his Majesties Superior Courts at Westminster as in the Mayors Court Court of Hustings and other Inferiour Courts in the City of London and elsewhere The fourth Edition in octavo price bound 3 s. 6 d. 24. An Exact Abridgment in English of the Cases reported by Sir Francis Moor Knight with the Resolution of the Points of the Law therein by the Judges By W. Hughes in octavo price bound 2 s. 6 d. 25. An Exact Abridgment of all the Statutes in Force and Use made in the 16 17 and 18. of King Charles the First and the 12 13 14 15 and 16. of King Charles the Second By William Hughes Esq in octavo price bound 2 s. 6 d. 26. The Touchstone of Wills Testaments and Administrations being a Compendium of Cases and Resolutions touching the same carefully collected out of the Ecclesiastical Civil and Canon Laws as also out of the Customs Common Laws and Statutes of this Kingdom By G. Meriton in twelves price bound 1 s. 6 d. 27. A Guide for Constables Church-wardens Overseers of the Poor Surveyors of High-ways Treasurers of the County Stock Masters of the House of Correction Bayliffs of Mannors Toll-takers in Fairs c. shewing the extent and power of the several Offices the third Ediâ—â—on enlarged collected by George Meriton in twelves price bound 1 s. 6 d. HISTORY 28. The Voyages and Travels of the Duke of Holsteins Ambassadors into Muscovy Tartary and Persia begun in the year 1633. and finished in 1639. containing a Compleat History of those Countries whereunto are added the Travels of Mandelslo from Persia into the East-Indies begun in 1638. and finished in 1640. The whole illustrated with divers accurate Maps and Figures Written Originally by Adam Olearius Secretary to the Embassie Englished by J. Davis The second Edition in folio price bound 18 s. 29. The present State of the Ottoman Empire in three Books containing the Maxims of the Turkish Politie their Religion and Military Discipline illustrated with divers Figures Written by Paul Ricaut Esq late Secretary to the English Ambassador there now Consul of Smyrna The third Edition in Folio price bound 10 s. 30. The History of Barbadoes St. Christophers Mevis St. Vincents Antego Martinico Monserrat and the rest of the Caribby Islands in all twenty eight in two Books containing the Natural and Moral History of those Islands Illustrated with divers pieces of Sculpture representing the most considerable Rarities therein described in folio price bound 10 s. 31. The History of the Affairs of Europe in this present Age but more particularly of the Republick of Venice Written in Italian by Battista Nanà Cavalier and Procurator of St. Mark Englished by Sir Robert Honywood Knight in Folio price bound 14 s. 32. Il Cardinalismo di Santa Chiesa or the History of the Cardinals of the Roman Church from the time of their first Creation to the Election of the late Pope Clement IX with a full account of his Conclave in three Parts Written in Italian by the Author of the Nipotismo di Roma and faithfully Englished in folio price bound 8 s. 33. The World Surveyed or the famous Voyages and Travels of Vincent le Blanc of Marseilles into the East and West-Indies Persia Pegu Fez Morocco Guinney and through all Africa and the principal Provinces of Europe in folio price bound 10 s. 34. The History of the Life and Death of William Land Lord Archbishop of Canterbury containing the Ecclesiastical History of the three Kingdoms of England Scotland and Ireland from his first rising viz. 1621. to his death 1644. by P. Heylin D.D. in folio price bound 10 s. 35. A brief Account of Mr. Valentine Greatrakes the famous Stroker and divers of the strange Cures by him lately performed Written by himself to the Honourable Robert Boyle in quarto price stitched 1 s. 36. A Relation of Three Embassies from his Majesty Charles the Second to the Great Duke of Muscovy the King of Sweden and the King of