Highnesse continews in these religious vertuous studious paths which God graunt nor circumscribed within the Kings most Ample kingdomes and States but is knowen feared or admired in forrain parts The which as it is a most Soueraine and inexpressible blessing vnto all of these his Maiesties Dominions So vnto mee it shal be the onely studie care to make expressiō of all dutifull alleageance And in the meane seafō to pray vnto God cōtinually for your highnesse to continue for euer in health felicitie and euerlasting glorie And rest during life Your HIGHNES most humble and deuoted Seruant THOMAS PALMER Trauailing is either 1 Regular Of Regular Trauailers some be 1. Nonuoluntaries Sent out by the prince imployed in matters of 1. Peace 1. Honorable 1. Ambassadors 2. Commissioners 3. Messengers 1 To know well 1. From whom they are sent 2. To whom they are sent 3. To be perfect in their businesse 4. Themselues that are sent 5. The Countreys from whom and to whom 2. To practise 1. Eloquence to obtaine 2. Prudence in accusing excusing demanding denying propounding answering c. 3. Liberalitie 4. Honestie 5. Humanitie and Ciuilitie 6. Faithfulnesse Care and 7. Obseruation 2. not Honorable 1. Posts are recommendable for speede and faithfulnesse 2. Intelligencers 1. Base 2. Honest 1. To be expert in the Tongues 2. To resemble all gestures and behauiours 3. To be well furnished of all necessaries 4. To be secret aboue ordinarie 5. To be able to endure all things 6. To keepe themselues from being knowen for Intelligencers 2. Warre 1. Chieftaines and Cōmanders 1. To be alwayes prouident and faithfull 2. Neuer to exceede Commission 3. To make diligent and true relation 2. Common Souldiers 1. To be obseruant to the discipline 2. To make account of his Armes 3. Neuer to mutinie 2. Inuoluntaries 1. Banished persons 1. By the course of the Law 2. By the displeasure of the King 1. Not to murmure for their banishment 2. To depart the land within the time limited 3. Not to trauaile into the countrey that is enemie to their Prince or to God 4. Alwayes to discouer fruits of allegeance to their Prince and Countrey 2 Persecuted for a good conscience must obserue these things 1. Before trauaile 1. To be sure that no licencious affect moue them 2. To be assured that they flie for the trueths sake and that they imbrace the right religion 3. To know that they cannot get a toleration of that right Religion nor to haue libertie of conscience 4. To sue for licence of the Magistrate 5. To resolue to goe into that Countrey where the word of God is preached or into a free estate and neuter 2 In Trauaile 1. To serue God sincerely 2. To obey the lawes of that Countrey 3. Not contending for this or that discipline 4. Not to liue idlely or in excesse 5. Not to intermeddle with the politick gouernment or State 6. Neuer treacherous to their owne Prince or State 3 Being returned from Trauaile 1. No Busie bodies Schismatickes or mouers of Sedition 2. To liue a quiet peaceable and godly life 3 Voluntaries 2 Irregular * Page I. B. The rest of the first Part abstracted Voluntary Regular Trauailers are considered 1 As they are moued accidētally 1 Principally that afterwards they may leade a more quiet and contented life to the glory of God 2 Secondarily regarding ends 1 Publicke which doe consider 1 What persons are inhibited trauaile 1 Such as Nature 1 Infants 2 Decrepite persons 2 Such as Imperfectiō 1 Fooles 2 Madmen 3 Lunaticke 3 Such as the Sexe Women 2 What times to trauaile in are 1 Not fitte When 1 Our Countrey is ingaged with Ciuill warres or 2 The same expecteth forraine warres 2 Fitte 1 When one may reape most profit in shortest time for that hee aimeth at 2 When the Countrey into which wee would trauaile holdeth not ours in iealousie 3 What age is most meete to trauaile in 1 Not the Nonage 2 Not Old age 3 But the Middle age 2 Priuate 2 As they consist Essentially 1. Nobles 1 Generall of whom looke in the second Part. * 2 Special 1 Diuines 1 In what Cases they may not trauaile 1. If there bee preaching of the Gospel in their Countrey 2 If Licence can not bee obtained of the State 3 If godly and learned Professors liue in the State 2 For what pretences they may trauaile hauing obtained Licence 1. To a generall Councell approoued by the State 2 To a famous Librarie 3 To haue conference with such and such famous Learned men 4 To haue conference with such and such Linguists that are famous for the Hebrew and Greeke Tongues 2 Ciuilians 1 To be well grounded in Religion and stedfast in the same 2 To be studious in their obseruations 3 To take Degrees 3 Souldiers 1 Contemplatiue 2 Actiue are to note these things 1 Before trauaile 1 To be expert in the Mathematickes 2 To remoue discōtentednes 3 To be assured that they may be spared 4. To accustome themselues to hardnesse 5 To serue where the Prince most fauoureth 6 To serue in those warres where a man may soonest proue a good Souldier 2 In Trauaile 1 To make diligent obseruation of all things 2 To bee studious in obseruing the discipline 3 Rather to put vp iniuries than to offer any 4 Neither to serue vnder Infidels nor against professors of the Gospel or in an vniust war 5 To vse the warre as no profession but to liue in peace the better afterwards 4 Physicians 1. To make diligent obseruation of all Common and Accidentall things 2 To be aswell expert as learned 3 To be carefull to transplant what may profit their Countrey 2 Commons 1 Merchants 1 Venturers 2 Of Companies 1 To know by what Commodities their Countrey may be benefited 2 Not to transport things prohibited or to bring in vaine and hurtfull matters 3 To conceale the secrets of their Princes State and to obserue of other nations what is meete 3 Men of Warre 1 Not to transgresse their Commission 2 To obserue diligently for Nauigation 3 To make faithfull relation of things needefull 2 Machanickes * The first Part. TRauailing is equiuocable Regular or Irregular Of Irregular trauelling most men finde by experience what it is The Regular is an honorable or honest action of men and in speciall cases of women into forreine Countries and States chiefly for a publike good to that Countrie of which such are and also for a priuate benefit and necessitie in cases necessarie and of commendablenesse In like sort there are deriued from this action of trauelling two orders of Trauellers Regular and Irregular The Regular are threefould Non voluntarie Inuoluntarie or Voluntarie Of whome foure things may bee considered First what ought to be the moouing causes of mens trauell Secondly what courses such as are iustly mooued must vndertake before trauell if they will benefit their Countrie or themselues Thirdly how they ought to spend their times in
season and verie needefull in speciall cases Neuerthelesse there bee many verie pertinax in this opinion that Though a State shall inflict for good causes a greater punishment on malefactors for such and such crimes then the lawes of God or of Nature doo yet they are ignorāt by what warrāt of like policie any State may abbridge the rigor of the law of God in capitall offenses For such lawes say they are both iudiciall and eternal by which policie no doubt States may bee best gouerned for proofe whereof the abbridgers say they of such laws are by the heathē people that haue not the written law of God conuinced taught how to rule in like cases Of humane and positiue lawes there is a variable consideration according to the vse and titles that euery Countrie and State holdeth peculiarly almost As generally heere in England wee tearme our law by the name of Common law it being a peculiar law to this State and members So the Romans in times past called their law the Ciuile law Though indeed all good lawes as Iustinian himselfe confesseth may wel enough be tearmed Ciuile lawes yet for distinction sake let it bee taken heere whensoeuer wee shal name Ciuile lawes for those that were refined by the Emperor Iustinian and set foorth by him the which at this day are vsed in most of the ciuile States and Nations of Europe either in part or altogether From whence let Trauailers make this obseruation Whether the lawes of the Countrie wherein they trauaile be lawes prerogatiue or positiue For there are some Countries gouerned by lawes meerely prerogatiue of which wee will first expound to such as intende for to trauaile These kinde of Lawes be for the most part vnwritten and therefore require the more care to be searched out and into for their vncertaintie Moreouer let Trauailers obserue how farre the prerogatiue of Princes and States doth stretch ouer their Subiects For there are some so absolute and sole tyrannous that all things are gouerned according to the will of the Prince and euerie commoditie of the Countrie stands at the Princes pleasure Such is the Tartarian and great Cam. Others there are halfe tyrannous whose displeasure and will hath no law to curbe the vnrulinesse thereof such is the Turke the Muscouian and the Pope Others there are according as they are religious and fearers of the true God and Princes of ciuile and religious States whose prerogatiue is much but yet in ciuile and honest actions being free themselues from punishment of their lawes in some sorte and may from time to time dispense with and chaunge their lawes constituting new as is expedient for the good of the Common-weale Neuerthelesse some there are that haue of these also greater prerogatiue then others according to their gouernment and state of policie For better discouerie the law prerogatiue is to be searched either in the person of the Prince or in the Magistracie which hath his power from the Prince on State The Prince or State if it bee an Aristocracie hath absolute power not controulable to command anything action or person whatsoeuer carrieth semblance of good to the State or that cōtrarieth not the law of God of Nature Moreouer to forbid controule anything persō or actiō whatsoeuer of like nature whether by word of mouth whether by letters proclamatiōs edictes or such like means as Princes or States vse And lastly by cōmission to authorize other to reward and punish according to the offence done euerie fault that is not encountred by the Law positiue alreadie perseruing the life members and speciall liuelyhood of the delinquents The prerogatiue of the Magistracie may be discerned as in our Countrie in the high Court of Parliament in the authoritie of the Councell in that of the Starre Chamber in the Lord Chancellor Lorde Treasurer Lord high Counstable Lord Mareschall Lord Admirall in the principal Secretarie in the chiefe Iustices and iudges of the Land in each Maior and Towne Corporate and lastly in euerie high Commissioner and speciall Officer that the Prince of this Land deputeth to vndergoe any charge at home or abroad So is it in all other States and Countries The which being cōsidered by Trauailers they shal be able to discerne the authoritie royall of the Prince and State as well in Politicall as in Ecclesiasticall giuing making of Lawes Touching the lawes Positiue they bee either Political or Ecclesiastical The Political are either ancient Maximes of perpetuall obseruāce or Modern mutable The ancient are such as the Romanes called the Ciuile lawes in speciall such as the French their law Salique such as we the Common law The Moderne are all those lawes which goe vnder the name of Statutes Decrees Ordinances Edicts and such like being in all Ciuile States put into print the which are by so much the easier to bee attained vnto by Trauailers wherin they may at leasure discouer euerie thing as in a glasse either cōcerning the nature of the people or the State of the Countrie The Politicall lawes are changeable according to the standing of things that the State may grow to perfection The Ecclesiasticall are tradicions lawfull or vnlawfull The vnlawfull bee such as are contrarie to the lawe of God and tha◠in no sort tend vnto edification of which crue a Trauailer shall meete within most States But let him bee carefull to collect the best wheresoeuer the which hee shall discerne by their coates namely if they crosse not Gods word or destroy not more then they edifie The lawfull tradicions be rules or Canons of doctrine of manners of rites and Ceremonies pertaining to godlines that consent with the holy word of God and tend to edification Touching the rules of doctrin the Apostles inspired with the holy Ghost haue left many the generall and prouinciall Synodes of godly and honest minded men haue set foorth others the which are for the vnderstanding of the holy Scriptures verie profitable And lastly euerie lawfull State and Church hath absolute power without the consent of the Pope or any other forraine approbation to doe the like gathering euermore their constitutions rules form the word of God Touching those of manners and of Ceremonies euerie lawfull State and Church hath absolute power to decree that which shall be most agreeable with the nature of the State yet so as all those Constitutions tend to edification and bee so neerely drawen from the holy Scriptures and the best discipline of other Churches as neere may be These bee the exacte rules for to make discouerie wherby three commodities shall redound to Trauailers First they shall be able to iudge whether the Countries leane by their lawes to this or that religion Secondly whether the people be nourished in the right or wrong and lastly they may gather thereby the most sincere and vpright orders for the perfecting of their owne Countrie and informing themselues For when such are well seene
to decree warre or peace or to enter into treaties concerning them The third is to institute and ordaine principal officers The fourth is to haue the last Appeale which is one of the true markes of Souereigntie vnder which dependeth the power to grant pardon to the condemned by course of law in fauour to redresse the rigor of the lawe and formall proceedings of Magistrates whether concerning life goods honor banishment or libertie In all which Trauailers shal find in most States great defect in fewe all absolutely For concerning the first what honourable Prince not naming the Pope the Turke the Tartarian and such like tyrants of himself without associates decreeth lawes And not without good cause for it noteth iustice and desire to gouerne aright knitting the Subiects to their Prince Neuerthelesse we see that in former times the Princes of this Land and of France as of òther States did constitute of themselues many good lawes in force at this day So touching the second there be some States that by custome and willingnes to complease their subiects will seldome make warre or entertain peace without priuate consent of their Councell or general debating of the Parliament Likewise of the third there is amongst States and gouernements a great diuersitie in the instituting and ratifying of principall officers which custome hath been brought from the Prince or State no doubt for the shew of the Common-weales good so the same be not transported to forraine States as the Pope arrogateth in Ecclesiasticall promotions And touching the last point we see also how great Princes are stripped of their Souereignty reigntie by the Pope in matters of appeale of giuing pardons and such like regalities to subiects and great offenders against their Prince and countrey Thus in these let Trauailers euerie where make obseruation how of custome either the States doe hold their Souereigntie or howe by like Custome they haue abbridged or lost their marks of absolutenesse Lastly let it be considered of the customes and prerogatiues of the Nobilitie of a nation the chiefe whereof resteth in their superioritie and preheminence in sitting going talking eating washing subscribing arrogating peculiar phrases and order of stile in writing and such like All which are to be considered by times places and persons that thus and by a customarie dutie and respect honour each other Wherein if Trauailers wil be verie iudiciall they had neede to be good heralds and studious in the customarie lawe and discipline of Armes of that nation Hitherto concerning the lawes and customes of a nation so briefly as we could to the vnexpert in the affaires of the countrey The fift point of knowledge now offereth it selfe which is concerning the gouernment of the countrey 5 The Gouernment hath a twofold managing therof the one exterior and discernable the other interior secret and priuate onely in a wise State to the Counsel thereof or onely lodged in the breast of the Prince which to a wise Prince is a high pointe of politicke gouernment Of this interior we will giue Trauailers a secret taste in the last part namely in the Secrets For the obiect of a Trauailer is properly the publike and reuealed gouernment In this Gouernment three things concurre First the persons gouerning secondly the people gouerned lastly the common and speciall policie or instruments that subsist for the establishing of a cōmon good towards all men by the vertue wherof life health peace prosperitie and happinesse without interruption is conueyed vnto the bodie politick Wheras the defect and vicious ordering of things soon corrodeth or putteth the same into a consumptiō irreuocable Concerning the persons gouerning we obiect to Trauailers a triple consideration according to the three-fold diuersitie of Cōmon-weales For by the persons gouerning we meane also those simple variable three formes of gouernment namely the Monarchial which is when the Soueraignty and supreme authority without controlment resteth in one person or Prince as in our King of Great Britaine The Aristocraticall is when as the lesser part of the people or of the Nobilitie haue the Souereigntie in body giuing lawes to the rest of people in generall and particular as the Seigniorie of Venice and the State of the vnited Prouinces in the Lowe Countreys And the Democraticall or popular Estate which is when as the whole people or greater part thereof in bodie hath the Souereigne authoritie Which had neede to bee well considered of Trauailers by so much the more as they see great learned men confounded or deceiued in the iudgements of them For neither the qualities of persons can change the nature or number of them nor can there bee any mixt State of forme and continuance but either by Graunt Permission Communication Association or Assignation of the Souereigne power to the members subiect But lest Trauailers might be misseled by the opinions of others let them obserue diligently in what persons and in which of these those foure markes of Souereigntie before spoken of in the Customes of the Countrey doe reigne which here for breuitie I omit especially the ordering of officers the decreeing of peace and warre and taking of Appeales But for the publishing of lawes the most ciuill States for the better securitie of them and content of the people are euer assisted in Monarchies with the three Estates And in some States also for the better dispatch of things many of the other three markes are committed but yet restrictiuely and vnder controulement Wherefore let Trauailers consider now these things aright and proue the censures of other men by those markes of Souereigntie which inuest the formes with supreme power Moreouer in the second place let Trauailers note what principall officers are in the commitment ordained to helpe the motion and gouernment of the helme of the State And lastly how farre their seuerall offices doe extend For the better insight into which there may bee gathered a triple consideration of officers namely first such as stand by ancient right and Custome as those which we cal Officers at the Common Lawe Secondly such as haue their authoritie by Commission and that from the prerogatiues of the Prince or State Souereigne Lastly such as are ordained by the positiue lawes of the land to vndergo any businesse for the good of the Common-weale Finally let Trauailers be carefull to obserue the maner and order of making publishing of lawes there vsed the course of entertaining warres the ordinarie policie vsed in time of peace concerning preparation for warres defensiue and offensiue the common course of proceeding in iustice and iudgement the places and times and ministers the fashion of punishing rewarding of all sorts of people acording to their deserts and such like appurtenances appendices of the gouernment Let these suffice for the persons gouerning The People gouerned wee cast into sixe moulds namely into that of Husbandmen of Handicrafts men and Labourers of Marchants of the Nobilitie and Gentrie of stipendarie
likewise by the Princes or States fauour are made Trauellers are men of warre or souldiers seruing on the Land or Sea whether these be sent to serue vnder other Princes or haue authority committed vnto them to make warre themselues Now considering these are either Commanders or common Souldiers there ought to be a distinct consideration As touching the first though wee might considerately enough leaue them out heere being men of action and experiēce yet we obserue three general offices of these First ere they vndertake their iournie to be accōmodated with euerie thing necessarie both for men munitiō victuals and monie which being the sinewes of euerie enterprise shall preuaile greatly And in case that any be sent to serue vnder other Princes it is a thing most requirable for the honour of their Prince and Country and of themselues to be much curious that euerie souldier be seemely apparelled and orderly sorted with men and armes and other things necessarie and to be faithfull vnto their Soueraigne Secondly let euery one take heede hee goe not beyond his Commission but rather in case of his absolute authoritie streighten his owne power neuer presuming vpon the fauour of the Prince or State that sendeth such an one foorth For though the same sometimes may sort to a happie end yet the encroching on the prerogatiue royall is reprouable and without reward though so aduantagious for ones Prince and Countrie And as it is the cheefest point of a Commaunder to obserue good discipline to aduance euerie enterprise and designe so especially in case of seruing vnder forreine Princes and powers let such be blamelesse and irreproueable accomplishing moreouer with resolution and discretion whatsoeuer is committed to the charge of such nothing attempting vpon discretion without commaundement of the Prince himselfe vnder whom such serue And that such be not lauish in rewarding with honour or too seuere in punishing offenders beyond the discipline then exercised The third and last consisteth in the making true and diligent relation of euerie accident vnto the Prince to whome such belong VVee shall not neede to dilate on these they are so common Nowe as concerning the common souldier in this place of Non Voluntarie trauellers let it only be exacted of him To be obedient to the discipline prescribed vnto him to esteeme of his armes as the cognisance of a souldier and neuer to be tainted with mutinie or murmuring For such do debarre themselues euermore afterwarde of bearing armes or of the reputation of Souldiers though such may pretend great cause Of other things let it be sought for in the voluntarie Trauellers It nowe remaines wee touch vpon those that Inuoluntarily are made Trauailers by the displeasure conceaued by the Prince and by offence committed against the law Those that haue trespassed against the lawe although in other States in times past they were great personages as others that lay open to such punishments yet here in England are men of no accompt or reckening such as being incorrigible persons good for nothing euill members are for euer made proscripts and turned from the tuition of their naturall friends and Countrie to liue as runnagates in the wide world But as concerning such as stand banished by displeasure and prerogatiue royal of the Prince they are of two sorts The first of such are onely for breach of Lawes in Court banished from the Court and confined to approche no neerer than so many miles for a certaine space these are not to our purpose The other is of such as the Prince vppon iust indignation banisheth the Land for a time certaine or not wherby such are forced to trauell and are of the Gentrie or Nobilitie alwayes of whom the Prince hath a greater respect then of the Commons that sustaine all punishments in their times according to the Lawes Of whome these Offices are exacted First not to make shew of discontentednesse other then sorrow for the offence done Secondly to depart the Land within the time limited Thirdly not to trauaile into their Princes enemies Coūtries or into the Coūtries of miscreants Infidels there to make their aboade for the one is a breach of Religion the other of allegeaunce and duetie to their Prince Soueraigne and Countrie which yet remaine to such so during life either for that they may obtaine fauour to be recalled or by decease of the Prince that banished them in speciall cases of displeasure be freed to returne from banishment the benefite whereof they may peraduenture lose if such shal be obserued to spend their times in the enemies Countrie or keepe much familiaritie with them So is it to those that trauaile to Pagans and Infidels who although they may be friends with their Prince yet the office of banished trauellers carrying the badge of Gods displeasure also vpon them may not doe euerie thing that the policie of an Estate shall permit but in particular let them carrie themselues so as God their high Prince who hath a more speciall hand ouer such then ordinarie may be serued also and appeased by obeysance to his word which restraineth all from voluntary fellowshippe with vnbeleeuers and vngodly persons much more to haue such a communitie with them as being left to their choice they seeke rather after such then the godly as it were indenizen themselues into their life Religion and conuersation Lastly that wheresoeuer these shall remaine let them carrie themselues so discreetly during their perigrination that they may procure themselues to regaine their Princes fauour to restore them And also when such shall so fortunately be recalled to behaue themselues like newe creatures and subiects abandoning all reprouable actions that draw downe sodainely GODS displeasure consequently the like or greater iudgements Thus briefly may we conclude the first ranke of Regular and lawfull Trauailers The second followeth 2 Which are also of the Crue of Inuoluntaries being moued to traueil for the maintenance only and preseruation of their Religion which vppon assured grounds they know to be the true and only sauing profession whereby they serue God aright according to his word and prepare themselues for a more diuine excellent mansion then can be found or conceipted heere on earth the which thing may of all other things in the world held in estimation prescribe against and free them from the opposition of lawes humane and their allegeance in such sort that whether men trauell without commission or licence of the Prince and State to whom they belong or whether contrarie to the expresse cōmandemēt of the State their callings are iustifiable honorable without the titles of fugitiues or rebels so such demeane themselues in sort according to godlines as good subiects before they put themselues to trauel during their perigrination For if it be generally held that faith is to be perswaded not compelled that no man hath power of Religiō seeing that it proceedes from the minde and
Moreouer what inconstant luxuriousnesse and superfluitie of vnciuilitie in fashions and apparell toucheth the French The which except of vs English is reproued of most Nations in the world And amongst many barbarousnesses of manners how strange is that of the French mens dissimulation to their verie friends The which is left also hereditarie from the Lumbards to the Italians that haue any education I feare me other Nations trauailing thither will say that we beginne to smell of that disease Lastly what fencerlike and gladiatorious behauiour bemaddeth the Germanes What corruption of manneâ—s generaly reigne in the Italians Insomuch that other lesse accort Countries then ours haue this coÌ„mon prouerbe wherof it shall suffice to touch that of the Germanes Multi Germani rustici In Italiam proficiscuntur angeli Redeunt diaboli vrbani What inconstant countenance do these Italians sauor of What arrogancie and insolencie discouereth the Spaniard to his superior and equall what insupporrablenesse to his inferior and subiect What falsehoods may men finde in the Gelderlanders whereas Turkes being Heathens are keepers of promise What crueltie and tyrannie do the Spaniards and Irish discouer to their enemies What pride of the French What pertinacitie generally do Schollers Courtiers and Souldiers discouer What inhospitalitie do the Germanes keepe What anger and hastinesse of the Irish yea of the poorest kerne Thus by these examples may a Trauailer suruey the ciuilitie and barbarousnesse of Nations in euerie vertue actiue or morall chiefly in the Court and Citties For the Countrie people rellish of rudenesse euermore though in some points they may serue for samplers of great ciuilitie and true carriages of the which a trauailer must in particular make obseruance But considering that which is Ciuilitie in one Nation is vnaccustomed and reiected in other State it may be doubted how a Trauailer shall demeane himselfe to be compleat and know which to retaine The answere is easie for it is euer presupposed that it is no breach of office or of ciuilitie being in another Nation to obserue the fashions guises and customes of the same in things indifferent and ceremoniall although they grate on barbarisme as superfluitie of complements and words such as the French and Italians vse the manner of eating and drinking whether vppon the ground lying along as in Turkie and Africke or standing The manner of saluting with the hatte on without bending of the knee without bowing of the bodie without imbracing without profering of the hand without conioyning without kissing and such like externall customes of indifferencie becomming well enough the boundes of euerie Countrie For though it be a rule with vs that those ceremonies and ciuill vses come neérest to the point of true cariage and consequently most commendable that expresse humilitie and curtesie and encrease affection of most kindnesse and humanitie hence comes our salutations bareheaded and hand kissing bowed bodies and knees embracings conioyning and shaking of the hand peculiar to great personages hence the Italians and French haue gotten probatum of their humilious phrases and kind complements of kissing their hands the Spaniardes of humbly kissing the hands of those they respect and conuerse with men as women the Dutch in their carrowsing in like sort as we vse in contracts by imposition of hands and afterwards by kissing them yet we see the nature of the Italians caÌ„not brooke kissing openly of women nor the French being long bareheaded and in like expressions other Nations are as precise Notwithstanding in the expressions of moral vertues and vices a Trauailer must be so curious and graue that hee not only beware to committe sinne and do as the people do but cleaue wholly to the vertue and meane of things abhorring blaspheming swearing rayling malreporting and such like vices of the tongue as of all other actions and customes of wickednesse which are euill in their owne nature without circumstances And these Trauailers haue prerogatiue of other Nations to prescribe against many though indifferent and against all euill customes that swarue from the rule of Nature humanitie Thus hauing long stayed vpon this haunt of the first discouerer of the nature of people the second offereth it self for the Trauailer to know Whether the people be Free or Seruile For al people considered as Subiects are one of these two And though by nature largely coÌ„sidered one man is equally so free as another none more seruile for seruitude is politicke yet we see some people politickly seruile as free some more some lesse according to the alteration of times and things By the words seruile free then are meant not the naturall since all by nature are seruile to sinne and vnrighteousnesse and are equally free from miserie and subiection but the politicall which maketh some people free in regard of misery and seruitude and other seruile to slauery miserie and subiection Now seeing all people of a State are vnder subiection in generalitie in this place the nature of a people must bee sought out of such as are free from slauery and miserie and of those that are seruiled vnto them Of people free in this sense there be some by prescription enfranchised the gouernment of whose States by good lawes haue made them free from long miserie or slauery Such are the Commons and Nobilitie of this land whose freedome is such as they enioy their owne things so freely as the Prince The like may be sayd of the States of France and Germanie and of other well ordered Common wealths Moreouer such freedome generally reigneth in France as with vs here in Kent that what slaue or bondman shal but land in France is immediatly made free and whosoeuer abideth one yeere in Kent shall be euer after enfranchised Moreouer there be others free by arrogation who according to the state of times and things licentiously vse their libertie Such in times past were the people of Denmarke whose force was their law in so much that their Prince held his royaltie at their placitum For if at any time they misliked any of his actions he was instantly deposed and an other set in his place Such at this day is the freedome of the Venetians that they seeme to beare a hard hand ouer their Dukes And such is the common nature of euery Democracie and Aristocracie Lastly there bee some whose policie and state haue continued them in much freedome from miserie and slauerie as euer striuing against seruitude Such were the Sclauonians the Switzers and the Lumbards the Neapolitanes in the Romane gouernement in so much as these people being euer confederates with that mightie Empire yet durst they giue succour to the banished from Rome Such were the Hungarians against the Turke Such generally are the Nobility of most Christian States who as Libertines are euer out of tyranny before the CoÌ„mons Such are the Spaniards that chuse rather to die than to be made slaues And such is the naturall affect of those
that either haue enioyed long freedom or feele sensibly the hard yoke of bondage In a word such are the people of Ireland who not being accustomed to ciuility and obeisance spurne so much against the same For the Nobility spurn against subiection the Cōmons folow their Lords Leaders thorow want of ciuility Christian knowledge that keepeth euery man in officio The markes of liberty and freedome of people are riches ease both peculiar to the Grecians and English the Germanes abound in ease the Venetians procure their liberty by their riches These things cōcerning the freenesse of people The like in effect be considered of those people which are seruile namely whether they be seruiled thorow tyranny oppression or thorow depression keeping vnder violently both sorts being subiects of misery calamitie Of the first sort we heare of the Tartariās vnder their Cam for the whole State of all they haue standeth at his fancie to dispose of the word of whose mouth serueth for a sword to reuenge him of rebels and yet they reioyce thereat neither dare any man say This is mine or anothers neither can any man dwell other-where than his Lord assigneth him The Liuonians vnder the Duke of Muscouie are so seruile that they dare not but call him Tzar or King where none other nations doe the same Moreouer so seruile are the Muscouites that they call themselues the slaues of the Duke neither dare they sell anything before the Dukes officers haue surueyed the same Alike seruile are the people of Lithuania in so much as the officers of the Countrey may enter into any mans house and take their pleasure of any thing where no farmer dare come in the presence of this Lord without gifts or bribes So the Commons of Sweuia in times past were in great misery vpheld by their Princes and Nobilitie For all commodities passed and repassed thorowe their fingers Lastly such are those people whose ouer-rulers are Tyrants as the Turke generally thorow his Dominions the Pope ouer the Cleargie and many temporall States Nowe of the second sort of Seruile wee find the husbandmen and tenants of Italie who liue hardly and poorely to vphold the Gentlemen their Land-lords So liue the Boores vnder the Germane Nobilitie in greater miserie and subiection than the poorest person in this land Such are moreouer the Commons of a Nation where either ciuill warres or omission of good and holesome lawes reigne Such of late time were the Boores of the Low Countries and Pesants of France so finally are al those Commons whose Nobility like Solons great flies breake thorow the net of the Lawe and where the Prince is remisse in gouernment Now the markes of seruile people are hereby gathered namely Pouertie and Want and excessiue paines-taking and moyling to gaine their liuing Such were the Irish such are the Moores It now remaines to shew what vse a Trauailer shall make hereby First by these the loyaltie and vnsteadinesse of Subiects are discouered then their constancie and reuolting humor vpon occasions profered And lastly who are to be trusted for friends and who feared for enemies These being instruments for the Politician to plot vpon and therefore I will be sparing in the discourse The third thing that discouereth the nature of the people is for our Trauailer to consider whether the people of a Nation or State bee Religious or Profane These wordes must be restrained considering Religiousnesse is properly taken for the godly exercise of that profession without Idolatrie or superstition the which is true Religion All other shewes are shadowes irreligious and not substantiall professions In like sort may it be said of Profanenesse which is of those people who leauing the pathe of mans dutie toward God wander in the field or wildernesse of error either through ignorance presumption or imperfectiō Wherefore that our Trauailer may not bee put to plunge the words in this place implie a larger vnderstanding For by religious people is meant such as are passing deuoute and zealous in religion be they Christian Heathen or Antichistian So likewise by prophane people I conceiue Libertines Atheistes and politicke religious people who oppose themselues against the superstitious and deuout practise of godlinesse as temporizers aud epicureall worldlings In this first sense most Nations in the world at this day are haue been euer deuoute and religious some in the truth as the true people of Israell and all such Christian people as of the certaintie of the Scriptures and worde of God do serue the Lord as hee commaundeth reiecting humane traditions and superstitiousnesse as prophanenesse politique and damnable Heereupon rose that worthie custome of the Nobilitie of Poland whensoeuer the Gospell was a reading in their Churches To draw out their swords signifying that they were readie to defend the truth thereof if any durst oppugne the same And hence no doubt at the first sprang our custome heere in England of standing on our feete and rising vp when the Articles of our faith either are a reading or during the reading of the Gospell thereby expressing that by this wee will stand and abide against the world and other like ceremonies which superstitiō I feare hath corrupted Heereupon are the Saxons noted to bee verie deuout but withall opinionatiue So are the Bohemians deuout and zealous withall Moreouer some are religious in idolatrie as were the Egyptians the Assyrians Philistines and those vncircumcised people that worshipped strange GODS Such are at this day the barbarous people of the East and West Indies that worship the vgly shapes of Diuels of the Sunne Moone Starres of the Elements of other Creatures Others there are deuout in superstitiō as the Turkes and Persians who with much deuotion are trained vp vnder the policie of their Prophets Mahomet and Haly. Lastly there are some blinded wonderfully in Idolatrie superstition such are the Popelings and those that goe vnder the name of Catholickes but abusiuely The which religious proceeding is so hatefull to those that follow the Greeke Church but singularly to the Muscouites that if any of their Nation bee but reputed to haue spoken with a Latine or Romane it behooueth him to bee purged before hee shall bee intertained and receiued to partake of the Communion for they accompt such polluted The verie like may a Trauailer consider of the people which be profane such as the Epicures and Temporizers are that florish singularly in Italie And according as it hath beene reported of the Normans in times past that they cared little for any of Gods seruice So the Romanes profanenesse and contempt of vertue euerie Nation is full of Like as it hath beene spoken of the Cicilians that they regard no man whilest they themselues are in prosperitie Thus a Trauailer may referre vnto his proper head the nature of the people concerning religiousnesse or profanenesse the which may in generalitie and in particular
stand him in much stead Moreouer I suppose it also very needfull for a Trauailer to consider whether the people Religious or Profane so stand by the omission or want of lawes or by the seueritie of Lawes or customes For though religion cannot be constrained yet it may bee restrained by ordinances so as a Trauailer shall hardly discerne it Hence wee see the Nobilitie of France passing deuoute of Custome the Gascoignes religious without superstition our Commons in times past verie superstitious as generally are all that bee newly weaned from poperie Thus much as concerning the religiousnesse or profanenesse of people The fourth resteth to be considered whether the people of a Nation bee Warlike or Effeminate Whereof let a Trauailer ground his obseruation vnder these three heads namely whether the people be effeminate or warlike through naturall complexion Hence wee diuine all phlegmatickes and sanguinistes effeminate by nature as all melancholickes and cholerickes warlike Secondly whether the people be effeminate for want of good discipline as commonly those are where either vices or great excesse abound these being great withdrawers of mens courages weakening and poisoning the powers of soule and body so as without discipline such men are vnapt for the warres altogether Lastly whether the people be warlike through the feare of Tyrannie or by good discipline For as discipline maketh some that naturally are cowardes and phlegmatickes good soldiers in time so want of discipline we see giues the reignes of exces to breed vices corruptioÌ„ of hearts and enfeebling of mindes otherwise of good temper for the warres such are the sanguinistes And as the excesse of commodities in a land make men idle so the barrennesse enforceth others to be industrious which is one of the best discouerers of a warlike people Hereof it came to passe that the Sicilians haue been noted for cowards and effeminate whereas the inhabitants of the mountainâ—s and Alpes haue euer carried the name of hardie warlike The like some haue obserued in the Lowe Countrie people till discipline and feare of tyrannie procured them some choler Wee reade of the Lithuanians for want of good discipline to be so effeminate and cowardly that they neuer goe to the warres willingly and oftentimes being prest giue great summes of money to be released from the seruice So in times past as Eusebius reciteth were the people of Africke so effeminate and faineants that the women did euerie thing abroad for marchandize and husbandrie as it hath been reported of the men of Holland that were wont to carrie their fardels on their heads whereas the women did carrie their burdens vnder their Armes Yet so warlike were by the same ground the Denmarks that going to the warres the souldiers would neuer abandon their leaders but die in the field rather then flie so long as their Leaders liued it being moreouer an infamie reputed for souldiers to die in their beddes or of other sickenesses then that which commeth by warres Herby also we finde the valiancie of the Switzers according to their discipline whereas the Arabians and Asiaticques are tainted with cowardize The English likewise are feared of all men for their valiancie euen as the Hungarians are reputed hardie and stoute In so much that they haue beene branded for grayhoundes wolues in regard of other Nations but Hares and Foxes Whereas the people of little Britaine haue been esteemed timorous especially where they bee opposed by the English in like sort were those of Picardie Lastly do not all men see heere in England in Scotland in France in Italie Spaine and Germanie that these things do alter the people from warlikenesse to effeminatenes and contrariwise good long discipline are meanes to recouer their ancient glorie whereby a Trauailer shall not only discouer the present estate of things but be able with the politician to diuine into what chaunces such people may fall The fift and last discouerer of the nature now remaineth for a Trauailer to make obseruation namely of what Condition of bodie and Disposition of minde the people be of As touching the condition of bodie Three things are to be respected First the Stature whether tall lowe or of meane size of person Secondly of what complexion whether faire browne blacke tawnie fatte leane slender or well limmed whether deformed or moÌ„strous in nature hauing more or lesse limmes then the common sort of people and such like which for breuitie sake by examples I passe ouer Thirdly whether the people bee long or short liued and whether healthie or sickelie and whether great feeders and drinkers or not The vses whereof being common I passe them ouer In like sort for the inclination and disposition of the peoples mindes foure things are to be considered First whether the people bee giuen to idlenesse or paines taking then to what occupations and trades they are accustomed Thirdly whether they bee addicted to letters or otherwise incurious of learning Lastly what vices and vertues the people are most giuen vnto and that whether by defect or administration of lawes or by their own temperatures The least of these are of moment to be vnderstood For besides the particular profit that euerie Trauailer shal reape thereby there is a publike and multiplex of stuffe for such if so they happily afterward step to the helm and be called to aide the motion therof to worke vpon either to reforme euils in their own Common-weale or to mooue commotion or pacification twixt forraine Powers and nations Which for that these are the materials of politicians I omit to explane how and in what sort And forasmuch as the nature of people in this point may be the better discouered in particular I propounde foure Censures which open the verie affects of the heart vnto such as couet to know in particular the secrets of euerie ones minde in common actions expressing vertue or vice They are the exercises the diet the apparel and the conuersation of men of which if we may not offend we will consider a little how in what manner they may stand a Trauailer in stead either to establish peace or to entertaine war in case of imployment First then of exercises some be honorable others for pastime and recreation Such as follow the honorable whether warlike or of learning discouer good instruments of peace or warre For as by the exercises of warre men shew couragious and high mindes spirited and strong bodies so by exercising points of learning and knowledge honest and settled mindes are bewraied and consequently meete persons the one for peace the other for warres Those that exercise for pastime and delight only are marked for corrupt and weake members in a State eithe for peace or warre yet rather affecting peace then warre The second Censure is the diet of men Diet it is either of meate of drinke or of sleepe Those that be Epicures in any of these three are to be taxed for the
that there were Lawes Morall contained vnder the Decalogue or ten Commandements perpetuall to all people and Nations though for a season the Gentiles were gouerned by another consenting Law therewith namely the Law of Nature Secondly that there were Lawes Politicall and Iudiciall peculiar to the Common-weale of Israell and lastly Lawes Ceremoniall which being meerely politicall also were temporall and to be abrogated by the perfecter namely by Christ by whom all the Ceremoniall and infantiue Lawes were disannuled and vtterly cancelled Moreouer it may not be forgotten that vnder that vnwritten Law of God is contained the Law of the spirit and of life which is peculiar to the Church of Christ that quickeneth the vnsanctified and weake Law of Nature inscribed in the hearts of men imprinting the will of God in their hearts whereby men by many degrees steppe forwarde in the true knowledge of God seruing of him at an instant as it were through the efficacie thereof more then euer by the Law of nature they are able to do These things thus briefly exposed vnto Trauailers let it not seeme tedious to any to consider well thereof For without an exact knowledge of the Law of God there can be no sound iudgement of the rest And as our Sauiour Christ soundly reproued Nicodemus the Pharisie for that he was a iudge in Israel and knewe not things of such excellencie and of so great importance so might a Trauailer bee censured for a shallow and ignorant person that trauiling into the lawes of Nations and peoples is neuerthelesse to be found ignorant in the Lawes of God of their deriuations which properly be the fountaines of all naturall and humane lawes that be good honest through the world But touching the Law of Nature there is some controuersie amongst the learned For the Lawyers define the Law of Nature to be that which teacheth all Animall liuing things But the Scholist Diuines say the law of Nature that to be which is common to all people and that by instinct not by constitution restraining the same only to men Wherefore to make the same more euident by fauourable interpretation of both wee distribute the Lawe of Nature into Common and Proper The Common is that which equally is common to other liuing Creatures aswell as vnto men that is to say to defend themselues against violēce to preserue and maintain their liues and States to propagate procreate nourish instruct their owne to eate drinke sleepe rest mooue and such like things euerie species according to his being and kinde The Proper is that lawe which is only peculiar vnto men being the will of God and diuine reason inscribed immediately by God in the hearts of all men wherby generally they know what is good and euill and consequently what is to be followed and auoyded the law of conscience by which the heathen and such as haue not the law of God written shall be iudged The effect of which law is displaied in the knowledge of God and in the worshippe of him and also in the conseruation of mutuall loue and societie betwixt mankinde From which not only the law of Nations hath a name of substance but the humane and positiue lawes their descent and speciall deriuation as from the spring of right and reason Moreouer this law is not equally or so effectually planted in the hearts of all men alike but in some more plentifully then in others according to the secret and wonderfull dispensation of the good pleasure of God in the gouernement of the world From whence there ariseth such strange worshipping of God amongst the Heathen almost euerie Nation in a variable sorte Thus wee may see furthermore that the law of Nature and of Nations strictly and in the proper sense taken may well bee confounded for one and the same concerning actions though after the common sense they are distinguishable For the law of Nations is a certaine right and equall reason that naturally bursteth out of men and Nations for the necessarie vse and conseruation of mankinde and for societie the which is also perpetuall and arguing the conscience if it dissent from the same From whence the Lawes of Armes concerning prisoners taken in the warres the entertainement of messengers and forraine Ambassadors as all manner of contractes twixt person and person State and State haue their authoritie and reason and doe in speciall manner giue a name to the law of Nations to the lawe of Nature which offereth to our Trauailer these three cōsiderations First that in the Courts of Princes as otherwhere hee obserue what order and manner of entertainement and respect is giuen to Ambassadors and Messengers of forraine States Secondly if such an one chance to arriue in the warres of other Princes and States to note the carriage of one aduersarie to another in matters of right and of Prisoners and Captiues especially as of Combattes In a word to get their discipline Lastly to note amongst heathen people what order in buying and selling exchanging lending borrowing mortgaging pawning and keeping of societie For happily from thence hee shall descrie a more equall carriage and behauiour in them by the law of Nature only guided then many of our Ciuile States do by all their meanes of knowledge in the laws of God of Nature and of men the which we might easily prooue But to our Point now concerning the Lawes Humane Those are called the Lawes Humane which frō the capacities of men are conceited by men are promulgated and authorised whether they depend vppon the Law of God and of Nature or vpon their owne fancies Wherof there are two rankes Honest and Iust or Tyrannicall and vniust The honest and iust do flow frō the general springs and Maximes of the diuine and naturall law ordained for the publike good of the Church and Cōmō-weale Wheras the Tyrānical vniust issue out either of the vsurping breasts of vnlawfull authoritie that haue no power to make lawes or from such as hauing power do after their own carnall mindes make ordinances for their owne proper commoditie and behoofe whereunto the traditions of men yea and euery superstitious ordinance and euill custome may be referred Wherefore whensoeuer a Trauailer shall looke into the body of the lawes of any Countrie or people let his iudgement be neither partiall nor weake but grounded vpon the sound rules and eternall reason of the diuine and Naturall Law Moreouer by the word Lawes humane is meant in this place the written positiue and politicall Lawes For in substance they are all one and conuertible yea and for the profitte of each Nation commutable so as they neuer contrarie the lawes diuine or naturall By reason whereof we finde that some honest lawes in qualitie differ either in punishing or rewarding or in inciting to that which is good or restraining from that which is euill the which is meerely a politicall promulgation consonant to some States for a
into the lawes of other Countries and expert in those of their owne Nation they haue well purchased a goodly Mannor and trench of Land to build policies vpon Moreouer it is verie expedient for Trauailers to marke not only how many distinct kinds of Lawes the Countrie vseth to gouerne their people by but in speciall what are geâ—â—â—â—ll what particular lawes pertaining to seuerall diuisions of the Countrey as those of shires and Seigniories of townes places and persons c. And lastly if in regard of the time of trauailing such be able to take degrees for the approbation of their knowledge in the Vniuersities no doubt the honour and the commodity wil be very great For the title of a degree so atchieued wil celebrate more their worth than any other meanes by getting credite to their learning and iudgement and making them capable of preferment hauing authoritie to be imployed in the seruice of the Common-weale Thus much concerning the lawes the which a Trauailer may referre vnto three heads if he please To Things to Persons to Actions The Customes now follow Customes they are certaine vses of the Prince State or people of the countrie vnwritteÌ„ for the most part that doe prescribe or stand in force as lawes chiefly if they bee good and profitable for the Common-weale whereof there are three â—â—nkes that Trauailers must consider them in Generall Particular and Regall By the Generall Customes are meant the ancient vse and ordering of all things according to the ancient nature thereof Of which let Trauailers first note their alterations These may be discerned in the giuing of Lawes in ensample whereof wee haue at this day a more exact and ful order of the three states concerning forme than in former times Secondly in the Princes priuate State and houshold Lastly in Religion in diet in apparell and in the externall order of things and persons In all which Customes most Common-weales differ Whereof we will ensample onely to our Trauailer the Princes priuate estate and houshold which we cal the Court Wherein what ordinary attendants and dependants and what ceremonies orders and customes are appertaining to the person of the Prince or to the place it selfe wheresoeuer the Court shal be or to the Nobility are the rather to be learned of Trauailers that they may not be ignoraÌ„t of the proper cariage of euery Court to enforme themselues of behauiour In Tartarie this custome is vsed that no stranger of what quality or degree soeuer dare put himselfe in the Kings presence to negotiate with him before hee hath beene purged with their fire Neither is it permitted to any stranger to set his foote on the threshold of the Cams lodging or where any of his Princes or Lieutenants dwell on paine of death And in our ciuill States we see no forreiner dare present himselfe to the presence of the Prince but by permission or in speciall cases and at special times Hence moreouer ariseth our great respect to our Princes in honouring and saluting them whereas the French are little vncouered and nothing so respectiue Some countrey people do kneele in the presence of their Prince others gaze in their faces onely others cast downe their heads and lookes and some as the inhabitants of Baccalaos or of the new Land fish haue a custome when they reuerence their King in his presence to rub their noses and stroking their forehead with their hand vnto the necke the which the King accepteth as an honest and due office and seruice turning his head eftsoones to his left shoulder which is a note of singular fauour and gratefulnesse of the King to honour his Subiect The which customes or the like though they be strange and not regular yet doe they become well enough the bounds of euery nation In like sort the customary phrase of writing and speaking of action of body of reuerencing and such such like are so to be pondered of Trauailers that they introduce not them into their owne Country vnlesse those customes be of a more ciuill carriage then such as their Countrey vseth For that is a fowle and irregular tricke of common Trauailers to innouate new fangles of fashions in their Countrey when they returne though they iudge theÌ„ to be of better esteem This is a common staine and delight of Ilands But as it is a shame for ciuill States to be variable in the custome of diuersitie of fashions wondring at the customes of other lesse ciuill graces and behauiours so as needes those must bee put in practise by them so a Trauailer that innouateth forreine peculiar customs of other Courts in his Countrey where either more ciuill or as good are vsed swarueth from the guise of completenesse in Trauailers requirable The Particular Customes concerne the members of the State as Countreys Dukedomes Principalities Counties Seigniories Domaines Cities Towns Corporations Castles Cittadels Fortes and such like which require also in regard of their excellencie to bee looked into so farre foorth as by discourse and discreete wayes may bee of Trauailers followed after The third and last Customes are Regall which properly are the maiesticke prerogatiue of the Countrey of the Prince and Nobilitie aswell within their precinct as in and vnder the iurisdiction of another power Whereof first let it bee regarded what preeminence the Countrey claimes to haue in and ouer other Countreys not tributary or subiect to the same Secondly as concerning the Prince let it be noted what titles of Custome he is inuested with as the French King to be the most Christian King which in those dayes was well arrogated from other nations As the King of Spaine to bee called the most Catholike King which title in those dayes was proper to him I speake as a Romist for he was Maximus bellator professor Romanae Catholicae ecclesiae And as our Souereigne King of Great Britaine by like custome now and with better title may most rightfully challenge to be the greatest and sincerest Defender of the faith of Christ thorow the world euen so was it a title in those dayes when it was reassumed and acknowledged of his Ancestor of proper attribution though the Pope had another slie and slouenly meaning and fetch of policie in the bequest For within a little after that most vndanted King Henry the eight whom for perpetuall honor sake I thought good to name by the good pleasure of God became the onely stout Defender of the faith of Christ singularly in shaking off the Popes supremacie and withstanding his displeasure Whereunto also let a Trauailer learne what place of Custome the Prince hath amongst other Princes and how farre the souereigntie of Princes stretcheth and of States The which souereignty is discernable in foure points The first is to haue power absolute to giue lawes to al in generall and in particular without controlment as Priuiledges Liberties Franchisedomes Honors and such like regalities to places or persons The second note of Souereigntie is
Souldiers and of Ecclesiasticall persons As touching the three first of these the lawes of most States will discouer howe they bee gouerned But as concerning the Nobilitie and Ecclesiasticall persons they assume in most States much libertie Of whome let it be sufficient for our Trauailer to note how they liue and what they are enclined vnto And as concerning Stipendarie Souldiers if the State afford any let it be considered how they are disciplined and by whom their number their priuiledges and lastly their entertainment Now the last point to be considered in the gouernment concerneth the common and speciall policie or instruments whereby the gouernors conuey nourishment vnto the gouerned to vphold the cōmon health of the State or to plucke the same vpon the knees These speciall policies or instruments may be surueyed of Trauailers in three things First in the goodnesse or illnesse of the Coūtries laws and customes Secondly in the accidents that moue the soueraigne Power for the presēt standing of things to cōstitute and decree timely and broche such policies as may encounter cure and remoue any disease surfaite or distemperature growen or growing in the bodie politick till by a law those inconueniences may be preuented The contrarie will chaunce where such defect reigneth Lastly in the due execution of such lawes as are enacted and in force the which vnite or disioyne the bodie most firmely or in piecemeales so as there cannot but arise from the one a sweet and tuneable harmonie of gouernment and from the other all iarres and discordes the which shall minister to Trauailers plentie of matter to plot policies vpon Thus much of the policies The sixt and last point of knowledge now remaineth which is of the Secretes of the State where men trauaile The singular point that ennobleth a Trauailer aboue the home-politician the foundatiōs of momentall policies The Secrets are those things which are neither noted nor learned of the vulgar sort of people they are notwithstanding common and accidentall the which doe oft change one into another The Common Secretes rest in two points in the intelligence of such as are forreine friends newters or enimies to the Countrie wherin one trauaileth And in the knowledge of the ordinarie strength of the State of the Countrie in which men trauaile The first of these considereth friends newters and enimies Out of which though there be seuerall secrets to be extracted yet we will for breuitie giue our Trauailer a release of them in the discouerie of friends since the rest may either è diuerso or conuer so be displaied Of friends therefore in this kind namely political there is a triple regard First by bloud and neerenesse of kinne Secondly by religion and profession of one and the same faith Lastly by meere politicall coniunction of friendship confedracie alliance and league to settle secure c. each others State in peace safetie Now since all these friends in matters of State are euer neerest to themselues running the straightest course for the good of their owne estates few can be found so honest firme as their friendships are neuer disioynable Howbeit we might see a rare example twixt France and Scotland in times past And thoughe Religion bee the streightest conioyner of States yet when Ambition or couetousnesse or selfe-loue inuade a body politicke sildome the friendshippe of such continue longer then they will aide and cherish those greedie appetites Enuy and feare of ouermuch greatnesse making the one an hypocrite to hunt with the hounde and runne with the hare according to the prouerbe From the politicall cōiunction of friendship we gather two sorts of friends to euerie State namely the pleasurable who for commodities marchandise are chiefly retained for friends to enrich their States in times of peace accommodate them with things needefull mutually Hence we behold the lawfulnesse of Christian States to traffick with Pagans and Infidels For contractes of peace and entercourse of commodities may be betweene any Nations since the partition wall is broken down it being a rule of charity for one State now to entertain relieue another with such commodities as the one either standeth in neede of or excelleth the other in Neuerthelesse in leagues alliances and confederacies for war it standeth otherwise twixt Christian and Pagan Princes That other sort of friends are the profitable who for the politicall defence and offence are collegued and allianced or cōfederated with either to be relieued for iniurie and wrong receiued or to be defended against oppression and violence or in policie only for feare of sensiblenesse and feare of the worst Moreouer it is not sufficient for a Trauailer to note thus who be pleasurable profitable friends to that Countrie wherein he trauaileth but to weighe also by all meanes the power and strength or weakenesse of those friends Newters or enimies to that Countrie The which may be discouered to our Trauailer in foure points As first in the populousnesse of them or defect of people and in the well disciplining of them or sufferance to liue ad libitum and without any Martiall gouernment For from hence ariseth one maine secreat to our Trauailer That those Coūtries so strengthened may be presumed vpon for great friends and contrariwise So the second resteth in the neere neighbourhood or fitnesse of such friends to impeach an enimie The third may bee noted in the commodities of those friends to aide and succour that State in cases of necessitie with victuall munition Armes horses shipping and money which are the arteries veines sinews and muscles of bodies politicke in forreine troubles Of which this secret riseth That such friendes so well furnished must euermore bee well and euenly dealt with considering they are daungerous enemies or neuters the rather in regard before a State can be sensible of their enimitie they can suddainly offend Neuerthelesse let Trauailers in this point consider what care those States take to reteine from trafficke munition offensiue For it is a weaknesse and danger to tolerate the trafficke of munition offensiue to friend or neurer the which in time may beard ones selfe and speake terrour in the eares of the first owners The fourth and last concerning the strength of friendes remaineth that Trauailers prie into the reuolution of those States in three things as in the Religion of those States in their Warlikenesse and in their Freedome Of these briefly And first let vs treate of their religion whether those friends hold the same religiō that the State whereof they are friends doth or whether of a contrarie profession the one yeelding euer a more steady loue than the other And in case of contrary religion such friends are soone lost and soone presse a people to be mortall enemies From whence flowe infinite secrets of this kinde familiar to good States-men Touching the warlikenesse of friends that may be considered either in their good discipline at home or