Linguistic DNA - Concept Modelling Demonstrator

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
law_n	common_a	court_n	matter_n	4,363	5	5.8066	4	false

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A66022	The lawes subversion: or, Sir John Maynards case truly stated Being a perfect relation of the manner of his imprisonment upon pleasure, for the space of five moneths by the House of Commons, and of the impeachment of high treason exhibited against him before the Lords, together with all the passages between him and the Lords, in messages to them, and speeches at their barre, as they were taken from his own mouth. VVherein also is contained a cleare discovery of the dangerous and destructive infringement of our native liberties, and of the arbitrary government now introduced by an aspiring faction over-awing the Parliament. Also that groundlesse false report concerning Sir Iohn Maynards submitting to the Lords jurisdiction refuted, to the shame of the reporters. By J. Howldin, Gent.	Wildman, John, Sir, 1621?-1693.	1648 (1648)	Wing W2169A; ESTC R204812	33,799	42

proceeded to cut in sunder the pâ—â—me roots of â—reedome Secondly Sir Iohn Maynard obeying M. Speakers illegall Warrant and attâ—nding the Housâ— M. Miles Corbet made his report concerning him from the Committee and produced some papers pretending they were written by Sir John and thereupon M. Corbet examined Sir Jâ—hn upon interrogatories as whether those papers were written or subscribed by him and this interrogatory they doubled and redoubled Observe reader how they wander in the devious crooked waâ—es of injustice when they have forsâ—â—en the paths of righteousnesse see the deformity and obliquity of their actions when they refuse to measure them by the rules of the Lawes established Was it possible 5. years since to have possessed any ingenious man that this Parliament would have deviated so far from the rules of law and justice yea the common light of nature as to examine any man upon interrogatories against himself in a criminall case would any have believed that this Parliament should have degenerated so far as to indeavour to compell a man to destroy himself Is it not a â—â—ddle surpassing all that this monstroâ—s age hath produced that this Parliament that hath deemed the Starre-Chamber and the Councell Tableâ— names worthy to be a curse and a by-word â—o posterity because of their cruelty in censuring men for refusing to answer interrogatories that this Parl. I say sâ—ould urgently presse Sir Io. Maynard to answer interrogatories against himself in this criminall case Is it crediâ—le that this Parl. who complained in their first Remonstrance of the state of the Kingdome 1. part Book Dec. p. 8. ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ upon the people or that thâ—s ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ â—ct of ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ is â—â—â—redible I say that they ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ â—ands have destroâ—ed who câ—n ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ rather â—mpute these proceedings to the ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ â—ohn it seems resented ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ to answer M. Corbeâ—â— redoubled Queâ—es aveâ—ring ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ had better taught him then to â—â—st ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ own destruction I with Sir Iohn had kept his ground ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ defiaâ—ce to the inâ—adeâ—s of Englands Liberties in this particular with as mucâ— ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ hath since manifested in some other particulars of ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ importance but by ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ estooped beneath hâ—mseâ—fe Fâ—rbâ— their importunity â—ee ansâ—â—red their interrogatories negetively That neâ—â—â—er â—â—e papers prâ—â—â—câ—d nor thâ—â—â—me subâ—â€¦ Sir Iohn Maynard humbly moved for a Copy of the Charge brought into the Hâ—use against â—iâ— bâ— Mr. Corbet and time and Libâ—rty to examâ—â—â— his own wâ—tâ—â—ssâ—s by whom â—e â—ffered to pâ—â—vâ— the falsity of the most mâ—â—â—riaâ—l things objâ—cted against him But such was the rigour of the prosecuteâ—s and Juâ—â—e for they went one and the same that Magna Charta Pâ—â—iâ—â—n of Right the Stattute oâ— 37. â—dw 3. 18. and the Statute 38. Edw 3. and the 42. Edw 3 3. not one â—oâ—all of these could either by their glittering beaâ—es of Justice aâ—luâ—â— them or by an awfuâ—l Majesty constraine them to preserve inviolate this Naâ—ive Liberâ—y though the recited staâ—ute say expresly that no man shalâ— be taken c. nor disfrienged of his Free-hâ—uld but by the lawfull Judgement of his Peers or by the Law of the Land that is by being brought to answer by due procesâ—e of Commâ—n Law now who is ignorant that it 's contrary to all the pâ—â—â—â—edings at Common Law to have a Charge in an English Court aâ—d yet to be denied a Copy whereupon to returne answer or to be denied Councell in thâ— ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ of Law was it ever known that the mâ—st infamâ—â—s seâ—â—n was denyed Couâ—cell at the Kings Beâ—ch Barre if â—â— pleaded the insuffiâ—cencâ—y of the indictment in Law and ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ more uâ— aâ—swerable reason that Sir Iohn should have had a Copy of the House of Commons Charge being it is an English Court and Câ—uâ—cell also assigned him upon his Pica that the Charge against him was not legâ—ll Notwithstanding all these irâ—eguler arbitrary proceedings the House being reduced to about â—â— pasâ—â—d Judgement upon Sir Iohn Maynord tâ—â—t he should be expelled the House Observe how the foundation of Englands Freedom is subverted this Gentleman a Commoâ—er of England is disâ—eized of his câ—oâ—sest Franchises or Liberties the place of highest trust contrary to the established Lawes This Censure is passed upon him witâ—oâ—â— one witnesse being heard in opâ—n Court either prâ— or coâ— aâ—d the Gentleman that made the report from the Committee onely named one witnesse which he said he could produce as to any particular objected against him Now by the Statute of 5. Edw 6. C. 11. It is provided that no man should thenceforth be indicted for any Treâ—soâ— that then was or from that time should bâ— from Iune then next ensuing perpetrated committed or done unlesse the offender be thereof accused by two lawfull accusers except the party shall without violence conlesse the same yet here you see a Judgement in Parliament passed against Sâ—r Iohn for the pretâ—nded câ—ymâ—s which they stile Tâ—â—ason although there was a pretence but of one accâ—â—er or witnesse to any ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ 2. This Judgement is passed against this Gentleman before his Pica to the legaliâ—y of the Charge was freely aâ—gued by Councell and jâ—stly determiâ—ed whereas commâ—n reason dictates that the matter of â—â—ct comeâ— not in question untill the Charge or accasation be it as it â—ught â—o be by perscentment or indictment unâ—il I see the legality of that be determined Now if the Câ—mmoneâ—s of England may be disleized of their châ—isest Freedoms and priviledges contrary to the known Law yet to the universall Commands of nature what Basis or foundation of Freedom remaines firme what security to the life of any Commoner of England more then the good will of the prevailing party But a further progresse was made towards subversion of our Liberties A further Judgement was passed against Sir Iohn Maynard viz. That he ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ to the Tower to remaine a prisener there during the pleasuâ—e of the Hâ—nâ—â— There was no cause specified of this censure either in the Clarkes Book or in the Warrant or Mittimus directed to the Lieutenant of the Tower By vertue of an Order of the House of Commons these are to require you to receive from the Serjant at Armes or his Deputy the Body of Sir John Maynard Knight of the Bath into the Tower of London and him there to detaine in safe Custody as your Prisoner untill the pleasure of the House be signified to you to the contrary And for so doing this shall be your Warrant To the Lieutenant of the Tower in London Dated Sept. 1647. William Lenthall Speaker Here is the impoysoned arrow shot through the principall Vitall of Englands Liberty here is equity Law and Justice deâ—hroned and absolute will or blind lust challenging the proper imperiall seat of England This Commitment drawes the black line over the name of English Fredom yea the line of confusion upon the Kâ—ngdom If the Supreame Authority shall thus actually aâ—ow that they are to Governe â—â—ose and disâ—olve all Laws of Government * to

The Lawes Subversion OR Sir John Maynards Case truly stated BEING A perfect Relation of the man ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ s imprisonment upon pleasure for the space of ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ moneths by the House of Commons and of the Impeachment of high Treason exhibited against him before the Lords together with all the passages between him and the Lords in Messages to them and Speeches at their Barre as they were taken from his own mouth VVherein also is contained a cleare discovery of the dangerous and destructive infringement of our native Liberties and of the arbitrary Government now introduced by an aspiring Faction over-awing the Parliament Also that groundlesse false report concerning Sir Iohn Maynards submitting to the Lords Jurisdiction refuted to the shame of the Reporters By J. Howldin Gent. Printed for Ja. Hornish 1648. Sir John Maynards Case truly stated MUch admired Aristotle Tutor to the greatest Emperour Alexander the great was of opinion that the Lawes a not Kings Princes or Magistrates be they one or more or never so good ought to be sole â—ords or Rulurs of the Common-wealth and that Princes and Governours ought to governe by the Lawes and canâ—ot coâ—mand what the Lawes do not command and â—n his judgement those who command that the Law should rule command thâ—t God should rule but he that commands a man to be a Prince i. e. to be an absolute Ruler commands that â—â—th a man and beast should be Princeâ— for ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ and the lust of the mind are brâ—tish affectâ—ons ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ bâ—th Magâ—strates and the very best of meâ— out the Lawâ—â— a constant aâ—d quiet mind and reason â—oâ—d of all ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ and desire answerable to this opinion have ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ proceeded in their first Constitution of their Governmâ—â—â—â— Pelitius saith that Kingdomes b were first erected and ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ on the worthiest men by the free voluntary joynt â—â—â—sent of the people and founded aâ—d coâ—fiâ—med be Customes and Lawes of each Country aâ—d thâ—â—efoâ—e they oâ—lâ—ged their King to conforme their Government unto the Lawâ—s established so Dioderus Siâ—ulus testifies of the Egyptians that their Kings c were bound to conforme the Regiment of their Kingdomes and their lives and families to the Lawes establâ—shed and were obnoxious to sensures in case of defaults and Zenephâ—â— testifies the same of the Lacedemontans and d Licurguâ— being little lesse then an Oracle in his time took an Oath every moneth to govern the Kingdome according to the Lawes â—nacted and M. T. Cicero informes us of the famous Romane State that the people gave Lawes to all their Magistrates by which they should order their Government thus much may be deduced from these words Imperium in Magistratibus Authoritatem in Sâ—â—atâ— e potestatent in plebe Majestatem in populo command was in the Magistrates Authority in the Senate power in the menâ—all people and majesty in the people in generall so Livy hath these words frequently ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ decreâ—â—â— populus jussit the Senate hath decreed the people commanded and whoever hath leisure to read Purcâ—â— pilgrimage and voyages Peter Martyrs Jud. Hist. Boemus de mâ—ribus Gentium Strabo and such other Histories shall find that the Athenians Persians Corinthians Medes and Germanes Sweâ—es Dâ—nes c. prescribed to all their Governours Lawes and Rules wherebâ— to govern and reserved to themselves Soveraigne power to prescribe farther Lawes and limits to their Kings and Mâ—gistrates and to call them to a publike accompt for their offâ—â—ces and misgovernment and thus Aâ—drew Horne f an ancient Lawyer informes us that when the forty Saxon Princes which for some time râ—led this Nation chose to themselves a King they made him sweare at his â—nâ—â—garation that he should govern the people by rules of Law without regard to the person of any and that he should be obedient to suffer right as well as any of the people and at the Coronation of Kings unto this day there is an Oath appointed wherein they sâ—eare g to keep the Lawes and Customes then established and to grant and defend all such rightfull Lawes as the Commons of the Realme shall choose And without controversie this concurrent practise of the Nations in obliging all Magistrates to govern by Lawes only was founded upon impregâ—â—ble reason and equity Every Nation is but a rude indâ—gested Chaos a deformed lump untill Lawes or rules of Government be established Lawes are the viâ— plistica or formatrix that formes the principall vitalls the heart the braâ—ne the liver of the Common-wealth as it is such the Lawâ—s of every people puts the difference as to them between things judicialâ— just and unjuâ—â— good and evill the Lawes are the only measure and boundary of every mans right interest and property without such rules of Government every mans right to any thing is equall and every mans tâ—tle to Magistracy or rule râ—ns parallel with other therefore when the Lawes of a people are destroyed and Magistrates exercise dominion over them as being loose and absolved from all Lawes or Rules of Government and obnoxious to no censures then all things returne to confusion and every mans depraved will becomeâ— a law to himselfe and as many as he can subdue by his sword then iust envy malice covetousnesse and ambition supply the place of Law and most men must be subject to their Dictates and decisions thâ—â— faction and private interest exalt and abase destroy and save alive at their pleasures then distractions commotions and bloody massacres overspead the face of a people and no security remaines to the estates liberties or lives of the people more then to the wild beasts of the Forrest Now what puâ—blind eye cannot discerne Englands faâ—e in this Glasse are not our Lawes subverted and turned into arbitrary Decrees and resolutions every day rising and every day withering like Mâ—shromes and are we not governed by those who conceive themselves absolved from all Lawes or Rules of Government â—â—a are we not governed Jure vago incâ—â—â—â— by a leaden ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ Rule to which we cannot square our obedience but inâ—st writ untill the Grandees that guide the Legislative power measure our actions for us or apply the Rule mâ—â— we not complaine with the French-men in Lewis the eleventh timâ—s that will is law and law is will what is now more common then a transgression without a Law an accusation without an Accuser and imprisonment without a cause rendered a sentence without a legall Judge and â— condemnation without a legall hearing or triall who can promise himseâ—fe the least safety either in his life oâ—â— liberty unlesâ—e hâ—s mind and conscience be taâ—quam ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ as a pure table wherein the prevailing faction may freely engrave the determinations of their wills I shall not for present endanger the Readers eyâ—s with an uncessant eâ—â—iux of brinish teaâ—â—s by relating many of the doâ—efull tragedies really acted upon our Libertâ—s I shall ooeâ—â— give you an impartiall narrative of Sir Iohn Maynards Caâ—e and of the wounds which our liberties

any possible abâ—se of their power If their plâ—aâ—uâ—e be the supreame rule whereby they shall judge of the peoples actions and ceâ—suâ—e them to the losse of their Liberties and dearest injoyments then there is no rule whereby to measure the rectiâ—â—de or obliquity â—ustice or injustice of their Government and by consâ—qâ—ence they are under an impâ—ssibility to render an accompt of their wayes this the Parliament abâ—â—orred in the King as appeares by their last Declaration shewing the reason of their Votes not to make nor receive any addresses to or from the King p. 12. they say the King hath layd a fit foundation for all Tyranny by that most distructive maxime viz. that he oâ—es an accâ—mpt of his ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ to none but to God alone but whether this principle be esteemed by the present Grandeâ—s that over-awe the Parliament too sweet a morsell for any pallate except their own I will not determine 4. This imprisoâ—ing during pleasure expeseth the Liberties Estates if not the lives and all the people to perpetuall uncertainâ—y who can perfectâ— soresee what construction the ruling Genâ—lemen shal please to put upon the most innocâ—nt actions and intenâ—iâ—ns of any which are not blessed with theâ—r graciâ—us aspect â—ow plausibly and with what facility may they at least question their actions and upon what faire pretences may they commit them to pâ—â—sâ—â—ns and if this shall remaine during their pleasures they solely depend upon the uncertain inconstent wills of a â—ew Gâ—andees for the enjoyment of their Liberties Trades and ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ oâ— howevâ—r upon the least pretence of a transgression any man shaâ—l be imprisoned during pleasure by the heads of the present faction or by their iâ—flâ—â—â—ce upon the Parliament and thâ—n his Liberty is lost for ever and it may be his Family there by utterly ruined being under an impossibility of regaiâ—ing his freedom unlesâ—e he can please and satisfiâ— either by câ—eeping and cringing or otherwise the ambitious â—umours or corrupt wills of those staâ—ists I might here also oportuâ—ely discover the abhorancy of perpetuall imprisenment or during the pleasure of any man manifested in the Statute and Common Law and likewise what exquisite care the Law hath taken for the Liberties of mens persons by the Law of the Land beâ—ore the â—â—â—queâ—t as appâ—ares by the Lawes of Ethelâ—ed a man was baâ—leable for any offerce untill he was coâ—victed and Sir â—â—ward Câ—â—ke saith that by tâ—e Common Law a man accused or indicted of Treason or of any Fâ—lony whatsoever was bayleable upon ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ surety for the Goale was only his pledge that could â—iâ—d none and though some staâ—uâ—es have since abâ—â—dged that liberty yet the writs deodio atia still in force to helps such to bayle as are accused of Feâ—â—ny and the care taken that every man may have an Habeas Corpus by imposing an Oath upon the Judges and providing remedies in case any should refuse to obey the writ of Habeas Corpus those things I say manifest the tendernesse of the Law to every mans liberty and it 's a obhorency of long tedious or perpatuall imprisonment at pleasure and the Law never intended neither doth allow imprisonment to be a punishment but only a safe Custody * untill the ordirary appointed times of Tryall But I find it objected by some that the Parliament is above Lawes and statutes yea Magna Charta it selfe and cannot be confined within their bounds in their imprisoning supposed offâ—â—ders and thereâ—ore may imprison anyn an during pleasure this I confeste is the opinion of the faithful valiant sufferour Mr. Prin in his Soveraign power of Parliaments 4. part p. 27. Answ. I concelve this to be a grosse mistake confounding the legislative power with the power judiciall and executive of the Lawes its unquestioâ—able that the law-giving power of the Parliament is supteanâ—e to all the Statutes enacted by â—ormer Parliamentâ— â—hâ—y may at pleasure alter and repâ—ale them either totally or in partâ—â—ct this law-giving power is not absolutely supreame to Magna Charta who'ly at their pleasure this great Charter hath ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ consideration either as it is in part a Statutâ— Law and so it is subject to the pleasure of the Parliament to be altered repealed or confiâ—med or as it is a Declarâ—â—ion of â—â—e common Law or of commâ—n reason and equity and thus tâ—s not prâ—stâ—â—â—e at the secte of the Parliaments will In the trust commâ—tâ—ed by the people to the Parliament to be legisâ—aâ—or it is â—aturally and necessarily implyed and supposed that common reason â—nd equity should be a law to their aâ—d thence it is received as â—n undâ—â—bâ—e maxim that commâ—â— ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ may annull an Act oâ— Pâ—rliâ—ment but whilst Staâ—uâ—e â—â—ws are not â—epealed by vâ—râ—ue of the legislitive power I suppâ—â—â— they are as obligatory tâ— the Parliament either joyâ—â—ly or iâ—parately considered as to the meanest Câ—â—mâ—nâ—r in England And for their Judiciall power in declariâ—g the Law in particular cases before them I conceive they are not even in that purely unlimitted or absolutâ— they aâ—e liâ—iâ—tâ—d as to the Laws wherein that Judiciaâ—l power is to bâ— exâ—â—câ—sed the peâ—all laws being in their own nature declaraâ—ive ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ not the object of that poweâ— â—uch laws ought to be taken in the letter oâ—ely not by consequence or constâ—uction otherwise they should â—â—plâ—y a contradiction to themselves for bâ—ing whoâ—ly declarative as they are pâ—nall they should yet not be declarative and its â—n undoubted maxime that Dâ—us non potest câ—ntradictoria God himself cannot do things contradictâ—â—y and I hope Parliaments are more modeâ—t then to challenge a power supreame to his 2. The Parliament is limited in their Judiciall power in declaring the Law where Laws may be taken by way of consequence eqâ—ity or construction therein common reason is also a Law to these Judges of the Law And for the Parliaments power in executing the Law which is their power of imprisoning and censuring â—ffendors either they are toâ—ally subjected to the Law and obâ—â—eged to proceed according to Law or else they cannot judge men as transgressors It s only then that men can be Juâ—ged transgressâ—râ— when by a measuring their actions by the Laws they are found to have walked contrary to or swerved from the Law But let it be observâ—d if the Parliament claâ—ms a power to imprison as being â—â—â—râ—sted to be Executors of the Law then it implyes a contradiction to say that power of theirs is above the Law or that they are not oblieged to proceed in every punâ—ilio according to the declared Law for if there be the least abberration from the Law in their censuring or imprisoning any man they do not put the the Law in Execution but execute their lawlesse wills Bâ—t I would inquire whether the Parliaments imprisoning â—y mâ—â— be an act of their Jurisdiction â—ver hiâ— If so theâ—â—â— the name of that power be weighed ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ a Declaration of the Law Nâ—w â—â— implies another contradiction

To the Gentleman Vsher of this house or his Deputy c. Ioh. Brown Cleric Parl. But it seems this Gentleman was tâ—â—ght by his sufferings to understand his â—wn aâ—d his Countâ—ies freedâ—me ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ â—hen â—t the fiâ—st encounter with his eâ—â—mies he was satisfied tâ—at the Lords â—ad no ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ over the Commoneâ—s of Eâ—glaâ—â— and therefore reputed himself â—bliged to give them a modest humble caution not to subvert the fundamentall lawes of the Kingdom by â—sâ—â—miâ—g a power of judicature over him being a Commoâ—â—â— and for this purpose upon â—â—b the 4th â—e dâ—â—patched ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ ensuiâ—â— Letters To the Right Honourable my singular good Lord EDWARD Earl of Manchester Speaker of the House of Peeres My Lord I Received an Order in the name of this Honourable House whereby I am appointed to appear before you to receive a charge of Articles of High Treason and other crimes c. Uâ—on which accompt I have made bold to write these eâ—câ—osâ—d lines humbly desiring that they may be communicated to your House Sir I am your Lordships most humble servant JOHN MAYNARD From the Tower of London this 4. Feb. 1647. My Lords I Am for Monarchy and upon all occasions I have pleaded for the preservation of the interest of this Honourable House But my Lords I being now summoned to appâ—ar â—efâ—â—e your Lordships for no lesse as I conceive then my lâ—fe upon an impeachment of High Treason I am being a ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ necessiâ—ated to challenge the benefit of Magâ—a câ—aâ—tâ— aâ—d the ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ of Right which is to be tried by a ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ of my ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ of my own condition by an Indictmâ—nt before the Iudges in the â—rdâ—nary Courts of Iustice in Westminster Hall who by the Law of this Kingdome are appointed to be the Administrators thereof aâ—d by the expresse Lawes of the Kingdome I am not to be proceeded against for any crime whatsoever that caâ— be laid ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ my charge any other way then by the declared and expressed rules of the known and estâ—blished Lawes of the land as is ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ â—â—â—ly evident by the expresse words of the Petition of Right which being an Englishman I chalâ—enge as my Birth-right and Inâ—eritance and I rather presume to make this addresse unto this ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ Hâ—â—se because I fâ—â—de upon â—â—cord that in the case of Sir Simâ—n de Beâ—isfâ—rd this Honourable House have engaged never â—o judge a â—ommoner agaâ—n because it s against the Law of the Land â—e not being their ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ This I â—umbâ—y â—eave to the consideration of this Honourable House and take leave to rest Your Lordships most humble Servant JOHN MAYNARD Tokeâ— February 4. 1647. But those Lords whereof the House is now ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ not ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ deny â—â—edience to the commands of the sword men and their câ—mplices peâ—sisted in their Order to the â—â—cutenant of the Tower and Sir â—ohn Maynard was on Feb 15 brought to their â—atte but a command was given that the door of their Hâ—â—se should be shut and that no man should be ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ accesse to hear and though Sir Iohn Maynards Lady children and friends pressed hard at the door yet Mr. Fâ—â—e Gentâ—eman ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ of the black rod repelled them by violence hereupon Sir Iohn Maynardâ—uâ—bly moved that according to the practice of a â— Couâ—ts of Justice the dâ—â—rs might be open and all might have free accesse to hear the proceedings But the speaker delivered the sense of the House that â—â— company mâ—st come in before sir Iohn Maynardâ— charge was read Thereupon Sir Iohn Maynard with reverence and respeâ—t besâ—ught their Lordships that in respect to their own Honour the ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ of the House and that which was of more value then both ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ the preservation of the Law their Lordships would permit all whatsoever to hear It s a cause said he of â—igh ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ â—t for it involves the Liberty of all the Free-born people of England And I beleeve your Lorships cannot be ignorant what Bookes ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ speeches are dayly uttered against you as invaders of the peoples ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ rights and freedomes you are traduced to be a ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ a Councel-table â—â— worse even a spanish inquisition and that all things are carried by faction alâ— the Orders and commoâ— rules of Justâ—ce beiâ—g dayly broken â—ea it s said you exercised a higherâ— tâ— ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ and more arbitâ—â—ry power at present then was practisâ—d by any others in the worst of ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ but saith hee I have ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ severall occâ—sionâ— to vindicate the Honâ—â—ur of this house ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ Lordships will prâ—fâ—â—â—t your selves a court of ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ yet keep your doores shut whereas I havâ— qâ—â—shed such reports your Lordships will â—â—ake them truth and â—â—â—dent to aâ— the people But as the Lords had no â—uâ—idiction over him so they wouâ—d ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ it to all men they would excercise no Iurisdiction tâ—â—y would not declare the Law concerning him but their wilâ— so they kept dores shut it may be they esteem themselves supreame to the stat of Maâ—â—bridge 52 H. 3. â—â— 1. which expresly saith it s provided that all persons of all degrees should receive Justice in the Kings Courts i. â— the câ—uses of all persons shall be heard ordered and determined openly in the Kings Court before the Judges â—here no man ought to be excluded or denyed free accesse the reason of this is impâ—e nable First all proceedings are only particular declarations of the Law it s intended that the Law should be understood by every man and therefore it was ordained that Magna Chatta should be publikely read 4. times or twice at the least in every cathedâ—â—ll c. And of ould the Kings writ issued out at the end of every Parliament to the Shâ—eâ—ffe of every Countie commanding him to proclaim and publish all the Acts made by the ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ in all places throughout his Bayliwick and to this purpose records are kept of the proceedings of the Courts of Iustice that they might be visible to al men for Laws not promulgated or declared are no Lawes Therefore the deniall of free accesse of people to any Court of Justice subverts the very being of the Lawes as much as is possible to such a Court 2. The just and prime rationall â—nd of proceedings against offenders is subverted when theire proceedings are not as publike open as possibâ—â— he punishment which the law ordain to be executed upon offenders is not the end of the penall Lawes but for the peoples profit â— that they by the cognizâ—â—ce of the matter and manner of their offences might more clearly distinguish between good and evâ—lâ— and know how to order their wayes without occasion of offâ—â—ce to tâ—e staâ—e aâ—â— alsâ— that the jâ—st ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ their transgressiâ—ns may ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ inclinatioâ—s of otâ—â—ers to the ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ that of Seneâ—a Ad vindictuâ—â— ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ and that ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ renâ—â—â—â—i enâ—m ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ Wâ—â—ugâ—t not to coâ—â— to tâ—e ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ as to matter â—f dâ—â—â—gâ—t but ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ man puâ—â—sh ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ becaâ—se the Law is tranâ—gâ—â—â—â—â—d ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ not be transgressed dâ—â—bâ—les it is â—epugnanâ— to the naâ—â—â—e of man to bâ— satisfied in

have a writ of errouâ— directed to the chiefe Iustices of the Kings-bâ—nch for removing the errour iâ—to the present Parliament and he prâ—duceth ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ president in these words The Bishop of Nâ—rwich â—â—â—weth that an errâ—neous judgement was given against him â—o the common placâ— fâ—r the Arcâ—dâ—coâ—ry of Norwich belonging to his presentation anâ— prayed that â—hose errours might be heard and redresâ—ed â—n answer was maâ—e that by he law errours in the common place are â—o be corrâ—câ—ed in â—â—e Kings bench and of the Kings bench in the Parliament and â—o otherwise now I desire any Lawyer to informe me wheâ—â—er accâ—rdâ—ng to the custom of England the houâ—e oâ— Lords be caâ—â—ed the Parâ— of Eâ—gl or what is done by them can be â—aâ—d to be â—one by Parâ—â—am â—ut you may observe how learned Sir Edward Cooâ—e contraâ—â—â—tâ— himâ—elfe when once he forsakes the rule of the Law and now I suppose I may coâ—clude there is no wriâ—ten Law authâ—rizing the Lords to take câ—gnizance of any case of Commoners whatsoever and if Sâ—r Eâ— â—ooke say true 1. part lust see 19â— p. 125 that in case a â—â—ry commeth out of a wrâ—ng place or reâ—urned by a wrong offâ—cer and give a verdict Iudgement â—ught not to be given upon â—uch a verdict then much better I might conclude â—hat all the judgment of the Lords passed upon Commoners are â—uâ—l in themselves Objection But it will be yet objected that by Custome the Lords have a juriâ—diction over Commoners and that both in cases of erroâ—â—ous judgements and also in criminal cases Answ. 1. There is no legall custome for their exercâ—se of that juriâ—dictâ—on there are two things essential to a valid custome 1. ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ 2 Time yet that time must be such whereof there is no râ—â—mâ—â—y of man â—as Câ—ok saith 1. part dâ—â—stit p. 144. and the usage must be peaceable end without interruption but both these are wanting for iâ—s within the memory of man that the Houses were divided and â—heâ— the Lords had no such juriâ—diction The Lords being a House by themselves was but since King Richard the first but more prâ—oâ— of this in some other treaâ—ise and iâ—s evident by the Precedent of Sir ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ de Berâ—sfords Case That the Lords have beene interrupted in their pracâ—â—â—e of judging Commoners Answ. 2. Suppose there were custome yet there is not the same reason that ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ should invesâ— any with a power of judâ—cature as that it should be a Title to any liberty pertaining to a Town or an inheritance c. if long usurpations of power should make the exercise thereof legalâ—â— the very â—oundaâ—iâ—n of just Government were subveâ—â—ed Answ. 3. But â—urâ—her no custome that is against an act of Parliament is valid in Law and it s proved that the Lords exercise of jurisdiction over Commoners is against many Acts of Parliament there may be fifty found conâ—â—â—ming each other Answ. 4. Customes are only valid when reaâ—onable Coâ—k 1. part â—nstit p. 62 that any customes how long soever it â—ath continued if it be against reasoâ— it s of no â—orcâ— in saw and pag 56. â—e saith nothing that is contrary to reason is consonant to law that oâ—Vlpiaâ—â— l. 29. ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ unquestionabâ—â— quod ab ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ est c. Course of time amends not that which was corrupt in â—â—s originall Now that the Lords jurisdiction oâ—er Commoners â—s diâ—conâ—â—nant to equity and reason I suppoâ—e Sir Iohn Maynards Protest that followes will evince to minde â—ree from prejudice yet this I â—hall here add That the â—aw of nature abhors the I ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ claime to a juriâ—dâ—ction over all the people of the Land as unreasonable 1. â—â—s repugnant to the law of nature that the judgment of the law and of the guilt and innocency of persons should be commâ—tted to any number of men withouâ— a diâ—cretion oâ— ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ or any judgment passed upon them whether they bâ— capaâ—â—e or ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ of the place of judgment and this is the case oâ— the ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ most of them at least â—it in that House becauâ—e ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ were ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ â—f Patents whâ—câ—â—ad Pâ—ttents for Bâ—â—onies Eaâ—ldomâ— c. from the ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ and no prâ—â—â—tion ever made of their sutablenesse or unsutâ—blenâ—sse and the laws of the land seeme also to ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ this Sir Edward ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ 1 part Iâ—st â— pag. â— saith If an Office either of the grant of the King or Subject which concerns the administâ—â—tion proceeding or execution oâ— ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ and bâ— granâ—ed unto a man that is unexpâ—â—â— and haâ—h ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ of science to execuâ—e the same the grant is mâ—erly void in law Is it not indeed irrationall that any person should be constiâ—utâ—d a Juâ—ge over the people blind sole before ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ possâ—â—le to know whether theâ—e will be honesty ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ wisdome in him ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ for judgment â— Iâ—s repugnant to the law of nature that any number of men and theiâ— Poâ—â—erities should be constant Judges of the guilt or innocency of whâ—m they please or of aâ—l the people â—n a ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ if this werâ— grâ—nted can it be avoyded but they muâ—t be frequently â—uâ—geâ— and Parties and this is directly included in the Lords claime to a juriâ—dictiâ—â— over Commoners and expetience gives cleere testâ—mony to this in Sir â—ohn Maâ—â—ardâ— present case for the major part atâ—east of the present Houâ—e of Lords subscriâ—ed an Engagement at ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ heath to joyne with the Army against the City in that unhappy diffâ—â—â—nce and yet they would be the Judges of Sir â—ohn who they â—ay iâ— guilty of treason ringaging against them and the Army at that time 3. I câ—uâ—d say the written Lawes of God abâ—â—rs the manner of the Lords claime to a â—uriâ—dâ—ction over Commonâ—â—â— they will not submit the ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ to be â—â—â—yed â—y Commoners and â—o do not to others aâ— they would theâ—â—hould do to them Therefore I may conclude that the common law of â—â—gland the â—nwritten and written law of God declares this custome â—â—ll in Law Answ. But â—â—rchâ—r Custome in this case consâ—sts onely of many Acts of Judicature which the Lords have exercised over Commoâ—ers and Ã facto ad jus non valet argumentum because they have usurpod a power therefore they may continue their usurpation is on good Argument Yet it may be further said that all their judgements passed upon Commoâ—ors before this present Parliament were â—ulled by the Acts of Parliment made in 17. Car. for the abolishing the Staâ—â—e-Chamber and Counsell Table wherein Magna Charta and the Stat. of 42. Ed. 3. and the Petition of Right 3. Câ—r and other Statutes were confirmed which declare all judgements that are passed coâ—taâ—y to the Teâ—â—re of Magna Charta to be holden for â—ought and by consequence the â—ords are deâ—oyd of all presâ—deâ—ts also for exercising a â—urisdâ—ction over Commoâ—ers unlesse they produce those made siâ—ce the War wherein the voice of the Law could not be heard for the noise of the Drum and souâ—d of the Tâ—â—mpet Now from all these consideratâ—ons I shall presume to collect this

My Lord Your Honors devoted servant John Maynard From the Tower of London 14. Febr. 1647. The humble Plea and Protest of Sir John Maynard c. sent unto the House of Lords Feb. 14. 1647. My Lords I Am now aspersed with Treason but I should really contract the guilt of Treason against my Countries Liberty and â—ender my Name infamous amongst the Commons of England to posterity if I should regard your articles of impeachment aâ— an accusation to which I am bound to answer If I were justly to bee suspected for Treason there could be no Legall just proceedings to bring me to my answer but by â—ndictment of good and Lawfull men where such supposed treasonable deeds were a dâ—ne And although I were Legally indâ—cted the Case comes not under your Lordships Cogâ—â—â—ance but seeing I am a Commoner of England by the establâ—â—â—â—d Lawes of the Land my tâ—â—all ought to be by a Iudge or Iustice and a â—ury of Commoâ—erâ— and no b otherwise and as the ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ of those Lawes was that all Trials might be equall and unpartâ—â—â— so they are foâ—nded upon these impregnable grounds of Reason and Equity ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ the Iury are to be of the Neighbourhood where any crime is ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ and some ought to be of the same Hundred for the ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ that such may have either some cognizance of the fact ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ some Circâ—mstances thereof or of the party accused whâ—â—â— condition and manner of conversation is much to be regarded for the discovering his intention in any fact supposed to be ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ or â—â—lony c. and the Rule of the Law is c Aâ—â—us non ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ rea 2. The ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ that passes upon any Commoner one day may themselves bee in a condition to bee tried by him another day as one of their Iury and hereby they are bound to indifferency and impartiality considering it may bee their owne case 3. The party accused may challeng or except against the Iurors other against the d Array if the Sheriffe or Bayliffe impanelling the Iury bee not wholly desingaged and indifferent as to the Cause and the party prosecuting or against the Polls and in case of Treason hee may challenge 35 peremptorily upon his dislike without rendring the least cause and as many more as hee can render any reason for his just challenge as in case he can challenge any for a Baron or Lord of Parliament or for defect in estate or other abilities or for disaffection or partiality or for any infamous Crime and hereby the Judges of the fact for the party accused may certainly be indifferent equall and impartiall 4. The matter of fact is onely intrusted to the Jury and the matter of Law to the Judge for the preverting all errors confederacies or partiality 5. The Iudge is sworne to doe justice to all according to Law without respect of persons and the Iury are sworne to find according to then evidence Now from every of these the injustice illegality of your Lordships claime to be both Iury and Iudges in the Tryall of me or any Commoner is clearly demonstrable Your Lordships cannot be of the Neighbourhood where the crimes of all Commoners are committed and cannot be presumed to have any cognizance of the Facts or parties offending neither do you allow your selves to be tried by Commoners so as to be bound to indifferencie and impartiality from the knowledge that the Commoners whom you would try might possibly be of a Jury for your triall in a short time neither can my selfe or any other Commoner whom you would try challenge in the Case of Treason thirty five of your House for your whole House amounts very seldome to that number neither will you allow me to challenge any one of your Lordships though I should alledge disaffection partiality or that he is an ingaged party or prosecutor secretly or openly Neither at present is there any Lord high Steward or Lord high Constable amongst ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ to be Judge in matter of Law while others should be Judges in matter of Fact neither are your Lordships sworne to â—udge according to Law or in matter of Fact according to Evidence Having therefore such infallible euidence both from the Statute and Common-Law that I ought to be brought to answer to any supposed crime onely by indictment or presentment of my equals good and lawfull men of the neighbourhood where the fact is done and that my triall ought to be by my equalls and a Iudge of the Law in open Court and that the cogniâ—ance of any crime whereof I am suspected peâ—taines not to your Lordships I am resolved never to betray my owne and all the Commoners Liberties nor to consâ—â—t to the subverting the fundamentall Lawes of the Kingdome by submitting to a tâ—â—all by your House or to answer to your Articles of Iâ—pâ—aâ—hment but I doâ— hereby protest against the forme of â—â—ur accusation as illegall and your Lordships lâ—â—sdiction over my selfe or any Commoner of England in criminall cases as bâ—ing destructive to our fundamentall rights and Lâ—bertiâ—s and I doâ— hereby claim the benefit of Magna Charta the Petition of Right and all other established Lawes of the Land which this honourable House the House of Commons and the Army under his Excellency Sir Thomas Pairsax's command in all your and their Declarations Remonstrances Protestations Oaths and Covenants have promised vowed and declared you will maintaine and presâ—â—â— John Maynard Notwithstanding this Protest the Lords issued â—orth an Order to the Lievtenant of the Tower to bring Sir Iohn to their Barre upon â—â—br â—9 and upon the receipt of a â—â—pâ—e thereof from the Lievtenant Sir ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ sent this â—nsâ—ing Salvo to his Liberty in pâ—rsuance of his Prâ—test against the Lords Jurisdiction over him To his honoured friend Câ—l Tiâ—hburne Lievtenant of the Tower Sir I Received a Paper from you seeming to authorize you to carry ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ the Lâ—rds House to answer to a Charge And ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ to inform you hereby that my pâ—râ—on ought not ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ or dâ—sâ—â—â—bed at the pleasure of any man ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ obedience to the commands of any which are ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ therâ—fore in â—ase you intend to distâ—rb me on ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ to see a â—â—â—all Warrant from some person or ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ over me â—n case of a ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ or ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ And I mâ—st ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ you that the Lords have no legall power to summon me to answer to any crime whereof I am â—ccused or suspected and therefore you must expect to answer ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ whatsoever injury you offer to my person And know hereby that I shall not voluntaâ—ily go from hence to Westminster by vertue of the Paper received but shall only quietly suffer you to carry me whither you piease if you shall send force which I cannot resist Your Friend and Servant John Maynard From my chamber in the Tower of London Feb. 1â— 1647. But the Lords persisted in their Order to the Lievtenant although this was sent to them and debated in their House and upon Febr. 19. Sir Iohn was brought to their Barre and the Speaker pressed

him urgently to kneel but be sâ—ewing them as much civill respect as could be desiâ—â—d refused resolvedly to kneel then the dooâ—â— beâ—ng shut the Speaker asked him whether he had brought his Answer he answered he was accused of treason and could obtaine no Counsell and therefore desired time that Counsell might be assigned him hereupon he was commanded to withdraw but before withdrawing he â—old the Speaker he hoped he should not be taken prâ—coâ—sesse for â—ather then so he would pâ—t in his Answer presently After withdrawing he was presently called in â—nd fourteen daiâ—â— time appointed and M. Heâ—â—e M. Haâ—es M. Walker and M. King appointed for his Counsell Now I cannot ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ observe one desperate mischief by this pretended Court keeping their ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ they have caused an infamous report to be â—â—â—â—ted abrâ—â—d that Sir ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ Maynard had now dâ—serted his Protest against their ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ may be they will the nâ—xt time report thâ—t he hath confessed hâ—mself guilty of Treason â—t's time to seâ—k for sâ—â—ndalls â—o sâ—pport their ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ intâ—rest But I hope no ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ man but understands the reason of Sâ—r Iohns taking time and Counsell â—o answer every one by Law must plead to those before whom he ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ accused or els he is to be taken pro ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ and jâ—dged accordingly but every one accused may plead to the Jurisdiction of the Coâ—rt or to the matter of fact and a Plea against the Jurisdiction of the ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ put in formally prevents the former mischief and therefore Sir Jâ—â—n must put in a sonmall answer though it be nothing bâ—t the substance of his Prâ—test and I belâ—â—ve the Lords shall know that the Gentleman scornes to be a Poâ—â—tion and betray his Countâ—â—ys Freedomâ— into their hands Now Oye Commons of England behold the foot of your â—iberties in the grave this Gentleman endeavours to redeem them if you assist him not I beseech you consider 1 How you may be tried for your lives in the Lords chambers with doores shut if they please that there may be no witnesse of their arbitrarinesse and injustice 2 You shall have the Lords depraved Wills not the Lawes the rule whereby to measure your wayes and punishments 3 You shall be accused without the least legality at their pleasure yea you shall be judged for a new-found crime and destroyed in your estates without bounds or limits yea those nerves and ligaments of the Kingdome the Lawes shall be cut in sunder and what then shall â—ny man call his owne Now were it not that I abhorre animosities and emulations I would compare Sir Iohn with L. G. Cromwell the causer of his iâ—peachment I onely wish that any admirer of that Gentleman would discover wherein he ever maintained so faithfully so many Liberties of England as he hath caused to be trampled in the mire in this Case of Sir Iohn Maynards only to fulfill his malicious will upon him yea wherein hath he defended so many Liberties notwithstanding his large ingagements at Newmarket as the Reader may see defended and vindicated by Sir Iohn Maynard and yet Sir Iohn Maynard must be reputed a Traytor to his Couâ—trey and he the grand Saviour I only desire that all the Commons and all those well-meaning Souldiers that were made L. G. Cromwells instruments to mannage his designe in accusing this Gentleman I say I only wish that they would judge by the fruits and adhere to or forsake every man according as they shall finde him faithfull or trecherous to the Kingdomes good and welfare FINIS a ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ Polâ—â— l. 3. c. 10. p. 10â— 2â—â— b See ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ Hist. 6. p. â—2â— c See Hist. â—â—bl l. â— Sect. 20. p. 61 62 63. d zer dâ— Lacedem Repub. p. 690. e ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ pro Rabino f See Meâ—rour of Justice â— 21 p. â— g See Parliament Dec. of Sep 2. â—â— 42. 1 part boâ—k Dec. p. 712. 713. 3. Liberty inâ—rieged 4. Liberty inâ—rierged 5. Liberty infrienged * This was declared in the Paâ—lâ—amentâ— first RemoÌ„straâ—ce of the state of the Kingdom to be the grand designe of ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ to absolve the Government â—toâ—â— all restraiâ—tâ—â—â—awâ—s and persons and estates * So Cookes Expâ— of Magna Charta 2. part Iust. p. 55. * ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ 2. ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ 55 ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ * ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ 2. ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ p. ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ * See Corke 1. part instit. Li. 3. ca. 7. sect. 438. fo. 260. * Seâ— the Reâ— of Sep. 2. 1 642. 1 paâ—t Tooke Dâ—â—la p. 693. 6. ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ inâ—ringed ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ Liberty of England in frâ—nged viz the Lords claiming a jurisdiction over Commeâ—ers and vâ—ndicated by Sir Joh. Maynard See the ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ maâ—e 17. Caâ—oli printed togetheâ— ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ 2. Premise To yeâ—d mâ—â—y in laâ— time whicâ— cord matte be fou See Cooâ— part p. 1 â— Liberty of England â—â—fringed ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ tâ— accuse a Freeman bâ— way of Articles and tâ—e Lâ—b. maintained by Siâ—â— M. 9 Liberty a England infringed by ning men without an offence an by no rule â— theâ—â— owner â—ooks Expos. 2â— ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ of a Charâ—â— ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ 45. 4â— ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ Sâ—atâ—â— ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ â— 37. Ed 3. â— 3. 3. ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ Juryâ—â— be ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ to Magna artâ— â—â—ber â—egalis hoâ—â— ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ He ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ to the ã€ˆâ—Šã€‰ where ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ He ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰ He ã€ˆâ€¦ã€‰

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