other things which they reuerence much They serue as Conjurers to tell what hath passed in the farthest parts before any newes can come As it hath chanced since the Spaniards arriued there that in the distance of two or three hundred leagues they haue knowne the Mutinies Battailes Rebellions and Deaths both of Tyrants and of those of the Kings partie and of priuate men the which haue beene knowne the same day they chanced or the day after a thing impossible by the course of nature To worke this diuination they shut themselues into a house and became drunke vntill they lost their senses a day after they answered to that which was demanded Some affirme they vse certaine Vnctions The Indians say that the old women doe commonly vse this office of witchcraft and specially those of one Prouince which they call Coaillo and of another Towne called Manchey and of the Prouince of Guarochiri They likewise shew what is become of things stollen and lost There are of these kindes of Sorcerers in all parts to whom commonly doe come the Anaconas and Cyua which serue the Spaniards and when they haue lost any thing of their Masters or when they desire to know the successe of things past or to come as when they goe to the Spaniards Cities for their priuate affaires or for the publike they demand if their voyage shall bee prosperous if they shall be sick if they shall die or returne sate if they shall obtaine that which they pretend and the Witches or Conjurers answer Yea or No hauing first spoken with the Deuill in an obscure place so as these Anaconas do well heare the sound of the voyce but they see not to whom these Conjurers speake neither doe they vnderstand what they say They make a thousand ceremonies and sacrifices to this effect with the which they mocke the Deuill and grow exceeding drunke for the doing whereof they particularly vse an herb called Villea the jâ—yce whereof they mingle with their Chica or take it in some other sort THe Indians had an infinite number of other ceremonies and customes which resembled to the ancient Law of Moses and some to those which the Moores vse and some approched neere to the Law of the Gospell as their Bathes or Opacuna as they call them they did wash themselues in water to clense them from their sinnes The Mexicans had also amongst them a kinde of Baptisme the which they did with ceremonie cutting the eares and members of young children new borne counterfaiting in some sort the Circumcision of the Iewes This ceremonie was done principally to the sonnes of Kings and Noblemen presently vpon their birth the Priests did wash them and did put a little Sword in the right hand and in the left a Target And to the Children of the vulgar sort they put the markes of their offices and to their Daughters instruments to spin knit and labour This ceremonie continued foure dayes being made before some Idoll They contracted marriage after their manner whereof the Licenciate Pollo hath written a whole Treatise and I will speake somewhat thereon hereafter In other things their customes and ceremonies haue some shew of reason The Mexicans were married by the hands of their Priests in this sort The Bridegroome and the Bride stood together before the Priest who tooke them by the hands asking them if they would marry then hauing vnderstood their wills he tooke a corner of the vaile wherewith the woman had her head couered and a corner of the mans gowne the which he tyed together on a knot and so led them thus tyed to the Bridegroomes house where there was a harth kindled and then he caused the wife to goe seuen times about the harth and so the married couple sate downe together and thus was the marriage contracted The Mexicans were very jealous of the integritie of their wiues so as if they found they were not as they ought to bee the which they knew either by signes or dishonest wordes they presently gaue notice thereof to their fathers and kinsfolks of their wiues to their great shame and dishonor for that they had not kept good guard ouer them When they went to the house they made an Inuentorie of all the man and wife brought together of prouisions for the house of land of jewels and ornaments which Inuentories euery father kept for if it chanced they made any diuorce as it was common amongst them when they agree not they diuided their goods according to the portion that euery one brought euery one hauing libertie in such a case to marry whom they pleased and they gaue the Daughters to the Wife and the Sonnes to the Husband It was defended vpon paine of death not to marry againe together the which they obserued very strictly And although it seeme that many of their ceremonies agree with ours yet differ they much for the great abomination they mingle therewithall It is common and generall to haue vsually one of these three things either Crueltie Filthinesse or Slouth for all their ceremonies were cruell and hurtfull as to kill men and to spill bloud or filthy and beastly as to eate and drinke to the name of their Idols and also to pisse in the honour of them carrying them vpon their shoulders to anoint and besmeare themselues filthily and to doe a thousand sorts of villanies which were at the least vaine ridiculous and idle and more like the actions of children then of men Whereas the temporall power was greatest there superstition hath most increased as we see in the Realmes of Mexico and Cusco where it is incredible to see the number of Idols they had for within the Citie of Mexico there were aboue three hundred Mango Ingua Yupangui amongst the Kings of Cusco was he that most augmented the seruice of their Idols inuenting a thousand kindes of sacrifices feasts and ceremonies The like did King Iscoalt in Mexico who was the fourth King There was also a great number of superstitions and sacrifices in other Nations of the Indians as in the Prouince of Guatimala at the Ilands in the new Kingdome in the Prouince of Chille and others that were like Commonwealths and Comminalties But it was nothing in respect of Mexico and Cusco where Satan was as in Rome or in his Ierusalem The Inguas Lords of Peru had two kindes of Feasts Some were ordinarie which fell out in certayne moneths of the yeere and others extraordinarie which were for certayne causes of importance as when they did crowne a new King when they beganne some warre of importance when they had any great need of water or drought or other like things For the ordinary Feasts wee must vnderstand that euery moneth of the yeere they made Feasts and diuers Sacrifices and although all of them had this alike that they offered a hundred sheepe yet in colour and in forme they are very diuers In the first moneth which they call Rayme which is the moneth
cause to bee written in great Cubitall Letters in a huge Table which they expose about the end of the eighth Moone in great concourse of Magistrates and applause of the new Elects Friends and Kindred The Priuiledges and Ornaments of this Degree are more then of the former and if they intend to proceed no further they are hereby capable of very good Magistracies After the Act the Kings Examiners publish a Booke of their proceedings the names of the Graduates and their principall Writings especially his which is as the Elder Brother they call him Quiayuen and whose Theames were best liked The Bachelors of other Prouinces may not here be admitted some only except of the Kings Schoole in Pequin and Nanquin The third Degree is like our Doctorship called Cin-su which is conferred euery third yeare also but onely at Pequin and alway is the next yeare after that Commencement of Licentiates Only three hundred chosen ouâ— of the whole Kingdome obtayne it although the Licentiates of euery Prouince are admitted to the Examination This Act is in the second Moone on the same dayes that the former and in like forme sauing that the diligence is greater as for a greater degree and the Colai the chiefe Magistrates of the Kingdome are Examiners The Doctors being pronounced in the same Palace where the Licentiates vse to bee all of them in the Kings Palace before the chiefe Magistrates of the Court yea anciently the King was wont to bee present make a Theame according to the iudgement whereof the order of the Magistracies which they are to beare is declared being distributed in three Rankes Hee that in Examination of Doctors had the first place hath in this second Examination the third place without question but hee which hath the first or second enioyeth a great dignitie during his life besides the greatest Offices in the Common-wealth and might compared with ours bee as a Duke or Marquesse if it were Hereditary These Doctours presently haue their peculiar Vest Cap Bootes and other Ensignes of Magistrates and are preferred to the best Offices such as the Licentiates may not attayne and are as the prime men of the Kingdome Those Licentiates which are rejected from the Doctorship if they meane to proceed no further are preferred to Magistracie but if they list still to stand for that degree they betake themselues home to their Bookes afresh till the third-yeare-examination returnes so that some stand ten times continuing so long priuate to become more publike A Booke is also published of them and of their successe Another is yearely set forth contayning the Names Countrey Parents Offices of all the Doctors and where they gouerne whereby a man may know how any hath risen or descended all his life as is there vsuall after their merits It is remarkable also how the Licentiates and Doctors of the same yeare respect one the other as Brethren euer after and loue the Friends also of their Colleagues and honour their Examiners as Fathers They vse to grant at the same times and places the same Titles in the Moone following to Military Professors but with lesse pompe because Souldierie is of no such reckoning with them and few stand for them This Military tryall is three-fold in the first they shoot nine Arrowes on Horse-backe running in the second they shoot as many at the same maâ—ke standing and hee which hath hit the Marke with foure on Horke-backe and two Arrowes on foot is admitted to the third tryall wherein they haue some Theame of Military matters propounded and the Iudges examining this Triple tryall out of the whole number pronounce about fifty Licentiates in euery Prouince And when the Doctorall Act is at Pequin one hundred of the choice of these after a Triple Examinaâ—ion are made Military Doctors These Doctors are more easily admitted to Military Prefectures but scarcely without Bribes then the Licentiates Both the Philosophicall and Military ouer their doores set vp in great Letters this their new attayned dignity All the Examiners whether of Mathematicall or Military or Philosophicall degrees are of those Philosophers without assistance of any Captaine Mathematician or Physician as if thereby they were inabled to all things §. III. Of the Tartarian Conquest Of HVMVV the Establisher of the present Gouernment The Reuenues Magistrates in the Courts Royall Prouinces Cities Orders Exaltations Visitations Depriuations THe Gouernment of China is Monarchicall In times past there haue beene Lords of Title as are Dukes Marquesses and Earles in Europe but taken away eighteene hundred yeares since It was neuer subdued by any Forreiners before the Tartarian Conquest The Iesuites â—hinke that that Conquerour was Tamberlane for the Chinois call him Tiemor and say that he had before subdued Persia and Tartaria Hee whosoeuer hee was conquered all the Chinois and left them to his Posterity till the yeare 1368. At that time the Tartarians growing weaker diuers Captaynes arose in diuers parts of the Kingdome which shooke off that yoke Amongst them all the most famous was of the Family Ciu whom afterwards the Chinois called Humvu a famous Captayne or rather a Floud of Armes He of a common Souldier grew to such greatnesse that hee first expelled the Tartars and then repelled the Rebels thorow all the Kingdome and possessed that Souereigntie which still continueth in his Line For the Crowne there goeth by Inheritance only two or three of the Ancient Kings haue commended it to others their owne Sonnes seeming vnworthy and the people haue by Rebellion sometimes raysed a new Family diuers yet losing their liues rather then acknowledging that Faction this being Prouerbiall in their Philosophie An honest Woman hath but one Husband and a faithfull Seruant but one Lord. There are no ancient Lawes but the first Founder of any Royall family makes new Lawes which his Posteritie are not easily permitted to transgresse So the present Lawes of China are no ancienter then Humvu who either made new or confirmed the old Out of ignorance of other parts of the world they thinke their King Lord of the World and call him Thiencu the Sonne of Heauen or which is all one in their Theologie of God His vsuall title yet is Hoamsi that is supreame Monarch whereas they stile other Kings Guam an inferiour title To preuent Rebellions and Factions Humvu ordayned tâ—at none of the Royall bloud should intermeddle with Gouernment Those Captaynes which had ayded him in expulsion of the Tartars hee gaue militarie Commands with reuenues and titles to descend to their Heires The Royaâ—l race hee gaue the titles of Guam as pettie Kings with large reuenues to bee yeerely payed out of the Exchequer and commanded all Magistrates to reuerence them Their Posteritie hee honoured with inferiour Honours and reuenues so much lesse as further from the originall and after certaine generations to haue no more then might well maintayne them without labour The like in Marriages and Titles were prouided for the Royall
Daughters Those assisting Captaynes he honoured with a plate of Iron like a Charger in which are engrauen those their exploits for deliuerance of the Kingdome which being shewne to the King is priuiledged with pardon of any penaltie though mortall three times except for Treason which forfeiteth presently all Priuiledges Euery time it obtaynes any pardon it is engrauen in the Plate The Sonnes in Law and Fathers in Law of the King and some which haue extraordinarily merited of the State enjoy like Honours and Reuenues with the same diminution of time as before He also ordained that all Magistracie and Gouernment should belong to those Licentiates and Doctors whereto neyther the fauour of the King or other Magistrates are necessary but their owne merits except where corruption frustrates Law All Magistrates are called Quonfu and for honours sake they are stiled Lau ye or Lau sie that is Lord or Father The Portugals call them Mandarins These haue some representation of Aristocratie in that Gouernment for though they doe nothing but first petitioning the King hee also determines nothing without their sollicitation And if a priuate man petitions which is seldome because Officers are appointed to examine Petitions before the King sees them the King if hee will grant it sends it to the Tribunall proper for that businesse to aduise him what is fit to bee done I haue found for certaine that the King cannot giue Money or Magistracie to any except hee bee solicited by some Magistrate I meane this of publike Reuenues which doubtlesse doe exceed one hundred and fiftie Millions yearely are not brought into the Palace Treasurie nor may the King spend them at his pleasure but all whether Money or Rice and other things in kinde are layed vp in the publike Treasuries and Store-houses in all the Kingdome Thence the expenses of the King his Wiues Children Eunuches Family and of all his Kindred are in Royall sort disbursed but according to the ancient Lawes neither more nor lesse Thence the Stipends of Magistrates and Souldiers and all Officers thorow the Kingdome are paid the publike Buildings the Kings Palace Cities Walls Towres Fortresses and all prouision of War are thence sustayned which cause new Tributes sometimes to be imposed this huge Reuenue notwithstanding Of Magistrates are two sorts one of the Court which rule there and thence rule the Kingdome and other Prouinciall which gouerne particular Cities or Prouinces Of both sorts are fiue or six Bookes to be sold euery where printed twice each moneth at Pequin as by their course of printing you haue seene is easie contayning nothing else but the name Countrey and degree of the Magistrates and therefore printed so often because of the exaltings shiftings setting lower death of Parents which suspends three yeares to mourning in priuate their owne deaths or depriuations Of the Court Tribunals are reckoned sixe the first Li pu Pu is asmuch as Tribunall or Court and Li as Magistrates to which it belongeth to name the chiefe Magistrates of the Kingdome bringing vp from the lower to the higher according to the Lawes prescribed or if they deserue it abasing or quite depriuing them For those Licentiates and Doctors continually ascend except their owne faults deject them wherein a depriuation makes for euer vncapable The second is called Ho-pu that is the Exchequer Court or that of the Treasury which exacts and disburseth the Kings Reuenues The third is the Li-pu or Court of Rites which ordereth the publike Sacrifices Temples Priests Kings Marriages Schooles Examinations Festiuall Dayes common Gratulations to the King Titles giuen to the wel-deseruing Physicians Colledges of Mathematicians entertayning and sending Embassages with their Rites Presents Letters the King holding it abasing to his Majesty to write to any The fourth is the Pimpu or Military Court which rewards the meriting and takes from the sluggish Souldier ordereth their Musters and giues Military degrees The fifth is Cumpu which hath care of the publike Buildings Palaces for the King or his Kindred and the Magistrates Shippes for publike burthens or Armadas Bridges Walls of Cities and all like prouisions The sixth Court is Himpu which inquireth into Criminall Causes and sentenceth them also all the publike Prisons are subject hereto All the affaires of the Kingdom depend on these Courts which therefore haue Magistrates and Notaries in euery City and Prouince to admonish them faithully of all things the multitude and order facilitating this so weighty a Designe For first in euery Court is a Lord Chiefe Iustice or President called Ciam Ciu who hath two Assistants one sitting at his right hand the other at his left called Cilam their dignity in the Royall Cities is accounted principall After these euery Tribunall hath diuers Offices each of which hath diuers Colleagues besides Notaries Courtiers Apparitors and other Seruants Besides these Tribunals there is another the greatest in the Court and Kingdome they call them Colaos which are three or foure sometimes sixe which haue no peculiar businesses but take care of the whole Re-publike and are the Kings Priuy-Counsell in all Affaires These are daily admitted into the Kings Palace and there abide whole dayes and answere as they see cause to the Petitions which are put vp to the King who was wont to define matters with these Colai in publike and shewing their answere to the King hee alters or approoueth the same and sets his hand thereto for the execution Besides these Orders of Magistrates and others not mentioned as like to our owne there are two sorts not vsuall with vs the one Choli the other called Zauli In each of these Orders are aboue sixty choice Philosophers men approued for their wisdome and courage before experienced These two Rankes are vsed by the King in Court or Prouince businesses of greater weight with great and Royall power which causeth to them great respect and veneration These by Libell admonish the King if any thing be done contrary to the Lawes in any parts of the Kingdome not sparing any of the Magistrates nor the Kings House nor the King himselfe to the wonder of other Nations And although the King sometimes bee touched to the quicke and toucheth them to the quicke againe yet cease they not still to rip the sore till it be cured Other Magistrates may doe it yea any priuate man but these mens Libels or Petitions are of most worth as proceeding from their peculiar Office The Copies of them and of the Kings answers are printed by many so that the Court and State Affaires flye thorow the Kingdome and are by some written in Bookes and those of most moment transcribed into the Annals of the Kingdome Of late when the King would for loue of a second Sonne haue excluded the eldest so many by Libels reprehended the King that he in anger depriued or abased one hundred of the Magistrates They yet ceased not but one day went together into
These Gouernours therefore in that they had the charge of holy Mysteries were Priests in that they had to doe with the Court of Iustice and Iudgement they were Iudges we call them Noble-men in this place and the state of the Common-wealth gouerned by their ouersight an Aristocratie The same are called by our Country-men Godar and Hoffsgodar from the Church or Temple which is Hoff as it were Ouer-seers of the Church and their Office or Dignitie was called Godord to wit their name being next deriued from their Ethnick gods which they called God that euen by the name it selfe they who almost represented the Name and Office of the Gods might bee put in minde of the Vertues Wisdome and Iustice c. requisite in such a Gouernour And that they might shew themselues such I suppose the same place was appointed to iudgements of the seate of Iustice which was ordained for Sacred Mysteries to wit at the foresaid Temples And also therefore because the place of holy Mysteries was religiously thought fitter for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the taking of good counsell whereof there is especiall vse in the Court of Iustice. Moreouer the Prouinciall Gouernours had their two-fold assemblies as the Rappagogi had yeerely or ordinary meetings and proclaimed or extraordinary any necessitie requiring those former assemblies containing many dayes vid. Kaâ—pb cap. 8. Torn Log. and that as it is likely assembled by some signe of holding a meeting as we haue already said of Reppagogies which surely what it was in times past is not well knowne vnlesse it were that which afterwards and yet remaineth in vse the forme of a Noruegian axe of Wood carried about after the same manner among the prouinciall Citizens as we said a little before of the woodden crosse This token of the Iudiciall Court is called Bod in our language which signifieth a message Moreouer euery one paid some yearely tribute or reuenue to the Temples whereof the Guardian or Ouerseer of the Church was the Collector for speaking of holy mysteries pertaining to the Church I call euery Noble man so To him also came the penaltie of the Temple and Court of Iustice prophaned who likewise ought to maintaine the Temple or keepe it in reparations at his owne charge Lastly the necessity and specially care to amend and make good whatsoeuer damage done vnto the Prouince or to foresee and preuent it being imminent vsing the helpe of the Prouincials lay wholly vpon him so that for the destroying of Theeues and publique Robbers you may finde some who were prodigall of their owne life Contrarily it is a lamentable case how at this day we see it euery where come to passe where they make a great conscience to condemne a notorious Theefe by the Law or any other conuicted once or twice of any capitall crime much more to put him to death These are the Gouernours of Prouinces The Nomophylaces or Iustices follow The Nomophylax was the other kinde of the superiour Magistrate somewhat later then these of which sort in the whole auncient Citie of Island for we yet describe it at one and the same time there was onely one who of pronouncing or deliuering the Law was called Logmann and Logsogumann For the Commonwealth began not suddenly but by little and little to be framed therefore the Prouinciall Lawes were first of the like meaning though peraduenture not euery where the same before they had them compact and gathered into one body which when they attained for the custody and preseruation of the same they admitted trustie and wise men whom I call Nomophylaces and whose Office I shall very well describe in the words of D. Nicolaus Cragius declaring the Office of the Spartan Nomophylaces The Office of the Nomophylaces saith D. Cragius Li. 2. cap. 6. de Repub. Lacedaem was as we perceiue by the matter it selfe to haue charge of the custody and preseruation of Lawes for the benefit of the Common-wealth and that they should not suffer them to be abolished changed or taken away by any Moreouer they indeuoured that the force of the Lawes might not grow out of vse or the memory thereof be forgotten but they compelled the Magistrates to the often obseruation of them and execution of their dutie And further we may thinke these very men were the interpreters of Lawes if peraduenture any thing doubtfully set downe or hardly vnderstood should come in disputation This Cragius writeth the same which I doe of ours adding this that they had some manner of authority in their power together with the rest of the Nobility of changing renewing Lawes and also inlarging them as it were Orators and Counsellours the consent of the people being added Therefore the Nomophylaces or chiefe Iustices tooke nothing away from the forme of an Aristocratie but were as hath beene said before Interpreters and preseruers of the Law armed with publique authority for this purpose in whose power also the custody of the Booke of the Lawes remained But I dare proceede no further with our Author in his Law Suites and Courts lest I be therein detained with Demurs and tedious delaies I am a Traueller and howsoeuer I haue not so much for Island as for the knowledge of the Arctoan antiquities waded thus farre I will not tire the Reader further but remit the more curious to the Author himselfe who hath added much of their Lawes and a whole Booke of their auncient Grands and another of their Kings both here omitted The Kings of Norway began to haue dominion in Island A. 1261. diuers immunities reserued which Kingdome descending vpon Margaret by her was linked with that of Denmarke and so hath continued aboue 200. yeares ENGLISH NORTHERNE NAVIGATIONS AND DISCOVERIES RELATIONS OF GREENELAND GROENLAND THE NORTH-WEST PASSAGE AND OTHER ARCTIKE REGIONS WITH LATER RVSSIAN OCCVRRENTS THE FOVRTH BOOKE CHAP. I. A Voyage set forth by the Right Worshipfull Sir THOMAS SMITH and the rest of the Muscouie Company to Cherry Iland and for a further discouerie to be made towards the North-Pole for the likelihood of a Trade or a passage that way in the Ship called the Amitie of burthen seuentie tuns in the which I IONAS POOLE was Master hauing fourteene men and one boy A.D. 1610. THE first of March 1609. I wayed at Black-wall and went to Grauesend The third day I went downe to the Noore-head The ninth wee wayed and put out to Sea blessed bee God and by the fifteenth day I was in the Bay of Rosse on the Coast of Norway in Latitude 65. degrees at what time the wind came Northerly and blew extreame fierce with great store of Snow and Frost The sixteenth day wee had the like weather and winds so that wee could not maintaine a mayne-course and we lost some of our Beere The seuenteenth day we had Snow and all the Beak-head was so laden with Ice that it seemed a firme lumpe and the wind at North which blew so fierce that we could
of West India not so fierce as ours ordinarily hunted by men 963.30 Liquos the people where 168.1 Liâ—ets Ilands in Greenland 719.10 Literate Sect of China their fiue Doctrines 397 Lithuania their Marriages Religion fewnesse of Chuâ—ches worship of Snakes Hunting c. 629 Lituania what Townes the Russe haâ—e in it 438 60. The Natiues destroyed and Russes placed there 439.1 Liturgie or Seruice of the Russianâ— 450. Read at the Altar ibid. Liuonia lost to the Pole by the Russe 438.60 Lizard or Crocodile a strange ease of one of them 883.20 Loafe diuided in the Russians Marriage the Ceremonie and meaning 454.30 Loadstone found in the Indies 890.50 Loadstone a Palace built of it 801.30 Loadstone communicates more strength to Iron touched with it then the Stone it selfe hath 857.10 Lobsters in New found Land 586.10 Lodiga Lake and Towne in Russia 794.40 Lofoot on the Coast of Finmarke 5â—1 10.581.40 Logicke the Chinois waâ—â— it 348. â—â— Lomsbay described 474.40 London Coast by Fretum Dauis the Latitude 845. â—â— Longitude how the Degrees are to be reckoned 856.60 An vncertaine reckoning ibid. Longitude of Places how to bee found by Art and Instruments 839.840 Longiâ—ude the Degrees are longer or shorter as they are farre or nearer to the Poles 500 50 Lop a great Citie where The Desart of Lop 75.20 Spirits duell there ibid. Lor in Persia 70 50 Lords Prayer in the beginning of the Russian Seruice 450 Lords Spirituall named before the Lords Temporall in Russiâ— 709.20 784.1 783. 787 Loretto in Italy the Towne Temple and Idolatry there described 631. â—0 Los Reyes the Iurisdiction and Limits the Soyle moystened with vapours the natiue Commâ—dities Latitude of the chiefe City distance from Toledo number of Housholds excellency of the Climate the Vniuersitie Monasteries c. 892. Number of Women and Negroes Villages in the Countrey with their Latitudes and differences of Commodities Mines Complexions of people c. 893. Vermition and Quickesiluer Springs Bathes admirable high wayes 〈◊〉 venemous Wormes c. 894. Fâ—uitfull Villages vnder it Earthquakes c. 895. The Ilaâ—ds Ports Points Capes c. 896.1.10 Vide Peru. Los Frayles the Iles in the Wâ—st Indies Los Testigos the Iles in the West Indies 866.30 Los Angelos or Tlascala the Bishopricke in the West Indies the extent the Commodities of the Soyle and Townes thereabouts the numbers of Spaniards in them 872.30.40.50 The Riuers and Townes in it 873.10 20 Los Martyres the Iles by Florida 869 40 Lost things an Officer for them 86.1 Lots vsed by the Chinois 309.1 318 20.40 If the Lots bee vnluckie they beate their Idols 319 Lots the Emperour of Russia elected by them 769. The manner ibid. Lots in China 196. The maner ib. Lots determiners of Controuersies 434.20 Lot law in Russia 755.30 Loutea what Office and how Created in China 184.20 200. â— Lownesse in Greenland our Kings Armes set vp there 717.30 Lowsie Loue in Island 647.1 Lubeckers pay no Custome to Denmarke why 631 Lucayos Iles of the West Indies where their Names Altitudes Distances 865.10 See Lequios Lumleys Inlet in America the Latitude 811.1 Lusus the Chinese his Legend 334.1 Hee put Lice into his flesh againe ibid. His Shrine 334.20 Lutheranisme in Island 645.10.50 Luxitay an Iland 256.60 Luzon the Kingdome 309.30 The Chineses slaine there by the Spaniards ibid. 310 M MAcao in China how farre from Malaca 410 Maces and Rods borne before the China Officers 187.10 Magastar the great Iland 106.40 Magdalene the Riuer in the West Indies the head Current mouth length and Latitude 885.20 Called Rio Grande ibid. His Head 890.1 Magellane Straights the Spanish Indian Prouinces in them where the Straight begins the Altitude 899.60 The Ports Capeâ— Bayes Ilands and their Latitudes What degrees of Latitude this Straight is betwixt Sir Iohn Hawkins Iudgement of these Straights 900. Whence they had the Name of Magellanes why the Nauigation through it is dangerous the Riuers Points Capes Ilands and their Latitudes by it 901 Magellane Straights 282.10 Magellanus Martyred ibid. 285.50 Magellane Straights the distances and Seasons of Nauigation from Castile thither 859.50 Difficult to passe 860 Magi that came to Christ. See Tarsa Magicall Image in Russia 757.30 Magicians knaueries 92.50 Magistrates called Lords or Fathers 388.10 Their immediate addresse to the King ibid. Magistrates how honoured in China 393.10 Being deposed they loose not all Honour They haue Temples Altars and Images erected to them 393.20 Magistrates of China the sixe Chiefe 388.30 Their manner of proceedings ibid. Their habites and Ensignes 390.10 Magistrates of China Sacrifice like Priests 397.20 Magnificat at Euening prayer in the Russian Church 450.40 Maguey the wonder Tree of West India described it yeelds Water Wine Oyle Vineger Honey Sirrop Threed and Needles and how they get all these out of it 957.10.20 Mahumetanisme the extent 317.50 Mahumetanes in the Moluccas and the Philippinaes 905.20 How they gate thither and further ibid. 30 Mahumetanes many in China 399.50 But ignorant and contemned ibid. When they gate in ibid. Mahumetanes visiting of Tombes 234.20 Counted holy therefore 235.10 Mahumetane distinctions for liberty to drinke Wiâ—â— 71.1 Maisters much honoured in China 395.10 Maister of the Ceremonies in China 300.50.388.40 Maister of the Horse in Russia his Greatnesse and reuerence 425.10 Malabar called India the Greater 104.30 Foure Kingdomes in it 104.30 Malaca how farre from Macao 410.20 Malucaes Ilands the Warres there betwixt the Spaniards and the Portugals 282.20 Maluccas the Nauigation thither from Spaine 860.10 The distance and Seasons ibid. Mameys an Indian fruit described 957 Mamoses the old people of Curland Idolaters barbarous c. Their Rites Marriages Burials Habites Hospitalitie c. 628 Manaâ—e a West Indian Fish described how taken hee hath a Stone good against the Stone 987.988 Manati a Fish that giues sucke 930.40 Their description Mancherule the chiefe Citie of the old Tartars 15.30 Where they still elect their Great Chan ibid. Mandarines their honour in China 370.30 Sets vp Flags before his House and Arches triumphall ibid. Some examples of their Noblenesse 371. Disposed in all Cities 372. There be sixe of them chiefe 372.30 Mangat or Marcopia the Citie 634.30 Mangi what part of China 404.20 Mangi accounted barbarous by the Chinois 345.1 Mangi hath nine Vice-royes vnder the Great Tartar 99.50 Mangi or China 95.30 The securitie of it sometimes ibid. Inuaded by the Tartars 95 60. And taken 96.10 The name of Mangi discussed 96.10 in margine And see especially page 102. liâ— 56 Mangi the Kingdome 89.10 It is the nine Southerly Prouinces of China 342.30 Mangu Chan his message to the King of Franckes 29.30 His golden Bull and the authoritie of it 29.40 Mangu chosen Cham of Tartarie 25.10 Kils Siremen 25.30 His conference with Frier William 27.30 His description ibid. His Court and Firing ibid. 30. His proud Answers 28.1 Mangu Chan his Proclamation concerning a Disputation of Religion held before him 41.50 His
of Brasill ibid. § 2. Of the Warre Battailes Fortitude and Weapons of the Barbarians and of their Religion pag. 1333. § 3. Of their Marriages Education of Children Policie Hospitalitie Diseases Physitians Funerals and Lamentations pag. 1341. CHAP. IIII. The Trauels of Hulderike Schnirdel in twentie yeeres space from 1534. to 1554. abbreuiated H. P. pag. 1347. § 1. His Voyage vp the Riuer of Plate foundation of Townes their expedition vp the Riuer of Parana and Parabol the people of these parts ibid. § 2. Martin-Eyollas made Generall Gabreros comming Scherues Voyage Nunner his insolence Diuers people and accidents described pag. 1354. § 3. A long and troublesome March from Assumption into Peru. The Authors returne p. 1362 CHAP. V. The Obseruations of Sir Richard Hawkins Knight in his Voyage into the South Sea An. Dom. 1593. once before published now reuiewed and corrected by a written Copie illustrated with Notes and in diuers places abbreuiated pag. 1367. § 1. What happened in this Voyage before they came neere the Aequinoctiall Line with diuers accidentall Discourses vsefull for Nauigators pag. 1367 § 2. Considerations of Currents the Scorbute fire in Ships Fishes which attend them Sea-hawking and Hunting their comming to Brasill and obseruations thereof pag. 1372. § 3. Tharltons treacherie Discouerie of Land vnknowne Entrance of the Straits accidents therein and description thereof Diuers occasionall discourses for the furtherance of Marine and Naturall knowledge pag. 1382 § 4. Entrance into the South Sea Discouerie of the South parts of the Straits to bee but Ilands by Sir Francis Drake which the Hollanders ascribe to Maire and Schouten Of the Iland Mocha and the parts adioyning pag. 1391. § 5. The Vice-roy sends an Armado against the English which vieweth them and returneth is againe set foorth their fight the English yeeld vpon composition diuers Martiall discourses pag. 1398. CHAP. VI. A briefe Note written by Master Iohn Ellis one of the Captaines with Sir Richard Hawkins in his Voyage through the Strait of Magelan begun the ninth of Aprill 1593. concerning the said Srait and certaine places on the Coast and Inland of Peru. pag. 1415. CHAP. VII A briefe Relation of an Englishman which had beene thirteene yeeres Captiâ—e to the Spaniards in Peru c. H. pag. 1418. CHAP. VIII The Relation of Alexandro Vrsino concerning the Coast of Terra Firma and the secrets of Peru and Chili where hee had liued foure and thirtie yeeres H. ibid. CHAP. IX Notes of the West Indies gathered out of Pedro Ordonnes de Ceuallos a Spanish Priest his larger Obseruations pag. 1420. CHAP. X. Relation of the new discouerie in the South Sea made by Pedro Fernandez Giros Portugez 1609. with his Petitions to the King one Englished another in Spanish pag. 1422. The Copie of a Petition presented to the King of Spaine by Captaine Peter Ferdinand de Quir touching the discouerie of the fourth part of the World called Terra Australis Incognita and of the great riches and fertilitie of the same Printed with license in Siuill An. 1610. ibid. A Note of Australia del Espiritu Santo written by Master Hakluyt pag. 1432. CHAP. XI The Historie of Lopez Vaz a Portugall taken by Captaine Withrington at the Riuer of Plate Anno 1586. with this discourse about him touching American places discoueries and occurrents abridged ibid. CHAP. XII Briefe extracts translated out of Ierom Benzos three bookes of the New World touching the Spaniards cruell handling of the Indians and the effects thereof pag. 1448. CHAP. XIII Obseruations of things most remarkable collected out of the first part of the Commentaries Royall written by the Inca Garcilasso de la Vega Naturall of Cozco in nine bookes Of the Originall Liues Conquests Lawes and Idolatries of the Incas or ancient Kings of Peru. pag. 1454. CHAP. XIIII The suppliment of the Historie of the Incas briefly collected out of the Authors second part or Generall Historie of Peru. pag. 1485. CHAP. XV. Briefe Notes of Francis Pizarro his conquest of Peru written by a Spanish Captaine therein employed pag. 1489. CHAP. XVI The Conquest of Peru and Cusco called New Castile and directed to the Emperour by Francisco de Xeres Secretarie to Captaine Francis Pizarro which conquered them pag. 1491. CHAP. XVII Relations of occurrents in the Conquest of Peru after Fernand Pizarros departure written at Xauxa Iuly 15. 1534. by Pedro Sancho Notarie Generall in the Kingdoms of New Castile and Secretarie to the Gouernour Fr. Pizarro subscribed by the said Gouernour himselfe and others and sent to his Maiestie pag. 1494 The Contents of the Chapters and Paragraphs in the Eight Booke of the Second part of Purchas his PILGRIMS CHAP. I. A True Relation of Aluaro Nunez called Capo di Vacca concerning that which happened to the Fleet in India whereof Pamphilo Naruaez was Gouernour from the yeere 1527. vntill the yeere 1536. who returned vnto Siuill with three of his Companions onely Translated out of Ramusio and abbreuiated H.P. pag. 1499. § 1. Their Fleet and admirall and vnheard of Tempest their entrance into Florida the Lakes troublesome passages incounters disastrous successe building Boates for returne ibid. § 2. Misery pursues them at Sea and betrayes them to the Indians their miserable Liues and Death pag. 1506. § 3. Their flight from the Indians to others wonderfull cures backe and belly cares their trauels thorow the Countrey and hungry aduentures Diuers peoples and their Customes pag. 1514. § 4. They come to the South Sea and trauell through a plentifull Countrey till they meet with Spaniards whose crueltie manner of conuerting Sauages is related pag. 1524. CHAP. II. Ferdinando de Soto his Voyage to Florida and Discouerie of the Regions in that Continent with the Trauels of the Spaniards foure yeeres together therein and the accidents which befell them written by a Portugall of the Companie and heere contracted pag. 1532. § 1. Sotos entrance into Florida taking of Iohn Ortiz one of Naruaz his Companie comming to Paracossie and diuers other Caciques with accidents in the way ibid. § 2. Sotos further Discoueries in Florida and manifold Aduentures till hee came to Tulla pag. 1528. § 3. His departure to Autiamque Ortiz his Death and disasters following Soto takes thought and dyeth Moscosco succeedeth They leaue Florida and arriue at Panuco pag. 1550. CHAP. III. Diuers expeditions from Mexico and other parts of New Spaine and New Biskay especially to the more Northerly parts of America by diuers Spaniards in a hundred yeeres space pag. 1556. § 1. The Relation of Nunno di Gusman written to Charles the fift Emperour translated out of Ramusios third Tome and abridged ibid. § 2. The Voyage of Frier Marco de Nica Don Fr. Vasquez de Coronado Don Antonio de Espeio and diuers into New Mexico and the adioyning Coasts and Lands pag. 1560. § 3. Extracts out of certaine Letters of Father Martin Perez of the Societie of IESVS from the new Mission of the Prouince of Cinoloa to the Fathers of
our possession will wee commit vnto your custodie You shall not quoth he leaue those behind you but for the other two Carts first named wee will satisfie your request I said that this could not conueniently bee done but needs we must leaue all with him Then he asked whether we meant to tarrie in the Land I answered If you throughly vnderstand the Letters of my Lord the King you know that we are euen so determined Then he replyed that we ought to bee patient and lowly and so wee departed from him that Euening On the morrow after he sent a Nestorian Priest for the Carts and wee caused all the foure Carts to be deliuered Then came the foresaid brother of Coiat to meet vs and separated all those things which we had brought the day before vnto the Court from the rest namely the Bookes and Vestments and tooke them away with him Howbeit Coiat had commanded that we should carrie those Vestments with vs which we wore in the presence of Sartach that we might put them on before Baatu if need should require but the said Priest tooke them from vs by violence saying thou hast brought them vnto Sartach and wouldest thou carrie them vnto Baatu And when I would haue rendred a reason hee answered bee not too talkatiue but goe your wayes Then I saw that there was no remedie but patience for wee could haue no accesse vnto Sartach himselfe neither was there any other that would doe vs Iustice. I was afraid also in regard of the Interpreter least he had spoken other things then I said vnto him for his will was good that wee should haue giuen away all that we had There was yet one comfort remayning vnto mee for when I once perceiued their couetous intent I conueyed from among our Bookes the Bible and the Sentences and certayne other Bookes which I made speciall account of Howbeit I durst not take away the Psalter of my Souereigne Ladie the Queene because it was too well knowne by reason of the Golden Pictures therein And so we returned with the two other Carts vnto our Lodging Then came hee that was appointed to be our Guide vnto the Court of Baatu willing vs to take our Iourney in all poste-haste vnto whom I said that I would in no case haue the Carts to goe with me Which thing he declared vnto Coiat Then Coiat commanded that wee should leaue them and our Seruant with him And we did as he commandeed And so trauelling directly East-ward towards Baatu the third day we came to Etilia or Volga the streames whereof when I beheld I wondred from what Regions of the North such huge and mightie waters should descend Before we were departed from Sartach the foresaid Coiat with many other Scribes of the Court said vnto vs doe not make report that our Lord is a Christian but a Moal Because the name of a Christian seemeth vnto them to be the name of some Nation So great is their pride that albeit they beleeue perhaps some things concerning Christ yet will they not be called Christians being desirous that their owne name that is to say Moal should be exalted aboue all other names Neither will they be called by the name of Tartars For the Tartars were another Nation as I was informed by them AT the same time when the Frenchmen tooke Antioch a certayne man named Con Can had Dominion ouer the Northerne Regions lying thereabouts Con is a proper name Can is a name of authoritie or dignitie which signifieth a Diuiner or Sooth-sayer All Diuiners are called Can amongst them Whereupon their Princes are called Can because that vnto them belongeth the gouernment of the people by Diuination We doe read also in the Historie of Antiochia that the Turkes sent for ayde against the Frenchmen vnto the Kingdome of Con Can. For out of those parts the whole Nation of the Turkes first came The said Con was of the Nation of Kara-Catay Kara signifieth blacke and Catay is the name of a Countrey So that Kara-Catay signifieth the blacke Catay This name was giuen to make a difference betweene the foresaid people and the people of Catay inhabiting East-ward ouer against the Ocean Sea concerning whom your Maiestie shall vnderstand more hereafter These Catayans dwelt vpon certayne Alpes by the which I trauelled And in a certaine plaine Countrey within those Alpes there inhabited a Nestorian shepheard being a mightie Gouernour ouer the people called Yayman which were Christians following the Sect of Nestorius After the death of Con Can the said Nestorian exalted himselfe to the Kingdome and they called him King Iohn reporting ten times more of him then was true For so the Nestorians which come out of those parts vse to doe For they blaze abroad great rumours and reports vpon iust nothing Whereupon they gaue out concerning Sartach that he was become a Christian and the like also they reported concerning Mangu Can and Ken Can namely because these Tartars make more account of Christians then they doe of other people and yet in very deed themselues are no Christians So likewise there went forth a great report concerning the said King Iohn Howbeit when I trauelled along by his Territories there was no man that knew any thing of him but onely a few Nestorians In his Pastures or Territories dwelleth Ken Can at whose Court Frier Andrew was And I my selfe passed by it at my returne This Iohn had a Brother being a mightie man also and a Shepheard like himselfe called Vut and he inhabited beyond the Alpes of Cara Catay being distant from his Brother Iohn the space of three weekes iourney He was Lord ouer a certaine Village called Cara Carum hauing people also for his Subiects named Crit or Merkit who were Christians of the Sect of Nestorius But their Lord abandoning the worship of Christ following after Idols retaining with him Priests of the said Idols who all of them are Worshippers of Deuils and Sorcerers Beyond his Pastures some tenne or fifteene dayes iourney were the Pastures of Moal who were a poore and beggerly Nation without Gouernor and without Law except their Sooth-sayings and their Diuinations vnto the which detestable studies all in those parts doe apply their minds Neere vnto Moal were other poore people called Tartars The foresaid King Iohn dyed without Issue Male and thereupon his Brother Vut was greatly inriched and caused himselfe to be named Can and his Droues and Flockes raunged euen vnto the Borders of Moal About the same time there was one Cyngis a Blacke-Smith among the people of Moal This Cyngis stole as many Cattell from Vut Can as he could possibly get insomuch that the Shepheards of Vut complained vnto their Lord. Then prouided he an Armie and marched vp into the Countrey of Moal to seeke for the said Cyngis But Cyngis fled among the Tartars and hid himselfe amongst them And Vut hauing taken some spoiles both from Moal and also from
Whence the feare and trembling hauing beginning from furie dâ—e excite and inuite all necessitie vrgeth to withstand them the danger being neere the generall destruction of the world and specially of Christendome calls for speedie helpe and succour For this People is brutish and without law ignorant of humanitie yet followers and hath a Lord whom it obediently obserueth and worships and calls The God of the earth The men are of short stature but square and wâ—ll set rough and couragious at the becke of their Leader rushing on any difficulties haue broad faces frowning lookes horrible cries agreeing to their hearts They weare raw Hides of Oxes Asses or Horses with Iron plaâ—es sewed on for defensiue Armes hitherto but now with griefe we speake it out of the spoiles of conquered Christians they are more decently armed that in Gods anger wee may be the more dishonourably slayne by our owne weapons They are also furnished with better Horses fed with daintier fare adorned with fairer rayment The Tartars are incomparable Archers carrie sewed skins artificially made by which they passe Riuers and waters without losse When food fayles their Horses are sayd to be content with barkes and leaues of Trees and roots of Herbs whom yet they finde swift and hardy And we fore-seeing all those things often by Letters and Messengers are mindfull to request your excellence as also other Christian Princes earnestly solliciting and warning that peace and loue may flourish amongst Rulers and discord being appeased which often endamage Christendome agreeing together to set stay to them which haue lately shewed themselues forasmuch as fore-warned are fore-armed and that the common enemies may not reioyce that to prepare their wayes so great dissentions breake forth amongst Christian Princes Oh God how much and how often would wee haue humbled our selues doing the vtmost that the Roman Bishop might haue surceased from the scandall of dissention against vs which is gone thorow the World and would more temperately haue reuoked his passions from impetuous rashnesse that wee might beâ— able to quiet our subiects by right and rule them more peaceably nor that he would protect those Rebels the greatest part of which is by him fostered that things being setled and the Rebels awed against whom wee haue wasted much treasure and labour our power might bee aduanced against the common Enemies But Will being to him for a Law not ruling the slipperie running of his tongue and disdayning to abstayne from manifold dissention which he hath attempted by his Legats and Messengers hee hath commanded the Crosse to be published against mee the Arme and Aduocate of the Church which hee ought to haue exercised against the tyrannie of the Tartars or Saracens inuading and possessing the Holy Land whiles our Rebels insult and consult grieuously against our honour and fame And now that our greatest care is to free our selues from domestike and familiar Enemies how shall wee also repell Barbarians seeing that they by their spies which euery where they haue sent before they howsoeuer directed without Diuine Law yet well trayned in Martiall stratagems know the publike discord and the vnfortified and weaker parts of the Lands and hearing of the heart-burning of Kings and the strife of Kingdomes are more encouraged and animated O how much doth triumphing courage adde to strength Wee will therefore by Gods prouidence conuerted apply our strength and industrie to both that wee may driue away the scandall domesticall and barbarous on this side and on that from the Church And we haue expressely sent our deare sonne Conrade and other Princes of our Empire that they may powerfully withstand the assaults of our barbarous Enemies and represse their entrie And heartily wee adiure your Maiestie in behalfe of the Common necessitie by our Lord Iesus Christ that taking heed to your selfe and to your Kingdome which God keepe in prosperitie with instant care and prouident deliberation you diligently prepare speedy ayds of strong Knights and other armed men and Armes this we require in the sprinkling of the bloud of Christ and the league of affinitie in which wee are ioyned And so let them be ready with vs manfully and prouidently to fight for the deliuerance of Christendome that against the Enemies now proposing to enter the confines of Germanie as the Gate of Christendome by vnited forces victorie to the praise of the Lord of Hosts may be obtayned Neither let it like you to passe ouer these things with dissimulation or to suspend them by deferring For if which God forbid they inuade the Gerâ—ane confines without obstacle let others looke for the lightnings of a sudden tempest at the doores which we beleeue to haue hapned by Diuine Iudgement the world being diuersly infected the loue of many waxing cold by whom faith ought to be preached and conserued and their pernicious example stayning the world with Vsuries and diuers other kinds of Simoine and Ambition Let your Excellency therefore prouide and whiles the common enemies are outragious in the neighbour Regions wisely consult to resist them because they haue comne out of their Lands with this intent not regarding the perils of life that they might subdue to them which God auert all the West and may peruert and subuert the Faith and Name of Christ. And in respect of vnexpected victorie which hitherto by Gods permission hath followed them they are growne to that exceeding madnesse that now they thinke they haue gotten the Kingdoms of the World and to tame and subiect Kings and Princes to their vile seruices But wee hope in our Lord Iesus Christ vnder whose Standard wee haue hitherto triumphed being deliuered from our Enemies that these also which haue broke forth of their Tartarean seats their pride being abated by opposed forces of the West these Tartars shall be thrust downe to their Tartara or Hell Nor shall they boast to haue passed so many Lands ouercome so many peoples perpetrated so many mischiefes vnavenged when their vnwarie Destinie yea Sathan shall haue drawne them to the conquering Eagles of puissant Imperiall Europe to their deaths Where Germanie voluntarily raging and prone to Armes France the mother and nurse of Soulderie warlike and daring Spaine fertile England potent in men and a furnished Nauie Almaine full of impetuous Warriours Strip-strong Denmarke vntamed Italie Burgundie ignorant of Peace vnquiet Apulia with the Pyraticall and inuincible Iles of the Greeke Adriaticke and Tyrrhene Seas Creet Cyprus Sicil with the Sea neighbouring Ilands and Regions bloudie Ireland with nimble Wales marishie Scotland Icie Norway and euery Noble and famous Region in the West will cheerfully send their choise Soulderie vnder the Colours of the quickning Crosse which and not onely rebellious men but aduerse Deuils dread Dated in our returne after the yeelding and depopulation of Fauentia the third of Iuly Some Papalines suspected that the Emperour had hatched this Tartar-pestilence like Lucifer or Antichrist to get the Monarchie of the world and to subuert Christiany
Emperour of Asia namely the King of Georgia But the Kingdome of Albcas being mightie in people and strongly situated and fortified could neuer yet either by the Emperours of Asia or by the Tartarians bee subdued In this Kingdome of Georgia is a maruellous strange Wonder or Miracle which I durst not haue reported or beleeued if I had not seene it with my eyes But because I haue personally beene there and beene made the eye witnesse thereof I say that in those parts there is a Prouince or Countrey called Hamsem being in circuit about three dayes iourney whose whole extent is all couered ouer with such thicke and palpable darknesse that none can see any thing therein neither doe any dare to goe into that Land because they know not the way out againe Those that inhabit neere about it affirme that they haue often heard the sound of mens voices crying of Cockes crowing and the neighing of Horses in the Wood and by the course of a Riuer that runneth out from that place there appeare certaine signes that there are people inhabiting therein 11. The Kingdome of the Chaldaeans beginneth on the East-side from the Mountaynes of Media and reacheth out vnto Niniue The Inhabitants of Chaldaea are called Nestorians because they are followers of the Errour of Nestorius and they haue their peculiar Chaldaean Characters others there are amongst them that vse the Arabian Letters and are of the Sect of the seducer Mahomet 12. The Kingdome of Mesopotamia on the East-side beginneth at the great Citie Mosel called of the Ancients Seleucia which is seated neere the Riuer Tigris and stretcheth out vnto the Riuer Euphrates and the Citie of Robais or Edessa 13. When the Turkes had inuaded the Kingdome of Turkie and possessed themselues thereof they could not preuayle against the Citie of Trapezond nor the Territorie thereof because of their strong Castles and other Fortifications by reason whereof it remayned still vnder the gouernment of the Emperour of Constantinople who vsed yearely to send thither a Ruler or Gouernour as his Deputie there vntill at length one of them rebelling against him made himselfe King in such sort that he which now holdeth that Land is called Emperour of Trapezond The Inhabitants are Greekes In the Kingdome of Turkie are foure Nations inhabiting namely the Greekes Armenians and Iacobines or Iacobites which are Christians liuing on merchandise and manuring the Earth and the Turkes which are Saracens that haue inuaded that Land and gotten the Gouernment from the Greeks Some of them liue on merchandise and labouring of the ground inhabiting in Cities and Townes others keeping in the Woods and Fields both Winter and Summer being Shepherds and very good Bow-men 14. Cilicia at this day is called Armenia by reason that after the enemies of the Christian faith had gotten that Countrey and held it a long time from the Greekes the Armenians endeauoured themselues so well that they wonne it againe from the Pagans In so much that the King of Armenia by the grace of God ruleth ouer Cilicia at this day In the Kingdome of Syria are diuers Nations inhabiting namely Greekes Armenians Iacobites Nestorians and Saracens There are also other Christian Nations namely the Syrians and Maronines or Maronites 16. The Countrey in which the Tartarians first inhabited lieth beyond the great Mountaine Belgian mentioned in the Histories of Alexander And there they liued like brutish People without learning or Religion feeding herds of Beasts and going from place to place to seeke pasture And being not exercised in armes they were despised of other Nations and payed tribute to al. Of these in ancient time there were many Nations which by a common name were called Mogli who vpon their encrease were after diuided into seuen principall sorts esteemed more noble then the rest The first of these Nations was called Tatar from the name of that Prouince wherein they first inhabited The second was named Tangur The third Cunat The fourth Talair The fifth Sonich The sixth Monghi And the seuenth Tebeth And whiles these seuen Nations liued vnder the subiection of their Neighbours as is aboue said it happened that a poore old man being a Smith saw a Vision in his sleepe namely a man armed all in white Armour and mounted on a white Horse which calling him by his name said vnto him Changius It is the will and pleasure of the immortall God that thou be Lord and Ruler ouer these Nations of the Mogli and that by thee they bee deliuered from the Dominion of their Neighbours vnder which they haue long remayned and they shall rule ouer their Neighbours and receiue Tribute of them to whom they formerly paid Tribute Changius hearing this Word of God was replenished with exceeding ioy and made publikely knowne the Vision which he had seene But the Rulers and Commanders would not giue credite to the Vision but rather despised and mocked the old man But the night following they themselues saw the same Vision of the Horse-man armed in white who commanded them from the Immortall God that they should be obedient to Changius and cause all to obey his command Whereupon all the said Chieftaines and Gouernours of the seuen Nations of the Tartarians calling the people together made them to yeeld obedience and reuerence to Changius Then afterwards placing a Chaire for him in the midst of them and spreading a blacke Felt Carpet on the ground they set him thereon and then the seuen chiefe Rulers lifting him vp did place him in the Throne or Chaire of State with great triumph and acclamation calling him Can their first Emperour and doing him solemne reuerence with bowing their knees as to their Lord and Gouernour Now at this solemnitie of the Tartarians and at the simplicitie of their blacke Cloth vsed in the creating of their first Emperour none ought much to wonder either because haply they were not then furnished with any fairer loth of Sâ—ate or else were so rude and ignorant at that time that they knew no better or fairer fashion of Sâ—ate But at this men might rather maruell that the Tartarians hauing since that coâ—quered many Kingdomes and gotten infinite riches and namely commanding ouer the Dominions and wealth of Asia euen to the confines of Hungaria they will not yet leaue their ancient and accustomed manner but at the confirmation of euery Emperour obserue the like order in euery point whereof I can well be a witnesse hauing beene personally present at the ceremonie vsed at the Confirmation of one of their Emperours But to returne to our purpose Changius Can being thus made Emperour by common consent of all the Tartarians determined ere he attempted any thing to make triall whether they would all performe faithfull obedience to him to which end he made certaine Ordinances to be obserued of all The first was That all the Tartarians should beleeue and obey the Immortall God by whose will hee was promoted to the
neerest townes vpon the borders I haue forgotten to declare that this Lord who had the charge to conduct fiftie thousand men vnto the frontiers at such time as they which were there had need thereof was soone in a readinesse and came to oppose himselfe against the Princes Armie which entred and being skilfull in the wayes of the countrey troubled much the Armie for a great number of his men were on horsebacke The Prince determined to beate downe all the wals the better to assure his returne as also all the fortresses which were there vpon all the passages all of them hauing yeelded themselues after his victorie shewing himselfe very courteous vnto the people of these mountaines he gaue vnto this Lord a small portion of land wherein there be seuen or eight good townes Archij Ymulij Faliquien Fulij Cohensen Qualij Pulij Quianlu who came and deliuered vp their keyes vnto him being neighbours vnto this Lord and gaue him the gouernment of the frontier prouince of Xianxij shewing himselfe to be a Prince of his word and acknowledging the notable seruices the which this Lord had done him He referred the honouring of his brother vntill he had meanes to doe the same the Prince had receiued newes how that the King of China assembled his forces marched forwards and that he was there in his owne person that he strengthened also his Cities which are sufficiently fortified and vpon these doubts hee thought good to haue the aduice of his Captaines and after sundry opinions his resolution was to leaue nothing behind him and to assault some famous Citie and take it by meanes whereof he may nourish his Armie and secondarily call the enemie vnto battell The which the conqueror should alwaies seeke the defender the latest he can hazard the same For that it is a very doubtfull thing to commit themselues vnto a battell his dutie being rather to delay vndermining the conqueror by lengt hand by wearinesse and light skirmishes then to fight in open field It was concluded and the aduice of euery one was to conquer the Countrey by little and little so as their enterprise was to draw directly vnto Paguinfou which as it was a great Citie and one of the chiefest so is it also strongly fortified and well replenished with people Then he dispatched Odmar with fourteene thousand Horse to aduance forward and summon the same as for to hinder victuals from being conuayed thereinto out of the champaine Countrey to the end that the Cattell remayning in the fields should be a meanes to maintayne and nourish his Armie I had forgotten to tell you that for the acknowledging of the Lord Axalla his seruices the Prince had made him Captaine generall of all his Foot-men which was one of the principall honours of the Armie Hee caused the said Lord Axalla to march after Odmar with all the Foot-men which was very neere a hundred and fifty thousand men well trayned vp in the warres and good expert fighters He marched himselfe immediatly after with all his Horsemen Artilleries Engines and other munitions belonging vnto warre directly vnto Paguinfou Odmar did ride twentie French leagues this day so as he arriued there contrary to their expectation looking rather for the King then for the Enemie and hauing taken much Cattell wherewith the Countrey greatly aboundeth he pitched his Tents leauing the Citie betweene him and vs and stayed for his footmen who marched forwards in the meane space sending continually vnto the warre for to wearie the Enemie This endured three or foure dayes vntill our footmen led by this braue Christian Genuois shewed themselues in the Playne of Paguinfou Then the Citie was summoned to yeeld obedience vnto the Emperour or else they should receiue the Law of the Conquerour They made answere that they were determined to liue and die in the seruice of their Prince Now you must vnderstand that it was fortie yeeres or thereabouts since the Father of the King which raigneth at this present ouer the Chinois had conquered it from the Empire of the Tartarians and hauing driuen out all the Inhabitants they had planted therein new Colonies so thorowly that there were but few of the first remembrance but only they of the flat Countrey and small walled Townes who came from all parts and brought their Keyes most willingly submitting themselues vnto the obedience of the Prince so as there was great abundance of victuals within our Armie and if wee had beene within our owne Countrey there could not haue come greater store a thing which made our Prince hope for a happie successe there being no other difficulty which for the most part can ouerthrow a great Armie as ours was and withdraw them from their enterprise And thus the Citie of Paguinfou is besieged and our footmen camped round about within an Arrowes shot of the walls They within the Citie did vse great endeuour for their defence and our Prince omitted nothing for their offence Axalla hauing viewed a great and strong Suburbe which was in length almost halfe a league supposed that those of the Citie kept no watch there that this must needs bee for that they would not make him obstinate he had a determiâ—ation to winne it in the night and hauing imparted it vnto the Prince vpon the first watch all his men were ready all of them hauing made prouision of Ladders and of such things as are necessary for winning thereof with hand-blowes and hauing assaulted it on sundry parts after the fight had continued two houres Axalla remayned the Conquerour and cut in pieces eight thousand men at the least which were within the same the spoyle was great there were many of Axalla his men slayne of one side which was that by the which they doubted to be assaulted But on the other side by the which it was taken there was scarce any one slayne The taking of this Suburbe did greatly astonish those of the Citie who had marked the lustinesse of our men and beganne to enter into doubt of their safety which vnto this day they accounted as most assured Now you must vnderstand that the situation of the Citie was of hard accesse being seated vpon a Playne the which was enuironed round about with Mountaines one of them onely approaching the Citie which ouerlooked it on front vpon the North side where was a Valley by the which they pâ—ssed and there did runne a Riuer on this side was the Suburbe situated which had been taken so as the meanes to succour the Citie was stopped our Souldiers keeping the passages of these Mountaines the which were in the old time the borders of the Kingdome for Paguinfou was once gouerned by the Tartarians which kept it for a defence against the Chinois but had lost the same and these Mountaines were the limits of China against the aforesaid Tartarians who gouerned Paguinfou at that time so as these Mountaines were of hard accesse and there
certificate of the goods hee carrieth and how hee payed duties for them In euery Custome-house that is in euery Prouince hee payeth certaine duties and not paying them he loseth the goods and is banished to the frontier parts Notwithstanding the abouesaid lawes some Chinaes doe not leaue going out of China to trafficke but these neuer returne againe to China Of these some liue in Mallaca others in Siam others in Patane and so in diuers places of the South some of these that goe out without licence are scattered Whereby some of these which liue already out of China doe returne againe in their ships vnto China vnder the protection of some Portugall and when they are to dispatch the duties of their ships they take some Portugall their friend to whom they giue some bribe that he may dispatch it in his name and pay the duties Some Chinaes desiring to get their liuing doe goe very secretly in these ships of the Chinaes to trafficke abroad and returne very secretly that it bee not knowne no not to his kindred that it bee not spread abroad and they incurre the penalty that the like doe incurre This law was made because the King of China found that the much communication of the strangers might be the cause of some risings And because many Chinaes with an excuse of sayling abroad became theeues and robbed the Countries along the Sea coast and yet for all this diligence there are many Chinaes robbers along the Sea coast These Chinaes that liue out of China and doe goe thither with the Portugals since the offence of Fernando Perez of Andrada did direct the Portugals to begin to goe to traffick to Liampo for in those parts are no walled Cities nor Villages but many and great Townes along the coast of poore people which were very glad of the Portugals and sold them their prouision whereof they made their gayne In these Townes were these Merchants of China which came with the Portugals and because they were acquainted for their sake the Portugals were better entertayned And as these Chinaes which were among the Portugals and the Countrey Merchants in their buyings and sellings they reaped a great profit thereby The inferiour Louthias of the Sea coast receiued also great profit of this trafficke for they receiued great bribes of the one and of the other to giue them leaue to trafficke to carrie and recarrie their goods So that this trafficke was among them a long while concealed from the King and from the superiour Louthias of the Prouince After these matters had for some space beene done secretly in Liampoo the Portugals went by little and little forward and began to goe and make their merchandise to Chincheo and to the Ilands of Cantan And other Louthias permitted them already in euery place for the bribes sake whereby some Portugals came to trafficke beyond Namqui which is very farre from Cantan without the King being witting or hauing knowledge of this trafficke The matters fell out in such sort that the Portugals wintered in the Ilands of Liampoo Some Chinaes that were among the Portugals and some Portugals with them came to disorder themselues in such manner that they made great stealths and robberies and killed some of the people These euils encreased so much that the clamour of the iniured was so great that it came not onely to the superiour Louthias of the Prouince but also to the King Who commanded presently to make a very great Armada in the Prouince of Fuquen to driue the theeues from all the coast especially those that were about Liampoo and all the Merchants as well Portugals as Chinaes were reputed in this number of theeues Being ready they went forth along the coast of the Sea And because the windes serued them not for to goe for Liampoo they went to the coast of Chincheo where finding some shâ—pâ— of Portugals they began to fight with them and in no wise did they permit any wares to come to the Portugals who stayed many dayes there fighting sometimes to see if they could haue any remedie for to dispatch their businesses But seeing they had no remedy they determined to goe without it The Captaynes of the Armie knowing this sent a message to them very secretly by night that if they would that any goods should come to them that they should send them something The Portugals very glad with this message prepared a great and sumptuous present and sent it them by night because they were so aduised From thence-forward came many goods vnto them the Louthias making as though they tooke no heed thereof dissembling with the Merchants And so were the businesses ended that yeere which was the yeere 1548. The yeare following which was 1549. there was a straighter watch vpon the Coast by the Captaynes of the Armada and greater vigilancie in the Ports and entrances of China in such sort that neyther goods nor victuals came to the Portugals but for all the vigilancie and watching there was as the Ilands along the Coast are many for they all runne in a rew along the China the Armies could not haue so much vigilancie that some wares were not brought secretly to the Portugals But they were not so many that they could make vp the ships ladings and the vttering those goods which they had brought to China Wherefore leauing the goods which they had not vttered in two ships of China of such Chinaes as were alreadie dismembred from China and Traffique abroad vnder the shadow of the Portugals in the which they left thirtie Portugals in charge with the ships and with the goods that they might defend the ships and in some Port of China where best they could they should sell the goods that remayned in change for some Wares of China and hauing ordayned this they departed for India As the people of the Armie of the Chinaes saw the two ships remayne alone the other ships being gone they came vpon them being induced by some Merchants of the Countrey which discouered to them the great store of goods that remayned in those Vessels and the few Portugals that remayned to keepe them Then they layd an ambush for them dressing some Chinaes ashoare which being in armes made as though they would set vpon the ships to fight with them because they were close to the Land that the Portugals being prouoked should come out of the ships to fight with them so the ships might remaine without defence to them of the Armada which lay watching in an ambush did accordingly set vpon the two Vessels with great furie celeritie and slaying some Portugals that were in the ships and wounding others they tooke the ships The chiefe Captayn which is the Luthissi remayned so glorious that he vsed great crueltie on some Chinaes that hee tooke with the Portugals Hee laboured to perswade foure Portugals which had more apparance in their persons then the rest that they should say they were
but hee gaue mee his Letter and a Horse worth seuen Rubbles And so I departed from him being glad that I was gone for he was reported to bee a very tyrant and if I had not gone vnto him I vnderstood his commandement was that I should haue beene robbed and destroyed This Sultan liued in the fields without Castle or Towne and sate at my being with him in a little round house made of reeds couered without with Felt and within with Carpets There was with him the great Metropolitan of that wilde Countrey esteemed of the people as the Bishop of Rome is in most parts of Europe with diuers other of his chiefe men The Sultan with this Metropolitan demanded of mee many questions as well touching our Kingdomes Lawes and Religion as also the cause of my comming into those parâ—s with my further pretence To whom I answered concerning all things as vnto me seemed best which they tooke in good part So hauing leaue I departed and ouertooke our Carauan and proceeding on our iourney and trauelled twentie dayes in the Wâ—ldernesse from the Sea side without seeing Town or habitation carrying prouision of victuals with vs for the same time and were driuen by necessitie to eate one of my Camels and a Horse for our part as other did the like and during the said twentie dayes we found no water but such as we drew out of old deepe Wells being very brackish and salt and yet somtimes passed two or three dayes without the same And the fift day of October ensuing we came vnto a Gulfe of the Caspian Sea againe where we found the water very fresh and sweet at this Gulfe the Customers of the King of Turkeman met vs who tooke custome of euery fiue and twentie one and seuen ninths for the said King and his brethren which being receiued they departed and we remayned there a day after to refresh our selues Note that in times past there did fall into this Gulfe the great Riuer Oxus which hath his springs in the Mountaines of Paraponisus in India and now commeth not so faâ—re but falleth into another Riuer called Ardock which runneth toward the North and consâ—meth himselfe in the ground passing vnder the ground aboue fiue hundred miles and then issueth out againe and falleth into the Lake of Kithay We hauing refreshed our selues at the foresaid Gulfe departed thence the fourth day of October and the seuenth day arriued at a Castle called Sellizure where the King called Azim Can remayned with three other of his brethren and the ninth day I was commanded to come before his presence to whom I deliuered the Emperours Letters of Russia and I also gaue him a Present of a ninth who entertayned me very well and caused me to eate in his presence as his brethren did feasting me with flesh of a wilde Horse and Mares milke without Bread And the next day he sent for me againe and asked of me diuers questions as well touching the affaires of the Emperour of Russia as of our Countrey and Lawes to which I answered as I thought good so that at my departure he gaue mee his Letters of safe conduct This Castle of Sellizure is situated vpon an high Hâ—ll where the King called the Can lieth whose Palace is built of earth very baâ—ely and not strong the people are but poore and haue little trade of merchandise among them The South part of this Castle is low land but very fruitfull where growe many good fruits among which there is one called a Dynie of a great bignesse and full of moisture which the people doe eate after meate in stead of drinke Also there growes another fruit called a Carbuse of the bignesse of a great Cucumber yellow and sweet as Sugar also a certaine Corne called Iegur whose stalke is much like a Sugar cane and as high and the Graâ—ne like Rice which groweth at the top of the cane like a cluster of Grapes the water that serueth â—ll that Countrey is drawne by ditches out of the Riuer Oxus vnto the great destruction of the said Riuer for which cause it fâ—lleth not into the Caspian Sea as it hath done in timeâ— past and in short time all that Land is like to be destroyed and to become a Wildernesse for want of water when the Riuer of Oxus shall faile The fourteenth day of the moneth wee departed from this Castle of Sellizure and the sixteenth of the same wee arriued at a Citie called Vrgence where we payed Custome as well for our owne heads as for our Camels and Horses And hauing there soiourned one moneth attending the time of our further trauell the King of that Countrey called Aly Sultan brother to the fore-named Azym Can returned from a Towne called Corasan within the borders of Persia which he lately had coâ—qâ—ered from the Persians with whom hee and the rest of the Kings of Tâ—rtaria haue continuall warres Before this King also I was commanded to come to whom I likewise presented the Emperours Letters of Russia and he entertayned me well and demanded of me diuers questions and at my departure gaue me his Letters of safe conduct This Citie or Towne of Vrgence standeth in a plaine ground with walls of the earth by estimation foure miles about it The buildings within it are also of earth but ruined aâ—d out of good order it hath one long street that is couered aboue which is the place of their Market It hath beene wonne and lost foure times within seuen yeeres by ciuill warres by meanes whereof there are but few Merchants in it and they very poore and in all that Towne I could not fell aboue foure Kerseys The chiefest commodities there sold are such wares as come from Boghaer and out of Persia but in most small quantitie not worth the writing All the Land from the Caspian Sea to this Citie of Vrgence is called the Land of Turkeman and is subiect to the said Azim Can and his brethren which bee fiue in number and one of them hath the name of the chiefe King called Can but he is little obeyed sauing in his owne Dominion and where hee dwelleth for euery one will be King of his owne portion and one brother seeketh alwaies to destroy another hauing no naturall loue among them by reason that they are begotten of diuers women and commonly they are the children of slaues either Christians or Gentiles which the father doth keepe as Concubines and euery Can or Sultan hath at the least foure or fiue wiues besides young maidens and boyes liuing most viciously and when there are warres betwixt these brethren as they are seldome without he that is ouercome if hee be not slaine fleeth to the field with such companie of men as will follow him and there liueth in the Wildernesse resorting to watering places and so robbeth and spoyleth as many Carauans of Merchants and others as they be able to ouercome continuing in this sort his wicked life vntill
men horses and camels being wounded and slaine on both parts and had it not beene for foure hand-guns which I and my companie had and vsed wee had beene ouercome and destroyed for the theeues were better armed and were also better Archers then wee But after we had slaine diuers of their men and horses with our Guns they durst not approach so nigh which caused them to come to a truce with vs vntill the next morning which wee accepted and encamped our selues vpon a hill and made the fashion of a Castle walling it about with packes of wares and layd our Horses and Camels within the same to saue them from the shot of arrowes and the theeues also incamped within an arrow shot of vs but they were betwixt vs and the water which was to our great discomfort because neither wee nor our Camels had drunke in two dayes before Thus keeping good watch when halfe the night was spent the Prince of the Theeues sent a messenger halfe way vnto vs requiring to talke with our Captaine in their tongue the Carauan Basha who answered the messenger I will not depart from my companie to goe into the halfe way to talke with thee but if that thy Prince with all his companie will sweare by our Law to keepe the truce then will I send a man to talke with thee or else not Which the Prince vnderstanding as well himselfe as his company swore so loude that wee might all heare And then we sent one of our companie reputed a holy man to talke with the same messenger The message was pronounced aloude in this order Our Prince demandeth of the Carauan Basha and of all you that bee Bussarmans that is to say Circumcised not desiring your blouds that you deliuer into his hands as many Caphars that is vnbeleeuers meaning vs the Christians as are among you with their goods and in so doing hee will suffer you to depart with your goods in quietnesse and on the contrarie you shall bee handled with no lesse cruelty then the Caphars if hee ouercome you as hee doubteth not To the which our Carauan Basha answered that hee had no Christians in his companie nor other strangers but two Turkes which were of their Law and although hee had hee would rather dye then deliuer them and that wee were not afraid of his threatnings and that should hee know when day appeared And so passing in talke the Theeues contrary to their oath carried our holy man a way to their Prince crying with a loude voyce in token of victorie Ollo ollo Wherewith wee were much discomforted fearing that that holy man would betray vs but he being cruelly handled and much examined would not to death confesse any thing which was to vs preiudiciall neither touching vs nor yet what men they had slaine and wounded of ours the day before When the night was spent in the morning wee prepared our selâ—es to battell againe which the theeues perceiuing required to fall to agreement and asked much of vs And to bee briefe the most part of our company being loath to goe to battell againe and hauing little to lose and safe conduct to passe wee were compelled to agree and to giue the theeues twentie ninths that is to say twentie times nine seuerall things and a Camell to carrie away the same which being receiued the theeues departed into the Wildernesse to their olde habitation and wee went on our way forward And that night came to the Riuer Oxus where wee refreshed our selues hauing beene three dayes without water and drinke and tarried there all the next day making merrie with our slaine Horses and Camels and then departed from that place and for feare of meeting with the said theeues againe or such like wee left the high way which went along the said Riuer and passed through a wildernesse of sand and trauelled foure dayes in the same before wee came to water and then came to a Well the water being very brackish and we then as before were in need of water and of other victuals being forced to kill our Horses and Camels to eate In this wildernesse also wee had almost fallen into the hands of Theeues for one night being at rest there came certaine scouts and carried away certaine of our men which lay a little separated from the Carauan where with there was a great shoute and crie and we immediatly laded our Camels and departed being about midnight and very darke and droue sore till we came to the riuer Oxus againe and then wee feared nothing being walled with the said riuer and whether it was for that wee had gotten the water or for that the same theeues were farre from vs when the scouts discouered vs we know not but we escaped that danger So vpon the three twentieth day of December we arriued at the Citie of Boghar in the land of Bactria This Boghar is situated in the lowest part of all the Land walled about with a high wall of earth with diuers Gates into the same it is diuided into three partitions whereof two parts are the Kings and the third part is for Merchants Markets and euery Science hath their dwelling and market by themsâ—lues The Citie is very great and the houses for the most part of Earth but there are also many Houses Temples and Monuments of stone sumptuously builded and gilt and specially Bath-stoues so artificially built that the like thereof is not in the world the manner whereof is too long to rehearse There is a little riuer running through the midst of the said Citie but the water thereof is most vnwholesome for it breedeth sometimes in men that drinke thereof and especially in them that bee not there borne a Worme of an ell long which lyeth commonly in the leg betwixt the flesh and the skin and is pluckt out about the Ancle with great art and cunning the Surgeons being much practised therein and if shee breake in plucking out the partie dyeth and euery day she commeth out about an inch which is rolled vp and so worketh till she bee all out And yet it is there forbidden to drinke any other thing then water and Mares milke and whosoeuer is found to breake that Law is whipped and beaten most cruelly through the open markets and there are Officers appointed for the same who haue authoritie to goe into any mans house to search if hee haue either Aquauita Wine or Brag and finding the same doe breake the vessels spoyle the drinke and punish the masters of the house most cruelly yea and many times if they perceiue but by the breath of a man that hee hath drunke without further examination he shall not escape their hands There is a Metropolitane in this Boghar who causeth this law to be so straightly kept and he is more obeyed then the King and will depose the King and place another at his will and pleasure as hee did by this King that raigned
at our being there and his predecessour by the meanes of the said Metropolitan for hee betrayed him and in the night slew him in his chamber who was a Prince that loued all Christians well This Countrey of Boghar was somtime subiect to the Persians and doe now speake the Persian tongue but yet now it is a Kingdome of it selfe and hath most cruell warres continually with the said Persians about their Religion although they bee all Mahometists One occasion of their warres is for that the Persians will not cut the hayre of their vpper lips as the Bogharians and all other Tartars doe which they account great sinne and call them Caphars that is vnbeleeuers as they doe the Christians The King of Boghar hath no great power or riches his reuenues are but small and hee is most maintained by the Citie for he taketh the tenth penie of all things that are there sold as well by the Craftsmen as by the Merchants to the great impouerishment of the people whom hee keepeth in great subiection and when hee lacketh money he sendeth his officers to the Shops of the said Merchants to take their wares to pay his debts and will haue credit of force as the like hee did to pay me certaine money that he owed me for nineteene pieces of Kersey Their money is siluer and copper for gold their is none currant they haue but one piece of siluer and that is worth twelue-pence English and the copper money are called Pooles and one hundred and twentie of them goeth to the value of the said twelue-pence and is more common payment then the siluer which the King causeth to rise and fall to his most aduantage euery other moneth and somtimes twise a moneth not caring to oppresse his people for that he looketh not to raigne aboue two or three yeeres before he bee either slaine or driuen away to the great destruction of the Countrey and Merchants The twentie sixth day of the moneth I was commanded to goe before the said King to whom I presented the Emperour of Russia his letters who entertained vs most gently and caused vs to eate in his presence and dâ—uers times hee sent for me and deuised with me familiarly in his secret chamber as well of the power of the Emperour and the great Turke as also of our Countries Lawes and Religion and caused vs to shoote in hand-guns before him and did himselfe practise the vse thereof But after all this great entertainment before my departure hee shewed himselfe a very Tartar for he went to the warres owing me money and saw me not payed before his departure And although indeed hee gaue order for the same yet waâ— I very ill satisfied and forced to rebate part and to take wares as payment for the rest contrary to my expectation but of a begger better payment I could not haue glad I was so to be payd and dispatched But yet I must needs praise and commend this barbarous King who immediately after my arriuall at Boghar hauing vnderstood our trouble with the Theeues sent one hundred men well armed and gaue them great charge not to returne before they had either slaine or taken the sayd theeues Who according to their commission ranged the wildernesse in such sort that they met with the said companie of Theeues and slew part and part fled and foure they tooke and brought vnto the King and two of them were sore wounded in our skirmish with our Guns And after the King had sent for me to come to see them hee caused them all foure to bee hanged at his Palace gâ—te because they were Gentlemen to the example of others And of such goods as were gotten againe I had part restored me and this good Iustice I found at his hands There is yeerely great resort of Merchants to this Citie of Boghar which trauell in great Caraâ—ans from the Countries thereabout adioyning as India Persia Balgh Russia with diuers others and in times past from Cathay when there was passage but these Merchants are so beggerly and poore and bring so little quantitie of wares lying two or three yeeres to sell the same that there is no hope of any good trade there to be had worthy the following The chiefe commodities that are brought thither out of these foresaid Countries are these following The Indians doe bring fine Whites which the Tartars doe all roll about their heads and all other kindes of Whites which serue for apparell made of Cotton-wooll and Crasca but Gold Siluer precious Stones and Spices they bring none I enquired and perceiued that all such trade passeth to the Ocean sea and the veynes where all such things are gotten are in the subiection of the Portugals The Indians carrie from Boghar againe wrought Silkes red Hides Slaues and Horses with such like but of Kerseis and other cloath they make little account I offered to bartar with Merchants of those Countries which came from the furthest parts of India euen from the Countrey of Bengala and the riuer Ganges to giue them Kerseis for their commodities but they would not barter for such commoditie as Cloath The Persians doe bring thither Craska Woollen-cloath Linnen-cloath diuers kindes of wrought pide Silkes Argomacks with such like and doe carrie from thence red hydes with other Russe wares and Slaues which are of diuers Countries but cloath they will buy none for that they bring thither themselues and is brought vnto them as I haue inquired from Aleppo in Syria and the parts of Turkie The Russes doe carrie vnto Boghar red hydes sâ—eepe skinnes woollen cloath of diuers sorts woodden vessels brydles saddles with such like and doe carrie away from thence diuers kindes of wares made of cotten-wooll diuers kindes of silkes Crasca with other things but there is but small vtterance From the Countries of Cathay are brought thither in time of peace and when the way is open Muske Rubarbe Satten Damaske with diuers others things At my being at Boghar there came Carauans out of all these foresaid Countries except from Cathay and the cause why there came none from thence was the great warres that had dured three yeeres before my comming thither and yet dured betwixt two great Countries and Cities of Tartars that are directly in the way betwixt the said Boghar and the said Cathay and certaine barbarous field people as well Gentiles as Mahometists bordering to the said Cities The Cities are called Taskent and Caskar and the people that warre against Taskent are called Cossacks of the law of Mahomet and they which warre with the said Countrey of Caskar are called Kings Gentiles and Idolaters These two barbarous Nations are of great force liuing in the fields without House or Towne and haue almost subdued the foresaid Cities and so stopped vp the way that it is impossible for any Carauan to passe vnspoyled so that three yeeres before our being there no Carauan had gone or vsed
vnto the Sunne and vnto the Saints of heauen adding thereunto many words of prayers but principally they did request that the comming of their new ghests might be profitable vnto them all and that the friendship which they did pretend to establish might be for good both vnto the one and to the other This their prayer being done they did spill out the Wine making a great courtesie then were they straight-wayes filled againe and making reuerence vnto their ghests euery one by himselfe they set the Cups downe vpon the Tables whereas the Fathers should dine whereas they were set euerie one by himselfe This being done the first seruice was set vpon the boards and the Captaynes were set at other Tables The time which the banquet indured which was very late there was great store of musicke of diuers Instruments as of Vials Gitterns and Rebuckes and with them many Iesters did make them merrie at their dinner The which being done the sayd Captayns did beare their ghests companie out of the Palace whereas they did anew inuite them to dinner for the next day in the same Hall they obeying their request did come whereas was made vnto them a banquet more notable than the first This day at the banquet was present the Totoc In this second banquet they had as the day before very much musicke and a Comedie that indured long with many prettie and merrie iests there was also a Tumbler who did his feates very artificially as well in vauting in the ayre as vpon a staffe that two men did hold on their shoulders Before the Comedie did begin by their Interpreter the signification thereof was told them that the better they might content themselues in the conceiuing The next day they sent the present and those who carryed it in did afterward giue our people to vnderstand that in opening the present there was a note thereof taken before a Noâ—arie and straight-wayes put in againe where it was taken out before the sayd Notarie and other witnesses the which being done hee sealed it vp and sent it vnto the Citie of Taybin vnto the King and his Counsell for that they haue a rigorous Law in that Kingdome that doth prohibite all such as haue any office of Gouernment to receiue any present of what qualitie soeuer it bee without licence of the King or of his Counsell This is conformable vnto that which the Gouernour of Chinâ—heo did in the presence of our people The next day following the Vice-roy did â—end to visite them and to aske of them a Sword a Harquebusse and a Flaske for that hee would cause others to bee made by them the which they did send and afterwards vnderstood that they had counterfeited the same although not in so perfect manner Then afâ—er a time our people seeing that their being in that Citie seemed to be long and like to be longer they did procure to driue away the time in the best manner they could and went abroad into the Citie and did by either of them that which they thought best Whereof they found great abundance and of so small price that they bought it almost for nothing They bought many Bookes that did intreat of diuers matters which they brought with them to the Ilands The next day they went to see the Gates of the Citie and all such curious things as were to bee seene so farre as they could learne or vnderstand which were many But amongst them all they saw a sumptuous Temple of their Idols in whose chiefe Chappell they counted one hundred and eleuen Idols besides a great number more that were in other particuler Chappels all were of carued worke very well proportioned and gilded but in especiall three of them that were placed in the midst of all the rest the one had three heads proceeding out of one bodie the one looking on the other in full face the second was the forme of a Woman with a Child in her armes the third of a Man apparelled after the forme and fashion that the Christians doe paynt the Apostles Of all the rest some had foure armes and some had sixe and other eight and other some maruellous deformed monsters Before them they had burning Lamps and many sweet perfumes and smels but in especiall before the three aboue specified But when that the Vice-roy did vnderstand that our people did goe viewing the Citie gates and Temples and perceiueth that they that gaue him the notice did suspect it that it was to some ill intent therewith hee straight-wayes commanded that they should not goe forth of their lodging without his licence and likewise commanded the Captayne that was their guard not to consent thereunto as he had done and likewise that none should carrie them any thing for to sell for he that did it should be punished with whipping Yet notwithstanding they had euery day very sufficient necessaries for their personages in such ample wise that there did always remayne and not lacke In this closenesse and keeping in they suffered many dayes with much sadnesse and oppressed with melancholicke humours to see that their purpose wherefore they went thither seemed to be long and euery day was worse and worse Yet notwithstanding they did passe it ouer in the best wise they could in committing it with heartie zeale vnto God for whose honour and glory they did attempt that voyage and prayed vnto him for to mooue their hearts to consent that the religious Fathers might remayne in that Countrey for to learne the language as they had begun many dayes before by which meanes their soules might be saued and clearely deliuered from the tyrannie of the Deuil who of truth had them in possession So after many dayes that they had remayned in that close estate as aforesayd they determined for to goe and talke with the Vice-roy and to bee fully resolued either to tarrie or returne from whence they came but were not permitted In this order they remayned in the Citie certayne dayes and for to conclude either to stay there or depart the Kingdome they were resolute and determined to write a Letter vnto the the Vice-roy They could finde none that would write this letter for them although they would haue payed them very well for their paines Till in the end by great request and prayings the Captayne Omoncon did write it for them and straight-wayes departed vnto the Citie of Ampin that was not farre off to put away the suspition they might conceiue that hee did write the letter if that peraduenture the Vice-roy would take it in ill part Their letter being written they found great difficultie in sending the same for that there was none that would carrie it neither would they consent that our men should enter into the Palace to deliuer it But in conclusion what with requests and gifts they perswaded their Captayne of their guard to carrie it who did deliuer the same vnto the Vice-roy in name of
came thither At that time by the Kings License one of the Merchants was stiled Emperour as in jest to whom the other Merchants after the custome gaue Presents which Demetrius refusing was in danger to be imprisoned and beaten for so large is his power had not Benedict interceded and by a gift compounded the businesse Theeues also brake into the House and setting a Sword to the Armenians brest terrified him from crying but our Brother Demetrius hearing cried out and scarred them away Benedict was gone to the King of Quotans Mother for payment of his Debt his Residence was ten dayes Iourney thence so that he spent a moneth therein before his returne In this space the Saracens raised a report that he was dead slaine by their Priests for refusing their holies Now because he dyed intestate they sought to seize on his goods which was very troublesome to Isaac and Demetrius both for defence of the goods and losse of their Friend which redoubled their joy at his returne with plentie of that Marble and hee in thankfulnesse gaue much Almes On a day as he was eating with other Saracens one came in armed and setting his Sword to his brest charged him to inuoke Mahomet He answered that in his Law there was no such name inuoked and therefore refused and by the company that mad fellow was extruded The like zeale oft endangered him on like termes of Mahumetan profession On another day he was called by the King of Cascar in the presence of his Cacises the Priests the Mullas or learned men and asked what Law he professed whether that of Moses of Dauid or Mahumet and which way he turned himselfe in praying Hee answered that hee professed the Law of Iesus whom they call Isai and turned any way when he prayed beleeuing that God was euery where about which rose amongst them great controuersie they vsing to turne to the West yet they concluded that our Law also might seeme good Meane-whiles one Agiafi of that Countrey was named Captaine of the future Carauan who inuited our Brother to his House hauing heard well of him to a Feast wherein they had Musicke after their manner At the end hee desired his company to Catay which he much desired but had learned by experience how to deale with the Saracens and would be intreated that he might seeme to doe rather then receiue a Fauour The Captaine vseth the Kings mediation who desired him to accompany the Carauan Bassa which he accepted vpon condition of his Letters Patents for all that way His Cabul companions were herewith offended as loth to lose his company and much disswaded him but hee made shew as though hee were loth herein to displease the King and for his sake had promised the Carauan Bassa which now hee might not reuoke They said that these people were perfidious and would deuoure him and his nor was their feare causlesse for many of the Natiues had told them that those three Armenians so they called all these three Christians as soone as they were out of the walles would bee slaine This terrified Demetrius from going further who also disswaded Goez but in vaine saying he would not disappoint the hopes of so many the Archbishop of Goa and the Vice-roy to lose his expences but would aduenture his life in the Designe Hee prouided ten Horses for his Carriages and for his fellow hauing another at home The Bassa was gone to his house fiue dayes Iourney thence to make all readie and thence sent to Goez to hasten Anno 1604. about the midst of Nouember they came to a place called Iolci where they vse to pay Customes and their Commissions are examined Hence they went to Hancialix Alceghet to Hagabateth to Egriar to Mesetelec to Thalec to Horma to Thcantac to Mingieda to Capetalcol Zilan to Sarc Guebedal to Canbasci to Aconsersec to Ciacor to Acsu in this way they spent fiue and twentie dayes the way troublesome both with store of stones or Rockes and with Sands Acsu is a Towne of the Kingdome of Cascar the Gouernour whereof was Nephew to the King then twelue yeares old Hee would needs see Goez who went and gaue him childish Presents Sugar and the like and was gently entertayned of him There being then a solemne dancing before him he requested our Brother to dance which to satisfie him he did He visited also his Mother and shewed her his Patent which was with great reuerence admitted to her he gaue a Chrystall glasse a Calico cloth of India and the like The Childs Gouernour also or Protector which swayd the publike Affaires sent for him In this way one of Goez his Horses fell into a swift Riuer and escaped to the other side and came againe of himselfe the Name of Iesus being inuoked In this way the Desert is passed called Caracathai that is The blacke Land of the Cathayans in which they say the Catayans stayed long In this Towne they stayed fifteene dayes for other Merchants and then departing went to Oitograch Gazo to Casciani to Dâ—llai to Saregabedall to Vgan and after to Cucia a small Towne where they stayed a whole moneth to refresh their beasts which by the irksomnesse of the wayes and weight of the Marble and want of Barley were almost spent Here the Priests demanded of Goez why in their Solemne Fast Lent he fasted not and almost forced him in hope of some Largesse or Fine After they were gone hence in fiue and twentie dayes they came to the Citie Cialis which was little but well fortified This Countrey was gouerned by a base Sonne of the King of Cascar who hearing that Goez professed another Religion began to terrifie him saying it was a bold part for a man of another profession to enter those parts for he might lawfully take from him his life and goods But when he read his Letters Patents he was pacified and with a Present was made also a friend One night disputing about their Law with the Priests and Learned men he sent for Benedict into the Palace whereupon suspition arose of some ill intent being at so vnseasonable a time hee went and being commanded to dispute with force of Arguments silenced the Aduersaries The Vice-roy alway protected him approuing his Sayings and concluding that the Christians were the true Misermans saying that his Progenitors had professed the same Law After the Disputation hee made him a Banquet and caused him to lye that night in the Palace so that Isaac was weeping at his returne and almost in despaire to see him In this Citie they stayed three moneths For the Carauan Bassa would not depart without a great company it being so much more gaine to him nor suffer any man to goe before Goez wearied with this tedious stay and chargeable expence with a Gift obtayned leaue of the Viceroy the Carauan and Captaine being against it He then intended to proceed from Cialis when the Merchants of the former Carauan returned from
preferred the Father some suspected that hee had liued some Ages which they vse to affirme of Strangers differing in countenance from them and would not let it be knowne The Chinois haue one day solemne to Confutius the Prince of the Learned in which they make a kind of Sacrifice to him not as to their God but their Master They call it a Sacrifice but in larger extent of the word Musike was prepared against that day at the triall whereof Father Ricius was present The Priests of the Learned called Tansu ordered the Musike and in the Kings Hall or Temple rather dedicated to the Lord of Heauen this triall was made The Priests came forth in precious vestures as if they would sacrifice who after their wonted rites to the President fell to their Musike in which were small brasse Bells Basons other as it were Tabors others of stone stringed Instruments Pipes Organs blowed with the mouth not with Bellowes others resembled Beasts out of the hollow bellie yeelding a sound all these sounded together with such discording discord as you may imagine the Chinois themselues confessing the concord and harmoniacall consent to bee lost onely the Instruments remayning from their Ancestors That Temple was great and magnificent built neere the Citie in a Pine-groue compassed with walls twelue miles about The wall of the Temple was of bricke the other parts of timber it is diuided into fiue Iles the Pillars were round of huge timbers as great as two men could fathome the heigth proportionable to that thicknesse the roofe is excellently carued and all gilded and although it be two hundred yeeres since it was built and the King resides not at Nanquin nor sacrificeth there yet is it little decayed from the first splendour In the midst of the Temple is a more eminent place of most precious marble in which is a double Throne both of marble the one for the King when he sitteth to sacrifice the other is left for him to â—it by to whom the sacrifice is made The Cloisters without are beautified with most elegant windings and lest the Birds should defile all the windowes are all netted with Iron wyers which is vsuall thorow all the Palace all the gates of the Temple are couered with Brasse plates gilded and wrought with neat Visages of the same metall Without the Temple were many Altars of red marble which represented the Sunne Moone Starres and Hills of China Lakes and Seas intimating that that God which is there worshipped made the rest which are placed without lest they might be worshipped for Deities It is prohibited by grieuous penalties to cut the trees of that Groue or any bough thereof whence they are great and old In the circuit of the Temple are many Cells which are said to haue beene Baths for the Kings to wash in when they were to sacrifice The Father vsed the Habit of the Learned as is said of those especially which professe themselues Preachers of the Law the Habit modest and the Cap not vnlike ours in Crosse fashion also He confuted both the Sects of Idolaters and commended that of the Learned praysing Confutius which was rather silent then would deuise any thing touching the next life and taught good Rules for the Life Family and Republike A great man flourished at Nanquin then which had some thousands of Disciples in opinion of Vertue and Learning and had set dayes in which to heare and to be heard euery moneth Chiutaiso brought the Father and this Father together and in some reasoning Ricius wrung from him that some corruptions were in the Idoll Sects which he followed not holding that only he sayd which was good It being a fashion that Learned men met in their Societies to conferre of Morall Vertues in one of those meetings this man learnedly confuted Confutius which another Magistrate tooke haynously and cryed out it was intolerable that the Sect of Idols brought out of other Countreyes should bee preferred before Confutius whom the Learned Ricius also admireth refelling the Idol-follies He answered he had spoken with the man but he was not yet well acquainted with China businesse and he would instruct him better Soone after he inuited him to a Feast for the Chinois vsually in such meetings determine Controuersies and there hee met Sanhoi a famous Idol-Priest a Learned Philosopher Orator Poet and well skilled in others Sects also When they were set this Priest and the Father together the Priest began shewing his desire to conferre of Religion Ricius first asked what he thought of the first beginning of Heauen and Earth and the Creatour of things whom we call the Lord of Heauen I deny not sayd he that there is such an one but he hath no Majesty nor Deity but I am equall to him and so are all others Canst thou saith Ricius make those things which he hath done he granted Make then such a Chasing-dish one stood before him this sayd the other was an vnworthy demand Thou sayth he art an Astronomer and makest new Sunnes in thy minde when thou reasonest thereof That sayth Ricius is but an Image or likenesse which the minde from things seene conceiueth as in reflexion of a Glasse whereon the Sunne shineth yet doth not the Glasse create a Sunne The Hoast for feare of further quarrell parted them At Dinner the Chinois disputed of a Question of humane nature how it came bad they want Logicke and cannot well distinguish betwixt morall and naturall good and neuer heard of originall sinne they discoursed thereof a whole houre after which Ricius repeating what had beene sayd entred into dispute with Sanhoi who laughed at his and their Reasons and answered all with a Tale of I know not what Floud according to his Sect but he straitned him with Arguments so that he and this Disputation grew famous They conceiue that God and the Creatures are all of one substance and that God is as a great Soule of the Vniuerse which opinion from the Idol-sects hath infected the Learned Ricius writ a summary of that point which gaue men good satisfaction and his Law seemed not so barbarous as they imagined The Kings Treasure was exhaust by the Corayan Warre whereupon contrary to the Lawes he caused the ancient Mines which were sayd to be stopped to bee sought and opened and imposed new Tributes that in all Prouinces Merchandizes should pay two of a hundreth which had beene tolerable if gathered by Magistrates but his Eunuches sent to euery Prouince without shame or mercie exacted on the people and raysed a worse combustion then that of Coray So many Impostors Counterfeits Theeues were euery-where if a man dwelt in a good House they would digge it vp to search for a Myne to force composition from the owner Some whole Cities and Prouinces compounded with these Caterpillers to free themselues from their vexations the money so gotten they gaue the King as taken out of their Mynes This caused Dearth
as it was they carryed it away It was not after such figure and manner as your Worship hath knowne mee but with a Beard an handfull long and a garment of a Learned honourable Chinois though downe to the foote and very modest but from the head to the foot farre differing from our fashion After the Eunuches had beene instructed three dayes the King in haste sent for the Clockes which they carryed and set in order before him whereat hee tooke such pleasure that he increased their Dignitie aduancing those foure which had learned this skill to a greater place of their Order The King asked them many questions of vs what wee did eate and how much and many other trifles Whereunto the Eunuches answered as they told vs afterward as wee could desire They gaue vs all the welcomes of humanitie which the King did shew vs appointing vs all to bee Mandarins which is the reward and felicitie of the Chinois which wee alwayes refused saying that we came not for that purpose but onely to dilate the Law of God neither could wee take that office vpon vs But we were so neere to bee made Mandarins that they told vs the King would bestow Dignitie vpon vs that wee were enforced to beseech the Eunuches that when occasion was offered that his Majestie did aske them any thing they would tell him plainely that we sought no kinde of Dignitie nor could become Mandarins who told him so much whereby our Lord God deliuered vs out of much trouble which wee should haue endured in refusing the same if the King had bestowed it vpon vs. Wee continued in these demands questions and answers goings and commings to the Kings Court for now we had liued a whole moneth abroad in which time euery day I at least was there when wee could not goe both because Father Matthew Riccio was occupied with other Ghests and visitations They enquired and asked vs what we would demand of the King Wee told them that we sought no profit at all but if the King would giue vs vnder his hand some certayne place and a House to dwell in we would bee very glad because wee had none other intent but to stay in some certayne place and to seeke to dilate the Law of God For though it bee true that our purpose did stretch it selfe further as I haue sayd in the beginnning yet wee found things in so different a disposition from that which we imagined that it seemed an exceeding great errour to make any motion to giue an entrance for more companie and Fathers for it was certayne that we should doe no good nor should finde any which by any meanes durst presume to mooue it to the King and assuredly should lose all that we had done and at last should cast our selues wholly out of the Kingdome and therefore it was not conuenient that we should bee knowne that we had any companions And many of our friends gaue vs counsell that wee should not seeme to seeke to dwell heere for in that very point they would haue vs in suspition Yet neuerthelesse we went as farre as we could and as we thought might bee brought to passe which was that we might haue the Kings license that no Mandarin might if hee would cast vs out The Mandarin to whom the King at the first had referred our businesse seeing the Eunuch had wholly medled in the same without him being much offended therewith did frowne altogether vpon vs and made a warrant out to take vs wheresoeuer they found vs vttering certayne grieuous words against vs because that being Strangers and remayning in the Court wee presented not our selues vnto him to whom of right belonged all the businesse of Strangers They were at the lodging where wee lay and they shut vp our Boyes for they neuer durst offer any discourtesie to Father Matthew Riccio which at that time was there At that time I was at the Kings Court whither they sought to send me word to speake with the Eunuches and that they if they could should aduertise the King thereof that they had apprehended vs. But they hindred with exceeding great care and diligence the going foorth of any bodie and they stayed for me till I came home which came home thinking no harme at all and when I was come in they shut the doore without Wee rode the next day very honourably on Horsebacke to the audience of the Mandarin and signified vnto him that in that we did not present our selues was not our fault hee vsed vs wâ—ll and honourably but they put vs in an house with a Guard where wee continued some three moneths yet so that certayne Mandarins came to see vs. This Mandarin gaue the King a remembrance that hee held vs there But that as our purpose was good to serue him with that present it was reason to giue vs some reward setting downe that it would doe well to giue vs the Ensignes of the Mandarins and to pay vs for that which wee had giuen him Royally but that it was fit to send vs away speedily into our Countrey or to Canton where vntill then wee had dwelt for it seemed not well that Strangers should dwell and that in the Kings Court entring into the Palace of the King euerie day being a thing so vnusuall And in very deed hee had reason for to suffer vs to enter into the Palace or to stay and lye there they did vs such a fauour that of long time the King of China hath neuer done to any Stranger Wee feared some trouble by this Petition But our Lord which had giuen vs this bitter morsell afterwards made it sweet to vs againe because the King made none account of it And albeit diuers times afterward the said Mandarin deliuered foure Petitions concerning this point hee made as small account of the last as of the first And diuers times the Eunuches told vs that the Kings meaning was of all likelihood that wee should stay heere For feare lest wee should returne into our Countrey to giue newes and knowledge of his Kingdome as they delt with a Turke which hath beene heere aboue fortie yeeres True it is that hee answered as little in performing nothing that was in the Petition But wee tooke it for good satisfaction that hee did not yeeld to that that we might not lose the other thing which was the principall When three moneths almost were spent seeing the businesse would bee prolonged if wee attended the Kings answer and being shut vp we could doe nothing nor negotiate any thing that we intended nor deale in Gods matters as we desired wee sought to get out of this place and to get a license to take a House and there to stay wayting till the King would giue some order and wee handled the matter so well by meanes of certaine Mandarins which fauoured vs and principally by the grace of our Lord that wee obtained our whole desire And we
tooke an house in the chiefe situation of this Citie all that which they gaue vs at the Kings cost in that place which was sufficient for our sustentation after wee were gotten out they gaue vs the same allowance in like manner Many Mandarins of this Court heard great fame of vs and of our things and vnderstanding that we were come out of that place bâ—gan to come in great numbers and concourse with much honour and respect courtesie and presents to visite vs and to enquire diuers things which they desired to know For the fame that went of vs that wee knew all Countries and the things and customes of the World and the materiall and spirituall things of Heauen was great and therefore euery one came to enquire that which hee desired And though our knowledge be but little in comparison of the knowledge which is in our Countrey yet being compared with theirs of China which knoweth nothing of the world saue their owne Kingdome which by a common name thy call The World of God and of the things of Heauen nothing and of other things little it was somewhat and was sufficient to send them home amazed and alwayes with a desire to returne They saw a very faire and great Map of the world which wee brought with vs and we shewed them how bigge the world was which they thought to bee so little that they imagined that there was not so much more in all the same as their Kingdome And they looked one vpon another and sayd wee are not so great as we imagined seeing heere they shew vs that our Kingdome compared with the world is like a grayne of Rice in comparison of a great heape They also thought that there was no other Writing nor no other Bookes in the world but theirs and when they saw ours which at the least they saw in outward appearance to bee much better then their owne they were astonied and put out of their errour doing vs alwayes more and more honour and chiefly they were astonied when wee shewed vnto them certayne things in the Mathematickes which they knew not giuing Clockes to certayne persons which for this end we made of purpose and by these and other meanes and principally by discoursing with them of Morall vertues whereof they write speake and haue many Bookes and of Gods matters there ranne so great a fame that the greatest Mandarins of all this Kingdome which are the greatest persons neâ—t the King sought to conuerse with vs and to seeke our friendship and so many sent vs presents and others came to visite vs with great numbers of people others with much courtesie inuited vs to their houses so that in foure moneths space wee had gotten the greatest Mandarins of Pequin to be our friends and readie to fauour vs is all things And he which at this time particularly doth fauour and honour vs iâ— the President of that Audience which hath the charge of vs and at the first approoued vs so that wee remayne Inhabitors of this Citie with all libertie that wee can desire to deale with all such as are willing to heare the things that belong to our holy Law and their saluation And by this good successe our Lord hath made vs forget all that is past And though it bee true that hitherto wee haue gotten no dispatch nor resolution of the King yet wee content our selues in that hee letteth vs stay heere although he neuer grant vs more For albeit by this our Iourney we haue not obtayned all that wee desired yet we hope that this our firme abode heere shall tend greatly to the seruice of our Lord and the good of this Mission They bee commonly of good vnderstandings so that easily they fall into reason and are capable they haue not in the gouernment of this Kingdome any thing that forbiddeth them to follow what Law they list nor any Law nor Obligation which is contrarie to our holy Law They haue none which effectually and with authoritie doth exhort them vnto other Lawes and with-draw them from the truth For the Bonzi which are dedicated for this purpose to Idols are in the common conceit of all men the most base contemptible and worst people in all China whose least care is to exhort them to any thing more then to giue them somewhat and thus they doe not onely not exhort them to follow Idols but also with their bad manner of liuing perswade them as wee haue often heard of men of good iudgement that it is not good to serue them since their Ministers bee such And so in this matter of worshipping of Idols though there be many that worship them and haue many of them and vse their Ministers for their Funerals and other things yet with very small affection and deuotion thereunto we easily make them say that they are naught and that it is not fit to worship them Yet though these things and others which I 〈◊〉 doe helpe them with ease to follow the Law of God the counterpois is great and commonly it weigheth downe the ballance on that side For first because the matter of Strangers is so odious in China and the dealing with them so suspicious one sort because they disdayne it as the Princes who albeit they now conceiue better of vs yet to learne of Strangers and to receiue a Law which is not of their owne meanes they hardly perswade themselues others for feare as the base people The second difficultie and perhaps the greatest iâ— a naturall obliuion that all this Nation hath of another life and of immortalitie and of saluation or condemnation of the Soule and not onely an obliuion but also an auersion from all these things wherein wee haue likewise found them to differ from all other Nations And it is a thing to be noted that since it is a thing so naturall to Man to reuerence some God either false or true and to feare or loue him and to conceiue or imagine what shall follow after this life Those Chinois which on the other side are of so good capacities in humane things and so wittie therein bee as though they were depriued thereof for they are almost all Atheists not knowing nor worshipping neither false nor true God nor neuer thinking what shall follow after this life And those which a man would thinke are most bound hereunto which are the Learned men are they which haue least knowledge hereof yea rather one of the chiefest things that they commend is not to beleeue any thing that concerneth another life Hell nor Paradise which they wholly place in this life The Bookes which they studie from their Child-hood doe them much hurt which are of certayne Philosophers aboue two thousand yeeres old whom they esteeme little lesse then if they were their God to whom euery yeere they offer Sacrifices of whom they hold so great an opinion that they thinke not that any thing
wee all thinke it necessarie to eate after this fashion and to vse their customes to obtayne more free accesse vnto them and to winne them to Christ. There is a Turke heere a dweller in this Citie which aboue fortie yeeres agoe brought one or two Lions to the Father of this King who partly because hee knoweth no Learning nor Sciences and partly because hee sought not to apply himselfe to the habite customes and manner of China there is none that will deale with him nor come neere his house And through the grace which God hath giuen vs and because they see vs apply our selues to their Apparell Fashion and Courtesies all the grauest Mandarins come home to our house to visite vs and doe vs the fauour to hold vs publikely for their Friends which they vse not to doe to their owne Countrey-men of our qualitie and condition praysed bee our Lord alwayes Amen I will not omit to declare the great pleasure wherewith these learned Chinois heare the great consent of the things and ceremonies of our holy Faith in Europe and that wee haue Bishops and as we call them heere Mandarins and superiours in Spirituall things and aboue all they reioyce exceedingly to heare of our Pope that being so great a personage they preferre a Learned and Holy man by way of Election and not by Succession and likewise the obedience and subjection which other Kings doe yeeld vnto him and that there haue beene many as wee told them who being chosen Popes refuse it in good earnest and by no meanes will accept the same and that we haue all things which concerne the Law of God and good manners set downe in writing with all other Bookes concerning him or his Ministers And although that which I haue spoken hitherto of our high Priest is a thing very apparent and true and wee deliuered it for such and they so vnderstand it yet oftentimes they haue giuen vs occasions of laughter The first was That when wee told them that some refused so great an Office straight-way they aske where you say that they refuse it is it not euident that their excuse will not bee accepted As who should say if they would accept of it who is there that would make an excuse And thus they say because they doe so themselues for when great Offices are bestowed vpon them eftsoone they offer vp a Petition making a thousand excuses to the King not to receiue them and they desiâ—e nothing lesse neither can any thing happen so grieuous vnto them as to accept their excuse But vsually they be not admitted though sometimes they bee to their great griefe of heart as I my selfe haue seene But to excuse themselues or to refuse with some danger is the vse so common that they will not fayle to doe so for if they should not doe so it were more certayne that they should goe without the Office The second thing that made vs more to laugh is that many of them tell vs that if wee would returne into our Countrey without doubt they would make vs Popes The reason though not openly which they yeeld is that wee haue a great aduantage aboue other men of our Countrey to wit that wee haue seene and studied and vnderstand their Bookes because that they onely in their opinion can make a man perfect and generally seene in all things Such is the high conceit and reputation which they hold of their Bookes §. VII Of their Women Of the Tartars Conquest Acts and Expulsion The greatnesse of the King and neighbouring States Of the Queenes Eunuches I Will conclude this Letter with two points the one concerning the Women whereof I haue little to say and the last is of the King and of his Palaces and Seruices Euery man as I said before may keepe as many Wiues as hee will and so they doe which is the cause of many tumults quarrels and disorders in their houses among their wiues and among the Sonnes of diuers Mothers and therefore when wee tell them that in our Countrey no man marryeth but one Wife they neuer are satisfied in praising it in words though neuerthelesse they doe not follow it nor put it in practise And the discontentment which the Women haue among themselues and with their Husbands for this occasion is like to prooue a great encouragement vnto them to make them desirous to receiue our holy Faith and to perswade their Husbands to embrace the same seeing that it doth not permit any more but one lawfull Wife onely Of their other Conuersation Customes and other things wee know nothing neither is any thing to bee learned for they keepe house all their life time and goe out of doores exceeding seldome to visite either their Mother or Sisters or nearest kinswomen for they goe not to any else no not in thought And therefore as they haue no conuersation but alwayes to keepe home I can speake nothing of their behauiour Their Apparell seemeth vnto mee honest and comely for sometimes I haue seene the Wiues of Officers and of the poore people for many of them doe goe abroad In some parts of the Countrey wee haue met many women vpon the high way in short garments like to the men of our Countrey without any difference saue on their heads and their feete for all the rest is all one kinde of Apparell but these are the common people onely One of the greatest ornaments that the Women haue is to haue verie little feete and they are so little that they goe verie badly and alway they seeme to goe as though they would fall I could not know the cause nor the Chinois themselues know not the originall occasion why this is counted for a beautie albeit some say it began not for a comelinesse but onely with a purpose to cut off all occasion from them of going abroad The Chinois haue beene very carefull in their Histories and therefore they haue histories of their Kings of aboue foure thousand yeeres And if credit bee to be giuen to that which their Bookes report touching those times and is gathered by diuers of their Histories There are many more yeeres from the Flood to our dayes whereof they also haue some knowledge in their Bookes then the most followed and allowed Calculation among vs which trâ—ate of that matter doe allow of for they say it is sixe thousand yeeres at the least They say that they haue continued Histories But I leaue this because I haue not well conferred the truth and foundation of the Chinish histories At the least it is certaine that they haue knowledge of their matters and certaine Kings within a little after the Flood whensoeuer it was They had many ancient Kings which were verie good men which it may bee were saued in the law of Nature because the heroicall workes of Vertue which they report of them were great and there is no record that they worshipped Idols but
some that they worshipped the Lord of Heauen and Earth There were some that sought not to leaue their lawfull Sonnes to bee their Heires because they thought them not fit for Gouernment but choose the wisest and best man that they could finde and left the Kingdome vnto him This Kingdome in old time was diuided into many small Kingdomes vntill by little and little it was vnited It is some foure hundred yeeres as I said before since a Tartar King possessed it whollie and two hundred since a Bonzo or Religious man of China recouered it This Mahumetan Tartar King left some tokens of himselfe in things that he did Hee left in Nanquin certaine Mathematicall instruments of Copper the like whereof for goodnesse peraduenture are not in all Europe at least not better The Chinese Bonzo which expelled him out of the Kingdome was a very valiant and wise man and there bee many Histories of his wisedome and sentencious sayings and iudgement in hard matters and the manner and forme of Gouernment which hee ordayned in this Kingdome which continueth inuiolable doth greatly declare the same Hee made new Offices and gaue new Names to all of them An vsuall thing when one house beginneth to Raigne to change all euen the name of the King as also of all Offices and also of many Cities I omit the diuision of the Gouernment into so many heads and so good distribution that it seemeth and so the Chinois say it is like to continue thousands of yeeres so that no man of the same Kingdome is able nor hath any power to make any Rebellion of importance For those which in former time reuolted were the Vice-royes of the Prouinces and other great Mandarins in whose power were the Gouernment the Souldiers and the treasure But hee diuided it in such sort that those which had power ouer the Souldiers should haue no money at all neither should the pay of the Souldiers depend vpon them and those which keepe the Treasure must haue no superintendencie and dominion ouer the Souldiers Others which were mightie and rich hee impouerished and diuided their Authoritie and Reuenues among many and so there is no man that can call himselfe Great I remember that I had read in a Booke set out in the Spanish tongue of the great power of certayne Captaynes and because the King did not trust them hee sent one of his house to will them to come vnto him All which relation with many other things which hee reporteth of the prouidence of the King how hee diuideth his Authoritie among diuers Princes is not so in truth neither in truth neither is there any apparence thereof neither haue the Captayne 's much authoritie neither are they very rich for though they haue many people yet the gouernment of them is diuided into diuers heads so that they can hardly assemble to raise any Rebellion especially because they remaine alwayes in the Kingdome and neere about the King The Reuenue of this King without doubt is exceeding great and vntill wee haue gotten it out of their Bookes wherein euery thing is set downe very particularly I will not presume to publish the same not as though I knew not that it is so since whilest a man knoweth more of this Kingdome he doubteth lesse Yet because I feare for all this that it will bee hard to make one beleeue the same which knoweth it not of a certainty making the Accounts not very large his Reuenues are one yeare with another an hundred Millions in Siluer Gold Rice and an infinite number of other things although the greatest part is Siluer And he that considereth the greatnesse of the Kingdome and that euery man payeth Tribute to the King of their Persons Lands Trees and other things without carrying any Tribute out of the same that which I speake wil not seeme excessiue But as his Reuenue is very great so his Expenses are many For those which in this Kingdome doe liue at the Kings charge are many to wit all the Mandarins to whom the King giueth Wages all the Souldiers all the Kinsfolkes of the King his Eunuches and an infinite number of people whereby his charges are exceeding great although alwayes there remayneth a good deale for him to lay vp and there is no doubt but hee hath it in store in exceeding great quantitie Many small Kingdomes round about acknowledge the King of China and pay him Tribute as Corea and others whose names I know not on this Northerne part and on the side of Malaca and Macao many others And sometimes on these Northerne parts they trouble him somewhat in robbing and killing of people It may be that your Worship or some bodie else may demand why the King of China being so great subdueth not these small Kingdomes that lye about him to deliuer himselfe of trouble I answere that he wanteth no abilitie but I will say one sure thing a Paradoxe to the people of our Europe which is That neither the Chinois nor their King doe seeke nor dreame of dilating their Empire more then it is And this their resolution is such that although they would giue them all these Kingdomes they would not take them much lesse if they were farther off For they hold it for one of the greatest miseries especially the Mandarins graue sort of people to go out of their Kingdome to any other part There is one of the best Examples hereof that may be giuen which fell out of late and that was that as by the danger which might grow to his Kingdome if the people of Iapon should winne the Kingdome of Corea which is joyned to China by the mayne Land as they began to doe the Chinois ayded the Coreans with many men and the people of Iapon by the death of their King called Quabacondono did wholly abandâ—n it The Kingdome remayned in the power of the Chinois and so continued two or three yeares After which they wholly gaue it ouer without any other greater respect then that there were none that were willing to goe thither to gouerne it nor that the King had any need to annexe it vnto his Estate And without doubt it seemeth that he would doe the like with any other although they would put it into his hands And touching those Kingdomes which pay him Tribute there is no great account made whether they come or no and their continuall comming is more for the profit of those which come then that the King doth desire it And therefore the Philippine Ilands which in former times paid Tribute to the Kings of China were made none account of when they ceased to pay it This King hath one lawfull Wife as other men haue in choice whereof they haue regard to nothing else but to her good qualities and externall beautie for there is no Nobilitie to be sought for Besides her hee hath a great number of Concubines chosen after the same manner
whose Sonnes if the lawfull Wiues Children faile inherit the Kingdome which commonly falleth out and such is he which now is King and he which is to succeed him When any of these women be once entred into the Kings Palace to bee his Wife there is no name which may bee compared vnto her in being kept close for they may not only not goe abroad no nor bee seene of their Father Mother or Brethren They haue little or none authoritie but such as they obtaine of the King Also the seruice of the King of the Queene and of his Concubines is all by Eunuches a seruice doubtlesse vnworthy of a King All these Eunuches without any exception are of the most base people which are in all the Kingdome whose Fathers because they cannot keepe them when they were young doe make them Eunuches in hope that one day they shall get into the Court to serue the King the manner is farre different from some which are in Europe for these bee like those which the Turkes vse Because their Fathers doe this for pouertie it followeth that they haue no excellencie for they haue no meanes to learne it and they are little or nothing Learned They elect and choose these Eunuches from time to time to supply such as die and this first yeare that I was here they chose aboue three thousand for which purpose there assembled aboue twentie thousaind as they say out of which number they made their choice The Electors were a verie great Mandarin to whom as I said before the Kings priuate businesse belongs and another Eunuch of the eldest and most priuate The Examination and Election consisteth in two things which are a good Countenance and a good Tongue for proofe whereof they make them pronounce two words wherein those that haue not a readie Tongue doe stumble When they are chosen and gone to the Court they diuide them in diuers Offices yet at their first comming they are appointed to waite vpon the old Eunuches as Boyes which make good triall of their patience and obedience and he that after certaine yeares sheweth himselfe towardly they begin to employ in greater matters Of these Eunuches the King hath his Musicians and Mathematicians who to bee briefe I say haue no sound vnderstanding in thâ—se things at all but only for complement or superficially yet some of them are bound to watch all night and to looke whether any Comet doe appeare or any such like thing in the Skie to enforme the King thereof and to performe other like Offices They are vsually verie couetous and as they are base if they rise to bee priuate with the King some of them be proud and vncourteous They serue the King as slaues obeying his will which way soeuer he inclineth The King chastiseth them verie sharply for euery light offence especially the King that now is which is a very wicked man He hath caused many to be whipped to death for some small matter wherein they haue offended him Yet there are some of them good and diâ—â—râ—et which the King vseth for dispatching of his businesse and other matters of weight Though the ordinarie wages which they haue of the King bee small yet it serueth them well to liue of and therefore they goe verie well apparelled in many Robes of Silke verie finely wrought of diuers colours and the manner of their Cap and Apparell differeth from all other peoples There are of them in number as they say aboue sixteene thousand of them in the Kings palaces Hereby your Worship may see what Examples and Education the King of China obserueth which spendeth all his time with these and with women Although it be the custome of these Kings to shew themselues from time to time to certaine of the greatest Mandarins yet they neuer suffer the rest of the people to see them nor to speake with them and when he speaketh with any bodie they enter not into the place where hee is but the King commeth forth to a certaine place If there be any Nation among whom the Law of Nations hath no place in many things it is this for as they haue no commerce with other Nations so they haue not the Law which is common to all men And therefore they admit no Ambassadour in China vnlesse it be by the way of giuing some Present the King not acknowledging any neither doe they thinke that there is any in the World which is able to deale with their King by way of an Embassadour And if they bring any Message as the Iapons brought within these few yeares who came to intreate of certaine agreements by no meanes they are admitted to the sight of the King neither doth he giue them audience but some Mandarin doth accompany them and the entertaynment which they giue them and honour which they shew to all strangers which come vnto them is verie small But as for the most part they haue no great conceit of strangers so their entertaynment is like to their conceit Whosoeuer he be that commeth into their Countrey they shut him vp in a verie homely house not suffering him to goe abroad The Kings Palaces are verie great and albeit in the excellencie of Architecture they bee not comparable to those of our Europe yet they much exceed in the hugenesse of Building They haue three wals foure square the circuit of the first may be as bigge as the wall of a good Citie Betweene the first and the second wall there is a wall which enuironeth the greatest part of the House and here are many Houses of the Eunuches of the lowest sort which exercise Mechanicall Arts or the like as Porters c. Betweene the second and the third wall there are many pieces of the Kings House which is not joyned altogether but in diuers parts there be diuers Roomes built for diuers purposes one answering to another These parcels of Buildings which are here which are euerie one as long as the Careere of an Horse and very high haue no vnder Roome but a great Building raised vp with foundations of great Brickes as broad and long as all the Building wherein there are Gates of Marble stone very wel wrought to passe from one place to another This house or Foundation is about eight fathomes high little more or lesse Aboue these are guilded Galleries Tarasses Hals and Chambers which on the out-side shew verie gallant which is as much as can be seene for no man can get in to see them The greatest part of them is of Timber with many gilded Embossements and many other pleasant Pictures The Roofes are verie well made The Tiles are of a farre better fashion in mine opinion then ours and so euen ioyned together that that they seeme to be all one piece they are all anneled with yellow which is the Kings Colour To conclude I say that it seemed vnto me in multitude of Houses and greatnesse a stately
the Kings Palace and offered vp their Magistracies if he persisted to breake the Law Lately also when the chiefe of the Colai did not obserue the Law in two moneths space about one hundred Libels were put vp notwithstanding they knew him a great Fauourite and hee dyed within a while after as was thought of griefe There are also besides Magistrates not a few Colledges instituted for diuers purposes but the most eminent is that called Han lin Yuen into which none are chosen but choice Doctors after due Examinations They which liue in that Royall Colledge meddle not with Gouernment yet are of higher dignitie then the Gouernours Their Office is to order the Kings Writing to make Annals of the Kingdome to write Lawes and Statutes Of these are chosen the Masters of the Kings and Princes They wholly addict themselues to their studies and in the Colledge haue their degrees of honours which they attayne by writing Thence they are preferred to great dignities but not out of the Court. Neither is any chosen to bee a Colao but out of this Colledge They gaine much also by Writings for their Friends Epitaphs Inscriptions and the like which all seeke to haue of them their name giuing credit and reputation of Elegance These are the chiefe for Examinations of Licentiates and Doctors who hold them for Masters and send them Presents All these Pequin Magistrates are found also at Nanquin but obscured by the Kings absence Hum vu had fixed his Seat at Nanquin but after his death Yun lo one of his Nephewes who in the Northerne Prouinces defended with an Armie those Borders against the Tartars perceiuing Hum-vâ—â— Sonne but weake thought to depriue him of the Kingdome which hee effected by helpe of the Northerne Prouinces and with force fraud and largesse obtayned his Vncles Throne And because he was strongest in the North parts and most feare was from the Tartars there he there fixed his Residence where the Tartar Kings had wonted to abide and called that Citie Pequin that is the Northerne Court as Nanquin signifieth the Southerne leauing to this the former Offices and Immunities The Gouernment of the other thirteene Prouinces depends on two Magistrates the one Pucinsu the other Naganzasu the former judging Ciuill Causes the later Criminall both residing with great Pompe in the Mother Citie of the Prouince In both Courts are diuers Colleagues and they also chiefe Magistrates called Tauli which gouerning other Cities often reside in them The Prouinces are all distributed into diuers Regions which they call Fu each of which hath a peculiar Gouernour called Cifu These Regions are subdiuided into Ceu and Hien that is the greater or more eminent Townes and those which are more vulgar which are not lesse then our Cities if you except our greatest These haue their speciall Gouernours called Ciceu and Cihien The Gouernours of Cities and Regions haue their foure Assistants and Colleagues as Auditors and Iudges to helpe them As for the opinion of some that thinke those only to bee Cities which are called Fu and Ceu and Hien to bee Townes it is an errour for the City wherein the Gouernour of the Region resides is also called Hien and hath its peculiar Gouernour called Cihien and Assistants and the Cifu hath no more power there then in other places of his Iurisdiction which is the first Appeale to him as Superiour from the Cihien or Ciceu The second Appeale is to the Pucimfu and Naganzosu and their Colleagues in the Metropolitane Cities which Cities likewise haue their Cihien and Cifu aswell as the Subordinate all in incredible Symmetrie And because the whole Prouinciall Gouernment hath reference to Pequin therefore in euery Prouince besides these are other two superiour to them sent from the Royall Citie the one fixing his Residence in the Prouince called Tutam which may bee compared to our Vice-roy hauing command ouer other Magistrates and in Martiall affaires the other is yeerely sent from the Court and is called Cia-yuen as a Commissioner or Visitor which reuiewes all the Causes of the Prouince the Cities also and Castles inquireth of the Magistrates and punisheth some of the meaner sort acquainting the King touching the rest how euery one demeaneth himselfe and he onely executeth Capitall punishments Besides these are many others in Cities Townes and Villages and beside them many which haue command of Souldiers especially in the Confines and on the Coasts in supinest Peace watching and warding in Ports Walls Bridges Castles as in the hottest Warres with Musters and Martiall exercises All the Magistrates of the Kingdome are reduced to nine Orders whether you respect the Philosophicall or Militarie Senate to all which out of the Treasury is proportionably distributed monethly pay Money or Rice yet little answerable to that their Magnificence the highest Order not hauing one thousand Duckets yeerely and equall to all of the same ranke the supreame in matters of Warre hauing as much as the supreame in the literate Order if you looke to that which the Law alloweth But much more accrueth extraordinarie then this fee or stipend besides what any mans industrie couetise fortune bribing addeth by which they oft attayne to great wealth All the Magistrates vse the same Caps both Mercuriall and Martiall of blacke Cloath with two Eares or wings of Ouall figure which may easily fall off which being a disgrace causeth the more modestie and steadinesse in carriage of their heads They all weare like Vest and like blacke leather Bootes of peculiar fashion also a Girdle wider then the body about foure fingers broad adorned with circular and square Figures On the breast and backe they weare two square Cloathes Embroidered in which and the Girdles is great varietie according to their diuers Degrees by which the skilfull know their ranke and place The cloathes intimate it by the figures of Flowers Fowles Beasts the girdles by the matter of Wood Horne Sweet wood Gold or Siluer and the best of all of that Iasper before mentioned called Tu ce brought from Cascar Their shadowes or Sumbreros by their Colours and numbers intimate like difference They haue other Ornaments Banners Chaynes Censors Guards with Cryes to make way that in most frequent streetes no man appeareth more or lesse according to the Magistrates Dignitie The Chinois hauing plentie of all things care not for subduing the neighbour-Nations better keeping their owne lesse caring for others Countries then our Europeans their Chronicles of foure thousand yeeres not mentioning any care of enlarging their Empire And if any China impressions or foot-prints bee it is from men voluntarily going to other Countries not from the Kings ambition sending them It is also remarkeable that Philosopers beare all the sway the Souldiers and Captaynes being subject to them and sometimes beaten of them as Schoole-boyes by their Master euen in Militarie matters the King more vsing the aduise of Philosohpers then Captaynes whereupon
euery haughtie spirit rather affects meane places in the Literate Order then great in the Martiall Yea these Literate are more magnanimous and more contemne their liues in zeale of the publike then the Souldierie No lesse admirable is the Symmetrie and Order of Magistrates in their subordinate Orders in Obedience Reuerence Visitations and Presents the Inferiour giuing honourable Titles to the Superiour and kneeling to them None beares any Office aboue three yeeres except the King confirme it And the chiefe Magistrates of Prouincces Cities and Regions euery third yeere must appeare at Pequin and doe their Rites to the King at which time seuere inquirie is made of the Magistrates and they thereupon rewarded or punished I haue also obserued that the King dares not alter any of those things which in this publike Disquisition are ordered by the Iudges Anno 1607. we reade foure thousand Magistrates condemned that being the Search-yeere and a Booke published thereof These Condemned are of fiue sorts First Couetous which haue taken Bribes to peruert Iustice or haue vsurped the publike or priuate mens fortunes these are wholly depriued of all Offices for euer The second are the Cruell which haue too seuerely punished which are also depriued of their Places and Ensignes The third are the Old and sickly and the Remisse and negligent these are depriued but permitted the Immunities and Ensignes The fourth sort are the rash headdie and vnaduised which are put in lower Offices or sent to more easie places of Gouernment The last are such as haue not gouerned themselues or theirs worthy of that place of Gouernment these are wholly depriued The like Inquisition is made euery fifth yeere of the Court Magistrates and the same time also of Militarie Commanders None may beare Office in his natiue Prouince except Militarie The Sonnes also or Domestike seruants of Magistrates may not goe out of the house lest they should bee Factors for bribes but all seruices without doores is done by Officers designed to his place and when hee goeth out of his House hee sealeth the doores whether priuate or publike that none of his Seruants may goe out vnwitting to him They permit no Stranger to liue with them that mindes to returne to his Countrey or is knowne to haue Commerce with forraigne Nations and no Stranger although of a friendly Nation and Tributarie may haue accesse to the inward parts of the Kingdome a thing whereof I haue seene no Law but Custome neither haue I euer seene any of Corai in China except some Slaues which a Captayne brought thence although a tributarie Nation which vseth in manner the China Lawes And if a Stranger steale into the Countrey they punish him not with Death nor Slauerie but permit him not to returne They most seuerely punish those which without the Kings leaue haue commerce with Strangers and hardly can any bee perswaded to be sent abroad with Mandates and such are rewarded with some Dignitie at their returne None beare Weapon in Cities not the Souldiers or Captaynes but in their Traynings nor haue any men weapons in their Houses except some rustie blade which they vse when they trauell for feare of Theeues Their greatest Brawles goe no further then scratching or pulling by the hayre hee which flees or abstaines from wrong is esteemed both Wise and Valiant When the King dyeth none of his Sonnes are permitted to remayne in the Royall Citie but the Heyre and it is Capitall for them being dispersed in diuers Cities to stirre thence Some principall amongst them compounds their strifes and rules them in Cases with others they are subject to the Magistrates §. IIII. Their manifold rites in Salutations Entertaynments and other Ciuilitie to the King and Magistates Of Buryals and Marriages Birth-dayes their Men Women Names and Games Habites COurtesie or Ciuilitie is reckoned one of their fiue Cardinall vertues much commeded in their Bookes Their common Rites yee haue had largely in Pantoia When greater respect is vsed as after long absence or on a Solemne day after the common bowing both fall on their knees with the forehead to the ground and then rise and downe againe in like sort three or foure times When they doe this reuerence to a Superiour hee stands at the head of the Hall or sits and at all those prostations ioyning his hands bowes a little and sometime for greater modestie hee goeth to the side of the Hall whose head is Northwards as the doore is Southwards The same rites they performe to their Idols and sometimes as the Seruants to their Master or the meanest of the people to honourable persons which is presently to kneele and knock the ground thrice with their forehead they stand at his side when their Master speakes and kneele at euery answer When one speakes to another they vse not the second person nor the first person when they mention themselues except to their inferiour and haue as many formes of depressing themselues as of exalting others the lowliest of which is to call a mans selfe by his proper name in stead of I. When they speake any thing of another mans they vse a more honourable forme Of their owne or theirs a more modest which a man must learne both for manners sake and to vnderstand their meaning The Visitors send their Libels or papers of visitation so many that the Porter is faine to keepe a note of their names and where they dwell lest wee should forget and if the partie to bee visited be not at home or at leasure that libell is left with the Porter for a testimonie The more honourable the Visitor the larger hee writes his name In sending Presents they vse like libelling setting downe also each gift in a line by it selfe part of which may bee sent backe without offence which is done with a like libell of thankes They often send money or pieces of Gold for presents They haue Garments proper for visitations The chiefe place in both Royall Courts is giuen to Strangers most remote especially which made vs commonly to bee preferred The seruant when they are set brings as many little Cups of Cia as are Guests When they part neere the Hall doore they reiterate their bowings then at the Doore and at the passing out and after they are in their Chayre or on Horsebacke againe without doores and lastly a Seruant is sent after in his Masters name to salute them and they send their seruants likewise to resalute Their Banquets are not so much commessations as Compotations for although their Cups be as little as Nut-shels yet they drinke often Their Ciuill and Religious affayres are therein handled besides the demonstration of kindnesse In eating they haue neither Forkes nor Spoones nor Kniues but vse small smooth stickes a palme and a halfe long wherewith they put all meats to their mouthes without touching them with their fingers They bring all
other base Offices The Captayne 's onely haue some authoritie Their armes are worthlesse for offence or defence and onely make a shew the Captayne 's being also subject to the Magistrates whippings Their Alchimisticall vanitie and study of long Life with precepts and huge bookes of both I omit The founders forsooth of these Sciences haue gone body and soule to Heauen The making of Siluer hath made many spend their siluer wits and credit cheated by professing Artists and the great Magistrates few in Pequin free are taken vp with the other Study some shortning their life to make it longer They write of one of their Kings which had procured such a potion of immortalitie whom a friend of his was not able to disswade from that conceit enraged by his sudden snatching drinking his prepared potion which he seeking by death to reuenge the other answered how can I be killed if this draught cause immortalitie and if I may then haue I freed thee of this errour Touching the China Sects I read in their Bookes that the Chinois from the beginning worshipped one God which they call the King of Heauen or by another Name Heauen and Earth Beneath this Deitie they worshipped diuers tutelare Spirits of Mountaynes Riuers and of the foure parts of the world In all actions they held Reason to bee obeyed which light of Reason they confessed they had from Heauen Of that supreame Deitie and his administring Spirits they neuer had such monstrous conceits as the Romans Greekes Aegyptians whence the Iesuites hope that many of them in the law of Nature were saued Their Sects are reckoned three The first of the Learned the second of Sciequia the third Laucu One of these is professed by all which vse their Characters That of the Learned is most proper to China and most ancient and all their Learned learne it in the course of their studies Confutius is the Prince therof This Sect hath no Idols worships one God beleeuing all things to bee conserued by his prouidence They worship in inferiour sort the Spirits The best of them teach nothing of the Creation rewards and punishments they confine in this life to a mans selfe or his posteritie Of the immortalitie of the Soule they seeme to make no doubt for they speake of the deceased liuing in Heauen but of Hell they make no mention The later Learned deny both with the soules immortalitie yet some say that the soules of good men are corroborated with vertue and made able to hold out others dying with the body The principall opinion seemeth borrowed of the Idoll Sect fiue hundred yeeres agoe which holds that this whole Vniuerse consists of one matter and that the Creatures are as so many members of this huge body so that euery one may attayne to the similitude of God being one with him which we confute out of their owne ancient Authors Though the Literate acknowledge one supreame Deitie yet they erect no Temple to him nor any other place proper to his Worship nor any Priests persons or rites peculiar nor haue precepts thereof nor any which prescribeth or punisheth defect of Holies nor any which priuately or publikely recite or sing ought to him Yea they affirme that the Office of Sacrificing to the King of Heauen and his worship belongs to the King and if any should take on him that Office hee should vsurpe the Kings and be thereby a Traytor For this purpose the King hath two stately Temples in both Royall Cities one dedicated to the Heauen the other to the Earth in which sometime hee vsed to Sacrifice but now in his place certayne Magistrates haue succeeded which there sacrifice many Oxen and Sheepe with many Rites To the Spirits of Mountaynes Riuers and of the foure Regions of the world onely the chiefe Magistrates Sacrifice nor are the people admitted thereto The precpts of this Law are contayned in the Tetrabiblion and fiue Bookes of Doctrines nor are any other Bookes allowed but onely some Commentaries thereon Nothing in this Sect is more of note then their yeerely Obits or parentations to their deceased Parents common to all from the King to the meanest obseruing their dead Ancestrie as if they were liuing Neither yet doe they suppose that they eate of the meate which is set them or need it but they haue no better meane to expresse their loue The Literate haue a costly Temple to Confutius in euery Citie by Law appointed in that place where the Schoole is and adjoyning to the Magistrates Palace which is set ouer the Bachelors or Graduates of the first degree In a principall place of that Temple his Image is erected or else his Name in golden Cubitall letters written in a curious Table Hither the Magistrates assemble euery New-moone and Full also the Bachelors with wonted kneelings Odours and Wax-lights to acknowledge their Master On his Birth-day and on other set times they offer festiuall Dishes thankefully confessing his learned workes whence they haue attayned their Degrees and Offices but pray not to him nor looke for ought from him but as is obserued of their dead Parents Other Temples also are seene of the same Sect to the Tutelare Spirits of each Citie and to the Magistracie of each Tribunall wherein they solemnly binde themselues by solemne Oathes to obserue Law and Iustice when they first enter into their Office In these they offer Dishes and Odours but in differing Worship for in these they acknowledge there is a Diuine power to punish the perjurious and reward the good The scope of this Literate Sect is the peace and good of the Common-wealth and of Families and of each persons their precepts agreeing with Nature and Christianitie Fiue Relations or Societies are obserued by them comprehending all duties of humanitie of Father and Child of Husband and Wife of Master and Seruant of elder and younger Brethren of Fellowes and Equals They condemne Single life permit Polygamie and in their Bookes largely explaine that precept of Charitie to doe to another as a man would be done to They deny this to bee a Sect but a certayne Acadamie instituted for the gouernment of the Common-wealth and because it prescribes not nor prohibiteth any thing touching the Life to come many adjoyne the other two Sects to this The second Sect is called Siequia or Omitose and by the Iaponians Sciacca and Amidabu Both haue the same Characters and the same Totoqui or Law It came to the Chinois from the West brought from the Kingdome of Thienscio or Scinto now called Indostan betwixt Indus and Ganges about the yeere of Christ 65. It is written that the King of China warned in a Dreame sent Legats thither which brought Bookes and Interpreters from thence the Authors of them being dead And therefore I see not how truely the Iaponians affirme that Sciacca and Amidaba pierced thither and were Natiue of Siam The Authors of this Sect haue taken
beginning from a Magician which liued in a Caue of Quiamsi Prouince where his posterity still continueth Their Prelate liueth most commonly at Pequin obserued by the King and admitted into the inmost Palace to consecrate and hallow the Roomes suspected to bee hanted by ill spirits Hee is carried in an open Chaire and with other pompe competent to the chiefe Magistrates and is allowed by the King a great Reuenue But I haue learned of a Conuert that these Prelates now are so ignorant that they know not their owne Charmes and Rites Hee hath no power ouer the people but the Tansus Priests and their Monasteries many of which are also Alchimists These three Sects haue diuersified themselues into 300. in seeming daily encreasing and growing worse and worse Humvu ordayned that these three Lawes should be kept for the good of the Kingdome onely the Literate to rule whence it comes that they seeke not to ruine each other The Kings make vse of them all for their purposes often repairing the old and building new Temples The Kings wiues are more prone to the Idoll Sect and maintayne whole Monasteries without the Palace and buy their Prayers with Almes The Idols are not onely in Temples in this Kingdome but in priuate houses in peculiar places in streets ships Palaces they are the first things you see and yet put they little confidence in them Their wisest men seeke to mixe all three Sects together and so whiles they embrace all are of none and proue Atheists §. VI. Of Strangers and forraine Religions in China HOw inhospitall the Chinois are to Strangers we haue in part heard neither permitting egresse to the Natiues nor ingresse to Aliens except in three respects The first such as come to pay their annuall Tributes The second such as pretending honour and tribute come as wee haue heard from the West with seeming tribute a colour to their gaine by merchandise The third such as in admiration of the Chinian vertues and learning come thither as the Queene of Sheba to Salomon to learne the same which is the Iesuites pretence but these must here fixe their habitation nor may be suffered to returne such is their iealousie of discouering their mysteries to others And this made the Iesuites after so long stay free from feare of expulsion which yet since complaine of persecution But it may not be known that they haue any intelligence or commerce with stranger therfore the Iesuites which haue obtayned two so great priuiledges the Eunuches Palace for their residence and the imployment in correcting the China Kalender both by Royall approbation yet could not obtayne leaue to goe into the Prouince of Canton though with Mathematicall pretexts for that Kalender-busines to obserue longitudes and latitudes of places because they were said to be Countrymen to those of Macao Yea a Colao or Counsellor of State was depriued for sending a message to a bordering King a tempest of libelling complaints thundring and showring against him therefore In the bordering Prouinces they set narrow watch at Custom-houses Bridges and in the very Riuers by ships of warre thereto appointed But if they be once gotten into the inner parts of the Kingdome there are no such Officers nor searches Neither may any stranger passe out of the Kingdome after once entring without the Kings licence The Iesuites steale their ingresse and egresse by meanes of the Portugals which had the Towne of Macao assigned them by the Chinois for trafficke These come vsually twice a yeere to the chiefe Citie of the Prouince of Canton which is not called Quantum or Canton the name of the Prouince but Quam ceu All the day time they haue free entrance in the Citie about their merchandise but must lie on shipboord at night In the midst of the Riuer there is a little Iland and therein a Temple in which they are allowed their Catholike deuotions There by Boat did they prouide to steale in or out of the Countrey The Mahumetans that come in by land if they stay nine yeeres as is obserued may neuer return home againe Of these there are now many thousand Families in China dispersed into the most of the Prouinces and chiefe Cities They haue there their Temples very sumptuous and their Circumcision But as farre as I could euer learne they neither teach nor care to teach others their deuotions but are vnskilfull of the Saracens Tenents and are contemned of the Chinois It seems that their comming in was in the time that the Tartars reigned here which since haue increased and after so long continuance are not held in suspicion as other strangers Some say after the fourth generation they are reputed as Natiues yea they are admitted to the studies of Learning Degrees and Magistracy as well as the Chinois But most of these thus dignified relinquish their former superstition retayning nothing thereof but abstinence from Swines flesh which rather by Nature then for Religion they abhorre Touching Christians in China there is not so great certainty Certaine Mogores told Ricius of some in the Xensian Prouince in the North parts of China at a place called Xucheo which were white bearded vsed Bells worshipped Isa that is Iesus and Marie and honoured the Crucifixe their Priests married which cured diseases without medicines A Iew at Pequin gaue more full intelligence that at Caifumfu and at Lincin in the Prouince of Sciantum and in the Prouince of Sciansi there liued certaine Strangers whose Ancestours had come out of forraine parts which worshipped the Crosse which the Chinois expresse by the Character of Ten and made the signe thereof with the finger on their meate and drinke They also made the same signe with Inke on the foreheads of their children to preserue them from misfortunes A Iesuite also saw in the hands of an Antiquarie a Bell with a Church and Crosse thereon grauen circumscribed with Greeke letters The Iew also reported that those Crosse-worshippers had the same doctrine in their prayers which the Iewes held this the Iesuites interpreted of the Psalter common to them both Hee affirmed that there were many of them in the Northerne Prouinces which so flourished in Letters and Armes that they grew suspicious to the Chinois which hee thought was caused by the Saracens some sixty yeeres before The Magistrates were so incensed hereby that they for feare were dispersed some turning Iewes some Saracens others Idolaters and their Temples were also conuerted into Idolatrous Temples one of which he mentioned in his Countrey Euer since they hide their profession and when the Iesuites sent one of their Conuerts to make enquirie he could learne of none which they thought proceeded from their feare taking him for a Spie sent from the Magistrates All these Sects the Chinois call Hoei the Iewes distinguished by their refusing to eate the sinew or leg the Saracens Swines flesh the Christians by refusing to feed on round-hoofed beasts Asses Horses Mules which all both Chinois
King and fiue thousand others standing for their Doctorship of which about three hundred onely are chosen Wearyed with his Ecclesiasticall Fasts also and labour of building a Church hee fell sicke and dyed May 11. 1610. hauing much propagated the Gospell by his writings and furthered it by his Mathematickes For all Sects haue beene there more encreased by Writing then Preaching Hee dyed leauing much sorrow to his friends and care also in that China scrupulositie how and where to interre him It was the counsell of their friends to put vp a Petition to the King whereupon they resolued and Pantogia by Doctor Leos helpe thus Petitioned in behalfe of Ricius his Corps I Iames Pantogia subiect of the Kingdomes of the great West Offer a Supplication in behalfe of another Forrainer now deceased I humbly beseech your great Clemencie for a place of Buriall that your Royall beneficence may extend to all euen Strangers of remotest Regions I Iames Pantogia am a Stranger of a most remote Kingdome but mooued with the vertue and fame of your most Noble Kingdome haue in three yeeres sayle with much trouble passed hither aboue sixe thousand leagues In the eight and twentieth yeere of Vanlie for so as wee they account their yeeres by the Kings raigne in the twelfth Moone I with Matthew Ricius came into your Court where wee presented some gifts and haue since beene sustayned at the Kings charge The nine and twentieth yeere of Vanlie in the first Moone we Petitioned your Maiestie for a place of residence and haue many yeeres enioyed the Royall bountie In the eight and thirtieth yeere of Vanlie the eighteenth day of the third Moone Ricius dyed I a Client of the Kingdome of the great West remaine a fit subiect of pitie The returne into our Countrey is long c. And I now after so many yeares stay suppose that wee may bee numbred to the people which followeth your Royall Chariot that your Clemencie like that of Yao may not contayne it selfe in the Kingdome of China alone c. So proceeds he to set foorth the good parts of Ricius and with a long supplication to begge a place of Buryall some Field or part of a Temple and hee with his fellowes should obserue their wonted Prayers to the Lord of Heauen for thousands of yeeres to him and his Mother This Libell was written with peculiar forme Characters Seales many Rites herein necessarily obserued Before any bee offered to the King it must bee viewed of some Magistrate and they got this to bee allowed by one which is Master of Requests which sent it presently to the King They must also haue many Copies thereof to shew to those Magistrates to whom it appertaines which they did one of them affirming That Ricius deserued a Temple also with his Image to bee there set vp This message hee sent them by another for when they fauour a cause they shew great strangenesse The King commonly answers the third day except hee mislike for then he suppresseth and sends it to the Magistrate that had presented it who shewes which of the sixe is the peculiar Court which iudgeth of these things This being sent to the Rituall Tribunall Their answer is sent to the King within a Moneth which there is a short space and repeating the Petition verbatim and the Kings command to the peculiar Office answers what the Law sayth in that case and concludes the Petition to bee agreeing to Iustice and earnestly pleades and sues for confirmation The King sends this answers to the Colao which subscribed his approbation which being sent againe to the King hee subscribed with his owne hand Xi that is Fiat or bee it done which the third day after was deliuered them The Iesuites hauing so speedie and prosperous successe bethought of gratifying their friends which had furthered this designe with Dyals especially to the Colao which vsed Pantogia very kindly and writ to the Gouernour of Pequin to looke out a place fitting Three or foure were offered to their choyse one of which much pleased them It was aboue a quarter of a myle from one of the Citie gates built by an Eunuch who now was condemned for some crime and left his Palace which hee had heere builded with the expence of aboue foureteene thousand Duckats which in China is a great summe in that cheapnesse of all things farre beyond European computation should fall into the hands of spoylers the goods of Eunuches in this Kingdome vsually becomming his which first can catch them hee consecrated his Palace and made it a Temple maintayning therein one Priest Such Palaces many of the Magistrates haue neere to the Cities as retyring places and Tusculanes for their Muses The portraiture of this whole House with the Garden and other appurtenances Trigautius hath set foorth in Picture being after the China building with the doore Southwards and so running a great length into the North with foure great Halls one beyond another in the middle parts and on each side Chambers and other Roomes beyond all the Garden the pillars of Timber bearing vp the roofe the walls and pauement of Bricke The outmost of these Halls was conuerted into a Temple or Idoll-Chappell in which was a great Altar of Stone and Bricke cunningly fretted paynted red a colour forbidden to priuate Houses and vpon the middest thereof sate a huge Monster of Earth gilded from top to toe of massie quantitie The Chinois call it Ti cam the God as they fable of the Earth Treasures as Pluto in the Poets In his hand was a Scepter on his head a Crowne not vnlike those vsed by our Kings On each side stood foure ministers of the same matter on both sides of the Roome two great Tables and on each of them fiue Kings or great Officers of Hell On both the wals were painted the same Officers or Iudges sitting on their seuerall Tribunals giuing sentence on wicked men euery one according to the condition of his Court. Before them stood many Deuils more terribly formed then with vs. The paines of Hell also were so deciphered that could not but strike terrour to the beholders some rosted in yron Beds some fryed in scalding Oyle some cut in pieces or diuided in the middle or torne of Dogges or otherwise tortured The first those Iudges examined the faults which they said hee saw in a certayne Glasse Those which hee found guiltie were sent to the other Iudges according to the qualitie of the crimes One of these was Iudge in Cases of Transmigration which sent the soules of cruell men into Tygres of vncleane persons into Swine and the like or if their crimes were smaller into the poorer sort There was a great Ballance in one of the Scales a man laden with sinnes in the other one of their Hypocriticall Prayer-bookes which counterpoysed the other Scale and freed the Sinner There ranne through the midst of Hell a discoloured Riuer which carried away many For
white Lime and so tough that being contriued in building it lasteth for euer The rest after the fire is out serue in stead of stones to make walls and vaults and will not dissolue or breake except with some Iron toole Their Winter lasteth nine moneths and yet there is a faire Hauen where this water falleth into the Sea not frozen by meanes whereof there is great resort of wild Fowle and Fish whch they take in infinite multitudes The Fishers Boates are made like to a Weauers shuttle of the skinnes of Fishes fashioned with the bones of the same Fishes and being sowed together with many doubles they are so strong that in foule weather they will shut themselues within the same not fearing the force either of Sea or winde Neither can the hard-hearted Rockes breake these yeelding Vessels They haue also as it were a Sleeue in the bottome thereof by which with a subtill deuice they conuey the water foorth that soaketh into them The most of these Friers spake the Latine tongue A little after this Nicolo returned and dyed in Friesland whither his brother Antonio had before resorted to him and now succeeded both in his goods and honour whom Zichmui employed in the Expedition 〈◊〉 Estotiland which happened vpon this occasion Sixe and twentie yeeres before foure Fisher-Boates were apprehended at Sea by a mightie and tedious storme wherewith after many dayes they were brought to Estotiland aboue a thousand miles West from Friesland vpon which one of the Boates was cast away and sixe men that were in it were taken and brought to a populous Citie where one that spake Latine and had been cast by chance vpon that Iland in the name of the King asked them what Country-men they were and vnderstanding their case hee acquainted the King therewith They dwelt there fiue yeeres and found it â—o bee an Iland very rich being little lesse then Iseland but farre more fruitfull One of them said hee saw Latine bookes in the Kings Librarie which they at this present doe not vnderstand They haue a peculiar Language and Letters or Characters to themselues They haue mines of Gold and other Mettals and haue Trade with Engroneland They sow Corne and make Beere and Ale They build Barkes but know not the vse of the Compasse and haue many Cities and Castles The King sent these Fisher-men with twelue Barkes Southwards to a Countrey which they call Drogio in which Voyage escaping dreadfull tempests at Sea they encountred with Canibals at Land which deuoured many of them These Fishers shewing them the manner of taking Fish with Nets escaped and for the presents which they made of their Fish to the chiefe men of the Country were beloued and honoured One of these more expert it seemeth then the rest was holden in such account that a great Lord made warre with their Lord to obtaine him and so preuayled that he and his companie were sent vnto him And in this order was hee sent to fiue and twentie Lords which had warred one with another to get him in thirteene yeeres space whereby hee came to know almost all those parts which he said was a great Countrey and as it were a new World The people are all rude and voide of goodnesse they goe naked neither haue they wit to couer their bodies with the Beasts skinnes which they take in Hunting from the vehement cold They are fierce and eate their enemies hauing diuers Lawes and Gouernours Their liuing is by hunting Further to the South-west they are more ciuill and haue a more temperate ayre They haue Cities and Temples dedicated to Idols where they sacrifice Men and after eate them and haue also some vse of Gold and Siluer Hee fledde away secretly and conueying himselfe from one Lord to another came at length to Drogio where hee dwelt three yeeres After this time finding there certaine Boates of Estotiland hee went thither with them and growing there very rich furnished a Barke of his owne and returned into Friesland where hee made report vnto his Lord of that wealthy Countrey Zichmui prepared to send thither but three dayes before they set foorth this Fisherman dyed Yet taking some of the Marriners which came with him in his stead they prosecuted the Voyage and encountred after many dayes an Iland where ten men of diuers Languages were brought vnto them of which they could vnderstand none but one of Iseland Hee told them that the Iland was called Icaria and the Knights thereof called Icari descended of the ancient pedigree of Dedalus King of Scots who conquering that Iland left his Sonne there for King and left them those Lawes which to that present they retayned And that they might keepe their Lawes inuiolate they would receiue no Stranger Onely they were contented to receiue one of our men in regard of the Language as they had done those ten Interpreters Zichmui sayling hence in foure dayes descried Land where they found abundance of Fowle and Birds egges for their refreshing The Hauen they called Cap Trin. There was a Hill which burning cast out smoake where was a Spring from which issued a certayne water like Pitch which ranne into the Sea The people of small stature wilde and fearefull hid themselues in Caues Zichmui built there a Citie and determining to inhabite sent Antonio backe againe with the most of his people to Friesland This Historie I haue thus inserted at large which perhaps not without cause in some things may seeme fabulous not in the Zeni which thus writ but in the relations which they receiued from others Howsoeuer the best Geographers are beholden to these Brethren for that little knowledge they haue of these parts of which none before had written nor since haue there beene any great in-land Discoueries The Ship-wracke of Master PIERO QVIRINO described by CHRISTOFORO FIORAVANTI and NICOLO DI MICHIEL who were present there heere contracted IT semeth to bee a conuenient dutie to make a memoriall and not suffer to bee buryed in obliuion that most lamentable and cruell Voyage full of innumerable and extreame miseries which befell a Venetian Ship wherein wee carryed aboue seuen hundred Buttes of Wine Spices Cottons and other Merchandises of great value furnished in Candia with threescore and eight men to goe towards the West The Master whereof was Master Piero Quirini a Venetian Gentleman in the yeare 1431. Who after many troubles misfortunes and wants befalne him after his departure from Candia towards the West on the sixth of Nouember in the foresaid yeere of the Lord by chance came into the mouth of the Channels of Flanders and went farre beyond them by a storme from the South towards the North-west about one hundred and fortie miles running still vpon the Iland of Vssenti where by agreement wee Christoforo Fiorauanti and Nicolo Michiel say that at noone wee founded the bottome of the Sea with the Lead and found our selues in fiue and fiftie fathome of water and afterward
liking Englands fertilitie better then that their own sterilitâ—e and rockie barrennesse 〈◊〉 by force of warres often to conquer that which would not be peaceably yeelded till King Edward a maintainer of peace with consent of the Kingdâ—me permitted them to dwell heere at pleasure as sworne brethren to the English Octher subiect and seruant to King Alfrâ—d aboue seuen hundred yeeres since related to his said Lord 〈◊〉 voyage from Heâ—golaâ—â— where he then dwelt to the North Cape and as probable circumstances argue along the coast to the Bay of Saint Nicolas Aedgar that famous founder of Monasteries is said by Ranulphuâ— Cestâ—ensis to haue in annuall vse foure thousand ships and by Flores Historiarum foure thousand eight hundred 〈◊〉 yeerely to compasse this Iland with his Nauie quadripartite twelue hundred in the East as many in the West and like proportions on the North and on the South coasts to secure the Seas and secure his subiects And in the Charter of the foundation of the Cathedrall Church of Worcester he vseth these words Mihi autem concessit propitia diuinitas 〈◊〉 Anglorum Imperio omnia Regnâ— Insularium Oceani cum suis fercissimis Regibus vsque Norwegiaâ—â— Maximamque partem Hyberniae cum sua nobilissima ciuitate Dubliâ—ia Anglorum Regno subiâ—gâ—re c. Hee also stiles himselfe King and Emperour of the Ocean and the Hands about Britaine beginning Ego Aedgâ—rus Anglorum Basileus omâ—iâ—mque Regum Insularum Oceaniâ—â—â— Britannium circumiacentis cunctarumque Nationum quae infra eam includuntur Imperator Dominus So potent was he first of the English Kings for Arthur was a Briton by his strong shipping and well manned and mannaged Nauie Florentius Wigorniensis stileth him â—los decâ—â—s antecessâ—rum Regum Pacificus Rex Aedgarus non minâ—â— memorabâ—lis Anglis quà m Romulâ—s Rowanis Cyrus Persis Alexander Macedonibus Arsaces Parthis Carolus Magnus Francis and addeth as before is notified 〈…〉 3600. 〈◊〉 sibi congregauerat naues ex quibus Paschali emensa 〈…〉 Anno 1200. In orientali 1200. in occidentalâ— 1200. in Sepâ—â—â—trionali insulae plaga coadunare ad occidentalâ—◠〈◊〉 orientali classe illa remissa ad borealem cum occidentali ipsaque remâ—ssa cum boreali ad orienâ—alem classem remigare eoque modo totam insulam omni aestate consueuerat cincumnauigare viriliter hoc agens ad defensionem contra exteros Regni sui suum sisorumque ad bellicos vsus exercitium Both Florentius and Malmesbury and Mat. Westminster record that hee sitting at the Sterne was rowed by eight Kings his Tributaries Kined King of Scots Macolm of Cumberland Macon of Man and many Ilands Dufnal of Dâ—metia Siferth and Howel Kings of Wales Iacob King of Galwales and Iukil of Westmar hauing the same day there met at his summons and sworne fealtie and assistance to him by Sea and Land These rowed him in the Riuer Dee to the Monastery from his Palace and thence after seruice backe againe So rightly did he instile himselfe in his Charter to Malmesbury Ego Aedgarus totius Albionis Basileus nec non 〈…〉 Regum circumhabitantium c. HONDIVS his Map of NORVVEGIA and SVETIA SVECIA ET Norwegia 〈◊〉 And such was the Danish tyranny that euery Dane was stiled Lord Dane and had at his commandement the wiues daughters and the whole houshold where hee became But after the death of Hardicanutus that title was turned into the reproachfull terme of Lurdane and the day of his death as the Roman Fugalia was celebrated with open pastime and feasting in the streets called Hocktide or Hucktide as if England then absolutely freed made a mocke or scorne of her enemies Canutus by treason of Eadrike Streona obtained the Kingdome first as partner with Edmund Ironside and after his death the whole by other perfidie slaying Eadwy brother of King Edmund and sending Edmunds two sonnes Edward and Edmund to the King of Sweden to be there made away But hee hating such crueltie sent them to Salomon King of Hâ—ngary to bring vp where Edmund dyed and Edward married Agatha daughter of Henry the Emperour by whom hee had Aedgar Athling and Margaret married to Malcolm King of Scots the mother of Maud wife to Henry the first and Christine a Nun. Canutus diuided the Kingdome into foure parts of which hee reserued West Saxonie to himselfe East England hee committed to Earle Turkill Mercia to Duke Edrike and Northumberland to Earle Erike Soone after he caused Duke Edrike which treacherously had aduanced him to the Crowne to bee slaine a iust reward of treason and then banished Earle Turkill and Earle Erike picking quarrell with them weary of any stalking horses the former of which was presently after his landing in Denmarke slain And now did Canutus seeke to win the fauour of the English by building and endowing Monasteries making good Lawes and marrying Emma the relict of King Ethelred Thus hauing Denmarke by inheritance and England by conquest treachery his ambition next aimed at Sweden where first he had the worse but after compelled Vlf and Eiglaf the Kings of that Countrie to composition with him Earle Godwin the Generall of the English prouoking and animating the English to recouer their pristine glory and by solid vertue to ouercome them who had ouercome their new Lord whose fortune had subiected the English Thus Canutus preuailed by Godwines policie and English valour they by night without the Kings knowledge or assistance of the Danish Armie assaulting and ouerthrowing the Swedens hee the next day missing the English and fearing they had turned to the Enemy till giuing the onset with his Danes vpon the forsaken Campe of the Enemy he found there nothing but carkasses and spoyle Anno 1027. hauing intelligence that the Norwegians contemned their King Olaue for his simplicitie he sent great summes of Gold and Siluer to the Grandes of Norway to corrupt them and caused them to reject Olaue and to choose him for their King For peruerted with gifts they sent him word to come to them whom he should find readie to entertayne him An. 1028. he went with a fleet of fifty sayle to Norway and expelled Olaue subjecting that Kingdome to himselfe Olaue which had beene the King Doctor Preacher and Apostle of the Norwegians as Florilegus stileth him the sonne of Harald King of Norway was slayne Anno 1030. and cruelly butchered by his treacherous Norwegians with an Axe or Hatchet for disanulling their Pagan superstitions and hee since is there superstitiously worshipped for a Saint whom then trayterously they permitted not to reigne or breathe The same yeere perished at Sea or as some say was slayne in one of the Orcades Earle Hacun whom Canutus fearing had banished in colour of sending him Embassadour His greatnesse hauing to wife his sisters daughter made him grow suspicious And according to the deuotion of that time Anno 1031. Canutus or Cunto went to Rome on Pilgrimage and there made magnificent
at Yeres a House at Vologda a House at Colmogro and a House at Michael the Archangell being the shipping place these said Houses they shall keepe as in former time according to this our Imperiall Letter of fauour or gratified without paying any manner of Rent or any other duties whatsoeuer either at Mosko Yereslaue Vologda Colmogro or at the Castle of the Archangell neither shall they pay any taxe Also at those Houses at Yereslaue Vologda Colmogro and at Archangell they shall haue House-keepers of their owne Countrey-men or Russes of a meane sort that are not Merchants a man or two in a House to lay vp their goods in those Houses and to make sale of their goods out of those Houses to whom they will according to this our Imperiall Letter of fauour but their Russe House-keepers in their absence shall not sell any of their Commodities And the English Merchants shal come with their ship to their Port as in former times they haue done to vnlade their goods out of their ships and likewise to lade them againe with our Russia Commodities at their owne charges of Boates and hire of men and ferrying ouer the said goods from their ships to their House at the Castle of Archangell Likewise our Officers Customers and Swornemen shall take a iust note of all such goods as they haue both of Russia and English Commodities and the note to passe vnder the Merchants Firma because it may be knowne what goods passeth of the strangers and of the Russes But they shall not looke ouer their goods neither vnbind any packs in any place and when they doe send their owne Englishmen from Archangell to our Citie of Mosko or doe send Russia Commodities into their owne Land Then all our Officers and Customers shall let them passe without delay according to this our Letter of fauour And whensoeuer the Merchants shall be desirous to send any of their owne Countreymen into their owne Land or into any other Kingdome ouer Land they shall doe it freely with our Imperiall Maiesties order without carrying any Commoditie ouer with them and they shall haue their Letters of Passe giuen them in the Embassdours Office And concerning any matters of debate or controuersie in Merchandize or iniurie then they shall be iudged by the Keeper of the Seale and Secretarie Vassily Yacolowich Shelcolou doing right and Iustice to both parties with equitie and truth and what cannot be found out by Law or Inquisition there shall be vsed Lots His Lot that is taken forth shall haue right done vnto him Likewise in what place else in all our Kingdome there doe happen any matter of discord in Merchandize or by iniurie then our men of authoritie or Gouernours and all manner of our Officers shall doe true Iustice betweene them and what cannot be sought out by Law shall be sought out by Lot his Lot that is taken out shall haue right done vnto him as before mentioned as also they shall not take any custome or dutie of them for any Law matter not in any place in our Kingdome Moreouer this our Imperiall Letter in all our Realme and Dominion our Officers and all manner of our subiects shall not disobey or breake it in any point whatsoeuer but if there bee any that doth disobey this our Imperiall Letter of fauour that then those people shall bee in our high displeasure and executed to death This our Imperiall Letter of gratitude is giuen at our Imperiall Palace and House in our Citie of Mosko from the yeere of the beginning of the World 7107. in the month of Nouember being vnderwritten as followeth By the great Lord Emperour and great Duke Boris Pheodorowich of all Russia selfe-vpholder his Keeper of the Seale and Secretarie by name Vassily Yacolowich Sheallcaloue §. III. One pretending himselfe to be DEMETRIVS with the Popes and Poles helpes attayneth the Russian Empire his Arts Acts Marriage fauour to the English and miserable end HAuing thus presented you Boris his Tragedie out of that printed Author and his Grant to the English from a written Copie it shall not bee amisse to take more leisurely and mature view of this Pretender against whom Boris his desire of secrecie permitting none guiltie of the murther to suruiue had vnfurnished him of Arguments He produced a Purse giuen him by his Mother with the Historie of his life after that sending him away and acknowledging another whom she was more willing to act that bloudy Scene then her own Son with other particulars which bred strong confidence in such as weary of Boris were desirous it should be so But for the death of the yong Emperor his mother it is by most ascribed to Demetrius who seeing the people of Musco his friends and the Emperour and his Mother in hold pretended he could not come thither whiles his enemies liued wherevpon they in a mutinie slue them to auert the enuie whereof it is probable that it was made to be their owne act and their Keepers therefore by him imprisoned Boris his daughter was thrust into a Nunnerie and so made dead also to the succession But as I haue before deliuered out of that diligent learned and sincere Historian Thuanus Boris his attayning the Scepter I shall likewise intreat your patience out of him to receiue these Relations of Demetrius Thuanus writeth that after the murther of that true or false Demetrius some yeeres after in the borders of Polonia and Muscouia appeared one which called himselfe Demetrius and in testimonie thereof shewed a Wart in his face and one arme shorter then the other noted before in the true Demetrius a man of sharpe wit bold courage liberall mind gentle behauiour and of parts composed to a Scepter-worthinesse First was he made knowne to the Iesuites of principall note in Poland to whom he promised if he might receiue helpe for the recouery of his just Inheritance his first care should be to reduce the Russians to the Vnion of the Romish Church This thing was commended to the Pope as conducing to the enlarging of the holy See by his ayde and furtherance with the Polish King and Nobilitie to be promoted which also was done by the Iesuites themselues who brought him to George Miecinsy Palatine of Sendomir a man potent in that Kingdome with whom he couenanted also to marrie his Daughter if hee succeeded in his Russian Enterprize He had lurked awhile in Liefland casting off his Cowle and had there learned to speake and write the Latine Tongue and had written to Pope Clement the Eighth with his owne hand not inelegantly And being by the said Palatine and Visnouitzi his Sonne in Law brought before King Sigismund he made a pithy and Masculine speech that he should remember that himselfe had beene borne in Prison and Captiuitie whence Gods mercie had deliuered him to learne him to succour others afflicted with like disastre Thus by the Kings fauour the Palatines money the Iesuites industrie not to mention the
the same power In the Prouinces of Nicaragua and the Rich Coast one in the Iland of Cuba one Gouernour and Captaine which is resident in the Citie of Saint Christopher of the Auana there are besides the Gouernours of the Iland of Saint Iohn of Porte-rico Venezuela Soconusco Yucatan Cozuâ—el and Tabasco which is all one gouernment with authoritie to commend the Indians His Maiestie prouideth also the gouernments of Honduras the Margarite Florida new Bisquie Dorado those of the new Realme of Lion and that of Pacanoras Ygualsango which are for terme of life and the same in the Prouinces of Choco Quixos the Cynamom Ilands of Salomon Sancta Cruz of the Hill and the last is that of the new Andalusia Likewise there are prouided by his Maiestie the Rulerships following The Cuzco the Citie of the Plate and the seate of the mynes of Potosi and the prouince of Chicuito the Andes of Cuzco the citie of Truxillo Arrequipa Saint Iames of Guayaquil Guamanga the citie of the Peace Chiquiabo Saint Iohn of the Frontier Lion of Guanuco Old Hauen Zamora the inhabiting of the mynes of the Zacatecas in new Galicia Cuenca Loxa Tunja the citie of Mexico the citie of the Kings the prouince of Nicoya Chiefe Iusticeships are those of the village of Saint Sauiour of the prouince of Guatemala the inward part of Hispaniola Nombre de Dios the village of Chuluteca prouince of the Chiapa Zapotlitan the village of Nata Sancta Marie of the victorie in Tabasco And the chiefe Bayliwickes are in the citie of Saint Dominicke in Mexico in Guadalajara Saint Iames of Guatemala Panama holy Faith of Bogota Saint Francis of Quito the citie of the Kings the Plata In the Cities recited in euery one is a chiefe Bayliefe which hath a voice in Councell as a Ruler and Deputies named for the vse of his Office and in euery Court is another chiefe Bayliefe with facultie to name other two Deputies For the gouernment of the goods Royall are prouided by his Maiestie with the opinion of the supreme Councell of the Indies many Officers Factors Treasurers Tellers and Ouer-seers which all doe giue assurance in Castile and in the Indies of good and faithfull administration and because this new Commonwealth doth augment so much it seemed behoofefull to the seruice of God and of the King to ennoble and authorize it more with placing two Vice-royes one in New Spaine another in the Kingdomes of Piru that in the Kings name they should gouerne and prouide the things belonging to the seruice of God and of the King and to the conuersion and instruction of the Indians sustayning continuing inhabiting and ennobling of the said Kingdomes which experience hath shewed that it hath beene conuenient to the which Vice-royes instructions are giuen very particular of that which is recited and that they may haue in protection the holy office of the Inquisition and with their strong arme to defend and protect it that this conformitie as a fast knot may be the pure and true preseruation of the spirituall and temporall Estate which is the best and truest estate and most according to the Euangelicall estate The Vice-royes are commanded also and likewise the Iudges not to haue houses proper nor to trafficke nor contract nor be serued of the Indians neither haue any Grangeries nor meddle in Armies nor Discoueries that they receiue no guifts nor presents of any person nor borrow mony nor any thing to eate nor pleade nor receiue arbitrements That no Lawyer may plead where his father father in law brother in law cousin or sonne is Iudge That no Vice-roy President Iustice Iudge of the criminall Cases Solicitor nor their children may marry in the Indies That no Gouernours Rulers nor their Deputies may buy Lands nor build Houses nor trafficke in their iurisdiction That they may not farme the Bayliwickes nor Iaylorships nor other offices That no Gouernour Ruler nor chiefe Bayliefe during the time of his office may marry in the bounds of his iurisdiction That no Iudge be prouided for a Ruler neither shall the said Iudges or Bayliefs haue any charge in which they are to make any absence from their offices neither shall any office of iustice be giuen to the sonnes sonne in law brothers in law nor fathers in law of Presidents Iustices nor Solicitors nor to the Officers of the Courts and of the goods Royal neither to seruants nor allied of theirs and the same is commanded the Vice-royes And that none of the abouesaid Ministers doe accept warrant for recoueries nor other things nor serue themselues of the Indians without paying them That no Aduocate Scriueneâ— nor Relator doe dwell in the house of Iudge nor Bayliefe nor the Suiters serue the Iudges That the Iudges of Panama doe not accompanie themselues with the Dealers nor giue leaue to their wiues to accompanie them And that no Iustices of all the Courts shall haue much communication with the Suiters Aduocates nor Atturneys neither in body of a Court to goe to Marriages Funerals nor Spousals except it be a very weighty matter neither visite any Neighbour for any cause That they doe not meddle in matters of the Commonwealth nor any Iustice nor other minister of the Court may haue two offices in it And besides these many other Ordinances and good Lawes which are all concerning administration of iustice ANd because these Catholike Kings haue left nothing which most wisely they haue not prouided for according to their dutie the first thing they command the Vice-royes and all the Ministers in generall and particular is the good vsage of the Indians and their preseruation and the accomplishing of the Orders which are made as touching this for to punish the Offenders with great rigour and as the Indians doe learne the Castillan policie and can complaine and know in what things they receiue wrong for their greater ease it is prouided that they giue no place that the ordinarie writings be made in the suites betweene or with the Indians neither make any delayes as it is wont to happen by the malice of some Aduocates and Atturneys but that summarily they be determined keeping their vses and customes not being manifestly iniust and that by all meanes possible they doe prouide the good and short dispatch of them And hauing notice that in the interpretation of the Indians languages there were some fraudes for to preuent all it was ordayned that euery interpretation be made by two Interpreters which shall not confer both together about that which is controuerted by the Indian and that before they be receiued to the vse of the office they shall take their oath to administer it faithfully and that they receiue no guifts of the Indians suiters nor of others That they doe assist at the Agreements Courts and visitations of the Prisons That in their houses they heare not the Indians but to carry them to the Court. That the Interpreters be not Solicitors not
Portugall and leape out of Ouiedos Spanish ship for who will not feare such dreadfull shipwrackes as this Booke the last which hath come to our hands is full of and swim ashoare or seeke other passage with Acosta in a new or rather an old Voyage for Discouerie of the Mexican Antiquities CHAP. IIII. Mexican Antiquities gathered out of the Writings of IOSEPHVS ACOSTA a learned Iesuite EVery Historie well written is profitable to the Reader For as the Wiseman saith That which hath beene is and that which shall bee is that which hath beene Humane things haue much resemblance in themselues and some grow wise by that which happeneth to others There is no Nation how barbarous soeuer that haue not something in them good and worthy of commendation nor Common-weale so well ordered that hath not something blame-worthy and to bee controlled If therefore there were no other fruit in the Historie and Narration of the Deeds and Gests of the Indians but this common vtilitie to be a Relation or Historie of things the which in the effect of truth haue happened it deserueth to bee receiued as a profitable thing neither ought it to bee reiected for that it concernes the Indians As wee see that those Authors that treate of naturall things write not onely of generous Beasts notable and rare Plants and of Precious Stones but also of wilde Beasts common Hearbes and base and vulgar Stones for that there is alwayes in them some properties worthy obseruation If therefore there were nothing else in this Discourse but that it is a Historie and no fables nor fictions it were no vnworthy Subiect to be written or read There is yet another more particular reason which is that we ought herein to esteeme that which is worthy of memorie both for that it is a Nation little esteemed and also a Subiect different from that of our Europe as these Nations bee wherein wee should take most pleasure and content to vnderstand the ground of their beginning their manner of life with their happie and vnhappie Aduentures And this subiect is not onely pleasant and agreeable but also profitable especially to such as haue the charge to rule and gouerne them for the knowledge of their Acts inuites vs to giue credit and doth partly teach how they ought to be intreated yea it takes away much of that common and foolish contempt wherein they of Europe hold them supposing that those Nations haue 〈◊〉 feeling of reason For in truth wee cannot cleere this errour better than by the true report of the Acts and deeds of this people I will therefore as briefly as I can intreat of the beginning proceedings and notable deeds of the Mexicanes whereby wee may know the time and the disposition that the high God would choose to send vnto these Nations the Light of the Gospell of Iesus Christ his only Sonne our Lord whom I beseech to second our small labour that it may bee to the glorie of his Diuine greatnesse and some profit to these people to whom he hath imparted the Law of his holy Gospell §. I Of the ancient Inhabitants of New Spaine and of the sixe Linages of the Nauatlacas Of the Mexican Exodus and Aduentures by the way the foundation of Mexico their first King and Tribute THe aneient and first Inhabitants of those Prouinces which wee call New Spaine were men very barbarous and sauage which liued onely by hunting for this reason they were called Chichimecas They did neither sow nor till the ground neither liued they together for all their exercise was to hunt wherein they were very expert They liued in the roughest parts of the Mountaynes beast-like without any policie and they went all naked They hunted wilde Beasts Hares Conies Weezels Mowles wild Cats and Birds yea vncleane beasts as Snakes Lizards Locusts and Wormes whereon they fed with some hearbs and roots They slept in the Mountaynes in caues and in bushes and the wiues likewise went a hunting with their husbands leauing their young children in a little panier of Reeds tyed to the boughes of a Tree which desired not to sucke vntill they were returned from hunting They had no Superiours nor did acknowledge or worship any gods neither had any manner of Ceremonies or Religion There is yet to this day in New Spaine of this kind of people which liue by their Bowes and Arrowes the which are very hurtfull for that they gather together in troopes to doe mischiefe and to rob neither can the Spaniards by force or cunning reduce them to any policie or obedience for hauing no Townes nor places of residence to fight with them were properly to hunt after sauage beasts which scatter and hide themselues in the most rough and couered places of the Mountaynes Such is their manner of liuing euen to this day in many Prouinces of the Indies Those in New Spaine which they call Ottomies were of this sort beeing commonly poore Indians inhabiting a rough and barren Land and yet they are in good numbers and liue together with some order and such as doe know them find them no lesse apt and capeable of matters of Christian Religion then others which are held to be more rich and better gouerned Comming therefore to our subiect the Chichimeca◠and Ottomies which were the first Inhabitants of New Spaine for that they did neither till nor sowe the Land left the best and most fertile of the Countrey vnpeopled which Nations that came from farre did possesse whom they called Nauatalcas for that it was a more ciuill and politicke Nation this word signifies a people that speakes well in respect of other barbarous Nations without reason These second peoplers Nauatalcas came from other farre Countreyes which lye toward the North where now they haue discouered a Kingdome they call New Mexico There are two Prouinces in this Countrey the one called Aztlan which is to say a place of Herons the other Tuculhuacan which signifies a Land of such whose Grandfathers were diuine The Inhabitants of these Prouinces haue their houses their Lands tilled Gods Customes and Ceremonies with like order and gouernment to the Nauatalcas and are diuided into seuen Tribes or Nations and for that they haue a custome in this Prouince that euery one of these Linages hath his place and priuate Territorie the Nauatalcas paint their beginning and first Territorie in figure of a Caue and say that they came forth of seuen Caues to come and people the Land of Mexico whereof they make mention in their Historie where they paint seuen Caues and men comming forth of them By the supputation of their Bookes it is aboue eight hundred yeeres since these Nauatalcas came forth of their Countrey reducing which to our accompt was about the yeere of our Lord 720. When they left their Countrey to come to Mexico they stayed fourescore yeeres vpon the way and the cause of this their long stay in their Voyage was that their Gods
did see in some battailes the Image of our Lady from whom the Christians haue receiued in those parts incomparable fauours and benefits c. And therefore we ought not to condemne all these things of the first Conquerors of the Indies as some religious and learned men haue done doubtlesse with a good zeale but too much affected For although for the most part they were couetous men cruell and very ignorant in the course that was to be obserued with the Infidels who had neuer offended the Christians yet can we not denie but on their part there was much malice against God and our Men which forced them to vse rigour and chastisement Euery one may vnderstand by the Relation and Discourse I haue written in these Bookes as well at Peru as in New Spaine when as the Christians first set footing that these Kingdomes and Monarchies were come to the height and period of their power The Inguas of Peru possessing from the Realme of Chille beyond Quitto which are a thousand leagues being most abundant in gold siluer sumptuous seruices and other things as also in Mexico Moteçuma commanded from the North Ocean Sea vnto the South being feared and worshipped not as a man but rather as a god Then was it that the most high Lord had determined that that stone of Daniel which dissolued the Realmes and Kingdomes of the World should also dissolue those of this new World And as the Law of Christ came when as the Roman Monarchie was at her greatnesse so did it happen at the West Indies wherein wee see the iust prouidence of our Lord For being then in the World I meane in Europe but one head and temporall Lord as the holy Doctors doe note whereby the Gospell might more easily bee imparted to so many People and Nations Euen so hath it happened at the Indies where hauing giuen the knowledge of Christ to the Monarchs of so many Kingdomes it was a meanes that afterwards the knowledge of the Gospell was imparted to all the people yea there is herein a speciall thing to be obserued that as the Lords of Cusco and Mexico conquered new Lands so they brought in their owne language for although there were as at this day great diuersitie of tongues yet the Courtly speech of Cusco did and doth at this day runne aboue a thousand leagues and that of Mexico did not extend farre lesse which hath not beene of small importance but hath much profited in making the preaching easie at such a time when as the Preachers had not the gift of many tongues as in old times He that would know what a helpe it hath beene for the conuersion of this people in these two great Empires and the great difficultie they haue found to reduce those Indians to Chrisâ— which acknowledge no Soueraigne Lord let him goe to Florida Bresil the Andes and many other places where they haue not preuayled so much by their preaching in fiftie yeeres as they haue done in Peru and new Spaine in lesse then fiue If they will impute the cause to the riches of the Country I will not altogether denie it Yet were it impossible to haue so great wealth and to be able to preserue it if there had not beene a Monarchie This is also a worke of God in this age when as the Preachers of the Gospell are so cold and without zeale and Merchants with the heat of couetousnesse and desire of command search and discouer new people whither we passe with our commodities for as Saint Augusâ—â—ne saith the prophesie of Esay is fulfilled in that the Church of Christ is extended not onely to the right hand but also to the left which is as hee declareth by humane and earthly meanes which they seeke more commonly then Iesus Christ. It was also a great prouidence of our Lord that when as the first Spaniards arriued there they found aide from the Indians themselues by reason of their partialities and great diuisions This is well knowne in Peru that the diuision betwixt the two brothers Atahualpa and Guasca the great King Guanacapa their father being newly dead gaue entrie to the Marquesse Don Francis Pizarre and to the Spaniards for that either of them desired his alliance being busied in warre one against the other The like experience hath beene in new Spaine that the aide of those of the Prouince of Tlascalla by reason of their continuall hatred against the Mexicans gaue the victorie and siegniorie of Mexico to the Mâ—rquesse Fernando Cortes and his men and without them it had beene impossible to haue wonne it yea to haue maintayned themselues within the Country They are much deceiued that so little esteeme the Indians and iudge that by the aduantage the Spaniards haue ouer them in their Persons Horses and Armes both offensiue and defensiue they might easily conquer any Land or Nation of the Indies Chille stands yet or to say better Arauco and Tuecapel which are two Cities where our Spaniards could not yet win one foot of ground although they haue made warre there aboue fiue and twentie yeeres without sparing of any cost For this barbarous Nation hauing once lost the apprehension of horse and shot and knowing that the Spaniards fall as well as other men with the blow of a stone or of a dart they hazard themselues desperately entring the Pikes vpon any enterprise How many yeeres haue they leuied men in new Spaine to send against the Chychymequos which are a small number of naked Indians armed only with bowes and arrowes yet to this day they could not be vâ—â—quished but contrariwise from day to day they grow more desperate and resolute But what shall we say of the Chucos of the Chiraguanas of the Piscocones and all the other people of the Andes Hath not all the flower of Peru beene there bringing with them so great prouision of Armes and Men as we haue seene What did they With what victories returned they Surely they returned very happy in sauing of their liues hauing lost their baggage and almost all their horses Let no man thinke speaking of the Indians that they are men of nothing but if they thinke so let them goe and make triall Wee must then attribute the glorie to whom it appertaynes that is principally to God and to his admirable disposition for if Moteçuma in Mexico and the Ingua in Peru had beene resolute to resist the Spaniards and to stop their entrie Cortes and Pizarre had preuayled little in their landing although they were excellent Captaines It hath also beene a great helpe to induce the Indians to receiue the Law of Christ the subiection they were in to their Kings and Lords and also the seruitude and slauerie they were held in by the Deuils tyrannies and insupportable yoke This was an excellent disposition of the diuine Wisedome the which drawes profit from ill to a good end and receiues his good from an others ill which it hath not sowen It is most certaine
assembled and the companies appointed went to field where they mustred their forces and all their quarrell and fight was to take one another for sacrifice striuing on either side to take what Captiues they could so as in these battels they laboured more to take then to kill for that all their intention was to take men aliue to giue them to their Idols to eate for after that manner brought they their Sacrifice vnto their Gods And wee must vnderstand that neuer King was crowned vntill he had subdued some Prouince from the which he brought a great number of Captiues for the Sacrifices of their Gods so as it was an infinite thing to see what bloud was spilt in the honour of the Deuill MAny of these Barbarians were now wearied and tyred with such an excessiue crueltie in shedding so much bloud and with so tedious a Tribute to bee alwayes troubled to get Captiues for the feeding of their Gods seeming vnto them a matter insupportable yet left they not to follow and execute their rigorous Lawes for the great awe the Ministers of these Idols kept them in and the cunning wherewith they abused this poore people But inwardly they desired to be freed from so heauie a yoke And it was a great prouidence of God that the first which gaue them knowledge of the Law of Christ found them in this disposition for without doubt it seemed to them a good Law and a good God to bee serued in this sort Heereupon a graue religious man in New Spaine told me that when he was in that Countrey he had demanded of an ancient Indian a man of qualitie for what reason the Indians had so soone receiued the Law of Iesus Christ and left their owne without making any other proofe tryall or dispute thereon for it seemed they had changed their Religion without any sufficient reason to mooue them The Indian answered him Beleeue not Father that we haue embraced the Law of Christ so rashly as they say for I will tell you that we were alreadie wearie and discontented with such things as the Idols commanded vs and were determined to leaue it and to take another Law But when as wee found that the Religion that you preached had no cruelties in it and that it was fit for vs and both iust and good we vnderstood and beleeued that it was the true Law and so we receiued it willingly Which answere of this Indian agrees well with that we reade in the first Discourse that Fernand Cortes sent to the Emperour Charles the fift wherein hee reports that after he had conquered the Citie of Mexico being in Cuyoacan there came Ambassadours to him from the Prouince and Common-wealth of Mechoacan requiring him to send them his Law and that hee would teach them to vnderstand it because they intended to leaue their owne which seemed not good vnto them which Cortez granted and at this day they are the best Indians and the truest Christians that are in New Spaine The Spaniards that saw these cruell Sacrifices resolued with all their power to abolish so detestable and cursed a butchering of men and the rather for that in one night before their eyes they saw threescore or threescore and tenne Spaniards sacrificed which had beene taken in a battaile giuen at the Conquest of Mexico and another time they found written with a Coale in a Chamber in Tezcusco these wordes Heere such a miserable man was Prisoner with his Companions whom they of Tezcusco did sacrifice There happened a very strange thing vpon this subiect and yet true beeing reported by men worthy of credit which was that the Spaniards beholding these Sacrifices hauing opened and drawne out the heart of the lustie young man and cast him from the top of the stayres as their custome was when hee came at the bottome hee said to the Spaniards in his Language Knights they haue slaine mee the which did greatly mooue our men to horrour and pitie It is no incredible thing that hauing his heart pulled out hee might speake seeing that Galen reports that it hath often chanced in the Sacrifice of beasts after the heart hath beene drawne out and cast vpon the Altar the beasts haue breathed yea they did bray and cry out aloude and sometimes did runne In the first moneth which in Peru they called Rayme and answereth to our December they made a most solemne feast called Capacrayme wherein they made many sacrifices and ceremonies which continued many dayes during the which no stranger was suffered to bee at the Court which was in Cusco These dayes being past they then gaue libertie to strangers to enter that they might be partakers of the feasts and sacrifices ministring to them in this manner The Mamacoma of the Sunne which were a kinde of Nunnes of the Sunne made little loaues of the flower of Mays dyed and mingled with the bloud of white Sheepe which they did sacrifice that day then presently they commanded that all strangers should enter who set themselues in order and the Priests which were of a certaine Linage descending from Linquiyupangui gaue to euery one a morsell of these small loaues saying vnto them that they gaue these pieces to the end they should be vnited and confederate with the Ingua and that they aduised them not to speake nor thinke any ill against the Ingua but alwayes to beare him good affection for that this piece should bee a witnesse of their intentions and will and if they did not as they ought hee would discouer them and bee against them They carried these small loaues in great Platters of gold and siluer appointed for that vse and all did receiue and eate these pieces thanking the Sunne infinitely for so great a fauour which hee had done them speaking wordes and making signes of great contentment and deuotion protesting that during their liues they would neither doe nor thinke any thing against the Sunne nor the Ingua and with this condition they receiued this foode of the Sunne the which should remaine in their bodies for a witnesse of their fidelitie which they obserued to the Sunne and to the Ingua their King This manner of deuillish communicating they likewise vsed in the tenth moneth called Coyarayme which was September in the solemne feast which they called Cytua doing the like ceremonies And besides this Communion if it be lawfull to vse this word in so deuillish a matter which they imparted to all strangers that came they did likewise send of these loaues to all their Guacas Sanctuaries or Idols of the whole Realme and at one instant they found people of all sides which came expresly to receiue them to whom they said in deliuering them that the Sunne had sent them that in signe that hee would haue them all to worship and honor him and likewise did send them in honor of the Caciques Some perhaps will hold this for a fable and a fiction yet is it most true that since the Ingua
time of seditions whereof there was great neede Don Martin the Viceroy appointed ordinary Posts at euery foure leagues to carry and recarry dispatches which were very necessary in this Realme though they run not so swiftly as the ancients did neither are there so many yet they are well paied and serue as the ordinaries of Spaine to whom they giue Letters which they carry foure or fiue leagues EVen as such as had done any good seruice in warre or in the gouernment of the Common-weale were honoured and recompensed with publike charges with Lands giuen them in proper with armes and titles of honour and in marrying wiues of the Inguas linage Euen so they gaue seuere punishments to such as were disobedient and offenders They punished murther theft and adultery with death and such as committed incest with ascendants or descendants in direct line were likewise punished with death But they held it no adultery to haue many wiues or concubines neither were the women subiect to the punishment of death being found with any other but onely she that was the true and lawfull wife with whom they contracted marriage for they had but one whom they did wedde and receiue with a particular solemnitie and ceremonie which was in this manner The Bridegroome went to the Brides house and led her from thence with him hauing first put an Ottoya vpon her foote They call the shooe which they vse in those parts Ottoya being open like the Franciscan Friars If the Bride were a maide her Ottoya was of Wooll but if she were not it was of Reedes All his other wiues and concubines did honour and serue this as the lawfull wife who alone after the decease of her husband carried a mourning weede of blacke for the space of a yeare neither did she marry vntill that time were past and commonly she was yonger then her husband The Ingua himselfe with his owne hand gaue this woman to his Gouernours and Captaines and the Gouernours or Caciques assembled all the yong men and maides in one place of the Citie where they gaue to euerie one his wife with the aforesaid ceremonie in putting on the Ottoya and in this manner they contracted their marriages If this woman were found with any other then her husband she was punished with death and the adulterer likewise and although the husband pardoned them yet were they punished although dispensed withall from death They inflicted the like punishment on him that did commit incest with his Mother Grandmother Daughter or Grandchilde for it was not prohibited for them to marrie together or to haue of their other kinsfolke for concubines onely the first degree was defended neither did they allow the brother to haue the company of his sister wherein they of Peru were very much deceiued beleeuing that their Inguas and Noblemen might lawfully contract marriage with their sisters yea by father and mother for in truth it hath beene alwaies held vnlawfull among the Indians and defended to contract in the first degree which continued vntill the time of Top◠Ingua Yupangui father to Guaynacapa and grandfather to Atahualpa at such time as the Spaniards entred Peru for that Topa Ingua Yupangui was the first that brake this custome marrying with Mamaoello his sister by the fathers side decreeing that the Inguas might marrie with their sisters by the fathurs side and no other This he did and by that marriage he had Guaynacapa and a daughter called Coya Cussillimay finding himselfe at the point of death he commanded his children by father and mother to marrie together and gaue permission to the Noblemen of his Countrie to marrie with their sisters by the fathers side And for that this marriage was vnlawfull and against the law of nature God would bring to an end this Kingdome of the Inguas during the raigne of Guascar Ingua and Atahualpa Ingua which was the fruite that sprang from this marriage Who so will more exactly vnderstand the manner of marriages among the Indians in Peru let him reade the Treatise Polo hath written at the request of Don Ieronimo Loaisa Archbishop of Kings which Polo made a very curious search as he hath done of diuers other things at the Indies BY the commandement of Don Phillip the Catholike King they haue made the most diligent and exact search that could be of the beginning customes and priuiledges of the Inguas the which was not so perfectly done as was desired for that the Indians had no written Records yet the haue recouered that which I shall write by meanes of their Quippos and Registers First there was not in Peru in old time any King or Lord to whom all obeyed but they were Comminalties as at this day there is in the Realme of Chille and in a manner in all the Prouinces which the Spaniards haue conquered in those Westerne Indies except the Realme of Mexico You must therefore vnderstand that they haue found three manner of Gouernements at the Indies The first and best was a Monarchie as that of the Inguas and of Moteçum◠although for the most part they were tyrannous The second was of Comminalties where they were gouerned by the aduise and authority of many which are as it were Counsellors Thele in time of warre made choise of a Captaine to whom a whole Nation or Prouince did obey and in time of peace euery Towne or Comminalty did rule and gouerne themselues hauing some chiefe men whom the vulgar did respect and sometime though not often some of them assemble together about matters of importance to consult what they should thinke necessary The third kinde of Gouernment is altogether barbarous composed of Indians without Law without King and without any certaine place of abode but goe in troopes like sauage beasts As farre as I can conceiue the first Inhabitants of the Indies were of this kinde as at this day a great part of the Bresillians Chiraguanas Chunchos Yscycingas Pilcocones and the greatest part of the Floridians and all the Chichimaquas in new Spaines Of this kinde the other sort of gouernment by Comminalties was framed by the industry and wisdome of some amongst them in which there is some more order holding a more staied place as at this day those of Auracano and of Teucapell in Chille and in the new Kingdome of Grenado the Moscas and the Ottomittes in new Spaine and in all these there is lesse fiercenesse and inciuilitie much more quiet then in the rest Of this kinde by the valor knowledg of some excellent men grew the other gouernment more mighty and potent which did institute a Kingdome and Monarchy It appeares by their Registers that their Gouernment hath continued aboue three hundred yeares but not fully foure although their Seigniorie for a long time was not aboue fiue or six leagues compasse about the Citie of Cusco their originall and beginning was in the valley of Cusco where by little and little they conquered
to behold They vse other Playes to passe the time in such an order that it seemed maruellous to the lookers on Cortes brought into Spaine some of these Players Also they vse Matachines in such sort they doe play that there stand each vpon other shoulders and hee that standeth highest sheweth many feates Sometime Mutezuma did behold the Players who played at a game called Pacoliztli which is much like our Tables and they play with beanes squared like Dice which they call Patolli and throw them out of both their hands vpon a matte or else vpon the ground where are made certain strikes vpon which they set downe the chance that is throwne and at this game they play all that they haue and many times they value their owne bodies and play that into captiuitie and to remayne a slaue I meane such as are common Gamesters of small estate Sometimes Mutezuma went to the Tennis Court Their ball is celled Villamaliztli and is made of the gumme which commeth from a tree called Vlli. This tree groweth in a hot Countrey The gumme being kneaded together and so made round is as blacke as pitch and somewhat heauie and very hard for the hand but yet good and light to rebound and better then our wind-bals They play not at Chases but at Bandy or at Check that is if the ball touch the wall it looseth They may strike the ball with any part of their body but there is alwayes a penaltie if they onely strike not with the buttocke or side which is the finest play whereof they vse a skinne vpon each buttocke They play so many to so many for a packe of Mantles or according to the abilitie of the Players Also they play for gold and feathers and sometime for their owne bodies as they vse at Patolli which is there permitted and lawfull The Tennis Court is called Tlachco and is a Hall long and narrow but wider vpwards then downewards and higher on the sides then at the ends which is an industry for their play The house is alwayes white and smooth in the side walles they haue certaine stones like vnto Milstones with a little hole in the middest that passeth through the stone the hole is so small that scarcely the ball may passe through but he that chanceth to strike the ball into the hole which seldometh happeneth winneth the game and by an ancient Law and custome among Tennis Players he ought to haue the Cloakes of all those that stand and behold the play on that side that the ball went in and in some Tennis Courts the halfe of the garments of them that stand looking on The Winner is then bound to make certaine Sacrifice to the God of the Tennis play and to the stone where the ball entred The beholders of the play would say that such a Winner should be a Thiefe and an Adulterer or else that he should die quickly They vsed in the Temple of the Tennis play two Images of the God of the Ball which stood vpon the two lower walles The Sacrifice was celebrated at mid-night with many Ceremonies and Witch-crafts and Songs for that purpose Then came a Priest from the Cathedrall Church with other Religious persons to blesse the Sacrifice saying certain deuillish Prayers and throwing the ball foure times in the Tennis Court In this order was the Tennis play consecrated and after this consecration it was lawfull to play or else not for this diligence was first to bee done when any Tennis Court or play was newly built The owner of the Tennis Court also would neuer suffer any to play vntill he had first offered something to the Idoll their Superstition was so great Mutezuma had many houses as well in Mexico as without for his recreation and pleasure as also for his ordinary dwelling To write of all it should bee tedious but where his continuall abiding was he named Tepac that is to say Palace And that Palace had twentie doores or gates which had their out-comming into the common streets It hath three Courts and in the one standeth a faire Fountaine many Hals and a hundred Chambers of twentie three and thirtie foot long an hundred Bathes and Hot-houses and although the building was without nayles yet very good workmanship The walles were made of Masons worke and wrought of Marble Iaspe and other blacke stone with veines of red like vnto Rubies and other Stones which glistered very faire the roofes were wrought of Timber and curiously carued the Timber was Cedar Cypresse and Pine-tree the Chambers were painted and hung with Cloth of Cotton and Cloth made of Conies haire and feathers The beds were poore and of no value for they were nothing but Mantles laid vpon Mats or vpon Hay or else Mats alone few men lay with in those Houses There were a thousand women and some affirme that there were three thousand accounting Gentlewomen Seruants and Slaues the most were Noblemens Daughters Mutezuma tooke of them for his selfe those that liked him best and the others he gaue in mariage to Gentlemen his Seruants The saying was that hee had at one time a hundred and fiftie women his wiues with childe who through the perswasion of the Deuill tooke Medicines to cast their creatures because they knew that they should not inherit the State these his wiues had many old women for their Guard for no man was permitted to looke vpon them The shield of Armes that is set in his Palace and likewise carried to the Warres is an Eagle soaring vpon a Tigre his tallons bent as taking prey Some thinke it is a Gryffon and not an Eagle The Griffons in time past say they did cause the Vale of Auacatlan to bee dispeopled for they were great deuourers of men and that their abiding was in the Mountaines of Teoacan they approue that these Mountaines were called Cuitlachtepelt of Cuitlachtli which is a Gryffon bigger then a Lion but the Spaniards did neuer see any of them The Indians by their old Pictures doe paint those Gryffons to haue a kind of haire and no feathers and also affirme that with their tallons and teeth they breake mens bones They haue the courage of a Lion and the countenance of an Eagle they paint him with foure feet and teeth with a kinde of downe more like wooll then feathers with his beake tallons and wings There are also other Lords that giue the Gryffon in their Armes flying with a heart in his tallons Mutezuma had another house with very good lodgings and faire galleries built vpon Pillars of Iaspe which extendeth toward a goodly Garden in the which there are ten ponds or moe some of salt-water for Sea-fowle and other some of fresh water for Riuer-fowle and Lake-fowle which ponds are deuised with sluces to emptie and to fill at their pleasure for the cleannesse of the feathers There is such a number of Fowle that scarcely the ponds may hold them and of such diuers
large compassed round about with doores and is so great that a hundred thousand persons come thither to chop and change as a Citie most principall in all that Region Wherefore the resort is from farre parts vnto that place Euery occupation and kinde of merchandise hath his proper place appointed which no other may by any meanes occupie or disturbe Likewise pesterous wares haue their place accordingly that is to say stone timber lime bricke and all kinde of stuffe vnwrought being necessarie to build withall Also Mats both fine and course of sundrie workmanship also Coales Wood and all sorts of earthen vessell glased and painted very curiously Deere skinnes both raw and tanned in haire and without haire of many colours for Shoomakers Bucklers Targets Ierkins and lining of woodden Corselets also skinnes of other beasts and fowle in feathers readie dressed of all sorts the colours and strangenesse thereof was a thing to behold The richest merchandise was Salt and Mantels of cotton wooll of diuers colours both great and smal some for beds others for garments and clothing other for tapissarie to hang houses other cotten cloth for lining breeches shirts table clothes towels napkins and such like things There were also Mantels made of the leaues of the tree called Metl and of Palme tree and Cony haire which are well esteemed being very warme but the Couerlets made of feathers are the best they sell threed made of Cony haire pieces of linnen cloth made of cotton wooll also skaines of threed of all colours also it is strange to see the great store of fowle some wilde some tame some water fowle and other some of rapine All the brauerie of the Market is the place where gold and feathers ioyntly wrought is sold for any thing that is in request is there liuely wrought in gold and feathers and gallant colours The Indians are so expert and perfect in this science that they will worke or make a Butter-flie any wild Beast Trees Roses Flowers Herbs Rootes or any other thing so liuely that it is a thing maruellous to behold It hapneth many times that one of these workmen in a whole day will eate nothing onely to place one feather in his due perfection turning and tossing the feather to the light of the Sunne into the shade or darke place to see where is his most naturall perfection and till his worke be finished he will neither eate nor drinke There are few Nations of so much patience The Art or Science of Gold-smiths among them is the most curious and very good workmanship engrauen with tooles made of flint or in mold They will cast a platter in mold with eight corners and euery corner of seuerall metall that is to say the one of gold and the other of siluer without any kind of solder they will also found or cast a little caldron with loose handles hanging thereat as wee vse to cast a bell they will also cast in mold a fish of metall with one scale of siluer on his backe and another of gold they will make a Parret or Popinjay of metall that his tongue shall shake and his head mooue and his wings flutter they will cast an Ape in mold that both hands and feet shall stirre and hold a spindle in his hand seeming to spin yea and an Apple in his hand as though he would eate it Our Spaniards were not a little amazed at the sight of these things For our Gold-smiths are not to be compared vnto them They haue skill also of Amell worke and to set any precious stone But now as touching the Market there is to sell Gold Siluer Copper Leade Latton and Tin although there is but little of the three last metals mentioned There are pearles precious stones diuers and sundrie sorts of shells and bones spunges and other Pedlers ware which certainly are many and strange sorts yea and a thing to laugh at their Haberdash toyes and triffles There are also many kinde of Hearbs Roots and Seedes as well to bee eaten as for medicine for both men women and children haue great knowledge in hearbs for through pouertie and necessitie they seeke them for their sustenance and helpe of their infirmities and diseases They spend little among Physicians although there are some of that Art and many Apothecaries who doe bring into the market Ointments Sirrops Waters and other drugs fit for sicke persons they cure all diseases almost with hearbs yea as much as for to kill Lice they haue a proper hearbe for the purpose The seuerall kindes of meates to bee sold are without number as Snakes without head and taile little Dogs gelt Moll 's Rats long Wormes Lice yea and a kinde of earth for at one season in the yeere they haue Nets of maile with the which they rake vp a certaine dust that is bred vpon the water of the Lake of Mexico and that is kneaded together like vnto Oas of the Sea they gather much of this victuall and keepe it in heapes and make thereof Cakes like vnto brick-bats they sell not onely this ware in the Market but also send it abroad to other Faires and Markets afarre off they eate this meate with as good stomacks as wee eate cheese yea and they hold opinion that this skum or fatnesse of the water is the cause that such great number of fowle commeth to the Lake which in the winter season is infinite All the Sellers pay a certaine summe for their shops or standings to the King as a custome and they to bee preserued and defended from theeues and for that cause there goe certaine Sergeants or Officers vp and downe the Market to espie out malefactors In the middest of the Market standeth a house which may bee seene throughout the Faire and there sitteth twelue ancient men for Iudges to dispatch Law matters their buying and selling is to change one ware for another as thus one giueth a Hen for a bundell of Maiz other giue Mantels for Salt or money which is Cacao and this is their order to chop and change they haue measure and strike for all kinde of Corne and other earthen measures for Hony and Wine and if any Measure bee falsified they punish the offenders and breake their measures The Temple is called Teucalli that is to say Gods House Teutl signifieth God and Calli is a House a name very fit if that house had beene of the true God The Spaniards that vnderstand not the language doe pronounce and call those Temples Cues and the God Vitzilopuchtli Vchilobos There are in Mexico many Churches with Towres for their Parishes and Streets wherein are Chappels and Altars where the Images and Idols doe stand and those Chappels doe serue for buriall places of their Founders for others are buried in the ground about them or Church-yards All their Temples are of one fashion therefore it shall bee now sufficient to speake of the principall Church This Temple is square and doth
bones and Iewels was gathered and laid vpon a rich Mantle the which was carried to the Temple gate where the Priests attended to blesse those deuellish relickes whereof they made a dough or paste and thereof an Image which was apparelled like a man with a visor on his face and all other sorts of Iewels that the deaâ— King was wont to weare so that it seemed a gallant I doll At the foote of the Temple staires they opened a graue ready made which was square large and two fadom deepe it was also hanged with new Mats round about and a farre bed therein in the which a religious man placed the Idol made of aâ—hes with his eyes toward the East part and hung round about the wals Targets of Gold and Siluer with Bowe and Arrowes and many gallant tuffes of Feathers with earthen vessels as Pots Dishes and Platters so that the graue was filled vp with houshold stuffe Chests couered with Leather Apparell Iewels Meate Drinke and Armor This done the graue was shut vp and made sure with beâ—mes boords and flored with earth on the top All those Gentlemen which had serued or touched any thing in the buriall washed themselues and went to dinner in the Court or yard of the Kings house without any table and hauing dined they wiped their hands vpon certaine locks of Cotten woll hanging downe their heads and not speaking any word except it were to aske for drinke This Ceremonie endured fiue dayes and in all that time no fire was permitted to be kindled in the Citie except in the Kings house and Temples nor yet any Corne was ground or Market kept nor none durst goe out of their houses shewing all the sorrow that might be possible for the death of their King In Mexico were twelue Iudges who were all Noblemen graue and well learned in the Mexican Lawes These men liued onely by the rents that properly appertaine to the maintenance of Iustice and in any cause iudged by them it was lawfull for the parties to appeale vnto other twelue Iudges who were of the Princes bloud and alwayes abode in the Court and were maintained at the Kings owne cost and charges The inferiour Iudges came ordinarily once euery moneth to consult with the higher And in euery fourescore dayes came the Iudges of euery Prouince within the Mexican Empire to consult with the Iudges of Mexico but all doubtfull causes were reserued to the King onely to passe by his order and determination The Painters serued for notaries to paint all the cases which were to be resolued but no suite passed aboue fourescore dayes without finall end and determination There were in that Citie twelue Sergeants whose office was to arrest and to call parties before the Iudges Their garments were painted Mantels whereby they were knowne a farre off The Prisons were vnder ground moist and darke the cause whereof was to put the people in feare to offend If any witnesse were called to take an oath the order was that he should touch the ground with one of his fingers and then to touch his tongue with the same which signified that he had sworne and promised to speake the troth with his tongue taking witnesse thereof of the earth which did maintaine him But some doe interprete the oath that if the paâ—tie sware not true that then he might come to such extremitie as to eate earth Sometime they name and call vpon the God of the crime whose cause the matter touched The Iudge that taketh bribes or gifts is forthwith put out of his office which was accounted a most vile aâ—d 〈◊〉 reproach The Indians did affirme that Necauâ—lpincintâ— did hang a Iudge in Tezâ—â—â—o for 〈…〉 sentence be himselfe knowing the contrary The Murtherer is executed without exception The woman with childe that wilfully casteth her creature suffereth death for the same The Theefe for the first offence was made a slaue and hanged for the second The Traitor to the King and Common-weale was put to death with extreame torments The Woman taken in Mans apparell died for the same and likewise the Man taken in Womans attire Euery one that challengeth another to fight except in the warres was condemned to dye In Tezcuco the sinne of Sodomie was punished with death and that Law was instituted by Necaualpincinth and Necaualcoio who were Iudges which abhorred that filthy sinne and therefore they deserued great praise for in other Prouinces that abhominable sinne was not punished although they haue in those places common Stewes as in Panuco The end of the fift Booke AN ALPHABETICALL TABLE OF THE PRINCIPALL THINGS CONTAINED IN THE FIVE BOOKES of the third Part of PVRCHAS his Pilgrims The first Number notes the Page the second Number directs you to the number noted in the back-margent of the Pages Right against which or betwixt that and the next number the note is to bee found Obserue that whereas many words may bee well written with I. or with Y. the Reader is to looke to both Obserue also that Name of Saints or Knights are not set vnder S. but in the Alphabet of their proper Names A ABaccu is the Caspian Sea 69.60 The largenesse of it 70.1 Abaseia or Habassia is India media 106.50 in Marg. Rich in Gold ibid. Abedalcuria 252.60 Abortion caused by an Herbe 991.40 Acapulco the Prouince and Port in the West Indies the Latitude 871.60 Acias or Akas so the Tartars call the Alanian Christians 10.10 Enemies to the Tartars 12.40 Achbaluch Mangi which in Tartars Language is the White Citie of the Mangi 90.1 Acornes as big as Apples 520 50 Accents the Chinois haue fiue seuerall 384.20 Accounts cast by graines of Corne 1053.50 Accord betweene Poles and Russes about chusing their Emperour 788.789 Acquaintance the Ceremony of beginning it 374 Acacron the Armenian Prophet 49.50 Acon the Citie Arabicke and Syriack vnderstood there 13.50 Adams Sepulcher in Zeilan 106.1 More of that Fable ibid. Adams-Apples grow in Persia 71.10 Adders of India their seuerall sorts and natures 976.1 Adem the Soldan of it discomfited 106.50 Admirals Iland 474.40 Sea horses there 512 Adoration the manner of it in Mexico 1027.30 1028.1 1046.60 Adoption practised in Russia 740.40 Adulterie punished with Death in Peru 1058.40 Adultresses Dowries giuen to poore Girles 276.10 Adulterie Witaldrie the punishment 182.40 Adulterers how punished in China 204.10 Aedgar the King his mightie Nauie 619.40 Emperour of the Ocean ibid. Aegeland and Halgeland discouered 212.1 Aequinoctiall vnder it moyst and raynie and why 918.40 Not so hoâ— as the Antients held it very cold in March causes of the temperature though the Sunne bee very hote the dayes and nights equall 920. No Calmes vnder the Lane 923.60.926 The Ayre vnder or neere it swifter then the Ayre about the Poles and why 925.30 Easterne and Westerne windes continuall vnder the Lino 925.40 See Torride Zone Aequinoctiall whither healthfull liuing vnder it 889.10 Aethiopian Patriarch 327.30
King 376.50 He cares not to encrease his Dominion ibid. His brothers and Cousins of little authoritie 379.20 His tributary Kingdomes 381 10. His Pensions to Souldiers Officers c. ibid. His title 387 5â— Does nothing but by his Officers directions 388.10 His Reuenues he cannot lauish as he pleases ibid. Not spoken vnto but by his Eunuches or by Petition 392.40 His Armes or Ensignes reuerenced ibid. 405. They that speake to him couer their mouthes 392.50 405. He seldome giues presence ibid. He is yellow and none else may be ibid. His Robe and Palace Ibid. They reckon by his Reigne 393.1 Why he comes not abroad 396.30 He is the High Priest 397.10 China words Hiam-xan a Mayor 327.30 Ansam the same that Hiam-xan 327.30 Hien a Citie and Ci-hien Gouernour of a Citie 327 Ci-hien a Gouernour of a Citie 327 30 Aitao the Admirall 327.50 He is Gouernour ouer all Strangers See Strangers Chaen the Prouinciall Visitor 327 50 Ciai yuen the same that Chaen 389 60 Ci a Gouernour So Ci-hien the Gouernour of the City 327.30 Ci-fu the Gouernour of Sciauquin 328.1 Thien Chu the Lord of Heauen 328.30 Lin-ci-tau a Gouernour of three Prouinces 329.60 Tutan a Viceroy or Lord Deputy 330.20 Sancei three Wayters 333.60 Ci-lau or Scilau the Iudge of the Countrey of Warre 336.10 Naughan The Southerne Inn. 336 30 Sciepathau Eighteene Streames 336.50 Yamsu the Sonne of the Sea 337.40 La Pu the Councell of Magistrates 339.60.388 Chian the greatest Riuer 340.39 Cho a Riuer 340.39 Horses a swifter sort of ships 341 20 Lu the Tartars 342.40 Pa or Pe the North parts 342.40 Szin holy or Saint 345.10 Scingin a Saint the greatest title giuen to some learned in China 344.19 in marg L vsed for N in some Dialects 338.10 B seldome vsed by them 342.40 Holy Pao God 345.10 Scin mu holy Mother 345.10 Mâ— a Mother 345.10 Nian a Queene 345.10 Van van Siu A thousand thousand yeares 347.10 Tanfu the Priests of the learned 347.40 Cafila a Carauan or company of Merchants 362.1 364.40 Condures a Coins worth seuen farthings 365.39 Colaâ— the Councell of State 372.40 in marg 386.50 388 50 Zinzin an Interiection of Vrbanity 373.20 Pu a Tribunall or Court 388.30 They want B.D.R. 403.50 They end no word in any Consonant but M and N. 408.40 Ciam Ciu a President of a Court 388.50 Cilam an Assistant in Iudgement 388.50 Choli Magistrates extraordinary 388.60 Zauli Magistrates extraordinary 388.60 Quin the Court of the King and thus Nanquin signifies the Southerne Court and Pequin the Northerne Court 389.30 Nan South or Southerne 389.30 Pucinfu and Naganzafu Magistrates 389.40 Tauli an order of Magistrates ibid. Yuce Iaspar of Catai or Cascar 390.10 Totoqui the Law 397.50 Osciami a Sect of Priests 398.10 Ciaicum Fasters 398.30 Lauzu the old Philosopher 398.40 Hoei Sects of strange Religions 400 20 Fu a shire in a Prouince 40â— 40 Sciandai on the Sea 406.50 Xi Fiat 407.40 so the King signes Ti Cam. Pluto 407.60 A China-prouerbe Englished see 409.1 Foe Gods 409.10 Zo ye Cringing 373.20 Paytre a paper of Visitations 373 40 Than exceeding large 380.30 Yu Rest 380.30 Hia great ibid. Sciam Adorned Cheu Perfect Han the mike way in Heauen Min Splendour Ta-min the Kingdome of great Splendour 380.30 Chiumboa a Garden 380.30 Fu a Prouince 381.1 Cheu a great Citie Hien a towne 381.1 389.40 Mui Sea-coale 382.20 Qâ—ohoa the Court Language 384 30 Tâ—hio The Examiner or Poser 385 40 Siducai the degree of Bachelour of Art 385.40 Kingin Master of Arts. Quiaâ—juen the Senior Brother at Commencements 386 Cin-su Doctorship 386.50 Hoamsi Supreame Monarch 387 50 Lauye or Lausie Lord or Father 388.10 Chinois or people of China their Persons and Habits described 179.40.50 c. Curiosities in their Hayre ibid. How they Salute and their common Courtesie of inuiting men to Victâ—aâ—ing houses 180.10 Their entertainments of Guests and manner of Feasting ibid. 30. By night 181.1 They weare no Weapons ibid. 50. Their Funerals and Mourning ibid. 50. 182.1 Their Womens customes and Apparell Painting and retirednesse ibid. 20. Buying and selling of Men ibid. 50. c. Magistrates with their Creation Priuiledges and maintenance 183.20 Iustices Prisons and Schooles 184. and 203. Manner of administring Iustice 186.10 Admirable diligence in their Seruants ibid. 187. Pompe of their Magistrates in the Streetes 200.187 193. Their habite ibid. Their manner of examination of witnesses 188.200 Their Briberie 186.50 c. The Religion of China 195.50 c. They haue Temples for them and Oratories in their Ships 196.1 Slight esteeme of their Gods 196.10 197.1 Hard to bee made Christians and why 197. 207. Chinois the esteâ—me of their King 258.40 260.20 Their opinion of the Reward after death 262. 263.1 And of the burning of the World 266.30 Siluer buryed with them and why 263.10 Their Hospitals 264. They giue their goods to Idols and to haue their soules prayed for 264.40 270.1 277.1 Religious Orders amongst them 264.60 32. Seuerall Sects 265.50 272.40 Their Gods of fire Tempest Sea c. 266. Their opinion of Hell 267. â—1 Some Christians in Sampitay 267.20 Chronicles and Legends of China 267.50 Their prayers to their Gods 267.10 And vowes 269.30 They beate their Idols 319.60 Their Priests shauen 319.50 Chinois sometimes Lords of India 269. marg Their infinite varietie of Trades no man must meddle with anothers Trade 270.271 They eate Snakes Snailes or any thing 270.30 Their extreame Superstitions 271. Their workes of Pietie 271.30 Their stately Tribunalâ— 272.1 Their Sepulchers ibid. 30. 274.20 Sacrifices of wilde Birds and Beasts ibid. Their foure chiefe Sects 272.60 Their inkling of the Resurrection 274.20 Their Gods ibid. 40. They Marry and get Starres ibid. Their knowledge of the Flood of Noah 275.40 Skorne to be taught 327.60 Their owne people held vnfit for Gouernours 276. Their Women bee white ibid. They hold the transmigration of Soules 277.1 They are but meane Mariners 291.1 Their Compasse want of the Card ibid. 10. They worship Saints Images ibid. 20. Their Customes in comming a shoare 292.10 Their Banquets described 302.20.292.40 298.30 What Musicke they vse ibid. 302.30 They are excellent Porters 294.50 They weare no Weapons 295.20 Their State Ceremonies vpon the knee 296.40 298.20 300. The inferiour layes aside his state before his Superiour 297.1 Ceremonies to the Sunne before their Feasts 302. Their Masters Actiuitie and Martiall discipline 305.10 They inuoake the Deuill in a tempest 308.60 318.20 They thinke it barbarous to bee called by their owne name 330.40 Much addicted to Alchimie 332.60 334. ibid. Their manner of thankesgiuing 333.50 They are apt to Learning 335.1 How men suspected are made to finde out the parties offending ibid. 20. the abstinence of their Idolaters ibid 30. their testimonie of bidding a man welcome 339.40 Riding on Horsebacke not magnificent enough for them 342.20 Their Language
consists most of Monosillables 342.60 Their Learning not so admirable 343.50 what their Arethmeticke with Linnen instruments and Beades 335.1 Some formes of Location vsed by them 344.10 and in marg They bowe their foreheads to the ground in saluting their Superiours 344.1.30 Their chiefe Authors ibid. 20. The priuacie of their Women 360.1 344.60 They weare not so much as Kniues ibid. 40. Their habite ibid. Their disciplining of themselues ibid. 50. Their Catechisme 345.1 Their knowledge of euerlasting paine oâ— reward ibid. Taught to worship Saints c. 345.10 Their opinion of Eclipses ibid. 40. Their fiue Elements and ignorance in Philosophy ibid. 50. Their Nobilitie 346.50 Their Learning reckoned vp 348.20 Their want of Logicke ibid. Their Philosophers hold themselues equall with the Creator 348.20.30 They are greedy of precious Stones 353.10 Their Southsaying about their Burials 357.10 They call their Kingdome the World and are amazed at an vniuersall Mappe 358.50 The hopes and hinderances of their Conuersion 359. They may follow what Religion they please ibid. 20. Their good Capacities ibid. Their incredulity of things after this life 359.30 They keepe as many Wiues as they are able ibid. Desirous of Learning 360.30 Their Buildings and other things all alike 363.40 Their Shipping of two sorts 364.10 Their Dyet and feeding they are great Sallâ—t-eaters 305.50 They eate Horses Mules c. ibid. 60. They know not how to dresse their Silkes 366 40. Ill Dyers ibid. Their Apparell long ibid. Their long Hayre ibid. Their Hats and Caps ibid. 376.1 Their persons and Complexions ibid. 10. Their trades ibid. None rich nor idle ibid. 30. They haue no Nobility by descent ibid. Their Marriages ibid. Their Funerals ibid. 60. 368. c. Their Idolatrie 369.1 They are Sorcerers 369.10 Their two great follies 369.20 Most can write there 370 Chinois highly conceited of their own learning 375. They applaude the Papacie 375.20 Closenesse of their women 375.50 Their apparell ibid. Their preuention of rebellions 376.30 Their Iournies but slow and small 409. marg How and why their women make their 〈◊〉 â—â—tle 410.60 Liue long and healthfull and why 391.50 Their haire worne loose till they bee twenty 394 Their persons described exactly 394.20 Their Boyes and Girles habits ibid. The apparell of men and women ibid. The change of their names often 394.50 60. Their Games at Cards Dice c. 395.20 Their Superstiions c. 395.40 396. Their crueltie to their owne Children 396.10 and selues ibid. Their Sects ibid. The Iesuites hope many of them were saued ibid. Chinchintales the Prouinces 76 30 Chincilles an Indian beast whose haire makes cloth 966.40 Chingis Chan his Vision to conquer all the World 111.20 Chosen Emperour ibid. His Lawes 111.50 His second Vision 112 40. His death 113.20 Chingis the great King of Tartary was a Smith 45.50 Chingis signifieth the sound of Iron ibid. Cingis-chan his victories 77.50 Hee consulteth with his Southsayers 77.60 The manner of it with a Reed 78.1 Slaine and buried 78.10 His Successors all buried by him 78.20 The Tartars going to burie their Prince kill all they meete ibid. Cingis Chan Ancestor to the Crim Tartars 637.40 Chiutaiso a Chinois much furthers the Iesuites in China 335.10 c. His Letter to his Master Ricius 344.10 Chircasâ—es Tartars neere Lituania more Ciuill and comely then the other Tartars some acknowledge the King of Polonia and are Christened 442.20 Chololla a Citie gone to in Pilgrimage by the Indians the description 1120. 1123.20 Chrinisin Silkeworme 442.50 Christians which Crosses Inke vpon their hands 21.1 Christians in China 359.60 But decayed 400.1.10 Called Terzaâ— in Persiâ— 400.20 Some new made in China 406 Christians in China the summe of their Religion 267.30 269.50 A Christian Martyred in China 269.50 Christians in Cathay Rebat 311 1. Their habites Blacke and Red ibid. All these are fabulous reports ibid. Christians many in Cauchinchina 410.20 Christians what manner of ones the West Indians are 998.40 Christian Chappell Crosse found in Tartarie 26 30. An Armenian Monke in it ibid. Christians of the East will vse no Bells and why 21.4 Christians of Saint Thomas but in one Citie 110.1 Christianitie decayed in Tauâ—ica 636.20.30 Christianitie by what meanes aduanced by the Iesuites in China 401.1.10 The way to Preach it in China 197.30 Christianitie receiued in Island 645.1 Christianitie why the West Indians embraced it so soone 1039.40 Christall of the Rocke where had 546.40 Christall-boryll Mines of it in the West Indies 874.30 Christmasse day December 25. in Russia 224 40 Câ—ronicles of China how written and by whom 389.10.20 Chroniclers for the Indies in Spain 855 Chronologie of the Mexicans 1050.1052 And of the Peruuians 1053.10 Cialis the Kingdome 313.10 The vtmost bounds towards China 314.50 Ciangalu the Citie 94.60 Ciarcan the Prouince where It hath diuers precious Stones 75.10 Cilicia how it came to bee called Armenia 111.1 Ciment not vsed in the Stone-works of the Indians 1056.10 Cimbria the Etimon of it 661 Cimmerian darkenesse 110.40 107.10 Cin a Title of the Mexicans 1126.30 Cinamon tree described 138.40 Cities wonderfull 12000. in China 99.60 with Garrisons ibid. Citie moueable on the Water 270.50 Cities of Russia the chiefe 418.30 S. Claraes Ilands 477.40 Clergie of Russia their esteeme 422.10 Mocks in their Parliaments 423.10.20 Called to their Parliaments in Russia 428 Clergie of Russia vnlearned they Preach but twice a yeare the substance of their Sermon ibid. They purposely keepe out Learning ibid. Clerke of the Councell in Russia 428.20 Clete Iland and of the Orkneyes 827.30 Cleua the chiefe Citie of the Ruthenians 61.40 Cliffe falling kils some English 734 Cloath deare in China 367.1 Cloath made of Barkes 94.40 Of Gold and Siluer ibid. 50 Cloath made in the West Indies 962.30 Cloath made of the Coca Nut in the East Indies 981.30 Cloath of Conies haire Feathers 1128.10 Of Feathers alone ibid. Cloath made of Earth which endures the Fire 76.40 Cloues store 91.10 Clockes Larums in China their manner 99.40 Clockes vnknowne to the Chinois 356.40 They learne to keepe them ibid. And the learners aduanced 357.30 Coach with one Wheele in China 343.10 Coapes worne by the Greeke Clergie 448.20 Coâ—pes of the Russian Clergie 227.228 Cobinam a great Citie in Persia 72.10 Coca Tree described continually chewed by the Indians of Peru the vertues 895.1 Coca Trees and fruit described 981.30 Medicinable for what why called Coca 982.10 Coca a leafe of Peru the esteeme they chew it continually vse it for money 957 Coco trees of the West Indies like to a Palme-tree the excellency of the Nut and medicinablenesse of the Shell the Nuts haue Almonds in them The Tree beares twelue times a yeere 958.30 c. Cockes of Hispaniola when they Crowe 997 Cockins sound in Groenland the distance betwixt London and it 832.10 The Latitude and Variation there ibid. 847.50 Cochinel store where 907.60 It growes of Wormes how 951 Coda Inforcata an Indian
Varieties of their tempers and tasts 932.50 Lambri a Kingdome of Iaua 104.1 Lamps before Tombes in China 265 266.1 Land in 73. degrees Noâ—th not mentioned in any Sea Card 568.40 Called Hold with Hope ibid. A temperate land ibid. The Sun is long together aboue the Horizon there 569.20 Lands set apart for sacred vses in Peru 1056.60 Lands in Pâ—ru how the profits are distributed according to each mans necessity 1057.30 Langa and Solanga a Tartarian people 23.20 Their habits ibid. Langenes in Noua Zembla 474 30. 513 1 Land-lords Iudges ouer their Tenants 216.40 Language of China discoursed vpon 384 Language and writing the same through all China 101.50 Language of Island is the pure old Goâ—ish or Nâ—rwegian 658.1 Languages forty seuerall ones spoken in so many Castles in Kersoua 2 Languages diuers in Persian Prouinces 74 Language of Russia different from the Polish 761.30 Laos Siones Maons a great Kingdome where 168.20 Hath Muâ—ke and Gold ibid. Their complexion and habit ibid. A mighty Riuer amongst them a wonder of that 169.1 10 Lipland the length and breadth 443.50 It hath two sorts of people ibid. To whom subiect Their poore liuing some are wild and the greatest witches in the world 444. Excellent Bowmen and Gunners their Commodities and Faires 444.1.10.223.20 Laplanders their miserable liuing 516.1 Their swiftnesse 517.30 Laque a Perfume in China 196.1 Latitudes which the Spanish Fleets obserue in going and comming to the West Indies 924. See Courses and Nauigations Laua Riuer in Russia his mouth and fall into the Lake Lodiga 794 40 Laulo the Iland 307.50 Lautimey in China fired by the Tartars 278.40 Law of Nature the Iesuits hope that the Chinois were saued by it 396.60 Law altogether studied in China 185.20 Lawes made by Kings in China 387.40 Law-sutes in China most about their Buriall places 368.50 Lawes of Island some rehearsed 666.667 c. Lawes in Russia 435.20 None written but all speaking Lawes ibid. 216. 217 Lawes of the Tartars 443.1 Lawyer none may plead in the West Indies where his Kinsman is Iudge 913 Lawyers bribes taken and giuen to honest men 276 Lawyers forbidden to goe to the Spanish Indies and why 998.30 Lawing of the Russes the order 433.40 Their seuerall Courts and Iudges ibid. Lawing vnknowne to the Tartars 639.1 Saint Lawrence in Canada discouered 463 Saint Lawrence Bay 477.20 The latitude ibid. Lâ—uzu a China Sect 398.40 Their Legends and Fooleries their Paradice ibid. Lay-Commissaries to Bishops in Russia appointed by the Emperour 446 40. They ouer-rule the Clergie ibid. Lead Myne in Cherry Iland 558 50. 564 Leafe in India that heales a broken Arme prâ—sently 986.40 Learning only giues Wealth Honour and Nobility in China 367.40 Learning feared by Tyrants 447 30 Leaue-rites in Curland 628.10 Lechias a rare Fruit in China 178 50 Left-hand most honourable where 373.20 Left-hand noâ— vsed to touch their meate with it where 105.1 Legends and Prophesies the effects of them 1021 Legend of Huiunsuns killing the Dragon and flying into Heauen 337.20 Legend of Leus 398.40 Legges Armes heads c. Offered by sicke Men to their Idols 271.1 Lent-time to the people of the East 34 20 Lent the Armenians and Nestorians eate no fish in Lent 35 20 Lents foure in a yeare 217.60 227. They begin on Munday the endings of all foure 218.1 No flesh nor White-meates eaten in Lent 218 Lents foure in Russia and when and how 456 Leopards vsed like Hounds 80.50 Leprous people are Toll-gatherers in Tartary 10.50 Lequios Ilands by Iapan and China rich in Gold c. 906.50 See Lucaios Lesgi a Tartarian people 12.50 Their border 16 10 Letany of the Tartars for their Prince 85.10 Letters of the Islanders 646.30 Letters of Demetrius of Russia to the Nobility 752. Of him to the English Agent 758.20 Letters of Mexico their manner 1135.10 Letters of Almeida to Eâ— Sand 330.40 Of Longobard and Taiso 343.40.344 Of Pantoia to Luys de Guzman 350 Letters of the Visitor of Concheo in China to the Gouernour of the Philippinaes 309. The answere to them 310. Of Ierome Xauiere 310.50 Letters of the Russian Emperour 221 Letter of the Duke of Brabant concerning the Tartars 60.50 And of the Emperour to the King of England 61.30 Letters of the Tartarians to the French King 45.50 To the Pope 59.30 Of one Tartarian Prince to another 59.50 Letters the West Indians ignorance of them they thought the Spaniards Packets of Letters could speake 994.50 Letters about businesse of Greenland fishing 731.732.733.734.735.736.737 Letters vnknowne to the West Indies 1051.40 Letter of Sir Humphrey Gilbert from New-found-land 808.50 Of Iohn Rut a Mariner to King Henry the Eighth 809. Of Albert de Prato to Cardinall Wolsey 809. Of William Baffin to Master Wostenholme 843 Letters of Master Locke to a Greeke Pilot and their answers 851 Letters of Suiskey Emperour of Russia to our King Iames 765 Of English Merchants concerning Russian troubles 780. Of Doctor Hall 781 Letters of Xauier the Iesuite 318.10 Of the King of Bungo to the Pope 322.30 Of the King of Arima to the Pope 323.20 Of the Iaponian Tyrant to the Spanish Viceroy 324 Lettow is Lithuania 624.50 Leuca Iland where 633.10 Leuconia where 53.40 Lewfoot Ilands 212.10 222.50 Lewis in Orkney 827.40 Lezards are Crocodiles Liampeo where 190.50 Liampoo a Portugall Towne in China raced by the Chinois 259.50 Libanus inhabited by Christians 122.20 Lice sold for meate in Mexico 1133.10 Lice eating men to the bones 614.40 Lice forsake Saylers and finde them againe comming to the same place 975 Licence written on a board 292.20.299.20 Licotice where described 233.1 Liefland how diuided betwixt the Russe the Sweden and the Pole 627.60 Light-Dogge of the Indies his strange heauinesse described 966.50 Sings musically 978.50.60 Lignum Aloes where it growes 102.60 103.10 Lignum Guacum or Sanctum the vse and where it growes 938.10 Lignum Sanctum better for the French Poxe then Guyacum 998.30 Lignum vitae or Guayac whence brought 959.60 See Guacum Life much studied in China 369.20 Lying in China is prudence 339.10 Lima Citie in Peru. See Los Reyes Limahon a Chinese Pirate 286.50 His Storie 287. A mighty Fleete made out against him ibid. How hee came to the Philippinaes ibid. Goes to surprise the Spaniards there ibid. Comes before Manilla 288.1 Burnes the Citie ibid. Seates himselfe on the Riuer Pangasinan and erects a Fort ibid. 40. The Spaniards ioyne against him ibid. They set vpon him at two seuerall places 289. Heâ— flees to his Fort they besiege him three Moneths ibid. His fiue Stratagem to escape 289.30 308.30 Omoncon the Chinese comes with Commission to take him ibid. Lime and Stone built withall in China 292.10 Lincin in China 352.60 Linna or the Frier of Linne his Story 624 Linnen and â—â—perie of the Cotton-tree 1132.40 Lions taught to Hunt like Hounds 85.20 And Leopards and Wolues ibid. The maâ—er of it ibid. Lions how slaine 94 40.50 Lions
yeeres old when he came vnto his Empire * or Gilam Succuir and Campion mentioned by M. Polo No passing into the Countrey Succuir described Rhubarbe described The Root and Iuyce and preparing A cold climate Six Saggi make an ounce Mambroni Cini The way of the Carauan betwixt Tauris and Campion in Catai Campion described Apparell Beaâ—ded men Houses Pageants Temples and Idols Huge carriages Anchorets Friars White mourners Printing â—ortification 〈…〉 of 〈◊〉 Oxen. The Ieselbas or Green-head Tartars Chimia Simia Limia Prating mountebanks and Iuggling knaues Camboia Siam Champa King of Camboia a Bramene Probar missur Pralocussur Praput prasar mitri Men aliue worshipped Twenty seuen Heauens Thirteene Hels Massanchraches Nassendeches Mitires * As this word Tame in English The Tartars rather set forth fleets from China to these Exploits as in Polo you reade Liquos an Iland Cauchin china Daman an Iland Laos or Siones Maons 1559. Muske what it is Riuer of the Laos Merus are a kind of wild Asses Badas are the Rhinocerores by the forehead vnderstand the face for the horne is lower then the fore-head Chudurmuch Loeâ—h Sistor Strange oueruer-flow a fresh Riuer running vp without Sea-force The Brames The Patanes Wall of China Tartarian rodes into China See Pinto * Here followed the diuision of the Countrey into shires or Kingdomes with their Cities c. which wee referre to later and better Intelligence The wals of Cantan The Riuer and Town-ditch The Gates Draw-bridges Gate-courts Strait streets and paued Houses of Magistrates * Or little Court Sanctitie of Courts and reuerence of high Magistrates Great Prisons Priuate houses Temple and Mesquit Suburbes Store of people Victuals Suburbes Suburb-gates Watcheâ— Here followed much of other Cities but because the Author saw them not but receiued his intelligence from Perera I referre you to him Other China Cities High-wayes Galiote Perera * Which is therefore here omitted Store of shipping Riches of China in it selfe Prouerb Iunkes for war and for trade Ship-fights No Ordnance Sudibusve praeustis They vse Oares Small ships A kinde of Gallies Dwelling in ships * The husbâ—nds merchâ—ndise and the wiues huswâ—â—â—ry Duck-weeders Artificiall broods See an example in Panâ—oia oâ— this magnificence Ships for guard Fleetâ— Industry cause of plentie Idlenesse hated Almes derided Idle Idoll-Priests punished with vniust iustice of profane busie Rulers which made their soules the least and worst part of themselues and a God of their goods that is 9d Tyrannie growes poore by seeking to grow rich Thriftie husbandrie Nothing lost Paper of diuers matters Neat filth Pomps which goe by the feet Puppet playes Prouision for impotent persons See of thâ—se things Pinto Shoomakers Almes not almes the fruit of vâ—in glorie not of mercy Chaires Silkes Porcelane Fables of it How it is made Merchants Tables Rhubarbe Kings Customes x Or Quarters y Whiâ—h amounteth to 400000. pound weight of Siluer * Which is 40000. pound weight of Siluer Very Merchants Victuals Porke store Frogs Markets Herbs Fruits Lechias Victualling houses Encereâ—â—do Dogs flesh Fishing with Cormorants Their persons The Attire of the men Long haire Courtesie Cha drinke Great eaters Feasts Birth-dayes Night feasts New yeeres day Comedies Instâ—uments Armes and quarrels Funerall rites Mourning China womens customes and cloathes I haue many China Pictures which represent the women either with their feet wrapped vp or else very small their eyes also and noâ—es little c. of the rest as in the Map is seene Womens retirednesse Marriage Adulterie Witaldrie Harlots The bondage or slauerie of some in China Sir Master or Lord. Louthias of the Court Eunuchs The Tutom Lieutenant Deputie or Vice-roy The Ponchassi or Treasurer The Anchasi or chiefe Iustice. The Aitao or chiefe Captaine His Lieutenanâ— the Luthissi Each haue ten Assistants Ensignes of dignitie girdle and canopie The Taissu or Sheriffe The Chaen or Iudge of the Circuit or Visitor The Quinchais Commissioners extraordinarie The third yeeres Visitor Commencement or Act. Of this see more in the following Relations of the Iesuits Other sorts of Louthias Their Priuiledges Publike Officers wholly maintayned of the publike Houses for Officers Publike Innes Inferiour Officers Rest in age with dignitie Reuerence Nimia seueritas parit contentum Taa Manner of their pompâ— in the street Pompe of the greater Officers Chaen and Quinchays splendour Noyse and silence Manner of inquisition No Oathes Bribe-trickes Cane-whipping Much is here written of Prisons and Executions which I haue omitted * Huge Reeds or Canes Miserable euasion of misery Store of free-people and therefore store of bond by abused libertie and store The King his wiues children and seruants Embassadours priuiledges * Lopo Soarez was sent Vice-roy An. 1515. and sent this Perez with a fleet to China and therein Thomas Perez Embassadour who were well entertayned there But some Portugals vsurping Tamus a China-Iland and exercising all outrages caused T. Perez after 4. moneths trauell from Cantan to the Court to bee taken for a Spie and sent backe to Cantan where hee died in Prison among male-factors See Maffaeus l. 5 6 who seemeth to disagree or else his peoples act was aâ—cribed vnto him For hee had left 6. ships there when he went to Canton Disguised Intelligencers Portugals called Fancui and hated Name-policy Lawes of Nauigation Couetise lawlesse China Pirats Liampo Chincheo Namqui or Nanquin Disorders of outragious Chinois and insolent Portugals Briberie Mountayne Mouse-birth Spectatum admiss risum teneatis amici Pillory Coops Damnable vanitie The Kings Iustice. Manner of examination When theeues fall out The Quinchays magnificent ostentation Cautelous industrie * It is here abridged The Kings Sentence * In China and Siam they pay Custome by measuring the ship fâ—om poop to prow how many cubits it is oâ— * Pontoos are Sea-watches Butcherly insolence * Said in his heart or conâ—ceited himself Senfu and others rewarded x Red Caps are the ensigne of men condemned to 〈◊〉 the King in his frontiers against the Enemie The Tutan by hanging himselfe preuents the Hangman or proued the Hangman rather What became of the Portugals Heauen first both God and Character Omittoffois and their offerings * A Perfume so called Lots Cruell men to their foolish Gods Offerings The Deuill worshipped Paper Offerings Two sorts of Priâ—sts Monkes Seculars Feasts Traditionall Fables No noueltie Prouisions against stay of Strangers Notes Chinois Sodomites Plagues hapning in China Tuson a terrible tempest Vinyanfu swallowed vp Another Citie quiâ—e perished Leuchimen Hien Puchio Cochue Enchinoen Inchumen Sanxi Bloudie shower * You shal haue a more full description of the Country by later Authors who yet could not so well as this tell their iudiciall proceedings seueritie prisons executions c. these 13. are to be vnderstood besides the two royall Prouinces Pachin Pochang or Paquin or Pequim * Cambalu signifieth the same and so the Mogolls call this Citie Poste Horses Their months Excellent wals and an admirable bridge Magnificent stones Wayes paued bricked or pitched Culture
Barge Glorious Varnish Abundance of all colours in Iapon and China Painted Figures Very great Oares and the excellent vse of them Musike Manner of petitioning the King Eunuch estranged They stayed three months Lincin This was the thirteenth of October Couetousnesse iniurious Images A Crosse and Reliques A Chalice A Crucifixe Suspicion Dying dreadfull The force of Winter This was till the bâ—ginning of Ianuarie 1601. The King sends for them Their iourney They came to Paquin in 4. dayes trauell The present is deliuered to the King Clockes and Pictures admired They are sent for to the Court. Eunuches are taught to vse the Clockes The Pictures The King of China his questions Three kindes of Kings The Escuriall Saint Markes Sepulchers Death of King Philip the 2. The King neuer suffereth himselfe to be seene of the common people Bad Picture-drawers Eunuches preferred Iesuites offered to be Mandarins A Moneth Mandarin offâ—nded They are shut vp some three moneths Mandarins Petition A Turke kept there They hyer an House Visited by Mandarins China ignorance oâ— the worâ—d Vse of Maps Ill Cosmographie Ignorance mother of arrogance Mathematicks Ethikes Foure months Hopes of Christianitie The basenesse of the Bonzi Indeuotion Almost Atheists Bookes of Philosophers aboue 2000. yeeres old Sacrifices to Philosophers Some Christians made there Closensse of Women Some relations of Conuersions are heere for breuitie omitted Multitude of people Desire of Learning and Morall vertue Marke this zeale China foure square The Description Two notable errours of our newest Maps Paquin in 40. degrees The Kingdom of China goeth not past 42. degrees North-ward China and Catayo are all one Cambalu and Paquin aâ—e all one Very Merchants It is so in Moscouie Iasper stone a great merchandise· x Almizcte Span. the Latin hath Muske y Como buche Span Latin Stomachum Rhubarb See before in Chaggi Memet p. 164 A Sea of sand Diuision Chorographicall Bookes Chinâ— populous Villages as great as Townes Walls Nanquin in 32. degrees and an halfe Three walls Streets long Palaces Circuit 200000. houses Hancheo and Sucheo Quinsay Ciuitas coeli Reuenue Building not beautifull compared with European Vniformitie in China Cities Fertilitie Commodious Riuers In 600. leagues but one day by land This is more exactly measured by Ricius a more exact and mature obseruer of all things sup §. 5. cap. 5. Mighty Riuer perhaps Quâ—â—n mentioned by Polo Fishing with a kinde of Rauens or Cormoraâ—ts Muddy Riuer Alume vsed in clarifying of water Shipping Ship-houses Multitude of ships The excellent beauty of the Mandarines Barges Tributes in money and in kinde 10000. Vessels at Nanquin for Tribute of Victuals and 1000. for other Tributes and others many for workes Path-way of ships Sluces or locks Silkes and perfumes Vessels for workes Siluer in greatest request in China The great store of merchandise in China Cheapnesse A caution for strange Merchants Victuall store and cheape Sixe pence One halfpeny Herbs Two and three Haruests in one yeere Plaine Countrey Plaine of 100. leagues Spare feeding Herb-eaters Horses eaten Wines diuers Neatnesse Iesuites Benefit of hot drinke Oile made of an herbe Cold Prouinces Timber plenty Much Gold to be bought in China Brasse money vsed in China * Sarcos laâ— ferruginei Trades Seruants cheape Sale of children vile None very rich Yet as rich as ours very rich Few idle Surnames Knights Nobilitie only in Learning No Lord but the King Extortion Marriage Polygamie Inheritance Funerals and mournings Three yeares mourning in white Linnen Keeping the dead at home Other Funerall Rites Funerall day Funerall Figures Coffâ—n Buriall place Vnluckie to burie in the Citie Transition of soules Metempsuchicall Superstion Idolatrie Of Hell See in Pinto Lots Wicked Bonzi Diuiners and diuinations Studies to prolong life Bookes of Alchimie Souldiers many and few Basenesse Armour and Armes The barrels of their Pieces but a span long The causes of bad Souldiers dis-respect dis-use and their choise from the tonâ—â—e Exercises Militarie No Ordnance Tartarian conquest Feare of Tartars Mahometans No weapons in houses Not bloudie Studious Many Characters Monosyllable language Pensil-writing Rhetorike sole Art Here followed of their Degrees which is more exact in Trigantius and therefore here omitted Glory of Doctors They Print yeerely great store of bookes in China Easie Printing Printing white Most can write and reade Pootrie Painting and Musicke Noble Spirit of the Mandarins Sinceritie of some The present Kings disposition Heroike zeale Kings Wiues and Children Question of the Successor Thousands of Court Mandarins The Prince Proclaimed Gouernment good if well executed Lawes lawlesse Bribes Dance in a Net naked Court Mandarins Chiefe Mandarin or of Heauen See or these after in the diâ—course of Riccius and Trigantius The second The third c. Counsell of State or the Colai Their wealth and wages meane Whipping State and pompe Visitors Punishment by death rare The great frosts of Winter in Paquin Bookes of newes Complements of courtesie and entertainment That which is in a little letter is added out of Trigautius * When they salute in the street they turne to the North side to side at home to the head of the house which is against the doore Northward also their Temples and Halls for entertaynment being made with the doore to the South Cha or Chia a drinke made with a certaine herbe Paytre or visiting paper These Libels consist of 12. pages of white paper a palme and halâ—e long c. see Ric. pag. 66. Salutation or visitation-garments Taking leaue Head place of the house Great Letters for great persons First acquaintance Sending Presents Banquetting Inuitations Feasts to taste and bride it Chinois Complemental and almost all complement New-yeere A Turke dis-respected The Hierarchy applauded by Chinois Ridiculous nicetie Palace Polygamie litigious Closenesse of Women Apparell Small feet Histories of their Kings Knowledge of the Flood Moralitie made a King and Nature made a Mandarine contrary to innumerable Scripture c. Mathematicall Instruments The China vindex New Lords new Lawes Rebellion preuented by the policie Reuenue 100. Millions others say 150. Expences Nâ—ighbour Kingdomes Corea or Corai A Paradoxe Contentednes Corea ioyned to the Continent of China Queenes closenesse Eunuches The yard and all cut away Their numbers and choice Seruice Ignorance Couetousnesse The common people neuer see nor speake with the King Law of Nations contemned Embâ—assages Royall Palace Yellow is the Kings Colour Riuer and Bridges Fire from Heauen No peace to the wicked Mounts and Groues Third partâ—tion King a home Prisoner Temple of Heauen and Earth Barbarous vsage of the Kings Children Kings Affinitie and Consanguinitie little worth Maps of China Here in the author begins l. 1 cap. 2. the first being a place The diuers names of this Kingdome The China custoâ—â— of changing names yet this name China Sina or Cathay vnknowne to them Conceit of the Earths forme The Kings Title Largenesse of the Kingdome of China The temperate Climate * Some say many more see the Map and notes Chap. 3.
Peter Basman sent against Demetrius reuolteth Tumult of the Commons Demetrius his Letter * Thus heâ— but others ascribe this murther to Demetrius his command and this selfe-murther was pretended to auoid enuy of the fact Death of Mother Sonne Emperor Boris his Mosco Patent translated whiles Sir Th. Smith was there Lot Law Thu. li. 135. The Iesuites first authors or fâ—utâ—rs at least of this Demetrius Sigismunds fatheâ— Iohn was impriâ—oned by King Ericus 1564. Cossaks Zerniga Putinna yeelded The Palatine defeated Cistercians and Ieâ—uits Demetrius his confiâ—ent Prayer Demetrius his victorie Bialogrod Leptina Seueria yeelds Boris dyeth Some say that hee had vsed with Aqua vitae to poyson others Neque enim lex iustioâ— vlla est quam necis artifices arte perire sua * Some say of 60000. men Basman yeeldeth Demetrius commeth to Mosco his pompous entrance Poles aduanced Clemencie to Suiskey Respect to his Mother Iesuits Embâ—ssage â—o Poland Promise of Romish Religion Demetrius his Marriage Both crowned Conspiracie * I suppose this should bee Gilbert for one Captayne Gilbert I haue often heâ—rd of in that place of seruice which writ also commentaries oâ— these affaires which I haue much sought to little purpose in our Merchants hands Bloudie day P. Basman slain Demetrius taken and slaine Conâ—umelious vsage Poles slaine The Queene Merchants spoyled Russes slaine Suiskeys speech He is chosen Emperour The Deuill is often slandered and by ill willers bad is made worse And so perhaps by Suiskeys faction was this Demetrius The former part of this intelligence I found in Master Hackluyts Papers the later by conference c. Son oâ— Gregory Peupoloy See Suiskeys Letter following Occasion of ambition Boris ill gouernment Demetrius Emperour He is slaine Suiskey Emperour * This might be rumoured Others say hee was not of that but of very noble bloud See sup in Fletcher and Thuanus Demetrius his person described Some say that he was not like Demetrius and that he seemed a dozen yeeres elder but perhaps they mistake this for an other after Pretender calling himselfe the same Demetrius c. as after shall appeare a deformed man Captayne Gilbert Buchenskoy Stones rare about Mosco Captaine Gilberts report of a Vision Another manner of his death reported Coluga I find him called Shoskey Suiskey Ziska c. the iust translation and pronunciaâ—ion being hard League with the Pole He taxeth the King of Poland Allegations against the pretending Demetrius A Frier A Clearke Magician Greeke Church Flight to Letto m George Demetry of Owglits His murther Buriall Letters to Poland Polish aides Smeernoy sent Crim Tartar Another Messenger Mutation of Religion Romish Religion and Iesuites Large Empire of Russia See before Popes Letter Slaine burnt Election of Swisky Miracles Sir Iohn Merricke New Parent 1606. Thu. l. 135. Polish insolencies Choosing by lot Suiskeys vices The like is told of K. Edward the fourth that vpon prediction of one to succeed whose name began with G he put to death George Duke of Clarence his brother and yet Gloster succeeded A printed book 1614. tels of a great man named Tragus which betraied by one Glasco was arrayned and to preuent the furie of Suiskey stabbed himselfe c. Cap. Gilbert * Thuan tels that fourteene horses were missing in the Kings stable on the massacre day and hence was occasioned a suspicion of escape c. A strange Iuggler English aide Sweden Title Forraine aides to the Russes 1200. Souldiers shipped from England Colonel Caluine A tempest Another tempest of the mutinous vulgar They land in Pâ—tland Fish cheape Ignorant Bores Iealousie of thâ— people Griffin a base coward and traitor to his fellowes A wise Gouernour Two Ships Hard vsage Effects of drunkennesse Cruell cowardise and base iealousie King of Denmarks bounty Elzinore Stockholme Misery after misery Captaines cozenage Finland Dispersing Distresse by Frost Their miserable march into Russia Want of meate and of Water Russians runne away Nouogrod Polake enemies They fled Sconce taken with store of Armes Poles cruelties most execrablâ— Pontus le Guard They meet An. 1610. Base Russe flight P. le Guard fleeth French flee English honour * Some say he had 100000. which is scaâ—sly credible Mosco yeelded Second Demetrius slaine * Vnder the Lord Willâ—ughby Gen. Sir Iohn Poole c. A. Iansonius quindecies mâ—lle vasorum pul sul Suiskeys imprisonment and death Poâ—ish crueltie Their reward Eaters of mans flesh forced to eate mans flâ—sh * The Polish Vaâ—uâ—d whose daughter married Demetrie that was slaine who now had recouered libertie Russia â—poyled by Tartars * The Polish Vaiuâ—d whose daughter married Demetrie that was slaine who now had recouered libertie Russia â—poyled by Tartars a Generall of the forces of Suiskey in the field A Dane borne see Doct. Halls Epistles Euan Vasilowiâ—h Suiskey now raigning Thoâ—e of the Citie â—nâ—ly c Lieâ—â—â—nders that inhabit there * The second Demetrius which was soone after slaine by a Tartar * 161â— in English account The Poles in Moscoâ—esieged â—esieged by the Russes English house burnt Master Sâ— Southeby Dan. 2. 7. 8 Ap. 12.3 13.1 2. 17.1 Iud. 17.6 18.1 19.1 21.25 Iud. 9. Popular gouâ—â—nment in Russia Demetrius supposititius secundus Demetrij primi 〈…〉 Palaâ—â—â—filia De Baptismo repetendo Ruâ—eck Pheodor Euanowich Boris Godonoue Gregorij Eutropio Rostrige Demetrij Euanowich Primates Lord Palatin of Sandomire Vasili Euanowich Suiskey The Wor. Coluga Other Wors or pretenders Iuan Peter Pheodor The King of Poland The Lord of Praemislaue Michael Salticoue The Articles are before in Latin Vasili Galichin Galechin Halusia a Wor or Pretender Lepun Saruski The King assents Klutzinsky a Wor or Pretender acknowledged Emperour Astracan Laplandâ— Russian inconstancy Many-headed body Ianson A. 1612. Gods prouidence permits not the vtter ruine of Russia Strange alteration of affaires by a Butcher Pozarsky chosen Generall and a Butcher Treasurer Boris Liciu Micalowich Son to the Chancellor chosen Our Kings mediation His Fathers returne and Patriarkship Ianson Sir I. Merikes negotiation Sir Dudley Digs was also sent Embassador in a troublesome time when he could not with safetie passe vp to Mosco for the enemie in the first times of Micalowich Obliuion of former quarrels Michaelo Pheodorowich Emperor of Russia Gustavus Adolphus King of Sweden Great Nouogrod c. returned to the Russe Churches restored with their goods c. Sir I. Merike Ambassador Libertie of persons Time of deliuerie Odow to remayne cautionary Charles Philip Prince of Sweden not to lay clayme Zar or Czar is a Title of the great Duke Places yeelded by the Muâ—coâ—ite to the Sweden Money to be giuen to the Sweden Ordnance and Munition to remaine The coÌ„tract of V E. for Coreliu and the Territories confirmed to Sweden Commissioners oâ— both sides to meet The title of Leifland resigned by V.E. at Wiburgh Anno 7117. now confirmed Title to be giuen Commerce of Trade Merchants of both Kingdoms to haue houses and Churches in each
and without it by quick-siluer but also that some of these metals which are refined by the fire cannot well be molten with any artificiall winde as with bellowes but when it is kindled and blowne with the naturall aire or naturall winde The metall of the mynes of Porco is easily refined with bellowes and that of the mynes of Potozi cannot bee molten with bellowes but onely by the breath of their Guayras which are small Furnaces vpon the sides of the Mountaines built expresly where the winde lies within the which they melt this metall and though it be hard to yeeld a reason for this difference yet is it most certaine and approued by long experience so as the greedie desire of this metall so much valued amongst men hath made them seeke out a thousand gentle inuentions and deuices whereof we will hereafter make mention The chiefe places of the Indies from whence they draw siluer are new Spaine and Peru but the mynes of Peru farre surpasse the rest and amongst all others of the World those of Potozi The Mountaine or Hill of Potozi so famous is situate in the Prouince of Charcas in the Kingdome of Peru distant from the Equinoctiall towards the South or Pole Antartike one and twentie degrees and two thirds so as it falls vnder the Tropicke bordering vpon the burning Zone and yet this Region is extremely cold yea more then old Castile in the Kingdome of Spaine and more then Flanders it selfe although by reason it should be hot or temperate in regard of the height and eleuation of the Pole where it is seated The reason of this so cold a temperature is the height of the Mountaine whereas cold and intemperate winds continually blow especially that which they call Thomaâ—aui which is boistrous and most cold It raines most commonly in Iune Iuly and August The ground and soile of this Mountaine is drie cold and very vnpleasant yea altogether barren which neither engenders nor brings forth any fruit grasse nor graine it is naturally vnhabitable for the intemperature of the Heauen and the barrennesse of the Earth But the force of siluer which drawes vnto it the desire of all things hath peopled this Mountaine more then any other place in all these Kingdomes making it so fruitfull of all kindes of meates as there wants nothing that can be desired yea in great abundance and although there be nothing but what is brought by carriage yet euery place abounds so with Fruit Conserues exquisite Wines Silkes and all other delicates as it is not inferiour to any other part This Mountaine is of colour darke red and is in forme pleasing at the first sight resembling perfectly the fashion of a Pauilion or of a Sugar-loafe It exceeds all other Hills and Mountaines about it in height The way whereby they ascend is very rough and vneuen and yet they goe vp on horse-back It is round at the top and at the foot it hath a league in circuit It containes from the top to the bottom 1680. common yards the which reduced to the measure of Spanish leagues makes a quarter of a league At the foot of this Mountaine there is another small Hill that riseth out of it in the which there hath beene somtimes mynes of metall dispersed which were found as it were in purses and not in fixed or continued veines yet were they very rich though few in number This small Rock was called by the Indians Guayna Potozi which is yong Potozi at the foot wherof begins the dwellings of the Spaniards and Indians which are come to the riches and worke of Potozi which dwelling may containe some two leagues in circuit and the greatest traffick and coÌ„merce of all Peru is in this place The mynes of this Mountaine were not digged nor discouered in the time of their Inguas which were the Lords of Peru before the Spaniards entred although they had digged and opened the mynes of Porco neer to Potozi distant only six leagues An Indian called Gualpa of the Nation of Chumbibilca which is a Prouince of Cusco going one day to hunt for Venison passing towards the West whither the beast was fled hee began to runne vp against the Rocke which at that time was couered and planted with certaine Trees they call Quinua and with thicke bushes and as he striued to get vp a way which was somewhat rough and vneasie hee was forced to lay hold vpon a branch which issued from a veine of a siluer myne which since they haue called Rich which hee pulled vp perceiuing in the hole or roote thereof metall the which he knew to be very good by the experience hee had of the mynes of Porco and after finding vpon the ground certaine pieces of metall which lay broken and dispersed neere to this veine being scarse well able to iudge thereof for that the colour was spoyled and changed by the Sunne and raine he carried it to Porco to trie by the Guayras which is the triall of metall by fire and hauing thereby found the great riches and his happy fortune he secretly digged and drew metall out of this veine not imparting it to any man vntill that an Indian called Guanca of the Valley of Xaura which is vpon the borders of the Citie of Kings who remayning at Porco neere vnto Gualpa of Chumbibilca perceiued one day that hee made a refining and that his Wedges and Bricks were greater then such as were vsually made in those places and also increasing in his expence of apparell hauing till then liued but basely For this reason and for that the metall his Neighbour refined was different from that of Porco hee thought to discouer this secret and wrought so that although the other kept it as secret as hee could yet through importunitie hee was forced to carry him vnto the Rocke of Potozi hauing enioyed this rich treasure full two moneths And then Gualpa the Indian willed Guanca for his part to take a veine which he had discouered neere to the rich veine which at this day is called the veine of Diego Centeno that was not lesse rich but more hard to digge and to draw forth and so by agreement they diuided betweene them the richest Rocke in the world It chanced after the Indian Guanca finding some difficultie to digge and draw forth his metall being most hard and the other Gualpa refusing to impart any of his myne vnto him they fell at debate so as Guanca of Xaura grieued therewith and with some other discontents discouered this secret vnto his Master called Villaroel a Spaniard who then remayned at Porco This Villaroel desirous to vnderstand the truth went to Potozi and finding the riches his Yanacona or seruant had discouered vnto him caused the Indian Guanca to be inrolled vndertaking with him the said veine which was called Centeno they call it Vndertaking that is as much as to note and marke the myne and so much ground in circuit for him which the Law graunts vnto those that
discouer any myne or vnto those that digge them by meanes whereof hauing discouered them to the Iustice they remayned Lords of the myne to digge and draw forth the siluer as being their owne paying onely their duties vnto the King which is a fift part So as the first discouerie and inregistring of the mynes of Potozi was the one and twentieth of Aprill in the yeere of our Lord 1545. in the Territorie of Porco by the said Villaroel a Spaniard and Guanca an Indian Presently after they discouered another veine which they called the Veine of Tinne the which is very rich although it be rough and very painfull to worke in the metall being as hard as flint Since the thirtie day of August in the same yeere 1545. the veine called Mendiâ—ta was inrolled and these are the foure principall veines of Potozi They say of the rich veine the first that was discouered that the metall lay aboue the ground the height of a Lance like vnto Rocks raysing the superficies of the Earth like vnto a crest of three hundred foot long and thirteene foot broad and that this remayned bare and vncouered by the deluge this veine hauing resisted the violence and force of the water as the hardest part The metall was so rich as it was halfe siluer and this veine continued in his bountie fiftie or threescore Stades which is the height of a man and then it sayled Presently after that the discouerie of Potozi was knowne in Peru many Spaniards and the most part of the Bourgeois of the Siluer Citie which is eighteene leagues from Potozi came thither to take mynes yea there came many Indians from diuers Prouinces especially the Guayzadores of Porco so as within a short space it was the best peopled habitation of all the Kingdome When as the Licenciate Pollo gouerned that Prouince the which was many yeeres after the discouerie of this Mountaine they did euery Saturday enter a hundred and fiftie and two hundred thousand pieces whereof the Kings fift amounted to thirtie and fortie thousand pieces and for euery yeere a million and a halfe or little lesse So as according to that computation they did draw euery day from this myne thirtie thousand pieces whereof there came to the King for his fift sixe thousand pieces a day There is yet another thing to bee spoken of to shew the riches of Potozi that the account which hath beene made was onely of siluer that was marked and customed And it is well knowne in Peru that they haue long vsed siluer in these Realmes which they call Currant which was neither marked nor customed And they hold it for certaine which know these mynes that in these dayes the greatest part of siluer drawne at Potozi was not customed and this had course amongst the Indians and much amongst the Spaniards as I haue seene continued to my time so as it may appeare the third part of the riches of Potozi yea the one halfe came not to light neither was it customed There is yet a more notable consideration in that which Plinie saith they had digged a fifteene hundred pases in the myne of Bebello and that continually they found water which is the greatest hinderance they haue to draw forth their metall But in this of Potozi although they haue digged two hundred stades or heights of a man in depth yet did they neuer finde any water which is the greatest happinesse of this Mountaine But the mynes of Porco whose metall is good and very rich are at this day left for the discommoditie of water which they haue found in their worke for they are two insupportable labours in searching of the metall first to digge and breake the Rocks and then to draw out the water all together The first of them that is to cut through the Rocks is paine enough yea very hard and excessiue Finally at this day the King receiues for his fift yeerly from the mynes of Potozi a million of siluer besides the wealth that growes by quick-siluer and other Royall prerogatiues which is a great treasure Some men of iudgement hauing cast vp the accounts say that what hath beene brought into the custome House of Potozi vnto the yeere of our Lord 1585. amounteth vnto a hundred thousand millions of pieces of Essay whereof euery piece is worth thirteene Rials and a fourth part not reckoning the siluer which hath beene carried away without custome or that hath beene entred in other Royall custome houses or the siluer that hath beene wrought in the Countrie which is not entred the which is innumerable although the first Registers of Entries are not so exactly kept as at this day for that in the beginning and first discoueries they made their receit by Romans so great was their abundance But by the instructions and remembrances of Don Francisco de Toledo the Vice-roy in the yeere of our Sauiour Christ 1574. they finde seuentie and sixe millions to that yeere and from that yeere to eightie fiue inclusiue it appeares by the Royall Registers there were thirtie fiue millions more entred They sent this accompt to the Vice-roy from Potozi in the yeere I haue mentioned being then in Peru and since the wealth that hath come from Peru by ship hath amounted to much more In that fleet where I came in the yeere 1587. there were eleuen millions transported in the two fleetes of Peru and Mexico whereof two thirds were in that of Peru and almost the one halfe for the King This Rocke of Potozi containes as I haue said foure principall veines that is the Rich veine that of Centeno that of Tinne and that of Mendiâ—ta All these veines are of the East part of the Mountaine as looking to the Sunne rising for on the West part there is not any The foresaid veines runne from North to South which is from Pole to Pole In the largest place they haue sixe foot and in the narrowest a span breadth There are others of diuers fashions that runne out of the said veines like as out of the great armes of Trees there commonly sprout forth lesse Euery veine hath diuers mynes which are parts and portions of the same distinct and diuided betwixt diuers Masters by whose names they are commonly called The great myne containes fourscore yards neither may it be more by the Law and the least containes foure All these mynes are at this day very deepe In the Rich myne they reckon seuentie eight mynes which are eightie yards deepe or a hundred stades or height of a man and in some places two hundred In the veine of Centeno are foure and twentie mynes whereof some are seuentie or eightie stades deepe and so of the other veines of this Mountaine For a remedie to this great profunditie they haue inuented mynes which they call Soccabones which are caues or vents made at the foote of the Mountaine the which goe crossing till they incounter with the veines for we must vnderstand that although the veines