wyl settle it selfe vnto the bottome and you shall fynde the substance agayne So although the earth is mingled with water by the meanes of the fretting of the streame and the Tide and also the soussyngs of the bellows in great winds tossyng it to fro in stormy weather yet notwithstanding in fayre and calme weather in such places whersas there dooth not runne a great Tyde or streame then that earthye substance doth settle it selfe agayne on such places as are defended by some Naase or poynt and in some Bay or place that the grating of the Tyde or streame dooth not greatly trouble it is then called Owes or as the common people that be not neare dwellers vnto such Ryuers doo call it Durt Myre or Mud. And then in such places where it dooth ebbe or stowe being setled nowe a litle and then a litle the winde and the Sunne doo somethyng harden it vntyll at the last through the setling nowe some and then some and styll dryed with the wynde and the Sunne that it is as high as the common foule Seas and then it will beginne to beare some greene thyng and so it wyl become Marishe ground in tyme and so is ouerflowed in the spring tides but in the Neape Tydes it is bare at a full Sea And then many tymes it happeneth that those that are the dwellers there aboutes or els the Lordes of those soyles doo Inne that same grounde and make the walles for the defence thereof And in processe of tyme it becommeth maine lande and by this meanes commeth all your playne and leuelled groundes neare vnto Riuers sides And this kinde of grounde must needes be verye fertyle and riche so that it be not ouerflowed with salt water for that all the stonye and sandy substance is washt out thereof and it must needes bee playne and leuell for that it is braught to be leuell with the water at a ful Sea c. And furthermore it happeneth diuers times as in the Chapter before is rehearsed by great wyndes and stormes in sundrie ages of the worlde that the Channel◠doo alter by the washyng or fretting away of some poynt or firme lande or Naase and then that which hath been many yeeres before mayne grounde may be fretted awaye and be ouerflowen agayne And the substance of the grounde maye be landed in some other place as by experience in manye places hath beene seene so that that place that hath beene before meayne grounde hath become Sea and water and that place that hath beene before sea and water hath become drye lande And these things haue happened in pracesse of tyme by the meanes of the chaunging of the chanels which doo alter the setting of the Tydes in Ryuers and Hauens whose principal cause hath happened as before is rehearsed by frettyng awaye some Naase or poynt and then some Naase or poynt hath turned the Tyde some other waye and so worne or fretted a newe chanell so that whereas the Tyde or streame hath runne most swiftest hath become an eady and so in processe of tyme grounde in lyke manner c. The thyrde Chapter sheweth the naturall causes of the hyghe clyffes by the Sea coastes c. AND furthermore as touchyng the naturall causes of clyffes that are by the Sea coastes as wee maye see some of harde stone and some of Chaulke and of a monstrous height and some of Claye and other of earth c. My opinion is thys as the age of the worlde is of no small tyme so in processe of tyme the often sufferynges of the bellowes of the Seas haue beaten away the feete of those hilles that are by the sea coastes And so vndermyning it although it were of harde stone yet the wayght of that which was vndermined hanging ouer in rayny wether or after great frost must needes fall downe into the Sea And then that sayle or substaunce that fell downe in processe of time was beaten or washed away agayne by the often soussing of the bellowes of the sea in the time of great wyndes and stormes And then the stuffe so fallen down being washed and consumed away the sea doth begin to vndermine it agayne by litle and lytle tyll at the length by the meanes before rehearsed there falleth downe an other portion of the sayde substaunce or stuffe from the hyll so that in the ende they become such monsterous Cliffes as wee may see by experience are on the sea coastes in a number of places And thus they do were away by litle and lytle vntil that an other place is become aforelande without that lande that is to say an other Naase or head land to stande further out into the sea then that dooth and then that Clyffe wyl stay without fallyng downe any more of the substaunce or stuffe of long time by the meanes of some beache or shingle or sande or stones that shall be brought thither by the cossing to and fro of the bellowes of the sea and that shall lye there and defende the foote of the sande cliffe as by experiēce we may see in a nūber of places by the sea coasts and then doth we are away an other Cliffe in some other place of the sea coastes for it happeneth many times in sundrye ages that at one time one place dooth were awaye and an other dooth increase agayne and in an other age agayne that whiche dyd increase shal weare away and the other shal stay or perhaps increase agayne by the meanes there is some head land or Naase without that which dooth breake away the fretting or gratyng of the tyde For many times it happeneth vpon the sea Coastes through some great and huge storme that maketh a breache by the monstrousnesse of the great bellowes that teareth away some great quantitie of ground from some one place in short time and the bellowes of the sea shall dryue or bring it or lande it in some other place yea euen in a short space as experyence hath many tymes shewed it and as it many tymes hapneth that in one age of the world that the great huge windes or stormed doo happen sometime in one quarter of the Worlde and at an other time in an other quarter For as we may see that in some yeares the most great winds and stormes doo blow in the East quarter of the worlde and in other yeares in the West quarter of the world and in other yeres in the South quarter of the worlde and in other yeares in the North quarter of the worlde c. By which meanes it fretteth at one time away the substaunce or stuffe from one place and then the bellowes of the sea doo driue or force it to lande in an other place and so it continueth for a certayne time vntill such tyme that the great windes or stormes doo blowe in a contrary quarter of the world and then the stuffe or subtaunce is beaten by the bellowes of the Sea and dryuen and
thither what length the day is of wheÌ„ he is theâ—e as I haue knowne a great number of persons that haue trauayled vnto sundry places wheÌ„ they haue come home they haue had no iudgement at all as touching that place that they haue trauayled vnto for that they haue not knowne vnto what quarter of the worlde the place is that they haue beene at neither in respect what the distance is thither And these matters are shewed in the second booke And also it is not hurtfull but necessary for a Trauayler to know how to measure al manner of Superficalles as land pauementes bourd and Glasse and solid bodies as Tymber and Stone and the burthen or tonnage of shyps and the bignesse of any thing And furthermore it is necessary for a Trauailer in like maner to haue a way to get the true waight of any thing that swimmerh on the water in like maner to know the waight of any thing that synketh into the water what it waigheth in the water to be lifted froÌ„ the bottome vnto the superficiall part of the water as it is declared in the fourth boke And furthermore it is very necessary conuenient for Trauaylers either by Sea or by land to haue knowledge in the natural causes of sundry things that are to be seene in trauayling as the cause of sands bankes as well in riuers as in the sea and the cause of Marish ground and meddowes the cause of cliffes on the sides of riuers on the sea coast with such other like matters as is declared in the fifth and last Booke And now it is possible that some persons wyll marueyle that I being so simple and not learned shoulde take vppon me to be a medler in these causes for that they be matters that doo appertayne vnto learned men And it is possible that it wil be dislyked of a nuÌ„ber of people as enuie dwelleth generally in the hartes of most men for that is the propertie of many people to dislyke all things that are not doone by them selues vsing to reade Bookes to no other ende but to fynde faultes in them And yet it is possible that they will do nothing theÌ„ selues which were a cause of discouragyng vnto any person that dooth write yet notwithstanding it shal not discourage me for that I am vtterly vnlearned and therefore it shall not dislyke me if any learned man dooth fynde any faulte therein for I beyng simple and vnlearned it is no discredite for me eyther to be taught or to haue the faultes shewed vnto me For by that meanes I may refourme the faultes either by them or my selfe And furthermore I doo not intende to make any booke to teach them that are cunning learned But the only cause of my writing of this booke is to instruct or teach them that are simple and vnlearned And therefore notwithstandyng I shal the better lyke of it if any learned man should write or set out any booke as touching these causes to refourme this And my opinion is this if that any Booke be set foorth vnto the common people in the world that then it is to the ende to teach the symplest sort of people that are not instructed in learned causes But if that it be any high poynt in learned causes then it is not for the common sort of people but to be in learned mens Libraries and therfore as it is not written by a learned man so in lyke manner you must not looke for fyne or eloquent schole termes but euen to take the substance of the matter rudely as it is and more to regarde the necessarinesse of the matter whether it may doe any good in the common wealth c. And yet notwithstanding my opinion is this that no person is to be disliked of that doth his good wil and endeuour to doo good in the common wealth howesoeuer that it prooueth But those persons are vtterly to be dyslyked of that doo hurt willyngly in the common wealth as extortioners and vsurers and conuayers of Corne and Vitayles and other necessaries and commodityes that his countrey dooth lacke or hath neede of And al those persons are not to be thought well of that doo desyre to lyue easily abusing the good benefytes that God dooth blesse the earth with as al licentious lyuers as drunkardes banketters whoores and whooremaysters and such as doo vse an excesse in apparell much aboue their degree And also those people are to be abhorred of al men who doo annoy the earth that vse quarrellyng and fyghtyng robbyng and stealyng caryng not howe they come by it so that they may haue it with which this our countrey of England floweth at this day the more is the pytie for what wickednesse is there that can be deuysed but that it is vsed here in England amongst al degrees which must needes procure the wrath of God to lyght vppon vs. And there is as great abuse amongest the Clergie which should be as Lanternes to geue vs lyght to leade vs vnto vertue But now in these dayes they be as Lanternes to leade vs vnto vice So that al degrees of people are geuen vnto wickednesse although that we haue the Gospel of Iesus Christ preached dayly vnto vs yet wickednes doth abound for what synne or wickednesse is there but that it is suffered and vsed as wichcraft and sorcery and magical Inchantment and coungering which is the greatest and most abominable dishonouring of God that may be For in theyr magicall Inchantment and coungeryng doo they not obserue houres in the making of Carecters set vp pickturs of the Roode and Agnus Dei and the Doome and a number of such other pickturs paynted and gilded vppon Virgin Parchment as they cal it And then in like maner their cirkles must be perfumed inbalmed with sweete odours and they must haue a knaue priest made by the Popes lawe to hallowe a certayne portion with a number of such vayne Ceremonies And when that they haue the diuel whom they doe serue doo geue him in some cases some thing for a sacrifice and when that they doo geue the diuel a charge to tel them any question that they would knowe then are vsed a number of superstitious wordes as in the name of the virginitie of the Virgin Mary and the head of Iohn Baptist and a number of vaine Saintes more besides a number of such detestable Ceremonies to the great dishonouring of God c. And who is the cause and the procurement of these most odious and detestable matters but a number of vaine wicked people yea some of theÌ„ be of no smal wealth nor calling that do procure these matters For if that they haue lost any thing theÌ„ they must repaire vnto a Coniurer to know where that is againe And furthermore there are some vaine foolish Gentlemen which seeke to liue pleasantly and idlely that must
dystance that is .24 foote whether that it be any marke vpon a Hyll or valley or the height of any Towre or Steeple c. Yf that it be .2 degrees higher or lower then the marke shall be higher or lower then the grounde that you doo stand vpon by the .30 part of the distaunce and the distaunce being .28 score the Marke shall bee higher or lower by .48 foote And Furthermore if that the marke bee higher or lower by 3. degrees then the thynge shall be higher or lower then the grounde that you doe stande vpon by the .20 part of the distance that is .72 foote And Furthermore if that the marke be higher or lower by .4 degrees then the thing shall be higher or lower by the .5 part of the dystance that is .96 foote And further more if the thinge be higher or lower by .5 degrees then the thing so taken shall bee higher or lower then the grounde that you stande vpon by the .12 part of the distance that is .120 foote c. And furthermore by this meanes or order you may knowe the distance vnto any shyppe vpon the sea or Ryding in any Hauen or Harborowe you knowing the hight of any Towre or Clyffe or any Hyll vpon the sea Coste howe many foote that is higher then the water and you may knowe it eyther by the partes of the Skall or els by the degrees as for an ensample the Towre or Hil or Clyffe to be .60 foote higher then the superficiall of the water and the .60 foote is one score And if you do se the shipe at one degree lower then the horizon then it shall be .60 score vnto the ship and if at .2 degrees then it shall be .30 score vnto the ship if at .3 degrees then it shal be .20 score vnto the ship if at .4 degrees then it shall be .15 score vnto the ship if .5 degrees then it shal be .12 score vnto the shippe if .6 degrees then it shall be .10 score vnto the shyppe but if the shyppe be nearer the degrees wyll serue no turne but wyll be erronious Wherefore you must vse the partes of the Scall as .5 degrees and the part one is all of lyke dystance for the hyght of the Towre Clyffe or hyll beeing .60 foote in hyght aboue the shippe that is iust one score at .5 degrees the dystance vnto the shyppe is .12 score And also at the parte one the distance is .12 score in lyke maner c. and at the parte .2 the dystance vnto the shyppe is .6 score and at the part .3 the dystance vnto the shyppe shal be .4 score and at the part .6 but .2 score and at the part .12 the dystance from the foote of the Clyffe or Towre vnto the shyppe shal be but one score that is iust the heyght of the Towre or Clyffe c. Furthermore you may knowe if that you be on the sea whither that one shyppe be hygher or lower of borde then the other shyppe and howe much and also whither the one shyppe dooeth ouertoppe the other shyppe you may knowe howe much so that shee bee not aboue a myle from you as thys by the lyne of the horizon lacke what place so euer that you doo see iust with the horizon is equall in height with your eye neyther higher nor lower whither that you bee one the Sea or vpon the lande and then you being in a shippe on the Sea and you do desier for too knowe whither that the other shyppe be higher or lower of borde then that shippe that you are in then looke Vppon the other shpppe at what place that the horizon quoteth and if you doo see the horizon ouer the other shyppe then your shippe is higher of borde then the other ship and if that you woulde knowe howe muche then goe too a lower place in your owne shyppe vntill suche time that you doo see the Horizon iust with that part that you doo desire to knowe the heigth of and then standing styl looke what part of your owne ship that the Horizon quoateth that part of the ship is iust equal with the other shyp neither higher nor lower then to knowe whether that the other shippes top of her Mast be higher or lower then your ships then goe vp or sende one to the top and if that the other ships top be higher then the Horizon then the other ships top is higher by so muche as you doo see aboue the Horizon but if that you doo see the Horizon ouer the top of the other ship then your ship is the higher and then to knowe howe much come downe lower vntyll you doo bring the other ships top vnto the Horizon then at the iust heigth of your eye is the true heigth of the other ships top neither higher nor lower and then looke howe much it is higher then your eye vnto the top so much your top is higher then the other ships top c. And also you being on the lande you may knowe whether one ship be higher of boorde then the other and also whether the one ship dooth ouertop the other ship as this by the quoting of the Horizon vpon both the ships as this If you be either in a Towre or any high house neare the sea coast or els at the foote of any hyl eyther Then if that you desyre for to know which of the shyppes be the higher of boord or els the hygher topped then ascende or descend vntil that you doo see the horizon iust with the hygher part of the ship and then looke vpon the other shippe and then if that the other ship be hygher then the Horizon then that ship is so much hygher of borde from the quotyng of the Horizon vpwards and then if that you would know how many foote then ascend vpwards vntil that you doo see the vpper part of the ship iuste with the horizon then looke how many foote and ynches that you were hygher then you were before and so many foote the Ship is higher then the other ship iust And by this order you maye knowe howe muche one ship is higher topped then the other And by thys order you maye knowe whether one Towre is higher then another or one house higher then an other And also whether that one hyl be higher then another c. And furthermore by this meanes you doo knowe whether that one shyp dooth ouertop the other then you may knowe how many foote it is from the top of any ship vnto the water by the heigth of your owne shippes top and the heigth being knowen then you may knowe the distance vnto any ship sailing on the sea so that shee be not too farre of by the partes of the Skal and also by the degrees as before is rehearsed going so lowe as you can in your owne ship and then to consider howe muche that you are aboue the water c. And thus I doo ende the conclusion
the Sunnes declination in all poyntes And then if that they bee Northern Starres you muâ—t knowe the distaunce from the pole and then if that the starre be aboue the pole then you must pull that suÌ„me away with degrees and minutes And if the starres at the time of your taking of them be vnder the North pole then put to that which is the distance of the starre from the pole vnto the height of the starre and that in lyke manner shall shew vnto you the true height of the North pole Artick aboue the Horizon And then in the margine of the mappe of the East syde and of the weast side you may write the latitude directly in that East and west lyne of that place which you haue obserued the latitude of the North pole and then that being truly knowen you may knowe the true latitude of all the townes in a whole countrie or Region knowing the distance to euery towne or place as thus Euery .60 myles going directly South and North doth answere vnto one degree And then further if that you would place the longitude and that you cannot get without a globe or else a Carde Cosmographye or else you must followe some author who hath written thereof and bycause you cannot get the longitude with no instrument for that the whole frame of the firmament with all the lightes therof be caryed round about in 24. houres so that there remaineth no marke nor lyght that standeth still but onely the two poles of the worlde therefore I will shew vnto you how that you may get the longitude with a globe or Carde Cosmographye so that it be truely placed in it First you must measure the longitude from the Meridian of the Canarie Ilands or other wise called the fortunate Ilands and so take the number of degrees from that place vnto any other that hath that same Meridian that your Towne or place hath and that shal be the number of the degrees for your place And then you hauing one place true you may finde the iust longitude in a whole region or countrye But there is one speciall thing to be noted and that is this The degrees of longitude be not so many myles in length as the degrees of latitude For as those places that be to the south partes of thys syde or vnder the Equinoctiall be as longe as the degrees of latitude so that to any of the 2. poles shorter shorter as I haue declared in the .16 Chapter of my booke called the Regement for the Sea as by this Ensample it doth appeare by the Realme of Englande Nowe whensoeuer that you doo desire to knowe the longitude and the latitude of any towne or place in a carde after that the Mappe or Carde is drawne then doo this First by the ensample afore made holde a lyne or a string the Map lying flat playne vpon a table before you And first for the latitude holde the lyne East and West ryght ouer the towne and place then by the ensample afore made you doo see the latitudes be vpon the East side and vpon the West side then by the lyne you shall know how many degrees and partes of degrees the Pole is raysed aboue the Horizon And then in like manner for to knowe the longitude of any towne in a Mappe or Carde then hold the lyne due South and North right ouer the towne or place whose longitude you doo desire for to know and for to hold it due South and North which is called your Meridian lyne you must doo this For that the degrees be shorter to the North partes then they be to the Southe side or partes of the Mappe or Carde therefore you must seeke the number of degrees both at the South side and at the Northe side all at one time holding the lyne proportionable right ouer the towne that is to say halfe degree for halfe degree and quarter for quarter and so forth to the least part of a degree The eighteenth Chapter sheweth vnto you how you may place all the principall riuers or waters truely in anye Carde or Mappe NOw furthermore as it is sufficiently declared before how for to describe or draw a Map or Card for a whole region or Country and also how to fynde the distaunce from one Towne to an other therfore for that it is one of the speciall matters in lyke maner to drawe or describe the principall ryuers or waters within a Region or Countrye into a Mappe or Carde therefore after that you haue obserued all the notable Townes and places worthy of memory then yf you canne take a Boate and so go all the whole length of the water or riuer in the very midle betweene both the landes and then with a Maryners Compasse you may see how that the riuer doeth trent or turne then you hauyng the obseruation about you then you may knowe how long that the water doth trent by that poynt or winde by the markes of the lande whiche you haue afore obserued and then so often as the water doth turne or Compasse about you shall see by your Sea mans Compasse and howe muche and still you shall know the length by the marke vpon the shore And then you must draw a crooked lyne into the Paper that you haue noted those Townes and places in the Region where that the pryncipall places be according to the crossing of the 2. lynes in euerye place the crooked Lyne to bee made accordinge to the trentinge of the Riuer or Water and euery treminge to bee according vnto that poynt or Wynde that the Compasse dyd shewe to you and this being done you may knowe the wydenesse of the Water by the obseruation afore taken and then you may draw your Plates and so bewtifye it at your pleasure takinge the crooked Lyne from the verye middle of the Water ⧠A Table of the Contents of the first part of this Booke called a treasure for Trauailers FIrst to the Reader of thys first part The firste Chapter of the first parte conteyning the makyng of the Quadrant with the Skall whereby you may knowe the height or lownesse of any thinge The Seconde Chapter is of vpright shadow that is to saye to knowe the heighte of all thinges taken within the length of the thinge The Thirde Chapter sheweth howe for too knowe the heighte of anye thinge with the Skall by contrarye shadowe that is to saye without the length of any thinge so taken The Fourth Chapter sheweth howe to take the part of any height as the length of a window or such lyke The fyfth Chapter sheweth howe for to knowe the distaunce of manye thinges that is from you and also whether any other Towre be higher or lower then the Tower that you be vpon The Sixte Chapter sheweth howe for to knowe the height of a Hill and also the distaunce vnto the top of any hyll with the Skall The Seuenthe Chapter sheweth you by the Skall
and yet notwithstanding they wyll waygh or lift the lesser if they doo vse that matter as I haue seene for that they doo make fast theyr Cables ropes some vnto the side of the Shyppes Hoyes or Lyters and some vnto the head and so foorth And nowe the Shyppes Hoyes or Lyters are not able to waygh or lyft not one quarter of theyr proper burthen and they lift or waigh much the les for that they haue no lading within for if they doo make fast theyr Cables or Ropes vnto the syde then it wil not lyft the .10 part of theyr proper burthen for that the side wyl soone goe downe And if they doo make fast theyr Cables and Ropes vnto the heade for there it wil waygh or lyft most yet it wyll not waygh or lyft one thirde parte of theyr burthen for hauyng no lodyng the heade wyll soone goe downe into the water Wherefore whensoeuer they doo meane for to waygh any Shyp that is sunke then they must prepare long strong and great Timber or strong Mastes and let them be layde crosse the Shyppes Hoyes or Lyters ouer both the sydes and to match .2 and .2 togeather of equal burthen as neare as you can and let the long Tymber or Mastes lye crosse both the Shyps Hoyes or Lyghters and ouer both the sides and then bring your Cables or ropes that are fast vnto the sunke Ship ouer the long Timber or masts and then make the ropes fast within the Shyppes or Lyghters and this doone then the shippes Hoyes or Lyghters wyl waigh or lyft their owne proper burthen otherwyse they wyl not And then it standeth you in hande to gette such Timber that wil not breake for that burthen for if the Tymber dooth breake it wyll put al in hassard of synking agayne Also it is very good to waigh a shyppe with kaske and euery hogeshead pype or butte wyll waygh or lyfte as much in waight as it woulde waygh if it were ful of that water excepting the proper wayght of the vessell or kaske so that the Kaske be made thight that no water may come into it And then when you doo meane for to waygh or lyfte vp anye Shyppe that is sunke your Ropes or Cables being fast vnto the sunken Shyp then you hauing al your things in a readinesse your Shyppes Hoyes or Lyghters and the great Tymber or Mastes layde crosse ouer both the sydes of them and two and two of them and also your kaske then make fast your ropes and Cables vnto the Shippes or Lighters at a lowe water the flood beyng in hand Prouided alwayes that you bring the ropes or cables ouer the Tymber that lyeth crosse the Hoyes or Lyghters and also then to make fast the Kaske vnto your ropes or Cables And then as the flood ryseth so shall the sunken Shyppe ryse from the bottome and then as the water dooth ryse or hygh so goe towardes the lande or shoare tyll it be a ful Sea and then the sunken Shyp wyll rest vppon the grounde agayne And then at the next lowe water they shortenyng or making fast their cables or ropes agayne then the next full Sea they may bring the sunken Shyppe nearer vnto the lande or shoare And thus they may bring the sunken Shyppe vnto the lande or shoare vntyll such tyme as the sunken Shyppe shal be layde vppon dry grounde at a lowe water For you may knowe in howe many Tydes that you may waygh her and lay her vppon drye grounde at a lowe water as thus Sounde or looke howe many fadome the sunken Shyppe lyeth in at a lowe water and then looke how manye fadome the water hygheth or floweth till it bee a full Sea and then consider howe deepe that your Shyps Hoyes or Lyghters wyll goe into the water before they are able to lifte the sunken Shyppe from the bottome and then consider howe much or howe manye fadome or feete the water wyll ryse afterwardes and so shall you see in howe many Tydes that you shall bring her to bee drye at a lowe water As for ensample thus Suppose that any Shyppe or Hoye is sunke at eyght fadome at a lowe water and the water dooth ryse or hygh two fadome and a halfe from the lowe water vnto a ful sea and then the Hoyes or Lyters wyll not be able to lyfte or waygh the sunken Shyppe from the bottome not vntyl they be laden downe two foote and better So that you may conclude that the water wyll not ryse or high lytle more then two fadome after that the sunken Shyppe is lyfted or wayghed from the bottome and then goyng vntoo the Lande or Shoare tyll that it was a ful Sea And then the sunken Shyppe dyd rest vppon the grounde againe at .6 fadome at a lowe water and then at the next lowe water the Cables and Ropes were made fast agayne and when it was flowed two foote and better the sunke Shyp was lyfted from the grounde agayne And then goyng vnto the lande or shoare tyll it was a full Sea then the sunken Shyppe dyd rest at .4 fadome at a lowe water then at the next lowe water the Cables and ropes being made fast agayne when it was flowed .2 foote and better the sunke Shyppe was lifted from the bottome and so going in vnto the lande or shoare til it was a full Sea then the sunke Shyppe dyd rest agayne at .2 fadome at a lowe water and then the Cables or ropes being shortned and made fast agayne then going vnto the lande or shoare vntyl that it was a ful Sea and then restyng the sunke Shyppe shal be drye at a lowe water so that you maye conclude that the Shyppe that was sunke at .8 fadome at a lowe water and the water ryse or dyd flowe .2 fadome and a halfe from the lowe water vnto the ful Sea and the Hoyes and Lyters woulde waygh or lyft the sunke Shyppe from the bottome by that tyme they were title more then .2 foote buryed or setled into the water and then in foure Tydes the sunke Shyppe wylbe layed vpon drye grounde at a lowe water And by this order you may knowe in howe many Tydes that any Shyppemaye he wayghed and layde on drye grounde at a lowe water you knowing howe deepe that the Shyppe lyeth at a lowe water and howe much it dooth flowe in anye place where it doth ebbe or flowe The eyght Chapter sheweth howe to waygh a Shyppe where it dooth not ebbe and flowe ANd furthermore if that any Shyp or anye other vessell be sunke in such places where that it dooth neyther ebbe nor flowe that is too saye where the water dooth not hygh and lowe there is some matter and asketh great charges and labour for to waygh or lyfte anye great wayghte from the bottome yet this way it is to bee doone the wayght of the sunken Shyppe or vessell being knowne what that it dooth waygh in the water as before is rehearsed Then the number of
are to be seene on the Sea and the Sea Coastes and the cause of Rockes and sandes in the Sea and the cause of the ebbyng and flowyng of the water and the cause of currantes in the Sea with such other like matters c. Being very necessary for al sortes of Trauaylers either by Sea or by lande to knowe c. Wrytten by William Bourne To the Reader GEntle Reader it is possible that some wyll thinke that I haue taken vpon mee to meddle with those causes that are past my capacity for that this fyfth and last boke is as concerning the naturall causes of Sands in the Sea and riuers and the cause of marish ground and Cliffes by the sea Coasts and rockes in the Sea and also the cause that the sea dooth ebbe and flow and the cause that the water in the Sea is salt and the cause of Earth quakes with other matters And for that my opinion dooth differ from some of the auncient writers in naturall Phylosophy it is possible that it may be vtterly dislyked of and condemned to be no trueth But yet notwithstanding they may geue such credit vnto it as the sequell of the reasons shall support vnto them for that they bee but my simple opinions wherfore they may beleeue them as they lift Therfore gentle Readers I desyre you to beare with me for that I am so bolde to shew my simple opinion vnto the world for it is possible that some people may mallice me for that I am so bolde to deale in these causes consydering what a great number of so excellent learned menne there are in Englande bothe in the Vniuersyties and in diuers other places in this Lande The fifth Booke of the treasure for trauailers The fyrst Chapter of the fyfth Booke sheweth the naturall causes how Sandes and Bankes are ingendered or made both in the Sea and Riuers NOw beginneth the fifth Booke which is concerning the naturall causes of sundry things that are to bee seene in traueilyng vppon the face of the earth And although there bee nothing that happeneth but the prouidence of almightye God dooth bring it to passe yet notwithstanding it hath a naturall cause why it is so although it seemeth supernaturall or vnpossible for that God dooth woorke all thinges by a meanes and yet doth come to passe by some naturall cause And fyrst of the naturall cause of Sandes and Bankes in the Sea and ryuers my opinion is this that whereas a great number of Sandes and Banks are many times seene at the mouthes and entraunce of many great riuers both into the Sea and also vp into the riuer that it happneth by this meanes by the shalownesse of those seas and the great indraft of the Ryuer And then by the meanes of the soyle of the Countrye in the riuers beyng a good distaunce from the sea and especially after any great raine dooth bring downe the soyle for all the lande water dooth alwaies runne downe towardes the sea where as it dooth ebbe and flow and sometime the water ouerfloweth the banks and then the swiftnes of the running of the water dooth fret away the bankes and sometime it happeneth in the winter after a great frost And such other lyke causes sometyme from sandye grounde sometime from clay grounde sometime stony grounde other good moulde dooth fall into the Ryuer and so is myxed and tumbled too and fro with the water and is alwayes caried towardes the sea by the violence of the streame for that alwaies where it doth not ebbe flow the streame runneth towards the sea wheras it doth ebbe flow there the ebbe doth runne both swifter longer then the floods doo so by that meanes it is alwayes caried towardes the sea also any thyng is apter to rolle or runne down the hyll rather then agaynst the hyll And thus the soyle of the countrey beyng tumbled too fro in the water is washed and soked in such sorte that the water is made thycke therewith and the fat or clammye substance become owes but the greety or sandy or grauelly substāce doth alwaies keepe towards the bottome for that it is more pōderous or heauier then the fatty or clammy substance and then this grauelly or sandye substance beyng dryuen downe towardes the sea by the violence of the streame goyng by the bottome then where it dooth find any place to staye at by the way there it resteth and so groweth more and more and so becommeth a sande and then the Tyde by the meanes of ebbing and flowyng dooth make or scoure out a chanel or pasadge betweene one sande or bancke and another And alwayes thys happeneth whereas the Sea is but shalowe and the Ryuer or hauen hath a great indraught that is to say to run a great distāce into the lande whereby there is much soyle brought downe by the meanes afore rehearsed And then the Sea beyng but shallowe it hath no great descent to runne downe the hyll And then by the meanes of the floods the bellowes of the Sea dooth cause it to be stayed although that sometyme it happeneth that one sande or bancke doth decrease and weare away and another dooth increase and waxe bigger and many tymes the chanels doo alter sometymes deeper and sometymes shallower and sometymes whereas a chanel was becommeth a sande sometyme whereas a sande was is become a chanel as experience hath many tymes shewed which happeneth manye tymes by some stormes or great wyndes sometymes from one quarter of the world and sometyme from another quarter And by that meanes the greatnesse of the bellowes of the Sea dooth beat or washe awaye the sande from one place and so dooth rest vppon another place and then the Tyde or streame doth scoure or frette a newe Chanell betweene one sande and another c. As we maye see by experience in dyuers places as the mould of the Ryuer of Thames and Humber and the Ryuer of Roane and suche other lyke places whiche I doo omitte at this tyme. The seconde Chapter sheweth the natural cause of Marish ground and other plaine meadowes or ground by the sydes of Ryuers c. AND furthermore as touching the naturall cause of Maryshes or Marish grounde and other playne and leuell grounde that is by the sydes of great Ryuers c. and in such other lyke places mine opinion is this as in the Chapter before is expressed by the bringing downe of the soyle of the countrey which is ground or earth of al kinde of sorts whiche is fallen into the water and brought downe by the streame And as before is rehearsed the grauelly or sandye substance dooth dryue with the streame by the bottome but the fatty or clammy substance is mingled with the water for although you shoulde take any earth or substance and washe it and tumble it in water neuer so much yet notwithstanding it cannot be consumed all away but if you doo let it stande styll then it
some Ilande long agone by the often soussing of the bellowes or waues of the Sea that neuer standeth styll the other substaunce or stuffe is beaten and consumed away through the great deepenesse of the sea the other substaunce or stuffe is tumbled to the bottome and is no more seene And as the mynerals in the ground be of diuers kinds of substaunces as some earth and some sande and some stones to conclude of a hundred seuerall sortes so that all those loose substaunces that woulde be mollysted with the water are beaten and washed away so that there dooth remayne nothing but the harde myne of stone and so he dooth stande in the sea as a pynacle or Rock as by experience is seene in a number of places to the west Occian as the West part of Englande and the West part of Brittayne on the Coast of Fraunce and such other lyke places whereas there be innumerable companyes of Rocks some being of a gret height aboue the water other some do shew thēselues iust with the water and other some are sunken Rockes being rounded with the water some deeper then other some which would not bee knowne but onely by the breaking of the sea ouer them c. And this is my opinion as concerning Rocks in the sea that haue beene of long time agone parcell of the mayne lande though they be now Rockes in the sea Then it may be sayde that the lande is much lesser then it hath beene before time and so it is And yet it is but a trifle in respect of any great quantytie or bignes as it may be compared vnto the ragged edges of a peece of cloth and yet the ragged edges thereof being pared away the thing hath not much chaunged his fashion or forme neither in respect is become litle the worse c. The syxt Chapter sheweth the naturall cause of the ebbing and flowing of the Sea and the ebbyng and the flowing of the Hauens and Ryuers AND furthermore as concerning the ebbing and flowing of the sea and other riuers we do see by common experience that the Moone dooth alwayes gouerne the same Wherefore it may bee supposed that the waters doo seeke and repaire or most speciallye are drawne by the power of the Moone that when the Moone is in the midst of the skie that is to say vpon the Meridian then the waters are deepest or thickest and also in lyke manner in the opposite part or els it would ebbe and flow but once in .24 houres and 4 ◠partes accordyng vnto the dayly motion of the Moone which we do se by experiēce that it doth ebbe flow but once in 12. houres ⅖ part of an houre and then by this reason it shoulde flow or be a full sea in all places at a South Moone and a North Moone so as the Moone passeth vnto the Westwardes to be a ful sea in those partes and so to goe with the diurnall or dayly motion of the heauens which we see by experience is contrary for we doo see by dayly experyence that vpon the Coast of Spayne and all those partes that are vpon the West Occian Seas that the Moone in the Southwest dooth make a full sea which is 3. houres after the Moone is vppon the Meridian and yet notwithstanding it woulde bee a full sea alwayes where as the Moone is vpon their Meridian and so to folow the daily motiō of the moone as the moone is caried with primū Mobile so that it were not let by this gret accidēce that this West Occian Sea is shot in betweene the firme lande of Ameryca on the West part and the mayne lande of Afryca and Europe on the East side by which meanes the waters cannot folow to bee a full Sea accordyng vnto the Moones course as she doth goe in her dayly motion accordyng vnto the Moones commyng vnto the Meridian Wherefore it is to bee supposed that yf there were no suche accidence in the Sea to be let by the lande that then it would follow orderly that the waters in the Sea woulde goe rounde accordyng vnto the Moones course in .24 houres and so the streme or currant to goe from the East into the West and so rounde about c. But nowe wee see that the waters in the ebbing and flowyng are let by this great impediment for Ameryca dooth inclose the West part and Europe and Afryca the East part and yet we doo see by experience that the Moone dooth gouerne the ebbyng the flowyng of the waters of the Sea in two great and notable respectes The one is this as it is daylye seene in euery place wheras it dooth ebbe and flow that the Moone in one quarter of the Skye dooth make a full sea for euer in that place or hauen or harborow And the other great effect of the Moone is this as it is alwayes seene that at the full of the Moone and also at the chaunge of the Moone how that the waters are quickened and doo rayse or lyft them selues muche higher then they doo at any other times and also dooth descend much lower where by it maketh the tyde or streme to runne much the swifter as it is seene by dayly experience in such places whereas it dooth ebbe flow at which times it is called in the time of the full Moone and the chaunge of the Moone spring tydes or spring stremes in the quarters of the Moone it is called Nepe tydes or Nepe stremes for that the waters doo not lyft them selues or flowe so high as they doo at any other time neyther doo they descende or ebbe so low as they doo at any other times of the Moone and by that meanes the streme doth not runne so swift as it doth at other times for as in spring tydes it dooth flowe or lift it selfe higher and descende or ebbe lower then of custome So in neape Tides it doth lift or flow lesse in height also ebbe or descende lesse in deepenesse then it dooth of custome as it is seene dayly by common experience c. But yet furthermore as touching the ebbyng and flowing of the water both in the Sea and also in Hauens and Ryuers and although that it dooth keepe an order or methode in anye one assigned place yet is there great varietye in places harde by yea in one Ryuer it shal be a full Sea in one parte of the Ryuer and in that Ryuer and at that instant a lowe water as the proofe thereof maye be manyfestly seene here in the Ryuer of Thames as it is not vnknowen that the Moone in the South dooth make a full Sea on the landes end at the entraunce of the Ryuer of Thames and the Moone in the Southwest dooth make a full Sea at London and then it is halfe ebbed on the landes ende But in Rychmonde aboue London there the Moone in the West dooth make a ful Sea and then on the landes end there it is a lowe
Amerrica or Bay of Mexico and so reuerseth backe agayne and so thorowe the Cannel or Chanell of Bayhaina between the Cappe of Terra Florriday the great Ilande of Coba goyng from the West into the East which is the cause that those that doo go into the West Indies doo fyrst goe to the Cannaries and so to the Westwardes to the intent to haue the currant to the Westwardes into the Bay of Mexico and then when they doo returne home then they doo go by the North part of the Bay of Mexico through the chanel of Baphamea for that the currant dooth reuerse backe from the West into the East so that they haue the currant or streame to help them backe home agayne c. And theÌ„ in lyke maner partlye the currant that commeth about Cape bone sperance being beaten by the mayne lande of America as is sayde before part runneth or goeth thorowe the strayght of Magalenus and partly thorowe the great Golfe or Bay of Mexico as before is rehearsed and part dooth reuerse or goe backe alongest the coast of the South land that lyeth on the South side of the straightes of Magalenus where the South pole or pole Anterticke is raysed more theÌ„ .50 degrees and so goeth backe from the West into the East alongest the South Coast vntyl it dooth come into the East Occian sea agayne c. And this is the principallest currant as those that doo occupie those partes by sea doo knowe and these currantes are wel knowen to runne continually alwayes one way c. The seconde sort of currantes or streames is this as it is seene in dyuers places that they shall haue a currant or streame where it dooth not ebbe flow that alwayes doth goe vnto the windewards But that neuer happeneth but in the tyme of great wind and the cause thereof is this that the sea beyng wrought or troubled with great stormes of wynd dooth rayse great bellowes or waues or great knottes in the sea and that runneth rollyng with the wynde and dooth cause the water too bee vnleuell or vneuen as it is the nature of water to seeke to the lower partes tyll that it doth come vnto his leuel so by that meanes as the wind beareth the water in the sea with great waues or bellowes so the currant in the water dooth goe agaynst the wynd to come vnto his leuel againe as the experience thereof is seene in dyuers places where it dooth not ebbe and flowe as in the myddle earth sea or leuant seas and within the SouÌ„d that is to say within Elson Nore that hath narrowe enterances and yet is great seas within which dooth take away the effect of ebbing and flowing for that the straight is not sufficient to let in water yeâ—â—ugh for to cause it too ebbe and flowe And this effecte in lyke manner is many tymes seene sometyme on the coast of Barbary and in such other lyke places where it dooth not ebbe and flowe c. The thirde sort of currants or streames that runneth in the Sea where it dooth not ebbe and flowe as by experience is seene in diuers places is caused by the sailyng into the Sea of some great and myghty Ryuer that the lande water commyng forceably downe the Ryuer and so emptyeth or runneth into the Sea dooth cause a currant to goe in the sea agaynst the mouth of the Ryuer as it is seene in the middle earth Sea agaynst the mouth of Nilus and also it is many tymes seene in the North partes at the spryng of the yeare when the Snowe and the Ise is melted or consumed into water And then agaynst the mouthes of such Ryuers as doo emptye them into those seas dooth cause a great currant to runne a great distance from the lande in such places as this effect happeneth in those seas c. The eyght Chapter sheweth the cause that the waters of the Sea are salt c. AND furthermore as touchyng the naturall cause that the water of the Sea is salt whereas the opinion of some Authors is as Aristotle other that it is made salte by the powers of the Sunne by the drawing of the fyne substance of the water vp into the ayre the Sea is made salt by that meanes Then if that were the whole cause theÌ„ the water of the Sea shoulde be most saltest vnder or neare the Equinoctiall For that the Sunne hath a greater force by the meanes of the direction of the shadow of the Sunne whereby the Sunne shoulde drawe or distil it more faster then it dooth in any of the other Clymates Yet notwithstandyng it is seene by experience that the water of the Sea is as salte in the Latitude of .60 degrees in the Occian Sea as it is vnder the Equinoctiall And as some haue sayde it is as salte in Iselande and at the North Cappe which is within the Polle or Cyrcle neare fyue degrees And there the Sunne cannot haue any great power for that the Sunne hath but a very glaunsyng shadowe in Iune And in the Wynter part of the yeare the Sunne wyll not appeare or ryse vnto them in the space of tenne Weekes And furthermore if the water of the sea were made salte onely by the powers of the Sunne then those seas must needes become freshe by another great cause and that is this For in the Spring of the yeare in the meltyng of the Snowe and the Ise there falleth such abundance of freshe water that it would make it freshe and yet the water is verye salt insomuch that in dyuers places in the North parte they doo make salt of the sea water although that it is not made by the heate or powers of the Sunne as it is made in Spayne and in Fraunce for that they doo make it in Scotlande with the heate of the fyre so as some haue sayde it is made in Rosey not farre from Sainct Nicolas And furthermore as it may be prooued the water is not made salt by the power of the Sunne for that the heade of the great Ryuer Nylus that commeth from the Mountaynes of the Moone hath Latitude beyond the Equinoctial twelue degrees And so in sundry places standeth in sundry great pooles not farre from the Equinoctial and so passeth from vnder the Equinoctiall vnto the Northwards and dooth empty it selfe in the middle earth sea and yet that water is fresh and not salt So that it is manifest that the powers of the Sun are not altogether the cause that the water of the sea is salt Wherfore in mine opinion the water of the sea is become salt by the Minerals or substance of the nature of the ground which is salt properly of it self and so mollified or soked that it turneth vnto water hauing anye moysture or lyquor to come vnto it As for an ensample that in sundrie places it is knowen that there is Salt found and dygged out of the ground and is perfect Salt and
and knowledge to benefyt or profyte their Countrie whether it be in the teaching of good artes and Sciences or by any other meanes so that the common weale be the better mayntayned are persons of great valure and are as Iewels vnto their country and their country is beholding vnto them But contrariwise all those persons that are not able to profyt the common weale in any respect and also desyre to liue pleasauntly and wantonly and haue great liuynges and riches and doo no good therewith all those persons are more beholding vnto their Countrie then their Countrye is vnto them But if they haue great store of ryches and doo couet to heape more caryng not how they doo come by it so they may haue it such persons are the destruction and are as Caterpillers to the common weale of their Countrye for that they doo annoy and hurt the prosperity and the state of their Country for that they catch and heape vp into their custodie more then dooth suffice themselues by great quantities whereas thowsandes doo lacke to serue their turnes that are better members in the Common weale then they are And all such persons the Common weale hath a good turne when they are deliuered of such a one For by that meanes is dispearsed that heape of store vnto a number of persons handes besydes that whiche he would haue heaped vp more if that hee had continued longer So that some of the richest sort of people are not the best members in the common weale but the worste and yet it behoueth some persons to bee rich and by their riches the common weale is the better maintained as thus The Prince of any Countrye being godlye and vertuous the Common Weale dooth the better flourishe and is continually kept the safer from the forrayne enemyes and the Noble men and Gentlemen that are vertuous and giuen to practise the good gouernment the preseruement of them selues and the state of their Country So then their riches doo good and also if the Marchaunte bee rich so that he doo not hurt his owne Country but winneth his ryches out of other forraine Countries or any other good and vertuous Subiect by his riches he may doo good if hee doo vse that hee hath to the furtheraunce of the common weale So that it is necessarye that there should bee rich persons in the common weale for a number of causes so that those rich persons be vertuously bent but otherwise they may do hurt And thus gentle Reader I doo make an ende desyring you that you wyll take this simple Booke in good part and if there be any faults committed by me either by ignoraunce or negligence I pray you let mee gentlye vnderstand thereof for man cannot bee so precise but that hee may erre And thus I betake you vnto almightie God the Creator of all thinges By yours William Bourne ¶ A briefe note taken out of M. Dees Mathematical Preface that goeth before Euclides Elementes nowe extant in our Inglish tongue as touching what the Mathematical Sciences are that is to say all those Artes that order number measure or wayght and tyme without the which in respect we can doo nothing For what can bee doone in any respect but we must vse number which is Arithmeticke or what can be doone but we must vse measure or wayght which is Geometrie or what can there be doone but that we must vse tyme which dooth appertayne vnto Astronomie for by number we knowe howe many or fewe there are and by measure we knowe whether it be ynches feete yardes scores myles leagues poundes ounces galloes quartes or tunnes and by tyme we knowe whether it be minutes howres dayes weekes monethes yeeres c. Whereof two are pryncipal Arithmeticke and Geometrie wherof al these compounded scientes are sprong of these two Simples ☞ Thinges done by hand Geometricall 1 Mecometrie Is the measuring of the length anything whatsoeuer 2 Embadometrie Is the measuring the contentes of all flat things as Land Boorde Glasse 3 Stereometrie Is the measuring of all solid bodies as Timber Stone Kaske such lyke ☞ Thinges measured that haue distaunce from you 4 Apomecometrie Is how farre any thing is frō you whether it be on lande or on water 5 Hipsomettie Is how high or deepe any thing seene is from the leuell whether it bee on Lande or water c. 6 Platometrie How broade any thing is c. 7 Geodesie Is the suruaying or measuring of landes woods or water hauing distaunce from you by instrument or otherwise 8 Geographie Is the description of Countries or Kingdomes 9 Cherographie or Typographie Is the description of a part of a Country or kingdome c. 10 Hydrographie Is the discription of the Seas with the Ilandes and rockes and dangers and lynes and Courses c. 11 Stratarithmetrie Is the view or measuring of a battel of men to know the number of them not comming neare them c. 12 Perspectiue Demonstrateth the manner and propertie of all radiations directe broken and reflected 13 Astronomie Is the mouing of the lightes and Planets c. 14 Musike Teacheth the diuersyty of sounds c. 15 Cosmographie Is the descriptiō of the whole earth and the Paralell of the heauens answering thereunto c. 16 Astrologie Is to geue iudgment by y e signes lights and planets c. 17 Statick Is an art that doth order and deale with heuines and lightnesse c. 18 Anthropographie Is of thinges appertaynyng to the body of man to shew them c. 19 Trochilike Doth appertaine vnto the turning of wheels this art is necessary for Clockmakers Crane makers and Mylles al other sciences that doo deale with wheeles 20 Helicosophie Is an art to drawe hylical or Spheral or winding lines and is very necessary for Skrewe makers diuers other things 21 Pneumatithmie This art is necessary for all them that doo make Pumpes or great Bellows for y t it teacheth al those thinges that goe by wynde and water c. 22 Menadrie Is an art that teacheth the making of al ingenes as things to pull to or thrust fro or lyfting vp or pressing downe c. 23 Hypogeiodie Is that arte that dooth appertayne vnto myners in the grounde c. 24 Hydrogogie Is that art to bring water vnto any place assigned c. 25 Horometrie or Horologiographie Is the making of Dyals of al sortes c. 26 Zographie Is the art of a cunning Painter c. 27 Althalmasat The art of Grauing 28 Archetectur Is a cunning Mason or Carpenter c. 29 Nauigation Is sayling on the Sea c. 30 Thauruaturaike Is that which dooth make strange workes as those that made the brasen head seeme to speake the brasen Serpēt to hisse the Doue of wood to flye the Eagle made by art to flye c. 31 Archemastrie This art teacheth to bryng to actual experience sensible al worthy conclusions by al the artes Mathematical c. FINIS To the Reader of
water as it is manifestly to be seene c. And furthermore as touching the ebbyng and flowyng vpppon the Coast of the Occient Sea for that it floweth generally a Southwest Moone so mine opinion is this by the meanes of the shuttyng or inclosyng of the Sea betweene America and Europe and Africa that it commeth to passe thus for the water cannot followe the course of the Moone for after that the Moone is past the Meridian in the Bay of America commonly called the Bay of Mexico that then the waters can no longer followe the course of the Moone for that it is letten by the mayne lande And then when the Moone dooth come rounde about vnto the Southeast then the powers of the Moone doo tracte or draw the waters vnto the Eastwardes by whiche meanes the waters hauing a great course or swaye vnto the Eastwardes are drawen so vehementlye by the powers of the Moone vntyll suche tyme as the Moone dooth come vnto the Meridian that it cannot sodaynely reuerse although the Moone bee paste the Meridian to the Westwarde as we maye see manye tymes by common experience that any thing forced to moue violentlye is not presently stayed but that it must haue a tyme in the staying as the force of the dryfte dooth decay which must be by litle and litle c. And so by that meanes the Mone is in the Southwest before the waters wylbe descended and for proofe thereof if that you doo put water in any broade or long vessell and sturre the water in such sort that it may swaye from one ende vnto the other and after that it hath begunne to sway from ende vnto end it wyll be a long tyme before it wyll stande styll for you cannot make it to staye vppon the sodayne but it wyll sway too and fro vntil that it dooth stay it selfe by litle and litle c. And furthermore as touching the ebbyng and flowyng in the other inferior Seas and Hauens and Ryuers that happeneth by this meanes as it is a full Sea in all the places vppon the West parte towardes the Occian Sea so that when it door finde the water of our inferior Sea lower then that which dooth come out of the Occian Sea then it runneth in vntil that it commeth to be leuel For the propertie of water is alwayes to runne vnto the lower partes and so by that meanes and also the sway that it hath it runneth and floweth into al Hauens and Harbours and Riuers as long as it fyndeth any place lower or inferior in hight vnto it selfe And then as soone as it fyndeth the water behynde it lower then it is before it then it stayeth and beginneth to runne backe agayne for as is sayde before the propertie of waters is alwayes to runne to the lower partes and by this meanes it floweth into al ryuers Hauens and Crickes vppon the Sea coast and in some place it dooth hygher flowe more water vpryght and dooth ebbe more water in lyke manner downe right then that it dooth in some other places and that happeneth by this meanes and if any place haue a wyde enterance and then afterwardes is shut vp into a narow roume hauing some distance to reuerse backe agayne then the water dooth ryse and flowe very hygh for that thâ— water commeth in with a great sway and will not vppon the sodayne reuerse backe agayne as by ensample it may be seen in Seuern that commeth vp to Bristow and as before is sayde by the Ryuer of Thames that it is not a ful Sea in all places at one instant For when that it is entred in at the mouth and hath taken his sway withal then it runneth in by the meanes that the water is lower within then it is with out at the Sea for that it is a quarter flood and more at the Sea before that the flood entreth into the Ryuer and so floweth vpwardes for it must haue a tyme before that it can hygh so much water at the mouth or enterance to be hygher then it is within vp into the Ryuer for it is three parts flood vpon the landes end before that it be anye flood at London for that the distance is a great way in the Ryuer very crooked and narrow and many poynts and Naases that doo let and stay the Tyde but afterwardes when it is in and hath taken his sway then it cannot so soone reuerse backe vntyll that the water is well descended or ebbed behynde it too the Seawardes as it dooth manifestly appeare by experience And by this order it floweth into all Hauens and Ryuers accordyng vnto the indraught The seuenth Chapter sheweth the cause of Currantes or streames that runneth in the Sea in such places where it dooth not ebbe and flowe and of Currantes or streames in the Sea there are three seuerall sortes as in the Chapter it dooth appeare c. AND furthermore as touchyng the Currantes or the streame in many places in the Sea whereas it dooth not ebbe and flowe as that is perceyued in manye places as by experience is seene and knowen in the Sea And to let you vnderstande what those Currantes or Strames bee that it is a continuall runnyng of the water in the Sea alwayes one way and not reuersyng or commyng backe wardes to and fro as it dooth in such places where it doth ebbe and flow but that the water alwayes in those Seas or partes doth â—unne continually one waye or els at the least a long tyme according vnto the naturall cause of that currant And of these currantes I doo fynde three seuerall sortes that doo come of three seuerall causes and the cause of euery one of them is contrary vnto the nature of the other And fyrst concerning the naturall cause of the principallest Currantes as by experience of them is seene in diuers places by those that haue trauayled into those partes by the Sea as thus The currant ruÌ„neth forceably and continually from the East vnto the West at the Cappe bone speraunce the Southermost Cappe of Africa or Ethiopia and so reboundeth vpon the Coast of America which is drawen by the powers of the Moone by ber dayly motion as in the Chapter next before is rehearsed as it dooth appeare by the ensample of ebbyng and flowing and so rebounding vppon the Coast of America by that impediment that it cannot get passage that way accordyng vnto the dayly motion then it is forced to seeke other passages so that parte thereof dooth seeke and dooth goe thorowe the strayghtes of Magelenâ—s into the South Sea and there the currant dooth go continually from the East into the West But that strayght or passage beyng vnsufficient for that it is so narrowe the currant is forced to seeke some other waye Wherefore partly it dooth deuide it selfe and so dooth runne vp vnto the Coaste of Brasyll towardes the Equinoctiall by Cappe Crucis and Saint Dâ—myngs and so into the great Bay of