strong stay but with some small thing at the fyrst and whyle it is young it must be deyntely tyed to the stay with smal twigges of Wyllowe Elme Broome Russhes or Strawe this latter binding is thought to be best for the twigges when they waxe drye doo pearce and hurt the rynde There is an hearbe whiche because of his aptnesse for tying of Uines the Sicyllians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The best stayes for Uines as Plinie sayth are made of Wyllowe Oke Reede Iuniper Cypresse and Eldar And in an other place he preferreth the Chestnut for this purpose aboue all the rest The best for the Uine is the Reede whiche well endureth fyue yeeres geldyng of the leaues and cuttyng the Uine is almost in one maner The geldyng of the leaues or branches must be done twyse a yeere to the ende that the superfluous springes and leaues may be plucked of The fyrst as Plinie wryteth must be done within ten dayes after the Ides of May before the Uines begin to flowre for about the tenth of Iune both the Uine and Wheate the two noble fruites doo flowre Of the second time the opinions are sundry for some suppose it best to plucke of the leaues and branches as soone as it hath left flowring others when the fruite is full ripe The superfluous springes being young and tender are to be taken away that the Uine may be more at liberty and through blowen with the winde This geldyng or cuttyng away the superfluous branches and leaues is as needefull as the propping for both the fruite dooth prosper the better and the propping the next yeere wyll be the handsomer and the Uine wyll be the lesse full of galles for that which is cut being greene and tender dooth the sooner and the soundlyer recouer him selfe and the Grape ripeth the better Tenne dayes before the Uine beginnes to flowre see that you gelde it in this sort cut of all the superfluous branches both on the toppe and on the sides but meddle not where the clusters growe strike of the toppes of the branches for growing to ranke suche Grapes as growe towardes the South or the West leaue them theyr branches to defend them from the heate of the Sunne cut away most from the young Uine for ouerburdning him After the heate of the Sunne beginneth to fade away with the leaues for hindering the Grapes of there ryping and whyle the Grape is a flowring busie your selfe with digging about it Suche Uines as with thicknesse of their leaues corrupteth their fruite are to be rydde of theyr superfluous branches and leaues a moneth before the geatheryng of your Grapes that the winde may blowe the better through them but the leaues that growe aloft in the very toppe must not be medled with but left as a defence and shadowe agaynst the heate of the Sunne but yf so be the end of Sommer be geuen to much rayne and that the Grapes swell in greatnesse then hardly plucke of the leaues from the top also THRA You haue tolde vs of a great deale of labour about Uines MARIVS The Uine keeper must often goe about his Uines and set vp his proppes and make euen his yokes THRA One thing I pray you let me heare more the signes and tokens of the ripenesse for as I vnderstand we may not be to busie in geathering them to soone nor vse any lingring after they be ripe without great harme MARIVS You say true for being geathered before they be ripe they wyll make but small wine and not durable And agayne yf you suffer them to long you shall not onely hurt the Uine with the ouerlong bearing of her burden but also yf hayle or frost happen to come you put your Uine in great danger Democritus wryteth that y Grape endureth in his ripenesse not aboue sixe dayes and therefore the iudgement of his ripenesse is not alonely to be geuen vppon the sight but vppon his taâ—te though Columella thinketh there can be no certayne iudgemenâ— geuen of the taâ—te But yf the stones doo change their colour and be no longer greene but be almost blacke it is a signe the Grape is ripe Some againe doo presse the Grape betwixt theyr fyngeâ—s and yf they see the stone to slippe out smoothe without any thing cleauyng to it they thinke them meete to be geathered but yf they come out with some part of the Grape cleauyng to them they count them not to be ripe Others proue them in this sort out of a very thicke cluster they take a grape and as they behold the cluster wel wherein they see no change they take it for a token of ripenesse You must geather your Grapes the Moone beyng in Cancer Leo Libra Scorpius Capricorne or Aquari and vnderneath the earth THRA Is there no way to make y Grape ripe speedely MARIVS Plinie teacheth to rubbe ouer the rootes with taâ—te Uineger and very olde vryne and thus to be often digged and couered THRA What order haue you for preseruing of your Grapes when they be geathered MARIVS Some keepe them hanged vp in the roofe of Chambers some in earthen pottes close couered with wooden vessels Pallalius sheweth away howe to keepe them vpon the Uine tyll the Spring THRA I pray you proceede with the other fruite trees of your Orchardes MARIVS Among other fruite trees next vnto the Uine as Columella sayth the cheefe place is geuen to the Olyue in Latine Olea in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Of all other plantes it requireth least trauayle and charges where as the Uine requireth most and though it beare not euery yeere but euery other yeere yet is he to be borne withall because he asketh neyther coâ—t nor labour and yf you bestowe any vppon him he recompenseth it throwly with the abundance of his fruite And since there is so great profite and commoditie in this tree and that the vses of it are so many and so needefull it is good reason to be diligent and carefull about it he loueth a ground neyther to hye nor to lowe but rather the syde of a hyll such as is the most part of Italy and Spayne for in such ground the extreme heate of the sunne is something mollifyed with the colde blastes of the winde for in Olyue trees as Plinie sayth the soyle and the clime is of great importance it delighteth in a warme and a drye ayre and therefore in Barbary Sicil Andalusia sundry partes of Italy specially Campania it prospereth woonderfully it liketh not too great heate nor too much colde And therefore in hotte countreys it ioyneth vppon the North side of the hilles in colde vpon the South side It is thought that yf it stande aboue threescore myles from the sea that it eyther dyeth or prooueth not fruitefull The best ground is the grauelâ—y grounde hauyng aloft a little chalke mingled with lande it is also good groâ—nd where the sand or grauel is medled with riche moulde yea the sliffe grounde yf it be
you doo it then the conditions of a man for being well tylled it wyll not deceaue you but deale iustly with you To knowe the nature of euery grounde Iscomachus in Xenophon dooth wyll you to marke wel the plantes and the yeeld of the Countrey except you wyll loose your labour or fyght with god Varro counsels you to looke whether there be in the land eyther Stone Marble Sande Grauell Raddell Chalke Claye Preble or Carbuncle that is ground ouer heated and parched with the Sunne whiche wyll burne the rootes of what so euer commeth in it Also yf it be wette or weepyng ground or subiect vnto other inconueniences and suche grounde also according to the nature of the soyle is good or euyl In some Countreys stonie grounde is altogeather barren specially for Corne and Fruite In other places agayne they vse stones in the manuring and bettring of their lande as in certayne places of Arden is to be seene Theophrascus wryteth that the Corynths dyd cast away all the stones out of the Feeldes of Sarragosa and thereby made the ground the woorse when the stones being away and the Countrey hot there was no succour left to defend the ground from the extreame heate of the Sunne In other places in stonie and hilly groundes Otes doo prosper well In lyke sort in all Countreys we must regarde the layre of the Countrey and the nature of the seede that we sowe for Grauell in some places is cast vppon the ground in steade of doung and some thinges prosper best in grauelie groundes In Barbarie as Columella dooth wâ—tnesse the very rotten sandes exceede any other grounde in fruitefulnesse It is also something to the purpose whether the grauell be white redde or yellowe besides some grounde dooth deceaue both with colour and qualitie In some Countreys the blacke mould is onely esteemed in others the fat redde mould is thought best In Englande the chalkie grounde beareth good corne and pastures very well In some places the thicke and the clammie ground is most fruitefull In al these it is to be learned what is best for the hill ground what for the valley what for the tylled what for the leye grounde what the moyst seggie grounde requires and what the drye and barraine Also in planting what ground is best for Uines what for other trees what delightes in drie ground what in moyst ground Virgil commendeth a mellowe ground that is fatte and wyll soone be resolued for such ground is tylled with smalest charge and labour the next is that whiche is faâ—â—e and stiffe which greatly recompenceth the husbande his trauaile and charges the woorst is that which is dry leane and stiffe for both it is tylled with great labour and beside neither answeareth in his croppe the husbandes trauayle neither serueth it for good meddowe or pasture any time after and therfore such ground is not to be medled withall Also the goodnesse of the ground is easely perceaued by perfect tokens for a clod sprinckled with a litle water if in working with the hand it be clammie and cleauing and sticketh to the fyngers like Pitche when it is handled as the Poete sayth and breaketh not in falling to the grounde this sheweth a naturall fatnesse and richenesse to be in it besides you may knowe the mould that is good for Corne yf it beare Bulrusshes Thistels Threeleaued grasse Danewoort Brambles Blackthorne and such like as neuer growe but in good grounde as on the other syde lothsome and illfauoured weedes declare a leane and a bitter ground Ferne and withered plantes a colde grounde sadde and heauy coloured a moyst and a wette ground a raddell and a stony ground is discerned by the eye a stiffe and tough clay by the labour and toyle of the Oxen A good token is it also of good ground where the Crowes and the Pyes folowe in great number the Plowe scraping in the steppes of the Plowman The goodnesse is likewyse knowen yf at the Sunne setting after a Raynebowe and in a shewre of rayne folowyng a great drouthe it yeeldeth a pleasaunt sauour also in taste it wyl appeare yf tasting a clodde that hath been watred in an earthen vessell you finde it sweete it is a signe of riche grounde yf bitter a great token of barren grounde yf it be saltishe it is to be shunned and not to be vsed vppon the dounghill You must remember also that ground wyll some times change and of fruitefull become barren whiche hath been seene as Plinie reporteth in the olde time in Thessali and in our time in sundry places of our Countrey Beside one kind of ground though it be neuer so fertill wyll not beare all thinges as the Poete wysely noteâ—h Ne serues one ground for euery Croppe Moreouer the disposition of the Heauens is a great matter all Countreys haue not the weather and ayre alike wherfore it is the part of a good husband to knowe the nature and propertie of his ground and to marke the disposition of it for euery part of the yeere he must also consider what Croppe is best for euery layer Some ground serueth for Corne some for Uines some for Oliues some for Meddowe some for Pasture neither may all thinges well be sowen in riche grounde nor nothing in barren ground Suche thinges as neede not muche moysture are best sowed in lyght ground as the great Elauer Sperie Chich and the other pulses that are pulled and not cut Those that require more sustenaunce are sowen in richer ground as Potte hearbes Wheate Rye Barley Linseede Some of them doo good to the grounde the yeere folowyng as Lupines that are vsed to be sowen for the beâ—tering of the grounde There is difference also to be put betwixt fruites for pleasure and such as be for profite as fruite trees and flowres and suche thinges as yeeld both pleasure and sustenancâ— and are also profitable to the grounde You must choose for Wyllowes Osyres and Reedes a wette and a marrish ground and contrary where you wyll haue Come Pulse that delightes in drye ground Sperage such like must be sowen in shaddowy places and other ground for Quicksets Tymber Mast Fewel yea such ground as is very grauely and barren hath his vse where you may plant Birche suche like and waterie groundes where you may set Alders Broome and Bullrusshes RIGO Surely the temperature of the ayre dooth very muche in the fruitefulnesse of the grounde for I haue oftentimes marked that one kinde of ground is more fruiteful in one Countrey then in an other CONO In Venefri the Grauell grounde beares Oliues best where as about Granado they require the richest ground that may be When in other places the Uine dooth not prosper very well in stonie groundes about the Rhine the very ragged rockes doo yeelde as fruitefull Uines as may be seene Plinie dooth witnesse that in some places the Uines do grow euen in the Fennes and Marshes suche a secrete force is there in
doung and the drye ground the lesse RIGO I remember I haue yer this seene Earth taken out of the Feeldes neere adioyning and layde vppon the lande I therefore gesse the earth may be mended with earth CONO The Germanes besydes sundry other sortes of enriching of their groundes doo in steade of doung cast vppon it a kinde of pith and fatnesse of the earth Plinie countes it to be fyrst deuised in Englande and Fraunce called Marga as it were the fatte of the Earth but I rather thinke it to be the inuention of the Germanes with whom yet both the name and the vse is retayned it is gotten in deepe pittes but not alike in all soyles That part of Fraunce that lyes vpon the Maase dooth shewe a sandy kinde of Marle differing from the fatte Marle of Germanie but of the same qualitie whiche caried vppon the Sea in vessels is sold as a great marchandize In some places the skowring of Pondes and Ditches is vsed to the great enriching of the grounde in the mountaynie and barren groundes In some Countreys they make their land very fruitefull with laying on of Chalke as Plinie testifyeth of the Burgundians and the Gaskoynes And in Germanie in our dayes this maner of mendyng of ground is common But long vse of it in the ende bringes the grounde to be starke nought whereby the common people haue a speache that ground enriched with Chalke makes a riche father and a beggerly sonne A litle lower not farre from the Maase in the Countrey of Lyege they mende their lande with a kinde of sâ—ate stone which cast vpon the ground dooth moulder away and makes the grounde fatter In Lombardie they lyke so well the vse of asshes as they esteeme it farre aboue any doung thinking doung not meete to be vsed for the vnholsomenesse therof Columella wryteth that his Uncle was woont to mende sandy and grauely groundes with Chalke and chalkie hard grounds with grauell and sande whereby he had alwayes goodly Corne. So doo I thinke that Riuer lande by ouerflowynges and fast ground with mudde mingled with sande and grauell wyll be made muche better RIGO You haue tâ—ught me sundry wayes of mendyng of ground I would gladly nowe learne the ryght way of plowyng and sowyng CONO In plowyng and orderly preparing grounde for seede consistes the cheefest poynt of husbandry Cato affyrmeth the fyrst point of husbandry to be to prepare the grounde well the seconde to plowe it well and the thirde to doung it well Of plowing and turnyng vp the grounde the fashion is diuers accordyng to the nature of euery soyle countrey All great feeldes are tylled with the Plowe and the Share the lesser with the Spade The Plowes are of sundry fashions accordyng to the diuersitie of Countreys some single some double some with wheeles some without The partes of the Plowe are the Tayle the Shelfe the Beame the Foote the Coulter the Share the Wheeles and the Staffe The Share is that which fyrst cuttes the way for the Coulter that afterwards turnes vp the Forowe Where the ground is light they vse only a small Share In Lifflande they haue for their Plowe nothing but a Forke In Syria where they can not goe very deepe they vse as Theophrastus writes very little Plowes Plinie wryteth that wheeles for Plowes were deuised by the Frenchemen and called Plugrat a Germaine name which corruptly is printed Planarati In diuers places where the grounde is stiffe they haue a litle wyng on the ryght syde of the Coulter whiche wyng is to be remooued to whiche syde you list with the Rodde or Staffe well poynted the plowman maketh cleane his Coulter When you woorke your Oxen must be yoked euen togeather that they may drawe more handsomely with heads at libertie and lesse hurt to their neckes This kinde of yoking is better liked of many then to be yoked by the hornes for the Cattell shal be able to drawe better with the necke and the brest then they shall with their heades and this way they put to the force of their whole bodyes whereas the other way being restrayned by the yoke on their heads they are so greeued as they scarsely race the vpper part of the earth Where Horses may be vsed their vse is more commodious for the Plowe and the fewer of them the better for many Horses drawe too hastyly and make too large Furrowes which is not good whereby we see the grounde to be excellently well plowed in Gelderland and about Coleyne where they plowe alwayes with two Horses going very softly In Fraunce and other places where they plowe with Oxen they make theyr Furrowes rather deepe then brode Where the ground is stiffe the Coulter must be the greater and the stronger that it may goe the deeper for yf the crust of the earth be turned vp very brode it remayneth still hole whereby neither the weedes are killed nor the ground can be well harrowed The Furrowe ought not to exceede one hundred and twentie foote in length for yf it doo as Columella sayth it is hurtfull to the beastes because they are to muche weeried withall but this rule where the feeldes are large is not in many places regarded as in the Countrey of Gulicke where the feeldes are great their Furrowes are drawen very long You must not plowe in wette weather nor wette ground nor when after a long drouthe a little rayne falling hath but wette the vtter part and not gone deepe If it be too wette when it is plowed it dooth no good that yeere You must therefore haue a regard to the temperature of your season that it be neither to drye nor to wette for too muche moysture maketh it to durtie and too great drynesse maketh that it wyll neuer woorke well for eyther the hardnesse of the Earth resisteth the Plowe or yf it doo enter it breakes it not small yenough but turneth vp great flakes hurtful to the next plowing For though the land be as riche as may be yet yf you goe any deapth you shall haue it barren which is turned vp in these great cloddes whereby it happeneth that the bad moulde mixed with the good yeeldeth the woorser Croppe Where you haue plowed in a drye season it is good to haue some moysture in your second stirring whiche moistning the grounde shall make your labour the lighter Where the grounde is riche and hath long borne water it is to be stirred againe when the weather waxeth warme and when the weedes are full growen and haue their seedes in their toppe whiche being plowed so thicke as you can scarse see where the Coulter hath gone vtterly killeth and destroyeth the weedes besides through many stirringes your Fallowe is brought to so fine a moulde as it shall neede very little or no harrowing at all when you sowe it for the old Romanâ—s as Columella wytnesseth would â—ay that the ground was yll husbanded that after sowing had neede of the
in them Midae Lomentum is the Meale which the people in olde tyme dyd vse for the smoothing of their skinnes Fresa Faba was the Beane that was but finally broken and hulledâ—in the Myll Refrina was that whiche they vsed to offer in sacrifyce for good lucke with their Corne. It is good to steepe your Beanes in the water of Saltpeeter a day before you sowe them you shall keepe them from Wyuels as Palladius sayth yf you geather them in the wane of the Moone and cherishe them and lay them vp before the encrease Beanes and all other Pulse doo mend the ground that they are sowen in The next to Beanes in woorthynesse and sowyng is Pease called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian Pise and Piselle in Spanishe Aruera in Frenche Pese in Dutch Errettem a Pulse that groweth with hollowe stalkes and full of branches lying vpon the grounde many leaues and long the Coddes rounde conteyning in them round seedes and white though Plinie wryte that they be cornerd as Chych of which sort we haue some at this day blewishe with flowres in shape like the Butterâ—lye purple coloured toward the middest There are two sortes of Pease the one sort coueteth to climbe aloft and runneth vp vppon stickes to whiche with little wynders he bindeth hym selfe and is for the most part onely sowen in Gardens the other sort groweth lowe and creepeth vpon the grounde both kindes are very good to be eaten specially when they be young and tender they must be sowen in warme groundes for they can in no wyse away with colde they are sowed eyther vppon fallowes or rather in riche and yeerely bearing ground once plowed and as all other Pulse in a gentle and a mellowe moulde the season being warme and moyst Columella sayth that ground is made very riche with them if they be presently plowed and the Culter turne in and couer that whiche the Hooke hath newely left They are sowed among Sommer Corne commonly with the fyrst Fyrst Beanes Pease and Lentiles then Tares and Oates as is sayde before Pease and Tares must be sowen in March and April and in the wane of the Moone leâ—t they growe to ranke and flowre out of order where as the best sowing for all other Pulse and grayne is in the encrease of the Moone There are that count Pease to be the Pulse that the Greekes call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latines Eruum the Italians Eruo the Spaniardes Yeruo the Dutchmen Eruen of which there are two kindes the one white the other red The later is wylde and groweth in Hedges and Corne feeldes it is a small plant hauyng his leaues narrowe and sâ—lender his flowre eyther white or medled with purple growyng neere togeather like Pease there is no great businesse about it it delighteth in a leane barren ground not moyst for it wyll be spilt with too muche rancknesse it must be sowed before Marche with which moneth it agreeth not because it is then hurtfull vnto cattell Eruilia is a Pulse like smal Beanes some white some blacke and others speckled it hath a stalke like Pease and climeth lyke a Hoppe the Coddes are smoothe like Pescoddes The leaues longer then the leaues of Beanes the flowre is a pleasant foode to Bees In Fraunce and Lumbardie it is called Dora or Dorella Phaseolus in Latine in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 garden Smalax some call it Fasiolum and Dolichium among the Italians some call it Fagiuoli some Smilace de gli Horti others Fagiuolo Turcheses others Lasanie the Spaniardes call it Frisoles the Frenchemen Fasioles and Fales Pinceos the Dutchmen Fasâ—len or wyld Bonen It is a kynde of Pulse whereof there are white redde and yellowe and some specked with blacke spottes the leaues are lyke Iuie leaues but something tenderer the stalke is sâ—lender wyndyng with claspes about such-plantes as are next hym runnyng vp so hie as you may make Herbers vnder hym the coddes are longer then Fennigrecke the Graynes within diuers coloured and fashioned lyke Kydneys it prospereth in a fatte and a yeerely bearyng ground in Gardens or where you wyll and because it climeth aloft there must be set by them poales or staues from the whiche runnyng to the toppes it climeth vppon Trees seruyng well for the shadowyng of Herbers and Summer houses It is sowen of diuers from the Ides of October to the Ralendes of Nouember in some places and with vs in Marche It flowreth in Sommer the meate of them is but indifferent the iuyce not very good the Coddes and the Graynes are eaten togeather or lyke Sperage The Iewes sell them at Rome preserued to be eaten rawe Lens and Lenticula in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian Lendi iae bon maenastre in Spanishe Lenteza in Frenche Lentilla in Duch Linsen is a Pulse very thicke and busshy with leaues lyke the Tare with three or foure very small Graynes in euery Codde of all Pulses the least they are soft and flatte The white ones for theyr pleasauntnesse are the best and such as are aptest to seethe and consume most water in their boylyng It is sowen with vs in Germanie in March and in April the Moone encreasyng in mellowe ground being riche and drye yet Plinie would rather haue the ground leane then riche and the season drye it flowreth in Iuly at whiche tyme by ouer muche rancknesse and moysture it soone corrupteth Therefore to cause it quickely to spring and wel to prosper it must be mingled with drye doung before it be sowen and when it hath lyen so mingled foure or fyue dayes it must be cast into the grounde It groweth hyâ— as they say when it is wette in warme water and Saltpeter before it be sowen wyl neuer corrupt being sprinckled with Bengwin and Uineger Varro wylleth that you sowe it from the fiue and twentieth day of the Moone to the thirtieth so shall it be safe from Snayles And Columella affyrmeth that yf it be mingled with Asshes it wâ—ll be safe from all annoyance Cicer in Latine in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian Ceci Cicere Rosso and Cicere bâ—ance in Spanishe Ganrangos in Frenche Chiche and in Dutch Cicererbs is a busshy kynde of Pulse hauyng a rounde Codde and therein a couple of three cornered seedes whereof there are that make three kindes whyte read and blacke differinâ— onely in the colour of theyr flowre the best kinde hath a stiâ—â—e stalke crooked little leaues indented a whyte a purple or a blacke flowre And wheras other Pulse haue their coddes long and brode according to their seede this beareth them rounde it delighteth in a blacke and a riche moulde is a great spoyler of land and therefore not good for newe broken vp ground it may be sowen at any time in March in rayny weather and in very riche ground the seede must be steeped in water a day before it be sowen to the end it
he saw what he had doone he ran vpon his keeper and slew him as soone as shee is couered the Mare must out of hand be beaten and forced to runne least shee loose that shee hath receaued Surely a Mare of all other beastes after her couering doth runne eyther southward or northwarde according as shee hath conceaued eyther Horse Coult or Mare Coulâ— her couler also dooth chaunge become brighter which when they perceaue they osteâ—her the Horse no more Some after a few dayes if they douther offer the Horse againe if she refuse strik as I said before they iudge shee hath conceaued EVP. Must they be couered euery yeere HIPPO Such is our couetousnes as wee seeke to haue them beare euery yeare but if you will haue good Coltes let your Mares go to Horse but euery other yeere so shall they well answer your desire howebeit the common vse is euery yeere EVP. Wee see asses sometimes to couer mares comonly and thereof is engendred the moyle and foled in the xii moneth as shall be said hereafter Some say it is best to cutt the mane of the mare that shal be couered of the Asse though others holde opinion that it shall abate her lust The mares that bee with foale must bee well looked vnto and put in good pasture And if thorow the colde of winter pasture bee wanting they must bee kept in the house and neyther labored nor iasâ—ed vp and downe nor suffered to take colde nor to bee kept to many in a straight rome for casting of their foales for all these inconueniences wil hasard their foales yet too trauaile them moderatly will dooe them rather good then harme for to longe rest wyll cause them to bee restife and to tyer sooner Aristotle writeth that the Sithians did vse to trauaile their Mares greate with fole after the time they began to stirre supposing their foling should bee the easier but good heede must bee taken that their bellies bee not hurt with any thing while they are with fole but if so bee the mare be indanger eyther in casting her fole or in foling the remedy is Poilipoâ—y stamped mingled with warme water and giuen with a horne it is sayde that the smell of a Candell snuffe causeth them to cast their foles you must euery yeere ouersee your Mares and such as bee vnprofitable or barrayne must bee put awaye for from theyr first foling they are not too bee kepte aboue ten yeeres at which tyme they are lustly eynough and may bee well solde but so will they not be after The yonge foales are not to bee handled with the hand for they are hurt with the lyghtest touche that may bee It must bee seene vnto that if the Mare bee horsed there bee roome enough for her and her fole and that the place be warme enough that neyther the coulde harme it nor the damme ouerlye it and therefore the place must bee well chosen that is neyther to hotte nor to cold and afterwardes by little you must bring vp the Colte when it groweth to be something strong it must be put to pasture with the Mare least the Mare receaue hurt by the absence of it for chiefly this beast of all others most estemeth her yong and if shee be kept from it taketh harme the fole that lackes his damme is often brought vp of other Mares that haue Coltes the Mare must go in very good pasture that the Colte may haue store of milke Being fiue moneths olde when you bring them into howse you must seede them with barley flowre and branne at a tweluemoneth old you must eyther put them into good pasture or feede them with branne chaffe and hay Varro will not haue you to weane them till they be two yeeres old and though I like not too soone weaning yet wee vse comonly to weane them at fiue or six monethes old and to let them runne in good pasture which custome proueth not amisse Moreouer as long as they runne with the damme you shall doo well to handell them now and then least when they be put from the damme they waxe wild they must be tought to be gentill and not only to abyde a man but to couet his company and not to be affraid at euery strange sight nor at euery noyse but to come to it Xenophon saith we must as men prouide skoolmasters for our chiâ—dren so likewise teachers for our Horses and appoint how we will haue them broken for as their seruice is diuers so must be their breaking But hereof we shall speake more hereafter when we entreate of horsmanship and breaking of Horses onely now we will deale with those that sucke and serue for the Plow To make them gentler the bridles and other horse harneyes must be hanged by them that they may the better be acquainted with them bothe with the sight and the gingling Now when they be well tamed and will suffer to be handled Varro would haue you lay a boy groueling vpon them twise or thrise and after to bestride them and this he would haue doone when they be three yeere olde for then they grow most and begin to be great brawned There be that thinke a Horse may begin to be handled at a yeere and a halfe olde and Varro at three yeere old when theyr prouender is gyuen them but we vse commonly after two yeeres to labour them gently first in harrowing of new plowed land which is good both for their foote and their pace and also with Plowing and such like exercise whereby we vse to acquaint theÌ„ with cold and heate in drawing together It must be sene to that they be euen matched least the stronger spoyle the weaker while he dreadeth the rating and whipping Horses take lesse harme with drawing then with bearing Thus must they be vsed to reasonable trauaile by reason wherof they will be the harder and not so lightly take harme but herein must be great discresion EVPH. What say you to Geldings for in these partes we vse Geldings most HIPPO They serue for some purpose but he that will haue a good gâ—lding must gâ—ld as they say a good Horse they are cut at a yere old and elder I my selfe haue cut them at fiue yeere old and six yeere olde in cutting they loose their stomack you must looke that they be in good plight when you cut them for as they are at their cutting they commonly continue The Mares also vse to be spayed but not often and with greate danger EVPH. What maner of stable would you haue for I haue somtimes hearde that the stable is of greate importance HIPPO Your stable must be buylt in a dry place for wetting the Horses hoofe which you shall auoide if you planke it with good oken plankes or which Xenophon would rather haue you doo with round pauing stone keeping it alwayes cleane from doung and straw and after laying fresh litter so as they stand harde and ly softe Xenophon would haue the stable so
The diligeÌ„ce of Caius Cresinus The lettyng of a Farme The vse of Gardens of great antiquitie An euyll Garden token of an ill husvvyfe Oâ— Lettusyns The time of sâ—â—rchyng for vvater Th◠〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 of Gardens Enclosyng of Gardens The making of a quickset hâ—dge An other nevver and bette◠〈…〉 hedge An other sort of hedging VVhat to be consydered in the choâ—se of Garden ground Ayre VVindes The ordâ—ring of Gardens Beddeâ— Of digging and dounging of Gardens Of sovving Three seasons to sovv in Of seedes VVhat seede spring soone and vvhiche slovvly The vveather for sovvyng The Moone The time for gardning Of potte hearbe Asparagus Rue Lettuse Endiue Colvvoorts Spinage Sorell Cummin Coâ—riâ—nder Smalledge or Parsley Fenel Dâ—ll Cheruile Beetes Gaâ—den Cresâ—es Garden Poppy Mustâ—â—dseede Radishe Rapes The little Rape Nauens Parsnâ—p Râ—dde and yellovve Carrettes Leekes Onyonâ— Fissile Onyons Garlicke Malovveâ—â— Purcelaine Straberrieâ— Raspiâ—â— Liquerisâ— Small Reazins Hoppes Reade the perfect ordeâ—ing hâ—â—â—of in mâ—â—ster Reynolde Scots booke of Hoppe Gaâ—dens Coucumbers Gourdes Artichoch Saffron Rosemary Sauge Mâ—ntes Pimpeâ—nâ—l Hysope Sauorie Basyl Marierum Tyme Lauender â—lovvregenâ—le Lauendercottâ—n Myâ—tâ—l Gilyfloures Roses Muskâ—â—ses Lillyes Violets It is but the opinioâ— of a Gardne Berfoote or Settervvort Angellicâ— Helecompany VVormevvoode Sauine Against Caterpillers Gnattes Moles Myse Garden Fleas Of Orchardes Hovve to 〈…〉 Dropping of trâ—â—â— Freendship amongst â—â—ees Shaddovves of trees Time of plantyng Time for grâ—fâ—ing The obseruation of the Moone The kindes of planting and graffing of treeâ— Three kinds of gâ—affing VVhat trees are best to be graffed betvvixt the barke and the vvood VVhat treâ—â— agree best togeather To haue redde Peares and Apples A Peache â—ith an Almond in it Olyue grape The choyse oâ— graâ—â—ing The knottes The time for graffing The maner of graâ—fiâ—g To keepe your graffes Of emplâ—stâ—â—ng and inocuâ—ation VVâ—â—rble graffing PropagatioÌ„ and his kindes Of impe Garden The Vine Tâ—e inuention of the Vine The Vineyard most gayneful Corne feeld and Vineyardes compared Trees whiche be frends or foes to the Vine The ordring of Vines What ground is best for the Vine VVhat quarter of the heauen the Vine must lye agaynst The time for planting of Vines Graffing of Vines VVhat graffes to be chosen The length of the setter The 〈…〉 What doung is best for Vines Where the doung must be laide Pisse the best doung The order of digging or stirring the grounde Dâ—â—ssing of Vines Propping of Vines Gâ—ldyng or plucking of of leaues The Olyue Apples Agaynst hurtfull vvoormes To keepe Apples The Peare To keepe Peares The Quince To keepe Quinees The Seruisse tâ—â—e Pomegranates Cytrons The Mulbery tree The Cornel Ziziphus Italian â—â—beâ—ts The Bay. Nutte trees The Almond tree Wallnuts Chestnuts The Chery tree Plome trees The Peache tree The Abrycoâ—â— The Date Shadovve of trees Dropping of tâ—â—â—s Proyning Sâ—arefying Ablâ—â—ueâ—ton Remouing VVheÌ„ trees beare not or holde not their fruite a remedy Of VVod. The Oke â—eechvvood Mast and his differences The Elme Ash groues The Pine. Fyrre trees The Pytch tree The Alder. Poplar vvhite and blacke VVyllovves Osyars For planting of Osâ—â—res The Fyrre Thâ— Mastholme The Larsh The Ashe Iuniper The Cedar The Cypresse The Pine. The VValnutte tree The wylde Olyue The Hâ—lly The Date tree The Corke VVhat turne each tymbeâ— serues For Shyps For Houses For vvater courses For beâ—â—ing of 〈◊〉 For hastes and handles â—oâ— Tarâ—ets 〈…〉 â—aues â—or vvâ—teâ— vvooâ—â—â—â— â—or coâ—â—ng The barke Byrdlyme Vernishe Amber The vvoorthinesse and antiquitie of keeping of cattell The vvorthines and antiquity of keeping of Cattell Of Horses The hofe The legges The knees The thyâ—s The brest The necke The mane The hed The mouth The eyes The eares The nostâ—â—l 〈◊〉 â—houlder The 〈◊〉 The StallioÌ„ The Mares Age. Stables Curriyng Dyet Skovvring Prouender Asses Moyles Cammelles Bullockes The Murâ—in and his diuers kindes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Crudity The Tayle The Flixe Laske iâ— Calues The Cough The Feauer Haltyng Skabbes Hidebound For the Mureyne For the loongeâ— Settring of cattell The Galle or Yellovvs For the Liuer The Blaine The Sprengeâ— The Staggers The Dasâ—e Pissing of blood Panteys Taynt Hydebound Gargyse For al diseases The Buffes Sheepe The choyse of Evves Rammes VVhen to bye sheepe Sheepecots Shearing of Sheepe Maister 〈◊〉 for 〈…〉 The mâ—rreyne of the Loongâ—s Lâ—mbes Eating vvoormes or venemous grasse Master Ihon Franklin Goates Milke Black milke Error in the vnderstanding of Dioscorides Butter Cheese VVellcurds Melca Svvyne A vvonderfull knovvledge in Svvyne A childe eaten by a Sovve Of diseases in Svvyne and the cure Quinsey Measled Svvyne Of â—hephâ—ardâ—s Dogges The Bandog for the hous The shepheardes Mastie Madde Dogges Cattes The â—â—orâ—e 〈…〉 bâ—oode The choise of the Cock. To haue Cock chickins or Hen Chickins Against hurt of thunder Agaynst the Pippe Choyse of Pouâ—â—y 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 Making of Capons Of Egges Fatting of Geese Duckes Peacocks Diseâ—ses Turkie Cockes Lady Hales a mâ—â—roâ— of Gentilvvomen Pigions Phesantes Turtles Thrushes and Blackbyrdes Quayles The 〈◊〉 Of Fisheponds Bees Industry of Bees Bees theyr common vveales The birds of the Muses Virgil. Virgil Virgil. Bees foreshevvers of stonnes The puniâ—â—ment of loyterers The kyndes of Bees The theefe The drane Breeders The best sort of Bees The shape of the kyng VVhat to be consydered in buying of Bees Transporting of Bees The taking of vvild Bees To find out the Bees Standing for Bees VVhat voâ—mine annoyeth the Bees The valley better for the Bee then the hyll Faâ—re vvater 〈◊〉 for Bees Hearbs that Bees delight in Hearbs noysome to Bees Of the Hiues Hovv you must place your Hiues VVhen the Bee resteth The beginning and order of his trauaile Manna The best Hony of Time. Beesâ— theyr vvinter foode Going avvay of Bees and the tokens thereof Bees delight in nevve Hiues 〈◊〉 of 〈…〉 and 〈…〉 Diuers â—â—nges in 〈◊〉 Hiue The shape of the king To keepe the king at home Gâ—lâ—ing o◠〈…〉 the Hiues The Drone Time for 〈…〉 Fashionyng of the Coames The best Hony. Three sortes of Hony. Bread corrupteth Hony. The Making of VVax Bees decayed The repaâ—ring of them Breeding of Bees To reuyue Bees that bâ— dead Making of Bees Bees made of a Steere Signes of sicknesse in Bees The diseases of Bees and the remedies VVhat hurts Beâ—s To keepe Bees from Beares Hiues purâ—ed in the sâ—â—ng Smoke good for Bees Oâ—stri Tymes for sâ—â—â—mâ—ng To destroy Butterflyes No stuning of Bees in VVinter Black thorne VVoodbine Balme Angellica For vvant of Treacle you may take the vvhole dram Cardus Benedictus Penygrasse Scabious Veronica Aueus Cardiaca Betony Olde English rules for purchasing land Who so wil be wise in purchasing Let him consider these poyntes folowing FIRST see that the lande be cleare In title of the selleare And that it stand in danger Of no vvomans dovvne See vvhether the tenure be bond or free And release of euery feoffee See that the seller be of age And that it lye not in morgage VVhether a tayle be thereof founde And vvhether it stand in statute
riche and liuely dooth very well agree with this tree Chalkie ground is vtterly to be refused and watry and maryshe ground woorst of all The â—yke is a barrayne sand and a hungry sand but you may see it well in corne ground where eyther the Wylding or the â—asthelme hath growen but betwixt the Oke and it there â—â— great hatred for yf the Oke groweth neare it flyeth away and â—â—â—inâ—eth towardes the earth and though you cut downe the Oke yet the very rootes poysoneth and kylleth the poore Olyue The lyke some affyrme of the trees called Cerrus and Esculus for where they be pulled vp yf you set the Olyue he dyeth so dooth it as Plinie sayth yf it chaunce to be brused of the Goate On the other side betwixt the Olyue and the Uine there is great freendship and loue and it is sayde that yf you graffe the Olyue vpon the Uine it wyll beare a fruite that shal be halfe Grape and halfe Olyue called Vuolea in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an Olyue grape There are sundry wayes of plantyng of Olyues some take the biggest branches from the trees and saweing of the youngest plantes of two â—ubites in length they set them orderly in the ground some set the whole tree togeather Some agayne cuttyng of the toppes and all the branches set the stocke about the rysing of the starre Arcturus Many make them Impe Gardens in good grounde and mellowe suche as is commonly the blacke mould herein they set the young branches the lowest and the fayrest two or three inches in thicknesse and very fertill whiche they geather noâ— from the body of the tree but from the newest and latest bowes These they cut into prety settes of a foote and a halfe in length takyng good heede that they hurt not the rynde and paring the endes very smoothe with a sharpe knife and markyng them with redde Oâ—re that they may knowe whiche way they stoode afore and so settyng the lowest part into the grounde and the hyghest towardes the Heauen they put them in the grounde and so they growe the faster and beare the better for yf you should set them with the lower end vpward they would eyther hardly growe and prooue vnfruitefull and therefore they haue a regard of the setting of them You must beside before you set them rubbe ouer both the toppe the foote with doung mingled with ashes and so set them deepe in the ground coueryng them foure fyngers thicke with rotten mould You may choose whether you wyll set them all vnder the grounde or sette some part within the grounde and suffer the rest to appeare aboue the grounde those that be set all within the ground neede not to be marked but suche as shall stand with one part aboue the ground Didymus would haue them so set as they may appeare foure fingers aboue the ground and then to make a little trench for the receauing of the water and this maner of planting with the bowes is of Didymus best liked Where you meane to plant you must purge the ground of all other plantes busshes and weedes and the trenches must so be made as with the winde the sunne and rayne it may be mellowed made crombling that the plantes may the sooner take roote If your businesse require haste you must a moneth or two before burne in the trenches eyther stickes or reede or suche thinges as wyll easily take fyre and this you must doo diuers dayes togeather Your trenches must be three cubites or there about in deapth fourtie cubites a sunder wherby the trees may haue ayre yenough the first yeere second the third the earth must be trimmed with ofteÌ„â—aking the first two yeres you must not meddle with proppingâ— the third yeere you must leaue vpon euery one a couple of branches and often rake your Impe Garden the fourth yeere you shall of the two branches cut away the weaker being thus ordered in the fyfth yeere they wyll be meete to be remooued the stocke that is as bigge as a mans arme is best to be remooued let it stand but a little aboue the grounde so shall it prosper the better Before you remoue it marke the part that stood South with a peece of Oker that you may set it in like maner againe You must fyrst digge the trenched grounde with Mattockes and after turne in stone plowed earth and sowe it with Barley yf there be any water standyng in them you must let it out and cast in a fewe small stones and so settyng your settes cast in a little doung After the tenth of Iune when the ground gapes with the heate of the Sunne you must take heede that the sunne pearce not through the cleftes to the roote From the entryng of the Sunne into Libra you must ridde the rootes of all superfluous springes and yf the tree growe vpon the edge of a hill you must with little gutters drawe away the muddy water The doung must be cast on at the fall of the leafe that being mingled in Winter with the mould it may keepe the rootes of the trees warme The mother of oyle must be powred vpon the great ones the mosse must be cut of with an iron instrument or els it wyll yeeld you no fruite Also after certayne yeeres you must cut and loppe your Olyue trees for it is an old prouerbe that who so ploweth his Olyue Garden craueth fruite who doungeth it moweth fruite who cutteth the trees forceth fruite In the Olyue tree you shall sometime haue one branche more gallant then his fellowes whiche yf you cut not away you discourage all the rest The Olyue is also graffed in the wyld Olyue specially betwixt the rynde and the wood and by emplastring others graffe it in the roote and when it hath taken they pull vp a parcell of the roote withall and remooue it as they doo other plantes Those Olyues that haue the thickest barkes are graffed in the barke The time of graffing them is from the entryng of the Sunne into Aries and with some from the .xxii. of May tyll the fyrst of Iune The tyme of geathering of Olyues is when the greater part of half the fruite waxeth blacke and in fayre weather the riper the Olyue is the fatter wyll be the oyle In geathering of Olyues there is more cunnyng in making oyle then in making wine the lesser Olyues serue for oyle the greater for meate There is sundry sortes of oyle made of an Olyue the fyrst of all is rawe and pleasantest in taste the fyrst streame that comes from the presse is best and so in order The best oyle is about Venafri in Italy and Licinia in Spaine The next in goodnesse is in Prouence except in the fruitfull partes of 〈◊〉 The Olyues that you may come by with your handes you must eyther vpon the ground or with ladders geather and not beate them downe for those that are beaten downe doo wyther and yeelâ—e not so much oyle as the other