Selected quad for the lemma: land_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
land_n	honour_n	king_n	lord_n	2,198	5	3.4827	3	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A01017	Feudigraphia The synopsis or epitome of surueying methodized. Anatomizing the whole corps of the facultie; viz. The materiall, mathematicall, mechanicall and legall parts, intimating all the incidents to fees and possessions, and whatsoeuer may be comprized vnder their matter, forme, proprietie, and valuation. Very pertinent to be perused of all those, whom the right, reuenewe, estimation, farming, occupation, manurance, subduing, preparing and imploying of arable, medow, pasture, and all other plots doe concerne. And no lesse remarkable for all vnder-takers in the plantation of Ireland or Virginia ... Composed in a compendious digest by W. Folkingham. G.	Folkingham, W. (William)	1610 (1610)	STC 11123; ESTC S102453	47,378	98

or Termer Tenant in the first signification sometimes imports duety of Tenurage as Tenant by Knight-seruice Socage Tenant in Villenage Burgage Frank-Fée Tenens per Catapultam tenens Nativus Sometimes it intimates his Euidence as Tenant by Charter Copie of Court-Roll Verge Somtimes it implies the extent of his estate of right as Tenant in Fée-simple Fée-taile at will of the Lord according to the custome of the Manour or by common Lawe Sometimes it beares relation to the L. of the Fée as Tenant in chiefe very Tenant viz. holding immediatly of his L. Mesn Tenant Parauaile viz. the lowest Tenants most remote from the L. Paramount There is also ioint-tenant sole-tenant tenant in Common Tenant signifying the Termer is diuersified according to the exigence of the efficient causes of Possessions as Tenant in Dowre by Courtesie by Will Lease Copie Extent Elegit Execution Statute Merchant or of the Staple c. And thus much for the Title CHAP. III. DIscent is the deuolution of Possessions deriued to the Heire apparant from his Auncestrie by vnauoidable Right and Succession And this Discent is either of Bloud or of Inheritance Discent of Bloud is either Lineal or Collaterall Lyneal Discent is conueyed downe in a right line from Grand-father Father Sonne Nephew c. And here is produced an Heire Generall Collateral Discent springs foorth of the side of the whole Blood or Kinne as Grand-fathers brother Fathers brother c. And in this case the Heire is saide to be Speciall This Discent of Blood is retriued by deriuage of Pedegrées from Auncestrie by inherent Birth-right and lawfull succession Discent of Inheritance is deduced by deriuing Sequences of Déedes from the Crowne or from him that had Nouell Fée And both these are very requisite to be intimated for the manifestation of the Validities of Estates whether the right dimaine from Heritage or forraigne acquisition And hitherto of the Possident It followes to entreat of the Possessions CHAP. IIII. IN the Possession the Nature and Tenure require to be iudiciously discussed and recorded For the Nature 't is expedient to notifie the Eminence thereof whether Grande as Honours Courts Castels Manours Seignories Forrests Chases Parks Demesnes Or Petty as Graunges Farmes Tenements Messuages Cotages Curtilages Lofts Crofts Commons In both these kinds diligent and particular enquirie must be had of their Incidents by Royalties Prerogatiues Iurisdictions Franchises Priuiledges Liberties Rights c. conferred vpon them by Act of Parliament Statute Charter letters Patents Graunts or acquired and confirmed by custome or prescription Hence comes the Lordship Marcher or Royall vsing iura Regalia Vide Stowe 176. And Forrests haue their Courts of Attachment Swanimote Eyre or Iustice Seate So Markets Faires Court of Pie-Powders for Faires Court-Léete Law-day or View of Franck Pledge Court Baron Also Wrecks Swannage Warrenage Commonage Piseage c. Immunities and Exemptions from Theolonie Pontage Picage Murage Pannage Passage Tranage Lastage Chiminage Stallage Caiage c. of all which Tenentes Honoris Dominij de Richemonde per consu etudinem Angliae sunt quieti per totum Regnum so other Honours haue their Priuiledges as Ampthil Tickhil Follingham c. The Tenants of Manours holding fréely by Charter in ancient Demeisne cannot be impleaded nor empanelled vpon Enquests out of the same Manour and they are Toll-frée for all things concerning their sustenance and husbandrie and exempt from contribution towards the expenses of Knights of the Parliament or Shiere Vid. Fitzh Na. br 14. 128. Infeoffing with Toll implies Fréedome from Custome c. With Caruage from taxation by Carues With Bruckboote from repairing and reedifying of Bridges with Burghboote from the like for Castels Foote-geld implies a Priuiledge to kéepe Dogges within the Forrest not expeditated or lawed sans controule Horne-geld fréedome from taxe for Horne-beasts there Waiues Weifes or waiued goods import all goods and chattels which being stolne are left or forsaken by the thiefe in his fugacie Infangthef enables the L. of the Manour to iudge of Felons enhabiting within the Fée And Vtfangthef to iudge or at least to execute iudgement of Felons apprehended within the Fée For Accrewments to the L. of the Manour by Felons not onely their goods both Reall and Personal are forfaited but also their lands not entailed escheat to the Lord Post annum diem vastum except in Gloucestershiere where the lands reuert to the right heire after the Kings yéere and day Also in the Tenure of Gauelkinde in Kent where the father to the Bough the sonne to the Plough Baronies infeoffed with Theame alias Them haue power to dispose of Villaines their Children goods and Chattels Abishersing alias Mishersing implies both forfaitures and Amerciaments of all transgressions within the Fée and also the immunity from like penalties Blood-wit confers all Amerciaments of Courts for effusion of blood Estouers granted out of Woods or Forrests include House-boote Hay-boote and Plow-boote CAP. V. OF the Nature of Possessions I haue spoken somewhat The Tenure of Lands and Tenements is the manner whereby they are helde of their Lords Grande Cust Cap. 28. In euery Tenure the Confinage Condition therof are remarkable The Confinage shewes to what Lord Honour Castell Manour c. the Seruice and Suitage whereunto the Lands and Tenements are lyable is due The condition intimates the Nature of the seruice or duty which the Tenant by reason of his Fée oweth vnto the Lord. This Seruice is by Hotoman defined to be Munus obsequij clientelaris and this must be of ancient Commencement and continuance sith it is not now erigible or to be created but by the Kings prerogatiue as parcel of a Manour though it may by contract be established in a kinde of Seignorie in Grosse For a Manour is a Seignorie or Dominium consisting of Demesnes and Seruices of long continuance and these may be comprehended vnder parts Essentiall and Accidentall Here note if the Lord so dismember his Manour as that hee leaues not Frée-holders or if all the Frée-holders saue one doe escheate then is hee disabled to kéepe a Court Baron for want of Suitors Land may holde of a Manour by certaine Seruices which may be Parcel of the Manour and the land Non-Parcel but by Escheat the Seruice is extinguisht and the land comes in place and becomes Parcell in due consolidation But forraigne land cannot be vnited to a Manour yet may a Manour be deuided into diuers by Partition of Coparceners Nor can two distinct Manours by practise be made one in perfect Vnion howsoeuer such an innouation continued without contradiction may in processe of time become to be reputed one in name and vse there being no Record extant to the contrarie Yet one Manour holding of an other may by Escheat be annexed to the

same and so be consolidated and become one in vse But to returne Demesnes are all such lands as haue béene time out of minde helde in occupation and manurance together with the Site of the Mansion or Manour House called in some places Berries Halls Manour places Courts and Court-houses for maintenance of the Lords house These Demesnes were called of the Saxons who had the substance though not the name of Manours Inlandt and by Bracton lib. 4. Bord-lands and the Seruices Vtlandt in opposition though it may in some sort be restrained to comprehend onely Lands Tenements and Hereditaments yéelding Rents of Assize viz. originall and set in certainty as for Frée-hold Copie-hold or Customarie land all which are Parcel in Seruice For the Diuision of Seruices they may be all comprehended vnder Chiualrie and Soccage Chiualrie or Seruitium Militare is a Tenure or Seruice obliging the Feudatarie personally to performe vnto his Lord some honorable or Martiall office And this confers to the Lord the Heire being in Non-age at the Fathers death the Reall Seruices of Wardship Marriage and Reliefe in lieu of the Personal Seruice which the Heire in regard of minority is not able to execute Chiualry or Knight-seruice is deuided into Regall and Common Regall Chiualrie is solely confineable to the King and is properly called Sergeantie And this holdes either méerely and immediately of the King as of his Crowne which is a Corporation and Seignorie in Grosse and is then further called Tenure in Capite or Chiefe Or mediately of the King by reason of some Honour Manour Castel Fitzh Kitch Sergeantie Sergeantia or Seriantia is either Grande or Petit. Grande Sergeantie is where Lands are helde of the King by some noble Seruice performeable by the Tenant personally Petit Sergeantie is where Lands are held of the King to yéeld him annually some small military furniture towards his warres Common Chiualrie is that Seruice which may indifferently be confined to the Prince or to a common person and is called Escuage viz. Shield-seruice which is either Vncertaine or Certaine Escuage vncertaine is of two sorts First where the Tennant is Tenure-bound at his owne cost and charges to follow his Lord in the Kings warres or to send a sufficient man in his steade there to continue according to the proportion of his Fée viz. after the rate of 40. daies for a Knights Fée Secondly where he is bound by himselfe or his Deputy to defend a Castell so oft as it shall come to his course or turne and is called in this case Castel-warde Ma. Cha. 20. Escuage Certaine is where the Tenant is set at a certain pecuniarie charge viz. 20 shillings for a Knights Fée in lieu of such vncertaine Seruices as aforesaide And this léeseth the nature of Knight-seruice and is in effect Socage though not méerely because it smels not of the Plowe though it still retaine the name of Escuage Na. Br. 84. Litl CHAP. VI. SOccage Soccagium is a Tenure of Lands obliging the Feudatary to the performance of certaine inferiour and husbandly seruices vnto the Lord of the Fée sans Wardship mariage Reliefe Soccage is also capable of the distinction of Chiefe and Common Soccage in Chiefe or Capite is that which holdes immediatly of the King as of his Crowne Praerog 41. Common Soccage is that which holdes of the King or some other Capitall Lord by meanes of some Manour Ibidem Soccage is either Franck liberum or Base Villanum Franke Soccage is where in lieu of seruice in kinde asumme of money is paid to the Lord. Base Soccage is a Seruile kinde of Tenure and is deuided into Villanum Soccagium and Purum Villenagium The first is where a determinat Seruice is performable by reason of the Tenement and not of the person of the Tenant The other is where the Feudatarie is lyable to vncertaine and indeterminat Seruice at the absolute and instant will and demaund of the Lord. Bracton Na. Br. 94. Yet may a man sans impeach of fréedome in regard of his person hold in Pure Villenage Nor is liberum tenementum impeached to him that holdes it in Villano Soccagio if it be to him and to his heires Bracton There be other branches of Soccage as Burgage Frank-Almoine And Copy-hold saith Kitchin 80 is a base Tenure and was originally called Villenage Fitz. 12. But to retaine the moderne appellation some of this is Méere Copy-hold and escheats forthwith to the Lord by Felony Kitch 81. And some is of more eminence and held by Verge in auncient Demeisne according to the Custome of the Manor being in effect a kinde of Frée-hold though reputed Copy and yéelds to the King Annum diem Vastum vpon Felony Some Copy-holds are fineable at the Lords will and some only are lyable to a certain rate and this is a kind of inheritance called Customary not simply at the will of the Lord. But there is a kinde of Customary Land of the Ancient Dutchy of Cornewall and other places where the Tenants haue no Transcripts of the entries of their admittances And this was called Folke-land and the Tenants may be termed Tenants by Court-Roll according to the Custome of the Manour But where the Tenants are by reason of the Transcripts of admittances called Tenants by Copy of Court-Roll there the Land is Charter-land or Bockland Kitch 86.89 For the Definition of a Copy-holder reade West in his Symbol 1. parte 646. And for the various Customes of Copy-holders in seueral Manours 't is as néedlesse as endlesse to capitulate or enumerate them in this Tractate But both méere Copy-holde may be conuerted into Fée and likewise Fées changed from their first institution by feofment as out of Chiualry for certaine yéerely Rent into Fée-Farme sans further duty than is specially comprised in the Graunt except Fealty alone which by probability is still on foote because it is inseperably incident to all Tenures For whosoeuer is invested in Fée though in the fréest maner holdeth perfidem fiduciam that is by Fealty at least Smith Rep. Anglorum 3. And Dwarenus saith that Fidelitas est substantia Feudi Fée-Farme is a Fée and importeth a perpetuity to the Inuestée and his heires for an annuall Rent of the third or fourth part of the Value Fitzh 210. But if the Rent reserued be behinde and vnpaide for the space of two yéeres then may the Feoffour or his heires by Action recouer the Lands as their Demesnes Britton 66. And land thus held comes néere to the Nature of Ager vectigalis amongst the Ciuillians And hitherto of the Propriety of Possessions It remaines to intreate of their Valuations THE SYNOPSIS OR EPITOME OF SVRVEY METHODIZED SECTION IIII. How Possessions are to be valued by reason of their seuerall issues Rents Perquisites Priuiledges and other profits with

aboue the Record of letting by Port-saile aduanced by prepared out-bidding Competitors of parcelling forth engrossed lands to Vnder-tenants at intollerable Termes of Riot Pride Plenty of People Coyne though confined to a few Cofers with high-enhaunced Rates of all Commodities who is so Owle-eyed that sees not that the extending of Rents doth necessarily dimaine from these and the like causes Yet Tenancies I cannot gaine-say are too oft tendered to too-Racking Valuations the Reciprocall Regard in some is Choyse to take by Racke or leaue a Packe and it is so ordinary with too many Land-lords like absolute Lords and Allodists of their Lands within the Verge at least á superis ad inferos Fundum hastae subijcere the frequencie of the practize growes familiar And for Feudataries who sees not how much they faile of true agnizing their due dependance vpon Mesne Lords sith Feudum comprehending Fealty at least which obliges Per sacramentū sub pena foris facturae Feodi is Res Clientelaris neuer deuolues to the Successor sans original Burthens imposed by him which had Nouel Fee howsoeuer they now slight their Lords and amoundre their Obligence Sed haec parerga and to Rectifie such irregularities the Field requires a better Champion in the meane time let euery one for his owne particular propose vnto himselfe the entertainment of a good conscience For this Tractate I am not so arrogant to magnifie nor so vnnatural to vilifie my own issue though I could retriue Centuries of Defects but leaue it to thy fauourable Censure crauing withall thy courteous tolleration of my new-coyning of some Words with the Reuiuing of the obsolete and Endenizing of Forraine sith without such priuiledge an indigested Chaos of Principles and Conclusions cannot ex nouo ex facili be concisely contriued into a Methodicall Arte. For any vaine-glorious Geodetor which makes base Detraction the Trumpet to rumour and emblason his selfe-boasted perfections so with facility to purchase or rather fore-stall the Palme of Repute Ore Dente petat naso suspenso huiusmodi effundat Scommata Quam lepidè lexeis compostae vt tesserulae omnes Arte pauimento atque Emblemate vermiculato What curious-quaint Emellishments diffuse Musaick-Mazes-Marquetrizing Muse Susque deque fero who can be secured from base carping Blatancie But wherevnto tendes this precise particularizing of Plots Layers Pregnances Productions c. when an Arte-lesse Agent can by famed Name and absolute power to dispose with the bare vouch of the generall goodnesse of the Ground sans ground of Reason or Possibility haile on the poore Pesant to Farme and Fine according to the braue boast of his roauing Esteemes absurd Ostentations which he daignes not nor dare they vrge by any rationall instances to make probable I ayme not at the Racke nor the Slack the qualified Meane is the Maine of my Marke and to extunde and beat-out this true Proportion I obserue the Circumstances proiected let peremptorie Agents balke instance barre Reply and Racke sans Rule and Reason it behoues an honest and faithfull Feudigrapher by infallible Principles warrantable Demonstrations to approue himselfe an intelligent and diligent-Improuer not a senselesse and arrogant Impostor and what warrant more current than Knowledge founded vpon the industrious search and serious obseruations intimated or rather glaunced at in this Epitome But least too large Gates should promise a faire Plat-forme of a spatious Towne hauing thus borrowed leaue to wade into the shallow Foordes of the Faculty I will leaue the Profundities to be sounded with a Plumbe-line of more Poize and Fadomes Helpringham neere to Folkingham the second of Februarie 1609. Velle pro Posse Thine W. F. The Author to his Feudigraphia WHen thus I had by peice-meale paines compilde Of diuers Elements thy slender Bulkes I deem'de to haue too ominously stylde Thy Name so neere the Pheud of Border-Hulkes That thy abortiue Limbes I rather chose In close concealement from this captious Age To smoother ay than rashly thus t' expose To Pheudists Theonine thy Pusilage But a great Monarch hath those dire Combines Hatcht in the Heart by Sauage Enion Calm'de with a Fame that happily Confines All Opposites to sacred Vnion So wert thou Patroniz'de by Celsitude The Cryticke-Coale should not thy Browes ybrand For Dis-analogies strange strained rude Nor Deviations curious-ill-scande Gaine then O gaine in Lieu of selfe demerit By heart-free Tender with true zeale repleate His grac'de Aspect who truely doth inherit A splendid Fame for worthynes Compleate To daigne the Patronage I humble craue Of Worthy Comptons Noble Family Whose iustly-honourd Names Shield from Depraue Couch rabid Blatants silence Surquedry Then Carping Momus wil be euer-mute And rather Burst with Spleene than vent his Gall The Mainger-Curre nil bawle how-euer brute But crouching fawne or leering voide the Stall Such Grace dimaines from sacred Eminence Ay to suppresse insulting Insolence Et habent sua Fata Libelli THE SYNOPSIS OR EPITOME OF SVRVEY METHODIZED SECTION I. Of the Materials of Possessions the seuerall kinds of Earths Waters Stones Minerals the Crusts and increase of Grounds the peculiar ordering mastering manuring and imploying of seuerall Soyles the due bestowing of Graine Herbs Plants with the diuersitie of Ground-plots and Edifices CHAP. I. SVruey in generall is an Art wherby the view and trutinate intimation of a subiect from Center to Circumference is rectified The Suruey of Possessions the subiect of this Treatise is the Arte by which their Graphicall Description is particularized This Suruey is Symbolized and distinguished into Actiue and Passiue The Actiue may be referred to the Feudigrapher and consists in Operation and Estimation The Operation is Mathematicall and Mechanicall Mathematicall Operation is a part of Suruey by which the dimensions of the Plots propounded are performed Mechanicall Operation is the Manuall acting and proiecting of the workes The Estimation of Possessions is Materiall Legall The Materiall part is conuersant in Estimating the valuations incident to the subiect by relation to the Materials and Elementarie parts of the Plot. The Legall part prescribes Methodicall Iuridiciall confines to the whole course of Suruey and comprehends the Symboliographie or Clarke-ship and penning of the Suruey with the Rectifying of Euidences and Records The seuerall functions of these partes are diffused thorough the whole Processe ensuing And so much for the Actiue part CHAP. II. The Passiue part of Suruey hath reference to Possessions as they consist of parts Essentiall and Accidentall The Essentiall partes comprehend the matter and forme coincident to Possessions The Matter comprises the Elementarie composition and constitution of Possessions and in discussure thereof the Materiall parte is most conuersant The Matter is either Naturall whose state hath admitted of no substantiall alteration other then the hand of Nature hath impressed therein or Artificiall transformed and chaunged from the Natiue and Originall Habite by humane industrie Naturall matter may bee diuided into

is generally eared in small Stitches peraduenture for that the soile is so apte to fast-matting and swoording Plinie approoues the best Situation for a rich Plot to be a plaine declining into the South from the foote of a Hill so the Poet. Quique editus Austro CAP. II. REspicient Situation hath dependance vpon Boundage and Neighbourage Boundage is the compassing and describing of Plots with their buttalls metes bounds and Coastage Boundage is either contiguall or Remote Contiguall Boundage prescribes limits-forth the extention of lands by immediate and selfe-continuance of the confining Boundaries is either simple or compound both which may be either Actiue intimating that the sensing or inclosing of the Plot appertaines to the Possident Or Passiue inferring that it is inclosed or laid in seueraltie by the adiacent Simple Boundage is Confrontage and Collaterage both which with all other Boundages are capable of diuers peculiar variations deriuable from the diuersity of the causes and occurrents obserued in perambulation Confrontage Actiue may enter the Plot with these or the like Epithetons Abutting Heading facing fronting steighing c. Or Passiue headed faced c. Collaterage Actiue as siding surrowing balking dyling haying hedging or shawing immounding impayling immuring skirting Girding verging mazing couruing recouruing bordering confining also lying Bounding extending betweene Or Passiue Compound Contiguall Boundage is more significant as side-haying head-shawing c. likewise bounded limitted prescribed compassed included terminated determinated collaterally triangularly quarterly circularly irregularly or as the Agent Or more particularly as with some angle point corner or stripe pointing shooting running extending vpon c. And sometimes this Compound Boundage implies a mutuall propertie or duety participable to the Conterminants as bancking balking dyking drayning sewing sewaging rilling brooking riuaging foording alwaies confining the conterminants with the particle Cúm And yet more specially as head-diking side-sewing c. and the like Passiuely and any of these may be admitted into the rough-booke Remote Boundage is requisite for retriuing and manifesting the locall proiection of Plots in supply of the defect of memorie and metes and markes contingent and is accomplished either by Obiects remarkeable inuisible are improper though our Hollanders will néedes bound their Coast-lands vpon Normandy mistaking it for Norman-déepe stumbled vpon in some obliterate déedes where Germanie might better be admitted as Mountaines Hills Towers Stéeples or other Edifices Trées of super-eminence and Markes and sometimes waies balkes hedges Riuers pits and such like may effect as much being lined rainged rectified opened disclosed or cut by extention of common right-lines from fixed or noted stations There is another species of this Remote or Mediate Boundage where the Plot extendes not fully to the Méets or Bounds described but is intercepted by some smal Intermediall as Balke Méere bancke lane path Rill or such like but this manner of Bounding though it bée frequent is improper and defectiue wanting that perspicuity which should giue viue Validity to all Records Or by Degrées of angular production obserued by some Dioptrall instrument whether by taking the angle it makes with some permanent marke or the swaruing of the Line or Néedle from the Meridian For Coastage as East Southeast South c. it is inseperably incident to all Boundage as the most Materiall and Essentiall part thereof and in the recording thereof a vigilant and circumspect care is required to preuent errors And thus much for Boundage CHAP. III. IN Neighbourage it is not impertinent to particularize how the Plot is accommodated for Tillage Meddow Pasture Wood water Fewel Fish Fowle Ayre c. as also the Confinage with Champion wood-Wood-land other Lords and Mannors with the Commodities and conueniences deriuable from the propinquitie and competent distance of Cities Townes Markets Faires Ports Hauens Seas Forrests Woodes Wasts Commons Meres Moores Riuers Quarries Mines c. by opportunity for vent and intercourse of passage for Commerce and inter-parlée for Conuerse c. with the Waies and Venues to the same their conueniency of Conduct as by land ouer smooth facill and firme plaines and by water nauigable Riuers loughes Lakes c. And this may suffize for Situation It followes to speake of Proportion CHAP. IIII. PRoportion consists in the generall Modell and partiticular Modulets of the Plot and procreats Mensuration and Content Mensuration is conuersant in extunding the lineall extentions of longitudes amplitudes crassitudes altitudes profundities arches circumferences c. Lineall dimensions are diuersified according to the custome of the Country as Inches Palmes Spannes Féete Cubits c. and their composures and graduations are from Barley Cornes as thrée Béere-Cornes in length make an Inch thrée Inches a Palme thrée Palmes a Spanne one Span and ⅓ or twelue Inches make a Foote one Foote ½ makes a Cubit two Cubits or thrée Foote makes a Yard fiue Féete make a Pace Geometricall sixtéene Foote ½ make a Pearch Pole or Lug forty Pearches make a furlong whereof eight make a Mile and these are by the Standard measure of England tho some of them in name bee but confirmed by Custome But the Pearch in diuers places is of different extent as eightéene foote in some Countries in others twenty one in the Country of Stafford twenty foure and twenty fiue in the Forrest of Sherewood And these dimensions are found or performed either Cominus or Eminus The first with Palme Foote Pace Rod Raipe but vsually the Rule is most in request for Board Stone Timber c and the Chaine for land measure And to accomodate these for exact and expedite operation disme or deuide each foote of the Rule and Perch of the Chaine into decimals or Tenths and each Tenth or Prime of the Rule into Seconds but it shall suffice to diuide the Prime of the Chaine into two lincks with thrée rings betwéene euery lincke to kéepe it from crossing The second is retriued with Plaine-Table Theodelite Sector Circumferentor Geodeticall-Staffe c. Or without instrument by the same Geometrical grounds The first being accomplished by approach or contingence néedes no amplification but for precise kéeping in the Wadd or right line The Wadd is delineated either to a marke in sight or out of sight If the First let the Chaine-leaders Wadd vpon the marke by some intermediall eminence and at the setting down of euery pricke let each man waue his mate into the right Wadd If out of sight and in Champion not much swelling it is expedient to place two Assistants the one at the marke and the other at the eminentest Medium and then your selfe standing at or directly beyond or short the station giuen and the first Assistant erecting some visible obiect waft the Wadders into the Wadd The like by Night with lanthorne or Torch-light Or from some eminent Mount or transcendence beyond the marke and in the same extension surmounting or Surueying the whole tract