is not much betweene the home States man not hauing spent some time in trauaile the compleate Trauailer for forraine matters Yet herein hath a Trauailer the start of a home States man which is fed by aduertisements only and is ledde by other mens eyes Euen as a Soldier in Action may presume of better euēt then the Theorist whose booke rules in accidentall things faile many times as in particular motions For the eye hath a more perfect sense in iudgement then the eare if the same be rightly considered by iudgement Of these sixe the tongue is the first by right to be discoursed of the right knowledge whereof is somewhat more then wee required such to learne before they vndertooke trauaile For now in the interim of trauaile it is requisite that Trauailers grow in perfection otherwise such as stay at home may ranke with them which is reproachfull The perfection wherof consisteth in three things namely in vnderstanding speaking and writing the same To vnderstand a tongue perfectly is not barely to vnderstand what is read or heard pronounced but to obserue the peculiar phrase idiom constructiō of words and singularly to note whereof the tongue hath his speciall deriuation if it be a deriuatiue or his composition wherin Trauailers cānot be too good Grāmarians For in these dayes there is the true confusion of Babell and languages through the world either deriuatiuely or compositiuely or both And though at all times the like might be auouched howsoeuer there was generally held many ancient Tongues as the Hebrue the Chaldean or Assyrian the Arabian and the Egyptian yet by their characters and composition it is euident that they were all confounded or perished sauing the Hebrue which was the most auncient of all the rest and the spring from which the rest deriuatiuely or compositiuely are descended necessitie and imitation being the parent of these and succeeding languages For Adam the good Grammarian of the Hebrue tongue appropriated words not ad placitum but according to the nature of things and framed a certaine idiome of speach which in his dayes was generally spoken till the confusion of Languages So since other Monarches of the world haue excogitated words according to the light of nature and operation of things vnknowne to perfect their deriued languages by composition and meere inuention Now as we see the simple and vncorrupt Hebrue Tongue was the originall to other Languages and singularly to the Phoenician Chaldean Assyrian these two only differing in that the Assyrian had the purer dialect and rellish of the Hebrue so euerie Monarchie haue arrogated the deriuation and composition of the Tongues subiected vnto them Hereof it comes that the foure Monarchiall tongues are accompted originals by vsurpatiō and not of proprietie namely the Chaldean or Assyrian which in the first Monarchie was famous to particular States subiected gaue words and manners of speach Howbeit the Armenian and Arabian languages held their own though in some wordes and phrases they might be by commerce cōfounded as we see other neighbour Countries through the world borrowe and search from others to appropriate their tongues So was it of the second Monarchie the Persian when not onely the Chaldean becāe corrupted but that Language also was driuen to search after the phrases and words of the Persian till the third Monarchie came vp by Alexander namely the Grecian the singularitie of which tongue for proprietie of words hath deriued it selfe into the veines of all Ciuil Countries but singularly of States tributary making the fourth Monarchie glorious namely the Romaine And this Monarchie stretched it self far and neere We see the generall esteeme of the Latine tongue through Europe giuing as it were deriuation vnto the Italian and Spanish tongues with many proper and apt words making also France Germanie England and other Iles Coūtries fertile by the proper idiom of that tong as tributary States to the same especially wher Colonies or gouernmēts be established Herof it coms to passe that our English tongue hath a smacke of the Britanish which is a deriuatiue from the Grecian or Natolian tongue of the Latine of the Scottish and Pictish of the Danish Gothish Vandalish and Norwegian of the Norman and French tongues and also of the Flemish and Wallonish which though not by conquest yet since the reigne of Henrie the first by permissiō haue inhabited this Land whereof our tongue rellisheth also as in these dayes through commerce and affaires of the Italian and Spanish and Irish tongues howbeit we hold that the Brittish tongue is one of the Eleuen mother tongues in Europe In like sort stāds the French tongue the Italian Spanish Scottish and Dutch though of others the most pure being fallats and good gallimaufries of others tongues according either as they haue beene conquered and gouerned by strangers or thorow comemerce stand in neede of one anothers wordes and phrases Wherof it may be concluded that euerie language in his owne Countrey is most honorable and equally ancient though it be a a deriuatiue quoad tempus but not quoad perfectionem Neuerthelesse we see some Languages more general then other more esteemed here in Europe and that for two causes One through situatiō of the Coūtrie which maketh other neighbour Nations of necessitie acquaint themselues with one anothers Language the which chanceth to few Ilands that they may trafficke and haue commerce Hence the French the high Duch and the Sclavonian tongues are generall tongues passing through many kingdomes and States The like may also bee alleaged for some other States within the Continent that haue been at any time great and enforced others to seeke to them The other cause is thorow the perfection of the tongue as of copiousnes learning cōtained therin the which also make the same generally to bee regarded for necessitie of knowledge or for perfecting their owne barbarisme Hence the Greeke and Latine tongues are so generally taught and learned thorow the greatest parts of the whole world the words and phrases whereof are so well knowen that the Princes of Europe negotiate and contract in writing in the Latine as the Turke with Christian Princes in the Greeke as also for that princes Soueraigne will not yeeld at this day the honour to other Kings than to those that are indifferent and cannot bee challenged of any people And hence haue the French and Italians gotten the starte of vs in that their tongue was sooner refined and cast into bookes of many arts and histories and points of knowledge though at this day the English tongue draweth neere to the glory of the best of them Lastly hence it commeth that the yong Gentlemen of England affect so much the Italian tongue For that containeth spirit of inuention good phrase vtterance and delightfull matter to their appetites But to returne to our point let Trauailers hauing made obseruance of these things concerning the
that either haue enioyed long freedom or feele sensibly the hard yoke of bondage In a word such are the people of Ireland who not being accustomed to ciuility and obeisance spurne so much against the same For the Nobility spurn against subiection the Cōmons folow their Lords Leaders thorow want of ciuility Christian knowledge that keepeth euery man in officio The markes of liberty and freedome of people are riches ease both peculiar to the Grecians and English the Germanes abound in ease the Venetians procure their liberty by their riches These things cōcerning the freenesse of people The like in effect be considered of those people which are seruile namely whether they be seruiled thorow tyranny oppression or thorow depression keeping vnder violently both sorts being subiects of misery calamitie Of the first sort we heare of the Tartariās vnder their Cam for the whole State of all they haue standeth at his fancie to dispose of the word of whose mouth serueth for a sword to reuenge him of rebels and yet they reioyce thereat neither dare any man say This is mine or anothers neither can any man dwell other-where than his Lord assigneth him The Liuonians vnder the Duke of Muscouie are so seruile that they dare not but call him Tzar or King where none other nations doe the same Moreouer so seruile are the Muscouites that they call themselues the slaues of the Duke neither dare they sell anything before the Dukes officers haue surueyed the same Alike seruile are the people of Lithuania in so much as the officers of the Countrey may enter into any mans house and take their pleasure of any thing where no farmer dare come in the presence of this Lord without gifts or bribes So the Commons of Sweuia in times past were in great misery vpheld by their Princes and Nobilitie For all commodities passed and repassed thorowe their fingers Lastly such are those people whose ouer-rulers are Tyrants as the Turke generally thorow his Dominions the Pope ouer the Cleargie and many temporall States Nowe of the second sort of Seruile wee find the husbandmen and tenants of Italie who liue hardly and poorely to vphold the Gentlemen their Land-lords So liue the Boores vnder the Germane Nobilitie in greater miserie and subiection than the poorest person in this land Such are moreouer the Commons of a Nation where either ciuill warres or omission of good and holesome lawes reigne Such of late time were the Boores of the Low Countries and Pesants of France so finally are al those Commons whose Nobility like Solons great flies breake thorow the net of the Lawe and where the Prince is remisse in gouernment Now the markes of seruile people are hereby gathered namely Pouertie and Want and excessiue paines-taking and moyling to gaine their liuing Such were the Irish such are the Moores It now remaines to shew what vse a Trauailer shall make hereby First by these the loyaltie and vnsteadinesse of Subiects are discouered then their constancie and reuolting humor vpon occasions profered And lastly who are to be trusted for friends and who feared for enemies These being instruments for the Politician to plot vpon and therefore I will be sparing in the discourse The third thing that discouereth the nature of the people is for our Trauailer to consider whether the people of a Nation or State bee Religious or Profane These wordes must be restrained considering Religiousnesse is properly taken for the godly exercise of that profession without Idolatrie or superstition the which is true Religion All other shewes are shadowes irreligious and not substantiall professions In like sort may it be said of Profanenesse which is of those people who leauing the pathe of mans dutie toward God wander in the field or wildernesse of error either through ignorance presumption or imperfectiō Wherefore that our Trauailer may not bee put to plunge the words in this place implie a larger vnderstanding For by religious people is meant such as are passing deuoute and zealous in religion be they Christian Heathen or Antichistian So likewise by prophane people I conceiue Libertines Atheistes and politicke religious people who oppose themselues against the superstitious and deuout practise of godlinesse as temporizers aud epicureall worldlings In this first sense most Nations in the world at this day are haue been euer deuoute and religious some in the truth as the true people of Israell and all such Christian people as of the certaintie of the Scriptures and worde of God do serue the Lord as hee commaundeth reiecting humane traditions and superstitiousnesse as prophanenesse politique and damnable Heereupon rose that worthie custome of the Nobilitie of Poland whensoeuer the Gospell was a reading in their Churches To draw out their swords signifying that they were readie to defend the truth thereof if any durst oppugne the same And hence no doubt at the first sprang our custome heere in England of standing on our feete and rising vp when the Articles of our faith either are a reading or during the reading of the Gospell thereby expressing that by this wee will stand and abide against the world and other like ceremonies which superstitiō I feare hath corrupted Heereupon are the Saxons noted to bee verie deuout but withall opinionatiue So are the Bohemians deuout and zealous withall Moreouer some are religious in idolatrie as were the Egyptians the Assyrians Philistines and those vncircumcised people that worshipped strange GODS Such are at this day the barbarous people of the East and West Indies that worship the vgly shapes of Diuels of the Sunne Moone Starres of the Elements of other Creatures Others there are deuout in superstitiō as the Turkes and Persians who with much deuotion are trained vp vnder the policie of their Prophets Mahomet and Haly. Lastly there are some blinded wonderfully in Idolatrie superstition such are the Popelings and those that goe vnder the name of Catholickes but abusiuely The which religious proceeding is so hatefull to those that follow the Greeke Church but singularly to the Muscouites that if any of their Nation bee but reputed to haue spoken with a Latine or Romane it behooueth him to bee purged before hee shall bee intertained and receiued to partake of the Communion for they accompt such polluted The verie like may a Trauailer consider of the people which be profane such as the Epicures and Temporizers are that florish singularly in Italie And according as it hath beene reported of the Normans in times past that they cared little for any of Gods seruice So the Romanes profanenesse and contempt of vertue euerie Nation is full of Like as it hath beene spoken of the Cicilians that they regard no man whilest they themselues are in prosperitie Thus a Trauailer may referre vnto his proper head the nature of the people concerning religiousnesse or profanenesse the which may in generalitie and in particular
likewise by the Princes or States fauour are made Trauellers are men of warre or souldiers seruing on the Land or Sea whether these be sent to serue vnder other Princes or haue authority committed vnto them to make warre themselues Now considering these are either Commanders or common Souldiers there ought to be a distinct consideration As touching the first though wee might considerately enough leaue them out heere being men of action and experiēce yet we obserue three general offices of these First ere they vndertake their iournie to be accōmodated with euerie thing necessarie both for men munitiō victuals and monie which being the sinewes of euerie enterprise shall preuaile greatly And in case that any be sent to serue vnder other Princes it is a thing most requirable for the honour of their Prince and Country and of themselues to be much curious that euerie souldier be seemely apparelled and orderly sorted with men and armes and other things necessarie and to be faithfull vnto their Soueraigne Secondly let euery one take heede hee goe not beyond his Commission but rather in case of his absolute authoritie streighten his owne power neuer presuming vpon the fauour of the Prince or State that sendeth such an one foorth For though the same sometimes may sort to a happie end yet the encroching on the prerogatiue royall is reprouable and without reward though so aduantagious for ones Prince and Countrie And as it is the cheefest point of a Commaunder to obserue good discipline to aduance euerie enterprise and designe so especially in case of seruing vnder forreine Princes and powers let such be blamelesse and irreproueable accomplishing moreouer with resolution and discretion whatsoeuer is committed to the charge of such nothing attempting vpon discretion without commaundement of the Prince himselfe vnder whom such serue And that such be not lauish in rewarding with honour or too seuere in punishing offenders beyond the discipline then exercised The third and last consisteth in the making true and diligent relation of euerie accident vnto the Prince to whome such belong VVee shall not neede to dilate on these they are so common Nowe as concerning the common souldier in this place of Non Voluntarie trauellers let it only be exacted of him To be obedient to the discipline prescribed vnto him to esteeme of his armes as the cognisance of a souldier and neuer to be tainted with mutinie or murmuring For such do debarre themselues euermore afterwarde of bearing armes or of the reputation of Souldiers though such may pretend great cause Of other things let it be sought for in the voluntarie Trauellers It nowe remaines wee touch vpon those that Inuoluntarily are made Trauailers by the displeasure conceaued by the Prince and by offence committed against the law Those that haue trespassed against the lawe although in other States in times past they were great personages as others that lay open to such punishments yet here in England are men of no accompt or reckening such as being incorrigible persons good for nothing euill members are for euer made proscripts and turned from the tuition of their naturall friends and Countrie to liue as runnagates in the wide world But as concerning such as stand banished by displeasure and prerogatiue royal of the Prince they are of two sorts The first of such are onely for breach of Lawes in Court banished from the Court and confined to approche no neerer than so many miles for a certaine space these are not to our purpose The other is of such as the Prince vppon iust indignation banisheth the Land for a time certaine or not wherby such are forced to trauell and are of the Gentrie or Nobilitie alwayes of whom the Prince hath a greater respect then of the Commons that sustaine all punishments in their times according to the Lawes Of whome these Offices are exacted First not to make shew of discontentednesse other then sorrow for the offence done Secondly to depart the Land within the time limited Thirdly not to trauaile into their Princes enemies Coūtries or into the Coūtries of miscreants Infidels there to make their aboade for the one is a breach of Religion the other of allegeaunce and duetie to their Prince Soueraigne and Countrie which yet remaine to such so during life either for that they may obtaine fauour to be recalled or by decease of the Prince that banished them in speciall cases of displeasure be freed to returne from banishment the benefite whereof they may peraduenture lose if such shal be obserued to spend their times in the enemies Countrie or keepe much familiaritie with them So is it to those that trauaile to Pagans and Infidels who although they may be friends with their Prince yet the office of banished trauellers carrying the badge of Gods displeasure also vpon them may not doe euerie thing that the policie of an Estate shall permit but in particular let them carrie themselues so as God their high Prince who hath a more speciall hand ouer such then ordinarie may be serued also and appeased by obeysance to his word which restraineth all from voluntary fellowshippe with vnbeleeuers and vngodly persons much more to haue such a communitie with them as being left to their choice they seeke rather after such then the godly as it were indenizen themselues into their life Religion and conuersation Lastly that wheresoeuer these shall remaine let them carrie themselues so discreetly during their perigrination that they may procure themselues to regaine their Princes fauour to restore them And also when such shall so fortunately be recalled to behaue themselues like newe creatures and subiects abandoning all reprouable actions that draw downe sodainely GODS displeasure consequently the like or greater iudgements Thus briefly may we conclude the first ranke of Regular and lawfull Trauailers The second followeth 2 Which are also of the Crue of Inuoluntaries being moued to traueil for the maintenance only and preseruation of their Religion which vppon assured grounds they know to be the true and only sauing profession whereby they serue God aright according to his word and prepare themselues for a more diuine excellent mansion then can be found or conceipted heere on earth the which thing may of all other things in the world held in estimation prescribe against and free them from the opposition of lawes humane and their allegeance in such sort that whether men trauell without commission or licence of the Prince and State to whom they belong or whether contrarie to the expresse cōmandemēt of the State their callings are iustifiable honorable without the titles of fugitiues or rebels so such demeane themselues in sort according to godlines as good subiects before they put themselues to trauel during their perigrination For if it be generally held that faith is to be perswaded not compelled that no man hath power of Religiō seeing that it proceedes from the minde and
Highnesse continews in these religious vertuous studious paths which God graunt nor circumscribed within the Kings most Ample kingdomes and States but is knowen feared or admired in forrain parts The which as it is a most Soueraine and inexpressible blessing vnto all of these his Maiesties Dominions So vnto mee it shal be the onely studie care to make expressiō of all dutifull alleageance And in the meane seafō to pray vnto God cōtinually for your highnesse to continue for euer in health felicitie and euerlasting glorie And rest during life Your HIGHNES most humble and deuoted Seruant THOMAS PALMER Trauailing is either 1 Regular Of Regular Trauailers some be 1. Nonuoluntaries Sent out by the prince imployed in matters of 1. Peace 1. Honorable 1. Ambassadors 2. Commissioners 3. Messengers 1 To know well 1. From whom they are sent 2. To whom they are sent 3. To be perfect in their businesse 4. Themselues that are sent 5. The Countreys from whom and to whom 2. To practise 1. Eloquence to obtaine 2. Prudence in accusing excusing demanding denying propounding answering c. 3. Liberalitie 4. Honestie 5. Humanitie and Ciuilitie 6. Faithfulnesse Care and 7. Obseruation 2. not Honorable 1. Posts are recommendable for speede and faithfulnesse 2. Intelligencers 1. Base 2. Honest 1. To be expert in the Tongues 2. To resemble all gestures and behauiours 3. To be well furnished of all necessaries 4. To be secret aboue ordinarie 5. To be able to endure all things 6. To keepe themselues from being knowen for Intelligencers 2. Warre 1. Chieftaines and Cōmanders 1. To be alwayes prouident and faithfull 2. Neuer to exceede Commission 3. To make diligent and true relation 2. Common Souldiers 1. To be obseruant to the discipline 2. To make account of his Armes 3. Neuer to mutinie 2. Inuoluntaries 1. Banished persons 1. By the course of the Law 2. By the displeasure of the King 1. Not to murmure for their banishment 2. To depart the land within the time limited 3. Not to trauaile into the countrey that is enemie to their Prince or to God 4. Alwayes to discouer fruits of allegeance to their Prince and Countrey 2 Persecuted for a good conscience must obserue these things 1. Before trauaile 1. To be sure that no licencious affect moue them 2. To be assured that they flie for the trueths sake and that they imbrace the right religion 3. To know that they cannot get a toleration of that right Religion nor to haue libertie of conscience 4. To sue for licence of the Magistrate 5. To resolue to goe into that Countrey where the word of God is preached or into a free estate and neuter 2 In Trauaile 1. To serue God sincerely 2. To obey the lawes of that Countrey 3. Not contending for this or that discipline 4. Not to liue idlely or in excesse 5. Not to intermeddle with the politick gouernment or State 6. Neuer treacherous to their owne Prince or State 3 Being returned from Trauaile 1. No Busie bodies Schismatickes or mouers of Sedition 2. To liue a quiet peaceable and godly life 3 Voluntaries 2 Irregular * Page I. B. The rest of the first Part abstracted Voluntary Regular Trauailers are considered 1 As they are moued accidētally 1 Principally that afterwards they may leade a more quiet and contented life to the glory of God 2 Secondarily regarding ends 1 Publicke which doe consider 1 What persons are inhibited trauaile 1 Such as Nature 1 Infants 2 Decrepite persons 2 Such as Imperfectiō 1 Fooles 2 Madmen 3 Lunaticke 3 Such as the Sexe Women 2 What times to trauaile in are 1 Not fitte When 1 Our Countrey is ingaged with Ciuill warres or 2 The same expecteth forraine warres 2 Fitte 1 When one may reape most profit in shortest time for that hee aimeth at 2 When the Countrey into which wee would trauaile holdeth not ours in iealousie 3 What age is most meete to trauaile in 1 Not the Nonage 2 Not Old age 3 But the Middle age 2 Priuate 2 As they consist Essentially 1. Nobles 1 Generall of whom looke in the second Part. * 2 Special 1 Diuines 1 In what Cases they may not trauaile 1. If there bee preaching of the Gospel in their Countrey 2 If Licence can not bee obtained of the State 3 If godly and learned Professors liue in the State 2 For what pretences they may trauaile hauing obtained Licence 1. To a generall Councell approoued by the State 2 To a famous Librarie 3 To haue conference with such and such famous Learned men 4 To haue conference with such and such Linguists that are famous for the Hebrew and Greeke Tongues 2 Ciuilians 1 To be well grounded in Religion and stedfast in the same 2 To be studious in their obseruations 3 To take Degrees 3 Souldiers 1 Contemplatiue 2 Actiue are to note these things 1 Before trauaile 1 To be expert in the Mathematickes 2 To remoue discōtentednes 3 To be assured that they may be spared 4. To accustome themselues to hardnesse 5 To serue where the Prince most fauoureth 6 To serue in those warres where a man may soonest proue a good Souldier 2 In Trauaile 1 To make diligent obseruation of all things 2 To bee studious in obseruing the discipline 3 Rather to put vp iniuries than to offer any 4 Neither to serue vnder Infidels nor against professors of the Gospel or in an vniust war 5 To vse the warre as no profession but to liue in peace the better afterwards 4 Physicians 1. To make diligent obseruation of all Common and Accidentall things 2 To be aswell expert as learned 3 To be carefull to transplant what may profit their Countrey 2 Commons 1 Merchants 1 Venturers 2 Of Companies 1 To know by what Commodities their Countrey may be benefited 2 Not to transport things prohibited or to bring in vaine and hurtfull matters 3 To conceale the secrets of their Princes State and to obserue of other nations what is meete 3 Men of Warre 1 Not to transgresse their Commission 2 To obserue diligently for Nauigation 3 To make faithfull relation of things needefull 2 Machanickes * The first Part. TRauailing is equiuocable Regular or Irregular Of Irregular trauelling most men finde by experience what it is The Regular is an honorable or honest action of men and in speciall cases of women into forreine Countries and States chiefly for a publike good to that Countrie of which such are and also for a priuate benefit and necessitie in cases necessarie and of commendablenesse In like sort there are deriued from this action of trauelling two orders of Trauellers Regular and Irregular The Regular are threefould Non voluntarie Inuoluntarie or Voluntarie Of whome foure things may bee considered First what ought to be the moouing causes of mens trauell Secondly what courses such as are iustly mooued must vndertake before trauell if they will benefit their Countrie or themselues Thirdly how they ought to spend their times in
Moreouer what inconstant luxuriousnesse and superfluitie of vnciuilitie in fashions and apparell toucheth the French The which except of vs English is reproued of most Nations in the world And amongst many barbarousnesses of manners how strange is that of the French mens dissimulation to their verie friends The which is left also hereditarie from the Lumbards to the Italians that haue any education I feare me other Nations trauailing thither will say that we beginne to smell of that disease Lastly what fencerlike and gladiatorious behauiour bemaddeth the Germanes What corruption of manneâ—s generaly reigne in the Italians Insomuch that other lesse accort Countries then ours haue this coÌ„mon prouerbe wherof it shall suffice to touch that of the Germanes Multi Germani rustici In Italiam proficiscuntur angeli Redeunt diaboli vrbani What inconstant countenance do these Italians sauor of What arrogancie and insolencie discouereth the Spaniard to his superior and equall what insupporrablenesse to his inferior and subiect What falsehoods may men finde in the Gelderlanders whereas Turkes being Heathens are keepers of promise What crueltie and tyrannie do the Spaniards and Irish discouer to their enemies What pride of the French What pertinacitie generally do Schollers Courtiers and Souldiers discouer What inhospitalitie do the Germanes keepe What anger and hastinesse of the Irish yea of the poorest kerne Thus by these examples may a Trauailer suruey the ciuilitie and barbarousnesse of Nations in euerie vertue actiue or morall chiefly in the Court and Citties For the Countrie people rellish of rudenesse euermore though in some points they may serue for samplers of great ciuilitie and true carriages of the which a trauailer must in particular make obseruance But considering that which is Ciuilitie in one Nation is vnaccustomed and reiected in other State it may be doubted how a Trauailer shall demeane himselfe to be compleat and know which to retaine The answere is easie for it is euer presupposed that it is no breach of office or of ciuilitie being in another Nation to obserue the fashions guises and customes of the same in things indifferent and ceremoniall although they grate on barbarisme as superfluitie of complements and words such as the French and Italians vse the manner of eating and drinking whether vppon the ground lying along as in Turkie and Africke or standing The manner of saluting with the hatte on without bending of the knee without bowing of the bodie without imbracing without profering of the hand without conioyning without kissing and such like externall customes of indifferencie becomming well enough the boundes of euerie Countrie For though it be a rule with vs that those ceremonies and ciuill vses come neérest to the point of true cariage and consequently most commendable that expresse humilitie and curtesie and encrease affection of most kindnesse and humanitie hence comes our salutations bareheaded and hand kissing bowed bodies and knees embracings conioyning and shaking of the hand peculiar to great personages hence the Italians and French haue gotten probatum of their humilious phrases and kind complements of kissing their hands the Spaniardes of humbly kissing the hands of those they respect and conuerse with men as women the Dutch in their carrowsing in like sort as we vse in contracts by imposition of hands and afterwards by kissing them yet we see the nature of the Italians caÌ„not brooke kissing openly of women nor the French being long bareheaded and in like expressions other Nations are as precise Notwithstanding in the expressions of moral vertues and vices a Trauailer must be so curious and graue that hee not only beware to committe sinne and do as the people do but cleaue wholly to the vertue and meane of things abhorring blaspheming swearing rayling malreporting and such like vices of the tongue as of all other actions and customes of wickednesse which are euill in their owne nature without circumstances And these Trauailers haue prerogatiue of other Nations to prescribe against many though indifferent and against all euill customes that swarue from the rule of Nature humanitie Thus hauing long stayed vpon this haunt of the first discouerer of the nature of people the second offereth it self for the Trauailer to know Whether the people be Free or Seruile For al people considered as Subiects are one of these two And though by nature largely coÌ„sidered one man is equally so free as another none more seruile for seruitude is politicke yet we see some people politickly seruile as free some more some lesse according to the alteration of times and things By the words seruile free then are meant not the naturall since all by nature are seruile to sinne and vnrighteousnesse and are equally free from miserie and subiection but the politicall which maketh some people free in regard of misery and seruitude and other seruile to slauery miserie and subiection Now seeing all people of a State are vnder subiection in generalitie in this place the nature of a people must bee sought out of such as are free from slauery and miserie and of those that are seruiled vnto them Of people free in this sense there be some by prescription enfranchised the gouernment of whose States by good lawes haue made them free from long miserie or slauery Such are the Commons and Nobilitie of this land whose freedome is such as they enioy their owne things so freely as the Prince The like may be sayd of the States of France and Germanie and of other well ordered Common wealths Moreouer such freedome generally reigneth in France as with vs here in Kent that what slaue or bondman shal but land in France is immediatly made free and whosoeuer abideth one yeere in Kent shall be euer after enfranchised Moreouer there be others free by arrogation who according to the state of times and things licentiously vse their libertie Such in times past were the people of Denmarke whose force was their law in so much that their Prince held his royaltie at their placitum For if at any time they misliked any of his actions he was instantly deposed and an other set in his place Such at this day is the freedome of the Venetians that they seeme to beare a hard hand ouer their Dukes And such is the common nature of euery Democracie and Aristocracie Lastly there bee some whose policie and state haue continued them in much freedome from miserie and slauerie as euer striuing against seruitude Such were the Sclauonians the Switzers and the Lumbards the Neapolitanes in the Romane gouernement in so much as these people being euer confederates with that mightie Empire yet durst they giue succour to the banished from Rome Such were the Hungarians against the Turke Such generally are the Nobility of most Christian States who as Libertines are euer out of tyranny before the CoÌ„mons Such are the Spaniards that chuse rather to die than to be made slaues And such is the naturall affect of those
this Land and of France or in trades and merchandise as the Nobility of the Venetian and Genoa States Moreouer with whom they vent that which is superfluous in their Towne from what other places they ordinarily bring such things as they want and stand in need of and whether they be driuen to carie out their owne commodities or are sought vnto by forreine parts Let these things suffice till the gouernement of the State in generall shall offer it selfe to be handled in the fift part to which we do referre Trauailers that make doubt of any thing considerable in Townes or Cities The seuenth and last consideration then of Cities is of the priuiledges immunities liberties and freedomes of them whether Colonies Municipials Prefectures Cities confederate assemblies and such like Now the other part of Artificiall buildings resteth to our Trauailer namely of fortifications Of which forasmuch as the true suruey of them is in many States very daungerous we haue obserued for the better ease and securitie of Trauailers three safe wayes to prie into the secrets of them if accesse bee inhibited First to learne what are fortified holdes within the land and what front and coast the sea and where seated Moreouer within the land whether they stand vpon riuers or waters or were built for other purposes than for the warres and naturall defence of the land whereof in most States there haue been diuerserected as by the Nobilitie of England and Ireland for their priuate vses and for ciuill warres fortified singularly in France where the Noblesses for their priuate safegard haue many strong holdes as other Nations that a long season haue either feared enemies or sought freedome from subiection Whereof wee haue of late time experience by the fortifications of the Lowe Countrey people The second considereth the naturall and artificiall strength of them The naturall attribute defence vnto a place in regard of situation which may be cōsidered in hils rockes or waters that make the same vnaccessable or defenceable wherof we haue a wonderful example in the Isle of Sarke in our Brutish sea which is by nature so fortified as one man may defend the same Isle against the greatest Army that is able to come against it Of like defence is in some respect the castle of Garnsey for a land Army the city of Venice and of Mexico in West India Moreouer let it be considered whether equally in all places as the aforenamed or but on some sides that defence groweth as that of Douer castle to the sea-ward and towards the towne Likewise what other naturall strengths be within as plenty of ground to preserue victuall good springs that cannot be withdrawen or corrupted such like which naturally doe fortifie places greatly in times of besiegings Now th' artificial strēgths of Forts cōsisteth in y e Matter or Forme and figure whether without or within Touching the matter substāce of euery particular let it be questioned whether they be of old or new erectiō for the olde in times past were made of stone bricke or such like hard stuffe which now in the perfectiō of artillery are more easie to be battered thā Forts of earth are foūd more hurtful to the friend within fauorable to the enemy yet in speciall cases where Artillery cannot come to batter are notwithstanding momentable the which if it be well considered seldome shall men find old fortifications but they were euen seated so as Artillery could not play vpon them In like sort are those new fortifications to be considered of what matter for of earth ther is diuers sorts to make good fortifications of what greatnes largenes thicknes depth and height are the members of them as wals vammures ramparts curtins cauallirs parapets counterscarfes mounts platforms trenches ditches c and how replenished with water what sluces what Saleis what droit and oblique passages are to the same the which discreet questioning good indgement of the eye shall enforme a Trauailer of Touching the formes and figures of Forts that is either regular or irregular The regular be either Rotunds Quadrats Pentagonons Hexagonons c. according to the quantity of the Fort euery part answering in correspondencie The irregular retain those formes which most naturally may helpe the weaknes of the place yet answerable one to another according to the rules of fortifications wherof we had a notable piece of work for example in that in Ostend in Flanders And for better iudgement herein let it not be grieuous to any Trauailer if so he happen into the warres to obserue the notable means is taken in the field by good Souldiers for the fortifying of their Campes daily after this irregular distribution Now the last of these 3 that prie into the fortifications of Countries is to vnderstād what Captains souldiers ordinarily belong to them their munitions their paies finally their ordinances priuiledges Let these things suffice for the first of the artifical commodities of the Country The second is that of Trades and Mechanical Sciences the which are fashioners and finishers of handicraft works made through mans inuention are in number sixe for a Trauailer to consider of thorow which al commodities passe and repasse namely Husbandry Clothing Masonry Carpentry Smithery Engining these are generall heads whereunto all other trades of necessary obseruation may be referred that accommodate a Land Let vs take Husbandry for an example vnder which is comprised the sciences of gardening of planting and grafting of manuring of grasing of breeding and cherishing of Vegetables Plants beasts and such like fostering sciences for the nourishment of the creatures but singularly of man Vpon which also other infinite trades depend wherof we will omit to speake But to our point in hand a Trauailer shal discerne the husbandry of each countrey in three points first by obseruing what corne and graine the countrey yeeldeth generally and that with what paines and meanes the land is tilled and manured what vsuall increase the land yeeldeth and such like whereof there is such difference as is almost incredible yea between setting and sowing Secondly what cattell are vsually bred there for the state aswell of the Land as of other Countries As in Muscouie and Poland Bees in the Lowe Countries Kine in England Sheepe and such like Lastly what fruits the countrie yeeldeth as Grapes Wine Oile Apples Peares Plummes Orenges Limons Nuts and such like and lastly with what fuell the Land most aboundeth Touching the second Mechanicall trade namely Clothing a Trauailer must note what speciall stuffe that Countrey yeeldeth for the same whether of Lether Furres beasts skins haire flaxe wooll barks of trees bombasie silke gold siluer or such like and also how the same is imployed for garmēts or otherwise So the third which is Masonry requireth the knowledge of such as are workers of stone brick or morter their artificiall compositions and symmetries The fourth which is Carpentrie
to decree warre or peace or to enter into treaties concerning them The third is to institute and ordaine principal officers The fourth is to haue the last Appeale which is one of the true markes of Souereigntie vnder which dependeth the power to grant pardon to the condemned by course of law in fauour to redresse the rigor of the lawe and formall proceedings of Magistrates whether concerning life goods honor banishment or libertie In all which Trauailers shal find in most States great defect in fewe all absolutely For concerning the first what honourable Prince not naming the Pope the Turke the Tartarian and such like tyrants of himself without associates decreeth lawes And not without good cause for it noteth iustice and desire to gouerne aright knitting the Subiects to their Prince Neuerthelesse we see that in former times the Princes of this Land and of France as of òther States did constitute of themselues many good lawes in force at this day So touching the second there be some States that by custome and willingnes to complease their subiects will seldome make warre or entertain peace without priuate consent of their Councell or general debating of the Parliament Likewise of the third there is amongst States and gouernements a great diuersitie in the instituting and ratifying of principall officers which custome hath been brought from the Prince or State no doubt for the shew of the Common-weales good so the same be not transported to forraine States as the Pope arrogateth in Ecclesiasticall promotions And touching the last point we see also how great Princes are stripped of their Souereignty reigntie by the Pope in matters of appeale of giuing pardons and such like regalities to subiects and great offenders against their Prince and countrey Thus in these let Trauailers euerie where make obseruation how of custome either the States doe hold their Souereigntie or howe by like Custome they haue abbridged or lost their marks of absolutenesse Lastly let it be considered of the customes and prerogatiues of the Nobilitie of a nation the chiefe whereof resteth in their superioritie and preheminence in sitting going talking eating washing subscribing arrogating peculiar phrases and order of stile in writing and such like All which are to be considered by times places and persons that thus and by a customarie dutie and respect honour each other Wherein if Trauailers wil be verie iudiciall they had neede to be good heralds and studious in the customarie lawe and discipline of Armes of that nation Hitherto concerning the lawes and customes of a nation so briefly as we could to the vnexpert in the affaires of the countrey The fift point of knowledge now offereth it selfe which is concerning the gouernment of the countrey 5 The Gouernment hath a twofold managing therof the one exterior and discernable the other interior secret and priuate onely in a wise State to the Counsel thereof or onely lodged in the breast of the Prince which to a wise Prince is a high pointe of politicke gouernment Of this interior we will giue Trauailers a secret taste in the last part namely in the Secrets For the obiect of a Trauailer is properly the publike and reuealed gouernment In this Gouernment three things concurre First the persons gouerning secondly the people gouerned lastly the common and speciall policie or instruments that subsist for the establishing of a cōmon good towards all men by the vertue wherof life health peace prosperitie and happinesse without interruption is conueyed vnto the bodie politick Wheras the defect and vicious ordering of things soon corrodeth or putteth the same into a consumptiō irreuocable Concerning the persons gouerning we obiect to Trauailers a triple consideration according to the three-fold diuersitie of Cōmon-weales For by the persons gouerning we meane also those simple variable three formes of gouernment namely the Monarchial which is when the Soueraignty and supreme authority without controlment resteth in one person or Prince as in our King of Great Britaine The Aristocraticall is when as the lesser part of the people or of the Nobilitie haue the Souereigntie in body giuing lawes to the rest of people in generall and particular as the Seigniorie of Venice and the State of the vnited Prouinces in the Lowe Countreys And the Democraticall or popular Estate which is when as the whole people or greater part thereof in bodie hath the Souereigne authoritie Which had neede to bee well considered of Trauailers by so much the more as they see great learned men confounded or deceiued in the iudgements of them For neither the qualities of persons can change the nature or number of them nor can there bee any mixt State of forme and continuance but either by Graunt Permission Communication Association or Assignation of the Souereigne power to the members subiect But lest Trauailers might be misseled by the opinions of others let them obserue diligently in what persons and in which of these those foure markes of Souereigntie before spoken of in the Customes of the Countrey doe reigne which here for breuitie I omit especially the ordering of officers the decreeing of peace and warre and taking of Appeales But for the publishing of lawes the most ciuill States for the better securitie of them and content of the people are euer assisted in Monarchies with the three Estates And in some States also for the better dispatch of things many of the other three markes are committed but yet restrictiuely and vnder controulement Wherefore let Trauailers consider now these things aright and proue the censures of other men by those markes of Souereigntie which inuest the formes with supreme power Moreouer in the second place let Trauailers note what principall officers are in the commitment ordained to helpe the motion and gouernment of the helme of the State And lastly how farre their seuerall offices doe extend For the better insight into which there may bee gathered a triple consideration of officers namely first such as stand by ancient right and Custome as those which we cal Officers at the Common Lawe Secondly such as haue their authoritie by Commission and that from the prerogatiues of the Prince or State Souereigne Lastly such as are ordained by the positiue lawes of the land to vndergo any businesse for the good of the Common-weale Finally let Trauailers be carefull to obserue the maner and order of making publishing of lawes there vsed the course of entertaining warres the ordinarie policie vsed in time of peace concerning preparation for warres defensiue and offensiue the common course of proceeding in iustice and iudgement the places and times and ministers the fashion of punishing rewarding of all sorts of people acording to their deserts and such like appurtenances appendices of the gouernment Let these suffice for the persons gouerning The People gouerned wee cast into sixe moulds namely into that of Husbandmen of Handicrafts men and Labourers of Marchants of the Nobilitie and Gentrie of stipendarie
like publike matters of the State which deserueth a publike and peculiar regard of subiects State and taketh away the hatred of taxes and impositions by rendering the same back againe to the hands of particulars and States good wherby profit honour and securitie ariseth Fourthly vpon the due payment of Souldiers and men of Martiall affaires the which argueth discretion and high care to encounter infinite occasions of euills both growing in the Commanders as common souldiers whereof a prying care must be had Fiftly vppon strangers as Embassadors and such of forraine Nobilitie as are therby retained in loue and office to bee tenderers of the honour and weale of those States of visiting Princes and also vpon Officers and men of good deserte within the State Lastly vpon the policie of the State it self for retaining of friends or procuring thē by donatiues politicke lendinges out of which arise many secreates according to the seuerall motions or actions of a Prince or State in vertuous or vitious dispending the same The last point of this common secreat is to note what ordinarie and extraordinarie treasure is euermore reserued in the State And as it is a daungerous thing in times of warre and troubles to vndertake businesse vppon borrowings or vsurie vnlesse in speciall cases so also it is perilous to assemble a greater treasure then is meete for that causeth subiectes oft to murmur if the same come from them or inuiteth other States to picke quarrelles to be nibbling therewith Lastly whether there be such niggardlinesse of the Prince seeking to spare treasure as hee diminish much the dignitie of his household and also the Maiestie of his person Whereof wee read that King Lewis the Eleuenth of France whome Philip de Comines so much extolleth so farre diminished his houshold as hee forbad his Nobles to followe him in Court at the least at their owne charges as that hee was faine to employ his Taylor for his Heralde at Armes his Barbar for an Ambassadour and his Physician for Chauncellor And for his person hee was so respectlesse as hee continually ware an olde course cloth Cappe and leauing a recorde for buying a paire of meane sleeues to an olde plaine doublet of his And also in his accomptes was obserued to pay xv pence for so much dripping to grease his bootes Thus much concerning the common Secreats Quaere tamen si sit frugalitatis causa propter Reip. bonum The Accidentall follow which are such as chance daiely in or without a State and that so diuersely as that we can but giue an assaie or taste of thē to Trauailers in this treatise For euerie action of the State wherin one trauaileth or of other forraine States vnfould secreates and are meete materialles to diuine of future things which now in the interim is to be required of Trauailers Those accidentall secrets are to bee sought in three thinges namely in the persons gouerning in the persons gouerned and in the instrumēts From the persons gouerning I obserue these points First what be the negotiations and contractes the State or Prince offereth and maketh with other States frō time to time the which although they seeme hard to come by yet discreet carriage and liberalitie will purchase them Secondly what order euerie principalitie hath in the succession of their gouernour whether by election or by inheritance The first ordaining of a Prince by election was good to auoyde all such wants and imperfections as raigne ordinarily in Princes hereditarie yet such corruption inuadeth this age that sildome soueraigne Princes will constitute their vicegerent or elect Prince of an other State a man popular or that is wiser then themselues And sildome wil subiects that are few in number to make election elect men of more spirit wisedome worthinesse then thēselues vnlesse in special cases wherof the Colledge of the Cardinalls and the Electors of the Emperor find ease and profitte Those Countries that are by succession of inheritance are likewise of two sorts generall and speciall Moreouer vnder this maine secret dependeth the insight into the Lawes concerning the disposing of the Crowne and the Wils testaments and deuises that are made by Princes to bequeath the same so farre forth as they in right may be stretched Thirdly concerning States that go by inheritance let it be considered who be the next apparant heires to the State either by the law of the Countrie or the law of Nature or other pretences Vnder which also let it be noted how where and after what order those infants are brought vp and what hope there is of them Fourthly what wisedome and discretion the Prince is of whether hee be wise enough to discerne the aduise of his Councell subtile enough to perceiue whether his Councell plot more for their owne particulars then for the publike good and honour of their Soueraigne or whether he rule not all things at his wil without consult of his Councell what spirit he is of how studious to warre and peace what care and order the Prince taketh to see good iustice done to euerie one and so of all other vertues that crowne Princes with honor and establish their gouernment the like arise of the Magistrates But the contrarie must bee gathered from the imperfections vices of the Prince and Magistrates mutatis mutandis Lastly what choise of persons the Prince hath about him for fauourites and whether hee carrieth an euen hand amongst them By which secrette the inclination of the PRINCE and his abilitie and weakenesse maye bee concluded Concerning the persons gouerned our assaie resteth in sixe Considerations First whether the people bee giuen to much libertie and so suffered to continue as in the State of Venice and through Italie Secondly howe they stand affected to their Prince and gouernment Thirdly whether the Commons suppose not they see much into gouernment and think themselues wiser then the Councell of State the which is dangerous whether the same be deriued from presumptiō of Nature or frō the inspectiō the people haue into the gouernours cariage conuerting all things to priuate commoditie Fourthly how the people stand affected in rumors of warre like accidents Fiftly who are the persons in greatest fauor and estimation amongst the people besides the Prince Lastly whether the Nobilitie contemne not the Commons and Citizens and whether the Commons hate and enuie not the Nobles in outward shew the which breedeth a great thirst after alteration either of religion or of policie the one springing from zeale the other from malcontednesse and factiousnesse The Instruments follow which likewise be the subiects of many secrets and may be included vnder eight heads namely vnder Dearth of the commodities of the land Secondly vnder Mortalitie of men and the heauie hand of God on the people Thirdly vnder the Losse of shipping of Munition and Dominions Fourthly vnder the Want of Iustice and good