to some all Pump waters are such but that they are mistaken my experience has taught me for I have met with some that will lather very well 34. At Henly they are troubled with many of them but not so much as they are at Thame for there they have a way to let them stand two days within which time as I was informed by my worthy Friend Mr Munday Physitian there the Vitriol or whatever other acid it be falls down to the bottom of the Vessels that hold them and then they will wash as well as one can desire But at Thame where there is never a Well in the whole Town whose water will wash or which is worse brew This Experiment for I caused it to be tryed will by no means succeed so that were they not supplyed by the adjoyning Rivulet the place must needs be in a deplorable condition The reason I suppose why the acid will not fall as it do's at Henly and some other places is because these waters beside their salt in all probability also hold a crude Sulphur whose viscous particles do so tenaciously embrace it that it will not admit of any separation which may also perhaps be a hint to the cause why their Beer will stink within fourteen days whenever they attempt to brew with this water for where a Sulphur is any thing great in quantity and its body opened and exalted by the heat in brewing and the active spirituous particles of Mault as I guess the case may have it self here the frame of that mixtion may probably be loosed wherein the spirits first taking their flight the Sulphur will next begin to evaporate whose steams being smartly aculeated by the salt that then bears the chief sway in the subject cause the stink of the Beer that is brewed with such water 35. Other waters there are that are palatably salt and sufficiently stinking without being brewed and such is that before-mentioned near Churchill-mill but I think within the bounds of the Parish of Kingham The water as it stands looks of a greenish colour as most of the palatably salt waters do and do it resort all the Pigeons in the Country which should they not do I should much wonder since besides its saltness it has such a stink that it equals the salt stone and roasted dog too so that should the Proprietor but build a Dove-house here he might honestly rob all his neighbors of their flights but that he may not put it to so invidious a use I shall divert him anon by a more profitable way 36. As to the salt that impregnates this water I do not take it to be a simple one but some Mineral concrete both of salt and sulphur for without these two be in their exaltation and become so far fluid as to endeavor a divorce from each other it could never acquire so noisom a smell Which concrete should I call a salt Marine peradventure I might not be much mistaken for if you take but a small quantity of thrice calcined Bay salt and dissolve it in a pint of Well-water upon dissolution you will have much such an odour as has been observed by a late Author in a short account of the Sulphur Well at Knarsborough x Simpsons Hydrolog Chym part 2. 37. Nor hinders it at all that the Sea is so remote since whether springs have any communication with it or no such marine salts may be had very well for if the Sea grow salt by the Earth that it licks which I take to be as certain as that 't is not so by torrefaction then if it be possible we may have such Earths as give the Sea those salino-sulphureous tinctures it 's altogether as possible we may have such waters too without any necessity of such communication 38. If it be objected That the waters of the Sea send forth no such stench as we find these do let it be considered that the flux of the one and stagnation of the other may well occasion such a difference whil'st the Sea-waters are in their motion 't is true their salts and sulphurs so involve one another that their mutual imbraces hinder all evaporations but whenever they come to stand but awhile as they do most times in the holds of Ships then their sulphurs evaporate with as great a stink as can be supposed ours have here at Land and this the Ships pump doth frequently witness to the great content of all that travel by Sea it being a sure indication of the Ships health which abundantly recompences the inconvenience of the stench 39. Such another I have heard of in the Parish of Chadlington in the grounds of one Mr Rawlison there not differing in any thing at all from the former but only it 's somwhat stronger of the marine salt this I must confess I saw not my self yet having my information from so knowing a Person and of so unquestionable fidelity as Sir Thomas Pennyston I doubt not at all the truth of the thing 48. A salt spring there is also at Clifton near Deddington within a Quoits cast of the River side but its saline particles are so subtilized in the water that they scarcely can at all be perceived by the palate and yet it lays them down plentifully enough on the stones and Earth over which it passes What sort of salt this is I care not to determine because it will be difficult not to mistake for upon evaporation of about a gallon it yielded a salt of a urinous tast which at first I must confess was so surprizing to me that I could not but think that during my absence some waggish fellow had either put a trick on me or else that I might have used some unfit vessel whereupon I caused a new earthen pot to be bought well glased and then repeated the Experiment very carefully but found in the end all had been honest about me for I had a salt again of the very same tast 41. How this should come about I cannot divine unless from the sweat of the Bodies of Animals it being much used in cuticular Diseases but this I think neither can well be because 't is a constantly running spring and would sure carry off what might be left of that nature I therefore wholly leave it to the Readers greater perspicacity and shall content my self with this satisfaction that however improbable the thing may seem that in the mean time 't is an improbable truth 42. I have often since wish'd that I had tryed this water with a solution of Alum and seen whether it would have given any thing of that milky precipitation it do's with Vrines which being then quite out of my head is left to the tryal of some ingenious person that lives thereabout though before-hand I must tell him that I believe it will not succeed because urinous substance seems not to be copious enough 43. Divers might be the uses of these waters and particularly of the two first as good
stony Land whereof there is but little can be properly so called but in the Chiltern Country they give it for Wheat Peas and Barly much the same tillage and manure they do Clay in other places adding the advantage of chalking it which they have not elsewhere for their clay grounds by which they much enrich it for some years so that it bears excellent wheat barly peas of which last those they call Hampshire-kids if the Land be new chalkt are counted most agreeable where by the way let it be noted that I said but for some years for when once the manure by chalk is worn out the Land is scarce recoverable by any other whence 't is Proverbial here as well as some other parts of England That chalkt Land makes a rich Father but a poor Son thereby intimating the ruin of the Land in the end it becoming at last only fit for Ray-grass mixt with Trefoil as above 68. Lastly their sandy and gravelly light ground has also much the same tillage for wheat and barly as clay c. only they require many times but two ploughings especially if for wheat except the fallow be run much to weeds and then indeed they somtimes afford it a stirring else none at all It s most agreeable grains are white red and mixt Lammas wheats and miscellan i. e. wheat and rye together and then after a years fallow common or rathe-ripe barly so that it generally lies still every other year it being unfit for hitching i. e. Beans and Peas though they somtimes sow it with winter Vetches and if ever with Peas the small rathe-ripes are accounted the best It s most agreeable manure is of straw from the Close or Mixen half rotten which keeps it open and suffers it not to bind too much where subject to it but if otherwise the rottenest dung is the best 69. Whereof as upon all other Lands before mention'd they lay about 12 loads upon a common Field acre i. e. about 20 upon a Statute acre but I find the business of manuring Land to have a great latitude Men doing it here many times not according to their judgment but according to the quantities they have so that where the quantities of manure are but small and the tillage is great the case is much otherwise than where both tillage and manure are in a contrary condition But however the case stand I find this a general Rule amongst them that they always soil that Land first and best which is to bear three Crops one on the tillage another of beans and peas and a third of barly on the beans or peas brush all which depend upon the single manure given it when it lay fallow for wheat though I have known this order frequently inverted by the best Husbandmen on their richest Lands sowing barly first then peas or beans and their wheat last for which they allege this very good reason That wheat following the dung Cart on their best Land is the more liable to smut 70. And so much for the ordinary Manures of this County there being two others yet behind viz. Chippings of stone and woolen rags not altogether so common which I have therefore thought fit to consider apart the first whereof I met with at Hornton near Banbury where the chippings of the stone they hew at their Quarry proves a very good manure for their Ground thereabout and is accordingly made use of by reason no doubt of a salt that stone holds which being dissolved by the weather is imbibed by the Earth as hinted before in Chap. 4. of this Essay 71. The 2d sort I first observed about Watlington and the two Britwels where they strew them on their Land with good success I have heard since of several other places where they do the same To this purpose they purchase Taylers shreds which yet retaining somwhat of the salt of the Fulling-earth with which they were drest do well enough but I judge them not so good as other old rags first worn by men and women which must needs beside be very well sated with urinous salts contracted from the sweat and continual perspiration attending their Bodies And in this Opinion I am confirmed by Sanct. Sanctorius who is positive that our insensible evacuations transcend all our sensible ones put together k S. Sanctorii Medicinae Staticae Lib. 1. sect 1. Aphorism 4. to that excess that of eight pounds weight of meat and drink be taken by a man in one day his insensible transpirations use to amount to five l Ibid Aphorism 6. Now if so our cloaths must needs be so filled with a well rectified salt left behind in the percolation of the steams of our bodies that there can be nothing more rational if well considered then that they should be a very fit manure for Land when unfit for other uses 72. As to the quantities of Corn sown on the statute Acre they differ much in proportion to the richness or meanness of the land about two bushels of wheat and vetches two bushels and ½ of barly oats and peas and a quarter of beans sufficing the poorer whereas the richer Land will take up three bushels or more of wheat or vetches three bushels and ½ or upwards of barly oats peas and somtimes six bushels of beans Yet I have known some able Husbandmen afford more Seed to their poor than rich Land giving this reason That the Seed in the rich does tillar i. e. sprout into several blades and spread on the ground whereas on the poor Land its sprouts come all single which therefore say they requires the more seed 73. In the choice of their seed they have a double respect first to the grain it self and secondly to the land it grew on As to the first they take care that it be clear of all manner of seeds that it be handsom round Corn of an equal cize which some of them call Even shooting Corn or well brested such Corn being for the most part full of kernel and the likeliest to give strong roots And in respect of the soil they constantly choose Corn that grew on land of a quite different nature from that it is to be sown on but in general they desire it from land that is well in heart and rich in its kind If they are to sow wheat upon tillage they choose wheat sown before upon bean stubs and when they sow upon peas or bean stubs wheat sown before on tillage for Clay ground they have their seed from Red-land or Chalk vice versa for the other soils that from Clay is esteemed the best though that from Red-land is little inferior for barly they count that best which comes of new broken laud and for the rest none so good as those that come from the richest soils 74. Before they sow if the place be subject to the annoyances of Smutting Meldews Birds c. they take care to prevent them either in the preparing or
choice of their grain Against smutting they both brine and lime their Corn some making their brine of urin and salt or else sow red-straw'd wheat which is the least subject to it of any To prevent meldews some sow prety early judging Corn most subject to that annoyance when sown late or else make choice of the long bearded Cone that being the least subject of any wheat yet known to the inconveniencies of meldews and of being eaten by Birds and therefore also fittest to be sown in small Inclosures as noted before in the sixth Chapter 75. In Sowing they have their several methods viz the single Cast the double Cast and as they call it about Burford the Hackney bridle or riding Cast. The single Cast sows a Land at one bout the double Cast is twice in a place at two different bouts viz. once from furrow to ridge and afterwards from ridge to furrow The Hackney bridle is two casts on a Land at one time and but once about though I find these two latter somtimes confounded their names being interchangably applyed in different parts of the County The first way is seldom used amongst them only by the ancientest Seeds-men the second is their usual and most certain way the last though the newest fashion is but seldom used yet though some have tryed it with good success and perhaps may hereafter bring it more in practice it having more speed than the double Cast to recommend it to use They have also a way of sowing in the Chiltern Country which is called sowing Hentings which is done before the Plough the Corn being cast in a straight line just where the plough must come and is presently plougbed in By this way of sowing they think they save much seed and other charge a dexterous Boy being as capable of sowing this way out of his hat as the most judicious Seeds-man But of this way more hereafter when I come into Buckingham-shire 76. Thus having run through the Tillage Manures Quantities and choice of Seed and the several ways of sowing the Soils of this County I proceed to the Instruments used in their tillage Amongst which the Plough being the best because the most useful Engine in the World deserves the first place of which there are two sorts used in Oxford-shire the Foot and Wheel-plough whereof the first is used in deep and Clay Lands being accordingly fitted with a broad fin share and the Horses going always in a string and keeping the furrow to avoid poching the Land and the second in the lighter and stony Land the Horses either going in a string or two a breast according as thought most suitable to the tillage in hand m On light Land some count the treading of double Cattle advantagious to it This Plough when used in stony Land is armed with a round pointed share having also near the chep of the Plough a small fin to cut the roots of the grass for in this Land the broad fin jumps out of the ground The foot plough does best at the henting i.e. ending of a Land it going close up to a hedge and not being subject to over-throw whereas the wheel plough if care and discretion do not meet in the holder is apt to overthrow there the Land being ridged but goes much more lightsom and easie for the Horses than the foot plough doth which is the sum of the Conveniencies and Inconveniencies of both 77. After Ploughing and Sowing they cover their Corn with Harrows whereof some have 4 5 or 6 bulls or spars apiece each of them armed with five tines and of a square form as at most other places But at Whitfield near Sir Thomas Tippings I saw a great weighty triangular Harrow whose tines stood not in rows after the manner of others its use being in ground much subject to Quitch-grass whose roots it seems continually passing between the tines of other Harrows are not so easily dragged forth by them as this whose tines stand not in rows and is drawn with one of the Angles fore-most after the manner of a Wedge Yet I could not find it answer'd expectation so well as to obtain in other places most thinking the great square Bull harrow drawn by the second bull on the near side of the harrow to take the Grass much better than that 78. But the worst ground to harrow of all others is new broken Land the parts of its furrows being commonly so fast knit together by the roots of the grass that though great charge and trouble be afforded in the harrowing yet after all it will not so disperse the Corn but that it will come up as it fell thick and in ranks between the furrows and scarce any where else To prevent these inconveniencies the Ingenious Mr. Sacheverel late of Bolscot deceased contrived a way of howing the earth from the turf as soon as a little dryed thereby first laying his ground even and then sowing it by which means his seed not only fell and came up equally disperst in all parts alike but he found that a quantity considerably less did this way serve the turn Which Experiment he often made with good approbation the charge of howing not exceeding that of harrowing which without it must be great whereas after it one cross tine covers the Corn well enough 79. After harrowing if it hath been so dry a time that the ground has risen in clods that cannot be broken with harrows they commonly do it with a beetle or big stick But a much quicker way is that I met with about Bisseter by a weighty Roll not cut round but octangular the edges whereof meeting with the clods would break them effectually and with great expedition I was shewed also at Bolscot another uncommon Roll invented by the same Mr. Sacheverel above-mentioned cut neither smooth nor to angles but notched deep and pretty broad after the manner of a Tessella or Lattice so that the protuberant parts remained almost as big as the foot of a Horse by which being large and weighty he could so firmly press his light Land subject to Quich-grass and other weeds and so settle the roots of the Corn that it would come up even and well whereas if it had been left hollow it would certainly have been choaked and came to little He asserted that it also excelled a smooth Roll especially if the Season proved dry and windy in that when a Field is rolled smooth the wind is apt to blow the Earth from the Corn whereas by this the ground is laid so uneven and full of holes like Chequer-work that what the wind blows from the ridges still falls into the hollows between them and on the contrary gives the Corn the better root 80. I have heard of another sort of Roll of a large diameter and weighty set the whole length with edged plates of steel prominent from the body of the Roll about an inch and half thus contrived for the quicker cutting of turf which drawn
customary for them to have so many Cirques of stones as Kingdoms though in the same Country Thus as Wormius testifies there are three at this day in the Kingdom of Denmark one in Seland another in Schoneland and a third in the Cimbrick Territory because these were anciently three distinct Principalities and under the dominion of as many Kings i Ol. Wormii Mon. Dan. lib. 1. cap. 12. as 't is certain England was also about this time 97. And if this conjecture may be allowed to take place we are supplyed also with a reason why we have no tumulus in or near this monument there being no King or eminent Commander slain but only a conquest of the enemy in or near this place intimated by the five stones meeting in a point at the top which perhaps may be the disposition intended by Saxo Grammaticus and out of him by Wormius Cuneato ordine which he says expresly signified Equestrium acies ibidem vel prope fortunatius triumphasse k Idem lib. 1. cap. 9. i. e. that Knights or Horse-men there or near the place obtained a glorious Victory 98. Yet against this conjecture I fore-see there lye two objections worth removal 1. That in these Cirques of stones designed for the election of Kings there was always a Kongstolen most times bigger than the rest placed in the middle of it as intimated above § 90. And secondly that had this place been at first designed for the Inauguration of a Danish or Norwegian King and such places been so essential to a good title as pretended above § 93. certainly all the Kings of the Danish race that reigned after here in England would have been either crowned here or at some other such Forum whereas we have no such Kongstolen in the middle of the Cirque and beside find Canutus with great solemnity Crowned at London Harold Harefoot here at Oxford not far from this Cirque and Hardi-Canute likewise at London 99. To which it may be replyed that though not placed in the Cirque yet here is a Kongstolen not far off which 't is like was not necessary should be set within it for I find the place where the new elected King stood and shewed himself to the people at the Forum for this purpose at Leire in Seland to have been without the Area as our Kongstolen is Area saxis undique cincta Coronationi Regum deputata vicinum habet Collem cui Coronatus jam insistebat jura populo daturus omnibus conspiciendum se praebiturus l Idem lib. 1. cap. 5. i. e. that the Area encompassed with stones designed for the Coronation of their Kings had a Hill near it whence the new Crowned King gave Laws and shewed himself to the people it seeming indifferent from hence and another such like hillock called Trollebarolhoy whereon the King also stood at the place of such election near Lundie in Scania m Idem lib. 1. cap. 12. whether he ascended a stone or mount of earth within or without the Area so he thence might be seen and heard by the people 100. And to the second Objection it may be reasonably answered that the Danes by this time having gotten the whole Kingdom and such capital Cities as London and Oxford were might well change the places of their Coronations Beside Canutus and the rest were much greater persons and more civilized than Rollo and his crew can be presumed to have been for beside that he lived above a hundred years before them we find him though the son of a Norwegian Iorli or Earl a great Pyrate at Sea n Vid. Chronicon Norwegicum and little better then a Robber by Land well might he therefore be contented with this Inauguration after the old barbarous fashion having gained no City wherein it might be done with greater solemnity 101. But as for the stones near the Barrow at Stanton-Harcourt called the Devils Coits I should take them to be appendices to that Sepulchral Monument but that they seem a little too far removed from it perhaps therefore the Barrow might be cast up for some Saxon and the stones for some Britans slain hereabout aut vice versa at what time the Town of Eignetham about a mile off as Camden informs us was taken from the Britans by Cuthwolf the Saxon o Vid. Camd. Britan. in Oxfordsh Which is all I can find worthy notice concerning them but that they are about eight foot high and near the base seven broad and that they seem not natural but made by art of a small kind of stones cemented together whereof there are great numbers in the Fields hereabout which makes thus much for the conjecture concerning those at Stone-Heng that they may be artificial it being plain from these that they could and did do such things in the ancienter times 102. There stands also a stone about half a mile South-west of Enston Church on a Bank by the way-side between Neat-Enston and Fulwell somwhat flat and tapering upward from a broad bottom with other small ones lying by it and another near the road betwixt Burford and Chipping-norton which I guess might be erected for the same purpose with the two former as above-mention'd Unless we shall rather think both these and them to have been some of the Gods of the ancient Britans as the Reverend and Learned Dr. Stillingfleet thinks it not improbable those Pyramidal stones mention'd by Camden in York-shire called the Devils bolts p Idem in Com. Ebor. somtimes were And so likewise Stone-Heng in Wiltshire which he judges neither to be a Roman Temple nor Danish Monument but rather somwhat belonging to the Idol Markolis which Buxtorf saith the Rabbins called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 domum Kolis q Joh. Buxtorfii Lex Talmud in v. Markolis of which more hereafter when I come into that County and into Kent where of Kits-coty-house which I take to be an Antiquity of the same kind 103. That the Britans long before the arrival of the Romans were acquainted with the Greeks has sufficiently I guess been made appear already § 66. of this Chapter and that long before that they were known to the Phaenicians and all the Eastern Countries is plain out of Strabo r Strabonis Geographiae lib. 3. pag. 175. Edit Is Casaub Paris An. 1620. and Bochartus s Sam. Bocharti Geog. Sacr. part 2. lib. 1. cap. 39. and by comparison of the Learning and Religion of the Druids with those of the Indian Brachmans Now that it was the ancient custom of all the Greeks to set up unpolish'd stones instead of Images to the honor of their Gods we have the testimony of Pausanias in these words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 t 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pag. 228. Edit Sylburg i. e. that unhewn stones amongst all the Graecians had the honor of Gods instead of Images more particularly the same Author asserts that near the Statue of Mercury there were 30
Clay found at Hampton-Gay holding a grit of a golden colour much of the nature of Pyrites aureus only 't is not found like that in great pieces which by our modern Naturalists are called Brass lumps 54. And thus I had concluded the Chapter of Earths but that I think it belongs to this place to mention also such accidents as attend them and therefore must not be altogether silent of an eminent Prospect about a mile from Teynton where from a Hill North-east from thence ten Mercat towns in a clear day may plainly be seen Nor of a small Earth-quake that on the nineteenth of February 1665. was observed at divers places near Oxford as at Blechington Stanton St. Johns c. But it shall suffice just to mention it Relations with the concomitants of it being already published t Philos Transact Num. 10 11. one by the Honorable Robert Boyle Esq and the other by the Learned Dr. John Wallis CHAP. IV. Of Stones AS in the Chapters of Waters and Earths I treated only of such as eminently held some salt or sulphur and were some way or other useful to Man I intend in like manner in this of Stones strictly to observe the same method and take notice only of such as either plainly shew those Minerals and supply the necessities or are for the ornament or delight of Mankind 2. How all stones are chiefly made out of salts with a mixture of earth and somtimes of sulphur was formerly hinted in another place It remains only that I consider them in a more particular manner and shew which they be and where they are that hold any of these principles more signally than other which I suppose by their effects may best be discover'd 3. In the Road from Oxford toward London not far beyond Tetsworth in a hollow way on the rising of a hill I found a soft stone there-about called Maume of a whitish colour whose salt is so free from the bonds of sulphur that with the frosts and rain it slakes like lime perhaps half the firing used to burn away the sulphur in other lime-stone might serve the turn here An Experiment so very likely to be beneficial to the Country that I left it with the Son of the ingenious Improver Sir Thomas Tipping as a thing not unworthy of his Fathers tryal but whether he have at all or but unsuccessfully made any I have not yet had the favor to hear 4. In the way to Whitfield as I rod thither from Tetsworth I found the ways mended with this kinde of stone I suppose because they could get no other for certainly otherwise there were nothing more unfit than a stone of so loose and open a salt much rather with such should they mend their Lands than High-ways that like lime marles and chalk will slake in the Winter which I take for so sure a mark of its improving quality that I cannot but commend it to the tryal of the Country 5. And for their encouragement let me farther tell them that at a place called Hornton in the North of this County they commonly use the chippings of the stone dug there in the Quarry for improvement of the Land and that not without apparent success and yet the stone is of a much harder kind than this at Tetsworth and in the way to Whitfield 6. Amongst some MSS. notes of Natural things I met with one of a stone at Oriel College commonly called says the Author The sweating stone at which the Birds were constantly pecking and licking as I guess if ever there were any such thing for some kind of saltness they found come from it I say if ever there were any such thing for I find it not in this new nor remains there any tradition of it in the old College I therefore pass it by without further notice 7. However in short all stones have so much salt in them that in some measure they are an improvement of Land for though it be so close lock'd up with sulphur that the greatest frosts and rain will not make the stones run yet there is still such an emission of saline steams that some earths have their whole fertility from them Thus have I seen Fields cover'd with Flints and Pebbles produce better Corn than where there were none which perhaps may be a better reason than what is brought by Pliny u Lib 17. cap. 4. why the Foreign Coloni that came to Syracuse to inhabit there and practise Husbandry after they had cleared the ground of all the stones could have no Corn till they had laid them again on the very same ground from whence they had taken them but just before 8 The like may be observed in walls and buildings where several sorts of vegetables yea trees of great bigness will thrive and prosper remote from the earth without any further nourishment than that they have from the fertile stones and lime they are laid with also made out of stones 9. If it be objected that Pebbles and Flints also hold a sulphur as well as a salt and that in all probability Corn and other Vegetables may receive their flourishing verdure rather from the warm comfortable steams of that then the others of salt I shall not so much as contend about it but gladly accept of the opportunity by this means to pass from stones holding salt only to such as have also a mixture of sulphur 10. And such are all that with steel or any other fit body will strike fire and therefore by a very fit name called Pyrites under which genus may be reckon'd not only Pyrites strictly taken but Flints Pebbles Sand and whatever else by any quick and sudden attrition may have its parts kindled into sparks of which as many as I find eminent in their kind or are fit for uses as briefly as may be 11. And amongst them as I think most due for the prerogative of its colour I assign the first place to the Pyrites aureus or golden fire-stone whereof they find great plenty in digging of Wells about Banbury and Cleydon and somwhere in the River at Clifton near Dorchester Some of them are taken up in great lumps and are therefore also called Brass lumps of uncertain form whereof I had very rich ones out of the Well of one Boreman of Cleydon But those from Clifton aforesaid seem to be laminated and some of them shot into angles like Bristol Diamants and are mentioned by Aldrovandus w Lib. 4. cap. 3. which he calls Pyrites cum fluoribus adnascentibus and cujus partes cohaerent tanquam lapilli angulosi These strike fire in great plenty and for that reason formerly have been much used for Carabines and Pistols whil'st Wheel-locks were in fashion and are also very weighty and perhaps hold metal which were it not for the too great proportion of sulphur whence such Minerals saith the Learned Willis x De Ferment cap. 9. have chiefly their concretion that carryeth it away while it
the Grot. 21. The windows of the Banqueting-room 22. The Grove and Walks behind and on each end of the Building 53. Being now come down into the Grot by the passage 18 Tab 11. and landing at the bottom of the stairs Tab. 12. a. on a large half pace before it bb The Rock presents it self made up of large craggy stones with great cavities between them ccc c. out of which flows water perpetually night and day dashing against the Rocks below and that in great plenty in the dryest Seasons though fed only with a single spring rising in a piece of ground call'd Ramsall between Enston and Ludston The natural Rock is about 10 foot high and so many in bredth some few shelves of lead d d and the top stones only having been added easily to be distinguisht by their dryness which have advanced it in all about 14 foot high 54. In the half pace just before the Compartment e e e upon turning one of the cocks at f rises a chequer hedge of water as they call it g g g g and upon turning another the two side columns of water h h which rise not above the height of the natural rock and of a third the middle column i which ascending into the turn of the Arch and returning not again is received into hidden pipes provided for that purpose Into one whereof terminated in a very small Cistern of water behind a stone of the rock and having a mouth and Languet just above its surface the air being forced into it by the approaches of the water a noise is made near resembling the notes of a Nightingale But when that pipe is filled there is then no more singing till the water has past away by another pipe in the lower part of the rock which when almost done there is heard a noise somwhat like the sound of a drum performed by the rushing in of air into the hollow of the pipe which is large and of copper to supply the place of the water now almost gon out which don the Nightingale may be made to sing again TAB 12. ad pag. 238. To the most Illustrious Lady the Lady CHARLOTTE Countess of Lichfield Viscountess Quarrendon Baroness of Spelsbury c. This 12. Table Shewing the interior Prospect of Eâ—STON Water-works with the greatest devotion is humbly Consecrated by R.P. L L.D. Burghers sculpsit 56. To these succeed the Arts relating to Earths which either respect the Tillage or Formation of them How many sorts of Soils I met with in Oxfordshire viz. Clay Chalk and others from their different mixtures called Maum Red-land Sour-ground Stone-brass Stony Sandy and Gravelly were enumerated amongst Earths Chap. 3. It remains that we here give a particular account by what Arts they are tilled to the best advantage And first of Clay 57 Which if kind for Wheat as most of it is hath its first tillage about the beginning of May or as soon as Barly Season is over and is called the Fallow which they somtimes make by a casting tilth i. e. beginning at the out sides of the Lands and laying the Earths from the ridge at the top After this some short time before the second tilth which they call stirring which is usually performed about the latter end of June or beginning of July they give this Land its manure which if Horse-dung or Sheeps-dung or any other from the Home-stall or from the Mixen in the Field is brought and spread on the Land just before this second ploughing But if it be folded which is an excellent manure for this Land and seldom fails sending a Crop accordingly if the Land be in tillage they do it either in Winter before the fallow or in Summer after it is fallowed And these are the manures of Clay Land in the greatest part of Oxford-shire only in and near the Chiltern where beside these it is much enriched by a soft mellow Chalk that they dig from underneath it when it is stirred it lies again till the time of sowing Wheat except in a moist dripping year when runing to thistles and other weeds they somtimes give it a second stirring before the last for sowing 58. All which tillages they are very careful to give it as dry as may be ridging it up twice or thrice for every casting tilth i. e. in their stirring and for sowing beginning at the top of the Land and laying the Earth still upwards to the ridge by which means both Land and Corn lie dryer warmer and healthier and the succeeding Crop becomes more free from weeds After it is thus prepared they sow it with Wheat which is its proper grain and if it be a strong stiff Clay with that they call Cone-wheat and the next year after it being accounted advantagious in all tillage to change the grain with Beans and then ploughing in the bean-brush at All-Saints the next year with Barly and amongst the several sorts of that grain if the Land be rank with that they call sprat-Barly and then the fourth year it lies fallow when they give it Summer tilth again and sow it with Winter Corn as before But at most places where their Land is cast into three Fields it lies fallow in course every third year and is sown but two the first with Wheat if the Land be good but if mean with Miscellan and the other with Barly and Pulse promiscuously And at some places where it lies out of their hitching i. e. their Land for Pulse they sow it but every second year and there usually two Crops Wheat and the third Barly always being careful to lay it up by ridging against winter Clay Lands requiring to be kept high and to lie warm and dry still allowing for Wheat and Barly three plowings and somtimes four but for other grains seldom more than one When at any time they sow Peas on this Land the best Husbandmen will chuse the Vale-gray as most proper for it and if Vetches the Gore or Pebble-vetch But if so cold a weeping Clay that unfit for these then they improve it with Ray-grass 59. As for the Chalk-lands of the Chiltern-hills though it requires not to be laid in ridges in respect of dryness yet of warmth it doth when designed for Wheat which is but seldom they give it the same tillage with Clay only laying it in four or six furrow'd Lands and soiling it with the best mould or dung but half rotten to keep it from binding which are its most proper manures and so for common Barly and winter Vetches with which it is much more frequently sown these being found the more suitable grains But if it be of that poorest sort they call white-land nothing is so proper as ray-grass mixt with Non-such or Melilot Trefoil according as prescribed in Chap. 6. § 33. 60. If the Land be of that sort they call Maumy consisting of a mixture of White-clay and Chalk and somwhat of Sand which causes it to work so short if any
first one way and cross again at right angles cuts the turf into squares in bigness proportionable to the distance of the edged plates on the Roll requiring no farther trouble afterward then to be pared off the ground with a turfing Spade which seems to promise well for the cutting out of Trenches Drains c. But this I have not seen nor has it that I know of been yet experimented by the ingenious Inventor However I thought fit to offer it to the consideration of Improvers and the rather because it affords me a smooth transition from the consideration of the Arable to the Meddow and Pasture Lands 81. For the Meddow grounds of this County as they are numerous so they are fertile beyond all preference for they need no other compost to be laid on them than what the Floods spontaneously give them and therefore the Reader must not expect any methods or rules concerning that affair here Nor concerning the remedies of annoyances such as Sour-grass Mosses Rushes Sedges c. for I find none of our meddows much troubled with them As for their Vp-lands when they prepare them for grass they make them as rich as they can with their most suitable soils and lay them also dry to keep them from Rushes and Sedges if any thing boggy they usually trench them but that proves not sufficient for the trenches of boggy grounds will swell and fill up of themselves 82. To prevent which inconveniency I know an ingenious Husbandman that having dug his trenches about a yard deep and two foot over first laid at the bottom green Black-thorn bushes and on them a stratum of large round stones or at least such as would not lie close and over them again another stratum of Black-thorn and upon them straw to keep the dirt from falling in between and filling them up by which means he kept his trench open and procured so constant and durable a drain that the land is since sunk a foot or 18 inches and become firm enough to support carriages 83. As for the Grasses sown in this County I have little more to add concerning them but what was said before in the Chapter of Plants only that it has been found most agreeable that Sanct-foin Ray-grass c. be not sown presently after the Barly Oats or whatever other Grain it be sowed with but rather after the Corn is come pretty high so that it may shelter the seed from the heat of the Sun which as is apprehended at least is somtimes prejudicial And that in the Chiltern Country after they have eaten off their Ray-grass or Sanct-foin they find it advantagious to fold it with Sheep as other corn-Corn-lands which I thought good to note it being as I am informed but lately practised 84. Amongst Arts that concern formation of Earths I shall not mention the making of Pots at Marsh-Balden and Nuneham-Courtney nor of Tobacco-pipes of the White-earth of Shot-over since those places are now deserted Nor indeed was there that I ever heard of any thing extraordinary performed during the working those Earths nor is there now of a very good Tobacco-pipe Clay found in the Parish of Horspath since the Printing of the third Chapter of this History Let it suffice for things of this nature that the ingenious John Dwight M. A. of Christ Church College Oxon. hath discovered the mystery of the stone or Cologne Wares such as D' Alva Bottles Jugs Noggins heretofore made only in Germany and by the Dutch brought over into England in great quantities and hath set up a manufacture of the same which by methods and contrivances of his own altogether unlike those used by the Germans in three or four years time he hath brought it to a greater perfection than it has attained where it hath been used for many Ages insomuch that the Company of Glass-sellers London who are the dealers for that commodity have contracted with the Inventor to buy only of his English manufacture and refuse the foreign 85. He hath discovered also the mystery of the Hessian wares and makes Vessels for reteining the penetrating Salts and Spirits of the Chymists more serviceable than were ever made in England or imported from Germany it self 86. And hath found out ways to make an Earth white and transparent as Porcellane and not distinguishable from it by the Eye or by Experiments that have been purposely made to try wherein they disagree To this Earth he hath added the colours that are usual in the colour'd China-ware and divers others not seen before The skill that hath been wanting to set up a manufacture of this transparent Earthen-ware in England like that of China is the glazing of the white Earth which hath much puzzel'd the Projector but now that difficulty also is in great measure overcome 87. He hath also caused to be modelled Statues or Figures of the said transparent Earth a thing not done elsewhere for China affords us only imperfect mouldings which he hath diversified with great variety of colours making them of the colours of Iron Copper Brass and party-colour'd as some Achat-stones The considerations that induced him to this attempt were the Duration of this hard burnt Earth much above brass or marble against all Air and Weather and the softness of the matter to be modelled which makes it capable of more curious work than stones that are wrought with chisels or metals that are cast In short he has so far advanced the Art Plastick that 't is dubious whether any man since Prometheus have excelled him not excepting the famous Damophilus and Gorgasus of Pliny n Nat. Hist lib. 35. cap. 12. 88. And these Arts he employs about materials of English growth and not much applyed to other uses for instance He makes the stone Bottles of a Clay in appearance like to Tobacco-pipe clay which will not make Tobacco-pipes though the Tobacco-pipe clay will make Bottles so that that which hath lain buryed and useless to the Owners may become beneficial to them by reason of this manufacture and many working hands get good livelyhoods not to speak of the very considerable sums of English Coyn annually kept at home by it 89. About Nettle-bed they make a sort of brick so very strong that whereas at most other places they are unloaded by hand I have seen these shot out of the Cart after the manner of stones to mend the High-ways and yet none of them broken but this I suppose must be rather ascribed to the nature of the Clay than to the skill of the Artificer in making or burning them and should therefore have been mention'd in the Chapter of Earths 90. At Caversham near the Right Worshipful Sir Anthony Cravens and at some other places they make a sort of brick 22 inches long and above six inches broad which some call Lath-bricks by reason they are put in the place of the Laths or Spars supported by Pillars in Oasts for drying mault which is the only use of them and
and other Furs of several Beasts c. the use they have for them is to apparel themselves with them their manner being to tear them into gowns of about two yards long thrusting their arms through two holes made for that purpose and so wrapping the rest about them as we our loose Coats Our Merchants have abused them for many years with so false colours that they will not hold their gloss above a months wear but there is an ingenious person of Witney that has improved them much of late by fixing upon them a true blue dye having an eye of red whereof as soon as the Indians shall be made sensible and the disturbances now amongst them over no doubt the trade in those will be much advanced again 172. Of their best tail wooll they make the blankets of 6 quarters broad commonly called cuts which serve Sea-men for their Hammocs and of their worst they make Wednel for Collar-makers wrappers to pack their blanckets in and tilt-cloths for Barge-men They send all the sorts of Duffields and Blankets weekly in waggons up to London which return laden with fell wooll from Leaden-hall and Barnaby-street in Southwark whether 't is brought for this purpose from most places above-mention'd Oxford-shire and the adjacent Counties being not able to supply them 173. There are also in this Town a great many Fell-mongers out of whom at the neighboring Town of Bampton there arises another considerable trade the Fell-mongers sheep-skins after dressed and strained being here made into wares viz. Jackets Breeches Leather linings c. which they chiefly vent into Berk-shire VVilt-shire and Dorset-shire no Town in England having a trade like it in that sort of ware 174. Which two trades of the Towns of VVitney and Bampton are the most eminent that are too the most peculiar of this County The Maulting trade of Oxford and Henly on Thames 't is true are considerable and Burford has been famous time out of mind for the making of Saddles and so has Oxford had the reputation of the best Gloves and Knives of any place in England but these trades being not peculiar to the places where they are practised I therefore pass them by without further notice 175. But the Starch trade of Oxford though indeed it be not great yet being practiced in few places and the method known to fewer how it is made its discovery perhaps may be acceptable to some I shall not therefore stick to give a short account of it Let them know therefore that the substance we commonly call Starch notwithstanding its pure whiteness is made of the shortest and worst bran that they make in the Meal shops worse than that they sell to Carriers to feed their Horses This they steep in a water prepared for that purpose by a solution at first of Roch-Alum about a pound to a Hogshead which will last for ever after for ten or fourteen days in great tubs then 't is taken and washed through a large Osier basket over three other tubs the sower water of the second tub washing it into the first and the sower water of the third into the second and clear water from the Pump washing it into the third 176. Whereby the way it must be noted that only Pump water will serve the turn to give it this last washing and continue the waters sowerness for ever after by reason I suppose of the incisive particles of salt to be found in most Pump waters which are plain from their not taking soap that are apt to work upon and separate the finest flower yet sticking to the bran notwithstanding the mill and sieve which at last becomes starch 177. What remains in the basket at last after the three washings is thrown upon the dung-hill which as they have found of late becomes a very good manure for meddow land and should therefore have been mentioned in the 70 § of this Chapter amongst the uncommon manures And the fine flower thus washed from the bran is let stand again in its own water for about a week then being all setled at the bottom it is stirred up again and fresh Pump water added and strained from its smalle'â—â— bran through a Lawn sieve which done they permit it to settle again which it does in one day and then they draw off the water from it all to a small matter then standing two days more it at last becomes so fixt that with a burchen broom they sweep the water left at the top which is a slimy kind of matter up and down upon it to cleanse it from filth and then pouring it off they wash its surface yet cleaner by dashing upon it a bucket of fair Pump water 178. Which done they then cut it out of the tubs in great pieces with sharp trowels and box it up in troughs having holes in the bottom to drain the water from it always puting wet cloths between the wood and it for the more commodious taking it out of the troughs again to dry which they do within a day laying it first on cold bricks for about two days which suck away a great deal of moisture from it and after over a Bakers oven four or five days together which will dry it sufficiently if intended only to be ground to powder for hair as it is chiefly here but if intended to be sold as starch they then use a stove to give it the starch-grain which the oven will not do 179. From the inferior I proceed to the superior Arts and Sciences and others instrumental to them for in these too there have been many Inventions and Improvements made in this Vniversity In enumeration whereof if we begin so low as the very Elements of Speech we shall find that the Reverend and Learned Dr. Wallis Savilian Professor of Geometry here first observed and discovered the Physical or Mechanical formation of all sounds in Speech as plainly appears from his Treatise de Loquela prefix'd to his Grammar for the English Tongue first publish'd in the Year 1653. 180. In pursuance whereof he also found out a way whereby he hath taught dumb persons who were therefore dumb because deaf not only to understand what they read and by writing to express their minds but also to speak and read intelligibly according to directions for the artificial position and motion of the Organs of Speech and thereby also assisted others who have spoken very imperfectly Of which no more there being a particular account given by himself in our English Philosophical Transactions of July 18. 1670 b Philosoph Transact Numb 61. 181. I know that the Right Reverend Father in God John Wilkins late Lord Bishop of Chester hath also laid down the distinct manner of forming all sounds in Speech and shewed in Sculpture which letters are Labial Lingual Nasal c. and how the Epiglottis Larynx Aspera Arteria and Oesophagus conduce to them Since him in the Year 1669. the Reverend and Ingenious William Holder D.D. publish'd an
discontinued by ploughing and other accidents yet by their pointing and after a diligent scrutiny I hope I shall render at least a probable account of them 19. But before I descend to particulars it will be necessary I think to acquaint the Reader that of these amongst the Romans some were called publick 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and others Vicinal p ff Ne quid in loco publ vel Itinere fiat L. Praetor ait §. viarum And that the first sort of these were otherwise called as reckon'd up by Taboetius q Julius Taboet in Ephemerid Histor by these other different names Regiae by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Praetoriae Consulares Militares Privilegiatae Illustres frequentatae Celebres Eximiae c. and after by the Conqueror William in the Laws he confirmed of St. Edwards Chemini majores from the French Chemin as may be seen by the Laws of the same King Edward r 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Gul. Lambard inter L.L. boni Regis Edoard LL. 12 13. of which sort we had in all but four in England Watling-street the Foss Ikenild-street and Erming-street whereof two stretched themselves from Sea to Sea the length of the Land and the two other the bredth all misdemeanors committed in these falling under the cognizance of the King himself Pax autem quatuor Cheminorum intellige majorum sub majori judicio continetur ſ Ibidem 20. Beside these there were many others of like erection though of less extent by the ancient Romans called Vicinales quod in vicos ducebant i. e. from Colony to Colony from station to station which were also publick if compared with the more private Agrarian ways t ff Ne quid in loco c. L. §. quibus supra And these were after by King William called Chemini minores and were the ways as expresly described in the Laws of St. Edward the Confessor de Civitate ad Civitatem de Burgis ad Burgos ducentes per quos Mercata vebuntur cetera negotia fiunt c. all misdemeanors committed in these falling under the cognizance of the Earl or chief military Governor of the County or of his Vice-Comes or Sheriff 21. It will also be expedient to inform the Reader that both the Majores and Minores were somtimes raised and somtimes level with the ground u Nich. Bergier Histoire des grands Chemins de L'Empire Liv. 2. chapitre 17. and somtimes trenched and the raised ones somtimes only of earth and somtimes paved w Ibid. Chapitre 7. especially in moist and boggy grounds though it must also be acknowledged that we somtimes find them paved where there was little need which I guess might be done to exercise the Soldiers and common people of the Country least by lying idle they should have grown mutinous and affected alterations in the State But where they were indeed laid through meers and low places and necessity compelled them to raise and pave them we have the exact method of making them laid us down by Statius x Papin Surc Statii Silvar Lib. 4. in via Domitian Hic primus labor inchoare Sulcos Et rescindere limites alto Egestu penitus cavare terras Mox haustas aliter replere fossas Et summo gremium parare dorso Ne nutent Sola ne maligna sedes Et pressis dubium Cubile saxis i. e. that they first laid out the bounds then dug trenches removing the false earth then filled them with sound earth and paved them with stone that they might not sink or otherwise fail 22. Of the four Basilical Consular or Praetorian ways or Chemini majores I have met with but one that passeth through this County the discovery whereof yet I hope may prove acceptable because not described before or its footsteps any where noted by Sir H. Spelman Mr. Camden or any other Author that I have read or could hear of whereat indeed I cannot but very much wonder since it is called by its old name at very many places Ikenild way to this very day Some indeed call it Icknil some Acknil others Hackney and some again Hackington but all intend the very same way that stretches it self in this County from North-east to South-west coming into it out of Bucks at the Parish of Chinner and going out again over the Thames into Berks at the Parish of Goreing lying within the County in manner and form and bearing to the Parishes and Villages placed on each hand as described in the Map prefixed to this Essay by two shaded parallel lines made up of points which I have chose to shew that this way is not cast up in a ridged bank or laid out by a deep trench as some others are described also in the Map by two continued parallel lines that the Reader or such as please to view them hereafter may know where to expect a bank or trench and where no such matter 23. The reason I suppose why this way was not raised is because it lies along under the Chiltern hills on a firm fast ground having the Hills themselves as a sufficient direction Which is all worth notice of it but that it passes through no Town or Village in the County but only Goreing nor does it as I hear scarce any where else for which reason 't is much used by stealers of Cattle and secondly that it seems by its pointing to come from Norfolk and Suffolk formerly the Kingdom of the Iceni from whom most agree and perhaps rightly enough it received its name Icenild or Ikenild and to tend the other way West-ward perhaps into Devon-shire and Cornwall to the Lands end So much mistaken is Mr. Holinshed in his description of this way y Raph. Holinshed 's description of Britan lib. 1 cap 19. who fansied it began somwhere in the South and so held on toward Cirnecester and thence to Worcester Wicomb Brimicham Lichfleld Darby Chesterfield and crossing Watling-street somwhere in York-shire stretched forth in the end to the mouth of the Tine at the main Sea Yet the Learned Mr. Dugdale z Antiquities of Warwick-shire in Barlickway Hundred pag. 568. seeming to favor this opinion in his description of Ickle-street that passes through Warwick-shire I suspend my judgement till I have seen more of both 24. Amongst the many Vicinal ways or Chemini minores we have but one neither here of all those mentioned by Antoninus in his Itinerary and that is part of the Gual-Hen which signifies in Brittish antiquum Vallum that went between Pontes now Colebrook and the old City Caleva or rather as it was written in the ancientest Books Gallena a See Burton 's Commentary on Antoninus his Itinerary Itinere 7. à Regno Londinium to which our Fore-fathers adding the word Ford by reason of the shallowness of the River there and changing the letter G into W a thing frequently done by the Saxons b See Rich. Verstegan's
a Royal Seat there as in all probability likewise at Heddington near Oxford for though Tradition now goes that it was but the Nursery of the Kings Children whereof there remains yet upon the place some signs of foundations in a Field near the Town called Court-close yet it is plain that King Aethelred did somtimes at least reside there himself for he concludes a Charter or some such like Instrument wherein he grants Privileges to the Monastery of St. Frideswide here in Oxon. of his own Restoration in English thus This privilege was idith at Hedinton and after in Latin Scripta fuit haec Cedula jussu praefati Regis in villa Regia quae ...... appellatur die octavarum beati Andreae Apostoli his consencientibus p ...... qui subtus notati videntur Ego Aethelredus Rex hoc privilegium c k Monasticon Anglican Vol. 1. inter adde 〈…〉 129. Beside these the Kings of England had several other seats within this County not to mention again that Woodstock was one or that old Alcester was the seat of Alectus such as Beaumont just without the suburbs of Oxford the Birth-place of the valiant King Richard the First Langley upon the edge of the Forest of Whichwood a seat as Tradition has deliver'd it down to us of the unhappy King John who perhaps during the time of his Residence here might indeed build the Castle of Bampton which also Tradition informs us was of his foundation And Ewelm built indeed by William De la Pool Duke of Suffolk who marrying Alice the daughter and heir of Thomas Chaucer had a fair Estate hereabout but after upon the attaindure of John Earl of Lincoln and Edmund his brother Grand-children to the Duke it came to the Crown in the days of King Henr. 7. and was afterward made an Honor by laying unto it the Manor of Wallengford and several others by King Hen. 8. All which houses are mark'd out in the Map by the addition of a small Imperial Crown placed somwhere near them 130. As all places that gave title to ancient Barons most of whose Families long since have been extinguish'd are mark'd with a Coronet such are 1. The Baronies by ancient Tenure which were certain Territories held of the King who still reserved the Tenure in chief to himself whereof the ancientest in this County were those of Oxford and St. Valeric the head of the latter being the Town of Hoke-Norton e Camd. Britan. in Com. Oxon. both given by the Conqueror to Robert D'Oyly who accompanied him out of Normandy f Monasticon Angl. vol. 2. p. 2. The Barony of Arsic belonging to Manasser Arsic who florish'd An. 1103. 3 Hen. 1. the head of which Barony was Coggs near Witney Summerton and Hardwick in this County being other members of it 3. The Barony of Hedindon now Heddington given the 25 of Henr. 2. to Thomas Basset in Fee-farm whose Son Gilbert the Founder of Bisseter Priory in the first year of Richard the First was one of the Barons that attended at the Coronation And these are all the Baronies of ancient Tenure that were heretofore in Oxford-shire 131. In the beginning of the Reign of King Edward the First there were several other able men summon'd as Barons to Parliament that had not such Lands of ancient Tenure as those above had which were therefore stiled Barons by Writs of Summons to Parliament The first of these in Oxford-shire was William de Huntercomb whose seat still remains by the same name in the Parish of Tuffield who was summoned to Parliament by the Kings Writ bearing date the 23 of Edw. 1. The second I find was Joh. Gray of Rotherfield whose Ancestors being of a younger House of Walter Grey Arch-Bishop of York had Rotherfield given them beside many other possessions by the said Arch-Bishop He was summoned first to Parliament the 25 of Edw. 1. 132. And so was thirdly his next Neighbor Ralph Pipard of the other Rotherfield in the same year of the same King their seats having now almost quite changed their names for those of their owners one of them seldom being called otherwise than Pipard or Pepper and the other Grays Also fourthly John Baron Lovel of Minster-Lovel whose ancestors though Barons by tenure many years before as seised of the Barony of Castle-Cary in Somerset-shire yet dis-possest of that I know not by what means received summons to Parliament whil'st seated here at Minster 25 of Edw. 1. 133. The fifth of these Barons was Hen. le Tyes who having a grant of Sherbourn here in Oxford-shire from Richard Earl of Cornwall temp Henr. 3. which Sherbourn had formerly been a part of the Barony of Robert de Druis was summoned to Parliament the 28 of Edw. 1. And so was sixthly John de la Mare of Garsington the very same year To which should be added the Barons by Letters Patents of Creation so first made about the 11 of Rich. 2. But of these whose Barony is now vacant there is only seventhly the Lord Williams solemnly created Lord Williams of Thame the first of April 1 Mariae who had also summons the same time to the Parliament then sitting but his Patent it seems was never enrolled 134. For this account of these Baronies I acknowledge my self beholding to that Learned Antiquary William Dugdale Esq Norroy King at Arms in whose elaborate Volumes of the Baronage of England the Reader may receive more satisfaction concerning them Yet beside these as the people will have it the Manor of Wilcot was the head of a Barony one of the Barons whereof as tradition tells them lies buryed under a fair Monument in North-Leigh Church But the Writings of the present Proprietor my worthy Friend Mr. Cary of Woodstock whom yet I found inclined to believe some such thing being at London whereby otherwise it possibly might have been proved and the testimony of the people being too weak an evidence to build upon I have rather chosen to forbear then add a Coronet to the place 135. Beside the Saxon and Danish Fortifications above-mentioned there are others here in Oxford-shire of a later date either quite rased or in a manner useless and some of them too known but to few wherefore I have thought fit to give this short account of them To pass by therefore the Castle of Oxford so well known to be built by Robert d'Oyly who came in with the Conqueror and the Castles of Bampton and Banbury spoken of before the first that presents it self to my consideration is the old Castle of Deddington formerly Dathington g Thomas de la Moor in Hist vitae mortis Edv. 2. in principio which I take to be ancient and the very place no question to which Aymer de Valence Earl of Pembroke brought Piers de Gaveston the great Favorite of King Edward the Second and there left him to the fury of the Earls of Lancaster Warwick and Hereford who carrying him to Warwick after some time