more then half the number of suffrages is understood to be chosen to that office or dignity But because it may often happen that he who is judged fittest for such or such an office may be known to be unwilling to accept it and no man for fear of displeasing him may dare publicly to nominate him therefore to avoid that inconvenience each of the Pregadi writes down in a paper the name of him whom he would chuse to such a place which Scrolls are all together put into an urn and drawn out by the Great Chancellor one by one and the names written therein being openly read they are put to the ballot and on him who hath more then half the suffrages is such Office or Dignity conferred But when there is a Captain of the Armata to be made he that is in this manner chosen in the Council of Pregadi must be afterwards ballotted in the Great Council and have Competitors given him by the four sets of Electors in manner before related and he who hath most suffrages above the half is understood to be elected The Counsellours also and the Censors are elected partly by the Council of Pregadi and partly by the Great Council Of the COLLEGE The College is the third member of the Commonwealth and of great reputation It is made up principally of three sets or kinds of Magistrates First those they call Savi grande 2. Those they call Savi di terra ferma And 3. those they call Savi di mare The number of the Savi grandi is six of each of the other five in all sixteen And besides these of the Signoria that is the Duke the six Counsellors and the three heads or chiefs of the 40 Criminal Judges called Capi di Quaranta The Savi of the Sea who are otherwise called Savi à gli ordini take care of all maritime affairs as well such as concern peace and war as other matters The Savi of the Land manage and govern Land affairs such as appertain to peace and war and their especial charge is to keep account of all Souldiers that are in the Commonwealths pay The Savi grandi over-see and take care of both as well at home as abroad And their particular charge is to make provision both for Peace and war to write to and answer Princes Letters and finally to counsel and govern the whole Commonwealth It is to be noted that anciently the Savi grandi did include the authority and administration of the Savi of the Land whence the Savi grandi might intermeddle with the affairs belonging to the Land though not excluding the Savi of the Land In the same manner the Savi of the land included those of the Sea but were not included by them and therefore with the Savi of the Sea could take into their consideration Sea-affaâ—rs So that the Savi grandi included both the Savi of the Land and the Savi of the Sea the Savi of the Land only those of the Sea But in our times and not many years since the way of managing such affairs is a little altered For that by Law it is determined that the Authority and administration of the Savi of the land shall be equal to that of the Grand Savi only that of the Savi of the Sea remains in the same terms it was In old time there were no other then the Grand Savi afterward the naval power and command at Sea being encreased it was found necessary to create a Council for Sea affairs or Savi di mare The like happened afterward when the Republic began to grow great on the Land the Senate being constrained to create Savi di terra ferma which was presently after that Treviso came under their dominion Anciently the Savi di mare were of greater reputation then those of the terra ferma but after that the Dominion of the Commonwealth began to encrease upon the Land they bent their counsels and endeavours that way and so the Savi di mare lost their reputation and those of the Terra ferma gained it These three kinds of Magistrates are chosen by the Council of Pregadi in the same manner as the Proveditor of the Camp None can be made Savio grande unless he be of mature age and reputed of the greatest abilities The Savi of the Land are always men of reputation for prudence but not so great as the Savi grandi the Savi of the Sea are still of less esteem then they And at present this Magistracy serves rather to give young men occasion to exercise themselves in State-business then for any other purpose because in matters of moment the Savi grandi and Savi di terra ferma are always employed Each of these companies of Magistrates chuse one of themselves Praepositus or Prevost who is chief of that Magistracy for one week he propounds matters in the College and Records those things which are to be executed which appertain to his Magistracy The manner of proceeding and transacting public affairs in the College is this Every morning two hours after Sun-rising the College is convened N. B. whenever we speak of the College we understand the three Societies of Magistrates before-mentioned together with the Duke the Counsellors and the three Capi de Quaranta that is with the Signoria who have their places not only in this College but also in the Grand Council the Council of Pregadi and the Council of ten So that nothing is debated without their presence and intervention The College being assembled all those Letters are read that were received since their last meeting Audience is given to publick Oratours and Embassadours if any require it and each of the three Societies of Savi dispatch such business as appertains to them and was propounded and recorded by their Provost If therefore there be any business to be debated appertaining to the Grand Savi the Savi of the Land and of the Sea may be excluded but if it be not of very great importance they do not use to prohibit them to be present at such deliberations but their part is only to hear and hold their peace or if they do deliver their opinions yet are they not noted down to be brought into the Council of Pregadi but only the opinions of the Grand Savi the Counsellors the Capi de Quaranta and the Duke And to the end that the whole method and order of this administration may be the better understood by an example let us suppose there is a consultation to be had about some affairs appertaining to the Savi of the Sea they cannot exclude the Savi of the Land and the Grand Savi if they please to interpose and meddle with that affair After consultation had thereupon not only the Savi of the Sea but they of the Land and the Grand Savi the Duke also and the Counsellors and Capi de Quaranta may deliver their opinions if they please and according as they are
go up from the City to the Cloyster of the Camaldulenses Martagon Chymistarum Lob. Aristolochiarotunda Orobus sylvaticus Viciae foliis C. B. Laurus Chrysanthemum Bellidis folio Digitalis lutea vel pallida parvo flore C. B. Hemionitis multifida Horminum luteum glutinosum sive Colus Jovis Trifolium bituminosum quo nihil frequentius per totam Italiam Siciliam Cytisus hirsutus J. B. Whole woods of Chesnut Genista Hispanica Colutea tum vesicaria tum scorpioides Ferula Lob. Genista tinctoria Hispanica Vicia floribus pallidè luteis amplissimis After montanus lutens Salicis glabro folio Millefolium odoratum Hesperis sylvestris latifolia flo albo parvo Park Androsaemum foetidum sive Tragium Speculum veneris majus Pancratium Lob. In litore Neopolitano Lotus corniculata siliquis singularibus vel binis tenuis J. B. Tribulus terrestris copiosissimè Hyoscyamus albus Juncus cyperoides Maritimus Ad. Lob. In arenosis maritimis Italiae Siciliae frequens Mala insana Italis Melongena Neapoli in foro olitorio venalia Cucumis flexuosus anguinus Lob. ibidem Cucumeres Italis dicuntur Citrulli Melones aquatici cucumere Cucurbita anguina Lob. Malus Limonia fructu parvo Limoncelles dicto Neapoli Messinae Fructus nucleis caret hoc est raros nucleos habet In the night time we saw many Fisher-boats out at Sea with a light at one end of them to invite the Fish to follow the Boat where stands a fellow with an instrument in his hand like a mole-spear ready to strike them In the same Vessel which brought us to Naples we began our voyage to Messina in Sicily where we arrived May 2. We sailed in sight of the Aeolides or Vulcaniae insulae two of which viz. Stromboli and Vulcano do still burn and Stromboli with that rage sometimes that no man dares live upon it As we passed by in the night-time we saw it flame It is difficult to enter in at the mouth of the strait by the Faro of Messina because of the current which runs heer violently sometimes towards Calabria sometimes toward Sicily so that Mariners who have not often sailed this strait are forced to hire a Pilot of Messina to conduct them in who for the most part when they see any Vessel coming go out in boats to meet it and offer their service to guide it into the Harbour for which they will be well paid our Captain being forced to give ten pieces of Eight The Haven of Messina is very commodious and secure compassed almost round with the City on one side and a narrow languet or neck of land on the other resembling a large Fishpond The City makes a goodly show as one comes to it by Sea the houses all along the shore being built of Free-stone tall and uniform and having a fair broad Key before them But the streets within are narrow not well paved nor the houses near so fair So that it is a Proverb A Messâ—na Assai polvere pulce putane At Messina you have dust fleas and whores store This City pretends to be the principal and metropolis of Sicily Regni caput and will be no means give place to Palermo The Vice-roy is obliged to reside 18 months heer and 18 at Palermo They stand much upon their privileges granted them by Charles the fifth Emperor and one privilege they have not to shew their privileges They contend earnestly to have the staple or monopoly of Silk heer and had lately obtained a grant thereof from Spain but the Palermitans seeing how much this would redound to their prejudice have got it reversed It seems formerly all the Silk made in Sicily was vended at Messina but by degrees Palermo hath got part of this trade to its self and now pleads prescription for it There is a great emulation and enmity between the Palermitans and Messanese which involves the whole Island some Cities taking part with one and some with the other The titles the Messanese give their City in their public instruments and writings are the Noble and Exemplary City of Messina The Inhabitants are none of the most civil but extraordinarily proud and ready to expel the Vice-roy if he displeases them The King of Spain hath 4 Castles in and about this City and the Citizens as many in their hands The City Gates stand open all night so that its free for any man to enter in and go out at pleasure Their government among themselves is by six Jurats four of the Gentry and two of the Citizens They are chosen after this manner Every year there is a certain number who do ambire magistratum or as they phrase it concur to come in cap sometimes more sometimes fewer The Gentlemen chuse by themselves and the Citizens by themselves The names of all the Gentlemen of aboue 25 years of age and likewise of all the Artisans and Tradesmen are written in little scrolls of paper and those rolled up and cast upon a table Then comes in the Kings delegate and takes up of each heap of these scrolls to the number of 36 and those are the Electors These Electors are brought into a room where are boxes set according to the number of Competitors and have balls given them blue and white the blue affirmative and the white negative and they give to every one of the Candidates their suffrages as they please Those eight of the Noblemen and four of the Citizens which have most suffrages are elected and come in cap. Now on the first of May these 12 have their names written in little scrolls of paper put in a cap and a little boy puts his hand in and takes out one by one to the number of six and those six are the Jurats for that year The Jurats for the Nobility though they be the greater number yet can they do nothing without the consent of one of the Jurats for the Citizens After all this stir these Jurats have but little power nothing to do either in civil or criminal causes of any moment Of Plants we found heer on the baich or languet of land between the Haven of Messina and the Fretum Siculum Peucedanum majus Italicum Linaria angustifolia flore luteo vulgapersimilis Sideritis verticillis spinosis J. B. Faenugraeco sylvestri Tragi in quibusdam accedens planta J. B. Some call this plant Vicia Sesamacea Apula I think it might be fitly titled Glaux peregrina annua Vicia maritima multiflora alba Messanensis nobis dicta Spina Solstitialis flore connivente capitulis sessilibus An Solstitialis mitior Apula Col Thlaspi clypeatum hieracifolium majus Park Trifolium stellatum C. B. Polygonum niveum Securidaca siliquis planis dentatis Ger. Trifolium capitulis globosis sine pediculis caulibus adnexis In Anglia hanc speciem nupet invenimus Gramen tremulum maximum Melilotus Messanensis procumbens folliculis flavicantibus per maturitatem rugosis sublongis spicâ florum breviore verùm seminibus grandioribus
well be accounted the boldest piece of Architecture as he saith that I think the world hath seen The Roof arched or vaulted and the vault divided into great squares or panes like wainscot after the old Roman fashion the ribs and transverse borders which terminate those squares or pannels being channelled and richly gilded and the area of each square almost fill'd up with a gilt rose The oval Portico encompassing a large area before the Church consisting of 4 rows of great stone pillars standing so thick that they show like a grove of great trees The stately porch to which you ascend out of this area by 24 steps not to mention the incrustation of some part of the walls with polished marble the excellent statues stately Altars rare pictures and other ornaments render this Church truly admirable and in all respects I will not say comparable to but excelling the best in the world During our stay at Rome we rode forth to see 1. Frescati 12 Italian miles distant anciently called Tusculum where Cicero had a villa or Countrey-house of which as yet they shew some remains Heer are at present 3 noted ville 1. That of the Borghesi with the palace called Mondragone and two others 2. The Villa Aldobrandina or Belvedere belonging to Prince Pamphylio 3. The Villa Ludovisia all of them for walks groves Labyrinths gardens and other ornaments not inferiour to the best about Rome and for cascates or falls of water wetting sports and other ingenious water-works beyond them What we took more especial notice of as having not before seen was the imitation of a tempest or storm of thunder and rain This artificial thunder they call Girandola 2. Tivoli anciently Tibur 18 Italian miles off Rome Of this City Horace was much enamoured praying that it might be the seat and retirement of his old age Tibur Argeo positum colono Sit meae sedes utinam senectae Sit modus lasso maris viarum militiaeque It stands like Frescati on the brow of a hill and overlooks the Campagna of Rome Heer are some remains of ancient temples and other buildings and a remarkable cascate of the river Aniene or Teverone The villa of Este for gardens and orchards walks and groves the Girandola and other water works is nothing inferiour to those at Frescati About 5 miles distant from Tivoli we passed over the Sulphur-river the water whereof is warm of a blewish colour and noisom smell much like to that of the Sulphur-well at Knareburgh in Yorkshire It encrusts the channel it runs in with a whitish kind of friable stone which in many places in the bottom and sides of the channel congeals in the figure of confects or sugar-plums which they call Confetti de Tivoli Of these you have boxes full to be sold at Rome so exactly resembling confects both for figure and colour that no man can distinguish them but they are not naturally found so figured as they would make strangers believe but artificially made so by casting in moulds About Frescati we found great store of Styrax arbor growing wild in the hedges which we found no where else beyond the Seas The Campagna of Rome seems to be good land but is esteemed a very bad air and unhealthful Countrey to live in which is the reason it is so desolate and thin of inhabitants I had almost forgot one natural Phaenomenon we observed at Rome which did a little surprise us In sharp â—rosty weather in the middle of Winter the water which the servants brought up to wash with in the morning was hot to that excess that we did verily believe they had heated it over the fire nor could we be perswaded of the contrary till we went down to the fountain and found it there of equal temper with what was brought up It was formerly taken for granted by the Peripatetic Schools that fountains of springing water are hotter in cold weather or winter and colder in hot or summer than at other times the reason whereof they assigned to be an Antiperistasis satisfying themselves with that and seeking no further Later Philosophers who could not content themselves with the notion of Antiperistasis chose rather to deny the truth of the experiment and affirmed that fountain-water was not really warmest in the coldest weather or coldest in the hottest but only seemed so to our sence the temper of which is much altered according to the difference of the weather So that what is much colder than our temper in hot weather is not much colder in cold weather and so seems not so cold and on the contrary Or thus We judging of the heat and cold of other things by the proportion they bear to the temper of the air about us when the air is very cold though the water hath the same degree of cold it had before yet it may be hotter then the air and consequently seem to us actually hot and vice versa But for my part whatever the reason be I must needs assert the truth of the experiment being very confident that the water at least of some sources doth not only seem to be but really is much hotter in cold frosty weather than at other times else this water could not possibly have seemed to us as it did more than luke-warm Great store of rain falls heer in winter time to make amends for the extraordinary heat and drought of the summer Rome is a place not only well worth the seeing but very convenient to sojourn in there being wherewithal to entertain and divert men of all sorts of humors and tempers The present Romans seemed to me in their houses and furniture particularly their beds and lodging in their diet in their manners and customs and in their very pronunciation so liquid plain and distinct more to symbolize and agree with us English then any other people of Italy whether it were that we learned of them or they of us or both mutually of each other when there was that great commerce and entercourse between us and that City for so many years together To describe at large the Court of Rome with all its Officers and Ministers the Ecclesiastical government of the Romish Church in general their Ceremonies and shows the civil government of the territories subject to the Pope and particularly of the City of Rome the interest of the Pope and the terms he stands in with other Princes would require a volume alone and therefore I shall chuse rather wholly to omit those particulars for the present and pass on to the description of our succeeding voyage January 24. 1664. We departed from Rome and began our journey to Venice riding along the Via Flaminia and passing the Tiber again by the Ponte Molle or Pons Milvius At 7 miles distance from Rome we passed a small village called Prima porta Some suppose that anciently the City extended thus far which conjecture I conceive is grounded upon the name of this place Eight miles further riding
remote from Commerce The Inhabitants reap no small benefit from the frequency of Strangers which in the Summer-time repair thither in great numbers to drink the Medicinal Waters There is one Well called Pouhont within the Town in the Market-place which tasts strong of Vitriol the Virtues whereof are contained in this Distich written over it Obstructum reserat durum terit humida siccat Debile fortificat si tamen arte bibis The other Wells are at a good dâ—â—â—nce from the Town 1. Sauvenir to the Eastward about an hours walk remote 2. Geronster as far to the Southward and 3. Tonnelet about the mid-way between Pouhont and Sauvenir These Waters seemed to me more brisk and sprightly and better sated with Mineral Juices than any I have tasted in England and doubtless are more nimble and vigorous in their Operations But of their several Natures and Virtues Henricus ab Heer 's hath written a particular Treatise entitled Spadacrene to which I refer the Reader that is desirous to know more of them In the Woods and upon the Rocks near this Town we found many rare Plants which we had not before met with I mean spontaneously growing in their natural places viz. Asclepias flore albo Polygonatum minus Cyanus major Rapunculus spicatus Campanula persicifolia Sideritis flore pallido similis Ladano segetum c. June 28. From the Spaw we travelled to Aken passing through Limbourg three hours distant a Town considerable for its Strength being situate on the side of a Hill and encompassed with a strong Wall and Trench not for its Bigness it consisting only of one short broad Street nor for its Beauty the Buildings being all of Wood. The Garrison at our being there was about 300 Soldiers Before we entred the Town we were met upon the way by some of these Soldiers who very insolently stopt our Horses demanding Money of us which we were forced to give according to their discretion before they would let us pass which though it were no considerable Sum yet was more than we were willing should be violently extorted from us When we were past the Town we met also with many of these Straglers by whom it was told us many Robberies are committed hereabout Aken called by the French Aix la Chappelle to distinguish it I suppose from Aix in Provence is a free City of the Empire very considerable for its Strength and Greatness being encompassed with a double Wall and having in it 30 Churches About now some 15 years ago here happened a lamentable Fire which almost ruined the Town burning down to the ground 4500 Houses from which Calamity it was not half recovered at the time of our being there In the great Piazza or Market-place is a handsom Fountain with this Inscription about the edges of the Basin Hîc aquis per Granum Principem quendam Romanum Neronis Agrippae fratrem inventis calidorum fontium thermae à principio constructae postea verò per D. Carolum Magnum Imp. constituto ut locus hic sit caput regni sedes trans Alpes renovatae sunt quibus thermis hîc gelidus fons influxit olint quem nunc demum hoc aeneo vase illustravit S. P. Q. Aquisgranensis Anno Domini 1620. The Iron Crown wherewith the Emperor is crown'd and the Sword of Charlemaigne which he holds when he is crown'd and is obliged to wear by his side three days together and wherewith he creates Noblemen as also the Gospels said to be written by the Evangelists own hands are here kept and every Coronation sent to Frankfurt The Chair wherein the Emperor sits when he is crown'd here hath its Sides of Ivory and its Bottom as they fondly imagine of the Wood of Noah's Ark. This City according to the best information we could get there is governed by a Maior two Consuls or Burgomasters fourteen Scabins and about 120 Senators or Counsellors The Maior is President of the Scabins and executes their Sentences he is put in by the Duke of Gulick and continues during Life modò bene se gesserit The Consuls are chosen by the Suffrage of the several Companies of the City and continue two years modò bene se gesserint every year there is one chosen One that is no Senator may be chosen Consul or Burgomaster and yet these have the chief power The Scabins are Judges and continue during Life when one of them dies the rest chuse another in his place The Senators are chosen by the several Companies of which there are about fourteen or fifteen in this City Every Company chuses eight Half the Senate are yearly chosen The Territory of this City is large containing about 200 Villages and is for the most part encompassed with Mountains We saw here the manner of making Brass of Copper by mingling and melting therewith Lapis Calaminaris which changes the colour thereof from red to yellow and increaseth the weight by thirty in the Hundred But that for which this Place is most remarkable and from which it took its Name are the Hot Baths of which there are several within the Walls and others without at Borcet a great Village less than an English mile distant The Waters of Borcet at the Sources where they issue out of the Earth are much hotter than those of the Bath in England and the Springs more plentiful The People there told us and I can easily believe them that they will serve to boil Eggs in Their Tast seemed to us saltish They are used outwardly for Bathing and taken inwardly for many Diseases As we walked to Borcet we could not but take notice of a Pool whose Waters were almost tepid by reason of a little Stream from the Hot Baths running through it wherein we were assured were bred and fed good store of Fish which are put into cold Water for a moneth or two before they eat them But of the Nature Kinds Ingredients and Uses of the several hot Waters as well those of the City as of Borcet the following abstract of an Epistolary Discourse concerning them written in French and published by Francis Bloudel M. D. will give the Reader more particular Information Observations concerning the Baths of Aken collected out of an Epistolary Discourse Published in French by Francis Blondel M. D. NOt to trouble the Reader with the various Opinions of Antient and Modern Philosophers concerning the Cause of the actual Heat of natural Baths our Authors accompt thereof in reference to these of Aken is in brief as follows These Waters saith he passing through a certain argillaceous Earth pregnant with a kind of nitrous Salt almost of the same tast with the Waters of the Baths which is to be found in good quantity in the lands about this City charge themselves therewith and so become a menstruum capable of dissolving such Minerals and Metals as are conteined in the Veins of the Earth through which they run This Solution he conceives is made by piercing
the universal Deluge in the time of Noah when the Mountains were covered I answer that that Deluge proceeded from Rain which was more likely to carry Shells down to the Sea than to bring any upwards from it But because some may argue from what the Scripture saith The fountains of the great deep were broken up that the Deluge proceeded partly from a breaking forth and overflowing of the Sea and consequently might bring in these Shells To that I answer that had it been so such a Flood would have been more likely to scatter such Shells as it brought in indifferently all over the surface of the Earth than to lay them in great beds in particular places such beds seem to have been the effect of those Animals breeding there for some considerable time If it be said that those Mountains where such Shells are found might at first have been low places and afterwards raised up by Earthquakes that seems not likely because they are found upon so many Mountains unless it be said that all Mountains were at first so raised and then the former difficulty will recurr and it will follow that before the raising of the first Mountains the whole Earth was covered by the Sea Besides this Hypothesis seems to me in itself improbable for that though there be mention made in Histories of some such Mountains raised by Earthquakes yet they are but very few and of no considerable highth or greatness compared with those chains of high and vast Mountains the Alps Pyrenees Appennine Taurus Caucasus Imaus Haemus Atlas c. In general since the most antient times recorded in History the face of the Earth hath suffered little change the same Mountains Islands Promontories Lakes Rivers still remaining and very few added lost or removed Whence it will follow that if the Mountains were not from the beginning either the World is a great deal older than is imagined or believed there being an incredible space of time required to work such changes as raising all the Mountains according to the leisurely proceedings of Nature in mutations of that kind since the first Records of History or that in the primitive times and soon after the Creation the earth suffered far more concussions and mutations in its superficial part than afterward II. Among these petrified Shells are many sorts which are not at this day that we know of any where to be found nay some proceed so far as to affirm that there is not the like to any one of these supposed petrified Shells to be found among our present Shell-fishes If it be said that these Species be lost out of the World that is a supposition which Philosophers hitherto have been unwilling to admit esteeming the destruction of any one Species to be a dismembring the Universe and rendring it imperfect whereas they think the Divine Providence is especially concerned to preserve and secure all the Works of the Creation Yet granting that some few Species might be lost it is very unlikely that so many should and still more unlikely that such as were so diffused all over Europe and found in so many places but most of all that a whole Genus of which there were so many several Species and those scattered in so many distinct and from each other remote places should be so utterly extinct and gone at least out of our Seas that there should not one in an age be found Such are for example the Serpentine Stones or Cornua Ammonis supposed originally to have been Nautili of which I my self have seen five or six distinct Species and doubtless there are yet many more Add heerunto the greatness of some of these Shells viz. the Cornua Ammonis whereof there are found of about a foot Diameter far exceeding the bulk of any Shell-fish now breeding or living in our Seas The second Opinion is of those who imagine these bodies to have been the effects and products of some Plastic power in the Earth and to have been formed after the manner of Diamants and other pretious Stones or the Crystals of coagulated Salts by shooting into such figures Of these bodies my very ingenious and learned Friend Mr. Martin Lister discourses in a Letter of his inserted in the Philosoph Transact Numb 76. to this purpose upon occasion of Mr. Steno's Prodromus We will easily believe that in some Countries and particularly along the shore of the Mediterranean Sea there may all manner of Shell-fishes be found promiscuously included in rocks or earth and at good distances too from the Sea But for our English inland Quarries which also abound with infinite numbers and great varieties of Shells I am apt to think there is no such matter as petrifying of Shells in the business or as Steno explains himself Pag. 84. in the English version alibi that the substance of these Shells formerly belonging to Animals hath been dissolved or wasted by the penetrating force of Juices and that a stony substance is come in the place thereof but that these Cochlelike Stones ever were as they are at present Lapides sui generis and never any part of an Animal That they are so at present is in effect confessed by Steno in the above-cited page and it is most certain that our English Quarry-shells to continue that abusive name have no parts of a different texture from the Rock or Quarry they are taken that is that there is no such thing as Shell in these resemblances of Shells but that Iron-stone Cochles are all Iron-stone Lime or Marble all Lime-stone and Marble Spar or Crystalline Shells all Spar c. and that they never were any part of an Animal My Reason is that Quarries of different Stone yield us quite different sorts or Species of Shells not only one from another as those Cochle-stones of the Iron-stone Quarries of Adderton in Yorkshire differ from those found in the Lead-Mines of the neighbouring Mountains and both these from that Cochle-Quarry of Wansford-Bridge in Northamptonshire and all thee from those to be found in the Quarries about Gunthorp and Beauvoâ—r-Castle c. but I dare boldly say from any thing in Nature besides that either the Land salt or fresh Waters do yield us 'T is true that I have picked out of that one Quarry of Wansford very resemblances of Murices Tellinae Turbines Cochleae c. and yet I am not convinc'd when I particularly examined some of our English Shores for Shells as also the fresh Waters and the Fields that I did ever meet with any one of those Species of Shells any where else but in their respective Quarries whence I conclude them Lapides sui generis and that they were not cast in any Animal mould whose Species or race is yet to be found in being at this day Thus far Mr. Lister The like Argument also Goropius Becanus uses to prove that these Bodies are not petrified Shells Scallop-shells saith he are so rare upon the shores of Flanders that they are brought thither by
farm out the excise of it the three Camerlinghi di commune who receive and disburse all the public Revenue we might English them Treasurers the three Signori alle Ragioni vecchie who are to disburse what is necessary for the entertainment of forein Princes and Embassadors coming to the City and what else is appointed them by the Common-wealth the three alle Ragioni nuove who are to exact what is due to the Common-wealth of those who have farmed the public custom and excise and to punish them that are slack and run behind hand the three Proveditori di commune who take care that Ships be made of just bigness and not freighted beyond their measure oversee the high-ways and bridges as also all the Arts of the City and the small Schools or Fraternities for the Capi de Dieci are set over the great ones the three that are over the Arsenal the three Proveditori sopra le Camere who take account of the general Collectors of the revenues of all the Cities subject to the Common-wealth the three Proveditors à dieci Officii who exact and gather up such moneys of the public customs or excise as are not fully and absolutely sifted and examined by the Custom-Officers the three Cataueri who have also to do with part of the public revenue as Escheats to the Commonwealth in case a man dies intestate and without heirs mulcts of such as are cast in a Suit they judge also concerning treasures found either at sea or land Those that enter into the Council and have no suffrages are the College or Company of the Savi The Proveditors sopra le Acque who are to take care of the Lagune and scouring the chanels c. The Dieci Savii who see that tithes be duly set out and paid give possession register Bargains and Sales c. The three Officers of Health who take care that the City be kept clean and nothing noisome or offensive left in the Streets nothing that is corrupted or that may cause sickness and infection bought and sold either by land or water from these Mountebanks and Physicians take licenses and they keep account of the number of Whores who are licensed and in time of any Epidemical Disease they have absolute power of life and death The three over the Datii or public Customs and Excise the Proveditors over the of Alexandria the twelve over that of Damascus and the twelve over that of London The Pregadi were so called as some think because anciently they were assembled by public Ministers and by them as it were prayed and entreated that they would come and consult of the affairs of the Commonwealth The Pregadi properly so called are chosen by the Gr. Council as the other Magistrates are in the manner before related They begin so soon to chuse them that all of them may be elected by the beginning of October at which time they enter upon their Office The Giunta or other 60 are chosen both by the Council of the old Pregadi and the Great Council in this manner Upon Michaelmas day the Council of the old Pregadi is assembled wherein each one of those that have suffrages nominates the person whom he would have to be of the Giunta All the nominated are written down The next day the Great Council is convened and the names of all the persons nominated by the Pregadi having been first read are put into an urn and thence one by one drawn out be one of the Secretaries and balloted by the Council and he that obtains above half of the suffrages is reckoned to be one of the Giunta The other Magistrates comprehended in this Council it matters not at what time they be created because when the Pregadi enter upon their administration those who at present exercise such offices are numbred among them as members of the Council and if their offices determine before the Pregadi's their successours enter in their places Besides those who assist the Commonwealth in a time of need with their estates lending such a sum of mony as the Law determines have liberty granted them to be present in this Council and to understand the management of public affairs yet without power of balloting till such time as their moneys be repaid and sometimes longer For the Law prescribes them such a time to enjoy this honour though their mony be repaid them before By this constitution the Commonwealth reaps a double benefit First it seldom wants mony upon any exigent many being willing to lend that they may enjoy this privilege Secondly it trains up young men to the knowledge of State-affairs and qualifies and enables them to manage public business when they shall be thereto called The Pregadi are assembled as often as it pleases the College A Council is also granted to the Magistrates when they would confirm any Law and to the Auvogadors when they have any difficult case to bring in to be determined The time of their meeting is signified by the tolling of a Bell it is also a custom to send to give notice and invite them by public Serjeants or Ministers They cannot enter into any consultation about public business unless there be present four of the Counsellours and 60 at least of such as have suffrages In this Council are consultations had and resolutions taken about Peace and War truces and agreements and ways of providing money for the necessities and uses of the Commonwealth How these affairs are treated of will appear when we shall come to speak of the College Laws are also confirmed in this Council which are first considered by those Magistrates who are over that business to which such Laws appertain Such Magistrates come first to the College and there shew either the necessity or the benefit and utility of such Laws as they would introduce and if the College approves of them then they are permitted to bring them into the Council of Pregadi and if they pass there then are they valid and published by public bando or Proclamation after which every one is obliged to take notice of them and observe them and the Magistrate that introduced them is to see that they be put in execution They use also sometimes to get their laws confirmed not only in the Council of Pregadi but also in the Great Council The which thing saith my Author is I suppose principally in the power of him who brings in the Law to do and is usually done to gain more reputation and add strength to the Law Besides in the Council of Pregadi is chosen a Captain of the Armata in case the Commonwealth hath occasion to make war by Sea and a Proveditor of the Camp when they make war by Land those three kinds of Magistrates which they call i. e. Savi grandi Savi di Terra ferma Savi di mare which elections are made after this manner Each one of the Pregadi nominates one whom he pleases All that are so nominated are balloted and he that obtains
Ligorn Livorno called anciently Portus Liburnus some 10 or 12 miles distant This Town is not large and but low built yet very pleasant and uniform having streight streets and a spacious Piazza in the middle It stands in an open level without mountain or hillock within 5 miles of it on any side It is well-fortified with walls and bastions and a deep trench round except on the Sea-side and secured with a good Garrison being one of the most considerable and important places in all Tuscany Since the Great Duke made it a free port it hath encreased mightily in trading and riches great numbers of Merchants from all Nations resorting hither and most of the bargains for the commodities of the whole Levant being heer driven The greatest part of the Inhabitants are Strangers and Jews which last are esteemed one third of the whole number of people and thought to amount to 5000 persons and upward Before these privileges granted to Ligorn when it was thin of Inhabitants it was accounted a very bad air and an unhealthful place by reason of the fens and marshes adjoyning but now since it is become populous the multitude of fires as is supposed hath so corrected the air that people enjoy their health as well and live as long heer as in any other Town or City of Italy Near the Haven is a very magnificent statue of Ferdinand I. Great Duke about the pedestal whereof are 4 brass Statues of slaves chained of a gigantick bulk and stature The haven within the mole is but small but heer is good riding for Ships without The Great Duke in Lent time uses to make his residence in this Town heer being great variety of good fish taken in the Sea near hand and to be sold at reasonable rates all other provisions being dear enough In Ligorn we saw workmen filing of marking-stones called in Latine Lapis galactites morochthus in Italian Pictra lattaria which they told us were found at Monte negro and thereabout some 5 miles distant from Ligorn and from hence transported into France Spain England the Low Countreys c. Of the dust and filings of this stone they make the body of power for hair as the workmen informed us Of Plants we observed about Ligorn Kali geniculatum majus in the marshes by the Sea-side Absinthium Seriphium Gallicum Polium montanum album C. B. Medica doliata spinosa Medica cochleata Spinosa Med. marina on the Sands Caltha arvensis C. B. Hyacinthus palustris vernus flosculis fimbriatis albis Hyacinthus comosus Ger. Lathyrus flore coccineo Vicia luteo flore sylvestris Ochrus sive ervilia Dod. these three last among the Corn as also Gla. diolus Narbonensis Lob. Telephium scorpioides Anguill in arenosts Phyteuma Monspeliensium Cichorium pratense vesicarium Col. Medica Scutellata J. B. Iris humilis violacea latifolia eadem flore albo in rupibus ad mare Herniaria hirsuta Allii species an Ampeloprassum Ferrum equinum Lob. Orchis macrophyllâ—s Columnae Trifolium fragiferum sive vesicarium floribus nitidis rubellis flosculis velut in umbella parva dispositis Chrysanthemum Bellidis folio Hort. Pat. inter segetes Buphthalmum Cotulae folio C. B. an Chrysanthem Valentinum Clusii Anthyllis leguminosa flo purpureo Cruciata minima muralis Col. Peplus minor J. B Ageratum sive Balsamita mas A sort of Draba with a white flower Hieracium perfoliatum besides many which we had found in other places as that sort of Dorycnium which J. Bauhinus calls Trifolium album rectum hirsutum valdè Carduus Chrysanthemus Narbonensis which Lobel calls Eryngium luteum Monspeliensium Heliotropium majus Carduus solstitialis Ger. Cichoreum pratense verrucarium in arvis passim Blattaria flore luteo Convolvulus minimus spicifolius Lob. Melissa sylvest hirsutior minùs odorata Dorycnio congener planta Rapistrum monospermon Ammi vulgare Passerina Tragi Sideritis vulgaris Aster luteus foliis ad florem rigidis Stoebe major caliculis non splendentibus Between Pisa and Ligorn we noted Leucoium bulbosum majus polyanthemum Ger. in the marshes near Pisa plentifully Aristolochia clematitis Aster conyzoides nobis dictus Asparagus altilis Gramen supinum aculeatum J. B. Besides these we observed some which grow wild in England but more rarely as Leucoium marinum majus folio sinuato Orchis fuciflora galeâ alis herbidis Hyacinthus stellaris vernus minor Eranthemum sive flos Adonis Trifolium pumilum supinum flosculis longis albis P. B. Ferrum equinum Germanicum siliquis in summitate C. B. At Ligorn finding a good Dutch Vessel ready to set sail for Naples we put our selves aboard her The wind not favouring us we spent five days in this passage before we reached our Port. The Captain of the Ship told us that heerabouts usually in the forenoon the wind blows from the Land and in the afternoon from the Sea so that it is Easterly in the forenoon and Westerly in the afternoon We also observed in this Voyage that about Sun-set the wind fell so that soon after Sun-set there was little or no wind stirring and likewise several days about Sun-rising we had but little wind In our return backwards from Messina to Naples and from Naples to Ligorn we observed that the wind for the most part sate contrary to us And the Sea men told us that this was general in Summer time So that you have a much quicker passage from Ligorn to Naples and thence to Messina than backwards We observed also that the wind follows the Sun so that every morning we could make some use of the wind to sail with but in the afternoon none at all which agrees exactly with our Captains observation the land lying Eastward and the Sea West Our Captain also told us that when they made a Voyage from Holland to the West-Indies they sailed down the Coast of Africa as far Southward as the place in the West-Indies whither they intended to go lay and then steer'd directly Westward both the wind blowing constantly from the East and the Sea also running the same way Which relation of his concurring with the general vogue of Mariners if true doth much confirm the opinion of the diurnal motion of the earth When they return backwards from thence into Holland they go round about the Bay of Mexico and up a good way northward and then strike over to Europe the water being reflected as he said that way and the wind also often blowing that way Naples lies by the Sea side under hills in form of a Theater for its figure and situation much like to Genua but somewhat bigger and much more populous so that before the last great Plague which swept away as we were credibly informed at least 120000 souls one might well reckon the number of Inhabitants to have been about three hundred thousand The circuit of the walls is not above seven Italian miles but it hath large Suburbs The Town is well built of stone the
Communities he is obliged during his Office to reside in the City The lake of Zugh hath great variety of fish more then any other lake of Switzerland if the people there may be believed They named to us Eels Carps Perches Trouts Salmons which is very strange there being no way for them to get thither but up the Rhene and so they must have a course of above 500 miles and besides there being at Wasserfal a huge Catarract of the whole river which one would think it were impossible to pass Esch called by the Italians Temelo and in English Grayling Trisea or Trasine in English Eelpout Pikes of which we saw one taken that weighed 30 pound Weiss-fish or Alberlin called at Geneva Farra This fish is taken in the lake of Bala in Merionethshire in Wales and there called Guiniad from the whiteness of it and in Huls-water near Pereth in Cumberland and there called Schelley Hassler which I take to be the Charre of Winandermere in Westmerland and the Torgoch of Northwales Balla Nase called by Naturalists Nasus Breams Crevises and a great many sorts more to the number of at least 50. In many of the shadowy lanes we passed through about Stantz Zug and elsewhere we observed growing plentifully Aublatum Cordi or Dentaria aphyllos We travelled from Zug to Zurich which is 5 good hours riding But of that City we have already written From Zurich we rode to Mellingen a free Town not far from Baden 4 good leagues and then through a little walled Town belonging to the Bernese called Lensburgh and lodged at Arauw a considerable Town upon the river Aar subject also to the Bernese 4 short leagues We travelled a streight rode passing no considerable Town till we arrived at Soloturn 9 leagues distant from Arauw This though it be the head of a Canton is no large Town nor very considerable for its strength We diverted out of the common rode to Geneva to see Bern 6 hours distant from Soloturn This is a handsome City built all of stone though the houses be not tall It hath one fair long street with narrow portico's or Cloysters on each side It lies stretched out in length upon a hill which I may call a Peninsula it is so almost begirt about with the river On that side where it is not compassed with the river it is strongly fortified with good bastions and outworks The Founder of this City as also of Friburg in Switzerland and Friburg in Brisgoia was Berchtoldus Duke of Zerin as appears by the inscription upon their moneys To him they have erected a monument in the great Church This Church is one of the handsomest stone-fabrics in all Switzerland The territory of this City is more then on third part of the Countrey of the Suisses and is divided into 60 Praefecturae or Bailyages besides 4 which are common to them with Friburg For this reason there must needs be many rich men in the City though they have but little trade The Landtvogts or Bayliffs continue in office 6 years during which time they enrich themselves well yet do not their subjects complain but acknowledge themselves well used by their Governours Heer they keep 5 or 6 Bears in a pit These Bears I observed to climb the firr-trees growing in the pit and delighting to sit on the tops of them like birds on a perch The Arms of the Town is also a Bear which they took I suppose alluding to their name Bern And they first coyned the mony called Batzes from the figure of a bear stamped upon it which afterward all the Cantons imitated calling it also by the same name From Bern we rode to Friburg a handsome Town and the head of a Canton built upon a hill almost begirt with a river after the manner of Bern and by the same Founder on all sides environed with hills save where it is continuous to the land Their territory is surrounded with and enclosed in the territory of Bern. From Friburg we travelled through Maulton to Lausanna a great Town and an University and from Lausanna April 19. through Morges a large Town Rolle and Nion considerable Towns by the lake of Geneva's side and Verfoy a little Town on the lake near Geneva belonging to the French and came to our lodging at Geneva where we rested and sojourned near 3 months The Governments of Soloturn Bern and Friburg are much like that of Lucern In Soloturn the number of the lesser Council is 35 and of the greater 115. When one of the 35 dies the 34 remaining chuse one into his place out of the 115. When one of the 115 dies or is advanced the rest chuse one into his place out of the number of the Citizens In Bern the greater Council consists of 200 and the lesser as we were told there of 42 though Simler makes them but 26. These Councils are chosen by 20 Electors and the Sculthess viz. the four Signiferi of the City and 16 whom they pick out of the whole body of the Citizens and joyn with themselves In Friburg the lesser Council is of 24 and the greater of 200. When one of the lesser Council dies they chuse one into his place out of the greater and when one of the greater dies or is removed the lesser as I understood them chuse one into his place out of the number of the Citizens All these Cities have 2 Sculteti or Consuls who rule alternis annis He that desires a more full and particular account of the government of these Cities may consult Simler de Repub Helvetiorum Each of the Cantons have some Saint or other to be their Patron and protector whose image the popish Cantons set on the reverse of their monies v. g. S. Oswald a King of England Protector of Zug In their Church they have his reliques and have set up his image on horseback The Protestant Cantons are Zurich Bern Basel Sehafhausse part of Glaris and part of Appenzel That which most frequently breeds differences a quarrels among the Suitzers is the business of the common vogties or Bailywicks For most of these I mean the Dutch ones being of the reformed religion are oppressed and injured by the Popish Lantvogts the Protestant Cantons not knowing how either to help and relieve them or retaliate For the Popish Cantons being more in number than the Protestants they send Lantvogts to these places twice to the Protestants once This one of the Ministers of Zurich told me wad fundi sui calamitas and occasioned the two late breaches among them The Switzers on each side are very stiff in their Religion the Papists not permitting or tolerating one Protestant nor the Protestants one Papist in their proper territories Though the Cantons adhering to the Church of Rome are more in number yet the reformed are much the greater besides that their land is better very like to ours in England The Romanists are accounted the better Souldiers and
good reason they have being more exercised in War serving the Spanish and French Kings as being of the same Religion Besides the Zurichers who anciently had the reputation for valour are now much given to merchandise and to accumulate riches and so taken off from martial studies and exercises The Bernese though they have far the greatest and best territory of all so that it 's said they can arm as many men as the Dutchy of Milan send into the field 100000 Souldiers and yet leave enough at home to till the land yet have they no reputation for Souldiers they lost their credit quite in the late skirmish with the Lucernese who account them rather Savoyards than Switzers All the Cantons of Switzerland coyn money except Appenzel Vnderwald and Glaris of which Glaris formerly hath coined though now it doth not All the Swizzers in general are very honest people king and civil to strangers One may travel their Countrey securely with a bag of gold in his hand When we came to out Inns they would be troubled if we distrusted them so far à s to take our Portmanteau's into our lodging-chambers and not leave them in the common dining rooms They keep their houses very clean and polite like our good housewives in England For plants going from Zurich to Mellingen we observed common Gooseberry in the hedges and by the way-sides very plentifully and in some places Barberries Sigillum Solomonis and Herba Paris are the most common plants that grow in this Countrey in the woods and hedges every where Anonymus flore Coluteae on the mountains near Zurich From Arauw to Soloturn Helleboraster maximus out he hills sides as also Christophoriana not to mention Fumaria Bulbosa every where growing in the shady lanes Geneva is pleasantly seated at the lower end of the Lacus Lemanus now called Genffer-zee or the lake of Geneva upon a hill side respecting the lake so that from the lake you have a fair prospect of the whole Town It is divided by the river Rhodanus or Rhosne into two parts which are joyned together by two wooden bridges one of which hath on each side a row of houses after the manner of London-bridge only they are low The two principal and indeed only considerable streets in the Town are the low street Rüe bas which runs along by the river and lakes side and the high street or great street Rüe grand which runs up the hill The City is indifferently strong and they have lately been at great expences to fortific it alla moderna with ramparts and bastions of earth Though it be but small yet is it very populous being supposed to contain 30000 souls St. Peter's Church formerly the Cathedral is handsome and well-built and in it is a stately monument for the Duke of Rohan The Citizens are very busie and industrious subsisting chiefly by trading the whole territory of this Republic being not so great as some one Noblemans estate in England for extent of land All provisions of victuals are very plentiful and cheap at Geneva especially milk-meats the neighbouring mountains feeding abundance of cattel The tops of Jura Saleve and other high mountains of Savoy Daulphiny and the Alps where they are bare of wood put forth very good grass so soon as the snow is melted off them which usually is about or before mid-May And then the Countrey people drive up their cattel to pasture and feed them there for three months time Upon these hill tops they have heer and there low sheds or dairy houses which serve the men to live in and to make their butter and cheese in so long as they keep their beasts above The men I say for they only ascend up thither and do all the dairy work leaving their wives to keep house below it being too toilsome for them to clamber up such high and steep hills By reason of these cotes it is very convenient simpling upon the mountains for if a man be hungry or thirsty he may soon find relief at one of them We always found the people very kind and willing to give us such as they had viz. brown bread milk whey butter curds c. for which we could scaâ—ce fasten any mony uon them For the temper of the air in respect of heat and cold Geneva I think is very like England there being no great excess of either extreme The City is well governed vice discountenanced and the people either really better or at least more restrained then in other places Though they do take liberty to shoot and use other sports and exercises upon the Lords day yet most of their Ministers disallow it and preach against it Our long stay heer at Geneva and that in the proper season for simpling gave us leisure to search for and advantage of finding many species of plants in the neighbouring fields and mountains of which I shall heer present the Reader with a catalogue Such as are native of England are in the Roman letter In Colle la Bastie dicto Sylvis clivosis ad Rhodani ripas Colutea scorpioides Melissophyllon Fuchsio flore albo atque etiam vario Lilium flore nutante ferrugineo majus J. B. Monophyllon Ger. Orobus Pannonicus 1 Clus Hepaticum trifolium Lob. Frangula Chamaedrys falsa maxima c. J. B. Bellis sylvatica J. B. Trifolium purpureum majus folio spica longiore J. B. Orobus sylvaticus viciae foliis C. B. Tithymalus cyparissias J. B. Tithymalus non acris flore rubro J. B. Horminum luteum sive Colus Jovis Aquilegia vulgaris In monte Saleve dicto unâ circiter leucâ à Geneva distante Cotoneaster Gesneri J. B. Diospyros J. B. Bellis caerulea Monspeliaca Ger. Scabiosa 10 sive repens Clus Alsine muscosa quibusdam J. B. Ad rivulos propè Saleve Ageratum purpureum Dalechampii J. B. ad radices montis Sanieula Alpina guttata In summitate propè fontes Pes cati flo albo suaverubente ibid copiosissime Gentiana major Ger In pascuis propè summitatem montis abunde Gentianula quae Hippion J. B. ibid. Caalia quibusdam J. B. in sylvosis suprema montis parte Polygonatum angustifolium ibid. polygonatum floribus ex singularibus pediculis J. B. In rupibus saxosis ad latera montis Draba alba siliquosa repens juxta fontes propè montis summitatem Hesperis sylvestris latifolia flore albo parvo Park Ribes Alpinus dulcis J. B. In sylvosis summo montis cacumine Anagyris sive Laburnum In sylvosis ad latera montis Ferrum equinum Gallicum siliquis in summitate C. B. Periclymenum rectum fructu rubro Ger. Doronicum vulgare J. B. Dentaria heptaphyllos C. B. In sylvosis ad latera montis Barba capri J. B. ibid. Lilium convallium ibid. Christophoriana ibid. Lilium floribus reflexis montanum C. B. Aria Theqpharsti Melissophyllum Fuchsii Polygonatum vulgare Polemonium petraeum Gesn Colutea scorpioides Thlaspi oleraceum Tab. Fraxinus bubula Alchimilla vulgaris in