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A01080 A learned commendation of the politique lawes of Englande vvherin by moste pitthy reasons & euident demonstrations they are plainelye proued farre to excell aswell the ciuile lawes of the Empiere, as also all other lawes of the world, with a large discourse of the difference betwene the. ii. gouernements of kingdomes: whereof the one is onely regall, and the other consisteth of regall and polityque administration conioyned. written in latine aboue an hundred yeares past, by the learned and right honorable maister Fortescue knight ... And newly translated into Englishe by Robert Mulcaster.; De laudibus legum Angliae. English and Latin Fortescue, John, Sir, 1394?-1476?; Mulcaster, Robert. 16th Century 1567 (1567) STC 11194; ESTC S102454 98,618 567

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Wherefore they lyue more spiritually as dyd the auncient fathers whiche dyd rather choose to keepe and feede cattell thē to disturbe y e quietnes of the mynde wyth the care of husbandrye And heereof it commeth that menne of this countreye are more apt and fitte to discerne in doubtfull causes of greate examinatiō and tryall then are men whollye geeuen to moylyng in the grounde in whome that rurall exercise ingendreth rudenes of witte and mynd More ouer the same countrey is so filled and replenyshed with landed menne that therein so small a thorpe can not be founde wherein dwellethe not a knight an esquier or such a housholder as is there commonlye called a frāklayne enryched with greate possessions And also other freeholders and manye yomen hable for their liuelods to make a Iurie in fourme afore-mencioned For there bee in that lande dyuers yomenne whiche are able to dispende by the yeare aboue a hundreth poundes Wherefore the Iuries afore declared are there verye ofte made specially in greate matters of knightes esquiers and others whose possessions in the whole amounteth yerely aboue the summe of fyue hundreth markes Wherefore it cannot bee thought that such menne can bee suborned or that they wyll bee periured not onelye for that they haue beefore theire eyes the feare of God but also for that theye haue a carefull regarde too the preseruation of theire honoures and to the eschueyng of reproch and dammage thereuppon ensuynge and also that theire heires bee not impeched through theire infamye After thys maner O myghtye Prince are none other royalmes of the worlde dysposed and inhabyted For thoughe there bee in them menne of greate power of greate ryches and possessions yet they dwell not one nyghe to an another as such greate menne dooe in England Neyther so manye inherytoures and possessoures of lande are elsewhere as in Englande For in a whole towne of an other Countrey it is harde to fynde one man whyche for his lyuelode is hable to bee receaued into a Iurye For there excepte it bee in Cities and walled townes verye fewe there bee beside noble menne that haue anye possessions of landes or other immouables The noble menne also haue there small store of pasture And to labour in vyneyardes or to putte theire handes to y e plough that is vnfitte for theire estate and degree And yet in vineyardes and eareable grounde consisteth the substaunce of theire possessions sauynge onelye a fewe fyeldes nexte adioyninge to greate ryuers and sauynge also certein woodz the pastures whereof are commen to their tenants and neighboures Howe then can a Iurie bee made in suche countreis of xii substaunciall menne nighe adioyninge to the place of anye deede broughte in iudgement seeinge they can not bee called neighboures that dwell so farre a sunder Truely xii sworne men theare must needes bee farre distaunt from the place of the deede when the defendaunt in those Countreys hathe challenged xxxv menne of the nexte dwellers wythout shewynge anye cause whye Wherefore in those landes a Iurye must bee made either of su●he as dwell farre of from the place of the deed that is in controuersie and therefore cannot attaine to the knowledge of the truthe thereof or els it must bee made of poore menne that bee not ashamed of infamie neither doe feare the losse of theire goodes which they haue not They also blinded wyth rusticall and brute rudenes are not hable to beholde the cleare bryghtnesse of the trueth Marueyle not therefore mo● woorthye Prynce yf the lawe whereby the truethe is sifted out in Englande bee not frequented and vsed in other nations For they are not hable to make sufficient and lyke Iuries as bee made in Englande CAncellarius Iuuenis recessisti prīceps ab Anglia quô tibi ignota est dispositio et qualitas terrae illius quas si agnoueris et cete●arū regionum emolumēta qualitatesque eisdem compararaueris nō admirareres ea quibus iam agitatur animus tuus Anglia sane tam fertilis est qd ’ quātitate ad quantita tē cōparata ipsa ceteras oēs quasi regiones exsuꝑat vbertate fructuū etiā suū vltro ipsa ꝓfert vix īdustria hoīs cōcitata Nā agri eiꝰ cāpi saltꝰ et nemora tanta fecunditate germina ebulliūt vt īculta illa sepe plus comodi afferant possessoribus suis quā arata licet fertilissima ipsa sint segetū bladorū Includūt ’ quoque interra illa pasturar ’ arua fossatis et sepibus desuper arboribus plantatis quibus muniunt ’ a procellis et estu ●ol● eorū greges et armenta ipsaeque pasturae vt plurimum irriguae sunt quo infra earum claustra reclusa animalia custodia nō egēt ꝑ diē nec ꝑ noctē Nā ibi lupi nō sūt vrsi nec leones quare de nocte oues eorū incustoditae in cāpis recumbunt in caulis et ouilibus quibus impugnantur terrae eorum Vnde hoīes patriae illius vix operis sudore grauātur quare spiritu ipsi magis viuūt vt fecerūt patres antiqui qui pascere mallebant greges quā animi quietē agriculturae solicitudine turbare Ex quibus homines regionis istius apti magis reddūtur et dispositi ad discernendum in causis quae magni sunt examinis quā sunt viri qui telluris operibus inhabitantes ex ruris familiaritate mentis cōtrahūt ruditatē Regio etiam illa ita respersa refertaque est possessoribus terrarū et agrorum qd ’ in ea villula tam parua reperire nō poterit in qua nō est miles armiger vel pater familias qualis ibidē frākelain vulgariter nuncupater magnis ditatꝰ possessionibꝰ nec nō libere tenētes alii et valecti plurimi suis patrimoniis sufficiētes ad faciendū iuratam in forma prenotata Sunt nāque valecti diuersi in regione illa qui plus quā sexcenta scuta ꝑ annum expendere possunt quô iuratae suꝑius descriptae sepissime ī regione illa fiunt presertim in ingentibus causis de militibus armigeris et aliis quorū possessiones in vniuerso excedunt duo milia scutorū per annum Quare cogitari nequit tales subornarì posse vel ꝑiurari velle nedū ob timor ’ dei sed ob honorem suū conseruandum et vituperium damnū quoque inde consequutiuum euitā dum etiam ne eorum heredes ipsorum ledantur infamia Taliter fili regis disposita inhabitataque non sunt aliqua alia mundi regna Nam licet in eis sint viri magnae potentiae magnorum opum et possessionum non tamen eorum vnus prope moratur ad alterum vt in Anglia tanti morantur viri nec tanta vt ibi hereditatorum est copia et poss●●ētiū terras vix enim in villata vna regionum aliarū reperiri poterit vir vnus patrimonio sufficiens vt in iuratis ipse ponatur Nā raro ibidē aliqui preter nobiles
¶ A learned commendation of the politique lawes of Englande vvherin by moste pitthy reasons euident demonstrations they are plainelye proued farre to excell aswell the Ciuile lawes of the Empiere as also all other lawes of the world with a large discourse of the difference betwene the .ii. gouernements of kingdomes whereof the one is onely regall and the other consisteth of regall and polityque administration conioyned Written in latine aboue an hundred yeares past by the learned and right honorable maister Fortescue knight lorde Chauncellour of Englād in y e time of Kinge Henrye the .vi. And newly translated into Englishe by Robert Mulcaster Pio lectori IStius non minus pij quá eruditi opusculi exemplar nactus quū antiquitatem venerandam vna cum eruditione ac pietate coniunxcrim Non potui optime lector aut patrie tam ingratus aut antiquitatis tam in officiosus cultor esse vt te illius lectione diutius fraudarem Continet enim in se vt cetera taceam politicarum et ciuilium nostre Anglie legum quibus preclara et florentissima hec respublica sub illustrissimo et nūquam satis laudato principe nostro Rege Henrico octauo eiusque progenitoribus regibus Anglie hactenus felicissime fuerit erecta instituta gubernata doctissimum encomion Vnde easdem nostras leges non solum romanorum Cesarum sed et omnium aliarum nationum constitutiones multis parasangis prudentia iustitia equitate precellere facile prespici●s Eme ergo lege et fruere ac labores nostros boni consule Vale. To the right woorshipfull Ihon VValshe Esquier one of the Queene her learned Iusticers of her highnes Court of Commen plees Robert Mulcaster wisheth long lyfe and health IT happened mee of late right woorshipfull syr to light vpon this little Treatise whiche I incontinent desired to renne ouer because yt semed to discourse vpon some poyntes of the lawes of our Countrye wherof I my selfe then was nowe am a Student When I had ouer ronne it my desire to read it became nothing counteruailable with the gladnes that I hadde reade it for my desire to reade it came vpon hope to fynd some profitable lessons for my study but my gladnes after reading sprang of y e excellency of thargumēt wheron I did not dreame neither to fynd so riche a Treasure in so simple an habite And because I wished all menne to haue parte of my delight me thought it good to translate it into Englishe forth of Lattine in whiche toung it was fyrste written The aucthour of the book was one maister Fortescue knight Seriaunt at the law and for his Skill and vertues preferred by kinge Henry the .vi. to be Chauncellour of this realme The entrie of the booke it selfe sheweth where and vppon what occasion it was written It was written in Berry in Fraunce where Prince Edwarde sonne to Henry the vi afterward slaine at Tewkesbury by Edward the .iiii. dyd then remayne with his mother Queene Margaret in the house of Renate her father duke of Angeow and king of Cicile during the tyme that Edward the fourth reigned in this Realme and Henry the .vi. was fledd into Scotland The occasyon was this The Chauncellour beīg fledde into Fraunce with the yong Prince perceiuing his delight to be all bent to Chyualrye as a thing of greatest neede consydering he ment by force the restituciō of his father and thereby his own to the kingdome of England tooke occasion for that his hope was to see the Prince reigne heare to moue him to a diuision of his affaires as he armed him selfe against y e enemy so to adourne him selfe againste his being kinge with skill of lawes whiche doe preserue eche state so in peace that it maye if neede be warre and so garde it in warre that it may haue peace in eie Th argument is this that the skill of the Countrie lawes is neadefull for the Prince althoughe not so deepe as the purposed professours yet so full as to their honour may ought to fall in Princes And for that the Prince should think y e thing to be a Princely knowledge he taketh occasiō by comparing the gouernement of this Realme w t others and the lawes of this lande with the Ciuill with whome it is of all men lightly compared and the betternesse of poyntes wherein they bothe trauayle and prouisions by the one wiselyer foreseene then by the other to proue the singularitie of this state whiche it behoued the Prince to learne seyng hee was lyke to succeade hys father and to vnderstād the lawes whiche maketh the state to bee so singuler The particularies I referre to the booke wherof thus much I doe and no lesse coulde well saye Why I dyd choose your woorship to be protectour of my laboures I shall not neede tedyously to touche it shal be suffycient to saye that in choise of manye I pycked you alone not doubting your lyking in allowynge seeing myne eleccion in dedycatynge and so commyttinge to thalmightye the good preseruacion of your worship I humblye take my leaue this xii of October Robert Mulcaster The introduction into the matter DVring y e cruell rage of y e late mortall warrez w tin the royalme of Englāde whē the most vertuous and godly king Henry the sixt w t Queene Margaret his wife y e kīgz daughter of Iherusalem and Scicile their onely sonne Edwarde prince of Wales were forced to fly the land the kīg himself afterward in the same ciuil tumult falling into the blody hands of his deadly enemies his own subiectz was of them cōmitted to prisō wher he a lōg tyme remained in straite captiuitie the queene y e prīce her sonne thus banished out of their countrey making their abode in y e duchy of Berry a dominion of y e foresaid kīg of Ierus The Prince shortlye after growing to mannes state applied him selfe wholy to the feates of armes muche delytinge to ryde vpon wilde and vnbroken horses not sparing w t spurres to break their fiercenes He practysed also sometymes w t the pyke sometimes w t y e sworde other warlyke weapons after the maner guyse of warriors accordinge to the vse of martial discipline to assaile strike his companiōs I mean y e yong mē y e attended vpō hys ꝑson Which thing whē a certein aūciēt knight being chaūcellour to y e forsaide kīg of Englād saw who also in y e miserable tyme did there remain in exile hee spake thus to y e prīce SEuiēte dudū in regno Anglie nephandissima rabie illa qua piissimus ibidem rex H. sextus cum Margareta Regina consorte sua filia regis Iherusalem et Scicilie ac eorum vnigenito Edwardo principe Wallie inde propulsi sūt sub qua et demum rex ipse H. a subditis suis deprehēsus carceris diutinū passus est horrorem dū regina ipsa cum sobole patria sic extorrens in ducatu Berren̄
tantum prīcipantes q̄ lege ciuili et po●issimè predicta legis illius maxima regulant plebem suam quó ipsi ad eorum libitum iura mutant noua condunt penas in fligunt et onera imponunt subditis suis ꝓpriis quoque arbitriis contēdēt ium cum velint dirimunt lites Quare moliti sūt ipsi prog●nitores tui hoc iugum politicum abiicer ’ vt consimiliter et ipsi in subiectum populum regaliter tantum dominari sed potius debachari queant nō attēdentes quod equalis est vtriusque regis potencia vt in predicto tractatu de natura legis naturoe docetur et qd nō iugum sed libertas est politicê regere populum securitas quoque maxima nedū plebi sed et ipsi regi alleuiacio etiā non minima solicitudinis suae quae vt tibi apertius pateāt vtriusque regiminis experientiam per cunctare a regimine tantū regali qualiter rex Franciae principatur in subditos suos exordium sumerrito deīde a regalis ●t politicae regiminis effectu qualiter rex Angliae dominatur in sibi subiectos populos experientiam quere The inconueniences that happen in the royalme ●f Fraūce throughe regall gouernement alone Cap. 35. CAll to remēbraūce most worthye prince after what sorte you saw y e wealthie villages and townes as touchynge ●●ore of corne in the royalme of Fraunce while you were there a so iourner pestered with the kynges men at armes their horses so that skant in any of y e great townes there you could gett any lodgynge Wheare of y e inhabiters you learned y t those men thoughe they continue in one village a monethe or ii do not nor will paye any thynge at all either for their owne charges or for the charges of their horses But which is worse y ●y cōpelled y e īhabitz of y e vilages and town dwellers whether they cāe to prouide of their owne proper costes out of the villages adioyninge wyne flesh for them and other thīgs y t thei needed at dearer prices then they might haue bought the same at home And if any refused thus to do they were anō by plaine stafford lawe forced to do it And when they had spent all the victualies fewell and horse meat in one towne then those men went to an other towne wastynge the same in lyke maner not payeyng one pennye for any necessaries either for themselfs or ells for their cōcubines and harlottes whereof they euer carryed caried aboute withe them great abundaunce nor for hosē or shewes and other lyke euen to the least poīt or lace but they compelled the townesmen wheare theye carried to beare all theire expenses And thus were al the villages and vnwalled townes of that lande vsed so that there is not the least village there free from this miserable calamitie but that it is once or twyse euery yeare beggered by this kynde of pilling Furthermore the kyng suffereth no man to eate salte within his kingdome excepte he buy it of the kinge at suche price as pleaseth him to assesse And if any pore man had rather eate his meate freshe then to buy salt so excessiuely deare hee is imīmediatly cōpelled to buy so much of y e kinges salte at the kings price as shall suffice so many persones as he keepeth in his house Moreouer all the inhabyters of that royalme geeue yearelye to the kynge the fowerthe parte of all the wynes y t theire groūdes bearethe and euerye vintener the fowerth penney of the price of the wine that hee sellethe And beesides all this euery village and borroughe payethe yearelye to the kyng great summes of moneye assessed vppon them for the wages of men at armes so that the charges of the kings army which is euer verye great is mainteyned by the poore people of y e villages boroughes towns of y e roialme And yet moreouer euerye village findethe continuallye twoo Crossebowes at the leaste and some mo wythe all furnyture and habyliments requisite for the kynges seruyce in hys warres as ofte as it pleasethe hym to muster them whyche hee dothe verye ofte And these thynges not considered other exceedynge greate talleges are yearelye assessed vppon euerye vyllage of the same royalme to the kynges vse whereof theye are no yeare released The people beeinge wyth these and diuers other calamities plagued and oppressed do liue in greate mysery drīkīg water daily Neyther do y e inferiour sort tast any other licor sauīg only at solēpne feasts Theire shamewes are made of hempe muche lyke to sacke clothe Woollen clothe theye weare none excepte it bee verye course and that onelye in theire coates vnder theire sayde vpper garmentes Neyther vse they anye hosen butte from the knee vpwarde the residue of theire legges go naked Theire women go barefoote sauing on holye dayes Neyther menne nor women eate anye fleshe there but onelye larde of bacon wythe a small quantity whereof they fatten theire potage and brothes As for rosted or sodden meate of fleshe they tast none except it be of y e inwards sometimes heads of beastes y e be killed for gētlemē merchātz But the menne at armes they deuour and consume al their pullein so y e theye haue skant the egges left to eate for speciall deintiez And if theye fortune at anye time to growe somewhat wealthie in substāce so that any of them be compted ryche hee is by by charged to the kinges subsidie more deepely thē any of his neighboures so that within short time he is made equall in pouertie with the rest of his beggerlye neighboures And this as I suppose is the state of the common and rascall people of that nation But gentlemen and nobles are not so oppressed and ouercharched wyth exaccions Butte yf anye of them chaūce to bee accused of anye cryme thoughe it be by hys enemies hee is not euer wonte to bee cyted or called beefore an ordynarye iudge But manye tymes it hathe beene seene that hee hathe in that beehalfe been talked wythe in the kynges chamber or elswhere in some priuate place and sometymes onelye bye a pourseuaunte or messenger And immedyatlye as soone as the princes conscience hathe throughe the reporte of others iudged him guiltie he is witheout anye fassion of iudgement put in a sacke and in the night season by the Marshals seruāts hurled īto a riuer so drowned After which sort you haue harde of manye mo put to deathe then that haue bene by ordinary processe of the lawe condempned Howe be it the princes plesure as saye the Ciuile lawes hathe the force of a lawe Also whyle yowe weare abydynge in Fraūce and nighe to the same kyngedome you heard of other greate enormityes lyke vnto these and some much worse then these detestable damnable done no otherwise but vnder y e colour of that lawe whiche here to rehearse woulde continue oure talke too longe a time Now therefore let vs se what
reason of his tenure he is boūd to yeelde to y e lord of his fee then y e lord hīselfe to whom suche seruice is by him due Whyche is also to bee iudged of more power and honoure thenne the friendes and kynesfolkes of his tenant For hee to the intente hee maye in tyme to come bee the better serued of hys tenaunte wyll vse the more diligence towarde hym And it is to bee presumed that he is more experte and skylfull to trade him in this thynges then his other friends rude peraduenture and vnpractised in martiall feats speciallye yf his patrimonie bee but small And what can be more profitable for the chylde whiche by reason of hys tenure shall in the seruice of hys lorde endaunger his life and all that hee hathe in the actes of chiualrye thē in his nonage to be broughte vppe in the discipline and practise of the same seeynge that in his rype age hee shall not bee hable to auoyde the aduenture thereof And to saye the truethe it shall bee no small commoditie for the royalme y t the inhabiters of the same be well expert in the knowledge of armes For as saieth the philosopher euerye man dothe the thynge boldelye wherin he assureth hīselfe to be skylfull And do you not thē most noble prince allowe this lawe and cōmende it aboue the other now described LEges Ciuiles impuberum tū telas proximis de eorū sanguine cōmittunt agnati fuerint seu cognati vnicuique videlicet secundum gradum et ordinem quo in hereditate pupilli successurus est Et racio legis huius est quia nullus teneriûs fauorabilibûsue infantem alere sataget quam proximus de sanguine eius Tamen longe aliter de impuberū custodia statuunt leges Angliae Nā ibidem si hereditas quae tenetur in Socagio descendat impuberi ab aliquo agnatorū suorum non-erit impubes ille sub custodia alicuius agnatorum eius Sed per ipsius cognatos videlicet consanguineos ex parte matris ip̄e regetur Et si ex parte cognatorū hereditas sibi descenderit pupillus ille cū hereditate sua ꝑ proximum agnatū et nō cognatum eius custodiet ’ Quousque ip̄e fuerit adultus Nā leges illae dicūt qd ’ cōmittere tutelā īfātis illi q̄ est eī proximè successurꝰ est quasi agnū cōmittere lupo ad deuorādū Sed si hereditas illa non in socagio sed teneatur ꝑ seruiciū milita ’ tūc ꝑ leges terrae illiꝰ īfās ipse et hereditas eiꝰ nō ꝑ agnatos neque cognatos sed per dn̄m feodi illiꝰ custodiētur quousque ip̄e fuerit etatis vigīti et vnius ānorū Quis putas infantē talē in actibus bellicis quos facere ratiōe tenurae suae ipse astringitur dn̄o feodi sui meliꝰ instruere poterit aut velit quam dn̄s ille eui ab eo seruicium tale debetur et qui maioris potentiae et honoris estimatur q̄ sunt alij amici et ꝓpinq̄ tenentis sui Ipse nāque vt sibi ab eodē tenente melius seruiatur diligentem curam adhibebit et melius in his eū erudire expertus esse censetur quam reliqui amici iuuenis rudes forsā et armorū inexperti maxime si nō magnū fuerit patrimoniū eius Et quid vtilius est infanti qui vitam et omnia sua periculis bellicis exponet in seruicio domini sui ratiōe tenurae suae quam in militia actubusque bellicis imbui dumminor est cum actus huiusmodi ipse in etate matura declinare non poterit Et reuera non minime erit regno accomodum vt incolae eius in armis sint experti Nam vt dicit Philo. audacter quilibet facit qd ’ se scire ipse non defidit Nunquid tunc legem hanc tu approbas fili regis et collaudas super legem alteram iam descriptam ¶ Here the prince commēdeth the education of noble mens children beinge orphanes Cap. 45. YEs good Chauncelour quod y e prīce this lawe I do allowe much more thē the other For in the firste parte of it whiche you noted it prouideth much more waryly for the securitie and saufegarde of the pupill then the Ciuile lawe dothe Howbeit in the seconde parte of the same I do take more delyte For thereof it comethe to passe that in Englande noble mens chyldren canne not easelye degenerate butte rather passe and surmoūt theire auncestours in vertue in courage and in honest condicions forsomuche as theye are broughte vp instructed in an higher an honorabler court thenne in the houses of theire parentes thoughe theire parents weare paraduenture broughte vppe in the lyke places For theire parents house was neuer yet lyke the lordes house whome aswell the parentes as allso the children serued The princes allso of the royalme beeynge ruled bye thys lawe and lykewyse other lordes holdynge they re lande immedyatlye of the kynge canne not lightlye fall to wantonnes and vnseemelynes seeynge that in theire childehoode whyle theye bee orphanes they are broughte vppe in the kynges house Wherefore I muste needes highelye prayse cōmē●● y e ryches and high porte of the kinges court in that it is the chiefest schole within the royalme for the nobilitye of the lande It is also the scholehouse of manhoode of vertue and of good maners wherby the royalm is honored and flourisheth and is preserued againste inuasions so y t it is dreaded bothe of friendes and foes And to bee plain this greate commoditie coulde not haue happened to the royalme yf noble mens children beeinge orphans and pupilles hadde beene nourished and brought vp by the poore friendes of their parentes Neyther canne this bee preiudicial or hurtefull to the wealthe of the royalme that the children of burgeses and of other freeholders whiche holde theire tenementes in socage and are not thereby bound to warfare are brought vp in the houses of their like friendes as to him y t shall thoroughly weigh the mater it may euidently appeare PRinceps Immo Cancellarie legem hanc plusquā alteram ego laudo Nam in eius parte prima quam tu notasti cautè magis quam ciuilis ipsa prouidet securitati pupilli Sed tamen in eius parte secunda multo magis ego delector Nam ab ea est quod in Anglia nobilium progenies de facili degenerari nonpotest sed probitate potius strenuitate et morum honestate antecessores suos ipsa transcendet dum in altiori nobiliorique curia quā in domo parentum illa sit imbuta licet indomo consimili forsan parentes eius educati erant Quia consimilis adhuc non erat domus parentum illorum domui dominorum quibus ip̄i parentes et ipsi infāte● seruierunt Principes quoque regni sub hac lege regulati similiter et domini alii a rege īmediate tenētes non possūt deleui in lasciuiam ruditat en●ie l●bi