and_o set_v up_o a_o government_n for_o himself_o in_o this_o province_n and_o helsingia_n which_o lie_v northward_o in_o suecia_n proper_o so_o call_v have_v on_o the_o east_n part_n of_o the_o province_n of_o medelpadia_n on_o the_o west_n the_o dofrine_a mountain_n on_o the_o north_n angermannia_n and_o on_o the_o south_n part_n of_o helsingia_n and_o medelpadia_n this_o province_n do_v ancient_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n of_o norway_n though_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o olaus_n scotkonung_n it_o be_v say_v to_o have_v revolt_v from_o olaus_n crassus_n then_o king_n of_o norway_n and_o become_v tributary_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n in_o the_o year_n 1613_o by_o a_o peace_n conclude_v between_o the_o northern_a crown_n it_o be_v by_o gustavus_n adolphus_n yield_v up_o to_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n but_o a._n 1642_o repossess_v by_o the_o swede_n pontanus_n in_o his_o map_n of_o scandia_n reckon_v up_o some_o place_n of_o note_n in_o it_o viz._n alsne_n ronvere_n aus_n lidh_n hamer-dal_a vndersaker_n oviken_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o time_n of_o olaus_n magnus_n this_o province_n be_v under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o vpsal_n near_o a_o small_a village_n in_o this_o country_n there_o be_v say_v messenius_n several_a large_a stone_n with_o gothick_n inscription_n which_o be_v a_o prophesy_n of_o what_o for_o the_o future_a will_v befall_v the_o scandian_o 5._o herrndalia_n herrndalia_n herrndalia_n call_v by_o pontanus_n herdalia_n and_o by_o most_o author_n reckon_v as_o a_o part_n of_o helsingia_n contain_v the_o territory_n of_o nomedal_n hellegeland_n frostena_n indera_fw-la heroa_fw-la with_o some_o other_o all_o which_o belong_v to_o the_o diocese_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o nidrosia_n and_o be_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n of_o the_o baltic_a sea_n the_o finnic_a and_o bothnic_a bay_n and_o the_o swedish_n island_n contain_v in_o they_o the_o baltic_a sea_n sea_n the_o baltic_a sea_n so_o call_v say_v pontanus_n from_o the_o saxon_a and_o english_a word_n belt_n because_o it_o encompass_v the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o a_o belt_n or_o girdle_n or_o as_o jornandes_n will_v have_v it_o from_o baltia_n or_o basilia_n i_o e._n queen_n of_o island_n the_o ancient_a greek_a name_n of_o scandia_n or_o scandinavia_n or_o as_o adam_n bremensis_n be_v of_o opinion_n from_o the_o wisogoth_n who_o inhabit_v upon_o the_o coast_n of_o it_o usual_o call_v balt_n i_o e._n a_o stout_a and_o valiant_a people_n be_v the_o large_a of_o any_o sea_n in_o europe_n except_o the_o mediterranean_a contain_v in_o it_o five_o and_o thirty_o island_n of_o considerable_a bigness_n beside_o a_o infinite_a number_n of_o lesser_a note_n the_o whole_a bay_n as_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n be_v call_v by_o mela_n sinus_n codanus_n q._n gothanus_fw-la or_o gothicus_fw-la from_o gothia_n that_o border_n upon_o it_o or_o caudanus_n from_o cauda_fw-la because_o it_o come_v from_o the_o main_a ocean_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o a_o tail_n of_o a_o beast_n by_o strabo_n the_o venedic_n bay_n from_o the_o venedae_n a_o people_n of_o germany_n who_o live_v upon_o the_o coast_n of_o it_o and_o by_o the_o dane_n and_o swede_n the_o oost-zee_n because_o as_o may_v be_v gather_v out_o of_o the_o history_n of_o eric_n eigod_n king_n of_o denmark_n the_o dane_n who_o go_v pilgrimage_n to_o the_o holy_a land_n use_v to_o pass_v into_o russia_n and_o the_o eastern_a part_n by_o this_o sea_n it_o begin_v at_o the_o narrow_a place_n call_v the_o sund_n and_o interlace_v the_o country_n of_o denmark_n sweden_n germany_n and_o some_o part_n of_o poland_n extend_v itself_o to_o livonia_n and_o lithvania_n it_o either_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o narrowness_n of_o the_o passage_n by_o which_o the_o ocean_n flow_v into_o it_o or_o because_o of_o its_o northerly_a situation_n whereby_o the_o celestial_a influence_n have_v less_o power_n over_o it_o never_o ebb_v nor_o flow_v from_o the_o several_a country_n and_o place_n that_o it_o wash_v it_o have_v diverse_a name_n give_v it_o and_o be_v distinguish_v into_o different_a bay_n the_o most_o remarkable_a be_v 1._o bay_n the_o bothnic_a bay_n the_o bothnic_a bay_n count_v from_o the_o island_n alandia_n northward_o to_o the_o river_n kimi_n which_o fall_v into_o it_o at_o the_o very_o further_a cape_n it_o have_v its_o name_n from_o both_o signify_v in_o the_o swedish_n language_n a_o fenny_a country_n or_o a_o land_n overflow_v with_o water_n 2._o bay_n the_o finnic_a bay_n the_o finnic_a bay_n so_o call_v from_o the_o principality_n of_o finland_n which_o it_o water_n some_o will_v have_v the_o sinus_n venedicus_n of_o strabo_n and_o the_o mare_n amalchium_n of_o pliny_n particular_o to_o denote_v this_o bay_n the_o swedish_n island_n in_o this_o sea_n concern_v those_o that_o be_v under_o the_o danish_a power_n see_v denmark_n to_o begin_v with_o the_o most_o southerly_a first_o be_v 1._o rugen_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o pomeren_n give_v to_o the_o swede_n by_o the_o great_a treaty_n of_o peace_n at_o munster_n and_o osnaburg_n a._n d._n 1649._o of_o which_o consult_v the_o volume_n of_o germany_n 2._o bornholm_n be_v situate_a more_o northward_o than_o rugen_n and_o lie_v opposite_a to_o blekingia_n it_o have_v one_o city_n in_o it_o name_v santwyk_n and_o thirty-two_a small_a village_n this_o island_n be_v by_o a_o ratification_n of_o peace_n hold_v at_o copenhagen_n a._n d._n 1660_o give_v up_o to_o the_o dane_n under_o certain_a condition_n of_o which_o mention_n be_v make_v in_o denmark_n 3._o huena_n or_o hueen_n a_o very_a small_a island_n in_o the_o oresundic_n bay_n famous_a for_o the_o city_n vraniburg_n build_v by_o that_o excellent_a mathematician_n tycho_n brahe_n where_o the_o pole_n be_v elevate_v 55_o deg_fw-la 54_o min._n this_o isle_n be_v yield_v up_o to_o the_o swede_n by_o virtue_n of_o the_o forementioned_a peace_n conclude_v betwixt_o the_o two_o northern_a crown_n a._n d._n 1660._o 4._o vtklippa_n 5._o vtlengia_n both_o lie_v over_o against_o blekingia_n 6._o oelandia_n a_o fruitful_a and_o pleasant_a island_n in_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o best_a breed_n of_o horse_n that_o be_v in_o all_o the_o swedish_n dominion_n this_o island_n a._n d._n 1526_o be_v take_v by_o christiern_n king_n of_o denmark_n and_o short_o after_o regain_v by_o gustavus_n i._o king_n of_o sweden_n a._n d._n 1613_o it_o be_v put_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o gustavus_n adolphus_n and_o ever_o since_o retain_v by_o the_o swede_n see_v more_o concern_v it_o among_o the_o province_n of_o gothia_n 7._o gotland_n lie_v over_o against_o ostrogothia_a in_o length_n seventy-two_a mile_n and_o in_o breadth_n twenty_o for_o a_o long_a time_n almost_o tear_v in_o piece_n by_o the_o continual_a arm_n of_o denmark_n and_o sweden_n till_o 1648_o by_o a_o treaty_n of_o peace_n betwixt_o christina_n queen_n of_o swedeland_n and_o christiern_n iv_o of_o denmark_n it_o with_o the_o city_n wisbuy_n of_o which_o see_v among_o the_o gothic_a province_n be_v whole_o yield_v up_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o swede_n to_o be_v hold_v by_o they_o as_o a_o perpetual_a possession_n 8._o oselia_n call_v by_o pliny_n oserica_n opposite_a to_o liefland_n and_o reckon_v by_o some_o as_o a_o district_n of_o esthonia_n fifty-six_a mile_n in_o length_n and_o twenty-eight_a in_o breadth_n in_o it_o be_v the_o city_n arnsburg_n fortify_v with_o a_o strong_a castle_n 9_o daghoe_n dachden_n or_o dagheroort_n part_v from_o oselia_n by_o a_o very_a narrow_a bay_n 10._o alandia_n lie_v in_o the_o middle_a sea_n betwixt_o it_o and_o upland_n reckon_v by_o some_o as_o a_o part_n of_o finland_n in_o it_o be_v the_o fort_n castleholm_n 11._o hogland_n in_o the_o finnic_a bay_n with_o severalother_n of_o less_o note_n and_o importance_n regni_fw-la daniae_fw-la accuratissima_fw-la delineato_fw-la nobilissimo_fw-la amplissimo_fw-la consultissimoque_fw-la viro_fw-la d._n gerardo_n schaep_v i._n v._o d._n inclyti_fw-la et_fw-la celeberrimi_fw-la ansterodamensium_fw-la emporii_fw-la consuli_fw-la ac_fw-la senatori_fw-la et_fw-la ad_fw-la serenissimos_fw-la sveciae_fw-la daniaque_fw-la reges_fw-la legato_n dignissimo_fw-la fidelissimo_fw-la d._n d._n d._n joannes_n janssonius_n denmark_n saxo_n grammaticus_n deduce_v the_o name_n of_o denmark_n danmark_n or_o dania_n from_o dan_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o son_n of_o humblus_n a_o prince_n of_o these_o part_n many_o year_n before_o the_o come_n of_o our_o saviour_n this_o opinion_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v a_o ancient_a tradition_n among_o the_o dane_n and_o be_v confirm_v by_o one_o of_o the_o old_a chronicle_n of_o their_o king_n publish_v by_o wormius_n out_o of_o a_o manuscript_n copy_n of_o the_o scanian_a law_n write_v in_o runick_a character_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o which_o we_o read_v dan_o heet_n den_fw-mi force_v cunung_a i_o danmurk_n der_fw-mi var_fw-mi fore_fw-la christus_fw-la borth_z of_o hannom_n call_v be_v danmurk_n i._n e._n the_o first_o
westside_n whereof_o he_o sail_v some_o day_n together_o with_o a_o good_a wind_n and_o therefore_o can_v not_o be_v a_o small_a island_n as_o they_o describe_v this_o which_o h._n hudson_n can_v not_o find_v when_o he_o seek_v for_o it_o see_v a_o discourse_n of_o this_o in_o purchas_n pilgrim_n l._n 3._o c._n 1_o &_o 15._o we_o have_v nothing_o of_o this_o voyage_n but_o those_o imperfect_a or_o short_a note_n which_o be_v find_v lie_v upon_o his_o table_n after_o his_o death_n wherein_o it_o be_v contain_v that_o they_o part_v from_o seynam_n aug._n 2._o aug._n 14_o they_o be_v 160_o league_n north_n and_o easterly_n from_o seynam_n they_o continue_v sail_v till_o sept._n 14_o when_o they_o land_v on_o a_o country_n high_a rocky_a and_o uninhabited_a from_o whence_o the_o cold_a and_o ice_n force_v they_o to_o return_v more_o south_n which_o they_o do_v till_o they_o reach_v arzina_n a_o river_n in_o lapland_n where_o the_o next_o spring_n they_o be_v all_o find_v freeze_v to_o death_n in_o their_o ship_n a_o few_o year_n after_o this_o about_o 1556_o we_o read_v of_o steven_n burrows_n who_o search_v a_o passage_n by_o the_o north-east_n unto_o the_o indies_n arrive_v in_o 112_o deg_fw-la 25_o min._n of_o longitude_n and_o 76_o of_o latitude_n and_o so_o sail_v to_o 80_o deg_fw-la 11_o min._n and_o thence_o to_o nova_n zembla_n now_o this_o can_v be_v any_o know_a place_n but_o greenland_n which_o be_v also_o confirm_v because_o the_o land_n be_v desolate_a the_o ice_n of_o a_o blue_a colour_n and_o great_a store_n of_o fowl_n all_o sign_n of_o greenland_n but_o from_o this_o time_n begin_v a_o great_a and_o familiar_a trade_n from_o england_n to_o all_o those_o northern_a region_n and_o many_o trial_n make_v to_o discover_v the_o north-east_n passage_n so_o that_o no_o question_n but_o that_o they_o land_v many_o time_n upon_o greenland_n but_o take_v no_o notice_n of_o it_o as_o neither_o do_v the_o dutch_a till_o many_o year_n after_o when_o a_o gainful_a fish_n be_v there_o find_v out_o before_o which_o none_o either_o give_v it_o a_o name_n take_v possession_n of_o it_o or_o pretend_v to_o the_o discovery_n this_o trade_n be_v manage_v for_o divers_a year_n by_o the_o russia_n company_n of_o english_a merchant_n as_o will_v appear_v by_o the_o story_n of_o it_o which_o be_v this_o in_o 1553_o the_o king_n and_o queen_n philip_n and_o mary_n give_v a_o commission_n to_o certain_a merchant_n to_o trade_n into_o russia_n and_o make_v they_o a_o corporation_n who_o present_o not_o only_a begin_v a_o very_a brisk_a and_o profitable_a negotiation_n into_o those_o northern_a country_n but_o employ_v divers_a ship_n for_o find_v out_o a_o passage_n that_o way_n into_o the_o indies_n particular_o arthur_n pet_n and_o charles_n jackman_n about_o the_o year_n 1580_o ramble_v over_o all_o those_o sea_n and_o it_o be_v very_o probable_a they_o also_o be_v upon_o greenland_n but_o there_o be_v nothing_o particular_o know_v concern_v they_o no_o nation_n but_o the_o english_a frequent_v those_o northern_a sea_n till_o 1578_o that_o a_o dutch_a ship_n come_v to_o colam_z and_o a_o year_n or_o two_o after_o another_z to_z st._n nicholas_n by_o the_o solicitation_n of_o a_o english_a man_n that_o set_v himself_o against_o the_o company_n afterward_o they_o creep_v in_o more_o and_o more_o and_o in_o 1594_o they_o employ_v barent_n and_o other_o to_o find_v out_o a_o passage_n to_o the_o indies_n and_o in_o 1596_o the_o three_o dutch_a pilot_n aforenamed_a upon_o the_o same_o design_n who_o first_o light_n upon_o bear-island_n and_o thence_o to_o greenland_n barent_n separate_v from_o his_o company_n sail_v to_o the_o north-east_n of_o nova-zembla_n where_o he_o lose_v his_o ship_n and_o himself_o die_v in_o 1603_o steven_n benet_n be_v employ_v who_o go_v no_o far_o than_o cherry-island_n whence_o he_o bring_v some_o lead_n oar._n in_o 1608_o henry_n hudson_n be_v send_v forth_o to_o discover_v the_o north-pole_n who_o go_v to_o 82_o deg_fw-la as_o do_v also_o thomas_n marmaduke_n of_o hull_n 1612_o but_o see_v divers_a island_n beyond_o that_o and_o give_v name_n to_o divers_a place_n upon_o greenland_n former_o discover_v as_o whale-bay_n hackluits-headland_a etc._n etc._n the_o company_n have_v be_v inform_v of_o the_o great_a number_n of_o sea-horse_n morss_n and_o whale_n that_o frequent_v cherry-island_n and_o greenland_n first_o apply_v themselves_o with_o one_o or_o two_o ship_n to_o the_o kill_n of_o morss_n which_o in_o a_o short_a time_n make_v morss_n grow_v scarce_o in_o the_o year_n therefore_o 1610_o they_o set_v out_o the_o ship_n amity_n ionas_n pool_n commander_n for_o whalefishing_a who_o fall_v upon_o the_o land_n former_o discover_v though_o not_o regard_v and_o call_v it_o greenland_n whether_o because_o of_o the_o green_a moss_n wherewith_o it_o be_v cover_v or_o mistake_v it_o for_o groenland_n a_o northern_a country_n former_o discover_v or_o for_o some_o other_o reason_n i_o know_v not_o he_o call_v it_o also_o king_n james_n new-land_n but_o that_o name_n be_v grow_v obsolete_a he_o also_o give_v name_n to_o many_o of_o the_o most_o eminent_a place_n upon_o the_o west_n side_n of_o the_o country_n as_o to_o horn-sound_a because_o there_o they_o find_v a_o unicorns-horn_n ice-point_n bell-point_n lowness-island_n black-point_n cape-cold_a ice-sound_a knotty-point_n fowl-sound_a deer-sound_a and_o in_o cross-road_n 79_o deg_fw-la 15_o min._n variation_n 18_o deg_fw-la 16_o min._n northwest_n he_o seize_v upon_o the_o country_n to_o the_o use_n of_o his_o master_n by_o set_v up_o a_o red_a cross_n and_o fasten_v a_o writing_n to_o it_o there_o also_o he_o make_v some_o quantity_n of_o oil_n and_o bring_v a_o unicorns-horn_n as_o they_o call_v it_o from_o thence_o and_o this_o be_v the_o first_o time_n that_o any_o benefit_n be_v make_v by_o the_o fish_n of_o that_o place_n in_o 1611_o the_o company_n hire_v six_o basques_n expert_a fisherman_n and_o send_v they_o with_o two_o ship_n to_o fish_n for_o whale_n in_o greenland_n where_o the_o first_o whale_n they_o kill_v yield_v they_o twelve_o tun_n of_o oil_n some_o of_o his_o company_n look_v about_o the_o harbour_n for_o whale_n discover_v in_o sir_n thomas_n smith_n bay_v a_o great_a number_n of_o morss_n the_o master_n of_o one_o of_o the_o ship_n take_v with_o he_o some_o of_o his_o man_n go_v thither_o and_o kill_v of_o they_o 500_o and_o keep_v 1000_o alive_a on_o shoar_n which_o afterward_o they_o let_v go_v in_o 1612_o two_o ship_n more_o be_v send_v when_o they_o kill_v seventeen_o whale_n and_o some_o morss_n and_o make_v 180_o tun_n of_o oil_n this_o year_n the_o hollander_n come_v thither_o with_o one_o ship_n conduct_v by_o andrew_n sallow_v a_o englishman_n another_o english_a pilot_n bring_v thither_o also_o a_o spanish_a ship_n the_o english_a ship_n meet_v with_o and_o threaten_v they_o but_o notwithstanding_o they_o make_v a_o good_a voyage_n in_o 1613_o the_o company_n send_v thither_o seven_o ship_n who_o have_v a_o patent_n to_o prohibit_v all_o stranger_n except_o the_o muscovia_n company_n from_o frequent_v those_o coast_n yet_o they_o meet_v with_o fifteen_o sail_n of_o dutch_a french_a flemish_a and_o some_o interloper_n of_o our_o own_o nation_n to_o some_o the_o general_n give_v liberty_n to_o fish_n with_o other_o he_o make_v composition_n to_o have_v half_a or_o part_n of_o what_o they_o catch_v other_o he_o drive_v away_o from_o the_o country_n after_o he_o have_v take_v out_o the_o english_a that_o be_v in_o their_o ship_n though_o themselves_o also_o by_o that_o mean_n be_v not_o so_o well_o lade_v as_o they_o may_v have_v be_v this_o year_n they_o discover_v hope-island_n and_o other_o island_n to_o the_o west_n in_o 1614_o they_o set_v out_o thirteen_o great_a ship_n beside_o two_o pinnace_n well_o arm_v and_o the_o dutch_a eighteen_o whereof_o four_o man_n of_o war_n who_o be_v strong_a stay_v and_o fish_v there_o as_o do_v our_o man_n also_o but_o both_o party_n make_v a_o poor_a voyage_n this_o land_n they_o full_o discover_v to_o 80_o deg_fw-la by_o tho._n sherwin_n and_o will._n baffin_n and_o by_o other_o divers_a island_n towards_o the_o east_n they_o also_o take_v possession_n of_o several_a part_n of_o the_o country_n for_o the_o king_n set_v up_o a_o cross_n and_o the_o king_n arm_n in_o lead_n the_o dutch_a afterward_o do_v the_o like_a in_o the_o same_o place_n for_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n in_o 1615_o they_o set_v out_o two_o great_a ship_n and_o two_o pinnace_n which_o by_o reason_n of_o fourteen_o sail_v send_v by_o the_o hollander_n come_v home_n not_o full_o lade_v this_o year_n the_o king_n of_o denmark_n send_v three_o ship_n man_n of_o war_n with_o a_o english_a pilot_n james_n vaden_n to_o demand_v custom_n of_o the_o ship_n for_o fish_v upon_o his_o island_n as_o he_o pretend_v the_o
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quit_v to_o make_v room_n for_o new_a plantation_n inhabitant_n first_o inhabitant_n howbeit_o we_o must_v not_o conceal_v that_o the_o learned_a be_v of_o divers_a judgement_n in_o this_o matter_n for_o all_o those_o who_o hold_v europe_n to_o be_v people_v by_o the_o posterity_n of_o japhet_n do_v as_o we_o now_o mention_v maintain_v that_o the_o first_o planter_n come_v by_o sea_n out_o of_o asia_n but_o those_o who_o rather_o imagine_v they_o the_o offspring_n of_o shem_n conceive_v that_o they_o come_v by_o land_n betwixt_o the_o caspian_a sea_n and_o palus_n meotis_n thence_o through_o tartary_n and_o ancient_a scythia_n into_o the_o northern_a part_n as_o far_o as_o scandia_n where_o their_o inundation_n be_v stop_v by_o the_o vast_a ocean_n they_o overflow_v into_o the_o southern_a part_n as_o britain_n france_n germany_n thrace_n etc._n etc._n and_o this_o opinion_n seem_v to_o be_v confirm_v by_o the_o tradition_n of_o the_o northern_a nation_n in_o their_o edda_n as_o the_o 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the_o south-part_n of_o europe_n nor_o be_v it_o likely_a that_o they_o who_o live_v in_o a_o continual_a prospect_n of_o europe_n even_o so_o near_o that_o they_o can_v swim_v over_o without_o the_o help_n of_o bladder_n shall_v so_o long_o forbear_v to_o seize_v upon_o a_o plentiful_a and_o rich_a country_n till_o they_o be_v prevent_v by_o those_o who_o successive_o people_v the_o country_n of_o the_o north_n and_o round_o about_o the_o euxine_a sea_n wherefore_o it_o appear_v more_o probable_a that_o the_o southern_a europe_n be_v first_o plant_v from_o the_o maritime_a coast_n of_o asia_n which_o seem_v also_o to_o be_v inhabit_v by_o the_o posterity_n of_o japhet_n it_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o north_n by_o the_o freeze_a sea_n bound_n bound_n on_o the_o west_n by_o the_o vast_a western_a ocean_n on_o the_o south_n from_o afric_n by_o the_o mediterranean_a and_o on_o the_o east_n from_o asia_n by_o the_o archipelago_n and_o so_o on_o by_o the_o black_a sea_n and_o palus_n meotis_n or_o the_o sea_n of_o zabache_n and_o thence_o by_o the_o river_n tanais_n to_o the_o most_o eastern_a wind_v thereof_o at_o the_o city_n tuja_n and_o thence_o by_o a_o imaginary_a line_n to_o the_o river_n oby_n and_o by_o that_o to_o the_o freeze_a sea_n europe_n exâ—ent_n situation_n and_o exâ—ent_n as_o describe_v on_o the_o globe_n lie_v towards_o the_o artic_a pole_n most_o in_o the_o northern_a temperate_a zone_n under_o the_o four_o and_o the_o nine_o climate_n and_o between_o the_o seven_o and_o seventeen_o parallel_n which_o fall_v about_o ten_o degree_n on_o this_o side_n the_o tropic_a of_o cancer_n and_o three_o within_o the_o polar_a circle_n it_o be_v extend_v in_o length_n from_o cape_n st._n vincent_n to_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n oby_n 71_o deg_fw-la on_o the_o equator_fw-la which_o reckon_v 60_o mile_n to_o a_o degree_n come_v to_o 4260_o english_a mile_n the_o breadth_n of_o europe_n from_o cape_n matagan_n in_o the_o morea_n to_o
whoever_o take_v use_v for_o money_n lose_v it_o and_o be_v punish_v beside_o though_o private_o at_o stockholme_n and_o place_n of_o trade_n use-money_n begin_v to_o be_v take_v if_o any_o person_n have_v scandalize_v his_o neighbour_n and_o be_v convict_v of_o it_o he_o be_v beside_o the_o fine_a force_v to_o recant_v and_o make_v a_o public_a confession_n of_o the_o injury_n in_o writing_n former_o for_o such_o offence_n the_o fine_a be_v nine_o mark_n call_v lopp-gold_n or_o lip-fine_a and_o the_o guilty_a person_n be_v force_v to_o beat_v their_o own_o mouth_n to_o crawl_v backward_o out_o of_o the_o court_n and_o be_v for_o ever_o render_v incapable_a of_o give_v evidence_n beside_o these_o and_o many_o such_o like_a law_n there_o be_v publish_v several_a belong_v to_o the_o goth_n which_o they_o use_v in_o other_o country_n as_o well_o as_o this_o be_v not_o more_o fit_a to_o be_v mention_v here_o then_o in_o any_o other_o place_n how_o powerful_a the_o king_n of_o sweden_n be_v 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horse_n be_v in_o suecia_n and_o gothia_n twelve_o and_o in_o finland_n two_o one_o of_o which_o be_v make_v up_o by_o the_o commonalty_n the_o other_o by_o the_o nobility_n of_o that_o province_n each_o of_o these_o have_v its_o captain_n lieutenant_z and_o cornet_n and_o muchwhat_a the_o same_o discipline_n as_o in_o other_o country_n their_o horse_n be_v common_o lesser_a but_o strong_a and_o more_o accustom_a to_o labour_n than_o those_o of_o germany_n the_o horseman_n carry_v with_o they_o carbine_n or_o short_a gun_n the_o reason_n why_o finland_n maintain_v so_o few_o and_o suecia_n and_o gothia_n so_o many_o regiment_n be_v because_o the_o former_a be_v particular_o oblige_v to_o maintain_v the_o fleet_n and_o sea-soldier_n and_o the_o latter_a abound_v more_o with_o horse_n and_o man_n the_o province_n of_o dalecarlia_n be_v say_v at_o one_o time_n to_o have_v raise_v thirty-thousand_a man_n well_o arm_v of_o these_o land-force_n there_o be_v according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n a_o general_a muster_n once_o every_o year_n at_o least_o all_o the_o courtier_n some_o few_o only_o except_v be_v allow_v pay_v and_o bind_v to_o accompany_v the_o king_n to_o the_o place_n of_o rendezvous_n next_o be_v the_o sea-force_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d no_o less_o considerable_a than_o those_o of_o the_o land_n the_o king_n have_v common_o in_o readiness_n above_o 50_o man_n of_o war_n many_o of_o they_o carry_v 50_o gun_n all_o under_o the_o command_n of_o one_o high_a admiral_n in_o a_o war_n against_o denmark_n king_n john_n the_o three_o fit_v out_o seventy_o man_n of_o war_n with_o several_a merchant_n ship_n in_o which_o beside_o the_o seaman_n be_v embark_v 18000_o land-souldier_n the_o chief_a port_n in_o the_o kingdom_n be_v stockholme_n where_o lie_v at_o anchor_n sometime_o above_o 300_o ship_n in_o finland_n livonia_n and_o other_o part_n there_o be_v very_o convenient_a harbour_n though_o not_o so_o well_o store_v with_o ship_n by_o reason_n that_o the_o muscovite_n the_o great_a enemy_n on_o that_o side_n maintain_v no_o sea-force_n the_o king_n revenue_n by_o which_o these_o be_v maintain_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d consist_v chief_o in_o the_o crown-land_n as_o chase_n forest_n etc._n etc._n which_o the_o king_n as_o be_v say_v take_v a_o oath_n not_o to_o embezil_v but_o these_o be_v former_o by_o the_o civil_a trouble_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o great_a part_n alienate_v from_o the_o crown_n and_o of_o late_a since_o the_o title_n of_o earl_n and_o baron_n be_v renew_v among_o they_o very_o much_o impair_v it_o be_v the_o custom_n that_o when_o the_o king_n honour_v any_o person_n with_o either_o of_o those_o title_n he_o with_o it_o give_v he_o a_o piece_n of_o land_n which_o have_v former_o belong_v to_o the_o crown_n other_o way_n be_v seek_v out_o for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o their_o court_n and_o army_n which_o be_v 1._o from_o these_o crown-land_n or_o king_n patrimony_n daily_o regain_v for_o which_o a_o college_n of_o reduction_n be_v of_o late_o institute_v 2._o from_o the_o mine_n of_o copper_n silver_n lead_v etc._n etc._n 3._o from_o the_o sea-custom_n 4._o from_o the_o imposition_n upon_o ox_n transport_v out_o of_o schonen_fw-mi finland_n etc._n etc._n which_o be_v about_o the_o value_n of_o 5_o s._n english_a by_o the_o head_n amount_v to_o a_o great_a sum_n especial_o in_o time_n of_o peace_n 5._o from_o the_o several_a company_n of_o merchant_n of_o which_o there_o be_v but_o one_o for_o exportation_n viz._n the_o tar-company_n though_o there_o be_v divers_a for_o importation_n as_o the_o tobacco-company_n the_o sugar-company_n etc._n etc._n who_o each_o pay_n yearly_o considerable_a sum_n to_o the_o crown_n 6._o from_o impost_n on_o the_o exportation_n of_o gun_n 7._o from_o the_o mulct_n pay_v by_o those_o that_o be_v cast_v in_o law_n a_o three_o part_n of_o which_o be_v pay_v to_o the_o king_n 8._o from_o all_o money_n which_o the_o king_n pay_v out_o from_o which_o he_o deduct_n to_o the_o value_n of_o one_o per_fw-la cent._n beside_o these_o there_o be_v many_o other_o way_n whereby_o the_o king_n raise_v money_n as_o the_o frank-subsidy_n or_o quitrent_n the_o revenue_n from_o all_o sort_n of_o skin_n and_o fur_n bring_v out_o of_o lapland_n etc._n etc._n which_o not_o be_v constant_a and_o certain_a but_o more_o or_o less_o according_a as_o the_o snow_n fall_v or_o the_o frost_n continue_v i_o omit_v to_o mention_v when_o his_o majesty_n of_o sweden_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n he_o can_v and_o ordinary_o do_v make_v use_n of_o these_o extraordinary_a mean_n as_o 1._o all_o person_n whatsoever_o none_o except_v who_o receive_v salary_n or_o pension_n from_o the_o crown_n in_o the_o time_n of_o war_n abate_v one_o half_a and_o sometime_o the_o whole_a as_o it_o be_v say_v they_o do_v in_o these_o late_a war_n 2._o the_o gentry_n of_o sweden_n finland_n etc._n etc._n pay_v a_o contribution_n of_o about_o sixteen_o penny_n english_a a_o man_n which_o be_v call_v the_o six-mark_a contribution_n 3._o all_o town_n pay_v a_o contribution_n according_a to_o their_o incomes_a some_o more_o some_o less_o 4._o every_o town_n which_o be_v oblige_v to_o have_v constant_o in_o readiness_n a_o certain_a company_n of_o seaman_n who_o the_o king_n send_v for_o upon_o occasion_n to_o serve_v in_o the_o fleet_n be_v bind_v in_o time_n of_o war_n to_o double_a the_o number_n 5._o when_o any_o army_n be_v transport_v over_o the_o baltic_a it_o go_v either_o to_o pomeren_n or_o bremen_n which_o province_n pay_v so_o much_o a_o month_n in_o money_n or_o provision_n towards_o its_o support_n 6._o the_o gentry_n of_o liffland_n and_o the_o neighbour_a province_n contribute_v so_o many_o thousand_o measure_n of_o corn_n for_o the_o supply_n of_o their_o magazine_n 7._o every_o peasant_n plough_v so_o much_o ground_n a_o year_n must_v give_v one_o shirt_n one_o lambskin_n coat_n one_o pair_n of_o
tract_n in_o latin_a contain_v its_o description_n and_o virtue_n the_o other_o be_v the_o chief_a of_o all_o the_o river_n in_o silesia_n rivers_n rivers_n it_o spring_v near_o the_o town_n oder_fw-ge not_o far_o from_o teschen_n on_o the_o border_n of_o moravia_n and_o pass_v by_o ratibor_n cossel_n oppelen_n brieg_n brieslaw_n glogaw_n beuthen_n and_o crossen_n with_o some_o more_o city_n of_o less_o note_n before_o it_o leave_v this_o dukedom_n other_o remarkable_a river_n be_v the_o bober_n neisse_n ohla_n and_o queiss_n beside_o these_o it_o be_v the_o honour_n of_o silesia_n that_o the_o vistula_n the_o best_a river_n in_o poland_n and_o the_o elb_n spring_v out_o of_o its_o mountain_n there_o be_v also_o in_o this_o country_n good_a store_n of_o pond_n and_o lake_n which_o yield_v plenty_n of_o all_o manner_n of_o fresh_a water_n fish_n especial_o lamprey_n which_o be_v catch_v in_o prodigious_a quantity_n in_o the_o neisslish_a sea_n and_o some_o other_o water_n other_o commodity_n of_o the_o land_n be_v mad_a â—â—moâ—â—ies_n â—â—moâ—â—ies_n flax_n sweet_a cane_n or_o galengal_n wine_n especial_o in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o sagan_n and_o crossen_n silver_n copper_n lead_v iron_n and_o chalk_n they_o have_v plenty_n of_o saltpetre_n and_o some_o good_a salt_n though_o not_o so_o much_o as_o to_o be_v sufficient_a for_o their_o own_o use_n so_o that_o daily_o great_a quantity_n of_o this_o commodity_n be_v bring_v in_o from_o poland_n and_o other_o neighbour_a country_n they_o have_v all_o the_o sort_n of_o wild_a and_o tame_a beast_n that_o any_o other_o part_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n afford_v butter_n cheese_n particular_o a_o kind_n of_o pitiful_a stuff_n make_v of_o ewe_n milk_n bacon_n honey_n etc._n etc._n but_o the_o great_a trade_v commodity_n they_o have_v be_v wool_n and_o flax._n silesia_n have_v breed_v several_a good_a scholar_n and_o brisk_a wit_n â—â—abiâ—â—ts_n â—â—abiâ—â—ts_n though_o the_o ordinary_a rustic_n be_v look_v upon_o as_o a_o people_n of_o a_o shallow_a understanding_n and_o small_a sense_n they_o be_v common_o in_o way_n of_o derision_n style_v by_o their_o neighbour_n nation_n eselsfresser_n or_o ass-eater_n the_o occasion_n of_o which_o nickname_n some_o say_v be_v this_o a_o blunt_a country_n rustic_a travel_v from_o near_a breslaw_n into_o the_o dukedom_n of_o crossen_n '_o spy_v in_o a_o field_n a_o ass_n feed_v which_o the_o poor_a fellow_n have_v never_o before_o see_v the_o like_a creature_n mistake_v unhappy_o for_o a_o overgrow_a hare_n whereupon_o discharge_v his_o blunderbuss_n he_o shoot_v the_o strange_a beast_n and_o bring_v it_o home_o to_o his_o friend_n and_o acquaintance_n who_o be_v a_o pack_n of_o bumpkin_n of_o no_o long_a head_n than_o himself_o roast_a and_o eat_v up_o the_o outlandish_a puss_n this_o be_v the_o relation_n which_o the_o common_a people_n of_o silesia_n give_v of_o their_o title_n another_o story_n be_v that_o the_o miner_n at_o reichenstein_n not_o far_o from_o glatz_n have_v discover_v a_o vein_n of_o gold-ore_n which_o they_o name_v der_fw-mi guldener_n esel_n lay_v at_o it_o continual_o be_v resolve_v that_o no_o stranger_n or_o foreigner_n shall_v share_v with_o they_o in_o the_o treasure_n and_o hence_o they_o get_v the_o name_n of_o ass-eater_n from_o stuff_v their_o purse_n and_o not_o their_o carcase_n but_o this_o late_a narrative_a may_n possible_o have_v be_v contrive_v by_o some_o of_o the_o silesian_n wit_n who_o by_o this_o mean_n be_v in_o hope_n to_o wear_v off_o the_o disgrace_n and_o ignominy_n of_o the_o former_a some_o of_o they_o like_o the_o boar_n of_o italy_n and_o bohemia_n have_v a_o custom_n of_o reckon_v the_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n from_o the_o snnset_a but_o few_o of_o the_o nobility_n observe_v that_o method_n the_o lieutenantship_n of_o silesia_n be_v for_o some_o time_n commit_v to_o mathias_n corvinus_n king_n of_o hungary_n but_o afterward_o be_v confer_v upon_o the_o bishop_n of_o breslaw_n until_o the_o emperor_n rudolf_n ii_o decree_v that_o this_o charge_n shall_v be_v commit_v to_o some_o of_o the_o temporal_a prince_n of_o that_o nation_n who_o be_v to_o be_v nominate_v as_o well_o as_o the_o subordinate_a lieutenant_n of_o the_o several_a petty_a dukedom_n or_o county_n by_o the_o council_n chamber_n at_o prague_n to_o who_o be_v also_o commit_v at_o the_o the_o same_o time_n the_o supreme_a inspection_n into_o all_o lawcase_n and_o the_o different_a administration_n of_o justice_n in_o all_o court_n of_o judicature_n in_o each_o particular_a province_n christianity_n be_v first_o plant_v in_o poland_n and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n in_o silesia_n religion_n religion_n which_o be_v then_o a_o part_n of_o that_o great_a dukedom_n about_o the_o late_a end_n of_o the_o nine_o and_o beginning_n of_o the_o ten_o century_n in_o the_o infancy_n of_o religion_n in_o these_o part_n the_o polander_n and_o silesian_n be_v wont_a to_o assemble_v themselves_o in_o wood_n and_o other_o desert_n place_n of_o the_o land_n for_o fear_n of_o lay_v themselves_o too_o open_a to_o the_o cruelty_n of_o their_o magistrate_n who_o be_v man_n of_o another_o persuasion_n but_o at_o last_o christianity_n be_v admit_v to_o court_n for_o mieceslaus_n duke_n of_o poland_n have_v marry_v drambronica_n daughter_n of_o boleslaus_n duke_n of_o bohemia_n a_o christian_n be_v himself_o baptize_v at_o gnesna_n in_o the_o year_n 965._o whereupon_o he_o cause_v nine_o bishopric_n to_o be_v erect_v in_o his_o dominion_n among_o which_o one_o be_v found_v at_o schmogra_fw-la in_o silesia_n which_o be_v afterward_o remove_v to_o bitschen_n and_o at_o length_n fix_v at_o breslaw_n soon_o after_o the_o reformation_n begin_v by_o luther_n the_o augsburg_n confession_n be_v bring_v hither_o and_o at_o last_o confirm_v by_o the_o emperor_n rudolph_n ii_o in_o the_o year_n 1609._o but_o ferdinand_n ii_o ah_o bloody_a persecutor_n of_o the_o protestant_n repeal_v that_o charter_n allow_v the_o public_a profession_n of_o the_o lutheran_n religion_n to_o the_o citizen_n of_o breslaw_n and_o some_o few_o town_n more_o and_o that_o too_o with_o several_a limitation_n and_o restriction_n however_o that_o emperor_n be_v sensible_a before_o his_o death_n how_o vain_a it_o be_v to_o endeavour_v the_o extirpation_n of_o protestant_n and_o the_o whole_a empire_n some_o year_n after_o groan_v under_o the_o dismal_a effect_n of_o his_o misguide_a zeal_n for_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n the_o silesian_n be_v at_o this_o day_n general_o lutheran_n only_o some_o few_o of_o the_o nobility_n with_o their_o dependent_n adhere_v still_o to_o the_o superstition_n and_o foppery_n of_o the_o romanist_n we_o have_v hitherto_o give_v the_o reader_n a_o general_a account_n of_o the_o vast_a dukedom_n of_o silesia_n and_o proceed_v in_o the_o next_o place_n to_o a_o more_o particular_a survey_n of_o the_o several_a petty_a province_n which_o make_v up_o this_o large_a territory_n begin_v with_o i._o the_o dukedom_n of_o crossen_n in_o the_o time_n that_o the_o silesian_n prince_n be_v dukedom_n dukedom_n by_o the_o subtlety_n of_o john_n king_n of_o bohemia_n set_v at_o variance_n and_o enmity_n among_o themselves_o of_o which_o stratagem_n we_o have_v already_o take_v notice_n this_o dukedom_n be_v first_o separate_v from_o the_o other_o part_n of_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o silesia_n dominion_n for_o in_o the_o year_n 1272_o the_o city_n of_o crossen_n be_v pawn_v to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o magdeburg_n but_o redeem_v within_o two_o year_n after_o by_o henry_n duke_n of_o breslaw_n four_o year_n after_o this_o the_o citizen_n of_o breslaw_n pawn_v it_o a_o second_o time_n to_o john_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n for_o four_o thousand_o crown_n towards_o the_o ransom_n of_o their_o duke_n but_o with_o this_o proviso_n that_o the_o marquis_n shall_v not_o give_v assistance_n to_o boleslaus_n duke_n of_o lignitz_n in_o his_o war_n against_o their_o city_n not_o long_o after_o crossen_n be_v again_o redeem_v out_o of_o the_o marquise_n hand_n but_o john_n the_o great_a common_o know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o cicero_n germanicus_n get_v possession_n of_o it_o a_o second_o time_n in_o lieu_n of_o fifty_o thousand_o ducat_n owe_v he_o for_o his_o wife_n portion_n again_o john_n duke_n of_o sagan_n deliver_v up_o this_o dukedom_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o john_n the_o three_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n with_o the_o consent_n of_o vladislaus_n king_n of_o hungary_n and_o bohemia_n in_o the_o year_n 1391._o last_o joachim_n ii_o and_o his_o brother_n john_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n have_v the_o sole_a and_o entire_a possession_n of_o this_o dukedom_n grant_v they_o by_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n the_o first_o king_n of_o bohemia_n since_o which_o time_n the_o elector_n have_v always_o enjoy_v it_o and_o style_v themselves_o duke_n of_o crossen_n in_o silesia_n crossen_n city_n city_n in_o the_o language_n of_o some_o of_o the_o native_n of_o this_o country_n signify_v the_o outmost_a seam_n or_o selvidge_n
esq_n benjamin_n woodroff_n d._n d._n canon_n of_o ch._n ch._n oxon_n sr._n peter_n wyche_n lady_n wymondesold_n of_o putney_n tho._n wyndham_n esq_n groom_n of_o the_o bedchamber_n john_n wyvell_n minister_n by_o rochester_n richard_n ld._n arch_n bp._n of_o york_n robert_n earl_n of_o yarmouth_n robert_n yard_n esq_n john_n yardley_n m._n d._n col._n med._n lond._n s._n hon._n tho._n yate_n d._n d._n principal_a of_o brazen-nose_n coll._n oxon_n james_n young_a esq_n robert_n young_a canon_n of_o windsor_n orbis_fw-la terrarum_fw-la nova_fw-la et_fw-la accuratissima_fw-la tabula_fw-la auctore_fw-la joanne_n à _fw-fr loon_n honi_fw-fr soit_fw-fr qui_fw-fr mal_fw-fr y_fw-fr pense_fw-fr serenissimo_fw-la potentissimoque_fw-la domino_fw-la domino_fw-la carolo_n secundo_fw-la magnae_fw-la britanniae_fw-la francia_fw-la et_fw-la hiberniae_fw-la reg_n defensor_fw-la fidei_fw-la hanc_fw-la tabulam_fw-la totius_fw-la orbis_n d._n d._n d._n 〈…〉_o nova_fw-la totius_fw-la terrarum_fw-la orbis_fw-la geographica_n ac_fw-la hydrographica_n tabula_fw-la to_o the_o right_n reverend_a father_n in_o god_n john_n by_o divine_a permission_n ld._n bishop_n of_o oxon_n this_o map_n be_v humble_o dedicate_v johannes_n jansonius_n à _fw-fr waesberge_n and_o moses_n pitt_n and_o steven_n swart_a septem_fw-la planeta_n luna_fw-la ♋_o ☽_o mercurius_n ♊_o ☿_o venus_n ♎_o ♉_o sol_fw-la ♌_o ☉_o mars_n ♈_o ♂_o jupiter_n â™_o ♃_o saturnus_n ♑_o ♄_o quatuor_fw-la elementae_fw-la ignis_fw-la aer_fw-la aqua_fw-la terra_fw-la quatuor_fw-la anni_fw-la tempestates_fw-la ver_fw-la ♈_o ♉_o ♊_o aestas_fw-la ♋_o ♌_o â™_o autumnus_fw-la ♎_o â™_o â™_o hiems_n ♑_o â™’_o ♓_o septem_fw-la mirabilia_fw-la mundi_fw-la murus_n babyloniae_fw-la colossus_n pyramid_n mausoleum_n dianae_n templum_n jupiter_n olympicus_n pharos_n america_n septentrionalism_n terra_fw-la australis_fw-la incognita_fw-la the_o introduction_n cosmography_n be_v a_o general_a description_n of_o the_o whole_a world_n work_n the_o intention_n of_o the_o whole_a work_n consist_v of_o heaven_n and_o earth_n of_o both_o which_o a_o account_n be_v intend_v to_o be_v give_v in_o this_o atlas_n that_o of_o the_o heaven_n be_v reserve_v to_o a_o peculiar_a volume_n it_o being_n as_o we_o conceive_v of_o great_a necessity_n that_o we_o begin_v with_o that_o of_o the_o earth_n and_o first_o of_o this_o great_a globe_n in_o general_a the_o description_n whereof_o belong_v to_o geography_n as_o that_o of_o particular_a region_n and_o country_n be_v call_v chorography_n which_o be_v contain_v in_o their_o peculiar_a map_n nor_o shall_v we_o omit_v such_o topographical_n description_n or_o the_o knowledge_n of_o lesser_a place_n as_o city_n river_n mountain_n etc._n etc._n where_o advantage_n may_v be_v to_o the_o reader_n now_o this_o globe_n which_o we_o call_v of_o the_o earth_n consist_v of_o land_n and_o water_n or_o sea_n the_o description_n of_o those_o be_v proper_o name_v hydrography_n which_o set_v forth_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o mouth_n of_o great_a river_n the_o havens_n rock_n shallow_n creek_n and_o such_o other_o consideration_n as_o concern_v navigation_n to_o this_o also_o a_o entire_a volume_n in_o this_o edition_n of_o a_o atlas_n be_v design_v and_o because_o that_o of_o ancient_a time_n the_o division_n and_o boundary_n of_o kingdom_n and_o country_n be_v very_o much_o divers_a from_o those_o at_o present_a to_o avoid_v confusion_n which_o must_v needs_o happen_v by_o treat_v in_o the_o same_o place_n of_o thing_n so_o different_a it_o be_v think_v necessary_a to_o reserve_v the_o ancient_a geography_n to_o a_o particular_a tome_n to_o be_v put_v forth_o with_o the_o rest_n in_o its_o due_a time_n thus_o you_o have_v a_o account_n of_o what_o be_v intend_v in_o the_o edition_n of_o this_o great_a work_n but_o it_o be_v first_o necessary_a to_o explain_v such_o term_n and_o lay_v such_o general_a ground_n as_o be_v of_o use_n through_o all_o the_o volume_n which_o be_v the_o subject_n of_o this_o preface_n or_o introduction_n first_o than_o it_o be_v to_o be_v note_v earth_n of_o the_o globe_n of_o the_o earth_n that_o the_o earth_n and_o water_n make_v but_o one_o body_n the_o figure_n whereof_o be_v round_o and_o therefore_o be_v best_a and_o most_o natural_o represent_v by_o those_o we_o call_v globe_n though_o map_n also_o or_o plain_a figure_n if_o careful_o draw_v be_v sufficient_o exact_a this_o proposition_n though_o it_o may_v be_v suppose_v rational_o enough_o as_o now_o grant_v by_o all_o learned_a man_n yet_o may_v it_o be_v evident_o prove_v both_o from_o celestial_a and_o terrestrial_a appearance_n whereof_o a_o account_n and_o reason_n may_v easy_o be_v give_v by_o this_o figure_n and_o not_o by_o any_o other_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o star_n rise_v soon_o to_o they_o who_o live_v eastward_o than_o they_o do_v to_o we_o which_o can_v not_o be_v if_o the_o whole_a face_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v plain_a 2._o to_o those_o who_o live_v more_o or_o less_o northward_o the_o pole_n be_v more_o or_o less_o elevate_v for_o those_o inhabitant_n of_o iseland_n lapland_n etc._n etc._n who_o live_v about_o a_o thousand_o mile_n more_o northward_o than_o we_o do_v see_v the_o polestar_n fifteen_o degree_n high_o than_o we_o can_v and_o those_o who_o travel_n hence_o towards_o those_o country_n do_v find_v that_o this_o variation_n be_v make_v gradual_o alter_v about_o a_o degree_n and_o a_o half_a at_o the_o end_n of_o every_o hundred_o mile_n which_o can_v not_o be_v except_o the_o body_n on_o which_o they_o move_v be_v spherical_a 3._o the_o shadow_n which_o the_o earth_n cast_v upon_o the_o moon_n when_o she_o be_v partial_o eclipse_v be_v see_v to_o be_v circular_a and_o therefore_o the_o body_n which_o cause_v it_o must_v be_v so_o too_o to_o these_o we_o may_v add_v that_o many_o proposition_n in_o astronomy_n geography_n and_o navigation_n be_v found_v on_o this_o supposition_n and_o when_o they_o be_v apply_v to_o use_v they_o prove_v true_a and_o succeed_v according_a to_o expectation_n which_o certain_o they_o will_v not_o always_o do_v if_o the_o very_a foundation_n upon_o which_o they_o be_v build_v be_v unsound_a the_o same_o also_o be_v prove_v by_o plain_a sense_n and_o experiment_n as_o well_o as_o by_o reason_n and_o consequence_n for_o we_o perceive_v that_o ship_n which_o lose_v from_o their_o harbour_n in_o calm_a weather_n disappear_v gradual_o first_o their_o hulk_n than_o their_o sail_n and_o after_o a_o few_o mile_n their_o high_a mast_n the_o natural_a convexity_n of_o the_o water_n interpose_v betwixt_o they_o and_o our_o sight_n several_a also_o of_o our_o countryman_n and_o neighbour_n have_v sail_v round_o about_o this_o globe_n lose_v hence_o westward_o and_o return_v again_o fromwards_o the_o east_n from_o which_o and_o other_o navigation_n we_o may_v conclude_v not_o only_o that_o natural_o no_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v high_a than_o another_o but_o also_o that_o we_o may_v sail_v from_o any_o part_n to_o any_o part_n of_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o ocean_n and_o that_o every_o continent_n have_v sea_n about_o it_o and_o be_v indeed_o but_o a_o great_a island_n the_o controversy_n about_o the_o situation_n of_o this_o globe_n whether_o it_o stand_v still_o in_o the_o midst_n earth_n of_o the_o situation_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o as_o it_o be_v centre_n of_o the_o world_n as_o the_o ancient_n general_o opine_v or_o whether_o it_o move_v upon_o its_o own_o axis_fw-la and_o about_o the_o sun_n as_o the_o centre_n beside_o that_o it_o be_v not_o so_o much_o to_o our_o purpose_n in_o this_o as_o in_o the_o volume_n of_o the_o heaven_n the_o map_n and_o description_n be_v the_o same_o in_o both_o way_n and_o that_o the_o learned_a be_v not_o come_v to_o any_o issue_n in_o it_o nor_o have_v we_o any_o thing_n to_o add_v to_o the_o common_a and_o vulgar_a probable_a argument_n only_o we_o shall_v omit_v the_o part_n of_o this_o globe_n be_v natural_o separate_v one_o from_o another_o by_o sea_n ledge_n of_o mountain_n river_n desert_n and_o the_o like_a which_o be_v very_o opportune_a for_o the_o distinction_n of_o nation_n kingdom_n and_o government_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o creation_n globe_n of_o the_o water_n in_o this_o globe_n the_o water_n be_v light_a than_o the_o earth_n according_o overspread_v and_o compass_v it_o to_o some_o considerable_a height_n but_o whether_o there_o be_v in_o the_o begin_n a_o great_a quantity_n of_o earth_n or_o water_n create_v be_v a_o undeterminable_a curiosity_n on_o the_o three_o day_n the_o almighty_a creator_n separate_v they_o by_o cause_v the_o water_n to_o sink_v into_o the_o deep_a and_o open_a cavity_n of_o the_o earth_n where_o by_o the_o height_n and_o strength_n of_o the_o shore_n they_o be_v restrain_v as_o in_o a_o vessel_n from_o return_v to_o overflow_v and_o drown_v the_o dry_a land_n but_o if_o the_o shore_n be_v weak_a as_o many_o time_n it_o happen_v the_o water_n break_v through_o and_o overwhelm_v so_o much_o of_o the_o
of_o which_o be_v at_o least_o six_o foot_n high_a as_o the_o sun_n and_o day_n begin_v to_o appear_v the_o fowl_n and_o fox_n begin_v to_o come_v abroad_o for_o which_o they_o set_v trap_n and_o springe_n of_o fowl_n they_o take_v a_o vast_a number_n and_o at_o several_a time_n they_o get_v about_o fifty_o fox_n which_o they_o roast_v and_o find_v to_o be_v pleasant_a and_o wholesome_a food_n the_o dutch_a relation_n of_o their_o man_n that_o winter_a in_o nova-zembla_n say_v that_o though_o they_o do_v not_o relish_n bear_v flesh_n yet_o fox_n they_o like_v well_o for_o by_o their_o flesh_n they_o be_v much_o relieve_v in_o their_o scurvy_n may_v the_o first_o it_o be_v somewhat_o warm_a they_o go_v abroad_o to_o seek_v provision_n where_o they_o light_v of_o great_a quantity_n of_o willocks-egg_n which_o be_v a_o great_a refreshment_n to_o they_o that_o day_n also_o come_v two_o english_a ship_n into_o the_o sound_n which_o send_v forth_o to_o seek_v they_o and_o take_v they_o in_o and_o bring_v they_o safe_a and_o sound_a into_o england_n the_o effect_n of_o the_o cold_a upon_o they_o the_o like_a also_o be_v testify_v by_o those_o of_o william_n barent_n company_n that_o winter_a in_o nova-zembla_n be_v wonderful_a cold_a the_o wonderful_a cold_a as_o that_o it_o raise_v blister_n on_o their_o flesh_n as_o if_o they_o have_v be_v burn_v with_o fire_n if_o they_o touch_v iron_n it_o stick_v to_o their_o finger_n whilst_o they_o sit_v by_o a_o great_a fire_n their_o stocking_n burn_v yet_o their_o foot_n not_o sensible_a of_o heat_n and_o their_o back_n be_v freeze_v yet_o our_o man_n either_o have_v not_o such_o reason_n or_o will_v to_o complain_v as_o the_o dutch_a in_o nova-zembla_n who_o shoe_n freeze_v as_o hard_o as_o horn_n to_o their_o foot_n who_o sack_n be_v quite_o freeze_v as_o likewise_o a_o barrel_n of_o water_n become_v perfect_a ice_n in_o one_o night_n that_o their_o carpenter_n take_v a_o nail_n out_o of_o his_o mouth_n the_o skin_n and_o flesh_n follow_v glue_v to_o it_o with_o ice_n that_o they_o heat_v stone_n at_o the_o fire_n to_o apply_v to_o their_o foot_n and_o other_o part_n of_o their_o body_n in_o their_o cabin_n to_o hinder_v they_o from_o freeze_a with_o many_o like_a misery_n which_o i_o omit_v the_o last_o who_o have_v bring_v we_o any_o news_n from_o this_o country_n be_v frederick_n martens_n a_o hamburger_n voyage_n freder_n martens_n voyage_n who_o set_v out_o from_o the_o elb_n april_n the_o five_o 1671._o he_o have_v print_v a_o very_a large_a and_o accurate_a description_n both_o of_o the_o land_n and_o all_o thing_n therein_o as_o fowl_n plant_n beast_n mountain_n etc._n etc._n which_o he_o do_v as_o may_v be_v suppose_v in_o great_a part_n to_o satisfy_v the_o curiosity_n of_o several_a gentleman_n of_o the_o royal_a society_n who_o entreat_v his_o diligence_n in_o answer_v such_o query_n as_o they_o send_v he_o we_o shall_v omit_v such_o thing_n as_o we_o think_v not_o so_o useful_a and_o abridge_v the_o rest_n for_o fear_n of_o cloy_a the_o reader_n he_o first_o arrive_v upon_o charles-isle_n of_o seventy_o mile_n in_o length_n havens_n harbour_n and_o havens_n not_o above_o ten_o broad_a separate_v from_o greenland_n by_o a_o narrow_a straight_o call_v forelands-ford_n betwixt_o this_o foreland_n and_o muscle-haven_n be_v the_o high_a mountain_n and_o though_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o mountain_n and_o rock_n of_o greenland_n be_v of_o a_o red_a soil_n and_o communicate_v that_o colour_n to_o the_o snow_n upon_o they_o which_o make_v they_o look_v like_o fire_n yet_o there_o be_v seven_o that_o be_v of_o a_o blue_a colour_n and_o betwixt_o they_o many_o sharp_a point_a rock_n in_o south-haven_n they_o common_o repair_v their_o faulty_a ship_n be_v a_o very_a large_a and_o commodious_a harbour_n wherein_o thirty_o and_o sometime_o forty_o ship_n have_v convenient_o anchor_v at_o the_o same_o time_n here_o also_o they_o take_v in_o fresh_a water_n which_o run_v plentiful_o from_o the_o mountain_n upon_o the_o melt_a of_o the_o ice_n and_o snow_n for_o the_o river_n at_o least_o as_o far_o as_o they_o can_v go_v be_v too_o brackish_a and_o there_o be_v not_o any_o spring_n or_o well_n as_o yet_o discover_v this_o haven_n have_v high_a mountain_n on_o either_o side_n but_o especial_o on_o the_o left_a particular_o one_o call_v the_o beehive_n another_o the_o devilshuck_n which_o be_v common_o cover_v with_o a_o thick_a mist_n and_o which_o when_o the_o wind_n drive_v it_o that_o way_n darken_v the_o haven_n within_o this_o haven_n also_o be_v the_o island_n call_v of_o deadman_n who_o they_o ordinary_o bury_v here_o in_o coffin_n heap_v stone_n upon_o they_o where_o the_o body_n if_o they_o escape_v the_o bear_n be_v preserve_v entire_a a_o long_a time_n some_o say_v they_o have_v see_v they_o so_o after_o have_v be_v dead_a thirty_o year_n here_o be_v also_o several_a island_n call_v fowl-island_n because_o of_o the_o vast_a number_n of_o fowl_n that_o breed_v there_o next_o follow_v a_o bay_n call_v by_o the_o dutch_a mauritius-bay_n where_o some_o have_v winter_v the_o relation_n whereof_o because_o it_o contain_v nothing_o considerable_a beside_o what_o be_v before_o express_v i_o shall_v omit_v near_o to_o this_o stand_v the_o only_a house_n in_o the_o whole_a country_n which_o be_v a_o few_o cottage_n build_v by_o the_o dutch_a for_o the_o make_v their_o oil_n with_o a_o great_a gun_n to_o defend_v they_o and_o those_o they_o call_v smearbourg_n and_o the_o harlingish-cookery_n all_o other_o nation_n burn_v their_o house_n at_o their_o departure_n in_o the_o northern-bay_n be_v a_o island_n the_o dutch_a call_v vogel-sang_a for_o the_o great_a noise_n that_o the_o fowl_n make_v when_o they_o take_v their_o flight_n next_o be_v monyers-bay_n the_o further_a north_n of_o the_o western_a part_n of_o greenland_n then_o roefield_n so_o call_v for_o its_o abundance_n of_o deer_n the_o soil_n here_o seem_v to_o be_v all_o slat_z set_v up_o edgwise_o muscle-haven_n lie_v at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o way-gate_n north_n of_o which_o martens_n sail_v to_o 81_o deg_fw-la he_o see_v seven_o island_n more_o far_a north_n but_o the_o ice_n permit_v he_o not_o to_o approach_v they_o walter_n thymens_n ford_n be_v by_o we_o call_v alderman_n freeman_n inlet_n and_o be_v a_o large_a mouth_n of_o a_o river_n which_o be_v undiscovered_a the_o soil_n soil_n soil_n as_o much_o as_o have_v be_v discover_v of_o greenland_n be_v in_o most_o place_n nothing_o but_o rock_n or_o heap_n of_o vast_a stone_n many_o of_o they_o so_o high_a that_o the_o upper_a half_n seem_v to_o be_v above_o the_o cloud_n and_o so_o steep_a that_o they_o seem_v as_o if_o they_o will_v tumble_v down_o as_o many_o time_n great_a piece_n do_v break_v from_o the_o whole_a with_o a_o terrible_a noise_n the_o little_a valley_n between_o they_o be_v seldom_o any_o thing_n but_o break_a stone_n and_o ice_n heap_v up_o from_o many_o generation_n about_o roefield_n and_o muscle-haven_n be_v the_o great_a quantity_n of_o low_a land_n yet_o be_v that_o also_o full_a of_o rock_n stony_a and_o for_o the_o most_o part_n cover_v with_o snow_n and_o ice_n which_o be_v melt_v as_o in_o some_o place_n it_o be_v in_o summer_n discover_v nothing_o but_o a_o barren_a ground_n produce_v heath_n moss_n and_o some_o very_o few_o plant_n these_o mountain_n which_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o warm_a air_n and_o sunbeam_n be_v in_o some_o place_n clothe_v with_o the_o same_o and_o in_o these_o place_n and_o the_o hole_n of_o the_o rock_n nest_n infinite_a quantity_n of_o fowl_n who_o dung_n with_o the_o moss_n wash_v down_o by_o the_o melt_a snow_n make_v a_o mould_n in_o the_o valley_n or_o rather_o cleft_n which_o if_o open_a to_o the_o sunbeam_n when_o the_o ice_n be_v dissolve_v produce_v some_o few_o plant_n as_o a_o kind_n of_o cabbage-lettuce_n of_o a_o cress-taste_a scurvygrass_n sorrel_n snakeweed_n mousear_n hearts-ease_n a_o kind_n of_o strawberry_n divers_a sort_n of_o ranunculus_n and_o of_o sempervive_v one_o like_o a_o aloe_n another_o like_a our_o prickmadam_n a_o three_o like_o our_o wall-pepper_n and_o some_o few_o other_o unknown_a to_o our_o climate_n the_o sea_n seem_v not_o so_o salt_n here_o as_o in_o other_o place_n sea_n the_o sea_n it_o be_v general_o so_o clear_a that_o one_o may_v see_v at_o least_o twelve_o fathom_n under_o water_n and_o common_o of_o the_o colour_n of_o the_o air_n the_o course_n of_o it_o at_o musclebay_n and_o some_o other_o place_n be_v observe_v to_o be_v northward_o there_o have_v be_v no_o particular_a notice_n take_v of_o the_o tide_n and_o martens_n think_v that_o it_o eb_v and_o flow_v not_o regular_o according_a to_o the_o moon_n for_o then_o it_o will_v drown_v the_o nest_n of_o the_o bird_n that_o build_v nigh_o the_o
add_v to_o the_o former_a because_o it_o be_v at_o twelve_o hour_n before_o noon_n his_o place_n at_o that_o instant_n be_v 2_o deg_fw-la 26_o min._n of_o virgo_fw-la who_o declination_n be_v as_o before_o 10_o deg_fw-la 35_o min._n the_o latitude_n of_o the_o place_n be_v 78_o deg_fw-la 47_o min._n who_o compliment_n be_v 11_o deg_fw-la 13_o min._n the_o declination_n be_v subduct_v from_o the_o compliment_n of_o of_o the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n leave_v 38_o min._n four_o fifth_n of_o which_o be_v 12_o min._n be_v substract_v from_o 38_o leave_v 26_o min._n for_o the_o refraction_n which_o be_v more_o or_o less_o according_a to_o the_o thickness_n or_o thinness_n of_o the_o air_n but_o to_o return_v to_o nova-zembla_n nova-zembla_n situation_n of_o nova-zembla_n there_o be_v late_o a_o new_a chart_n of_o nova-zembla_n put_v out_o in_o holland_n which_o separate_v it_o from_o samoiedia_n by_o the_o strait_n of_o nassau_n or_o fretum_n waygat_n but_o make_v the_o north_n of_o it_o wherein_o barent_n in_o 1595_o winter_a in_o the_o same_o parallel_n with_o part_n of_o greenland_n and_o that_o nova-zembla_n be_v inhabit_v with_o people_n like_a in_o clothing_n stature_n and_o manner_n of_o life_n to_o the_o samoieds_fw-fr that_o they_o be_v idolater_n as_o many_o of_o the_o other_o barbarous_a etc._n etc._n another_o map_n join_v with_o the_o former_a also_o continue_v groenland_n to_o greenland_n on_o the_o south-west_n corner_n which_o also_o be_v contrary_a to_o all_o other_o relation_n but_o the_o map_n of_o nova-zembla_n be_v manifest_o calculate_v out_o of_o the_o observation_n of_o they_o that_o winter_v there_o with_o w._n barent_n and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v neither_o disparage_v nor_o approve_v it_o further_o trial_n may_v determine_v it_o a_o late_a traveller_n a_o frenchman_n chirurgeon_n in_o a_o danish_a ship_n say_v that_o nova-zembla_n be_v a_o continent_n join_v on_o the_o south_n to_o samoiedia_n by_o a_o ledg_n of_o mountain_n call_v by_o he_o the_o pater-noster-mountain_n and_o on_o the_o north_n to_o greenland_n which_o be_v contrary_a both_o to_o this_o new_a chart_n and_o to_o the_o observation_n of_o all_o mariner_n both_o english_a and_o dutch._n he_o say_v also_o that_o he_o with_o other_o go_v ashore_o upon_o nova-zembla_n and_o bring_v away_o some_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n into_o denmark_n that_o they_o be_v more_o barbarous_a than_o any_o other_o nation_n he_o have_v ever_o see_v a_o groenland-monk_n in_o the_o chron._n of_o iseland_n say_v that_o the_o pigmy_n inhabit_v nova-zembla_n this_o traveller_n indeed_o say_v they_o be_v but_o short_a truss_a person_n but_o not_o so_o little_a as_o to_o deserve_v the_o name_n of_o pigmy_n nor_o indeed_o much_o lesser_a than_o his_o countryman_n the_o gronelander_n be_v describe_v the_o dutch_a who_o winter_v there_o beast_n beast_n mention_v no_o other_o beast_n than_o bear_n fox_n and_o such_o other_o as_o live_v upon_o prey_n for_o that_o say_v they_o there_o be_v neither_o leave_n nor_o grass_n for_o other_o beast_n to_o feed_v upon_o but_o mr._n hudson_n say_v that_o all_o the_o land_n they_o have_v see_v of_o nova-zembla_n seem_v pleasant_a much_o high-land_n and_o without_o snow_n in_o some_o place_n also_o green_a and_o dear_a feed_n upon_o it_o nor_o be_v all_o the_o high_a hill_n cover_v with_o snow_n but_o mr._n hudson_n be_v there_o in_o summer_n and_o it_o be_v probable_a that_o assoon_o as_o winter_n begin_v the_o deer_n betake_v themselves_o to_o samoieda_n or_o some_o other_o place_n our_o merchant_n that_o have_v live_v in_o russia_n say_v fowl_n fowl_n that_o upon_o nova-zembla_n be_v a_o great_a lake_n wherein_o a_o wonderful_a number_n of_o swan_n and_o goose_n do_v breed_v which_o moult_v their_o feather_n about_o st._n peter_n day_n and_o at_o that_o time_n the_o russes_z go_v thither_o to_o gather_v their_o feather_n and_o to_o kill_v the_o fowl_n which_o they_o dry_v and_o bring_v into_o their_o own_o country_n for_o 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of_o their_o country_n and_o
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with_o they_o sufficient_a to_o furnish_v the_o country_n with_o
finish_v herman_n de_fw-fr salza_n master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n give_v law_n and_o constitution_n die_v kulmsche_n handveste_n for_o its_o government_n a_o specimen_fw-la of_o which_o ancient_a canon_n be_v give_v by_o lambecius_n out_o of_o a_o old_a dutch_a manuscript_n in_o the_o emperor_n library_n at_o vienna_n the_o city_n at_o present_a look_n old_a and_o ruinous_a but_o be_v still_o a_o bishop_n sec._n the_o lutheran_n be_v permit_v the_o exercise_n of_o their_o religion_n in_o private_a house_n by_o a_o public_a edict_n sign_v and_o publish_v in_o this_o city_n by_o john_n malachowski_n bishop_n of_o the_o diocese_n the_o thirteen_o of_o march_n 1678._o 4._o thoorn_v build_v at_o the_o same_o time_n with_o culm_n by_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n for_o a_o post_n against_o the_o heathen_a prussian_n but_o not_o in_o the_o place_n where_o it_o now_o stand_v old_a thoorn_v be_v seat_v a_o mile_n westward_o from_o the_o new_a where_o to_o this_o day_n 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at_o dantzig_n it_o owe_v much_o of_o its_o beauty_n to_o henry_n stroband_n burgomaster_n of_o the_o town_n who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1609._o he_o build_v the_o gymnasium_n here_o and_o endow_v it_o with_o a_o considerable_a revenue_n for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o several_a lecturer_n and_o poor_a scholar_n he_o found_v also_o the_o hospital_n and_o public_a library_n and_o build_v anew_o the_o town-hall_n which_o be_v it_o not_o of_o late_o outdo_v by_o the_o stadthuis_n at_o amsterdam_n may_v be_v reckon_v the_o stately_a in_o europe_n of_o its_o kind_n the_o rest_n of_o this_o country_n comprchend_v under_o the_o general_a name_n of_o ducal_z prussia_n be_v subject_a to_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o therefore_o as_o a_o part_n of_o the_o empire_n shall_v be_v treat_v of_o in_o the_o description_n of_o germany_n the_o great_a dukedom_n of_o lithvania_n whence_o this_o large_a and_o noble_a country_n shall_v have_v its_o name_n be_v utter_o unknown_a lithvania_n lithvania_n it_o be_v ridiculous_a to_o bring_v the_o word_n from_o the_o latin_a lituus_fw-la a_o hunting-horn_n because_o forsooth_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v much_o addict_v to_o hunt_v erasmus_fw-la stella_fw-la a_o historian_n of_o good_a credit_n tell_v we_o some_o prussian_n under_o the_o command_n of_o litwo_n one_o of_o their_o king_n son_n come_v into_o these_o part_n about_o the_o year_n 573_o and_o call_v the_o land_n after_o their_o captain_n name_n litwania_n or_o litvania_n the_o polish_v historian_n agree_v general_o in_o this_o story_n that_o palaemon_n fly_v the_o fury_n of_o attyla_n leave_v rome_n and_o come_v with_o several_a italian_n into_o this_o country_n who_o give_v it_o the_o name_n of_o la_fw-fr italia_n which_o be_v afterward_o corrupt_v into_o lithvania_n the_o lithvanians_n themselves_o glory_n in_o this_o derivation_n of_o the_o name_n of_o their_o country_n and_o prove_v this_o story_n of_o palaemon_n true_a by_o the_o roman_a name_n of_o their_o noble_n vrsin_n column_n julian_n etc._n etc._n but_o this_o etymology_n seem_v too_o far_o fetch_v stella_n aim_v fair_a though_o he_o miss_v the_o mark_n a_o little_a for_o it_o be_v certain_a the_o prussian_n do_v conquer_v this_o land_n and_o seat_n themselves_o in_o it_o though_o the_o additional_a story_n of_o prince_n litwo_n seem_v feign_v more_o likely_a it_o be_v that_o the_o prussian_n not_o satisfy_v with_o their_o change_n call_v the_o country_n lithvania_n from_o litwo_n which_o in_o the_o ancient_a prussian_a language_n signify_v a_o vagabond_n or_o wanderer_n the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n be_v think_v to_o have_v be_v the_o alani_n inhabitant_n ancient_a inhabitant_n since_o the_o lithvanians_n do_v still_o retain_v some_o footstep_n of_o the_o name_n of_o these_o people_n in_o their_o lithalani_n and_o roxalani_n but_o he_o that_o shall_v compare_v the_o account_n which_o ammianus_n marcellinus_n give_v of_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o ancient_a alani_n with_o what_o the_o best_a author_n say_v of_o the_o old_a lithvanians_n will_v easy_o perceive_v that_o they_o be_v not_o both_o one_o nation_n their_o language_n sufficient_o prove_v they_o to_o be_v of_o the_o same_o original_n with_o the_o prussian_n and_o what_o that_o be_v we_o tell_v you_o before_o about_o the_o year_n 1235_o ringeld_n son_n of_o gimbut_n government_n alteration_n of_o government_n of_o the_o posterity_n of_o palaemon_n be_v say_v to_o have_v first_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o title_n of_o great_a duke_n of_o lithvania_n in_o the_o year_n 1319_o gedimin_n who_o first_o build_v vilna_n refuse_v to_o pay_v homage_n to_o the_o russian_a and_o enter_v novogrod_v with_o a_o army_n take_v volodimir_n and_o make_v all_o volhinia_n swear_v fealty_n to_o the_o magistracy_n of_o lithvania_n how_o large_a the_o dukedom_n be_v may_v appear_v from_o the_o vast_a territory_n he_o leave_v to_o each_o of_o his_o seven_o son_n at_o his_o death_n to_o montvid_n he_o give_v kiernova_n and_o slomin_v to_o narimund_n pinsko_n mozyr_n and_o part_n of_o the_o province_n of_o volodimir_n to_o olgierd_v creve_n and_o the_o country_n beyond_o as_o far_o as_o beresine_n to_o kieystut_n samogitia_n and_o the_o territory_n of_o troce_n lida_n vpide_v and_o subsylvania_n to_o coriat_n novogrod_n and_o volkowiski_n to_o lubart_n volodomir_n and_o volhinia_n to_o his_o young_a son_n jaunut_n vilna_n osmia_n and_o braslaw_n design_v he_o for_o great_a duke_n but_o soon_o after_o when_o the_o tartar_n begin_v to_o infest_v volhinia_n and_o kiow_n jaunut_n be_v depose_v and_o his_o brother_n olgierd_v make_v great_a duke_n in_o his_o place_n he_o in_o the_o year_n 1331_o fall_v upon_o the_o tartar_n and_o in_o a_o short_a time_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o podolia_n which_o they_o have_v keep_v for_o some_o year_n about_o the_o same_o time_n demetrius_n duke_n of_o moscovy_n send_v a_o ambassador_n into_o lithuania_n to_o demand_v a_o restitution_n of_o all_o those_o province_n which_o former_o 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desire_v to_o join_v volhinia_n podolia_n and_o some_o other_o province_n of_o russia_n to_o their_o own_o kingdom_n the_o lithuanian_n loath_a to_o part_v with_o so_o fair_a possession_n oppose_v they_o with_o that_o vehemence_n that_o for_o several_a year_n there_o be_v nothing_o but_o continual_a skirmish_n between_o the_o two_o nation_n at_o last_o in_o the_o year_n 1566_o difference_n begin_v to_o be_v compose_v which_o be_v final_o determine_v a._n d._n 1569_o by_o article_n draw_v up_o and_o subscribe_v to_o by_o both_o party_n in_o the_o presence_n of_o several_a ambassador_n of_o other_o nation_n the_o principle_n article_n agree_v upon_o be_v these_o that_o the_o lithuanian_n shall_v for_o the_o future_a disclaim_v all_o right_a and_o title_n to_o the_o province_n of_o podlachia_n and_o volhinia_n and_o the_o palatinate_n of_o kiow_n that_o they_o shall_v never_o by_o themselves_o elect_v a_o great_a duke_n but_o upon_o a_o vacancy_n repair_v to_o the_o place_n whither_o they_o
shall_v be_v summon_v by_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n as_o interrex_n of_o poland_n that_o in_o every_o such_o election_n the_o lithuanian_a and_o polish_v nobility_n shall_v have_v equal_a power_n in_o give_v of_o voice_n that_o whoever_o by_o a_o majority_n of_o voice_n of_o both_o nation_n shall_v be_v elect_v king_n of_o poland_n shall_v at_o the_o same_o time_n be_v pronounce_v great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n that_o the_o election_n shall_v always_o be_v have_v in_o some_o place_n near_o the_o confine_n of_o both_o country_n that_o the_o parliament_n shall_v sit_v in_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n by_o turn_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o year_n 1654._o the_o moscovite_n make_v many_o and_o terrible_a incursion_n into_o lithuania_n which_o be_v carry_v on_o with_o that_o success_n that_o a._n d._n 1655_o he_o take_v vilna_n this_o hold_v he_o keep_v till_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v make_v peace_n with_o the_o swede_n who_o oppress_v he_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n drive_v he_o out_o and_o make_v he_o retreat_n as_o far_o as_o the_o confine_n of_o moscovy_n however_o the_o war_n cease_v not_o till_o in_o january_n 1667_o a_o truce_n for_o thirteen_o year_n be_v agree_v on_o upon_o these_o condition_n that_o polockz_n vitepski_n duneburg_n and_o the_o hither_o liefland_n shall_v return_v to_o the_o polander_n provide_v that_o nevel_n vieliss_n and_o sebisch_n be_v except_v from_o the_o palatinate_v of_o polockz_n and_o vitepski_n that_o the_o moscovite_n shall_v retain_v smolensko_n sevir_n and_o all_o the_o vkrain_n beyond_o boristhenes_n that_o kiow_n after_o two_o year_n shall_v be_v restore_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n etc._n etc._n the_o country_n be_v full_a of_o wood_n and_o lake_n soil_n soil_n which_o yield_v good_a store_n of_o venison_n and_o fish_n the_o forest_n also_o afford_v they_o great_a quantity_n of_o honey_n and_o pitch_n the_o land_n be_v tolerable_o fruitful_a but_o the_o extreme_a cold_a too_o often_o spoil_v their_o harvest_n the_o great_a trade_n of_o lithvania_n lie_v in_o pitch_n commodity_n commodity_n tar_n and_o timber_n which_o be_v transport_v into_o holland_n and_o other_o foreign_a nation_n for_o these_o they_o receive_v in_o salt_n and_o wine_n for_o all_o other_o necessary_n they_o be_v well_o enough_o provide_v be_v well_o stock_v with_o great_a herd_n of_o cattle_n though_o they_o be_v not_o so_o large_a as_o in_o germany_n and_o other_o their_o neighbour_a country_n and_o considerable_a flock_n of_o sheep_n beside_o the_o wood_n furnish_v they_o with_o ermine_n sable_n and_o all_o manner_n of_o fur_n to_o defend_v they_o from_o the_o otherwise_o intolerable_a sharpness_n of_o the_o air_n the_o lithvanians_n seem_v to_o have_v nature_n proportionate_a to_o their_o quality_n people_n temperâ—â—_n the_o people_n for_o the_o noble_n be_v as_o proud_a and_o domineer_a and_o the_o commonalty_n as_o sneak_v and_o mean_v spirit_v here_o as_o in_o any_o part_n of_o europe_n the_o reason_n of_o such_o inequality_n of_o temper_n proceed_v from_o the_o unreasonable_a slavery_n that_o landlord_n force_v their_o tenant_n to_o undergo_v if_o you_o have_v but_o a_o good_a train_n of_o attendance_n you_o may_v uncontrolable_o plunder_v any_o peasant_n house_n in_o the_o land_n and_o if_o you_o please_v give_v he_o a_o kick_n into_o the_o bargain_n he_o dare_v not_o open_a his_o mouth_n except_o to_o give_v you_o thanks_o for_o give_v over_o when_o you_o be_v weary_a they_o be_v bind_v to_o serve_v the_o lord_n of_o the_o manor_n five_o or_o six_o day_n in_o the_o week_n and_o if_o he_o spare_v they_o as_o be_v usual_o monday_n they_o must_v work_v on_o sunday_n for_o themselves_o if_o any_o ask_v they_o a_o reason_n why_o they_o labour_v that_o day_n they_o will_v ready_o reply_v ought_v we_o not_o to_o eat_v on_o sunday_n as_o well_o as_o other_o day_n in_o their_o war_n with_o poland_n they_o give_v a_o sad_a testimony_n of_o their_o barbarous_a cruelty_n the_o usual_a attendant_n of_o a_o low_a spirit_n by_o deny_v quarter_n to_o all_o captive_n rip_v up_o woman_n with_o child_n murder_v of_o infant_n etc._n etc._n they_o be_v perfidious_a to_o their_o prince_n and_o regardless_o of_o oath_n and_o promise_n nova_fw-la totius_fw-la livoniae_fw-la accurata_fw-la descriptio_fw-la apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a et_fw-la mosem_fw-la pitt_n the_o rustic_n eat_v bread_n make_v of_o the_o ear_n of_o wheat_n not_o winnow_v nor_o thresh_v this_o they_o call_v duonos_n a_o gift_n for_o the_o same_o reason_n that_o the_o polander_n call_v bread_n bozydar_n and_o the_o german_n gottes-gab_a the_o gift_n of_o god_n and_o not_o proverb_n be_v more_o ordinary_a in_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o lithvanians_n then_o dieva_n dave_v dantes_fw-la dosi_fw-la duonos_fw-la i_o e._n god_n that_o give_v tooth_n will_v give_v bread_n the_o rest_n of_o their_o diet_n be_v flesh_n herb_n and_o root_n of_o which_o they_o have_v plenty_n the_o most_o general_a drink_n of_o the_o country_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o brandy_n make_v of_o corn._n beside_o this_o they_o have_v some_o beer_n and_o a_o sort_n of_o mead_n boil_v with_o hops_n which_o be_v keep_v sometime_o a_o hundred_o year_n together_o in_o nobleman_n house_n of_o late_o there_o have_v be_v bring_v hither_o great_a quantity_n of_o spanish_a and_o french_a wine_n from_o konigsberg_n and_o other_o place_n near_o the_o baltic_a sea_n the_o lithvanians_n general_o as_o well_o in_o city_n as_o village_n speak_v the_o russian_a language_n and_o write_v all_o plead_n and_o proceed_n of_o courts-judicature_n in_o that_o tongue_n however_o there_o be_v a_o great_a mixture_n of_o latin_a word_n in_o their_o talk_n which_o seem_v to_o confirm_v the_o story_n of_o palaemon_n so_o for_o ignis_fw-la they_o say_v ugnis_fw-la unda_fw-la wanda_fw-la aer_fw-la oras_fw-la sol_fw-la soul_fw-mi mensis_fw-la menuo_fw-la dies_fw-la diena_fw-la ros_fw-fr rasa_fw-la deus_fw-la diewas_n vir_fw-la viras_n etc._n etc._n beside_o they_o have_v many_o polish_v word_n though_o these_o two_o language_n be_v not_o original_o the_o same_o the_o latin_a tongue_n be_v as_o common_a here_o as_o in_o poland_n and_o you_o shall_v not_o meet_v a_o lithvanian_a from_o a_o duke_n to_o a_o ploughman_n that_o can_v give_v you_o a_o answer_n in_o that_o language_n it_o be_v probable_a the_o greek_n first_o teach_v they_o how_o to_o write_v for_o they_o call_v letter_n goomata_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d unless_o perhaps_o they_o have_v they_o more_o immediate_o from_o the_o russian_n who_o use_v the_o same_o word_n no_o nation_n in_o europe_n have_v be_v more_o besot_v with_o idolatry_n than_o lithvania_n among_o the_o rest_n of_o their_o false_a god_n they_o as_o well_o as_o the_o ancient_a egyptian_n greek_n roman_n and_o indian_n be_v great_a worshipper_n of_o serpent_n and_o many_o of_o they_o continue_v so_o till_o within_o these_o few_o year_n of_o which_o signismund_n baron_n of_o herberstein_n in_o comment_n rer_n muscovit_fw-la p._n 84_o tell_v we_o this_o memorable_a story_n return_v say_v he_o late_o from_o masovia_n at_o troki_n a_o small_a town_n about_o eight_o english_a mile_n from_o vilna_n my_o host_n acquaint_v i_o that_o that_o year_n he_o have_v chance_v to_o buy_v a_o hive_n of_o bee_n of_o one_o of_o these_o serpent-worshipper_n who_o he_o with_o much_o ado_n have_v persuade_v to_o betake_v himself_o to_o the_o worship_n of_o the_o true_a god_n and_o to_o kill_v his_o adder_n within_o a_o while_n after_o come_v that_o way_n he_o find_v the_o poor_a fellow_n miserable_o torture_v and_o deform_v his_o face_n wrinkle_v his_o mouth_n awry_o etc._n etc._n demand_v the_o cause_n of_o his_o misery_n he_o receive_v this_o answer_n from_o he_o that_o this_o judgement_n be_v inflict_v on_o he_o for_o kill_v his_o god_n and_o that_o he_o be_v like_a to_o suffer_v heavy_a torment_n if_o he_o do_v not_o return_v to_o his_o former_a worship_n nay_o to_o this_o day_n here_o be_v too_o great_a footstep_n of_o this_o idolatry_n for_o in_o many_o village_n both_o in_o lithvania_n and_o prussia_n you_o shall_v meet_v with_o poor_a boar_n that_o keep_v adder_n in_o their_o house_n to_o which_o they_o though_o profess_a christian_n pay_v a_o more_o than_o ordinary_a superstitious_a respect_n and_o fancy_v some_o great_a misfortune_n will_v befall_v they_o if_o these_o laria_n take_v any_o harm_n beside_o the_o ancient_a lithvanians_n have_v a_o idol_n call_v by_o they_o percune_n to_o who_o they_o keep_v a_o continual_a fire_n burn_v with_o as_o much_o caution_n and_o diligence_n as_o ever_o the_o vestal_a fire_n be_v keep_v at_o rome_n for_o if_o the_o waidelot_n or_o priest_n that_o be_v to_o attend_v the_o altar_n shall_v happen_v to_o let_v the_o fire_n out_o he_o be_v sure_a to_o die_v for_o it_o the_o like_a ceremony_n be_v perform_v in_o remembrance_n of_o kiern_n one_o of_o their_o prince_n on_o the_o top_n of_o a_o high_a hill_n near_o dziewaltow_n these_o
october_n they_o have_v a_o general_a rendezvous_n of_o man_n woman_n and_o child_n who_o bring_v with_o they_o to_o the_o place_n appoint_v loaf_n of_o bread_n and_o vessel_n full_a of_o beer_n these_o they_o set_v on_o a_o table_n spread_v with_o hay_n that_o do_v they_o bring_v out_o a_o young_a heifer_n a_o boar_n and_o a_o sow_n a_o cock_n and_o hen_n with_o other_o such_o cattle_n and_o poultry_n as_o the_o house_n afford_v in_o pair_n male_a and_o female_a when_o thing_n be_v thus_o in_o readiness_n out_o come_v a_o old_a priest_n or_o wizard_n who_o mumble_v over_o a_o few_o hard_a word_n give_v the_o sacrifice_n a_o blow_n with_o a_o stick_n which_o stroke_n be_v second_v by_o the_o whole_a company_n till_o the_o heifer_n be_v dead_a and_o beat_v to_o piece_n whilst_o this_o ceremony_n last_v they_o cry_v this_o oblation_n of_o thanksgiving_n we_o make_v thou_o o_o ziemiennik_n so_o they_o call_v the_o feign_a god_n for_o that_o it_o have_v please_v thou_o to_o preserve_v we_o from_o all_o the_o evil_n of_o the_o year_n past_a and_o we_o beseech_v thou_o to_o protect_v and_o defend_v we_o for_o the_o future_a from_o fire_n sword_z pestilence_n and_o all_o our_o enemy_n after_o this_o they_o take_v a_o little_a of_o every_o dish_n they_o have_v provide_v and_o put_v it_o in_o four_o corner_n of_o the_o house_n and_o in_o the_o ground_n cry_v aloud_o accept_v o_o ziemiennik_n our_o offering_n eat_v with_o we_o and_o be_v merry_a the_o solemnity_n thus_o over_o they_o spend_v the_o rest_n of_o that_o day_n in_o feast_v and_o drunkenness_n there_o be_v no_o city_n or_o great_a town_n in_o samogitia_n of_o any_o consequence_n mzdniki_n be_v a_o poor_a and_o despicable_a city_n all_o the_o rest_n scarce_o merit_v the_o name_n of_o village_n lithvania_n and_o this_o province_n have_v all_o along_o be_v sharer_n in_o the_o same_o fortune_n and_o change_n they_o be_v both_o at_o once_o subject_a to_o the_o russian_n at_o once_o overrun_v by_o the_o teutonic_n order_n and_o at_o once_o convert_v from_o idolatry_n and_o subject_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n by_o vladislaus_n jagello_n livonia_n livonia_n or_o liefland_n be_v bound_v on_o the_o east_n with_o russia_n on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o baltic_a sea_n on_o the_o north_n with_o the_o finland-bay_n on_o the_o south_n with_o samogitia_n and_o some_o part_n of_o lithvania_n the_o length_n of_o it_o be_v about_o 500_o english_a mile_n and_o the_o breadth_n near_o 160._o the_o country_n be_v general_o plain_a and_o fruitful_a abound_v with_o corn_n and_o honey_n some_o part_n of_o it_o be_v fenny_a full_a of_o lake_n and_o river_n the_o many_o conquest_n this_o land_n have_v suffer_v have_v make_v its_o inhabitant_n a_o medley_n of_o moscovite_n swede_n dane_n polander_n and_o german_n but_o the_o last_o have_v the_o great_a share_n in_o the_o country_n whence_o the_o generality_n speak_v high-dutch_a the_o common_a people_n be_v use_v as_o hardly_o here_o as_o in_o poland_n or_o lithvania_n and_o the_o nobility_n lord_n it_o as_o much_o drunkenness_n and_o gluttony_n be_v vice_n the_o lieflander_n be_v general_o addict_v to_o from_o the_o great_a lord_n to_o the_o mean_a peasant_n the_o boar_n will_v be_v hard_o put_v to_o it_o to_o get_v a_o live_n consider_v the_o untolerable_a drudgery_n they_o undergo_v if_o they_o have_v not_o the_o privilege_n of_o hunt_a hare_n of_o which_o they_o have_v great_a plenty_n in_o these_o part_n white_a in_o winter_n and_o brown_a in_o summer_n fox_n bear_n and_o other_o kind_n of_o venison_n it_o be_v agree_v upon_o by_o all_o author_n that_o liefland_n be_v first_o annex_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n by_o sigismond_n augustus_n though_o the_o story_n be_v tell_v different_a way_n kojalowicz_n tell_v we_o that_o william_n furstenburg_n master_n of_o the_o liefland_n order_n of_o knighthood_n upon_o his_o turn_n lutheran_n have_v frequent_a quarrel_n with_o william_n archbishop_n of_o riga_n who_o he_o accuse_v at_o a_o session_n of_o the_o nobility_n at_o winden_n of_o a_o conspiracy_n of_o betray_v curland_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o albert_n duke_n of_o prussia_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o liefland_n to_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n his_o kinsman_n upon_o this_o pretence_n he_o immediate_o enter_v the_o archbishops_n territory_n with_o a_o army_n and_o take_v he_o prisoner_n king_n sigismond_n hear_v this_o wage_n war_n with_o liefland_n and_o a.d._n 1557_o conquer_v it_o but_o the_o reason_n of_o this_o war_n seem_v to_o be_v ground_v upon_o better_a pretension_n than_o these_o for_o though_o it_o be_v true_a that_o there_o arise_v many_o skirmish_n between_o the_o archbishop_n and_o the_o master_n of_o the_o order_n touch_v point_n of_o religion_n yet_o during_o furstenburg_n government_n ivan_n duke_n of_o moscovy_n and_o not_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n overrun_v and_o lay_v waste_v the_o great_a part_n of_o liefland_n against_o who_o gothard_n ketler_n furstenburg_n successor_n request_v the_o aid_n of_o king_n sigismond_n who_o quick_o beat_v the_o moscovian_a out_o of_o his_o hold_n and_o create_v gothard_n duke_n of_o curland_n annex_v the_o rest_n of_o liefland_n to_o his_o own_o dominion_n but_o he_o find_v this_o country_n be_v easy_o conquer_v than_o keep_v for_o the_o revalians_n find_v themselves_o unable_a to_o withstand_v the_o daily_a incursion_n of_o the_o moscovian_o commit_v their_o land_n to_o the_o protection_n of_o eric_n king_n of_o sweden_n whereupon_o this_o king_n think_v his_o title_n to_o liefland_n be_v as_o good_a as_o the_o polander_n especial_o since_o ferdinand_n the_o emperor_n have_v give_v he_o the_o sole_a charge_n of_o defend_v it_o upon_o these_o pretension_n he_o present_o rout_v the_o pole_n out_o of_o habsal_n lehale_n parnow_n and_o other_o place_n and_o put_v into_o they_o garrison_n of_o his_o own_o beside_o the_o polish_v interest_n receive_v at_o the_o same_o time_n another_o fatal_a blow_n upon_o this_o occasion_n john_n duke_n of_o finland_n marry_v katherine_n sister_n to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n to_o who_o he_o lend_v 80000_o some_o say_v 124000_o dollar_n upon_o a_o mortgage_n of_o the_o castle_n of_o wittenstein_n karchise_v frichate_n helmult_n ermise_n ruja_n and_o bortwic_n all_o in_o liefland_n return_v into_o sweden_n he_o be_v accuse_v by_o king_n eric_n his_o brother_n of_o high_a treason_n in_o offer_v to_o make_v a_o confederacy_n as_o he_o call_v it_o with_o sigismond_n augustus_n king_n of_o poland_n without_o his_o consent_n in_o this_o rage_n the_o king_n rob_v his_o brother_n of_o all_o the_o castle_n and_o take_v they_o into_o his_o own_o hand_n not_o without_o the_o pretence_n of_o be_v more_o able_a to_o defend_v they_o from_o the_o fury_n of_o the_o moscovite_n not_o long_o after_o upon_o the_o death_n of_o eric_n king_n of_o sweden_n and_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n the_o duke_n of_o moscovy_n with_o irresistible_a force_n create_v the_o great_a duke_n of_o holstein_n king_n of_o liefland_n when_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n and_o poland_n perceive_v matter_n bring_v to_o this_o pass_n they_o think_v it_o high_a time_n to_o lay_v aside_o all_o petit_fw-fr animosity_n between_o their_o two_o kingdom_n and_o to_o join_v force_n against_o their_o common_a enemy_n the_o moscovite_n fear_v lest_o otherwise_o whilst_o they_o two_o stand_v quarrel_v for_o each_o a_o shell_n he_o shall_v snatch_v away_o the_o fish_n and_o indeed_o this_o confederacy_n prove_v very_o successful_a to_o the_o swede_n who_o in_o the_o year_n 1580_o retake_v many_o strong_a hold_v from_o the_o moscovite_n as_o lode_n lehale_n habsal_n narwe_v the_o province_n of_o wicki_n wittenstein_n carelogrod_n etc._n etc._n steven_n king_n of_o poland_n fear_v lest_o if_o the_o swede_n go_v on_o with_o the_o same_o success_n and_o vigour_n he_o begin_v with_o he_o will_v bring_v all_o liefland_n to_o his_o own_o beck_n clap_v up_o a_o peace_n with_o the_o moscovite_n unknown_a to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n upon_o these_o condition_n that_o the_o moscovite_n shall_v restore_v all_o the_o place_n he_o have_v take_v in_o lithvania_n that_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n king_n stephen_n shall_v restore_v to_o the_o duke_n of_o moscovy_n vielikoluk_n and_o some_o other_o fort_n he_o have_v take_v in_o these_o war_n after_o this_o when_o sigismond_n son_n of_o john_n the_o three_o king_n of_o sweden_n be_v upon_o the_o death_n of_o stephen_n elect_a king_n of_o poland_n the_o pole_n admit_v he_o upon_o this_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v annex_v all_o that_o part_n of_o liefland_n which_o be_v under_o his_o government_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n but_o sigismond_n the_o three_o come_v to_o he_o crown_n of_o sweden_n can_v not_o by_o any_o mean_n be_v persuade_v to_o grant_v this_o request_n when_o he_o be_v depose_v from_o his_o kingdom_n there_o arise_v bloody_a war_n between_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n
norwegian_a and_o muscovitic_a lap_n to_o be_v of_o the_o same_o original_n and_o extract_v be_v say_v to_o have_v descend_v from_o the_o race_n of_o the_o finlander_n and_o samoieds_n original_a the_o inhabitant_n and_o their_o original_a as_o may_v probable_o be_v gather_v from_o the_o likeness_n of_o their_o custom_n language_n and_o manner_n of_o worship_n and_o also_o from_o the_o very_a name_n of_o laplander_n i_o e._n banish_a man_n or_o runnagado_n for_o they_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v drive_v out_o of_o finland_n once_o by_o the_o tartar_n when_o they_o extend_v their_o dominion_n as_o far_o as_o the_o lake_n ladoga_n and_o afterward_o by_o the_o swede_n and_o because_o such_o desert_v of_o their_o country_n be_v think_v a_o disgrace_n to_o the_o whole_a nation_n none_o of_o the_o laplander_n of_o any_o quality_n to_o this_o day_n will_v endure_v to_o be_v call_v by_o that_o name_n but_o give_v themselves_o some_o other_o compellation_n as_o sabmienladti_n sameednan_n etc._n etc._n and_o this_o opinion_n that_o they_o take_v their_o original_n from_o the_o finlander_n or_o rather_o be_v always_o of_o the_o same_o nation_n with_o they_o seem_v to_o be_v confirm_v by_o those_o description_n ancient_a geographer_n give_v of_o finland_n and_o the_o finlandish_a people_n agree_v exact_o to_o the_o modern_a lapland_n and_o its_o inhabitant_n saxo_n say_v that_o the_o finlander_n be_v the_o far_a people_n towards_o the_o north_n live_v in_o a_o clime_n almost_o unhabitable_a good_a archer_n and_o hunter_n night-wanderer_n and_o of_o a_o uncertain_a habitation_n wheresoever_o they_o kill_v a_o beast_n make_v that_o their_o mansion_n and_o they_o slide_v upon_o the_o snow_n in_o broad_a wooden_a shoe_n all_o which_o hold_v true_a of_o the_o laplander_n as_o also_o do_v those_o description_n of_o finland_n set_v down_o by_o tacitus_n and_o jo._n magnus_n beside_o all_o this_o the_o norwegian_n and_o dane_n call_v the_o laplander_n finni_n or_o finlander_n in_o general_a and_o divide_v the_o whole_a nation_n into_o sioefinnar_n i._n e._n maritime_a finlanders_n and_o lappesinnar_n the_o same_o with_o the_o laplander_n the_o russes_z also_o call_v they_o kajienski_n as_o come_v from_o cajania_n a_o province_n in_o finland_n and_o as_o we_o may_v hence_o probable_o conclude_v the_o laplander_n at_o first_o to_o have_v come_v out_o of_o finland_n so_o we_o may_v believe_v that_o the_o finlander_n more_o than_o once_o march_v out_o into_o lapland_n which_o be_v evident_a from_o the_o several_a name_n of_o their_o leader_n who_o some_o call_v thinns-rogre_a other_o mieschogiesche_n the_o first_o and_o most_o ancient_a transmigration_n be_v that_o of_o the_o biarmi_n who_o some_o miscall_v seridfinni_n so_o call_v from_o their_o go_v to_o dwell_v upon_o the_o mountain_n varama_n signify_v in_o their_o language_n a_o hilly_a country_n which_o people_n be_v by_o harald_n harfager_n king_n of_o norway_n almost_o all_o destroy_v in_o battle_n and_o the_o nation_n so_o scatter_v that_o for_o ever_o after_o both_o the_o name_n and_o credit_n of_o the_o biarmi_n be_v quite_o abolish_v and_o forget_v the_o second_o time_n of_o their_o desert_v their_o country_n be_v when_o the_o russian_n enlarge_v their_o empire_n as_o far_o as_o the_o lake_n ladoga_n which_o be_v about_o the_o six_o age_n after_o christ_n for_o fear_v the_o cruelty_n of_o these_o people_n they_o retire_v into_o lapland_n and_o be_v call_v by_o the_o russian_n kajienski_n for_o the_o reason_n aforesaid_a to_o confirm_v what_o have_v be_v say_v give_v i_o leave_v to_o insert_v here_o a_o testimony_n great_a than_o all_o exception_n that_o be_v of_o the_o worthy_a of_o all_o prince_n aelfr_v the_o great_a who_o have_v himself_o represent_v orosius_n or_o a_o ancient_a geographer_n and_o historian_n in_o his_o own_o saxon_a language_n so_o as_o to_o add_v supply_n where_o he_o be_v defective_a give_v a_o account_n of_o these_o northern_a shore_n out_o of_o the_o relation_n of_o a_o norwegian_a nobleman_n employ_v by_o himself_o for_o the_o discovery_n of_o these_o country_n the_o testimony_n be_v more_o authentic_a than_o any_o one_o that_o have_v write_v upon_o this_o subject_n so_o long_o ago_o we_o shall_v here_o set_v it_o down_o almost_o verbatim_o otherus_n say_v to_o his_o lord_n aelfred_n that_o himself_o live_v in_o the_o very_o northerly_a part_n of_o norway_n in_o the_o country_n call_v halgoland_n that_o northwards_o of_o this_o country_n be_v desert_n except_o some_o few_o place_n wherein_o a_o few_o finns_n live_v in_o winter_n upon_o hunt_v and_o in_o summer_n upon_o fish_v that_o have_v sail_v northward_o and_o easterly_a with_o a_o good_a gale_n for_o seven_o day_n he_o arrive_v at_o a_o great_a river_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n whereof_o be_v the_o country_n of_o the_o ferfinni_n which_o be_v thin_o inhabit_v by_o a_o few_o fowler_n fisher_n and_o hunter_n on_o the_o other_o side_n be_v the_o biarmi_n a_o populous_a nation_n so_o that_o he_o dare_v not_o land_n among_o they_o that_o they_o discourse_v with_o he_o many_o thing_n concern_v their_o country_n whether_o true_a or_o false_a he_o know_v not_o but_o suppose_v that_o they_o speak_v the_o same_o language_n with_o the_o finni_n that_o near_o this_o country_n be_v the_o great_a fish_n for_o whale_n and_o sea-horse_n which_o we_o call_v morse_n who_o tooth_n be_v then_o account_v of_o great_a value_n but_o there_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v another_o more_o general_a migration_n of_o these_o finns_n into_o lapland_n about_o the_o year_n 1150_o and_o till_o this_o time_n we_o never_o find_v they_o call_v lappi_n or_o loppi_n and_o the_o occasion_n of_o this_o name_n seem_v to_o be_v about_o that_o time_n ericus_n sanctus_n king_n of_o sweden_n subdue_v the_o finlander_n and_o bring_v they_o under_o the_o swedish_n government_n and_o also_o plant_v among_o they_o the_o christian_a religion_n whereupon_o they_o be_v subject_v to_o stranger_n and_o force_v to_o be_v of_o a_o religion_n different_a from_o that_o of_o their_o ancestor_n many_o of_o they_o retire_v from_o their_o own_o country_n and_o seek_v out_o a_o place_n where_o they_o may_v live_v more_o free_a and_o according_a to_o their_o own_o manner_n and_o those_o that_o stay_v and_o submit_v to_o the_o swede_n and_o embrace_v christianity_n look_v upon_o the_o departer_n as_o deserter_n of_o their_o country_n who_o fear_n of_o a_o good_a government_n and_o better_a religion_n have_v make_v exile_n especial_o when_o the_o king_n have_v put_v forth_o a_o edict_n that_o all_o shall_v be_v account_v banish_v that_o will_v not_o renounce_v pagan_a superstition_n be_v thus_o force_v out_o of_o their_o native_a country_n firâ—_n their_o 〈◊〉_d mannâ—â—_n of_o liviâ—â—_n at_o firâ—_n they_o live_v for_o a_o age_n or_o more_o upon_o the_o bothnic_a coast_n and_o in_o the_o wood_n of_o tavastia_n as_o a_o straggle_a and_o miserable_a people_n neither_o have_v law_n nor_o governor_n till_o the_o year_n 1272_o at_o which_o time_n they_o be_v make_v tributary_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n under_o magn._n ladulaos_n than_o king_n who_o to_o bring_v they_o under_o his_o subjection_n promise_v any_o one_o that_o can_v effect_v it_o the_o government_n of_o they_o which_o the_o birkarli_n i._n e._n those_o that_o live_v in_o the_o allotment_n or_o division_n of_o birkala_n undertake_v and_o have_v for_o a_o great_a while_n cunning_o insinuate_v themselves_o into_o their_o conversation_n under_o a_o pretence_n of_o friendship_n at_o last_o set_v upon_o they_o unaware_o and_o quite_o subdue_v they_o and_o for_o their_o pain_n according_a to_o ladulaos_n promise_n they_o alone_o have_v the_o privilege_n to_o traffic_v with_o they_o and_o receive_v tribute_n from_o they_o which_o they_o constant_o do_v till_o about_o ann._n 1554_o when_o they_o be_v entire_o unite_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n and_o in_o 1600_o better_a discover_v and_o more_o certain_o know_v to_o the_o swede_n then_o former_o they_o have_v be_v and_o this_o be_v effect_v by_o the_o care_n of_o charles_n the_o nine_o then_o king_n who_o send_v two_o famous_a mathematician_n m._n aron_n forsius_n a_o swedish_n professor_n and_o hieron_n birckholten_a a_o german_n with_o instrument_n and_o all_o necessary_n to_o make_v what_o discovery_n they_o can_v of_o this_o lapland_n this_o country_n 〈◊〉_d â—â—emâ—â—_n the_o 〈…〉_o the_o 〈◊〉_d lie_v under_o divers_a clime_n have_v the_o temperature_n of_o the_o air_n and_o likewise_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o soil_n very_o different_a in_o those_o part_n that_o be_v most_o northerly_a and_o within_o the_o artickcircle_n the_o air_n be_v extreme_a cold_a and_o the_o ground_n barren_a but_o without_o the_o circle_n the_o heaven_n be_v somewhat_o more_o mild_a and_o benign_a and_o the_o earth_n more_o liberal_a in_o her_o production_n afford_v in_o those_o place_n near_o bothnia_n some_o few_o sort_n of_o potherb_n as_o colewort_n raperoot_n parsnip_n etc._n
etc._n so_o that_o in_o those_o part_n only_o they_o make_v garden_n and_o till_o their_o ground_n through_o the_o whole_a country_n the_o air_n though_o very_o cold_a and_o pierce_a yet_o be_v not_o inferior_a to_o any_o of_o other_o region_n in_o healthfulness_n and_o pureness_n either_o because_o the_o vapour_n coagulate_v and_o so_o make_v heavy_a by_o the_o cold_a fall_n down_o or_o from_o the_o frequent_a wind_n which_o sometime_o be_v so_o strong_a that_o they_o hinder_v all_o passenger_n from_o travel_v and_o likewise_o root_v up_o all_o tree_n and_o bush_n that_o stand_v in_o their_o way_n so_o that_o on_o several_a of_o the_o laplandish_a as_o well_o as_o dofrine_v mountain_n there_o be_v no_o tree_n or_o shrub_n to_o be_v meet_v with_o therefore_o the_o inhabitant_n make_v use_v of_o fish-bone_n for_o fuel_n but_o most_o terrible_a be_v those_o tempest_n and_o whirlwind_n say_v j._n magn._n which_o arise_v from_o the_o north_n sometime_o take_v away_o the_o water_n of_o the_o sea_n from_o under_o the_o ship_n and_o carry_v the_o ship_n up_o into_o the_o air_n let_v they_o fall_v down_o again_o at_o far_o distant_a place_n sometime_o also_o sweep_v away_o with_o they_o both_o stone_n and_o live_a creature_n and_o now_o and_o then_o meet_v with_o great_a quantity_n of_o fish_n which_o the_o inhabitant_n use_v to_o dry_v in_o the_o cold_a they_o hoist_v they_o up_o into_o the_o air_n and_o let_v they_o fall_v which_o the_o poor_a people_n gather_v as_o a_o gift_n send_v from_o god_n in_o those_o part_n near_a the_o pole_n the_o sun_n for_o some_o month_n never_o set_v and_o on_o the_o contrary_a for_o so_o long_a time_n never_o rise_v and_o although_o in_o summer_n it_o never_o set_v and_o go_v below_o the_o earth_n yet_o neither_o do_v it_o rise_v more_o above_o it_o but_o as_o it_o be_v glide_v along_o the_o edge_n of_o the_o horizon_n for_o the_o most_o part_n and_o likewise_o in_o winter_n when_o low_a it_o be_v not_o much_o beneath_o it_o which_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o though_o they_o have_v one_o continue_a night_n for_o some_o month_n yet_o the_o sun_n come_v so_o near_o that_o it_o make_v a_o kind_n of_o twilight_n snow_n be_v frequent_a which_o last_o all_o the_o year_n long_o upon_o the_o mountain_n and_o many_o month_n upon_o the_o plain_n by_o the_o brightness_n whereof_o they_o travel_v with_o great_a security_n and_o speed_n then_o otherwise_o they_o can_v do_v spring_n and_o river_n be_v so_o numerous_a in_o this_o country_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o that_o together_o with_o the_o melt_a snow_n and_o frost_n they_o make_v the_o ground_n all_o summer_n time_n general_o loose_a and_o boggy_a the_o most_o note_a river_n be_v those_o whence_o the_o particular_a march_n and_o region_n have_v their_o name_n as_o vmeao_n pitheao_n luhleao_n torneao_n and_o kimeao_n these_o all_o spring_n from_o the_o dofrine_n mountain_n and_o be_v increase_v by_o several_a lesser_a river_n do_v at_o last_o unburthen_v themselves_o into_o the_o bothnick_a sea_n in_o their_o course_n they_o run_v through_o many_o hilly_a and_o uneven_a part_n of_o the_o country_n and_o be_v stop_v by_o several_a dam_n and_o wear_v and_o so_o violent_o force_v their_o way_n over_o precipice_n be_v not_o navigable_a such_o be_v the_o sluice_n muscaumokke_n sao_n and_o niometsaski_n i._n e._n hares-leap_a so_o call_v because_o the_o river_n lughla_fw-mi run_v between_o two_o mountain_n so_o near_o that_o a_o hare_n may_v leap_v over_o beside_o these_o lake_n lake_n and_o other_o less_o remarkable_a river_n there_o be_v abundance_n of_o pool_n or_o lake_n as_o lulafraesk_n lugga_n sabbaig_n etc._n etc._n well_o store_v with_o salmon_n and_o such_o like_a fish_n one_o there_o be_v name_v stoorafvan_n in_o which_o there_o be_v as_o many_o little_a island_n as_o there_o be_v day_n in_o the_o year_n but_o the_o most_o remarkable_a be_v enaresraesk_n near_o kimus_n wherein_o the_o hill_n and_o island_n be_v by_o some_o say_v to_o be_v innumerable_a and_o torneus_fw-la affirm_v that_o never_o any_o inhabitant_n live_v long_o enough_o to_o survey_v they_o all_o some_o of_o these_o be_v small_a but_o fishy_a they_o call_v they_o suino_n i._n e._n holy_a and_o account_v it_o a_o sin_n to_o foul_a they_o some_o of_o they_o have_v two_o channel_n and_o when_o the_o fish_n forsake_v the_o upper_a they_o account_v it_o a_o ill_a omen_n and_o use_v ridiculous_a sacrifice_n to_o the_o daemon_n of_o that_o march_n here_o be_v mountain_n most_o of_o they_o small_a and_o inconsiderable_a mountain_n mountain_n some_o also_o very_o high_a and_o almost_o unpassable_a especial_o towards_o norway_n which_o the_o swede_n call_v fiael_n or_o as_o the_o northern_a english_a fell_n and_o the_o laplander_n tudderi_n they_o arise_v about_o zemptland_n whence_o with_o continue_a ascent_n towards_o the_o north_n they_o reach_v a_o 100_o mile_n in_o length_n till_o they_o come_v to_o titus-fiord_a which_o be_v a_o bay_n of_o the_o freeze_a sea_n till_o of_o late_a no_o mine_n of_o any_o metal_n be_v know_v to_o be_v in_o the_o country_n mine_n mine_n but_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o queen_n christina_n in_o the_o year_n 1643_o there_o be_v vein_n find_v both_o of_o silver_n and_o lead_n by_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o pithalappia_n among_o rock_n so_o hard_o that_o they_o be_v force_v to_o tear_v they_o in_o piece_n with_o gunpowder_n but_o in_o the_o war_n betwixt_o sweden_n and_o denmark_n in_o the_o year_n 1656_o one_o van_n anon_o a_o danish_a governor_n so_o spoil_v they_o that_o it_o be_v not_o think_v worth_a the_o charge_n to_o open_v they_o again_o and_o since_o that_o also_o in_o the_o year_n 1668_o another_o silver_n i_o but_o mingle_v with_o iron_n be_v discover_v by_o a_o native_a there_o be_v also_o know_v to_o be_v some_o iron_n and_o copper_n mine_n in_o tear_v and_o lulalapmark_n but_o not_o dig_v scheffer_n mention_n a_o report_n of_o the_o discovery_n of_o a_o golden_a mine_n in_o the_o year_n 1671_o but_o nothing_o of_o certainty_n concern_v it_o come_v to_o our_o hand_n what_o further_o concern_v they_o will_v fall_v more_o proper_o under_o the_o discourse_n of_o sweden_n the_o stone_n of_o this_o country_n general_o be_v extreme_o hard_a of_o a_o ash_n colour_n and_o unworkable_a stone_n stone_n some_o there_o be_v find_v on_o the_o shore_n which_o represent_v the_o shape_n of_o some_o animal_n which_o the_o inhabitant_n esteem_v much_o and_o adore_v for_o god_n under_o the_o name_n of_o storjunkare_o some_o author_n speak_v of_o considerable_a quantity_n of_o diamond_n amethyst_n and_o topaz_n the_o diamond_n which_o be_v report_v to_o be_v of_o a_o incredible_a bigness_n seem_v to_o be_v nothing_o but_o either_o crystal_n or_o fluore_n and_o scheffer_n give_v the_o same_o sentence_n of_o the_o other_o here_o be_v find_v in_o some_o few_o river_n a_o sort_n of_o pearl_n but_o neither_o so_o oriental_a nor_o so_o well_o shape_v as_o those_o that_o come_v out_o of_o the_o indies_n in_o the_o whole_a 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all_o the_o beast_n of_o lapland_n the_o bear_n be_v chief_a beast_n beast_n style_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n the_o king_n of_o the_o wood_n next_o to_o the_o bear_v the_o elk_n be_v remarkable_a call_v by_o the_o swede_n aelg_n or_o aelgar_a and_o by_o the_o german_n ellend_n it_o differ_v much_o from_o the_o rain-deer_n both_o in_o height_n be_v as_o high_a as_o any_o horse_n and_o in_o the_o make_v of_o it_o horn_n they_o be_v short_a than_o those_o of_o the_o rain-deer_n above_o two_o handful_n in_o breadth_n upon_o the_o palm_n shoot_v out_o not_o many_o lesser_a branch_n see_v a_o description_n of_o this_o creature_n among_o the_o beast_n of_o poland_n there_o be_v no_o great_a breed_n of_o they_o in_o lapland_n but_o they_o have_v they_o from_o other_o place_n especial_o lithvania_n and_o russia_n whence_o twice_o a_o year_n they_o swim_v in_o great_a herd_n over_o the_o river_n niva_n in_o the_o spring_n to_o go_v into_o carelia_n and_o those_o part_n and_o in_o autumn_n to_o 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cattle_n common_a to_o other_o nation_n as_o horse_n ox_n sheep_n etc._n etc._n be_v not_o to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o lapland_n the_o beast_n proper_a to_o this_o and_o the_o northern_a country_n be_v the_o rain-deer_n a_o ancient_a name_n call_v by_o king_n aelfred_n in_o his_o saxon_a periplus_n hynas_n and_o the_o latin_a name_n rangifer_n seem_v to_o be_v derive_v from_o it_o they_o differ_v much_o from_o the_o tarandus_fw-la of_o pliny_n and_o also_o from_o our_o common_a stag_n they_o have_v three_o horn_n two_o branch_a out_o backward_o like_o our_o stag_n horn_n sometime_o five_o cubit_n in_o length_n and_o adorn_v with_o five_o and_o twenty_o branch_n the_o three_o spout_v down_o their_o forehead_n by_o which_o they_o defend_v themselves_o against_o wild_a beast_n the_o doe_n have_v but_o two_o horn_n somewhat_o short_a one_o whereof_o be_v fix_v in_o her_o forehead_n their_o foot_n be_v thick_a like_o bull_n foot_n of_o a_o ash-colour_n except_o under_o their_o belly_n and_o haunch_n which_o be_v white_a resemble_v more_o a_o ass_n than_o a_o stag._n this_o beast_n when_o it_o walk_v or_o run_v make_v a_o noise_n with_o its_o joint_n like_o the_o clash_n of_o flint_n which_o be_v peculiar_a to_o these_o creature_n though_o their_o hoof_n be_v cleave_v they_o do_v not_o chew_v the_o cud_n they_o be_v natural_o wild_a but_o not_o difficult_o tame_v and_o make_v serviceable_a to_o man_n the_o male_n they_o employ_v in_o draw_v their_o sled_n and_o the_o do_v they_o keep_v for_o their_o milk_n of_o which_o they_o make_v cheese_n but_o not_o any_o butter_n for_o they_o have_v none_o in_o the_o whole_a country_n but_o make_v use_n of_o a_o kind_n of_o tallow_n instead_o of_o it_o the_o inhabitant_n both_o in_o figure_n and_o manner_n be_v not_o unlike_o the_o samoieds_fw-fr of_o muscovy_n inhabitant_n the_o â—â—tureâ—â—_n inhabitant_n and_o the_o description_n there_o give_v of_o that_o people_n may_v in_o several_a respect_n be_v say_v to_o agree_v to_o 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the_o snow_n in_o their_o scait_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o live_n in_o wood_n among_o wild_a beast_n and_o want_v of_o correspondence_n as_o well_o among_o themselves_o as_o with_o other_o nation_n they_o be_v very_o superstitious_a fearful_a and_o mean_v spirit_v and_o above_o all_o thing_n dread_v war_n so_o that_o the_o swede_n seldom_o or_o never_o employ_v any_o of_o they_o in_o their_o army_n though_o it_o be_v false_o report_v that_o gustavus_n adolphus_n make_v use_v of_o both_o they_o and_o their_o magic_n in_o his_o expedition_n upon_o germany_n but_o of_o late_o they_o begin_v to_o be_v more_o courageous_a and_o considerable_a and_o we_o be_v inform_v that_o this_o present_a king_n charles_n the_o xith_o in_o his_o war_n with_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n have_v some_o regiment_n of_o lap_n in_o his_o army_n who_o for_o the_o good_a service_n they_o do_v he_o have_v give_v they_o better_a lodging_n than_o they_o have_v before_o and_o cause_v they_o to_o change_v quarter_n 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trade_n 5._o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d north_n or_o north-east_n of_o sudermannia_n lie_v the_o province_n of_o vpland_n so_o call_v from_o its_o situation_n in_o the_o country_n or_o as_o some_o say_v from_o king_n vbbon_n who_o reign_v here_o it_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o east_n side_n by_o the_o baltic_a sea_n on_o the_o south_n by_o the_o lake_n meller_n on_o the_o west_n and_o north_n by_o the_o river_n see_v and_o dalecarle_n this_o country_n afford_v great_a plenty_n of_o corn_n with_o which_o it_o supply_v the_o neighbour_a province_n some_o few_o mine_n it_o have_v of_o lead_n and_o iron_n especial_o some_o also_o of_o silver_n though_o not_o dig_v it_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o land_n or_o as_o the_o swede_n call_v they_o folk-land_n 1._o tihundria_n which_o lie_v most_o northerly_a of_o any_o and_o take_v its_o name_n from_o ten_o prefecture_n or_o hundred_o into_o which_o it_o be_v share_v out_o 2._o athundria_n lie_v betwixt_o vpsal_n and_o stockholm_n so_o call_v because_o it_o 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rather_o subdue_v other_o part_n of_o the_o country_n wherefore_o these_o man_n settle_v in_o other_o province_n call_v the_o place_n where_o they_o first_o sit_v down_o the_o possession_n of_o such_o a_o colony_n or_o army_n as_o daga-harodh_a lystugn-harodh_a etc._n etc._n in_o this_o province_n be_v five_o city_n 1._o encope_a where_o be_v former_o a_o monastery_n of_o minorite_n 2._o sigtunia_n so_o call_v from_o siggo_n king_n of_o sweden_n who_o found_v it_o here_o be_v ancient_o a_o monastery_n of_o dominican_n the_o bury_a place_n of_o some_o of_o their_o archbishop_n 3._o oregrundia_n or_o oregrund_n a_o rich_a &_o populous_a city_n abound_v with_o corn_n &_o several_a sort_n of_o merchandise_n because_o of_o the_o commodiousness_n of_o the_o port._n 4._o vpsal_n the_o most_o ancient_a and_o most_o famous_a vpsal_n vpsal_n city_n in_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n it_o take_v its_o name_n say_v johannes_n magnus_n from_o vbbon_n king_n of_o sweden_n who_o found_v it_o about_o the_o year_n after_o the_o flood_n 240_o but_o as_o other_o from_o its_o situation_n upon_o the_o river_n sala_n here_o be_v former_o the_o chief_a seat_n of_o the_o swedish_n king_n for_o which_o reason_n as_o well_o as_o for_o the_o dignity_n of_o the_o city_n one_o of_o their_o title_n be_v vpsala-konung_a i.e._n king_n of_o vpsal_n here_o be_v also_o the_o supreme_a court_n of_o judicature_n civil_a and_o ecclesiastical_a and_o the_o seat_n of_o their_o only_a archbishop_n continue_v to_o it_o to_o this_o day_n fortify_v it_o be_v by_o one_o only_a castle_n build_v after_o the_o modern_a not_o ancient_a gothick_n fashion_n upon_o a_o high_a hill_n some_o small_a distance_n from_o the_o city_n overlook_v and_o command_v the_o whole_a town_n begin_v by_o ericus_n continue_v by_o king_n john_n and_o perfect_v by_o charles_n gustavus_n the_o first_o in_o this_o city_n be_v the_o metropolitan_a church_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n cover_v upon_o the_o roof_n as_o be_v most_o of_o the_o chief_a building_n with_o copper_n adorn_v with_o a_o artificial_a clock_n and_o honour_v with_o the_o monument_n of_o several_a of_o their_o king_n ericus_n the_o saint_n be_v say_v to_o lie_v bury_v here_o in_o a_o golden_a coffin_n gustavus_n adolphus_n also_o have_v his_o tomb_n in_o this_o church_n upon_o which_o the_o whole_a history_n of_o his_o life_n be_v inscribe_v in_o large_a golden_a character_n here_o be_v also_o the_o only_a university_n they_o have_v in_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n begin_v at_o first_o say_v some_o ann._n 1248_o under_o ericus_n balbus_n xi_o by_o a_o college_n of_o only_o four_o professor_n or_o as_o loccenius_n will_v have_v it_o about_o the_o year_n 1306_o under_o one_o andrea_n precedent_n of_o the_o say_a college_n who_o keep_v a_o free_a table_n for_o chorister_n and_o poor_a scholar_n to_o assist_v in_o the_o choir_n but_o now_o by_o the_o care_n of_o some_o of_o their_o late_a king_n advance_v into_o a_o famous_a university_n an._n 1476_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o steno_n stir_v senior_n pope_n sixtus_n iv_o give_v it_o the_o same_o privilege_n with_o bononia_n an._n 1595_o charles_n then_o king_n endow_v it_o with_o several_a immunity_n and_o revenue_n by_o his_o royal_a patent_n which_o say_v messenius_n be_v in_o the_o year_n 1608_o upon_o some_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o calvinist_n and_o lutheran_n fraudulent_o get_v from_o it_o which_o if_o so_o yet_o probable_o that_o prince_n who_o favour_v the_o reformer_n so_o much_o do_v restore_v it_o to_o the_o university_n of_o this_o see_v loccenius_n hist_o suec_fw-la lib._n 8._o pag._n 474._o an._n 1624._o in_o the_o time_n of_o gustavus_n adolphus_n it_o be_v most_o considerable_o augment_v that_o king_n settle_v upon_o the_o university_n 306_o manor_n 8_o granary_n of_o tithe_n 4_o mill_n and_o 30_o demesne_n out_o of_o his_o own_o crown_n revenue_n free_a from_o all_o tax_n and_o imposition_n towards_o the_o maintenance_n of_o more_o professor_n and_o poor_a scholar_n command_v that_o the_o chief_a rector_n shall_v be_v elect_v by_o the_o professor_n that_o one_o of_o these_o shall_v read_v a_o public_a lecture_n throughout_o the_o whole_a year_n continue_v at_o present_a only_o in_o the_o wintertime_n that_o the_o scholar_n shall_v live_v peaceable_o sober_o and_o mind_v their_o own_o affair_n not_o meddle_v with_o state_n matter_n that_o none_o of_o they_o shall_v as_o they_o have_v former_o do_v wear_v sword_n or_o carry_v arm_n this_o university_n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n john_n iii_o 1592._o be_v remove_v hence_o to_o stockholm_n but_o that_o place_n be_v find_v for_o several_a reason_n inconvenient_a it_o be_v in_o a_o short_a time_n remand_v to_o vpsal_n a_o library_n they_o have_v well_o store_v with_o book_n a_o considerable_a part_n of_o which_o be_v give_v by_o gustavus_n adolphus_n an._n 1631_o which_o he_o in_o his_o expedition_n against_o germany_n take_v out_o of_o the_o library_n of_o wurtzburg_n and_o other_o place_n to_o this_o city_n there_o ancient_o do_v belong_v several_a land_n and_o revenue_n by_o the_o title_n of_o vpsala_n oedom_n or_o the_o patrimony_n of_o vpsal_n give_v by_o freius_n surname_v pacificus_fw-la one_o of_o their_o ancient_a king_n out_o of_o his_o own_o hereditary_a land_n as_o a_o public_a stock_n which_o patrimony_n be_v embezele_v by_o those_o man_n that_o have_v the_o managery_n of_o it_o and_o for_o many_o year_n no_o account_n give_v an._n 1282_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o magnus_n i._o surname_v ladulaus_n it_o be_v order_v in_o council_n that_o these_o public_a land_n shall_v be_v seek_v after_o and_o reunite_v to_o the_o crown_n or_o some_o other_o way_n find_v to_o maintain_v the_o grandeur_n of_o the_o court_n the_o land_n by_o reason_n of_o long_a alienation_n can_v not_o be_v regain_v wherefore_o it_o be_v enact_v that_o in_o lieu_n of_o they_o all_o the_o revenue_n of_o fish_v in_o the_o finnick_n and_o bothnick_a bay_n the_o lake_n meller_n and_o all_o other_o lake_n and_o river_n within_o the_o king_n dominion_n as_o also_o of_o all_o mine_n of_o what_o metal_n soever_o shall_v over_o and_o above_o the_o land-tax_n whole_o and_o entire_o belong_v to_o the_o crown_n this_o city_n be_v ancient_o the_o chief_a place_n of_o their_o heathenish_a worship_n their_o ancient_a manner_n of_o worship_n as_o it_o be_v at_o present_a of_o their_o christian_a worship_n wherefore_o it_o may_v not_o be_v amiss_o here_o to_o treat_v as_o well_o of_o their_o ancient_a superstition_n as_o of_o their_o present_a true_a religion_n the_o heathenish_a deity_n to_o which_o they_o pay_v their_o devotion_n be_v thor_n oden_n and_o freia_n who_o be_v say_v to_o have_v come_v out_o of_o asia_n into_o this_o country_n and_o be_v though_o under_o divers_a name_n worship_v by_o most_o of_o the_o scandian_o thor_n so_o call_v from_o the_o assyrian_a word_n there_z or_o thurra_n i.e._n powerful_a have_v a_o temple_n
advise_v by_o the_o pope_n legate_n and_o some_o jesuit_n that_o a_o oath_n take_v by_o he_o with_o heretic_n be_v not_o obligatory_a or_o if_o he_o scruple_v that_o that_o a_o dispensation_n for_o the_o breach_n of_o it_o be_v easy_o attainable_a from_o the_o pope_n at_o last_o solemn_o take_v it_o and_o promise_v the_o state_n faithful_o to_o observe_v all_o the_o condition_n of_o it_o he_o leave_v sweden_n and_o return_v into_o poland_n during_o his_o absence_n all_o affair_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v manage_v by_o duke_n charles_n his_o uncle_n who_o for_o some_o small_a time_n execute_v the_o office_n of_o viceroy_n very_o quiet_o and_o to_o the_o great_a satisfaction_n of_o the_o king_n subject_n but_o some_o difference_n arise_v about_o religion_n the_o papist_n jesuit_n especial_o to_o who_o free_a exercise_n of_o their_o worship_n have_v be_v grant_v grow_v powerful_a and_o thereupon_o behave_v themselves_o insolent_o towards_o the_o lutheran_n the_o business_n of_o state_n become_v trouble_v and_o the_o determination_n of_o controversy_n and_o removal_n of_o jealousy_n out_o of_o the_o people_n heart_n a_o very_a difficult_a matter_n hereupon_o sigismond_n be_v send_v for_o out_o of_o poland_n but_o both_o delay_n to_o come_v into_o sweden_n and_o to_o send_v order_n to_o his_o uncle_n ch._n an._n ch._n that_o popish_a delinquent_n as_o they_o be_v represent_v to_o he_o shall_v according_a to_o law_n be_v proceed_v against_o as_o enemy_n to_o the_o state_n and_o that_o other_o suchlike_a grievance_n shall_v be_v redress_v he_o so_o lose_v his_o interest_n with_o his_o swedish_n subject_n that_o when_o at_o last_o he_o come_v among_o they_o they_o oppose_v he_o as_o a_o public_a enemy_n make_v war_n against_o he_o and_o overcome_v he_o in_o battle_n after_o he_o be_v defeat_v he_o return_v to_o poland_n and_o his_o crown_n of_o sweden_n be_v by_o the_o state_n set_v upon_o the_o head_n of_o his_o uncle_n 135._o charles_n ix_o duke_n of_o sudermannia_n and_o brother_n to_o john_n iii_o he_o maintain_v the_o augustan_n confession_n during_o his_o whole_a reign_n carry_v on_o a_o bloody_a war_n against_o his_o nephew_n sigismond_n and_o christianus_n iv_o king_n of_o denmark_n who_o he_o challenge_v to_o a_o duel_n and_o after_o he_o have_v reign_v eleven_o year_n dye_v at_o nycopia_n in_o his_o return_n from_o oppose_v the_o dane_n the_o government_n after_o his_o death_n according_a to_o the_o right_n of_o inheritance_n descend_v upon_o his_o elder_a son_n 136._o gustavus_n adolphus_n ii_o surname_v the_o great_a this_o king_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o reign_n prosecute_v the_o war_n with_o denmark_n which_o his_o father_n be_v engage_v in_o at_o his_o death_n but_o intend_v to_o turn_v the_o whole_a force_n of_o his_o kingdom_n against_o his_o cousin_n sigismond_n k._n of_o poland_n he_o within_o a_o short_a time_n conclude_v a_o peace_n both_o with_o the_o dane_n and_o muscovite_n this_o do_v he_o invade_v livonia_n take_v several_a place_n of_o great_a importance_n in_o that_o and_o other_o province_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o pole_n and_o at_o last_o make_v a_o truce_n with_o his_o cousin_n for_o six_o year_n he_o return_v into_o sweden_n during_o the_o war_n with_o poland_n ferdinand_n ii_o emperor_n of_o germany_n have_v do_v he_o as_o he_o allege_v very_o many_o injury_n as_o his_o send_v assistance_n to_o the_o pole_n into_o borussia_n under_o the_o command_n of_o arnhemius_fw-la his_o not_o admit_v the_o swedish_n delegate_n to_o a_o treaty_n of_o peace_n at_o lubeck_n but_o charge_v they_o to_o depart_v the_o empire_n etc._n etc._n whereupon_o he_o invade_v the_o imperial_a dominion_n take_v several_a strong_a city_n and_o after_o he_o have_v overrun_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o empire_n be_v kill_v in_o battle_n near_o leipsick_a he_o be_v succeed_v by_o 137._o christina_n his_o only_a daughter_n who_o be_v then_o but_o seven_o year_n old_a the_o affair_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v order_v by_o her_o guardian_n till_o she_o come_v to_o the_o eighteen_o year_n of_o her_o age_n at_o which_o time_n she_o take_v the_o government_n upon_o herself_o make_v a_o peace_n with_o the_o emperor_n and_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n and_o at_o last_o either_o weary_a of_o rule_v so_o potent_a a_o kingdom_n or_o think_v the_o care_n of_o it_o too_o great_a a_o burden_n for_o she_o to_o undergo_v voluntary_o lay_v down_o the_o crown_n and_o commend_v it_o to_o 138._o charles_n gustavus_n x._o a_o noble_a and_o victorious_a prince_n he_o maintain_v war_n against_o the_o pole_n the_o muscovite_n and_o the_o dane_n as_o he_o be_v return_v from_o gottenburg_n upon_o the_o confine_n of_o denmark_n to_o stockholm_n he_o die_v of_o a_o fever_n and_o his_o kingdom_n according_a to_o right_a of_o succession_n descend_v upon_o 139._o charles_n xi_o his_o son_n than_o four_o year_n of_o age_n during_o his_o minority_n the_o kingdom_n be_v govern_v by_o his_o guardian_n but_o come_v to_o full_a age_n he_o take_v upon_o himself_o the_o management_n of_o all_o public_a affair_n and_o be_v now_o reign_v a._n d._n 1680._o age_a twentyfour_o year_n a_o warlike_a and_o virtuous_a prince_n of_o the_o great_a principality_n of_o finland_n beyond_o the_o bothnic_a bay_n lie_v the_o great_a principality_n of_o finland_n finland_n finland_n call_v by_o the_o native_n somi_n or_o soma_n from_o the_o great_a number_n of_o lake_n that_o be_v in_o it_o soma_n signify_v a_o lake_n but_o by_o the_o swede_n first_o and_o after_o they_o by_o all_o stranger_n call_v finland_n q._n fineland_n from_o the_o pleasantness_n of_o the_o country_n or_o as_o other_o say_v q._n fiende-land_n i.e._n the_o land_n of_o fiend_n or_o enemy_n the_o finlander_n use_v for_o a_o long_a time_n before_o they_o be_v under_o the_o swedish_n power_n to_o make_v frequent_a incursion_n into_o that_o kingdom_n and_o very_o much_o injure_v and_o molest_v its_o inhabitant_n it_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o east_n with_o the_o sinus_n finnicus_n and_o the_o lake_n ladoga_n on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o bothnic_a bay_n on_o the_o north_n with_o part_n of_o lapland_n and_o on_o the_o south_n with_o part_n of_o the_o finnic_a and_o baltic_a sea_n it_o be_v divide_v into_o these_o seven_o province_n province_n its_o province_n 1._o southern-finland_n 2._o northern-finland_n 3._o cajania_n 4._o savolaxia_fw-la 5._o tavastia_n 6._o nylandia_n and_o 7._o carelia_n 1._o finland_n southern_a finland_n southern_a finland_n part_v from_o the_o northern_a by_o the_o river_n aujaroki_n which_o water_v the_o episcopal_a city_n abo._n it_o extend_v itself_o all_o along_o the_o finnic_a bay_n eastward_o have_v on_o the_o north_n and_o north-east_n the_o province_n of_o tavastia_n and_o nylandia_n in_o it_o be_v beside_o several_a little_a town_n two_o remarkable_a fort_n viz._n gusto_n in_o the_o western_a and_o raseberg_n to_o which_o belong_v a_o dynasty_a or_o principality_n in_o the_o eastern_a part_n of_o it_o 2._o finland_n northern_a finland_n northern_a finland_n run_v along_o the_o east-side_n of_o the_o bothnic_a bay_n towards_o the_o north._n it_o be_v indifferent_o large_a in_o circumference_n take_v in_o both_o the_o satagunda_n with_o viemo_n and_o masco_n water_v it_o be_v by_o one_o only_a river_n call_v cumo-elff_a famous_a for_o its_o abundance_n of_o salmon_n and_o other_o sort_n of_o fish_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o sea_n near_o the_o city_n biorneborgh_n town_n of_o note_n here_o be_v raumo_n nystadh_n and_o nadhendal_n to_o these_o sanson_n add_v castelholm_n in_o the_o island_n alandia_n 3._o cajania_n cajania_n cajania_n or_o ost-bothnia_a as_o some_o call_v it_o in_o opposition_n to_o west-bothnia_a which_o lie_v over_o against_o it_o on_o the_o west_n side_n of_o the_o bothnic_a bay_n in_o it_o be_v many_o large_a river_n the_o chief_a of_o which_o be_v kimi-elff_a which_o empti_v itself_o into_o the_o bothnic_a bay_n at_o the_o most_o northern_a cape_n of_o it_o and_o part_n this_o province_n from_o west-bothnia_a jio-elff_a and_o vla-elff_a city_n here_o be_v 1._o vlam_n or_o vlo_fw-la 2._o vasa_n or_o wassam_n cal_n to_o which_o may_v be_v add_v the_o fort_n cajaneburg_n and_o vlaburg_n 4._o savolaxia_fw-la savolaxia_fw-la savolaxia_fw-la which_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o east_n with_o the_o lake_n ladoga_n on_o the_o west_n with_o a_o a_o ridge_n of_o mountain_n which_o part_v it_o from_o carelia_n on_o the_o north_n with_o part_n of_o muscovitic_a lapland_n and_o on_o the_o south_n with_o tavastia_n and_o carelia_n this_o province_n abound_v much_o with_o lake_n and_o river_n most_o of_o which_o disburden_v themselves_o into_o the_o lake_n ladoga_n the_o river_n afford_v fish_n pike_n especial_o in_o great_a abundance_n and_o the_o lake_n beside_o the_o great_a quantity_n of_o fish_n they_o breed_v supply_v the_o inhabitant_n with_o seacalve_n not_o meet_v with_o in_o any_o other_o scandian_a lake_n here_o be_v one_o remarkable_a fort_n
the_o centre_n of_o these_o four_o canton_n and_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o great_a cross_n hang_v a_o scutcheon_n bear_v azure_a a_o horseman_n in_o complete_a armour_n argent_fw-fr hold_v a_o sword_n in_o his_o right_a hand_n of_o the_o same_o with_o the_o hilt_n or_o his_o horse_n cover_v with_o a_o cloth_n of_o the_o second_o which_o be_v the_o arm_n of_o dithmarse_n the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o arm_n contain_v four_o more_o coat_n whereof_o the_o first_o be_v gules_a three_o pink_n some_o call_v they_o nail_n of_o our_o saviour_n passion_n and_o three_o leaf_n of_o nettle_n which_o be_v intermix_v and_o meet_v in_o angle_n at_o the_o heart_n of_o the_o coat_n which_o be_v charge_v with_o a_o small_a scutcheon_n argent_fw-fr for_o holstein_n the_o second_o which_o be_v the_o coat_n of_o stormaria_n be_v azure_a a_o swan_n argent_fw-fr with_o a_o coronet_n round_o her_o neck_n or._n the_o three_o belong_v to_o the_o earldom_n of_o delmenhorst_n be_v or_o two_o bar_n gules_a the_o four_o and_o last_o coat_n which_o belong_v to_o jutland_n be_v azure_a a_o cross_n patty_n at_o the_o bottom_n fetchet_n or._n below_o the_o arm_n be_v usual_o hang_v in_o a_o chain_n or_o the_o scutcheon_n of_o the_o order_n of_o the_o elephant_n the_o helmet_n or_o embroider_v and_o damask_a the_o sight_n cover_v and_o want_a bar_n above_o which_o a_o crown_n or_o encircle_v with_o four_o circle_n and_o adorn_v with_o precious_a stone_n on_o the_o top_n of_o this_o a_o globe_n or_o and_o above_o all_o a_o cross_n patty_a argent_fw-fr the_o crest_n be_v a_o leopard_n passant_a over_o the_o crown_n or_o eight_o streamer_n azure_a a_o plain_a cross_n argent_fw-fr four_o spear_n bend_v to_o the_o dexter_n side_n and_o as_o many_o to_o the_o sinister_a or._n support_v by_o two_o savage_n crown_v and_o gird_v with_o ivy_n proper_a arm_v with_o two_o point_a club_n the_o mantle_n or_o sow_o with_o heart_n gules_a and_o lion_n azure_a double_a ermine_n jutland_n though_o many_o of_o our_o modern_a author_n make_v a_o scoff_n at_o the_o relation_n the_o danish_a historian_n give_v of_o the_o giant_n ancient_o breed_v under_o the_o northern_a climate_n call_v cimbrian_o whence_o so_o call_v yet_o it_o be_v certain_a both_o from_o the_o testimony_n of_o the_o most_o credible_a roman_a writer_n and_o the_o inscription_n of_o ancient_a grave_n and_o other_o monument_n that_o there_o be_v former_o in_o these_o part_v some_o people_n of_o large_a size_n than_o be_v anywhere_o to_o be_v meet_v with_o at_o this_o day_n either_o in_o this_o or_o any_o other_o nation_n and_o what_o else_o can_v be_v mean_v of_o that_o law_n of_o king_n frotho_n mention_v by_o saxon_a grammaticus_n wherein_o it_o be_v order_v that_o no_o ordinary_a rustic_n shall_v be_v bind_v to_o have_v any_o quarrel_n with_o one_o of_o these_o overgrow_a kemper_n determine_v by_o duel_n which_o be_v then_o the_o usual_a way_n of_o decide_v all_o manner_n of_o controversy_n except_o the_o warrior_n have_v few_o and_o light_a weapon_n than_o the_o plebeian_n those_o that_o endeavour_v to_o prove_v the_o ancient_a dane_n man_n of_o great_a dimension_n than_o the_o modern_a from_o the_o bulk_n of_o their_o grave-stone_n and_o tomb_n do_v not_o consider_v that_o it_o be_v the_o custom_n of_o the_o danish_a pagan_n to_o burn_v the_o dead_a body_n of_o their_o decease_a friend_n and_o bury_v only_o the_o ash_n and_o that_o the_o ancient_n use_v to_o worship_n at_o the_o monument_n of_o their_o prince_n and_o great_a man_n which_o for_o this_o reason_n be_v usual_o considerable_a heap_n of_o stone_n and_o earth_n cast_v up_o by_o the_o highway_n side_n however_o to_o omit_v these_o kind_n of_o idle_a conjecture_n the_o northern_a people_n have_v doubtless_o in_o their_o army_n good_a store_n of_o kemper_n man_n of_o vast_a body_n and_o strength_n upon_o who_o broad_a shoulder_n lay_v the_o heavy_a and_o hot_a service_n in_o every_o engagement_n from_o these_o kemper_n the_o whole_a nation_n be_v by_o the_o roman_n call_v cimbri_n by_o the_o greek_n cimmerii_n and_o their_o country_n chersonesus_n cimbrica_n which_o name_n be_v give_v to_o the_o whole_a tract_n of_o land_n beyond_o the_o elb_n though_o late_a historian_n confine_v it_o to_o that_o part_n only_o which_o now_o go_v under_o the_o name_n of_o jutland_n whence_o the_o juti_fw-la and_o jutia_fw-la which_o without_o all_o doubt_n be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o more_o modern_a word_n jutlandia_n shall_v come_v call_v jutland_o whence_o so_o call_v be_v hard_a to_o determine_v then_o to_o trace_v the_o original_n of_o cimbria_n venerable_a bede_n speak_v of_o those_o nation_n who_o come_v to_o aid_v the_o britain_n against_o the_o oppression_n of_o the_o roman_n mention_n the_o vite_n as_o well_o as_o the_o angle_n and_o saxon_n cambden_n and_o some_o other_o will_v have_v we_o read_v jute_n instead_o of_o vite_n as_o say_v that_o famous_a antiquary_n one_o manuscript_n copy_n have_v the_o word_n but_o the_o learned_a sir_n henry_n spelman_n observe_v in_o most_o copy_n vitæ_fw-la more_o than_o once_o and_o never_o jutae_n will_v not_o admit_v of_o this_o alteration_n ethelwerd_v who_o write_v about_o the_o year_n 950_o call_v bede_n vitas_fw-la giotos_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o angles_n be_v a_o people_n that_o dwell_v inter_v saxones_n &_o giotos_n tacitus_n place_n the_o huithones_n so_o pontanus_n read_v the_o word_n and_o not_o as_o it_o be_v usual_o print_v nuithones_n next_o to_o the_o angli_fw-la in_o other_o author_n we_o meet_v with_o the_o vitungi_n juthungi_n guthungi_n guthas_n juthones_n etc._n etc._n which_o without_o question_n be_v all_o of_o one_o and_o the_o same_o original_n only_a various_o corrupt_v either_o by_o the_o inadvertency_n of_o transcriber_n or_o unskilfulness_n of_o foreign_a writer_n in_o the_o idiom_n of_o the_o tongue_n of_o that_o country_n which_o they_o describe_v arngrim_n ionas_n a_o islandian_a author_n well_o skilled_a in_o the_o antiquity_n and_o language_n of_o his_o own_o country_n say_v jaet_fw-la in_o the_o islandian_a and_o norwegian_a dialect_n signify_v a_o giant_n add_v further_o that_o there_o be_v still_o a_o place_n in_o norway_n call_v risalandt_n i._n e._n the_o land_n of_o giant_n near_o which_o be_v jaetumhaimar_n or_o the_o giant_n dwell_v last_o he_o tell_v we_o jutland_n be_v nothing_o but_o a_o corruption_n of_o jaetumland_n so_o that_o jutia_n have_v the_o same_o signification_n with_o cimbria_n and_o the_o guti_fw-la gothi_n gotti_n getae_n call_v in_o the_o english-saxon_a monument_n geatun_n vitæ_fw-la jutae_fw-la etc._n etc._n be_v the_o same_o man_n with_o the_o cimbrian_o jutland_n reach_v no_o further_a than_o sleswic_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o so_o that_o holstein_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o province_n which_o lay_v between_o the_o eidor_n and_o the_o elb_n though_o former_o a_o part_n of_o the_o cimbrian_a chersonese_n be_v not_o now_o reckon_v as_o any_o portion_n of_o this_o country_n northern_a jutland_n the_o northern_a jutland_n be_v much_o large_a and_o better_o people_v then_o the_o southern_a it_o be_v divide_v into_o nine_o some_o reckon_v fifteen_o great_a lordship_n which_o say_v lyscander_n be_v sever_v one_o from_o another_o by_o so_o many_o arm_n of_o the_o sinus_n limmericus_n lymfiord_n give_v occasion_n to_o that_o part_n of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n arm_n which_o bear_v a_o lion_n and_o nine_o heart_n in_o a_o field_n or._n there_o be_v in_o it_o four_o bishopric_n ripen_v arhusen_n alburg_n and_o wiburg_n in_o the_o further_a corner_n of_o the_o north_n jutland_n lie_v wensyssel_n which_o have_v the_o name_n of_o venulia_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o vandalia_n in_o latin_a author_n and_o be_v think_v by_o some_o to_o have_v be_v the_o seat_n of_o the_o ancient_a vandal_n its_o inhabitant_n be_v the_o lusty_a and_o hardy_a of_o any_o of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n subject_n the_o chief_a town_n in_o this_o tract_n be_v wensyssel_n so_o call_v from_o the_o province_n schaghen_fw-mi seat_v on_o the_o promontory_n between_o the_o norwegian_a and_o baltic_a sea_n be_v much_o more_o frequent_v by_o merchant_n from_o all_o part_n of_o europe_n than_o any_o other_o town_n in_o jutland_n and_o will_v have_v a_o far_o great_a trade_n than_o now_o it_o have_v be_v it_o not_o for_o the_o dangerous_a coast_n it_o stand_v on_o totius_fw-la jutiae_fw-la generalis_fw-la accurata_fw-la delineatio_fw-la apud_fw-la janssonis-waesbergios_a et_fw-la mosem_fw-la pitt_n jutia_n septentrionalis_n in_o qua_fw-la dioeceses_fw-la alburgensis_n et_fw-fr viburgensis_n jutia_fw-la australis_fw-la in_fw-la qua_fw-la dioeceses_fw-la ripensis_fw-la et_fw-la arhusiensis_fw-la ducatus_fw-la sleswicensis_fw-la nova_fw-la descriptio_fw-la ducatus_fw-la slesvicensis_fw-la pars_fw-la septentrionalis_n ducatus_fw-la slesvicensis_fw-la australis_fw-la pars_fw-la the_o diocese_n of_o wiburg_n lie_v in_o the_o very_a middle_n of_o north_n jutland_n lyscander_n call_v wiberg_n the_o metropolis_n of_o jutland_n it_o be_v indeed_o a_o place_n
of_o the_o great_a concourse_n of_o people_n who_o flock_n hither_o for_o justice_n in_o all_o cause_n civil_a and_o criminal_a it_o be_v former_o call_v cimmersbeg_n as_o be_v the_o chief_a city_n of_o the_o ancient_a cimbrian_o tacitus_n call_v it_o civitatem_fw-la parvam_fw-la but_o withal_o that_o it_o have_v be_v a_o glorious_a and_o strong_a hold_n and_o the_o metropolis_n of_o a_o terrible_a and_o warlike_a nation_n whence_o and_o when_o it_o get_v the_o name_n wiberg_n be_v not_o easy_o determine_v some_o tell_v we_o that_o after_o the_o many_o petty_a principality_n of_o the_o cimbrian_o be_v unite_v into_o one_o monarchy_n by_o wiglet_n this_o city_n lose_v its_o ancient_a name_n and_o be_v call_v after_o the_o prince_n wigburg_n corrupt_v by_o degree_n into_o wiberg_n elnot_n in_o the_o life_n of_o st._n canutus_n say_v it_o have_v its_o new_a name_n from_o wig_n a_o idol_n worship_v in_o this_o place_n i_o rather_o think_v it_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o danish_a pirate_n call_v former_o wig_n or_o wikenger_n for_o it_o be_v the_o custom_n in_o the_o northern_a country_n where_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v more_o than_o the_o fruit_n of_o the_o land_n can_v sustain_v for_o young_a nobleman_n to_o live_v of_o what_o they_o can_v catch_v abroad_o as_o the_o lacedaemonian_n think_v robbery_n so_o these_o fancy_a piracy_n lawful_a and_o glorious_a whence_o prince_n of_o the_o blood_n will_v often_o turn_v pirate_n and_o take_v upon_o they_o the_o title_n of_o king_n though_o they_o have_v not_o the_o least_o dominion_n at_o land_n as_o the_o norwegian_a history_n report_v of_o st._n olaus_n the_o most_o notorious_a pirate_n mention_v by_o the_o northern_a historian_n be_v the_o jomswikinger_n who_o dwell_v in_o the_o city_n wollin_n call_v ancient_o jomsberg_n where_o they_o have_v establish_v certain_a law_n and_o be_v subject_a to_o magistrate_n and_o governor_n choose_v out_o of_o the_o royal_a family_n cambden_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o dane_n be_v usual_o understand_v by_o the_o name_n viccingi_n in_o the_o latin_a writer_n of_o our_o english_a history_n because_o say_v he_o they_o be_v profess_v pirate_n in_o our_o learned_a king_n aelfred_n translation_n of_o bede_n ecclesiastical_a history_n pirate_n be_v call_v wicengas_n and_o wicing_n and_o mr._n cambden_n guess_v probable_o that_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o glocestershire_n worcestershire_n etc._n etc._n be_v former_o call_v wiccii_n from_o the_o sea-robbery_n commit_v daily_o by_o they_o upon_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o severn_n the_o english-saxons_a name_v a_o stout_a warrior_n wiga_n skill_n in_o war_n wig-chaept_a a_o fort_n wighus_o etc._n etc._n in_o the_o old_a francic_a history_n of_o the_o life_n of_o st._n anno_fw-la archbishop_n of_o cologne_n we_o read_v ninus_n hiz_v der_fw-mi eristi_fw-la mann_n de_fw-fr dir_fw-mi ie_fw-fr volc_n wigis_fw-la begin_v i._n e._n ninus_n be_v the_o first_o that_o ever_o make_v war_n and_o in_o willeramus_n paraphrase_n upon_o the_o canticle_n wighuis_n be_v a_o castle_n wiigfimme_v the_o art_n of_o combat_n etc._n etc._n nial_n runic_a history_n say_v gunnar_n var_fw-mi alra_fw-mi manna_n best_a viigur_n deira_fw-la sem_fw-mi de_fw-fr voru_fw-fr a_o island_n i.e._n gunnar_n be_v the_o best_a champion_n that_o live_v in_o island_n in_o his_o day_n from_o what_o have_v be_v say_v it_o seem_v very_o probable_a that_o wiberg_n signify_v no_o more_o than_o wigton_n the_o name_n of_o several_a great_a town_n in_o england_n and_o scotland_n and_o the_o scot_n still_o retain_v so_o much_o of_o the_o old_a saxon_a word_n wig_n as_o to_o call_v soldier_n and_o pillager_n of_o the_o country_n wig_n or_o wiganeer_n there_o have_v be_v for_o some_o year_n a_o quarrel_n between_o the_o bishop_n of_o alburg_n and_o wiburg_n about_o precedency_n each_o pretend_v his_o bishopric_n the_o more_o ancient_a it_o be_v very_o hard_a if_o not_o impossible_a to_o decide_v the_o controversy_n except_o we_o date_n the_o first_o institution_n of_o the_o bishopric_n of_o alburg_n from_o the_o removal_n of_o the_o bishop_n palace_n to_o that_o city_n for_o the_o bishopric_n of_o wiburg_n and_o borlum_n be_v both_o found_v in_o one_o year_n by_o sueno_n esthrith_n who_o make_v heribert_n bishop_n of_o wiburg_n the_o same_o time_n that_o he_o give_v borlum_n to_o magnus_n witfield_n give_v wiburg_n the_o precedency_n but_o alburg_n be_v reckon_v the_o better_a and_o more_o honourable_a preferment_n by_o other_o danish_a writer_n from_o the_o high_a court_n of_o judicature_n hold_v at_o wiburg_n the_o jutlander_n can_v make_v no_o appeal_n save_v to_o the_o king_n himself_o the_o most_o memorable_a bay_n in_o this_o diocese_n be_v sallingsundt_n virckesundt_fw-mi hualpsundt_fw-mi sebersundt_fw-mi and_o othesundt_n the_o last_o of_o which_o have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o emperor_n otho_n the_o first_o who_o make_v a_o incursion_n into_o jutland_n about_o the_o year_n 948_o come_v as_o far_o as_o this_o bay_n into_o which_o he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v cast_v his_o spear_n and_o give_v it_o the_o name_n it_o retain_v to_o this_o day_n the_o most_o considerable_a and_o fruitful_a part_n of_o this_o diocese_n be_v salling_n a_o peninsula_n in_o the_o limfiord_n whence_o be_v bring_v the_o best_a horse_n that_o be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n dominion_n the_o name_n of_o this_o province_n seem_v to_o point_v out_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o old_a sabalingi_n who_o ptolomey_n make_v a_o people_n inhabit_v some_o part_n of_o the_o cimbrian_a chersonese_n but_o more_o southerly_a than_o salling_n the_o chief_a river_n in_o the_o bishopric_n of_o wiburg_n be_v gudius_n gutalus_n or_o guddenus_n call_v by_o the_o native_n gudden_a aa_n and_o store_v with_o plenty_n of_o fish_n arhuse_n be_v a_o neat_a and_o pleasant_a seaport_n town_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o the_o baltic_a sea_n arhusen_n arhusen_n whence_o etymologist_n derive_v its_o name_n from_o aar-hus_a i._n e._n the_o house_n of_o oar_n which_o be_v a_o much_o more_o probable_a conjecture_n than_o be_v bring_v by_o pontanus_n who_o fetch_v the_o word_n arhusen_n from_o ptolomy_n harudes_n the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o danish_a historian_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o it_o be_v first_o make_v a_o bishop_n see_v about_o the_o year_n 1014._o though_o if_o it_o be_v true_a that_o poppo_n be_v make_v bishop_n of_o this_o diocese_n its_o original_n must_v be_v fetch_v as_o high_a as_o the_o year_n 992._o the_o cathedral_n at_o arhuse_n be_v a_o neat_a piece_n of_o architecture_n adorn_v with_o several_a rich_a monument_n of_o bishop_n noblemen_z etc._n etc._n the_o bishop_n palace_n have_v lie_v many_o year_n in_o its_o ruin_n which_o still_o retain_v mark_n of_o its_o ancient_a splendour_n and_o grandeur_n it_o be_v seat_v in_o the_o heart_n of_o jutland_n and_o furnish_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o necessary_n that_o the_o country_n afford_v at_o a_o very_a reasonable_a rate_n and_o what_o foreign_a commodity_n either_o the_o need_n or_o luxury_n of_o its_o citizen_n call_v for_o be_v bring_v daily_o in_o by_o the_o mariner_n in_o this_o diocese_n there_o be_v thirty_o one_o judicature_n seven_o city_n three_o hundred_o and_o four_o parish_n and_o five_o fort_n the_o strong_a of_o which_o be_v schanderborch_n or_o schonderborch_n i.e._n the_o neat_a castle_n seat_v on_o the_o gudden_a the_o rest_n of_o the_o city_n of_o note_n in_o the_o bishopric_n of_o arhusen_n be_v 1._o horsen_a on_o the_o south_n of_o arhusen_n 2._o randruse_v a_o place_n famous_a for_o the_o best_a salmon_n in_o jutland_n 3._o ebeltod_a on_o the_o baltic_a coast_n a_o town_n of_o considerable_a trade_n the_o bishopric_n of_o ripen_v ripen_v ripen_v border_v on_o the_o southern_a jutland_n contain_v in_o it_o seven_o city_n two_o hundred_o eighty_o two_o parish_n ten_o castle_n and_o a_o hundred_o nobleman_n house_n it_o be_v seat_v upon_o the_o clear_a and_o sweet_a river_n nipsaa_n which_o part_v itself_o into_o three_o stream_n divide_v the_o town_n into_o as_o many_o part_n and_o give_v occasion_n to_o the_o city_n arm_n which_o be_v three_o lion_n here_o about_o ptolemy_n seem_v to_o place_v his_o cimbros_n phundusios_fw-gr that_o this_o city_n shall_v have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o latin_a word_n ripa_n upon_o its_o be_v situate_a on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n be_v no_o great_a wonder_n if_o we_o consider_v that_o whilst_o the_o native_n of_o these_o part_n busy_v themselves_o chief_o in_o fortify_v and_o people_n their_o great_a ciity_n it_o be_v ordinary_a for_o the_o german_n roman_n and_o other_o foreigner_n to_o give_v name_n to_o small_a village_n upon_o the_o seacoast_n which_o after_o a_o revolution_n of_o some_o year_n by_o the_o advantage_n of_o a_o brisk_a sea-trade_n grow_v bulky_a and_o be_v often_o advance_v into_o large_a corporation_n the_o cathedral_n be_v a_o stately_a fabric_n of_o hew_a stone_n beautify_v with_o a_o tower_n of_o a_o incredible_a height_n which_o
divide_v former_o the_o dukedom_n of_o holstein_n from_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n before_o the_o invention_n of_o gun_n and_o other_o terrible_a engine_n of_o war_n now_o use_v by_o all_o the_o european_n and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o know_a world_n the_o only_a fortification_n and_o rampart_n be_v strong_a wall_n and_o ditch_n which_o the_o ancient_n fancy_v as_o indeed_o they_o be_v sufficient_a to_o defend_v they_o from_o the_o arrow_n and_o battleax_n the_o only_a weapon_n then_o in_o use_n of_o their_o barbarous_a neighbour_n hence_o it_o be_v that_o the_o chinois_n think_v their_o empire_n secure_v from_o the_o incursion_n of_o their_o bloody_a neighbour_n the_o tartar_n when_o their_o famous_a king_n tzinzow_n have_v hedge_v they_o in_o with_o a_o wall_n of_o some_o hundred_o of_o mile_n in_o length_n thus_o the_o best_a expedient_a the_o roman_n can_v find_v of_o put_v the_o border_n of_o their_o british_a dominion_n in_o a_o posture_n of_o defence_n against_o the_o daily_a revolt_n of_o the_o native_n who_o they_o have_v drive_v into_o scotland_n be_v the_o build_n of_o pict_n wall_n and_o severus_n rampire_n which_o reach_v from_o sea_n to_o sea_n for_o the_o same_o reason_n the_o king_n of_o denmark_n have_v their_o territory_n continual_o infest_a by_o the_o daily_a inroad_n of_o the_o german_n think_v it_o high_o requisite_a to_o block_n up_o their_o passage_n by_o wall_v up_o that_o neck_n of_o land_n which_o lie_v between_o hollingsted_a and_o gottorp_n it_o be_v hard_o to_o determine_v from_o the_o account_n give_v by_o historian_n when_o this_o work_n be_v first_o begin_v paulus_n aemilius_n a_o curious_a french_a historian_n say_v gothofr_v king_n of_o denmark_n who_o the_o danish_a writer_n call_v gothric_a be_v the_o first_o that_o make_v use_v of_o this_o stratagem_n to_o exclude_v the_o army_n of_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o great_a about_o the_o year_n 808._o the_o same_o story_n be_v tell_v we_o by_o aimoinus_n and_o christianus_n cilicius_fw-la but_o saxon_a grammaticus_n crantzius_n and_o the_o whole_a class_n of_o the_o northern_a historian_n tell_v we_o unanimous_o that_o queen_n thyra_n daughter_n of_o ethelred_n king_n of_o england_n and_o wife_n to_o gormo_n gamle_n king_n of_o denmark_n be_v the_o authoress_n of_o this_o fortification_n and_o that_o thence_o she_o have_v the_o surname_n of_o danebode_v i.e._n the_o mistress_n builder_n of_o the_o danish_a nation_n bestow_v on_o she_o i_o can_v scarce_o allow_v the_o latter_a part_n of_o the_o story_n to_o to_o be_v truth_n since_o we_o find_v that_o this_o surname_n be_v give_v she_o long_o before_o she_o have_v do_v any_o thing_n either_o towards_o the_o building_n or_o repair_v of_o the_o danewirk_n as_o they_o call_v this_o fort._n for_o upon_o a_o monument_n erect_v by_o king_n gormo_n gamle_n in_o honour_n of_o his_o queen_n thyra_n we_o find_v the_o follow_a inscription_n gurmr_n kunugr_n gerdi_fw-la kubl_n dusi_fw-la eft_o turui_fw-la kunu_n sina_fw-la tanmarkur-bat_n i.e._n gormo_n the_o king_n erect_v this_o tomb_n for_o thyra_n his_o queen_n danebode_v or_o repairer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n this_o inscription_n can_v be_v a_o epitaph_n write_v after_o queen_n thyra_n death_n see_v all_o the_o danish_a writer_n assert_v positive_o that_o she_o outlive_v her_o husband_n gormo_n many_o year_n and_o after_o his_o death_n take_v the_o danewirk_n in_o hand_n so_o that_o its_o more_o than_o probable_a the_o surname_n of_o danebode_v be_v give_v she_o for_o the_o many_o good_a office_n she_o have_v do_v the_o nation_n in_o repair_v several_a old_a decay_a castle_n and_o fort_n and_o build_v a_o great_a many_o new_a one_o king_n eric_n the_o eight_o in_o his_o danish_a chronicle_n say_v thyra_n build_v the_o fort_n of_o wood_n which_o witfield_n understand_v of_o the_o fence_a the_o rampire_n with_o stake_n as_o bulwark_n be_v guard_v in_o our_o modern_a fortification_n other_o make_v harald_n blaatand_v queen_n thyra_n son_n the_o first_o author_n of_o this_o work_n after_o he_o have_v drive_v the_o emperor_n otho_n out_o of_o jutland_n which_o erasmus_n laetus_n the_o danish_a virgil_n allude_v to_o when_o speak_v of_o this_o king_n harald_n he_o say_v hic_fw-la ille_fw-la est_fw-la solido_fw-la primn_v qui_fw-la cimbrica_n vallo_fw-la munijt_fw-la arva_fw-la solique_fw-la ingens_fw-la e_fw-la corpore_fw-la dorsum_fw-la eruit_fw-la immani_fw-la quod_fw-la se_fw-la curvamine_fw-la longos_fw-la incitat_fw-la in_o tractus_fw-la mediumque_fw-la perambulat_fw-la isthmum_fw-la et_fw-la maris_fw-la eoi_fw-fr ripas_fw-la cum_fw-la littore_fw-la jungit_fw-la hesperio_fw-la ac_fw-la tenuem_fw-la sleswici_fw-la respicit_fw-la urbem_fw-la king_n eric_n decide_v this_o controversy_n by_o tell_v we_o that_o thyra_n build_v a_o wooden_a fortification_n and_o afterward_o advise_v her_o son_n to_o strengthen_v the_o work_n by_o trench_n and_o rampire_n of_o earth_n notwithstanding_o all_o these_o relation_n of_o other_o historian_n both_o pontanus_n and_o wormius_n agree_v that_o it_o be_v most_o likely_a the_o rude_a draught_n of_o this_o fort_n be_v first_o draw_v by_o king_n gothric_n and_o only_o repair_v and_o improve_v by_o queen_n thyra_n king_n harald_n and_o other_o succeed_a prince_n waldemar_n the_o first_o build_v a_o wall_n of_o brick_n seven_o foot_n broad_a and_o eighteen_o high_a to_o strengthen_v it_o after_o so_o many_o improvement_n the_o fort_n be_v reckon_v impregnable_a for_o soon_o after_o king_n waldemar_n reparation_n when_o henry_n duke_n of_o saxony_n surname_v the_o lion_n intend_v to_o have_v endeavour_v a_o breach_n through_o this_o fort_n into_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n dominion_n he_o be_v dissuade_v from_o the_o enterprise_n by_o his_o chief_a counsellor_n bernhard_n razburg_n who_o represent_v the_o undertake_n as_o a_o thing_n impossible_a to_o be_v effect_v assure_v he_o danewirkae_n custodium_fw-la danorum_fw-la sexaginta_fw-la millibus_fw-la mandatum_fw-la esse_fw-la i.e._n that_o danewirk_n be_v defend_v by_o a_o garrison_n of_o sixty_o thousand_o dane_n hence_o king_n sueno_n find_v himself_o unable_a to_o force_v his_o way_n through_o so_o strong_a and_o so_o well_o mane_v a_o rampire_n endeavour_v to_o work_v his_o passage_n by_o corrupt_v the_o keeper_n of_o wiglesdor_n the_o only_a gate_n lead_v through_o this_o wall_n into_o jutland_n at_o this_o day_n there_o remain_v but_o slight_a mark_n of_o so_o great_a a_o work_n at_o schubuge_a and_o hesbuge_a two_o small_a village_n upon_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o wall_n the_o inhabitant_n find_v relic_n of_o old_a furnace_n and_o brick-kiln_n whence_o the_o danish_a antiquary_n conclude_v that_o king_n waldemar_n have_v his_o brick_n burn_v here_o though_o he_o be_v force_v to_o fetch_v mortar_n as_o far_o as_o gothland_n joh._n cypraeus_n tell_v we_o at_o dennenwirch_n a_o inconsiderable_a village_n in_o these_o part_n may_v still_o be_v see_v the_o ruin_n of_o a_o old_a castle_n where_o queen_n thyra_n lodge_v the_o same_o author_n say_v wiglesdor_n be_v ancient_o call_v kaelgate_n because_o place_v in_o a_o open_a and_o plain_a part_n of_o the_o country_n where_o the_o enemy_n can_v have_v no_o shelter_n nor_o be_v in_o any_o probability_n of_o suprize_v the_o defendant_n holstein_n ancient_o the_o whole_a territory_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o holstein_n contain_v at_o present_a in_o the_o province_n of_o holstein_n proper_o so_o call_v ditmarss_n wagerland_n and_o stormar_n go_v under_o the_o general_a name_n of_o nortablingia_n or_o the_o country_n beyond_o the_o elb_n northwards_o adam_n bremensis_n and_o helmoldus_n be_v the_o first_o that_o mention_n holsatia_n which_o the_o former_a derive_v from_o holts-geseten_a i.e._n seat_v in_o a_o wood_n or_o forest_n ducatus_fw-la holsatiae_fw-la descriptio_fw-la novissima_fw-la excudebant_fw-la janssâ—â—io-waesbergii_a et_fw-la moses_n pitt_n the_o fruitfulness_n of_o the_o soil_n convenience_n of_o trade_n in_o the_o baltic_a and_o british_a sea_n and_o industry_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n render_v holstein_n the_o rich_a country_n in_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n dominion_n and_o make_v the_o income_n of_o some_o of_o the_o nobility_n exceed_v the_o treasure_n of_o many_o prince_n in_o germany_n the_o chief_a city_n and_o great_a town_n in_o holstein_n be_v 1._o kyel_n chilonium_fw-la seat_v on_o the_o baltic_a shore_n in_o a_o corner_n of_o land_n shut_v in_o betwixt_o the_o mouth_n of_o two_o river_n whence_o some_o have_v fetch_v its_o name_n from_o the_o german_a word_n kiel_n which_o signify_v a_o wedge_n it_o be_v furnish_v with_o a_o large_a and_o commodious_a haven_n which_o be_v continual_o throng_v with_o merchant-ship_n from_o germany_n liefland_n sweden_n and_o all_o the_o isle_n on_o the_o baltic_a sea_n there_o be_v yearly_a in_o this_o town_n a_o meeting_n of_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o nobility_n of_o holstein_n who_o come_v hither_o to_o consult_v about_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o dukedom_n especial_o the_o concern_v of_o the_o mint_n and_o value_n of_o money_n the_o castle_n which_o be_v seat_v on_o the_o
endeavour_n to_o prove_v that_o xen._n lampsacenus_n mention_n the_o baltic_a sea_n and_o thence_o conclude_v that_o this_o name_n be_v much_o more_o ancient_a than_o most_o of_o the_o modern_a geographer_n fancy_n who_o make_v adam_n bremensis_n and_o helmoldus_n the_o first_o author_n that_o call_v this_o bay_a mare_n balthicum_n but_o he_o that_o shall_v take_v the_o pain_n to_o examine_v pliny_n word_n upon_o this_o occasion_n will_v find_v that_o no_o mention_n be_v there_o make_v of_o the_o baltic_a sea_n but_o of_o a_o island_n only_o in_o these_o part_n call_v baltia_n which_o be_v now_o name_v schonen_fw-mi but_o be_v not_o as_o the_o ancient_n imagine_v a_o isle_n from_o this_o baltia_n some_o think_v this_o sea_n be_v call_v baltic_n as_o the_o adriatic_a sea_n have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o island_n adria_n other_o more_o happy_o derive_v the_o word_n from_o the_o danish_a and_o english_a word_n belt_n because_o seeland_n and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n dominion_n be_v gird_v round_o with_o this_o bay_n and_o to_o this_o day_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o seeland_n and_o funen_n call_v that_o small_a arm_n of_o the_o sea_n which_o part_n these_o two_o island_n die_v belt_n pomponius_n mela_n who_o be_v follow_v by_o many_o late_a writer_n of_o good_a note_n call_v the_o baltic_a sea_n sinus_n codanus_n which_o signify_v no_o more_o than_o the_o danish_a bay_n for_o codanus_n godanus_n or_o gedanus_n be_v the_o same_o with_o danus_n and_o gedanum_n and_o dantiscum_n signify_v the_o same_o thing_n and_o indeed_o when_o we_o consider_v what_o a_o large_a portion_n of_o the_o danish_a kingdom_n be_v encircle_v with_o the_o sea_n we_o shall_v find_v reason_n enough_o notwithstanding_o the_o late_a surrender_n of_o several_a island_n to_o the_o swede_n to_o let_v it_o still_o retain_v this_o its_o ancient_a name_n the_o most_o considerable_a island_n in_o the_o baltic_a which_o at_o this_o day_n be_v subject_a to_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n be_v these_o that_o follow_v fionia_n fionia_n or_o funen_n be_v part_v from_o jutland_n by_o a_o straight_a of_o the_o baltic_a call_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n medelfarsund_v about_o one_o german_a mile_n in_o breadth_n and_o separate_v from_o seeland_n by_o the_o beltis-sund_a or_o baltic_n bay_n the_o length_n of_o it_o from_o east_n to_o west_n be_v about_o ten_o german_a mile_n and_o the_o breadth_n eight_o saxon_a grammaticus_n lyscander_n and_o most_o of_o the_o danish_a writer_n make_v this_o the_o pleasant_a piece_n of_o ground_n in_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n dominion_n whence_o they_o have_v fancy_v the_o island_n have_v its_o name_n from_o fine_a which_o have_v the_o same_o signification_n in_o funen_n as_o in_o england_n though_o adam_n bremensis_n may_v seem_v to_o favour_v this_o conceit_n in_o call_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o island_n finni_n and_o their_o country_n finningia_n and_o pontanus_n allow_v the_o etymology_n yet_o methinks_v stephanius_n guess_v better_a at_o the_o derivation_n of_o the_o word_n when_o he_o fetch_v it_o from_o fion_n which_o in_o the_o old_a runic_a monument_n signify_v a_o neck_n of_o land_n rend_v from_o the_o continent_n and_o such_o any_o man_n will_v suppose_v funen_n to_o be_v who_o shall_v have_v the_o opportunity_n of_o view_v that_o slender_a frith_n which_o at_o this_o day_n separate_v that_o island_n from_o jutland_n the_o island_n abound_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o corn_n especial_o wheat_n and_o rye_n which_o be_v hence_o yearly_o transport_v in_o great_a quantity_n into_o other_o nation_n beside_o the_o native_n have_v general_o great_a herd_n of_o cattle_n and_o very_o good_a breed_v of_o horse_n the_o wood_n which_o overspread_v almost_o the_o whole_a island_n be_v exceed_o well_o store_v with_o deer_n hare_n and_o fox_n the_o chief_a city_n in_o this_o island_n be_v ottensee_n which_o some_o will_v have_v to_o take_v its_o name_n from_o woden_n the_o great_a god_n of_o the_o ancient_a dane_n who_o some_o of_o their_o historian_n call_v othin_n or_o odin_n other_o more_o probable_o say_v it_o be_v build_v by_o the_o emperor_n otho_n the_o first_o who_o overrun_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o danish_a kingdom_n and_o leave_v his_o name_n in_o more_o place_n than_o one_o this_o opinion_n seem_v to_o be_v confirm_v by_o a_o letter_n write_v by_o the_o emperor_n otho_n the_o three_o about_o the_o year_n 987_o in_o which_o this_o city_n be_v name_v vrbs_fw-la othonesvigensis_n pontanus_n think_v it_o be_v first_o build_v by_o king_n harald_n who_o to_o testify_v his_o gratitude_n to_o the_o forementioned_a emperor_n otho_n the_o first_o by_o who_o procurement_n he_o be_v convert_v to_o christianity_n call_v it_o ottonia_n or_o ottensche_n and_o his_o son_n suenotto_n this_o city_n be_v seat_v in_o the_o very_a centre_n of_o the_o island_n and_o therefore_o in_o a_o fit_a place_n for_o the_o session_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o magistracy_n which_o be_v yearly_o hold_v in_o this_o place_n as_o be_v likewise_o the_o general_a assembly_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n before_o the_o year_n 1660._o the_o building_n in_o this_o town_n be_v general_o well_o build_v and_o the_o street_n uniform_a beside_o other_o public_a building_n there_o be_v in_o it_o two_o fair_a church_n whereof_o one_o be_v dedicate_v to_o st._n cnute_n the_o other_o to_o st._n francis_n not_o far_o from_o the_o former_a of_o these_o stand_v a_o stately_a town-hall_n upon_o a_o very_a spacious_a marketplace_n where_o king_n frideric_n ii_o renew_v the_o ancient_a league_n between_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o holstein_n and_o sleswic_n in_o the_o year_n 1575._o when_o the_o choir_n of_o st._n cnute_n church_n be_v repair_v in_o the_o year_n 1582_o the_o workman_n find_v in_o a_o vault_n a_o copper_n coffin_a gild_a and_o adorn_v with_o precious_a stone_n upon_o which_o be_v write_v the_o follow_a inscription_n in_o old_a latin-gothic_a character_n jam_fw-la coelo_fw-la tutus_fw-la summo_fw-la cum_fw-la rege_fw-la canutus_n martyr_n in_o aurata_fw-la rex_fw-la atque_fw-la reconditur_fw-la arca_fw-la et_fw-la pro_fw-la justitiae_fw-la factis_fw-la occisus_fw-la inque_fw-la ut_fw-la christum_fw-la vita_fw-la sic_fw-la morte_fw-la fatetur_fw-la in_o ipsa_fw-la traditur_fw-la a_o proprio_fw-la sicut_fw-la deus_fw-la ipse_fw-la ministro_fw-la a.d._n mlxxxvi_o other_o town_n of_o note_n in_o funen_n be_v 1._o bowens_n a_o port-town_n of_o good_a trade_n seat_v on_o the_o westside_n of_o the_o island_n at_o the_o north-end_n of_o medelfarsund_n 2._o middlefar_n seat_v on_o the_o common_a passage_n from_o this_o island_n to_o kolding_n in_o jutland_n on_o the_o thirty_o of_o january_n in_o the_o year_n 1658._o carolus_n gustavus_n king_n of_o sweden_n lead_v his_o army_n over_o the_o ice_n to_o this_o place_n and_o have_v rout_v the_o danish_a force_n that_o oppose_v he_o make_v himself_o absolute_a master_n of_o the_o whole_a isle_n of_o funen_n 3._o ascens_fw-la not_o far_o from_o the_o mountain_n of_o ossenburgh_n where_o john_n de_fw-fr hoy_n nicholas_n fechlenburgh_n and_o gustavus_n troll_n bishop_n of_o vpsal_n be_v slay_v and_o their_o army_n command_v by_o christopher_n earl_n of_o oldenburgh_n total_o rout_v by_o john_n rantzaw_v king_n christian_n the_o three_o general_n who_o level_v this_o city_n to_o the_o ground_n 4._o foborg_n upon_o the_o southern_a coast_n of_o the_o island_n it_o be_v once_o burn_v by_o the_o unruly_a soldier_n of_o christian_a the_o three_o whilst_o odensee_n adhere_v to_o the_o captive_a prince_n christian_n the_o second_o who_o at_o that_o time_n be_v keep_v close_a prisoner_n at_o sunderburg_n redeem_v itself_o from_o the_o like_a fate_n by_o a_o large_a sum_n of_o money_n 5._o swynborg_n over_o against_o the_o island_n of_o langland_n from_o this_o place_n carolus_n gustavus_n king_n of_o sweden_n lead_v his_o army_n over_o the_o ice_n into_o seeland_n in_o the_o year_n 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inhabitant_n oresundt_fw-mi through_o which_o
fish_n butter_n tallow_n hides_n etc._n etc._n be_v bring_v from_o all_o part_n of_o norway_n to_o be_v ship_v off_o into_o other_o country_n the_o townsman_n not_o many_o year_n ago_o observe_v the_o daily_a increase_n of_o their_o trade_n and_o the_o great_a concourse_n of_o stranger_n which_o it_o draw_v from_o all_o part_n and_o fear_v they_o themselves_o may_v at_o last_o be_v prejudice_v by_o a_o unlimited_a and_o general_a admission_n of_o foreign_a tradesman_n and_o merchant_n into_o their_o city_n make_v a_o order_n that_o whoever_o will_v after_o such_o a_o time_n be_v admit_v a_o freeman_n of_o the_o town_n shall_v either_o be_v whip_v at_o a_o game_n institute_v upon_o this_o occasion_n and_o call_v by_o they_o gantenspill_n or_o roll_v in_o mud_n and_o dirt_n or_o last_o hang_v in_o a_o basket_n over_o some_o intolerable_a and_o filthy_a smoke_n this_o hard_a usage_n quick_o diminish_v the_o number_n of_o foreigner_n who_o fancy_v it_o scarce_o worth_n their_o while_n to_o 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further_o and_o assure_v we_o that_o the_o ancient_a iselander_n call_v the_o irish_a papas_n and_o the_o western_a part_n of_o their_o isle_n as_o most_o frequent_v by_o irish_a merchant_n papey_n arngrim_n ionas_n follow_v the_o chronicle_n of_o his_o country_n and_o be_v very_o passionate_a in_o assert_v that_o before_o ingulf_n no_o manner_n of_o inhabitant_n be_v hear_v of_o in_o this_o island_n and_o in_o his_o specimen_fw-la islandicum_fw-la he_o be_v extreme_o enrage_v at_o pontanus_n and_o the_o author_n he_o follow_v for_o offer_v to_o assert_v that_o iseland_n be_v the_o ultima_fw-la thule_n of_o the_o ancient_n for_o say_v he_o if_o our_o isle_n be_v that_o thule_n which_o virgil_n and_o other_o roman_a write_v mention_n it_o must_v needs_o have_v be_v inhabit_v in_o the_o day_n of_o augustus_n the_o emperor_n and_o than_o what_o credit_n i_o pray_v can_v be_v give_v to_o our_o iselandic_n chronicle_n which_o tell_v we_o in_o plain_a term_n that_o this_o isle_n be_v never_o inhabit_v before_o ingulf_n be_v day_n but_o if_o that_o learned_a author_n will_v give_v we_o leave_v to_o argue_v the_o case_n it_o be_v possible_a he_o may_v not_o find_v any_o reason_n at_o last_o to_o be_v in_o so_o great_a a_o rage_n for_o in_o the_o work_n quote_v he_o himself_o allow_v the_o story_n of_o the_o irish_a be_v first_o call_v papas_n by_o the_o ancient_a iselander_n if_o we_o inquire_v what_o those_o ancient_a inhabitant_n be_v that_o give_v the_o irish_a this_o name_n it_o will_v questionless_a be_v answer_v they_o be_v heathen_n this_o arngrim_n take_v for_o grant_v and_o think_v the_o answer_n satisfactory_a enough_o and_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o the_o first_o inhabitant_n of_o iseland_n be_v heathenish_a idolater_n from_o one_o passage_n in_o the_o iselandic_n chronicle_n where_o we_o be_v tell_v that_o in_o the_o west_n of_o iseland_n there_o be_v a_o large_a piece_n of_o ground_n encircle_v with_o a_o ditch_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o which_o stand_v a_o great_a stone_n make_v use_v of_o former_o for_o a_o altar_n whereon_o they_o use_v in_o the_o day_n of_o idolatry_n and_o paganism_n to_o sacrifice_v man_n to_o their_o god_n woden_n but_o then_o if_o we_o consult_v the_o ancient_a monument_n of_o the_o northern_a kingdom_n we_o shall_v find_v the_o great_a part_n of_o denmark_n and_o norway_n convert_v to_o christianity_n before_o ingulf_n time_n so_o that_o it_o will_v be_v find_v upon_o examination_n high_o probable_a that_o there_o be_v inhabitant_n in_o iseland_n before_o ingulf_n bring_v over_o his_o norwegian_n and_o those_o perhaps_o know_v to_o the_o english_a and_o irish_a the_o isle_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n mountainous_a and_o rocky_a soiâ—_n soiâ—_n though_o some_o valley_n afford_v good_a store_n of_o corn_n and_o pasturage_n notwithstanding_o there_o be_v so_o many_o and_o so_o vast_a mountain_n in_o this_o isle_n there_o be_v no_o manner_n of_o mine_n either_o of_o metal_n or_o mineral_n in_o the_o whole_a land_n except_o sulphur_n novissima_fw-la islandiae_fw-la tabula_fw-la sumptibus_fw-la janssonio-waesbergiorum_a mosis_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-la stephani_fw-la swart_a dioecesis_fw-la trundhemiensis_fw-la pars_fw-la australis_fw-la exit_fw-la officina_fw-la janssonio-waesbergiona_a et_fw-fr moses_n pitt_n blefkenius_fw-la speak_v of_o a_o strange_a lake_n and_o arngrim_n say_v he_o have_v hear_v as_o much_o of_o a_o fountain_n near_o skalholt_n which_o immediate_o petrify_v whatever_n be_v throw_v into_o it_o insomuch_o that_o if_o you_o take_v a_o long_a pole_n and_o stick_v part_n of_o it_o into_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o lake_n that_o part_n of_o the_o staff_n which_o stick_v in_o the_o earth_n will_v in_o a_o short_a time_n be_v turn_v into_o iron_n the_o middle_a into_o stone_n and_o the_o uppermost_a part_n which_o never_o come_v into_o the_o water_n remain_v wood_n he_o further_o add_v that_o the_o part_n of_o the_o staff_n which_o resemble_v iron_n will_v burn_v like_o a_o coal_n another_o lake_n he_o mention_n which_o like_o the_o grecian_a aornon_n speak_v of_o by_o virgil_n send_v out_o such_o pestiferous_a exhalation_n as_o poison_v the_o bird_n which_o fly_v that_o way_n several_a other_o strange_a story_n he_o tell_v which_o because_o reject_v by_o anrgrim_n we_o omit_v in_o most_o place_n of_o the_o isle_n you_o may_v meet_v with_o hot_a bath_n and_o scald_a fountain_n the_o water_n of_o which_o if_o set_v to_o cool_v throw_v off_o a_o sulphureous_a scum_n of_o all_o the_o affront_v which_o blefkenius_fw-la 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d in_o his_o scurrilous_a description_n of_o iseland_n have_v put_v upon_o that_o country_n none_o be_v highly_o resent_v by_o arngrim_n then_o the_o sleight_n and_o false_a account_n he_o give_v of_o the_o law_n manner_n and_o religion_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o that_o isle_n whoredom_n theft_n idolatry_n witchcraft_n sorcery_n etc._n etc._n be_v vice_n he_o accuse_v the_o whole_a nation_n of_o we_o may_v rational_o imagine_v
that_o the_o ancient_a iselander_n be_v man_n of_o the_o same_o temper_n manner_n and_o religion_n with_o the_o norwegian_n from_o who_o they_o be_v descend_v i._n e._n man_n of_o vast_a stature_n strong_a and_o valiant_a great_a dueller_n and_o pirate_n but_o since_o christianity_n be_v introduce_v into_o their_o isle_n none_o of_o those_o barbarous_a quality_n which_o that_o dutch_a satirist_n lay_v to_o their_o charge_n can_v just_o be_v reckon_v among_o the_o catholic_a enormity_n of_o the_o island_n '_o tho_o it_o be_v possible_a some_o few_o may_v still_o be_v find_v among_o several_a thousand_o that_o to_o this_o day_n retain_v a_o small_a tincture_n of_o the_o old_a idolatrous_a superstition_n and_o ungentile_a demeanour_n of_o their_o ancestor_n their_o temperance_n in_o meat_n and_o drink_n and_o the_o natural_o strong_a constitution_n of_o their_o body_n enable_v they_o to_o last_v out_o common_o to_o a_o good_a old_a age_n though_o i_o can_v but_o refer_v olaus_n magnus_n and_o blefkenius_fw-la to_o the_o reader_n sentence_n the_o former_a of_o which_o tell_v we_o the_o iselander_n live_v ordinary_o three_o hundred_o year_n the_o latter_a with_o more_o modesty_n and_o caution_n which_o in_o he_o be_v rare_a quality_n report_v that_o he_o see_v a_o man_n in_o iseland_n who_o tell_v he_o that_o he_o have_v then_o live_v two_o hundred_o year_n by_o the_o account_n which_o blefkenius_fw-la give_v of_o the_o habitation_n of_o the_o iselander_n habitation_n habitation_n it_o must_v needs_o be_v conclude_v that_o either_o he_o never_o travel_v among_o they_o whatever_o he_o pretend_v to_o or_o else_o he_o mistake_v their_o house_n cover_v with_o turf_n and_o grow_v over_o with_o grass_n for_o small_a hillock_n and_o rampire_n for_o he_o say_v all_o their_o house_n be_v underground_o and_o they_o their_o kine_n horse_n and_o sheep_n have_v all_o one_o cave_n ancient_o the_o iselander_n like_o the_o german_n in_o tacitus_n day_n dwell_v far_o apart_o according_a as_o every_o man_n take_v a_o affection_n to_o this_o field_n or_o that_o fountain_n this_o wood_n side_n or_o that_o plain_a they_o use_v neither_o mortar_n nor_o tile_n but_o the_o whole_a fabric_n of_o their_o house_n consist_v of_o timber_n and_o turf_n their_o window_n be_v most_o common_o in_o the_o roof_n seldom_o in_o the_o wall_n of_o their_o cottage_n some_o of_o their_o nobility_n have_v more_o stately_a palace_n build_v of_o large_a piece_n of_o timber_n bring_v hither_o out_o of_o groneland_n and_o norway_n at_o this_o day_n their_o house_n be_v most_o of_o wood_n cover_v over_o with_o turf_n except_o in_o their_o city_n hola_o and_o skalholt_n where_o instead_o of_o tile_n they_o make_v use_v of_o fir-board_n but_o since_o the_o trade_n between_o they_o and_o norway_n begin_v to_o decrease_v their_o building_n have_v lose_v much_o of_o their_o ancient_a splendour_n and_o the_o neat_a of_o their_o village_n run_v daily_a to_o ruin_v beside_o their_o traffic_n with_o foreign_a nation_n be_v much_o abate_v and_o they_o seem_v to_o draw_v towards_o that_o degree_n of_o meanness_n which_o krantzius_n speak_v of_o when_o he_o tell_v we_o the_o iselander_n and_o their_o cattle_n have_v the_o same_o lodging_n arngrim_n confess_v that_o upon_o the_o south-shore_n of_o the_o isle_n near_o skalholt_n there_o be_v three_o small_a parish_n in_o which_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v destitute_a both_o of_o wood_n and_o turf_n the_o only_a fuel_n of_o the_o country_n the_o poor_a sort_n of_o these_o be_v not_o able_a to_o purchase_v fuel_n from_o abroad_o be_v constrain_v in_o the_o extremity_n of_o winter_n to_o betake_v themselves_o to_o a_o corner_n of_o their_o oxstall_n and_o there_o borrow_v heat_n from_o their_o cattle_n it_o be_v manifest_a from_o the_o ancient_a law_n of_o iseland_n whatever_o munster_n frisius_n diet._n diet._n and_o blefkenius_fw-la say_v to_o the_o contrary_a that_o upon_o the_o first_o inhabit_v of_o this_o isle_n the_o ground_n be_v till_v and_o several_a sort_n of_o grain_n sow_v and_o reap_v it_o be_v a_o malicious_a slander_n to_o say_v as_o those_o author_n do_v that_o the_o islander_n feed_v upon_o carrion_n and_o unsavoury_a meat_n and_o want_v the_o use_n of_o bread_n the_o best_a and_o happy_a of_o nation_n be_v now_o and_o then_o upon_o some_o extraordinary_a occasion_n drive_v to_o harsh_a extremity_n in_o meat_n and_o drink_n and_o force_v in_o spite_n of_o former_a plenty_n to_o submit_v to_o a_o famine_n and_o it_o may_v reasonable_o be_v suppose_v that_o the_o sea_n about_o iseland_n bind_v up_o by_o a_o long_a continue_a frost_n may_v sometime_o bring_v the_o like_a calamity_n upon_o this_o isle_n who_o have_v the_o great_a part_n of_o their_o food_n out_o of_o these_o water_n but_o set_v aside_o all_o such_o accidental_a casualty_n and_o extraordinary_a dispensation_n of_o god_n providence_n iseland_n be_v as_o well_o provide_v for_o all_o manner_n of_o necessary_n in_o meat_n and_o drink_n as_o any_o other_o country_n whatever_o for_o the_o iselander_n have_v general_o considerable_a stock_n of_o kine_n and_o sheep_n beside_o large_a pile_n of_o dry_a fish_n of_o several_a sort_n it_o be_v true_a a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n want_v bread_n and_o salt_n which_o be_v reckon_v two_o of_o the_o great_a requisite_n in_o furnish_v out_o one_o of_o our_o southern_a table_n but_o he_o that_o shall_v serious_o consider_v the_o vast_a strength_n and_o healthy_a constitution_n which_o these_o usual_o enjoy_v and_o the_o old_a age_n they_o ordinary_o arrive_v at_o will_v be_v apt_a to_o conclude_v that_o dry_a fish_n will_v prove_v as_o trusty_a a_o staff_n of_o life_n as_o bread_n if_o we_o be_v use_v to_o it_o and_o that_o salt_n may_v probable_o be_v convenient_a in_o a_o hot_a country_n to_o preserve_v our_o meat_n from_o corrupt_v but_o need_v not_o be_v make_v use_n of_o at_o the_o table_n in_o short_a the_o islander_n have_v all_o manner_n of_o necessary_a and_o substantial_a food_n as_o beef_n mutton_n goose_n hen_n partridge_n and_o all_o sort_n of_o fowl_n they_o want_v only_o the_o delicacy_n of_o sauce_n which_o other_o country_n enjoy_v and_o the_o sharpness_n of_o their_o air_n furnish_v they_o with_o stomach_n which_o easy_o supply_v that_o defect_n the_o most_o general_a drink_v use_v among_o they_o be_v whey_n drink_v drink_v which_o be_v common_o so_o good_a that_o a_o ounce_n of_o it_o will_v very_o well_o bear_v half_a a_o ounce_n of_o water_n sometime_o they_o drink_v a_o kind_n of_o mead_n make_v of_o a_o little_a barley_n flower_n and_o a_o honeycomb_n boil_v in_o water_n another_o liquor_n they_o have_v which_o be_v squeeze_v out_o of_o a_o certain_a red_a berry_n peculiar_a to_o this_o isle_n the_o ancient_a iselander_n use_v to_o import_v beer_n from_o denmark_n scotland_n norway_n england_n and_o other_o foreign_a country_n but_o for_o many_o year_n last_o past_o the_o inhabitant_n have_v not_o be_v able_a to_o maintain_v any_o considerable_a commerce_n with_o these_o nation_n and_o upon_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n be_v force_v to_o content_v themselves_o with_o such_o liquor_n as_o their_o own_o land_n afford_v how_o poor_a and_o mean_a soever_o these_o liquor_n may_v seem_v to_o southern_a palate_n use_v to_o the_o juice_n of_o the_o grape_n yet_o with_o these_o the_o ancient_a iselander_n can_v make_v merry_a and_o keep_v banquet_n and_o revel_n with_o the_o mean_a fare_n beforementioned_a what_o grandeur_n their_o public_a entertainment_n want_v in_o the_o delicacy_n of_o the_o viand_n and_o richness_n of_o the_o liquor_n be_v make_v out_o in_o the_o length_n of_o their_o feast_n and_o number_n of_o their_o guest_n thus_o we_o read_v that_o theodore_n and_o thorwald_n brethren_n and_o citizen_n of_o hialtaedat_fw-la in_o north_n iseland_n solcmnize_n the_o funeral_n of_o their_o father_n hialta_n entertain_v twelve_o hundred_o person_n for_o fourteen_o day_n together_o at_o a_o banquet_n and_o at_o their_o departure_n present_v the_o chief_a of_o their_o guest_n with_o gift_n answerable_a to_o their_o quality_n after_o the_o same_o rate_n and_o for_o as_o long_o a_o time_n olaus_n pa_n a_o west_n islander_n and_o his_o brethren_n entertain_v nine_o hundred_o man_n but_o i_o know_v not_o whether_o this_o be_v a_o instance_n of_o the_o generosity_n and_o gallantry_n or_o not_o rather_o prodigality_n of_o these_o people_n for_o the_o northern_a nation_n be_v general_o strange_o lavish_a in_o their_o entertainment_n at_o wedding_n and_o burial_n insomuch_o that_o it_o be_v grow_v a_o proverb_n in_o some_o of_o those_o country_n pay_v for_o thy_o father_n coffin_n before_o thou_o think_v of_o buy_v a_o cradle_n meaning_n that_o the_o entertainment_n at_o the_o burial_n of_o a_o father_n and_o marriage_n of_o a_o new_a wife_n if_o they_o come_v together_o be_v sufficient_a to_o ruin_v a_o man_n in_o his_o estate_n and_o make_v his_o heir_n a_o beggar_n before_o the_o
tell_v we_o of_o they_o contain_v as_o many_o incredible_a thing_n as_o the_o most_o romantic_a popish_a legend_n however_o the_o saxon_a commonalty_n have_v still_o their_o memory_n and_o name_n in_o great_a veneration_n and_o will_v as_o soon_o part_v with_o christmas-day_n as_o st._n ansgar_n which_o be_v the_o eight_o of_o february_n out_o of_o their_o almanac_n st._n wilhad_n day_n be_v keep_v on_o the_o eight_o of_o november_n and_o st._n rembert_n on_o the_o four_o of_o february_n 6._o rembert_n be_v succeed_v by_o one_o adelgar_a a_o monk_n of_o corbey_n of_o who_o nothing_o be_v record_v worth_a the_o take_a notice_n of_o 7._o hoyer_n who_o be_v elect_v into_o the_o archbishops_n see_v in_o the_o year_n 909_o and_o die_v the_o year_n follow_v the_o bremen_n chronicle_n report_v that_o about_o a_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o year_n after_o his_o death_n his_o grave_n be_v open_v where_o nothing_o be_v find_v but_o a_o pillow_n which_o have_v be_v lay_v under_o his_o head_n and_o a_o cross_n both_o fresh_a and_o uncorrupted_a whereupon_o the_o monk_n of_o bremen_n conclude_v that_o his_o body_n be_v immediate_o after_o his_o death_n snatch_v up_o into_o heaven_n 8._o reginward_a 9_o vnni_n who_o go_v to_o convert_v the_o infidel_n in_o sweden_n die_v at_o birca_n in_o gothland_n 10._o adaldag_n 11._o libentius_fw-la a_o italian_a 12._o vnwan_n call_v by_o some_o wimar_n 13._o libentius_fw-la ii_o 14._o hermannus_n 15._o bezeline_n 16._o albert_n son_n of_o one_o of_o the_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n 17._o liemar_n or_o leimar_n a_o bavarian_a nobleman_n the_o fourteen_o and_o last_o archbishop_n of_o hamburg_n for_o when_o at_o the_o request_n of_o eric_n king_n of_o denmark_n the_o pope_n have_v erect_v a_o archbishop_n see_v at_o lunden_n in_o schonen_fw-mi the_o bishop_n of_o denmark_n sweden_n and_o norway_n be_v subject_v to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o lunden_n and_o only_o lubec_n schwerin_n lebus_n and_o ratzenburg_n remain_v suffragans_fw-la to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o bremen_n who_o thereupon_o for_o ever_o quit_v the_o title_n of_o archbishop_n of_o hamburg_n 18._o humbert_n the_o first_o that_o ever_o style_v himself_o bare_o archbishop_n of_o bremen_n 19_o frideric_n 20._o adalbar_fw-la 21._o hartwic_n 22._o baldwin_n who_o successor_n some_o have_v make_v one_o barthold_n but_o without_o any_o good_a authority_n 23._o sifrid_n son_n to_o albrecht_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n 24._o hartwic_n ii_o 25._o woldemar_n duke_n and_o bishop_n of_o sleswic_n 26._o gerhard_n former_o bishop_n of_o osnabrug_n 27._o gerhard_n ii_o earl_n of_o lip_n 28._o hildebold_n or_o hildebrand_n earl_n of_o broch-hausen_a 29._o giselbert_n 30._o henry_n i._n 31._o florentius_n de_fw-mi brunchor_v against_o who_o appear_v bernherd_v earl_n of_o wolpe_n who_o some_o historian_n make_v archbishop_n instead_o of_o florentius_n â—at_a lose_v the_o day_n 32._o john_n bishop_n of_o lunden_n and_o provost_n of_o roschild_n in_o denmark_n 33._o burchard_n 34._o otto_n earl_n of_o oldenburg_n and_o delmenhorst_n 35._o gotfrid_n earl_n of_o arnsberg_n he_o have_v great_a quarrel_n with_o maurice_n earl_n of_o oldenburg_n for_o the_o see_v which_o when_o he_o can_v not_o peaceable_o enjoy_v he_o resign_v to_o 36._o albrecht_n duke_n of_o brunswic_n choose_v archbishop_n in_o the_o life-time_n of_o his_o predecessor_n in_o the_o year_n 1359._o 37._o otto_n ii_o 38._o john_n ii_o 39_o nicolas_n earl_n of_o delmenhorst_n 40._o baldwin_n 41._o gerhard_n iii_o earl_n of_o hoga_n 42._o henry_n iii_o earl_n of_o schwartzburg_n 43._o john_n iii_o 44._o christopher_n duke_n of_o brunswic_n and_o lunenburg_n 45._o henry_n iu._n duke_n of_o saxony_n engeren_n westphalia_n etc._n etc._n 46._o john_n adolph_n duke_n of_o holstein_n etc._n etc._n who_o after_o the_o death_n of_o his_o father_n be_v regent_n duke_n of_o holstein_n and_o thereupon_o quit_v the_o see_v of_o bremen_n in_o the_o year_n 1596_o leave_v the_o place_n to_o his_o brother_n 47._o john_n frideric_n who_o be_v at_o the_o same_o time_n bishop_n of_o lubec_n and_o have_v enjoy_v the_o archbishopric_n of_o bremen_n for_o the_o space_n of_o thirty-eight_a year_n die_v in_o the_o monastery_n near_o buxtehude_n in_o the_o year_n 1634_o and_o be_v bury_v in_o the_o cathedral_n at_o sleswic_n 48._o the_o last_o archbishop_n of_o bremen_n be_v frideric_n duke_n of_o holstein_n son_n to_o christian_a iu._n king_n of_o denmark_n and_o father_n to_o the_o present_a danish_a king_n christian_n v._n but_o before_o this_o frideric_n come_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n he_o have_v nothing_o leave_v but_o the_o bare_a title_n of_o a_o archbishop_n for_o in_o the_o year_n 1644_o the_o prevail_a force_n of_o the_o swedish_n king_n overrun_v the_o archbishopric_n of_o bremen_n and_o bishopric_n of_o vehrden_n as_o they_o have_v before_o many_o other_o province_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n afterward_o in_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n it_o be_v agree_v upon_o that_o ut_fw-la satis_fw-la fieret_fw-la serenissimae_fw-la reginae_fw-la sueciae_fw-la pro_fw-la locorum_fw-la hoc_fw-la bello_fw-la captorum_fw-la restitutione_n pacique_fw-la publicae_fw-la in_o imperio_fw-la restanrandae_fw-la condignè_fw-la prospiceretur_fw-la as_o it_o be_v word_v in_o the_o ten_o article_n of_o that_o treaty_n among_o other_o place_n there_o mention_v the_o archbishopric_n of_o bremen_n and_o bishopric_n of_o vehrden_n shall_v be_v for_o ever_o subject_a to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n and_o annex_v to_o their_o own_o territory_n and_o dominion_n sub_fw-la solitis_fw-la quidem_fw-la insigniis_fw-la sed_fw-la titulo_fw-la ducatus_fw-la and_o thus_o the_o archbishopric_n be_v turn_v into_o a_o dukedom_n which_o title_n it_o still_o retain_v whence_o the_o city_n of_o bremen_n which_o give_v name_n to_o the_o whole_a dukedom_n be_v so_o call_v bremen_n city_n of_o bremen_n there_o be_v several_a different_a opinion_n among_o the_o german_n writer_n some_o of_o which_o for_o the_o reader_n be_v diversion_n i_o shall_v hear_v repeat_v leave_v it_o to_o himself_o to_o embrace_v any_o one_o or_o reject_v all_o as_o he_o shall_v see_v cause_n one_o tell_v we_o there_o be_v former_o a_o ferry_n across_o the_o weser_n in_o the_o place_n where_o the_o great_a bridge_n at_o bremen_n now_o stand_v and_o therefore_o will_v have_v the_o city_n so_o call_v from_o the_o flat_a bottom_v boat_n in_o the_o tongue_n of_o the_o neder-saxons_a name_v praman_n wherewith_o they_o use_v to_o ferry_v over_o passenger_n another_o fancy_v bremen_n may_v be_v fetch_v from_o the_o abundance_n of_o broom_n in_o their_o tongue_n brame_n which_o grow_v in_o this_o country_n m._n martinius_n a_o man_n of_o no_o contemptible_a part_n and_o learning_n guess_v that_o because_o the_o land_n of_o bremen_n be_v the_o outmost_a bound_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n towards_o the_o ocean_n therefore_o the_o city_n be_v call_v ein_fw-ge brame_n which_o word_n signify_v proper_o the_o outmost_a seam_n or_o selvidge_n of_o a_o garment_n to_o omit_v the_o impertinence_n of_o other_o etymologist_n all_o agree_v in_o this_o that_o ptolomy_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d whence_o ever_o that_o word_n have_v its_o original_n be_v the_o same_o with_o bremen_n cluverius_n allow_v of_o this_o opinion_n add_v further_a nec_fw-la nomen_fw-la omnino_fw-la abhorret_fw-la nam_fw-la dempta_fw-la priore_fw-la syllaba_fw-la reliquum_fw-la biranum_fw-la satis_fw-la aperta_fw-la vestigia_fw-la gerit_fw-la vocabuli_fw-la bremen_n et_fw-la quid_fw-la scio_fw-la anon_o apud_fw-la ptolomaeum_n m_n corruptum_fw-la sit_fw-la in_o n_n integrumque_fw-la vocabulum_fw-la fuerit_fw-la fabiramum_fw-la among_o the_o old_a rubbish_n of_o ancient_a german_a writer_n antiquity_n antiquity_n and_o the_o small_a fragment_n of_o antiquity_n which_o be_v at_o this_o day_n to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o that_o country_n it_o will_v be_v a_o difficult_a task_n to_o find_v out_o the_o first_o original_n of_o this_o city_n it_o be_v certain_a one_o great_a part_n of_o it_o which_o be_v know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o s._n stephani_n statt_n be_v of_o a_o late_a foundation_n than_o the_o main_a body_n of_o the_o town_n and_o another_o grand_a accession_n call_v die_v new_a statt_fw-mi or_o the_o new_a city_n have_v be_v add_v within_o these_o hundred_o year_n what_o time_n this_o city_n be_v first_o fortify_v we_o have_v no_o other_o account_n then_o in_o the_o general_n that_o the_o city_n of_o saxony_n and_o in_o all_o probability_n bremen_n among_o the_o rest_n be_v first_o wall_v round_o by_o the_o order_n of_o henry_n duke_n of_o saxony_n surname_v auceps_fw-la or_o the_o fowler_n about_o the_o year_n 1000_o for_o this_o prince_n have_v find_v by_o experience_n that_o his_o naked_a town_n be_v not_o able_a to_o withstand_v the_o fury_n and_o outrage_n of_o the_o vandal_n who_o in_o those_o day_n miserable_o infest_a the_o northern_a part_n of_o the_o empire_n all_o the_o modern_a historian_n will_v inform_v we_o that_o the_o suburb_n of_o st._n nicolas_n which_o at_o this_o day_n make_v up_o a_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o
that_o great_a conqueror_n from_o his_o loin_n after_o several_a generation_n descend_v billiengus_n a_o potent_a king_n of_o the_o vandal_n who_o mother_n say_v some_o be_v charles_n the_o great_a be_v sister_n he_o be_v the_o first_o that_o after_o his_o own_o conversion_n bring_v in_o the_o profession_n of_o christianity_n into_o mecklenburg_n though_o afterward_o at_o the_o instigation_n of_o his_o son_n micislaus_n both_o himself_o and_o all_o his_o subject_n turn_v apostate_n the_o next_o famous_a prince_n of_o mecklenburg_n be_v gottschalck_n surname_v the_o godly_a who_o will_v often_o himself_o take_v the_o pain_n to_o preach_v christianity_n to_o his_o subject_n by_o who_o he_o be_v at_o last_o for_o his_o religion_n murder_v in_o the_o year_n 1066._o from_o he_o descend_v among_o many_o other_o henry_n ii_o who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1228_o leave_v behind_o he_o two_o son_n nicolot_n and_o john_n from_o the_o former_a of_o these_o spring_v all_o the_o succeed_a prince_n of_o the_o vandal_n until_o william_n the_o last_o prince_n of_o that_o line_n who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1430._o from_o the_o late_a surname_v knese_n janko_n or_o john_n the_o divine_a because_o he_o have_v take_v a_o doctor_n of_o divinity_n be_v degree_n in_o the_o university_n at_o paris_n be_v descend_v the_o present_a duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n this_o john_n leave_v behind_o he_o henry_n who_o be_v six_o and_o twenty_o year_n keep_v prisoner_n by_o the_o turk_n father_n to_o henry_n surname_v the_o lion_n who_o two_o son_n albert_n and_o john_n duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n be_v by_o the_o emperor_n charles_n iv_o create_v prince_n of_o the_o empire_n in_o the_o year_n 1349._o which_o be_v not_o to_o be_v understand_v though_o i_o find_v this_o construction_n put_v upon_o it_o by_o several_a of_o the_o modern_a german_a historian_n as_o if_o these_o two_o prince_n before_o charles_n creation_n have_v be_v only_o ordinary_a lord_n or_o baron_n of_o mecklenburg_n and_o by_o the_o emperor_n advance_v to_o the_o dignity_n of_o prince_n or_o duke_n for_o from_o he_o they_o receive_v no_o more_o than_o a_o admission_n into_o the_o number_n of_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o empire_n under_o who_o protection_n they_o be_v brougth_n by_o make_v themselves_o member_n thereof_o upon_o condition_n they_o shall_v be_v subject_a to_o its_o law_n and_o contribute_v to_o its_o necessity_n albert_n elder_a son_n albert_n ii_o be_v choose_v king_n of_o sweden_n and_o not_o long_o after_o take_v prisoner_n by_o margaret_n queen_n of_o denmark_n by_o who_o after_o several_a year_n imprisonment_n he_o be_v at_o last_o release_v upon_o the_o payment_n of_o a_o vast_a ransom_n so_o that_o the_o management_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n be_v commit_v to_o his_o brother_n magnus_n a_o prince_n that_o if_o we_o believe_v chytraeus_n who_o in_o his_o first_o book_n of_o the_o saxon_a chronicle_n have_v give_v he_o a_o noble_a character_n be_v nomine_fw-la &_o re_fw-la magnus_fw-la endow_v with_o all_o the_o excellent_a quality_n that_o be_v requisite_a to_o make_v a_o brave_a prince_n his_o son_n john_n who_o succeed_v his_o father_n in_o the_o dukedom_n found_v the_o university_n at_o rostock_n in_o the_o year_n 1419._o this_o duke_n successor_n henry_n the_o fat_a and_o magnus_n ii_o founder_n of_o the_o cathedral_n church_n at_o rostock_n upon_o the_o death_n of_o william_n the_o last_o prince_n of_o the_o vandal_n make_v themselves_o master_n of_o the_o whole_a land_n of_o mecklenburg_n after_o the_o death_n of_o this_o magnus_n and_o his_o son_n albert_n ii_o the_o dukedom_n come_v to_o his_o grandchild_n john_n albert_n in_o the_o year_n 1547_o who_o first_o bring_v in_o the_o lutheran_n confession_n into_o his_o dominion_n by_o demolish_n popish_a abbey_n and_o convert_v their_o revenue_n to_o the_o use_n of_o the_o university_n at_o rostock_n his_o son_n john_n iii_o who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1592._o leave_v two_o son_n the_o elder_a be_v adolph_n frideric_n who_o marry_v ann-mary_n countess_n of_o east_n friesland_n by_o who_o among_o other_o child_n he_o have_v christian-ludowic_a the_o present_a duke_n of_o mecklenburg-swerin_a his_o young_a son_n be_v gustavus_n adolphus_n who_o seat_v himself_o at_o gustrow_n in_o the_o late_a civil_a war_n in_o germany_n the_o whole_a land_n of_o mecklenburg_n be_v overrun_v by_o the_o imperial_a army_n and_o the_o dukedom_n confer_v upon_o their_o ambitious_a and_o at_o last_o unfortunate_a general_n albrecht_n duke_n of_o friedland_n however_o within_o a_o little_a while_n after_o the_o two_o duke_n adolph_n frideric_n and_o john_n albrecht_n be_v reinstate_v in_o their_o dominion_n by_o gustavus_n adolphus_n the_o victorious_a king_n of_o sweden_n their_o kinsman_n for_o a_o character_n of_o the_o present_a duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n the_o reader_n may_v have_v recourse_n to_o the_o follow_a description_n of_o swerin_n and_o gustrow_n the_o place_n of_o their_o residence_n the_o strength_n of_o these_o prince_n will_v be_v considerable_a enough_o strength_n militâ—â—â—_n strength_n sufficient_a to_o secure_v their_o own_o territory_n and_o keep_v their_o neighbour_n in_o awe_n if_o firm_o unite_v their_o equal_a pretension_n to_o the_o sole_a government_n of_o the_o city_n and_o university_n at_o rostock_n do_v former_o occasion_v some_o animosity_n between_o the_o two_o house_n but_o this_o quarrel_n have_v for_o some_o year_n last_o pass_v be_v quite_o lay_v aside_o and_o now_o a_o difference_n in_o religion_n the_o duke_n of_o swerin_n be_v a_o romanist_n and_o he_o of_o gustrow_n a_o lutheran_n be_v the_o great_a cause_n of_o their_o mutual_a fear_n and_o jealousy_n heretofore_o they_o think_v it_o their_o chief_a interest_n to_o adhere_v to_o the_o swede_n and_o secure_v themselves_o under_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o potent_a king_n of_o that_o nation_n but_o when_o after_o the_o many_o conquest_n of_o the_o brave_a gustavus_n adolphus_n the_o power_n of_o those_o prince_n grow_v so_o formidable_a as_o to_o threaten_v a_o universal_a slavery_n to_o their_o neighbour_n round_o about_o they_o rather_o than_o the_o defence_n of_o any_o of_o their_o liberty_n the_o duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n think_v it_o high_a time_n to_o relinquish_v that_o party_n and_o join_v with_o the_o dane_n and_o branburger_n in_o oppose_v their_o common_a enemy_n the_o king_n of_o sweden_n they_o see_v wismar_n rend_v out_o of_o their_o hand_n without_o any_o probability_n of_o be_v ever_o recover_v and_o they_o have_v reason_n to_o fear_v that_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o adjoin_a country_n will_v follow_v it_o if_o their_o ruin_n be_v not_o timely_o prevent_v by_o the_o strength_n of_o their_o new_a ally_n the_o whole_a land_n of_o mecklenburg_n so_o much_o i_o mean_v as_o be_v now_o subject_a to_o the_o two_o duke_n which_o bear_v that_o title_n be_v usual_o divide_v into_o these_o six_o part_n territry_n territry_n the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n strict_o so_o call_v and_o vandalia_n the_o earldom_n of_o swerin_n the_o barony_n of_o rostock_n and_o stargard_n and_o the_o bishopric_n of_o butzow_n in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n be_v reckon_v the_o city_n of_o wismar_n to_o which_o be_v the_o neighbour_a island_n poel_n tempsin_n gades_n rhena_n and_o bucow_n in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o vandalia_n gustrow_n sterneberg_n malchin_n stavenhagen_n ivenack_n neu-calven_n warin_n pentzlin_n rebel_n wredenhagen_n malchau_n tetrou_n goltberg_n parchum_n plague_n lupsian_a grabou_n domitz_n neu-statt_a eldenau_n and_o gorlosen_n in_o the_o barony_n of_o rostock_n the_o city_n of_o rostock_n ribnitz_n gnoien_n tessin_n laga_n schwan_n salines_n and_o morlou_n in_o the_o barony_n of_o stargard_n brandeburg_n stargard_n furstenburg_n strelitz_n mirow_n fredland_n and_o wesenberg_n and_o last_o in_o the_o bishopric_n of_o butzow_n the_o city_n of_o butzow_n and_o the_o peninsula_n of_o swerin_n the_o most_o considerable_a city_n in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n i._o lubec_n lubec_n lubec_n this_o city_n be_v indeed_o situate_a in_o wagerland_n and_o for_o that_o reason_n we_o have_v already_o give_v the_o reader_n some_o short_a account_n of_o it_o in_o the_o description_n of_o denmark_n but_o because_o it_o be_v of_o itself_o a_o imperial_a city_n whole_o independent_a upon_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n and_o immediate_o subject_a to_o the_o emperor_n of_o germany_n we_o have_v reserve_v a_o more_o particular_a survey_n of_o it_o for_o this_o place_n and_o it_o can_v so_o proper_o be_v refer_v to_o any_o particular_a province_n of_o the_o empire_n as_o the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n for_o although_o the_o citizen_n of_o lubec_n do_v not_o pay_v any_o manner_n of_o tribute_n or_o homage_n to_o the_o prince_n of_o mecklenburg_n yet_o it_o may_v perhaps_o as_o just_o be_v reckon_v part_n of_o that_o dukedom_n as_o bremen_n which_o never_o yet_o acknowledge_v any_o subjection_n to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n may_v be_v esteem_v part_n of_o that_o principality_n which_o now_o bear_v
the_o name_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o bremen_n the_o name_n of_o this_o city_n be_v fetch_v by_o some_o from_o one_o luba_n a_o famous_a fisherman_n that_o heretofore_o pitch_v his_o tent_n upon_o the_o seashore_n in_o the_o same_o place_n where_o afterward_o the_o great_a city_n of_o lubec_n be_v build_v but_o this_o fiction_n be_v of_o the_o same_o stamp_n with_o the_o frivolous_a etymology_n with_o which_o some_o of_o our_o english_a historian_n have_v furnish_v we_o of_o britain_n from_o brutus_n and_o london_n from_o king_n lud._n other_o tell_v we_o that_o lubec_n in_o the_o old_a wendish_n tongue_n signify_v a_o crown_n and_o therefore_o will_v persuade_v we_o that_o this_o town_n have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o preeminence_n which_o immediate_o after_o its_o first_o foundation_n it_o may_v just_o challenge_v among_o the_o other_o city_n of_o germany_n whence_o lindebergius_n allude_v to_o this_o etymology_n conclude_v his_o elogium_fw-la in_o the_o praise_n of_o lubec_n with_o this_o distich_n et_fw-la decus_fw-la europae_n &_o lumen_fw-la sit_fw-la totius_fw-la ansae_fw-la et_fw-la sit_fw-la vandalici_n pulchra_fw-la corona_n soli_fw-la but_o the_o most_o probable_a opinion_n be_v what_o we_o have_v before_o mention_v that_o the_o name_n be_v true_o high-dutch_a and_o signify_v no_o more_o than_o lobeck_a or_o ein_fw-mi eck_fw-mi des_fw-fr lobe_n a_o corner_n of_o land_n for_o upon_o such_o a_o plot_n of_o ground_n it_o be_v situate_a commendable_a for_o something_o or_o other_o in_o it_o extraordinary_a and_o notable_a the_o polish_v historian_n particular_o j._n ludowic_n decius_n in_o his_o history_n of_o sigismond_n ii_o king_n of_o poland_n be_v very_o zealous_a in_o assert_v that_o this_o great_a city_n owe_v its_o birth_n to_o the_o prince_n of_o their_o country_n who_o have_v make_v themselves_o master_n of_o all_o this_o part_n of_o germany_n build_v a_o fort_n and_o in_o some_o short_a time_n after_o a_o wall_a town_n in_o that_o neck_n of_o land_n upon_o which_o lubec_n stand_v but_o the_o german_n as_o vigorous_o oppose_v this_o assertion_n affirm_v that_o godschalck_n a_o certain_a king_n of_o the_o vandal_n lay_v the_o first_o foundation_n of_o the_o town_n a._n d._n 1040_o which_o small_a beginning_n be_v enlarge_v into_o the_o bulk_n of_o a_o considerable_a city_n by_o crito_n a_o prince_n of_o rugen_n in_o the_o year_n 1104_o or_o as_o other_o 1087._o but_o however_o this_o be_v certain_a that_o it_o be_v never_o a_o city_n nor_o have_v any_o charter_n confirm_v to_o it_o before_o it_o have_v be_v once_o utter_o ruin_v and_o lay_v desolate_a by_o ratzo_n prince_n of_o rugen_n in_o the_o year_n 1134_o and_o rebuilt_a by_o adolph_n ii_o earl_n of_o holstein_n a._n d._n 1140_o who_o be_v unable_a to_o defend_v any_o part_n of_o his_o territory_n against_o the_o victorious_a duke_n of_o saxony_n and_o bavaria_n henry_n ii_o surname_v the_o lion_n be_v force_v to_o yield_v up_o to_o he_o lubec_n among_o the_o other_o conquer_a part_n of_o his_o dominion_n afterward_o when_o success_n and_o pride_n have_v swell_v henry_n to_o that_o height_n as_o to_o make_v he_o neglect_v his_o duty_n and_o allegiance_n to_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n barbarossa_n and_o to_o side_n with_o the_o pope_n in_o a_o quarrel_n against_o he_o he_o be_v by_o the_o say_a emperor_n public_o proscribe_v and_o devour_v by_o the_o joint_a force_n of_o his_o neighbour_n prince_n every_o one_o lay_v hold_n of_o that_o part_n of_o his_o estate_n which_o lie_v next_o he_o in_o this_o confusion_n lubec_n be_v besiege_v and_o take_v by_o the_o emperor_n himself_o but_o after_o his_o death_n restore_v to_o the_o forementioned_a duke_n henry_n afterward_o it_o be_v conquer_v by_o waldemar_n duke_n of_o sleswic_n and_o brother_n to_o canutus_n king_n of_o denmark_n but_o not_o long_o after_o the_o citizen_n find_v themselves_o too_o severe_o treat_v by_o their_o danish_a lord_n put_v their_o city_n under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n ii_o who_o grant_v they_o several_a privilege_n and_o immunity_n and_o restore_v they_o to_o the_o ancient_a liberty_n which_o they_o have_v enjoy_v under_o their_o first_o master_n since_o that_o time_n lubec_n have_v continue_v a_o imperial_a city_n be_v always_o reckon_v one_o of_o the_o chief_a in_o the_o empire_n and_o the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o hans-town_n the_o bishopric_n of_o lubec_n which_o since_o john_n adolph_n duke_n of_o holstein_n be_v elect_v bishop_n of_o that_o see_v in_o the_o year_n 1596_o have_v always_o be_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o some_o of_o the_o young_a brother_n of_o that_o house_n be_v first_o found_v by_o the_o emperor_n otho_n i._o at_o oldenburg_n in_o wagerland_n and_o afterward_o remove_v hither_o with_o the_o permission_n of_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n i._o by_o henry_n the_o lion_n duke_n of_o saxony_n in_o the_o year_n 1163._o there_o be_v not_o any_o city_n in_o the_o northern_a part_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n which_o at_o this_o day_n excel_v or_o perhaps_o can_v equalise_v lubec_n either_o in_o beauty_n or_o uniformity_n of_o its_o building_n or_o pleasantness_n of_o its_o garden_n and_o grove_n the_o street_n be_v general_o strait_a and_o even_o the_o house_n be_v all_o build_v with_o brick_n and_o cover_v with_o tile_n in_o the_o year_n 1238_o a_o great_a fire_n hap'n_v in_o the_o city_n burn_v down_o many_o of_o their_o street_n which_o at_o that_o time_n consist_v of_o house_n make_v of_o timber_n and_o cover_v with_o thatch_n whereupon_o the_o senator_n of_o the_o city_n make_v a_o order_n that_o thenceforward_o no_o such_o house_n shall_v be_v build_v within_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o town_n from_o the_o public_a conduit_n they_o have_v water_n convey_v by_o pipe_n into_o every_o citizen_n private_a house_n according_a to_o which_o pattern_n the_o conduit_n in_o london_n and_o other_o great_a city_n in_o europe_n be_v first_o contrive_v the_o street_n be_v in_o several_a place_n grace_v with_o row_n of_o linden_n tree_n plant_v on_o each_o side_n the_o church_n about_o twenty_o in_o number_n be_v general_o well_o build_v and_o adorn_v with_o high_a steeple_n or_o spire_n especial_o the_o cathedral_n dedicate_v to_o st._n mary_n which_o be_v a_o piece_n of_o as_o curious_a architecture_n as_o most_o in_o germany_n the_o river_n trave_n on_o which_o lubec_n be_v seat_v about_o eight_o or_o ten_o english_a mile_n from_o the_o sea_n be_v large_a and_o deep_a enough_o to_o carry_v the_o large_a vessel_n that_o sail_v upon_o the_o baltic_a so_o that_o daily_a merchantman_n of_o the_o great_a bulk_n as_o well_o as_o flat_o bottom_v barge_n be_v bring_v up_o to_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o city_n which_o with_o its_o neighbour_n hamburg_n be_v think_v to_o maintain_v near_o six_o hundred_o vessel_n in_o continual_a traffic_n the_o city_n be_v govern_v by_o twelve_o burgo-master_n who_o be_v all_o of_o they_o either_o doctor_n of_o civil_a law_n or_o some_o of_o the_o grave_n and_o experience_a nobility_n of_o the_o city_n the_o common_a council_n be_v make_v up_o of_o half_a lawyer_n and_o noble_n and_o the_o other_o half_a merchant_n their_o law_n will_v not_o permit_v any_o handicraftsman_n two_o brother_n nor_o father_n and_o son_n to_o be_v of_o this_o great_a council_n of_o the_o city_n suppose_v that_o illiterate_a mechanic_n can_v hardly_o have_v so_o much_o skill_n in_o state-affair_n as_o will_v render_v they_o fit_v for_o government_n and_o that_o near_a relation_n will_v be_v apt_a to_o side_n with_o one_o another_o and_o not_o act_v with_o such_o unbiased_a judgement_n as_o other_o that_o be_v nothing_o akin_a ii_o wismar_n wismar_n wismar_n seat_v in_o the_o way_n betwixt_o lubec_n and_o rostoc_n at_o a_o equal_a distance_n namely_o seven_o german_a or_o one_o and_o twenty_o english_a mile_n from_o both_o those_o city_n cromer_z and_o vapovius_fw-la zealous_a assertor_n of_o the_o honour_n of_o their_o country_n derive_v the_o name_n of_o this_o city_n from_o one_o wissimir_n its_o founder_n who_o they_o tell_v we_o be_v a_o polish_v prince_n descend_v from_o their_o great_a duke_n lechus_n the_o ground_n of_o their_o story_n they_o borrow_v from_o saxon_a grammaticus_n and_o crantzius_n who_o report_n that_o wissimirus_n a_o prince_n of_o the_o vandal_n march_v with_o a_o good_a army_n into_o denmark_n and_o there_o slay_v siward_n king_n of_o the_o dane_n and_o at_o his_o return_n build_v wismar_n now_o these_o man_n imagine_v that_o princeps_fw-la vandalicus_n and_o vendicus_n signify_v the_o same_o thing_n conclude_v present_o that_o this_o wissimir_n must_v certain_o have_v be_v a_o pole_n and_o then_o the_o great_a honour_n they_o can_v do_v he_o be_v to_o bring_v he_o from_o the_o loin_n of_o lechus_n whereas_o grant_v the_o main_a part_n of_o crantzius_n story_n which_o nevertheless_o be_v undoubted_o false_a that_o wismar_n be_v indeed_o build_v by_o such_o a_o prince_n as_o
d._n 1066_o be_v martyr_v by_o the_o wendish_n apostate_n in_o these_o part_n after_o his_o cruel_a and_o inhuman_a death_n for_o his_o murderer_n be_v report_v to_o have_v cut_v of_o his_o hand_n and_o foot_n and_o in_o that_o miserable_a condition_n to_o have_v leave_v he_o alive_a for_o some_o day_n the_o seat_n be_v vacant_a for_o 83_o or_o 84_o year_n until_o eberhard_n be_v send_v hither_o by_o the_o emperor_n conrade_n iii_n in_o the_o year_n 1260._o this_o man_n successor_n bruno_n berno_n or_o benno_n be_v remove_v from_o mecklenburg_n to_o swerin_n when_o henry_n the_o lion_n by_o the_o permission_n of_o the_o emperor_n frederick_n the_o first_o have_v build_v a_o new_a cathedral_n and_o endow_v it_o with_o considerable_a revenue_n some_o of_o the_o mecklenburgish_a historian_n report_v that_o much_o about_o the_o time_n of_o the_o foundation_n of_o this_o new_a cathedral_n the_o say_a duke_n henry_n cause_v the_o infidel_n mecklenburger_n to_o be_v drive_v by_o thousand_o into_o the_o swerin-sea_n at_o a_o place_n not_o far_o from_o fichel_n which_o from_o so_o remarkable_a a_o passage_n to_o this_o day_n retain_v the_o name_n of_o die_n dope_n or_o the_o font_n where_o they_o be_v all_o baptize_v by_o bishop_n benno_n from_o this_o benno_n there_o continue_v a_o uninterrupted_a succession_n of_o bishop_n of_o swerin_n who_o nevertheless_o keep_v their_o usual_a residence_n at_o butzow_n a_o fort_n and_o considerable_a town_n not_o far_o from_o gustrow_n until_o in_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n the_o bishopric_n be_v convert_v into_o a_o temporal_a principality_n and_o give_v up_o to_o adolph_n frideric_n duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n as_o before_o have_v be_v say_v in_o this_o city_n be_v keep_v the_o residence_n of_o christian-lewis_n duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n swerin_n who_o be_v bear_v the_o first_o of_o december_n 1623._o and_o by_o be_v educate_v in_o france_n and_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o romanist_n be_v bring_v up_o in_o the_o faith_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n which_o he_o still_o profess_v he_o marry_v at_o first_o his_o cousin_n german_n christina-margaret_n daughter_n of_o john_n albert_n duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n and_o widow_n of_o francis_n albert_n duke_n of_o saxen-lawenburg_a but_o have_v upon_o some_o discontent_n get_v himself_o divorce_v from_o she_o he_o be_v the_o second_o time_n marry_v in_o france_n a._n d._n 1653_o to_o elizabeth_n de_fw-fr montmorency_n widow_n of_o gaspard_n de_fw-fr coligny_n duke_n of_o chastillon_n and_o sister_n to_o francis-henry_n de_fw-fr montmorency_n duke_n of_o luxemburg_n piney_n v._o gustrow_n a_o well_o fortify_v town_n gustrow_n gustrow_n about_o eighteen_o or_o twenty_o english_a mile_n distant_a from_o rostock_n but_o remarkable_a for_o little_a or_o nothing_o save_o the_o residence_n of_o gustave-adolph_n duke_n of_o mecklenburg-gustrow_a only_a son_n of_o john_n albert_n duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n and_o eleonor-mary_n princess_n of_o anhalt_n he_o be_v bear_v the_o six_o and_o twenty_o of_o february_n a._n d._n 1633_o and_o breed_v up_o a_o lutheran_n of_o which_o persuasion_n he_o still_o continue_v a_o zealous_a assertor_n be_v a_o prince_n of_o as_o great_a learning_n as_o gallantry_n and_o equal_o able_a to_o maintain_v his_o religion_n in_o the_o school_n and_o field_n the_o dukedom_n of_o pomeren_n it_o matter_n not_o much_o whether_o we_o fetch_v the_o word_n pomeren_fw-mi out_o of_o the_o high-dutch_a or_o slavonian_a language_n since_o pomeer_n in_o the_o former_a signify_v the_o same_o thing_n as_o pomercze_v in_o the_o latter_a i._n e._n a_o country_n situate_a upon_o the_o seashore_n such_o as_o the_o dukedom_n of_o pomeren_n be_v know_v to_o be_v that_o the_o slavonian_a tongue_n be_v once_o common_o speak_v in_o this_o country_n appear_v from_o the_o termination_n of_o several_a name_n of_o great_a town_n in_o this_o dukedom_n as_o bugslaw_n wratislaw_n witslaw_n etc._n etc._n and_o historian_n will_v inform_v we_o that_o the_o whole_a land_n be_v many_o year_n subject_a to_o the_o prince_n of_o poland_n and_o first_o annex_v to_o the_o empire_n of_o germany_n by_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n barbarossa_n the_o whole_a tract_n of_o land_n which_o be_v ancient_o comprise_v under_o the_o general_a name_n of_o pomeren_n or_o pomerland_n be_v of_o a_o much_o large_a extent_n than_o the_o present_a dukedom_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d take_v in_o eastward_o all_o casubia_n and_o pomerellia_n but_o afterward_o this_o vast_a country_n be_v by_o the_o prince_n of_o back-pomerland_n for_o by_o this_o name_n it_o be_v ancient_o distinguish_v from_o the_o present_a dukedom_n of_o pomeren_n which_o in_o those_o day_n be_v call_v fore-pomerland_n be_v give_v up_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o poland_n in_o who_o possession_n it_o have_v ever_o since_o continue_v towards_o the_o south_n a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n be_v former_o subject_a to_o the_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n for_o first_o in_o the_o vcker_n marck_n not_o only_o prentzlow_v angermund_n aderberg_n schweet_a and_o vierraden_n but_o also_o stargard_n and_o friedland_n be_v both_o subject_n to_o that_o duke_n until_o the_o whole_a vcker-marck_n be_v give_v to_o john_n i_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n by_o barminus_n i_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n for_o a_o portion_n with_o his_o daughter_n and_o though_o prentzlow_v with_o the_o adjoin_a territory_n be_v afterward_o wrest_v out_o of_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o brandenburger_n yet_o they_o can_v not_o long_o keep_v their_o hold_n but_o be_v force_v to_o resign_v back_o their_o conquest_n the_o mecklenburger_n make_v themselves_o master_n of_o friedland_n and_o have_v once_o take_v possession_n can_v never_o be_v beat_v out_o again_o on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o other_o the_o great_a share_n of_o the_o new-marck_n be_v under_o the_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n dominion_n as_o part_v of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o stetin_n westward_o pomeren_n reach_v as_o far_o as_o the_o warna_n and_o rostock_n be_v almost_o the_o outmost_a bound_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n last_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n reach_v much_o far_o northwards_o into_o the_o baltic_a sea_n which_o by_o degree_n swallow_v up_o a_o good_a part_n of_o their_o dominion_n the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n as_o we_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o show_v anon_o be_v think_v to_o be_v scarce_o half_a so_o large_a as_o it_o be_v former_o and_o some_o whole_a island_n in_o the_o baltic_a be_v at_o this_o day_n cover_v with_o the_o wave_n which_o ancient_a historian_n mention_v as_o habitable_a country_n so_o that_o pomeren_n though_o at_o this_o day_n only_o a_o small_a dukedom_n nay_o indeed_o no_o more_o than_o a_o inconsiderable_a part_n of_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n yet_o may_v ancient_o have_v pass_v for_o a_o kingdom_n and_o its_o duke_n have_v vied_z territory_n with_o most_o of_o the_o great_a monarch_n of_o europe_n at_o present_v the_o country_n which_o bear_v the_o name_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o pomeren_n be_v a_o long_a and_o narrow_a tract_n of_o land_n division_n division_n extend_v itself_o from_o east_n to_o west_n along_o the_o baltic_a shore_n which_o be_v usual_o divide_v into_o the_o province_n of_o stetin_n and_o wolgast_n and_o the_o bishopric_n of_o cosslin_n in_o the_o province_n of_o stetin_n be_v reckon_v the_o city_n of_o old_a stetin_n stargard_n stolpe_n greiffenberg_n treptow_n upon_o the_o rega_n rugenwald_n pyritz_n schlawe_n golnow_v gartz_n wollin_n camin_n belgarten_n new_a stetin_n sam_n zanew_v and_o pohlitz_n together_o with_o the_o fort_n of_o sazigk_n zachan_n jacobshagen_a fridrichwald_n etc._n etc._n to_o which_o be_v fomer_o add_v the_o lordship_n of_o lavenburg_n and_o butou_n both_o which_o upon_o the_o death_n of_o bugislaus_fw-la the_o last_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n be_v annex_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n the_o province_n of_o wolgast_n contain_v in_o it_o the_o city_n of_o stralsund_n gripswald_n anklam_n demin_n pasewalk_n greiffenhagen_n wolgast_n barth_n trubsees_n grimmon_n damgarten_n vckermund_n loytz_n gutzkow_n franckenburg_n richtenberg_n lassen_n and_o new_a warp_n with_o the_o fort_n of_o weissen_n klempenau_n lindenberg_n and_o torgelou_n within_o the_o compass_n of_o the_o same_o province_n be_v usual_o comprise_v the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n vsedom_n and_o some_o other_o upon_o these_o coast_n there_o be_v every_o where_o almost_o large_a and_o navigable_a river_n in_o pomeren_n lake_n river_n and_o lake_n by_o the_o advantage_n of_o which_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v not_o only_o enable_v to_o export_v the_o commodity_n of_o their_o own_o country_n and_o furnish_v themselves_o with_o the_o fruit_n and_o good_a thing_n of_o their_o neighbour_n but_o also_o have_v a_o great_a convenience_n of_o fortify_v their_o city_n and_o secure_v they_o against_o the_o incursion_n of_o any_o foreign_a enemy_n such_o as_o these_o be_v 1._o the_o rekenitz_n which_o separate_v this_o country_n from_o the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n make_v a_o kind_n
of_o ocean_n near_o damgarten_n and_o empty_v itself_o into_o the_o baltic_a at_o dars_n 2._o the_o bar_n which_o spring_v near_o stralsund_v spread_v into_o the_o sea_n at_o bardt_n a_o city_n borrow_v its_o name_n from_o this_o river_n and_o soon_o after_o be_v lose_v in_o the_o baltic_a 3._o the_o famous_a other_o which_o as_o soon_o as_o it_o have_v pass_v gartz_n and_o grieffenhagen_n and_o be_v come_v into_o pomeren_n divide_v itself_o into_o several_a branch_n or_o arm_n embrace_v therein_o many_o large_a and_o fair_a meadow_n whereof_o some_o be_v above_o two_o english_a mile_n in_o breadth_n after_o it_o have_v pass_v by_o stetin_n it_o dilate_v itself_o first_o into_o the_o dammish_a sea_n or_o lake_n then_o into_o the_o damantzke_n and_o pfaffenwasser_n as_o the_o native_n call_v it_o and_o at_o last_o have_v pass_v betwixt_o zegenorth_n and_o schwantevitz_n spread_v itself_o into_o a_o vast_a freshwater_n ocean_n know_v to_o the_o neighbourhood_n by_o the_o name_n of_o das_n gross_a frische_n haff_n extend_v itself_o above_o sixteen_o english_a mile_n in_o breadth_n and_o as_o many_o in_o length_n this_o huge_a lake_n afterward_o disembogue_n itself_o into_o the_o baltic_a sea_n in_o three_o current_n which_o make_v as_o many_o safe_a harbour_n the_o divenow_n swine_n and_o penemunde_n for_o ship_n that_o pass_v this_o way_n to_o stetin_n betwixt_o the_o peene_n and_o swine_n lie_v the_o island_n of_o vsedom_n and_o the_o liberty_n of_o the_o city_n of_o wollin_n lie_v enclose_v by_o the_o swine_n and_o divenow_n beside_o these_o and_o a_o innumerable_a company_n of_o other_o river_n which_o be_v lose_v in_o the_o baltic_a sea_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o pomeren_n this_o dukedom_n afford_v a_o vast_a number_n of_o stand_a lake_n as_o at_o new_a stetin_n lukow_n sukow_n verschem_n dersenten_n penckun_n with_o many_o other_o from_o what_o have_v be_v say_v the_o reader_n will_v easy_o conclude_v fish_n fish_n that_o the_o dukedom_n of_o pomeren_n be_v in_o all_o probability_n a_o country_n as_o rich_a in_o all_o sort_n of_o fish_n as_o any_o principality_n of_o a_o equal_a extent_n in_o europe_n but_o yet_o the_o strange_a story_n which_o some_o of_o their_o historian_n relate_v of_o the_o extravagant_a plenty_n in_o this_o kind_n will_v a_o little_a stagger_v his_o faith_n they_o tell_v we_o that_o within_o the_o compass_n of_o one_o year_n above_o five_o thousand_o rixdollar_n which_o allow_v four_a shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n english_a for_o each_o rixdollar_n will_v i_o be_o afraid_a amount_v to_o a_o great_a sum_n than_o the_o whole_a yearly_a revenue_n which_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n have_v out_o of_o pomeren_n be_v bring_v into_o the_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n treasury_n out_o of_o a_o six_o penny_n custom_n demand_v upon_o all_o fish_n catch_v in_o the_o great_a haff_n below_o stetin_n and_o a_o three_o penny_n one_o upon_o those_o take_v in_o the_o lake_n at_o lassan_n they_o add_v that_o although_o yearly_o out_o of_o the_o lake_n last_o mention_v above_o thirty_o thousand_o rixdollar_n worth_a of_o fish_n be_v take_v and_o vend_v yet_o there_o be_v never_o find_v any_o sensible_a decay_n of_o their_o stock_n the_o most_o usual_a sort_n of_o fish_n take_v in_o the_o haff_n be_v salmon_n and_o lamprey_n of_o both_o which_o kind_n be_v sometime_o catch_v fish_n of_o a_o incredible_a bulk_n and_o weight_n in_o the_o spring_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o gripswald_n bardt_n rugen_n and_o wollin_n drive_v a_o good_a herring-trade_n but_o in_o other_o part_n of_o pomeren_n this_o sort_n of_o fish_n be_v never_o or_o rare_o catch_v in_o the_o lake_n madduje_fw-fr near_o colbatz_n the_o fisherman_n catch_v a_o large_a and_o broad_a fish_n call_v in_o their_o language_n musenen_n which_o like_o char_n in_o some_o lake_n in_o the_o north_n of_o england_n be_v peculiar_a to_o this_o water_n and_o not_o to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o any_o other_o province_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n the_o soil_n of_o the_o country_n be_v in_o most_o place_n exceed_v sandy_a and_o barren_a soil_n nature_n of_o the_o soil_n insomuch_o that_o sometime_o the_o little_a crop_n which_o the_o inhabitant_n have_v sow_o in_o the_o field_n near_o dam_n golnow_v vckermund_n and_o several_a other_o part_n of_o the_o dukedom_n be_v sudden_o overwhelm_v and_o stifle_v by_o huge_a drift_n of_o sand_n from_o the_o shore_n howbeit_o you_o may_v here_o and_o there_o meet_v with_o a_o fruitful_a field_n especial_o near_o the_o city_n pyritz_n which_o be_v seat_v in_o a_o rich_a valley_n which_o supply_v the_o want_n of_o the_o neighbourhood_n so_o plentiful_o that_o seldom_o any_o corn_n be_v bring_v into_o pomeren_n out_o of_o foreign_a nation_n but_o on_o the_o contrary_a great_a quantity_n in_o some_o fruitful_a year_n be_v export_v thence_o they_o have_v very_o few_o mountain_n of_o any_o considerable_a height_n but_o a_o vast_a number_n of_o large_a wood_n and_o forest_n well_o stock_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o game_n as_o deer_n wild_a boar_n hare_n fox_n wolf_n wild_a horse_n bull_n and_o bevers_n beside_o the_o lake_n and_o forest_n furnish_v the_o inhabitant_n with_o all_o sort_n of_o water_n and_o land-fowl_n the_o former_a of_o which_o be_v so_o numerous_a that_o they_o pretend_v to_o reckon_v up_o no_o less_o than_o twentytwo_a different_a kind_n of_o wild_a duck_n beside_o the_o conveniency_n and_o pleasure_n already_o mention_v commodity_n commodity_n the_o inhabitant_n be_v provide_v for_o almost_o with_o all_o other_o necessary_n within_o the_o compass_n of_o their_o own_o territory_n that_o nature_n require_v and_o the_o ship_n of_o stetin_n stralsund_n and_o other_o town_n of_o trade_n bring_v in_o the_o delicacy_n of_o foreign_a nation_n to_o satisfy_v the_o demand_n of_o luxury_n no_o province_n in_o germany_n afford_v great_a quanties_n nor_o more_o different_a sort_n of_o fruit_n than_o pomeren_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o pomeren_n do_v not_o at_o all_o apply_v themselves_o to_o the_o plant_n of_o vineyard_n beer_n beer_n and_o if_o they_o shall_v their_o wine_n will_v prove_v but_o very_o mean_a and_o contemptible_a such_o as_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n afford_v of_o which_o hereafter_o however_o this_o want_n be_v sufficient_o supply_v by_o those_o vast_a number_n of_o merchant-ship_n which_o come_v hither_o lade_v with_o the_o wine_n of_o other_o country_n beside_o shall_v the_o inhabitant_n which_o can_v now_o hardly_o be_v hope_v for_o grow_v so_o temperate_a as_o to_o put_v a_o stop_n to_o the_o import_v the_o luxurious_a liquor_n of_o foreign_a country_n and_o content_v themselves_o with_o the_o drink_v of_o their_o own_o land_n they_o will_v quick_o experience_n as_o many_o of_o their_o neighbour_n have_v do_v the_o delicacy_n of_o the_o many_o sort_n of_o beer_n in_o pomeren_n such_o be_v the_o bitter_a beer_n of_o stetin_n the_o mum_o of_o gripswald_n the_o buckhenger_n as_o they_o term_v it_o we_o may_v english_a it_o knock-down_a of_o wollin_n with_o many_o other_o which_o be_v by_o the_o mariner_n transport_v into_o other_o nation_n and_o therefore_o look_v upon_o as_o questionless_a they_o be_v preferable_a to_o most_o wine_n they_o have_v no_o kind_n of_o metal_n in_o any_o of_o their_o mountain_n mineral_n mineral_n except_o only_o some_o few_o mine_n of_o iron_n in_o the_o upper_a pomeren_n in_o some_o place_n the_o sea_n cast_v up_o amber_n but_o not_o in_o such_o quantity_n as_o in_o prussia_n so_o that_o here_o any_o man_n have_v the_o privilege_n of_o pick_v up_o and_o sell_v as_o much_o amber_n as_o he_o can_v find_v which_o the_o nobility_n and_o magistracy_n in_o preussen_n will_v by_o no_o mean_n permit_v nova_fw-la illustrissimi_fw-la ducatus_n pomeraniae_fw-la tabula_fw-la antea_fw-la à _fw-la viro_fw-la cl._n d._n d._n eilhardo_n lubino_n edita_fw-la nunc_fw-la iterum_fw-la correcta_fw-la per_fw-la frid._n palbitzke_n pomer_n l._n l._n studiosum_fw-la sumptibus_fw-la janssonio-waesbergiorum_a mosis_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-la stephani_fw-la swart_a bugislaus_n junior_a fourteen_o pomeraniae_fw-la dux_n notarum_fw-la explicatio_fw-la urbes_fw-la urbes_fw-la cum_fw-la arcibus_fw-la ducalibus_fw-la pagiâ—_n though_o the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o pomeren_n the_o rugii_fw-la 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d reudigni_n longididuni_fw-la etc._n etc._n be_v for_o many_o century_n govern_v by_o prince_n of_o their_o own_o yet_o the_o ignorance_n of_o the_o time_n wherein_o they_o live_v have_v leave_v we_o in_o the_o dark_a as_o to_o any_o satisfactory_a register_n of_o their_o name_n and_o action_n the_o first_o prince_n of_o pomeren_n who_o we_o meet_v with_o upon_o good_a record_n be_v barnimus_n one_o of_o the_o ancient_a and_o noble_a family_n of_o the_o gryphones_n often_o mention_v in_o their_o annal_n and_o so_o call_v probable_o from_o the_o gryphin_n their_o arm_n to_o this_o day_n who_o be_v say_v to_o have_v govern_v in_o the_o year_n 933._o his_o grandson_n suantiberus_n divide_v his_o principality_n betwixt_o his_o two_o son_n bugislaus_fw-la and_o
in_o this_o church_n forty-nine_a altar_n whereof_o the_o high_a altar_n in_o the_o choir_n be_v of_o one_o piece_n of_o stone_n curious_o wrought_v and_o of_o various_a colour_n it_o be_v nine_o hamburg_n ell_n each_o of_o which_o make_v one_o foot_n and_o ten_o inch_n in_o length_n four_o in_o breadth_n and_o one_o in_o thickness_n and_o value_v at_o above_o two_o tun_n of_o gold_n magdeburg_n have_v once_o the_o supreme_a jurisdiction_n in_o civil_a case_n as_o well_o as_o ecclesiastical_a over_o all_o the_o other_o city_n in_o saxony_n judicature_n judicature_n and_o the_o archbishop_n of_o this_o diocese_n be_v like_o our_o bishop_n of_o durham_n a_o count_n palatine_n who_o have_v the_o sole_a power_n of_o determine_v all_o cause_n bring_v before_o he_o but_o that_o grand_a authority_n be_v lose_v by_o degree_n and_o now_o the_o citizen_n of_o magdeburg_n have_v no_o other_o court_n of_o judicature_n than_o such_o as_o be_v keep_v by_o the_o burgomaster_n and_o raedtsherrn_n of_o other_o city_n as_o well_o as_o this_o that_o part_n of_o this_o dukedom_n which_o lie_v on_o the_o western_a bank_n of_o the_o elb_n be_v exceed_o fruitful_a in_o corn_n but_o want_v wood_n and_o other_o fuel_n and_o on_o the_o contrary_a that_o part_n of_o it_o which_o lie_v beyond_o the_o river_n have_v plenty_n of_o wood_n but_o want_v corn._n there_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o whole_a circle_n twenty-eight_a town_n which_o ancient_o pay_v homage_n to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o magdeburg_n and_o be_v now_o subject_a to_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n as_o their_o duke_n anhalt_n betwixt_o the_o sala_n and_o the_o elb_n lie_v the_o great_a part_n of_o this_o principality_n the_o whole_a be_v environ_v by_o the_o county_n of_o mansfeldt_n the_o upper_a saxony_n the_o bishopric_n of_o halle_n the_o dukedom_n of_o magdeburg_n and_o the_o bishopric_n of_o halberstadt_n marchia_n nova_fw-la vulgo_fw-la new_a mark_n in_o march_n brandenburg_n principatus_fw-la anhaldinus_n et_fw-fr magdeburgensis_n archiepiscopatus_n apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a mosem_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-fr stephanum_n swart_a it_o will_v not_o in_o this_o place_n be_v amiss_o to_o inform_v the_o the_o reader_n that_o prince_n lewis_n beforemention_v to_o the_o great_a credit_n of_o himself_o and_o family_n be_v the_o first_o founder_n of_o the_o frucht-barende_a geselschaft_n as_o the_o german_n call_v it_o or_o fructify_a society_n the_o story_n of_o which_o be_v as_o follow_v this_o prince_n have_v travel_v over_o all_o europe_n and_o observe_v the_o great_a advantage_n which_o the_o nobility_n in_o france_n italy_n and_o other_o nation_n have_v in_o be_v furnish_v with_o store_n of_o excellent_a book_n in_o their_o own_o language_n be_v resolve_v to_o try_v whether_o he_o can_v persuade_v any_o of_o his_o own_o countryman_n to_o set_v upon_o the_o translation_n of_o the_o best_a latin_n and_o greek_a author_n into_o a_o more_o easy_a and_o intelligible_a stile_n than_o be_v ordinary_o use_v among_o they_o in_o pursuance_n of_o this_o design_n he_o institute_v the_o society_n aforesaid_a whereof_o himself_o be_v the_o first_o precedent_n and_o succeed_v so_o well_o herein_o that_o in_o a_o very_a short_a time_n after_o there_o be_v above_o twenty_o prince_n and_o at_o least_o six_o hundred_o lord_n and_o nobleman_n who_o enter_v and_o enroll_v themselves_o in_o this_o college_n of_o wit_n and_o how_o much_o the_o german_a nation_n be_v behold_v to_o the_o endeavour_n of_o these_o virtuoso_n there_o be_v no_o intelligent_a man_n but_o what_o be_v abundant_o sensible_a for_o beside_o the_o opportunity_n which_o every_o man_n have_v of_o read_v the_o writing_n of_o foreign_a author_n in_o his_o own_o language_n the_o german_n be_v able_a to_o spell_v their_o own_o tongue_n aright_o which_o before_o the_o institution_n of_o this_o society_n so_o few_o of_o they_o can_v do_v that_o duesius_n tell_v we_o one_o main_a design_n of_o his_o publish_v a_o german_a grammar_n be_v to_o teach_v the_o nobility_n of_o that_o nation_n to_o put_v their_o word_n into_o writing_n the_o most_o considerable_a town_n in_o this_o small_a principality_n be_v 1._o zerbst_n seat_v on_o a_o small_a river_n about_o a_o english_a mile_n distant_a from_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o elb._n dresserus_n fancy_v this_o a_o town_n of_o great_a antiquity_n zerbst_n zerbst_n and_o have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o servetii_n or_o cervetii_n as_o he_o read_v it_o a_o old_a wendish_n people_n but_o werdenhagen_n a_o better_a antiquary_n reject_v this_o frivolous_a assertion_n and_o prove_v that_o zerbst_n in_o the_o wendish_n dialect_n signify_v a_o strong_a fort._n it_o be_v at_o this_o day_n remarkable_a for_o nothing_o but_o a_o sort_n of_o strong_a heady_a beer_n which_o the_o citizen_n brew_v in_o summer_n and_o send_v abroad_o into_o all_o the_o neighbour_a town_n and_o province_n 2._o bernburg_n bernburg_n bernburg_n another_o residence_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o anhalt_n separate_v from_o the_o palace_n by_o the_o river_n sala_n on_o the_o eleven_o of_o march_n in_o the_o year_n 1636_o this_o town_n be_v take_v by_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n force_n who_o put_v the_o whole_a garrison_n that_o defend_v it_o with_o all_o the_o inhabitant_n except_v only_o those_o few_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o prince_n court_n to_o the_o sword_n and_o plunder_v the_o city_n 3._o dessau_n a_o well_o fortify_v town_n on_o the_o elb_n dessau_n dessau_n seat_v in_o a_o pleasant_a and_o fruitful_a part_n of_o the_o country_n it_o have_v its_o name_n give_v as_o most_o of_o the_o german_a etymologist_n imagine_v by_o the_o jew_n who_o in_o their_o mongrel_n dutch-jewish_a dialect_n call_v a_o fat_a soil_n such_o as_o this_o town_n stand_v on_o desk_n the_o prince_n palace_n in_o dessau_n be_v first_o build_v as_o appear_v by_o a_o old_a inscription_n over_o one_o of_o the_o gate_n by_o albert_n and_o waldemar_n two_o brother_n prince_n of_o anhalt_n in_o the_o year_n 1341._o in_o one_o of_o the_o chapel_n of_o this_o town_n be_v to_o be_v see_v the_o tomb_n of_o jeckel_n rehebock_n who_o some_o german_a historian_n name_n meniken_n von_fw-mi belitz_n a_o old_a miller_n who_o have_v for_o some_o time_n attend_v waldemar_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n in_o the_o war_n take_v upon_o he_o to_o counterfeit_v his_o slay_a master_n and_o carry_v on_o the_o design_n so_o cunning_o that_o a_o great_a many_o believe_v he_o to_o be_v the_o very_a marquis_n and_o follow_v he_o with_o as_o great_a respect_n as_o they_o have_v do_v his_o master_n before_o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1350._o 4._o aschersleben_n or_o ascania_n ascania_n ascania_n whence_o the_o prince_n of_o anhalt_n get_v the_o name_n of_o principes_fw-la ascanii_fw-la it_o be_v a_o old_a town_n on_o the_o confine_n of_o the_o bishopric_n of_o halberstadt_n and_o for_o that_o reason_n seize_v on_o by_o canon_n of_o that_o church_n upon_o the_o death_n of_o prince_n otho_n widow_n in_o the_o year_n 1315._o since_o which_o time_n the_o prince_n of_o anhalt_n have_v often_o complain_v of_o the_o injustice_n of_o this_o action_n and_o hope_v for_o a_o redress_n at_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n but_o in_o vain_a for_o the_o bishopric_n of_o halberstadt_n be_v by_o that_o treaty_n grant_v to_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n who_o be_v too_o potent_a a_o prince_n to_o be_v fright_v into_o a_o resignation_n of_o any_o of_o the_o dependence_n upon_o that_o diocese_n the_o dukedom_n of_o brunswic_n the_o dukedom_n of_o brunswic_n strict_o so_o call_v comprehend_v only_o the_o territory_n subject_a to_o the_o duke_n of_o brunswic_n and_o hannover_n or_o calenberg_n the_o principality_n of_o grubenhagen_n with_o the_o county_n of_o blanckenburg_n and_o reinstein_n be_v indeed_o usual_o comprise_v under_o the_o same_o name_n because_o subject_a to_o the_o duke_n of_o zell_n and_o wolfenbuttel_n who_o be_v both_o entitle_v duke_n of_o brunswic_n as_o well_o luneburg_n but_o be_v however_o in_o themselves_o distinct_a dominion_n and_o shall_v according_o be_v separately_z describe_v the_o dukedom_n of_o brunswic_n and_o hannever_n be_v exceed_v populous_a and_o fruitful_a soil_n soil_n the_o wheat_n and_o rye_n in_o this_o country_n grow_v sometime_o to_o that_o prodigious_a height_n that_o their_o ordinary_a ear_n of_o corn_n be_v high_o than_o the_o tall_a man_n on_o horseback_n but_o yet_o we_o must_v not_o expect_v to_o meet_v with_o such_o pleasant_a and_o profitable_a cornfield_n as_o these_o in_o every_o part_n of_o the_o country_n a_o great_a share_n of_o the_o hercynean_a forest_n run_v through_o this_o land_n though_o that_o be_v now_o parcele_v out_o into_o small_a wood_n and_o park_n in_o these_o the_o inhabitant_n have_v beside_o the_o provision_n of_o timber_n and_o fuel_n great_a store_n of_o deer_n wild_a swine_n hare_n etc._n etc._n with_o fowl_n of_o all_o sort_n not_o to_o mention_v their_o rich_a mine_n of_o iron_n salt_n and_o coal-pit_n of_o which_o in_o
and_o a_o great_a many_o stately_a dwell_a house_n the_o chief_a trade_n of_o the_o citizen_n be_v in_o beer-brewing_a and_o make_v colour_v and_o dress_v several_a sort_n of_o linen_n and_o some_o woollen_a cloth_n zittau_n zittau_n zittau_n or_o sittau_n which_o some_o will_v have_v to_o signify_v as_o much_o as_o susse_v awe_n and_o to_o have_v have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o fresh_a and_o sweet_a water_n on_o which_o it_o be_v seat_v but_o we_o need_v inquire_v no_o further_o after_o the_o etymology_n of_o the_o word_n if_o what_o dresser_n report_v be_v true_a that_o on_o a_o grave-stone_n in_o this_o city_n be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o his_o time_n the_o follow_a inscription_n anno_fw-la christi_fw-la 1021_o idibus_fw-la julii_n obiit_fw-la pia_fw-la &_o illustris_fw-la foemina_fw-la zittavia_n christianissimo_fw-la principi_fw-la manfredo_n nupta_fw-la fundatrix_fw-la &_o dotatrix_fw-la huius_fw-la oppidi_fw-la de_fw-la ejusdem_fw-la nomine_fw-la dicti_fw-la there_o be_v hardly_o any_o thing_n at_o present_a remarkable_a in_o the_o town_n except_o the_o old_a franciscan_a monastery_n which_o since_o the_o reformation_n have_v be_v convert_v into_o a_o hospital_n iv_o leiba_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o lobau_n liben_fw-ge loben_n or_o lubben_n for_o all_o these_o name_n i_o find_v give_v it_o by_o mercator_n and_o other_o note_a geographer_n be_v look_v upon_o as_o one_o of_o the_o old_a town_n in_o these_o part_n and_o for_o that_o reason_n the_o other_o five_o confederate_a city_n of_o lusatia_n use_v always_o to_o send_v their_o deputy_n to_o consult_v at_o this_o place_n in_o time_n of_o any_o common_a calamity_n or_o danger_n it_o be_v seat_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o a_o small_a rivulet_n about_o a_o equal_a distance_n betwixt_o bautzen_n and_o gorlitz_n gird_v round_o with_o a_o delicate_a plain_n and_o pleasant_a meadow_n we_o may_v judge_n of_o the_o riches_n of_o this_o little_a town_n by_o the_o vast_a plunder_v which_o the_o swedish_n army_n confess_v they_o get_v out_o of_o it_o in_o the_o year_n 1639_o which_o amount_v to_o a_o sum_n of_o seventy_o thousand_o ricxdollar_n in_o ready_a cash_n beside_o other_o rich_a booty_n v._o luben_n on_o the_o spree_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o the_o chief_a town_n in_o the_o low_a lusatia_n in_o this_o place_n the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n have_v a_o palace_n in_o which_o sometime_o in_o a_o progress_n for_o pleasure_n he_o keep_v his_o residence_n for_o some_o short_a while_n what_o alteration_n be_v here_o in_o the_o late_a civil_a war_n of_o germany_n may_v perhaps_o be_v remember_v by_o some_o of_o the_o ancient_a burgher_n of_o the_o town_n but_o be_v not_o i_o think_v record_v by_o any_o historian_n of_o note_n vi_o guben_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o a_o well_o fortify_v little_a town_n in_o the_o low_a lusatia_n seat_v on_o the_o river_n neisse_n which_o contribute_v very_o much_o to_o its_o strength_n and_o security_n in_o the_o year_n 1631_o immediate_o after_o the_o great_a battle_n of_o leipsick_a the_o imperialist_n fall_v in_o upon_o this_o city_n and_o take_v it_o but_o towards_o the_o late_a end_n of_o october_n be_v drive_v out_o again_o by_o marquis_n hamilton_n at_o that_o time_n a_o commander_n in_o the_o swedish_n army_n who_o come_v sudden_o upon_o they_o put_v the_o great_a part_n of_o they_o to_o the_o sword_n and_o rout_v the_o rest_n but_o the_o poor_a citizen_n be_v hard_o put_v to_o it_o in_o the_o year_n 1642_o when_o the_o swedish_n general_n stallhanss_n lie_v before_o it_o for_o three_o week_n together_o and_o the_o poor_a besiege_a saxon_n lay_v block_v up_o and_o destitute_a of_o all_o manner_n of_o provision_n and_o ammunition_n be_v at_o last_o force_v to_o surrender_v themselves_o upon_o what_o term_n their_o merciless_a enemy_n will_v propose_v to_o they_o camentz_n lucken_n calow_n with_o many_o other_o may_v pass_v for_o fair_a village_n but_o will_v hardly_o deserve_v the_o name_n of_o city_n the_o great_a dukedom_n of_o silesia_n many_o and_o various_a be_v the_o opinion_n of_o geographer_n touch_v the_o original_n of_o the_o word_n silesia_n or_o schlesien_n to_o speak_v in_o the_o german_a language_n it_o be_v the_o opinion_n of_o some_o that_o it_o be_v derive_v from_o schless_a a_o small_a river_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o other_o but_o other_o be_v content_a to_o fetch_v it_o from_o the_o elysii_n the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o country_n not_o trouble_v themselves_o to_o dive_v any_o further_a into_o the_o original_n of_o that_o name_n within_o the_o compass_n of_o that_o vast_a tract_n of_o land_n which_o now_o be_v comprehend_v under_o the_o common_a name_n of_o silesia_n be_v contain_v ancient_o a_o great_a number_n of_o people_n of_o different_a name_n and_o government_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d pirckheimer_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o country_n about_o bresslaw_n be_v inhabit_v by_o the_o lutiburi_n the_o principality_n of_o sagan_n by_o the_o batini_n the_o dukedom_n of_o oppelen_n by_o the_o sidones_n and_o that_o of_o teschen_n by_o the_o cogni_n to_o these_o simon_n grisbecius_n add_v several_a other_o in_o the_o follow_a distich_n elysiam_fw-la veteres_fw-la ligii_fw-la quadique_fw-la manimi_n marsigni_n clari_fw-la quam_fw-la tenuere_fw-la luij_o and_o to_o these_o the_o learned_a cluverius_n will_v have_v we_o to_o add_v the_o semnones_n osi_n burii_n etc._n etc._n which_o i_o suppose_v be_v no_o more_o than_o so_o many_o distinct_a name_n take_v from_o the_o different_a village_n these_o man_n inhabit_v or_o it_o may_v be_v from_o the_o name_n of_o the_o river_n as_o be_v the_o peculiar_a fancy_n of_o these_o german_a people_n now_o these_o name_n of_o place_n rivers_z etc._n etc._n be_v as_o cureus_n in_o his_o chronicle_n of_o silesia_n assure_v we_o quite_o lose_v and_o forget_v upon_o the_o admission_n of_o the_o polish_v language_n into_o this_o country_n lignitz_n libus_fw-la and_o some_o few_o place_n more_o retain_v their_o primitive_a name_n but_o all_o the_o rest_n be_v as_o appear_v from_o their_o termination_n of_o a_o polish_v extraction_n pliny_n call_v the_o other_o the_o chief_a river_n of_o this_o country_n guttalus_n and_o other_o think_v that_o river_n which_o have_v now_o the_o name_n of_o the_o spree_n be_v by_o the_o ancient_n name_v suevus_n from_o whence_o some_o geographer_n not_o improbable_o have_v conclude_v that_o first_o the_o goth_n and_o afterward_o the_o suevi_n or_o swabe_n be_v former_o inhabitant_n of_o these_o part_n that_o silesia_n be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o polish_v dominion_n in_o the_o day_n of_o their_o first_o prince_n lechus_n or_o at_o least_o a_o good_a large_a share_n of_o it_o government_n ancient_a government_n down_z as_o far_o as_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n oder_fw-ge seem_v probable_a enough_o from_o the_o testimony_n of_o adam_n bremensis_n and_o helmoldus_n the_o former_a whereof_o begin_v the_o polish_v nation_n from_o the_o eastern_a bank_n of_o that_o river_n which_o the_o late_a make_v the_o utmost_a bound_n eastward_o of_o his_o slavi_n however_o it_o be_v as_o manifest_v that_o the_o ancient_a prince_n of_o germany_n often_o invade_v this_o land_n and_o probable_a enough_o that_o it_o be_v sometime_o tributary_n to_o they_o before_o charles_n the_o great_a be_v day_n we_o have_v but_o little_a of_o history_n concern_v these_o part_n of_o the_o world_n which_o we_o may_v rely_v on_o but_o cureus_n prove_v to_o we_o that_o this_o emperor_n among_o many_o other_o his_o noble_a exploit_n subject_v silesia_n to_o himself_o and_o eginhard_n mean_v the_o same_o thing_n when_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o charles_n the_o great_a overrun_v the_o whole_a country_n betwixt_o the_o rhine_n and_o the_o vistula_n where_o by_o the_o vistula_n it_o be_v evident_a he_o understand_v the_o first_o original_a source_n or_o head_n of_o that_o river_n after_o charles_n the_o great_a be_v day_n we_o have_v yet_o clear_a testimony_n of_o the_o silesian_n pay_v homage_n to_o the_o german_n adam_n bremensis_n a_o historian_n of_o unquestionable_a authority_n speak_v of_o the_o emperor_n ludowic_n the_o godly_a say_v ipse_fw-la boemanos_fw-la sarabos_n susos_n where_o by_o the_o way_n we_o be_v to_o take_v notice_n that_o instead_o of_o silesii_fw-la some_o of_o the_o ancient_a writer_n have_v slesii_n other_o sliusii_n many_o sileucii_n and_o not_o a_o few_o susi_n &_o caeteros_fw-la slavorum_n populos_fw-la ita_fw-la perdomuit_fw-la ut_fw-la tributarios_fw-la efficeret_fw-la whence_o it_o appear_v that_o they_o quick_o throw_v of_o charles_n the_o great_a be_v yoke_n as_o they_o do_v not_o long_o afterward_o his_o son_n be_v too_o for_o helmoldus_n tell_v we_o post_fw-la mortem_fw-la ludovici_n regis_fw-la bohemi_n sorabi_n susi_fw-la &_o slavi_n quos_fw-la ipse_fw-la tributis_fw-la subjecerat_fw-la tunc_fw-la servitutis_fw-la jugum_fw-la excusserunt_fw-la another_o rebellion_n the_o annales_n fuldenses_n mention_n in_o the_o year_n 874_o slavi_n qui_fw-la vocantur_fw-la linones_n &_o sliusi_fw-la eorumque_fw-la vicini_fw-la defectionem_fw-la molientes_fw-la solitum_fw-la dare_v censum_fw-la renuunt_fw-la quos_fw-la
moravia_n have_v write_v a_o particular_a treatise_n entitle_v historia_fw-la lapidum_fw-la &_o gemmarum_fw-la bohemiae_n to_o which_o we_o refer_v the_o reader_n for_o a_o further_a account_n of_o these_o rarity_n jasper_n and_o saphire_n they_o tell_v we_o be_v find_v near_o the_o source_n of_o the_o elb_n in_o the_o mountain_n before_o mention_v call_v by_o the_o bohemian_o krakonosse_n goldastus_n think_v the_o hermiones_n be_v the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o country_n inhabitant_n ancient_a inhabitant_n a_o branch_n whereof_o he_o make_v the_o hermunduri_n who_o at_o first_o dwell_v among_o the_o riphaean_a mountain_n but_o afterward_o descend_v low_a these_o people_n be_v drive_v out_o of_o the_o land_n by_o the_o boii_n who_o make_v a_o inroad_n into_o this_o country_n under_o the_o command_n of_o their_o general_n sigovesus_n nephew_n to_o ambigatus_n a_o ancient_a king_n of_o the_o celts_n micraelius_n a_o learned_a pomeranish_n historiographer_n believe_v these_o man_n be_v not_o a_o branch_n of_o the_o galli_n senones_n as_o most_o modern_a antiquary_n imagine_v but_o rather_o of_o the_o semnones_n the_o old_a inhabitant_n of_o pomeren_n this_o people_n whensoever_o they_o come_v have_v about_o the_o year_n 600_o settle_v themselves_o in_o these_o part_n extirpate_v the_o nation_n of_o the_o hermiones_n so_o far_o as_o to_o call_v the_o land_n after_o their_o own_o name_n boien_n heimat_n or_o the_o dwelling-place_n of_o the_o boii_n which_o be_v in_o time_n corrupt_v into_o the_o modern_a german_a name_n boheim_n or_o boheimb_n about_o the_o birth_n of_o our_o saviour_n the_o marcomanni_n or_o ancient_a moravian_o rush_v in_o upon_o the_o boii_n and_o so_o far_o overpower_a they_o as_o to_o make_v they_o quit_v their_o quarter_n and_o seek_v out_o a_o new_a habitation_n which_o they_o name_v boioaria_n and_o be_v now_o call_v bavaria_n however_o they_o be_v not_o so_o total_o rout_v but_o that_o a_o great_a many_o of_o they_o keep_v their_o old_a station_n and_o mix_v themselves_o with_o their_o conqueror_n as_o no_o question_n vast_a number_n of_o the_o hermiones_n and_o hermunduri_n have_v do_v with_o they_o before_o the_o modern_a bohemian_o call_v their_o country_n czechowe_v and_o themselves_o czechowsky_n and_o these_o word_n the_o hungarian_n and_o new_a greek_n make_v use_v of_o be_v utter_a stranger_n to_o the_o german_a name_n of_o boheimb_n and_o bohmische_n those_o among_o they_o that_o do_v allow_v of_o this_o latter_a name_n derive_v it_o from_o boy_n signify_v in_o their_o language_n war_n or_o buch_n that_o be_v god_n and_o muz_o i._n e._n man._n intimate_v that_o they_o be_v a_o valiant_a and_o pious_a people_n see_v the_o like_a fancy_n in_o the_o derivation_n of_o the_o word_n teutcsch_fw-mi and_o german_a p._n 5_o and_o 6._o answerable_a to_o this_o etymology_n of_o their_o name_n be_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o present_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o kingdom_n manner_n manner_n if_o we_o may_v give_v credit_n to_o their_o own_o historian_n and_o some_o late_a traveller_n who_o have_v for_o some_o time_n converse_v with_o they_o and_o have_v the_o opportunity_n of_o observe_v their_o humour_n they_o be_v represent_v to_o be_v man_n of_o great_a hospitality_n and_o courage_n faithful_a observer_n of_o their_o promise_n and_o contract_n they_o be_v exceed_o give_v to_o ape_n the_o manner_n and_o fashion_n of_o foreigner_n according_a to_o the_o true_a character_n long_o since_o give_v of_o they_o eosdem_fw-la habet_fw-la cum_fw-la simia_fw-la mores_n ferox_fw-la bohemia_n quae_fw-la facta_fw-la viderit_fw-la facit_fw-la cultusque_fw-la priscos_fw-la abjicit_fw-la and_o therefore_o it_o be_v a_o ingenuous_a fancy_n of_o the_o painter_n who_o have_v draw_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o most_o country_n in_o europe_n in_o their_o proper_a habit_n picture_v a_o bohemian_a naked_a with_o a_o web_n of_o cloth_n at_o his_o foot_n and_o all_o other_o requisite_n for_o the_o make_n up_o of_o a_o suit_n intimate_v that_o he_o can_v not_o tell_v what_o certain_a fashion_n to_o make_v his_o clothes_n on_o but_o leave_v it_o to_o himself_o to_o make_v they_o after_o the_o next_o new_a mode_n he_o shall_v fancy_v that_o small_a handful_n of_o man_n that_o zechus_n the_o slavonian_a commander_n bring_v into_o bohemia_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d some_o time_n for_o author_n can_v agree_v upon_o the_o year_n nor_o age_n in_o the_o four_o five_o or_o six_o century_n from_o who_o the_o modern_a bohemian_o love_v to_o derive_v their_o pedigree_n be_v a_o company_n of_o poor_a and_o honest_a people_n folk_n that_o have_v nothing_o themselves_o and_o want_v the_o knavery_n to_o rob_v those_o that_o have_v now_o as_o long_o as_o they_o continue_v in_o this_o state_n of_o innocence_n they_o have_v no_o need_n of_o magistrate_n nor_o law_n but_o live_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d in_o a_o sociable_a community_n and_o have_v their_o little_a all_o equal_o distribute_v among_o they_o in_o this_o condition_n they_o remain_v for_o some_o year_n after_o zechus_n death_n till_o the_o moravian_o and_o pannonian_n disturb_v their_o quiet_n and_o teach_v they_o the_o first_o rudiment_n of_o villainy_n as_o soon_o as_o they_o be_v once_o initiate_v in_o wickedness_n they_o be_v force_v to_o take_v new_a measure_n and_o to_o think_v of_o constitute_v some_o chief_a magistrate_n to_o punish_v offender_n whereupon_o they_o pitch_v upon_o one_o crocus_n a_o old_a gentleman_n of_o a_o something_o long_a head_n as_o it_o be_v fancy_v than_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o neighbour_n to_o be_v their_o governor_n they_o have_v not_o yet_o any_o write_a law_n among_o they_o but_o their_o judge_n for_o so_o crocus_n and_o some_o of_o his_o successor_n be_v style_v by_o the_o bohemian_a writer_n be_v to_o determine_v all_o controversy_n by_o the_o know_a custom_n of_o the_o land_n in_o extraordinary_a case_n which_o will_v not_o easy_o be_v decide_v by_o this_o sort_n of_o common_a law_n there_o sit_v on_o the_o bench_n with_o the_o judge_n for_o fear_n of_o arbitrary_a and_o illegal_a proceed_n if_o one_o man_n shall_v be_v invest_v with_o the_o sole_a power_n of_o pronounce_v sentence_n a_o certain_a number_n of_o senator_n or_o alderman_n who_o have_v definitive_a vote_n as_o well_o as_o himself_o with_o this_o kind_n of_o praetorian_a authority_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d justice_n be_v administer_v by_o crocus_n his_o son_n of_o the_o same_o name_n and_o his_o granddaughter_n libussa_n until_o primislaus_n who_o libussa_n have_v marry_v take_v upon_o he_o a_o more_o absolute_a command_n and_o get_v the_o title_n of_o duke_n or_o commander_n in_o chief_a this_o man_n be_v as_o florus_n say_v of_o lucins_n quinctius_n dictator_n ab_fw-la arato_fw-la a_o poor_a country-farmer_n who_o libussa_n advance_v out_o of_o the_o dirt_n to_o her_o own_o bed_n and_o therefore_o like_o the_o forementioned_a roman_a general_n know_v better_a how_o to_o keep_v the_o headstrong_a bohemian_o like_v so_o many_o ox_n under_o the_o yoke_n thus_o be_v the_o land_n govern_v by_o the_o child_n and_o successor_n of_o primislaus_n and_o libussa_n about_o four_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o year_n until_o the_o emperor_n henry_n iv_o have_v call_v a_o general_n diet_n of_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o empire_n at_o mentz_n create_v wratislaus_n duke_n of_o bohemia_n king_n of_o the_o same_o nation_n by_o settle_v with_o the_o pope_n permission_n a_o crown_n of_o gold_n upon_o his_o head_n this_o be_v do_v in_o the_o year_n 1082_o though_o some_o will_v have_v it_o 1072._o from_o that_o time_n forward_o the_o emperor_n of_o germany_n always_o lie_v claim_n to_o the_o right_n of_o invest_v the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n as_o their_o vassal_n and_o make_v it_o their_o business_n to_o persuade_v the_o poor_a people_n of_o that_o kingdom_n to_o rebel_v against_o any_o monarch_n though_o never_o so_o due_o elect_v into_o the_o throne_n who_o have_v not_o receive_v the_o regalia_z as_o they_o call_v they_o or_o badge_n of_o majesty_n at_o the_o emperor_n hand_n so_o that_o frideric_n v._o grandfather_n to_o the_o present_a elector_n palatine_n of_o the_o rhine_n and_o father_n to_o our_o prince_n rupert_n be_v never_o like_v quiet_o to_o enjoy_v the_o crown_n of_o bohemia_n however_o just_o his_o pretension_n to_o it_o may_v be_v so_o long_o as_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n his_o competitor_n refuse_v to_o confirm_v he_o most_o of_o the_o catalogue_n of_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n be_v so_o contradictory_n one_o to_o another_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o it_o will_v be_v a_o difficult_a task_n to_o pick_v out_o of_o they_o a_o true_a register_n of_o the_o name_n of_o these_o prince_n the_o best_a account_n i_o know_v of_o which_o have_v be_v give_v of_o they_o be_v the_o ingenious_a paul_n stransky_n in_o his_o respublica_fw-la bojema_fw-la print_v at_o leyden_n 1643._o the_o present_a king_n be_v leopold_n i._o emperor_n of_o germany_n who_o character_n must_v be_v reserve_v for_o another_o place_n the_o
which_o the_o former_a thought_n to_o put_v a_o end_n to_o by_o call_v in_o the_o king_n of_o the_o franc_n to_o their_o assistance_n and_o desire_v he_o to_o plant_v a_o colony_n of_o his_o soldier_n betwixt_o they_o and_o their_o enemy_n these_o proposal_n clodomir_v than_o king_n of_o france_n ready_o assent_v to_o and_o immediate_o dispatch_v his_o brother_n genebald_a with_o a_o great_a army_n to_o take_v possession_n of_o their_o promise_a dominion_n according_o genebald_a and_o his_o man_n fix_v themselves_o in_o maingow_n the_o ancient_a name_n of_o the_o territory_n round_a wartsburg_n and_o in_o a_o short_a time_n make_v themselves_o master_n of_o all_o that_o country_n which_o from_o they_o retain_v to_o this_o day_n the_o name_n of_o franconia_n the_o two_o chief_a river_n of_o this_o land_n be_v the_o main_a and_o the_o sala_n rivers_n rivers_n whereof_o the_o former_a spring_n out_o of_o two_o fountain_n among_o the_o hill_n on_o the_o border_n of_o bohemia_n and_o pass_v by_o bamberg_n hassfurt_n schweinfurt_n kitzingen_n wurtzburg_n wertheim_n and_o francfurt_n be_v swallow_v by_o the_o rhine_n at_o mentz_n the_o german_a geographer_n give_v this_o account_n of_o these_o river_n maenus_fw-la pater_fw-la dicitur_fw-la quia_fw-la rubrum_fw-la &_o album_fw-la maenum_fw-la generate_fw-la &_o maritus_fw-la salae_n baec_fw-la autem_fw-la vxor_fw-la dicitur_fw-la maeni_fw-la &_o mater_fw-la quoniam_fw-la octo_fw-la liberos_fw-la habet_fw-la fluvios_fw-la minores_fw-la this_o country_n be_v encompass_v with_o wood_n and_o mountain_n soil_n soil_n but_o have_v not_o in_o it_o any_o hill_n of_o extraordinary_a height_n there_o be_v in_o it_o several_a forest_n and_o park_n well_o stock_v with_o deer_n wild_a boar_n and_o other_o sort_n of_o game_n most_o of_o the_o hill_n especial_o along_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n main_a and_o tauber_n be_v cover_v with_o vine_n which_o yield_v as_o delicate_a and_o rich_a a_o wine_n as_o the_o best_a vineyard_n upon_o the_o rhine_n the_o field_n about_o bamberg_n be_v wonderful_o fruitful_a in_o all_o manner_n of_o grain_n beside_o their_o great_a plenty_n of_o grape_n apple_n and_o other_o fruit_n licorise_n grow_v so_o plentiful_o hereabout_o that_o it_o be_v ordinary_o carry_v off_o the_o field_n in_o waggon-loads_a the_o bamberger_n have_v also_o great_a store_n of_o saffron_n and_o melon_n and_o hardly_o want_v any_o thing_n that_o be_v pleasant_a or_o necessary_a the_o circle_n of_o franconia_n be_v usual_o divide_v into_o six_o lesser_a principality_n division_n division_n whereof_o four_o be_v subject_n to_o spiritual_a and_o two_o to_o temporal_a prince_n the_o four_o spiritual_a prince_n be_v the_o bishop_n of_o bamberg_n wurtzburg_n and_o eeichstad_v and_o the_o master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n the_o first_o of_o these_o have_v the_o preeminence_n and_o challenge_v a_o kind_n of_o archiepiscopal_a jurisdiction_n over_o the_o rest_n the_o bishop_n of_o wurtzburg_n be_v a_o more_o potent_a prince_n than_o any_o of_o the_o rest_n though_o inferior_a in_o place_n to_o bamberg_n the_o bishop_n of_o eichstad_n have_v no_o large_a dominion_n in_o franconia_n the_o most_o of_o his_o territory_n lie_v within_o the_o bound_n of_o bavaria_n and_o schwaben_n the_o great_a master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n have_v now_o little_o leave_v but_o the_o bare_a title_n to_o a_o few_o bailiwick_n which_o seldom_o or_o never_o take_v notice_n of_o he_o for_o their_o governor_n the_o two_o temporal_a prince_n be_v the_o burggrave_v of_o noremberg_n who_o be_v two_o prince_n of_o the_o house_n of_o brandenburg_n beside_o these_o there_o be_v some_o more_o petty_a county_n and_o lordship_n subject_a to_o other_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n as_o hennenberg_n be_v under_o the_o government_n of_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o weimar_n and_o several_a other_o places_z swear_v fealty_n to_o the_o elector_n of_o mentz_n the_o old_a francick_a dialect_n language_n language_n or_o lingua_n theotisca_n be_v the_o true_a mother_n of_o the_o modern_a high_a dutch_a the_o word_n theotisca_n be_v nothing_o else_o then_o a_o corruption_n of_o die_n hogh_o deutsch_n in_o opposition_n to_o die_n nieder_fw-ge deutsch_n speak_v in_o westphalia_n and_o the_o low_a saxony_n m._n goldastus_n have_v take_v care_n to_o preserve_v several_a fragment_n of_o record_n diplomata_fw-la etc._n etc._n write_v many_o age_n ago_o in_o this_o tongue_n and_o martin_n opitz_n the_o virgil_n of_o germany_n as_o he_o be_v usual_o style_v publish_v the_o life_n of_o anno_fw-la archbishop_n of_o coln_n in_o the_o same_o dialect_n a._n d._n 1639._o otfrid_n historia_fw-la evangelica_n write_v in_o old_a francic_n near_o 900_o year_n ago_o be_v publish_v at_o basil_n in_o the_o year_n 1571_o and_o willeramus_fw-la the_o abbot_n of_o mersburg_n paraphrase_n upon_o the_o canticle_n at_o leyden_n a._n d._n 1598._o upon_o which_o the_o learned_a fr._n junius_n f._n f._n publish_v his_o incomparable_a note_n at_o amsterdam_n 1655._o since_o which_o time_n mr._n lambecius_n the_o emperor_n library-keeper_n at_o vienna_n have_v make_v public_a several_a scrap_n in_o his_o curious_a history_n of_o some_o rarity_n in_o the_o imperial_a library_n and_o mr._n junius_n before_o mention_v have_v late_o bequeath_v a_o noble_a collection_n of_o the_o like_a monument_n of_o antiquity_n to_o our_o public_a library_n at_o oxford_n among_o which_o the_o choice_a be_v tatian_n harmonia_n evangelica_n illustrate_v with_o mr._n junius_n note_n and_o design_v for_o the_o press_n wurtzburg_n call_v by_o bede_n wirceburg_n wurtzburg_n wurtzburg_n by_o sigebert_n wirtiburgum_n and_o wirtziburgum_n by_o trithemius_n paepolis_n and_o marcopolis_n but_o by_o most_o of_o the_o modern_a latin_a historian_n and_o geographer_n herbipolis_n be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o franconia_n and_o have_v its_o name_n as_o most_o imagine_v from_o the_o variety_n of_o all_o manner_n of_o herb_n wurtzen_n grow_v in_o this_o place_n conradus_n celtes_n the_o first_o poet_n laureate_a in_o germany_n call_v this_o city_n erebipolis_n which_o word_n some_o derive_v from_o a_o certain_a pagan_a god_n name_v erebus_n never_o hear_v of_o by_o any_o francic_a antiquary_n i_o rather_o think_v that_o poet_n work_n corrupt_v and_o erebipolis_n careless_o write_v for_o herbipolis_n i_o can_v but_o here_o take_v notice_n of_o champerius_n mistake_n who_o though_o a_o learned_a man_n tell_v we_o in_o his_o treatise_n de_fw-fr mirabilibus_fw-la mundi_fw-la that_o there_o be_v two_o bishopric_n in_o germany_n subject_n to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o mentz_n to_o wit_n wirceburgensis_n and_o herbipogenensis_n which_o be_v something_o akin_a to_o the_o blunder_n of_o a_o late_a geographer_n who_o make_v two_o distinct_a city_n of_o strasburg_n and_o argentina_n it_o be_v by_o some_o fancy_v that_o the_o palace_n at_o wurtzburg_n be_v build_v long_o before_o the_o city_n because_o in_o the_o life_n of_o st_n burchard_n the_o palace_n be_v call_v old_a wurtzburg_n and_o the_o town_n new_a wurtzburg_n andrew_n goldmayer_n a_o whimsical_a astrologer_n in_o this_o town_n have_v give_v we_o this_o punctual_a account_n of_o its_o age_n wurtzburg_n say_v he_o be_v build_v a._n m._n 3782_o three_o year_n before_o the_o birth_n of_o our_o saviour_n in_o the_o two_o and_o forty_o year_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o emperor_n augustus_n in_o the_o twenty-sixth_a year_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n francus_n on_o the_o twentyseventh_a of_o february_n about_o thirty-three_a minute_n past_o eleven_o a_o clock_n in_o the_o forenoon_n but_o man_n less_o skilled_a in_o calculation_n though_o of_o better_a understanding_n than_o this_o gentleman_n say_v it_o be_v build_v by_o genebald_a about_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n 236._o bede_n call_v it_o pagus_n but_o by_o that_o word_n questionless_a intend_v to_o render_v the_o german_a word_n gow_n which_o signify_v a_o province_n or_o county_n as_o well_o as_o a_o village_n the_o bishop_n have_v supreme_a jurisdiction_n over_o the_o whole_a town_n in_o temporal_n as_o well_o as_o spiritual_n and_o sit_v at_o his_o pleasure_n judge_n in_o all_o cause_n civil_a and_o criminal_a when_o he_o appear_v in_o public_a there_o be_v a_o sword_n carry_v before_o he_o with_o this_o inscription_n herbipolis_n sola_fw-la judicat_fw-la ense_n &_o stola_fw-la and_o when_o he_o say_v mass_n there_o lie_v before_o he_o on_o the_o altar_n a_o draw_a sword_n to_o put_v he_o in_o mind_n that_o to_o he_o belong_v the_o execution_n of_o justice_n throughout_o the_o whole_a principality_n of_o franconia_n the_o most_o remarkable_a sight_n in_o the_o town_n next_o to_o the_o bishop_n palace_n a_o stately_a structure_n on_o the_o top_n of_o a_o high_a hill_n beyond_o the_o river_n the_o hospital_n and_o great_a college_n in_o the_o gymnasium_n both_o of_o which_o be_v mighty_a regular_a and_o uniform_a building_n and_o equal_a most_o of_o our_o new_a build_v college_n in_o oxford_n bamberg_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v at_o first_o name_v babenberg_n bâ—â—_n bâ—â—_n from_o baba_n the_o emperor_n
schweinfurt_n which_o some_o geographer_n bring_v within_o the_o bound_n of_o this_o principality_n schmalcad_n be_v once_o a_o part_n of_o this_o principality_n but_o be_v not_o esteem_v so_o now_o principatus_fw-la hennenbergensis_n comitatus_n wertheimici_n finitimarumqve_fw-la regionum_fw-la nova_fw-la et_fw-la exacta_fw-la descriptio_fw-la apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a mosem_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-fr stephanum_n swart_a the_o city_n and_o county_n of_o wertheim_n in_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o tauber_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o main_a be_v seat_v the_o city_n of_o wertheim_n in_o a_o fruitful_a soil_n and_o good_a air_n the_o citizen_n who_o chief_a trade_n be_v in_o make_v wine_n live_v former_o in_o good_a credit_n till_o upon_o some_o disagreement_n between_o they_o and_o their_o earl_n who_o endeavour_v to_o reestablish_v popery_n in_o the_o town_n they_o be_v bring_v to_o so_o great_a poverty_n and_o strait_n for_o the_o defence_n of_o their_o religion_n that_o they_o have_v scarce_o be_v able_a to_o recruit_v themselves_o to_o this_o day_n however_o they_o still_o stick_v close_o to_o the_o augsburg_n confession_n and_o be_v zealous_a assertor_n of_o the_o honour_n of_o their_o saint_n luther_n the_o county_n of_o wertheim_n which_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o old_a francia_n orientalis_n as_o lie_v on_o the_o south_n side_n of_o the_o river_n main_a be_v bound_v on_o the_o east_n with_o the_o bishopric_n of_o wurtzburg_n on_o the_o south_n with_o the_o county_n of_o hohenloe_n and_o the_o palatinate_n on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o silua_fw-la ottonica_fw-la and_o on_o the_o north_n with_o the_o large_a forest_n of_o speshart_n this_o province_n afford_v much_o more_o plenty_n of_o corn_n than_o the_o territory_n about_o francfurt_n nor_o be_v it_o any_o way_n inferior_a to_o those_o for_o the_o goodness_n of_o its_o wine_n the_o inhabitant_n have_v here_o good_a store_n of_o meadow_n and_o pasture-ground_n for_o cattle_n which_o bring_v in_o 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now_o by_o marriage_n conquest_n or_o purchase_n master_n of_o the_o land_n before_o the_o bohemian_a war_n betwixt_o the_o emperor_n and_o frideric_n count_n palatine_n and_o the_o civil_a war_n of_o germany_n the_o territory_n and_o revenue_n of_o this_o prince_n be_v large_a enough_o to_o make_v he_o more_o formidable_a than_o any_o of_o the_o other_o elector_n but_o such_o be_v his_o misfortune_n in_o those_o bloody_a engagement_n that_o he_o lose_v both_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n which_o he_o contend_v for_o and_o also_o all_o his_o own_o hereditary_a dignity_n and_o estate_n the_o upper_a palatinate_n be_v seize_v on_o by_o the_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n and_o the_o low_a conquer_a and_o subdue_v by_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n by_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n the_o late_a count_n charles-ludowic_a son_n to_o the_o unfortunate_a king_n of_o bohemia_n be_v restore_v to_o some_o part_n of_o his_o father_n dominion_n in_o the_o low_a palatinate_n but_o these_o be_v of_o no_o great_a extent_n and_o be_v still_o like_a to_o be_v lessen_v by_o the_o daily_a encroachment_n of_o the_o french_a king_n this_o country_n be_v much_o the_o pleasant_a part_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n soil_n soil_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v no_o great_a wonder_n that_o the_o neighbour_a prince_n have_v in_o all_o age_n watch_v a_o opportunity_n of_o get_v it_o into_o their_o clutch_n the_o hill_n be_v cover_v with_o vine_n which_o yield_v that_o rich_a liquor_n know_v all_o europe_n over_o by_o the_o name_n of_o rhenish_a wine_n the_o plain_n and_o valley_n afford_v plenty_n of_o all_o manner_n of_o grain_n and_o fruit_n and_o the_o forest_n be_v plentiful_o stock_v with_o deer_n and_o other_o game_n the_o rhine_n pass_v through_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o county_n give_v a_o fair_a advantage_n of_o export_v the_o commodity_n of_o this_o and_o import_v those_o of_o foreign_a nation_n the_o river_n rhine_n and_o neccar_n have_v store_n of_o fish_n and_o the_o hill_n want_v 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of_o the_o river_n upon_o extirpation_n of_o the_o house_n of_o schwaben_n the_o present_a elector_n palatine_n be_v count_n charles_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o who_o be_v bear_v on_o the_o last_o day_n of_o may_n in_o the_o year_n 1651_o and_o be_v advance_v to_o the_o electorate_v upon_o the_o late_a death_n of_o his_o father_n charles-ludowic_a a._n d._n 1680._o he_o be_v a_o pious_a and_o learned_a prince_n and_o tread_v much_o in_o the_o step_n of_o his_o father_n who_o possible_o be_v consider_v the_o trouble_n he_o have_v undergo_v as_o learned_a a_o prince_n as_o europe_n afford_v in_o his_o time_n the_o revenue_n of_o this_o elector_n ancestor_n be_v say_v to_o have_v amount_v to_o 100000_o pound_n sterling_a yearly_a nor_o can_v we_o well_o imagine_v they_o to_o have_v be_v less_o when_o only_o the_o silver_n mine_n about_o amberg_n in_o the_o upper_a palatinate_n yield_v 60000_o crown_n a_o year_n and_o the_o passage_n over_o one_o bridge_n across_o the_o rhine_n bring_v in_o 20000_o more_o to_o which_o if_o
there_o no_o small_a fish_n as_o cod_n etc._n etc._n and_o few_o great_a one_o nor_o any_o bone_n of_o whale_n morss_n or_o the_o like_a find_v upon_o the_o shore_n nor_o any_o drift_n wood_n 3._o because_o in_o 65_o deg_fw-la 30_o min._n the_o ice_n lie_v all_o in_o rand_n which_o he_o believe_v to_o be_v produce_v as_o in_o the_o shoal_v bay_n for_o have_v there_o be_v any_o ocean_n beyond_o it_o it_o will_v have_v be_v break_v to_o piece_n as_o they_o find_v it_o come_v through_o the_o straight_a into_o the_o sea_n eastward_o 4._o because_o the_o ice_n seek_v its_o way_n out_o to_o the_o eastward_o drive_v out_o at_o hudsons_n strait_n but_o if_o there_o be_v any_o passage_n it_o be_v very_o narrow_a and_o the_o voyoge_n very_o long_o nor_o can_v any_o large_a vessel_n fit_a to_o merchandise_n be_v able_a to_o endure_v the_o ice_n and_o other_o incommodity_n as_o the_o long_a night_n cold_a snow_n frost_n etc._n etc._n p._n 24._o col_fw-fr 2._o l._n 36._o till_o vasile_n ivanowitz_n about_o the_o year_n 1509._o p._n 36._o col_fw-fr 2._o l._n 63._o as_o 5509_o â—_o 1679._o ibid._n l._n 66_o 7188-5509_a p._n 36._o col_fw-fr 1._o l._n 41._o hungary_n about_o the_o year_n 1188_o bela_n be_v king_n of_o hungary_n perhaps_o the_o original_n of_o the_o imperial_a family_n of_o the_o russes_z the_o time_n correspond_v very_o well_o p._n 39_o col_fw-fr 2._o l._n 1._o del_o who_o name_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v zac._n litspenow_n l._n 67._o he_o die_v in_o the_o forty-ninth_a year_n of_o his_o age_n and_o two_o and_o thirty_o of_o his_o reign_n in_o the_o year_n 1677_o and_o leave_v his_o son_n feodor_n alexowich_n a_o young_a prince_n of_o about_o ninteen_o year_n of_o age_n who_o reign_v this_o present_a year_n 1680._o in_o the_o description_n of_o sweden_n the_o time_n of_o the_o king_n supply_v thus_o the_o 6_o begin_v his_o reign_n a._n m._n 2014_o the_o 25_o the_o time_n of_o the_o rest_n be_v uncertain_a begin_v a._n m._n 2637_o the_o 26_o a._n m._n 2712_o the_o 27_o a._n m._n 2831_o the_o 31th_o the_o intermediate_v be_v also_o uncertain_a a._n m._n 3031_o the_o 32th_o a._n m._n 3060_o the_o 33th_o a._n m._n 3125_o the_o 34th_o a._n m._n 3174_o the_o 35th_o 3252_o the_o 36th_o a._n m._n 3551_o the_o 46th_o a._n d._n 3916_o the_o 47th_o ericus_n iii_o a._n m._n 3929_o in_o who_o time_n according_a to_o loccenius_n who_o computation_n we_o have_v here_o follow_v conceive_v our_o saviour_n to_o have_v be_v bear_v a_o map_n of_o the_o north-pole_n and_o the_o part_n adion_v oxon_n at_o the_o theater_n mdclxxx_o nova_fw-la zembla_n in_o the_o philosophicll_n transaction_n of_o a_o o_o 1674_o n_o 101_o there_o be_v set_v down_o a_o description_n of_o a_o nova_n zembla_n as_o it_o be_v send_v to_o the_o royal_a society_n from_o a_o russia_n merchant_n and_o discover_v by_o order_n of_o the_o grand_a czaar_n but_o there_o be_v not_o join_v to_o it_o either_o longitude_n latitude_n or_o other_o measure_n we_o though_o it_o better_a to_o follow_v the_o two_o new_a map_n one_o print_v at_o amsterdam_n a_o o_o 1678_o the_o other_o at_o nuremberg_n 1679_o and_o to_o place_v this_o by_o itself_o which_o show_v it_o not_o a_o island_n but_o join_v with_o the_o continent_n at_o the_o letter_n k._n k._n to_o the_o right_a honorable_n charles_n fitz_n charles_n earl_n of_o plymouth_n viscount_n totnes_n and_o baron_n dartmouth_n this_o map_n be_v humble_o dedicate_v by_o m_o pitt_n letter_n c._n stand_v for_o cape_n 1._o island_n m._n mount_n p._n point_n r._n river_n s._n sound_v oxon_n …_o univ_n dominus_fw-la illuminatio_fw-la mea_fw-la greenland_n greenland_n greenland_n â—â—e_z siâ—â—ation_n of_o greenland_n call_v by_o the_o dutch_a spitsbergen_n because_o of_o its_o sharp-pointed_a rock_n and_o mountain_n lie_v from_o 76_o degree_n of_o northerly_a latitude_n to_o 82_o but_o how_o much_o far_o as_o also_o whether_o island_n or_o continent_n be_v not_o yet_o discover_v for_o as_o much_o as_o no_o man_n hitherto_o be_v know_v to_o have_v pass_v beyond_o that_o our_o mariner_n general_o conceive_v it_o a_o island_n the_o dutch_a only_o say_v that_o they_o believe_v the_o land_n to_o reach_v more_o north_n because_o the_o ice_n they_o find_v be_v not_o break_v and_o float_a as_o in_o the_o sea_n but_o firm_a and_o stable_a as_o continue_v to_o the_o shore_n the_o south_n part_n of_o it_o look_v towards_o the_o promontory_n of_o finland_n and_o lapland_n north-cape_n north-kin_n etc._n etc._n the_o next_o land_n on_o the_o west_n be_v the_o large_a country_n of_o groenland_n and_o nova_n zembla_n on_o the_o east_n but_o these_o at_o so_o vast_a a_o distance_n that_o they_o can_v be_v reckon_v as_o its_o confine_n or_o neighbour_n the_o dutch_a attribute_n the_o first_o discovery_n of_o it_o to_o three_o of_o their_o own_o pilot_n greenland_n the_o discovery_n of_o greenland_n and_o have_v give_v most_o of_o the_o name_n to_o the_o creek_n and_o promontory_n according_a to_o their_o own_o fancy_n which_o diligence_n 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these_o man_n effect_v will_v be_v best_a know_v by_o their_o own_o journal_n record_v by_o purchas_n june_n 7_o 1696_o they_o be_v in_o 74_o degree_n the_o water_n as_o green_a as_o grass_n by_o the_o way_n it_o be_v worth_a enquiry_n whether_o this_o be_v not_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o blue_a ice_n which_o be_v by_o every_o one_o note_v as_o peculiar_a to_o these_o coast_n june_n 9_o they_o be_v upon_o cherry_n or_o bear-island_n in_o 74_o degree_n and_o 13_o minute_n the_o variation_n of_o the_o needle_n be_v 13_o degree_n june_n 13_o they_o depart_v thence_o north_n and_o by_o east_n 16_o dutch_a mile_n june_n 14_o 15_o they_o continue_v their_o course_n 20_o mile_n june_n 16_o 17_o 18_o they_o continue_v 30_o mile_n june_n 19_o they_o see_v land_n at_o 80_o degree_n and_o 11_o minute_n and_o sail_v southward_o upon_o the_o western_a coast_n till_o 79_o deg_fw-la 30_o m._n where_o they_o find_v a_o good_a road_n but_o can_v not_o land_n because_o of_o ice_n june_n 20_o they_o 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cherry_n or_o bear-island_n this_o be_v all_o that_o i_o can_v find_v concern_v their_o voyage_n to_o this_o i_o shall_v oppose_v two_o voyage_n the_o first_o of_o sir_n hugh_n willoughby_n 1553_o the_o other_o of_o steven_n burrows_n 1556._o the_o dutch_a do_v not_o allow_v sir_n hugh_n willoughby_n to_o have_v pass_v seynam_n map_n blaeu_n map_n which_o be_v in_o 70_o deg_fw-la and_o that_o also_o in_o 1571._o yet_o in_o their_o map_n they_o call_v a_o small_a island_n by_o the_o name_n of_o willoughby_n land_n of_o which_o our_o man_n know_v nothing_o except_o it_o be_v the_o same_o with_o hope_n island_n a_o part_n of_o greenland_n as_o it_o be_v most_o likely_a for_o the_o land_n he_o discover_v be_v a_o large_a country_n by_o the_o