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land_n	country_n	sea_n	see_v	1,852	5	3.4928	3	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A66534	The ornithology of Francis Willughby of Middleton in the county of Warwick Esq, fellow of the Royal Society in three books : wherein all the birds hitherto known, being reduced into a method sutable to their natures, are accurately described : the descriptions illustrated by most elegant figures, nearly resembling the live birds, engraven in LXXVII copper plates : translated into English, and enlarged with many additions throughout the whole work : to which are added, Three considerable discourses, I. of the art of fowling, with a description of several nets in two large copper plates, II. of the ordering of singing birds, III. of falconry / by John Ray ...	Ray, John, 1627-1705.; Willughby, Francis, 1635-1672. Ornithologiae libri tres. English.	1678 (1678)	Wing W2880; ESTC R9288	670,235	621

one and the same Bird. Neither do I much matter the descriptions of the Ancients who in delivering the notes of Animals are wont to be less curious and exact But whatever the Ancients called the Sea-Eagle certain it is that the title of Sea-Eagle may be very fitly attributed to this Bird. For if we admit the Bald Buzzard for the Sea-Eagle which to speak the truth agrees better to the descriptions of the Ancients we take away all note of distinction between Eagles and Hawks which as we said before consists only in difference of magnitude The Ossifrage then or Sea-Eagle is thus described by Aldrovandus From the point of the Beak to the end of the train or Talons for the ends of both when extended were coincident it was three feet and four Inches long From tip to tip of the Wings stretched out nine spans broad It weighed eleven pound The Bill was very hooked so that the hooked part alone was an Inch long the whole two Inches broad and an hand-breadth long of a blackish or dusky horn colour somewhat approaching to a dark blue The Tongue was very like to a mans with a broad top and hooked hard and horny Appendices on both sides tied down to the lower mandible by a thin Membrane where it regards the chin a horny Membrane compasses the end or tip of it The lower mandible was hollowed like a channel I suppose he means the sides of it the edges or borders of which channel enter the Palate on both sides and are enclosed within its edges In the middle of the Palate is a chink by which a pituitous humour distils from the head The head and all the neck are cloathed with long narrow and rigid feathers From the Chin hang down small feathers like hairs imitating a beard whence perchance by Pliny and also Bellonius it is denominated the bearded Eagle And I from that note chiefly suppose it to be called Harpe by Oppian The feathers of the whole body singly are particoloured and that with three colours whitish duskish and ferrugineous The flag-feathers of the Wings are almost wholly black something tending to Chesnut The twelve feathers of the Train have little or nothing of red but are only spotted with black and white viz. whitish on the outside dusky on the inner The two middlemost being besprinkled promiscuously with white spots are for the most part dusky The ends or tips of all are black The feathers growing on the rump which immediately cover these are almost wholly white sprinkled with a little black save that their tips are black Their Legs are almost wholly covered with dusky feathers somewhat inclining to fulvous so that there is only two inches to the feet remaining bare Besides the feathers the whole body underneath is covered with a white and soft down as it were a delicate fleece after the same manner as the skin of a Swan The lower part of the Legs which as we said for the space of two Inches is destitute of feathers and the feet are of a deep yellow The toes extended are a full span the length of the middlemost is equal to a Palm The Talons were very black in so much that they shone again and so hooked that they did exactly represent a Semicircle They observed this proportion one to another the hindmost being the biggest was two Inches long the first of the fore ones lesser than it but bigger than the middlemost and the last the least of all The substance of the Talons was inwardly white and bony covered over outwardly with a dusky bark The leg and foot were for the most part covered with round scales of unequal bigness but the fore-part of the Leg and upper part of the toes had Semicircular Tables like the Chrysaetos Clusius sent to Aldrovandus the Picture of this Bird drawn in colours to the life by the title of the Sea-Eagle writing thereof in this manner This Haliaeetus which our Countrymen living in the Sea-coast call Zee Aren that is Sea-Eagle was shot the last Winter c. That this Eagle feeds only on Fish I my self can witness for in the stomach thereof dissected we found nothing but Fish some remaining yet entire some half consumed c. That this Bird is the same which our Seamen and Fowlers call the Osprey and affirm to have one flat or webbed foot to swim withal after the manner of a Goose or other Water-fowl the other being divided after the manner of other Birds of prey I do not at all doubt But what is reported concerning the feet is most certainly false and fabulous although by some affirming it with great confidence even the best Naturalists have been deceived among the rest Aldrovandus himself not daring rashly to contradict Albertus Magnus English men and Burgundians eye-witnesses For saith he the Natives of each Country are most likely best to know what things are peculiar to their own Country either by Land or Sea Well I my self am an English man yet have I never yet met with any credible person who would affirm himself to be an Eye-witness of this matter although the Vulgar be so confidently persuaded of it that scarce any body doubts its truth What gave the first occasion and rise to this Error was I suppose a presumption of the necessity of such a structure of the feet For whereas the Mariners and Fishermen did see and observe this Bird much to frequent the Sea and great Lakes of water and to prey upon Fish yea sometimes to fly forth very far from Land so that it hath been often seen out at Sea a hundred Leagues distant from shore flying up and down over the water and intent upon fishing they imagined it altogether necessary that it should be furnished with one flat foot for swimming and another cloven for striking catching and carrying away of Fish It being one would think impossible that a bird should abide upon the Wing so long without rest But that even small birds short-winged and less fit by far for flight than Eagles will venture to fly over wide Seas is evident in those we call birds of passage And who knows but where those Fowl are usually seen there may be some Rocks in the Sea not far off on which they may rest themselves But for the same reason this conceit was first started it was readily entertained and without examination greedily believed Not less fabulous is that which is reported of the oyl or fat which this bird hath in her rump and which hanging in the air she lets fall drop by drop into the water by the force whereof the Fishes being stupefied and as it were Planet-strucken become destitute of all motion and so suffer themselves without difficulty to be taken though some are so vain as to put Oyl of Osprey into their receipts or prescriptions for taking Fishes by the smell whereof the Fishes being allured rather than stupefied by

a distance thick set and as it were cloathed with flocks of Sheep and Goats If you list to sail about the Island and from below look up the Cliffs as it were over-hanging your head you might see on all the shelves and ledges of the Rocks and craggy Cliffs innumerable rows of birds of all sorts and magnitudes more in number than the Stars that appear in a clear and Moonless night If you look at them that are coming to the Island or flying away at a distance you would take them to be huge swarms of Bees Thus far Dr. Harvey But I suppose he was mistaken in that he writes that the Lord of the Island makes some profit yearly of the reliques of the Nests useful for fewel For these kinds of Birds do not make their Nests of straws sticks or such like combustible matter good for fewel but either lay their Eggs on the naked rocks or spread under them very few straws bents or such like inconsiderable stuff The Birds that chiefly frequent this Island that they may breed there are 1. Soland Geese which are proper to the Basse not breeding elsewhere about Britain that we know of When we were there near Mid August all the other Birds were departed only the Soland Geese remained upon the Island their young being not yet fully grown and fledg'd The manner of getting them is by letting down a man in a basket by a rope from the top of the Cliff who gathers the young off the ledges of the Rocks as they let him down or draw him up 2. The Turtle-Dove or Sea-Turtle so called here as I suppose from some similitude it hath to the Turtle-dove It is a whole-footed bird and I suspect the same that we have described under the title of the Greenland-dove This also is a bird peculiar to this Island 3. The Scout which is either the Lomwia or the Alka of Hoierus though we believe that both these Species breed here These are found also in many other places about England 4. The Scarf which from the agreement of the name with the Dutch Scharpff I take to be the Cormorant 5. The Cattiwick a sort of small Sea-gull besides many other Species of Gulls 2. The Farn Islands near a Village in the Coast of Northumberland called Bambergh famous for an ancient Castle built on a Rock now almost ruined The Birds which chiefly frequent and build upon these Islands in Summer time are 1. S. Cutberts Duck called by Wormius as I suppose Eider This is never seen but in breeding time and as soon as her young ones are hatcht takes them to Sea and never looks at land till breeding time next It is proper to these Islands and breeds no where else about England that we know of 2. Guillemots or Sea-hens i. e. Lomwiae Hoieri 3. The Skout i. e. Alka ejusdem 4. Counter-nebs or Coulter-nebs hîc dictae i. e. Anates Arcticae Clus 5. Scarfs i. e. Cormorants or perhaps Shags 6. Puffinets which the name argues to be Puffins but the description here given us of them for we saw not the bird agrees rather to the Basse-Turtle 7. Several sorts of Gulls viz. 1. Mire-crows all white-bodied only having black heads and somewhat bigger than Pigeons by which description we conclude them to be Pewits 2. Annets small white Gulls having only the tips of their Wings black and the Bill yellow perhaps the black-footed Gull 3. Pickmires or Sea-Swallows 5. Terns the least sort of Gull having a forked tail 8. Sea-Piots i. e. Sea-pies Haematopus Bellonii 3. The Sea-cliffs about Scarborough from which were sent us the Anates Arcticae of Clusius called here Mullets 2. The Alkae of Hoierus known here by the same name of Auks 3. The Lomwiae of the same Hoierus named Skouts Besides doubtless there breed many Gulls among these fowl 4. A noted Island not far from Lancaster called the Pile of Foudres which great flocks of divers sorts of Sea-fowl do yearly frequent and breed there 5. The Isle of Man with a little adjacent Islet called the Calf of Man in which besides Mullets Razor-bills and Gailliams English Puffins build in great numbers and no where else about England that I know of but in the Silly Islands 6. Prestholm a small uninhabited Island near Beaumaris in the Isle of Anglesey belonging to my Lord Bulkley On this Island build the Anates Arcticae of Clusius here called Puffins Razor-bills Guilliams Cormorants and divers sorts of Gulls 7. Bardsey Island situate at the utmost Angle or Promontory of Carnarvanshire in Wales 8. Lundy Island in the Severn-Sea 9. The Cliffs by the Sea-side near Tenby in Wales 10. Godreve an Island or rather a Rock not far from St. Ives in Cornwall where Auks and Guillims here called Murres and Kiddaws breed 11. The Silly Islands in the main Sea about thirty miles distant from the Lands end in Cornwall to the West 12. Caldey Island near Tenby in Pembroke shire in one part whereof we saw Gulls Nests lying so thick that we could scarce take a step without setting our feet upon one 13. The Isle of Erm near Guernsey CHAP. VIII Of the Division of Birds BIrds in general may be divided into Terrestrial and Aquatic or Land and Water-fowl Terrestrial are such as seldom frequent waters but for the most part seek their food on dry land Aquatic are such as are much conversant in or about waters and for the most part seek their food in watery places of which we will treat Book III. Terrestrial Birds are either such as have crooked Beak and Talons called by the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or such as have more streight Bills and Claws Those that have crooked Bills and Claws called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are either Rapacious and carnivorous such as we call Birds of prey or more gentle and frugivorous as Parrots Rapacious and carnivorous are either Diurnal such as prey by day-light or Nocturnal such as prey by night Rapacious diurnal Birds are usually divided according to their magnitude into the greater and lesser kind The greater kind are either the more generous which have their Beaks hooked almost from the root and are called Eagles or the sluggish and less generous having their Beaks streight for a good space from the root and hooked only toward the point called Vultures The lesser kind called in Latine Accipitres may be again subdivided into the more generous which are usually reclaimed and trained up for fowling properly called Hawks and the more cowardly or less generous such as are neglected by Falconers as being of no use for fowling and therefore permitted to live at large which may be called wild Hawks Hawks properly so called are divided by Falconers into long-winged and short-winged Long-winged Hawks are such the tips of whose wings when closed reach almost to the end of the train Short-winged are such the tips of whose wings when shut or withdrawn fall much short of the end of

nick made in the stalk or end of the Bridge this will keep the Hazel-plant bent down Then lay the Loop of horse-hair upon the Bridge so conveniently wide as that the Bird may tread in the middle of it upon the Bridge which she shall no sooner do but up will fly the end of the Hazel-plant and the birds foot be caught in the noose or slipping Loop of horse-hair This is somewhat difficult so clearly to express in words as that any man may readily understand and conceive it Markham's description is so imperfect and obscure that I could make nothing of it How to catch Woodcocks in Snares This Bird being wont to walk streight forwards in any furrows or tracks the Fowlers make little pads or walks for them in the places where they haunt of a Palm broad streight and equal and in them set many Snares made of horse-hair such as are designed Figure 2. This bird being sufficiently simple once got into one of these pads runs streight on from end to end without any heed-taking and so is caught by the neck in some of these snares We in England are wont to make great Glades through thick Woods and hang Nets across them And so the Woodcocks shooting through these Glades as their nature is strike against the Nets and are entangled in them CHAP. IV. An approved way to take a Heron out of the Epitome of the Art of Husbandry A Heron being as great a devourer of Fish as any is I will affirm ten times as much as the Otter and shall destroy a Pond more in one Week than an Otter shall do in three Months For I have seen a Heron that hath been shot at a Pond to have seventeen Carps at once in his belly which he will digest in six or seven hours and to fishing again I have seen a Carp taken out of a Herons belly nine Inches and an half long Several Gentlemen that have kept them tame have put fish in a Tub and tried the Heron how many small Roches and Dace he would eat in a day and they have found him to eat above fifty a day one day with another One Heron that haunts a Pond in a year shall destroy one thousand store-carps nay one thousand five hundred in half a year Now the best way to take this great enemy of Fish is this Having found his haunt get three or four small Roches or Daces and having a strong Hook with a Wire to it draw the Wire just withinside the skin of the fish beginning without side of the Gills and running it to the tail and then the fish will lie five or six days alive For if the fish be dead the Heron will not touch him Let not your Hook be too rank Then having a strong Line made of Silk and Wire about two yards and half long if you twist not Wire with your Silk his sharp Bill will bite it in two immediately and tie a round stone of about a pound weight to the Line and lay three or four Hooks and in two or three nights you shall not fail to have him if he comes to your Ponds Lay not your Hooks in the deep water where the Heron cannot wade to them for if you do they may lie long enough before you see any effect of your pains Colour your Line of a dark green for a Heron is a very subtle bird CHAP. V. Of the Fowling-piece and Stalking-horse THe best Fowling-pieces are the long-barrelled of five and a half or six foot of an indifferent bore somewhat under Harquebuse for they hold the best charges and carry the furthest level and such as have Fire-locks The charge must be round hail-shot of bigness according to the Game you shoot at As near as you can shoot with the wind and sideways of or behind the Fowl And if possible under the shelter of some hedge bank or tree c. sometimes if need be creeping on your hands and knees Chuse rather to shoot at a rank or file than a single fowl and then send your Dog for what you have strucken You must have your Dog in such true obedience as not to stir from your heels till you bid him go Where you have no shelter use a Stalking-horse which is any old Jade trained up for that purpose which being stript naked and having nothing but a string about the nether Chap of two or three yards long will gently and as you have occasion to urge him walk on the banks of Brooks and Rivers or Meadows and Moors or up and down in the water which way you please flodding and eating on the grass and weeds that grow therein and so hardy as not to take any affright at the report of your Piece You shall shelter your self and your Piece behind his foreshoulder bending your body down low by his side and keeping his body still full between you and the Fowl Then having chosen your mark take your level from before the forepart of the Horse shooting as it were between the horses neck and the water which is more safe than taking the level under the horses belly and much less to be perceived the shoulder of the horse covering the body of the man and his legs also the mans legs Whiles you are stalking you may leave your Dog with your Bags c. where he may lie close and never stir till you have shot and then upon the least call but not before come to you and fetch forth what you have killed For want of a live-horse you may make an artificial stalking-horse of Canvas either stuft or hollow and stretcht upon splints of wood or strong Wires with his head bending down as if he grazed of due shape stature and bigness painted of the colour of a horse the darker the less apt to be discovered Let it be fixt in the middle to a staff with a pick of Iron to stick it in the ground while you shoot Instead of a horse you may make and use the shape of an Oxe Stag or any other horned beast painted of the usual colour of beasts in that Country and having the natural horn or head N. These Engines are to be employed in those places where the birds are used to see and be acquainted with the beasts they represent N. 2. These Engines are fitter for Water than Land the water hiding their imperfections When you have so much beaten the fowl with the Stalking horse that they begin to find your deceit and will not sit Then you may otherwhiles use your Oxe-engine till the Horse be forgotten and so by change of your Engines make your sport last The shape of a Stag may be useful in such places where Stags commonly feed and are familiar with the Fowl but they are subject to quicker discovery Some stalk with dead Engines as an artificial Tree Shrub or Bush or a dead Hedge But these are not so useful for the stalk as the stand It being unnatural for dead things to move

Back and Wings are white The quils of the Wings black as also the whole Breast and Rump The Tail which is three inches long is also black The Legs short and black The Feet consist of three black Toes joyned together to the ends by a black membrane The Toes armed with sharp crooked Claws They have a Spur behind situate at the beginning of the Leg furnished also with the like membrane and claw The Hen is of the same bigness and figure but all over of one uniform colour viz. brown sprinkled here and there with certain black spots in its other lineaments and parts agreeing with the Cock. They build themselves Nests on the Rocks and lay good store of very savoury and well-tasted Eggs for the getting of which the neighbouring people let themselves down by ropes dangerously enough and with the same labour gather the feathers Eider dun our People call them which are very soft and fit to stuff Beds and Quilts For in a small quantity they dilate themselves much being very springy and warm the body above any others These Birds are wont at set times to moult their feathers enriching the Fowlers with this desirable merchandize This same description Wormius repeats again in the third book of his Museum pag. 310. §. II. The Cutbert-Duck Anas S. Cuthberti seu Farnensis IT is bigger than the tame Duck. The Male is particoloured of white and black the Back white the Tail and feathers of the Wings black The Bill is scarce so long as a Ducks The upper Mandible a little crooked at the end over-hanging the lower The Legs and Feet black having a back-toe But what is most remarkable in this kind is that on both sides the Bill in both Sexes the feathers run down in an acute angle as far as the middle of the Nosthril below under the Nosthrils The Female is almost of the colour of a Hen-Grouse This Fowl builds upon the Farn Islands laying great Eggs. I suspect nay am almost confident that it is the same with Wormius his Eider I saw only the Cases of the Cock and Hen stuft hanging up in Sir William Fosters Hall at Bambergh in Northumberland It breeds no where about England but on the Farn Islands that we have ever heard of When its young ones are hatcht it takes them to the Sea and never looks at Land till next breeding time nor is seen any where about our Coasts §. III. Aldrovandus his black Duck. IT is bigger than the common Duck. Its Bill is broad and short yellow on both sides black in the middle with a red hook at the tip The Head and part of the Neck are of a black green or black with a tincture of green The Legs and Feet are red on the out-side of a citron-colour on the inside The Web of the Foot and the Claws of a deep black All the rest of the body is black saving a cross line of white in the middle of the Wings and a white spot behind each Eye The feathers of the whole body are so soft and delicate as nothing more so that it might be not undeservedly called the Velvet-Duck In the Stomach and Guts almost down to the streight Gut I found small indigested fragments of Cockle and Periwinkle-shells But in the streight gut they were all concocted and reduced into a fine powder or sand It is seldom seen with us unless driven over by a storm but on the shores of Norway there are great flocks of them hundreds together This is that Duck which William Mascerellius a Physician of Collen sent to Aldrovandus giving it this title The black Duck with a black red and yellow Bill whose figure though not very elegant we have borrowed The description of this Bird we owe to Mr. Johnson with whom also we saw its Case stuft §. IV. The Sheldrake or Burrough-Duck called by some Bergander Tadorna Bellon Vulpanser quibusdam IT is of a mean bigness between a Goose and a Duck. Its Bill is short broad something turning upwards broader at the tip of a red colour all but the Nosthrils and the nail or hook at the end which are black At the base of the upper Mandible near the Head is an oblong carneous bunch or knob The Head and upper part of the Neck are of a black or very dark green shining like silk which to one that views it at a distance appears black The rest of the Neck and region of the Craw milk-white The upper part of the Breast and the Shoulders are of a very fair orange or bright bay-colour The fore-part of the body is encompassed with a broad ring or swath of this colour Along the middle of the Belly from the Breast to the Vent runs a broad black line Behind the Vent under the tail the feathers are of the same orange or bay colour but paler The rest of the Breast and Belly as also the underside of the Wings is white The middle of the Back white The long scapular feathers black All the Wing-feathers as well quils as coverts excepting those on the outmost joynt are white Each Wing hath about twenty eight quil-feathers the ten foremost or outmost whereof are black as are those of the second row incumbent on them save their bottoms Above these toward the ridge of the Wing grow two feathers white below having their edges round about black The next twelve quils as far as they appear above their covert-feathers are white on the inside the shaft on the outside tinctured with a dark shining green The three next on the inside the shaft are white on the outside have a black line next the shaft the remaining part being tinctured with an orange colour The twenty sixth feather is white having its outer edge black The Tail hath twelve feathers white and tipt with black all but the outmost which are wholly white The Legs and feet are of a pale red or flesh-colour the skin being so pellucid that the tract of the veins may easily be discerned through it It hath as it were a double Labyrinth at the divarication of the Wind-pipe It s flesh is not very savoury or delicate though we found neither fish nor fish-bones in its stomach They are called by some Burrow-Ducks because they build in Coney-burroughs By others Sheldrakes because they are particoloured And by others it should seem Berganders which name I find in Aldrovand Book 19. Chap. 19. We have seen many of them on the Sea-coasts of Wales and Lancashire nor are they less frequent about the Eastern shores of England §. V. The sharp-tail'd Island Duck of Wormius called by the Islanders Havelda IT is less than the broad-bill'd Duck called by Gesner Schellent From the crown of the Head to the Rump of a foot and three inches length It s Head is small compressed having white feathers about the Eyes on the crown black ones inclining to cinereous The Neck is of the same colour The Back down to the Rump is black with a

Columba Groon landica The Greenland Dove Corvi Indici rostrum The bill of an Indian Raven Snares for Wood-cocks The Crow-nett The Italian Lanciatoia A pair of Day-netts The Pantiere Nett A Trap Cage for Night-ingales The Sparrow Nett Catching birds with a setting Dog and Nett A Tunnelling Nett for Partridge Tunnelling for Quails The Explication of the Letters added to the Figure of the Day-Nets A A Shews the bodies of the main Nets and how they ought to be laid B B The tail-lines or hinder-lines stak'd to the earth C C The fore-lines likewise stak'd to the earth D The Knitting-needle E The Bird-stale F The Looking-glass-stale G The Line that draws the Bird-stale H The Line which draws the Glass-stale I I The drawing double Lines of the Nets which pull them over twelve fathom long at least but not double above two fathom K K K K The stakes which stake down the four nether points of the Nets and the two Tail Lines L L The stakes which stake down the fore-lines M The single Line with the wooden Button to pull the Net over with O The Mallet of wood P The Hatchet Q Q The Giggs The Bill and its uses The Head The Eyes Membrane fornictation * Of the General of Animals Exer. 18. The Ear. The Bridle of the mouth * i. e The cover of the Windpipe The Epiglottis † The head of the Wind-pipe The Neck The Merry-thought The Wings The exteriour Bastard Wing The interiour Bastard wing The Legs and Feet * Footless Birds of Paradise The Toes What Birds want the back-toe The situation of the Toes * Parrots are rather of the third sort that can move one Toe either way The bones of the Toes The Rump and its Glandules Harvy of Generat Exer. 5. * Ornithol lib. 14. c. 1. All Birds feathered How Penna and Pluma differ * The skin investing the bone The Tail and its uses † Douckers or Loons The Flag-feathers of the Wing Birds moult their feathers yearly The Pectoral Muscles Dura mater * The exteririour and thicker Coat or Tegument of the Brain * The funnel or hole leading to the Pituitaria Glandula * Corpus callosum † Corpora striata * The vaulted roof * Branching or division * The body of the pith of the pith of the back-bone † Watry Excrements * Arteriae Carotides † Textures or complication of vessels * Procissus mammillaris Pap like † Os cribrosum The Lungs * Lib. de Generat Animal Exercit. 3. The perforation of the Lungs The Craw and its use * De Generat Animal Exercit 7. The Stomach or Gizzard and its use Why Birds swallow stones * De Generat Animal Exercit 7. Birds of prey have a membranous stomach The Echinus or Ante-stomach The Appendices or blind guts * The Colic gut The single blind gut called ductus intestinalis The Yolk how conveyed into the guts The passage of the Gaul to the guts The use of the Gaul * The pipe that carries the Gaul from the Liver to the Guts * Of the Generat of Animals Exercit. 7. Birds have large Kidneys and Ureters Two parts in Urine The Pancreas The Testicles The vessel of the Wind-pipe or Labyrinth * Mr. Dent Apothecary in Cambridge The Eggs of Birds Hen-birds have from the beginning all the Eggs they afterwards lay † Past bearing * De Generat Animal Exercit 29. † Egg clusters or knots of Eggs. * Clusters or knots of Eggs. Testes faemineos Ovaria esse The parts of an Egg. 1. The Shell 2. Four Membranes 3. A double White 4. The Yolk 5. Two Treddles * Wind-eggs The use of the Treddles * Little world 6. The Cicatricula or eye of the Egg. The Cicatricula * The cluster of Yolks The stalk of the Egg. Eggs how to set on end Egg-shels dissolved in Vinegar The Chicken is formed of the White of the Egg. The Yolk supplies the room of milk The young is in the cicatricala before incubation * Tractatu de Ovo * The Embryon bird Viviparous Animals bred of Eggs. The supposed Testicles of Females are masses of Eggs. * Sitting upon Eggs. † Going with young Incubation answers to Gestation Spurious Birds bred by anomalous mixtures Hens will breed and lay Eggs without being ever trodden by the Cock. Cock-birds sing and not Hens Hens by being once trodden will lay prolific Eggs for a year after * De generat Animal Exer. 6 * Cluster of Yolks † Knot or cluster of Eggs Timid and short-lived Animals have numerous young or else breed oft or both Birds are longer lived than Quadrupeds A Goose 80 years old A Pelican of the same age * Ornithol tom 2. p. 370. A Linnet of 14 years A Goldfinch of 23 years How far it holds true that those are longest lived which are longest in the womb The figure of the body in Birds Beasts in their kind greater than Birds Description of the Bird Cuntur Tame Birds of the same kind are of different colours c. wild constant to the same Birds some gregarious some fly by pairs c. Birds pair together imitating a Conjugal life Birds sleep with their head under their wing and standing on one foot Natural instincts in Birds Admirable instincts of Birds The affection of Birds to their Eggs and Young Birds come to their growth sooner than Quadrupeds Birds very ingenious * i. e. The blind guts The Easse Soland Geese Land fowl Water fowl Hook-bill'd birds Streightbill'd birds * In the Chapter of the Rook. * Out of the Epit. of Husbandry * About a yard or yard and half English * See Chap. 6. §. 3. 25 H. 8. c. 11. confirmed 3 4 Ed. 6. c. 7. 34 Ed. 3. 22. 37 Ed. 3. 19. 11 H. 7. 17. 9. H. 3. 13. 23 Eliz. 10. 1 Jac. 27. 7 Jac. 11. 22 23 Car. 2. c. 25. It s Weight It s Length Breadth The Beak The Mouth The Tongue The Palate The Sear The neckfeathers * Of a rasty colour The Eye-lids The Eye-brows The Eyes The Wings The Train The colour of the whole body The Flag-Feathers The Legs * Lib. 2. cap 4. ●● Avibus The Feet The Talons * Rings or annular Scales The fierceness of the Golden Eagle The Bigness The Beak The Tail The feathers The bald Buzzard described for the Sea-Eagle That the Ossifrage of Aldrovandus is the Sea-Eagle The description of the Ossifrage It s length Breadth Weight Beak Tongue The Palate The head and neck The Beard The colour of the Feathers The Flags The Train The Legs The body covered with Down The Toes The Talon * Golden Eagle Clusius takes this for the Sea-Eagle This is the English Osprey That it hath not one foot webbed the other cloven The Oyl of Osprey * The Town Hall Its Bigness Colour The Beak Eyes Legs The Black Eagles of Aldrov the same with ours It s Name Bigness Weight Length Breadth The Beak The Nares Colour of the Beak The

Picture was taken we should have had a better and truer description of it * i. e. The Land Runner † Genus Out of Marggrave * Or red-lead colour * The horned bird * Gallinae Numidicae perchance he may mean Turkeys * I suppose he was herein mistaken for no bird we ever saw hath an equal number of joynts in every toe save the Swift * The Latine words are anteriùs acuminatum * Ornithol. book 19. chap. 16. * Coot * Calvities * Lib. 19. cap. 55. † Here he is mistaken for the Flammant hath longer * Or such as have but three toes and such as have four * Elated * Musei lib. 3. cap. 19. * But the eleven outmost * Tom. 3. pag. 240. * The Coot * It is another Bird which the Scots about the Bass Island and the Northumbers about the Farn Islands call a Skout viz. the Alka of Hoier * Tom. 3. pag. 215. † Ash-coloured * Black and blue the colour in the skin after a stroke or confusion * This Island is not far distant from the Promontory of Carnarvanshire * Bare of feathers * See his Annotations on Recchus his Animals * He so calls this bag under the Bill * Os hyoides * In his Annotationsupon Recchus his Animals * Lib. 10. chap. 54. * This mark agrees also to the Cormorant * Auctar. ad lib. 5. cap. 6. exotic * Mergi aquatici * The word is Hamuli signifying little hooks * In Germany the women wear great round furcaps as big and round almost as Turbants * Or their beginning perchance he may mean near the ridge * The Earl of Darby * The same is reported of the French Macreuse perch ance the same bird with the Puffin * The Cormorant * Ornithol book 16. chap 63. * Or grey for they are made up as it were of innumerable little black points or specks * Diver of the River Rhine * Have the Tail * Rusty * Coalitis i. t. growing together * Internodia i. e. bones between joynt and joynt * I suppose our English name Loon is borrowed of them * Zona a border or fringe * Prasini i. e. a leck colour * Nefuc * This is true especially of the greater Gulls * Feeding upon fish * Or but a very small one * Larus ingens marinus * Sweet-bread * Sure the Picture is false in this for nothing of green appears in any Gull we ever yet saw † A Strasburgh yard is not much above half a yard English * Or Adams Apple * Tom. 3. pag. 73. * I suppose it should have been upon the Wings * Ornithol Book 19. Chap. 4. * Cinereous † Reach beyond * Dusky * The word extremitatibus which may as well signifie edges or extremities * Tom. 3. pag. 81. * Ornithol t. 3. p. 19. * Masae book 3. chap. 13. * Breast-bone * Ornithol tom 3. p. 166. † Kind * Fleshy protuberance * Bottom * The soft-feathered Duck. * Upper part of the Neck * A back-toe he means * Bone● * Gilvo * Or dusky fascil * Ruffus * Ornithol c. 3. p. 217. * Ornithol p. 227. * Corvus aquaticus * That is four eyes * Tom. 3. pag. 224. * Blackish * Anas platyrhynchos erythropus * Recurvum * Anati muscariae * Mustilin● coloris * Or four corner'd * Tom. 3. pag. 212. * Fuscis dusky * Anas mediae magnitudinis * Stand up or out but very little * Mr. Willughby describes them to be of a purplish colour with a mixture of cinereous * Teal * I suppose he means that the inner quils or those next the body are of a dark grey as was before intimated * Or border or perchance outside * Good against poison and infection * A freed man * Tuberous naked flesh * African or Guinny Duck. * Coarse * Or Swathe * Here seems to be some fault in the Copy the following sentence arguing the word Tolcomoctli to be the name of another though like Bird. * Not native of it being a bird of passage I suppose here is the the mistake in the Copy or Author and that it should be red * The word is unguium it may be the Author may mean humane nails * I suppose this word is mistaken for what pinnae sylvestres mean I know not * Of many notes * Be careful to feed clean the benefit whereof few take notice of * This my Author upon his own experience denies † For the Falcon. I speak this by experience and on my credit The Skrabe or Puffin The Lunde or Coulterneb The Lumwifve or Guillem The Daw or Razor-bill