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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
land_n	country_n	day_n	great_a	2,103	5	2.8741	3	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A65153	The vulcano's, or, Burning and fire-vomiting mountains, famous in the world, with their remarkables collected for the most part out of Kircher's Subterraneous world, and exposed to more general view in English : upon the relation of the late wonderful and prodigious eruptions of Ætna, thereby to occasion greater admirations of the wonders of nature (and of the God of nature) in the mighty element of fire.; Mundus subterraneus. English. Selections	Kircher, Athanasius, 1602-1680.	1669 (1669)	Wing V688; Wing K624; ESTC R7959	57,839	80

about it like a great long Cloud and often hurling forth Stones and Cinders Wherefore the story of Empedocles the Sicilian Philosopher's throwing himself down head-long thereinto is by some call'd into question For it is impossible to be approach'd by reason of the violent Wind the suffocating Smoak and the consuming Fervour yet he might approach too near and perish This Mountain hath flamed in times past so abundantly That by reason of the smoke the Air involv'd with burning Sands and thick Vapours The Inhabitants hereabout could not see one another if we may give credit to Cicero for two dayes together The extraordinary eruption thereof hath been and is to this day reputed ominous For so the most famous Conflagrations in former times hapned hard before the Servile War in Sicily which was not pacisi'd and ended but by the slaughter of three score and ten thousand of the Slaves who had taken up Arms against Rome by the Praetors at which time it raged so violently that Africa was thereof an astonish'd Witness This was about the Year of the World 3900. not long before Christ. And so shortly after the death of Julius Caesar when not only the Cities thereabout were damnified thereby but divers in Calabria also and portended those Proscriptions and bloody Wars which did after follow But these great Eruptions of Fire are not now so ordinary as they have been formerly The matter which gave Fewel to it being wasted by continual Burnings So that the flames which issue hence are hardly visible but by night though the smoke shew it self the most part of the day Yet even at this day once in three or four years it falleth in great flakes on the Countrey below and Vales adjoyning to the terror of the Inhabitants the destruction of their Vintage and great loss of the Countrey But that they say is recompensed by the plenty of the following Years The Ashes thereof according to Strabo so batling and enriching of the Soyl that both the Vines and Corn-fields are much bettered by it and prosper above admiration For indeed we find by experience that Turf of the Ground burnt to Ashes and so spread on Land and ploughed into it doth yeeld a very great improvement even to barren Soyls Howbeit at this day much Ground about it lies wast by means of the ejected Pumice Besides the Countrey hereabouts is daily forraged by Thieves who lurk in a Wood of eight miles compass that neighbours upon Catania But Virgil's admirable Description may serve for all Aetna here thunders with an horrid noise Sometimes black Clouds evapoureth to Skies Fuming with pitchy curls and sparkling Fires Tosseth up Globes of flames To Stars aspires Now belching Rocks The Mountain's Entrals torn And groaning hurls out liquid Stones thence born Through th' Air in showres and from its bottom gloes Like boyling Fornace The reason of these Fires is the abundance of Sulphur and Brimstone contained in the Bosom of the H●ll inkindled by Subterraneous Heats Spirits and Fires with the free ventilation of the Sulphurous and easily inflamable Air and agitating Winds through these open Vulcanian Vents and Funnels with innumerable Chinks Trunks Pipes and Caverns with other conveyances through the Earth c. Also through the Chinks and Chaps of the Earth there is continual more fewel added to the Fire the very Water adding to the force of it As we see the Water cast on Coals in the Smiths Forge doth make them burn more ardently And besides prepares the matter with due moisture to be fit Fuel for new Fires c. And Sicily is an Island all over Cavernous and Fistulous and pervious to the penetrating Winds and under-ground Fires and inflamable Spirits and within abounding with Sulphur Bitumen and other fit Fuel and Materials c. And so is most convenient both for inward Combustions and outward Ventilations and thereby for the extreamest Inflamations and Burnings But the Original Sourse and Fountain or first and principal cause of all these are by some later accounted to be the Subterraneous Abysses and Storehouses of Fire and Heat which Nature has provided and furnished her self with under ground in her inward parts for the necessary uses and occasions of her exteriour c. As was at the beginning observ'd The reason of this flame is thus set down by Ovid. A Rozen Mould these fiery flames begin And Clayte Brimstone aids that Fire within Yet when the slimy Soyl consumed shall Yeeld no more food to feed the Fire withal And Nature shall restrain her nourishment The flame shall cease hating all famishment But more fully by Lucretius Hollow the Mountain is throughout alone Supported well-nigh with huge Caves of Stone No Cave but is with Wind and Air repleat For agitated Air doth Wind beget Which heats th' imprisoning Rocks when hot it grows The Earth chaft by his fury and from those Strikes forth fire and swift flame It self on high It mounts and out at upright Jaws doth flie And Fire sheds far off far off dead Coals Transports and fumes in misty darkness rowls Ejecting Stones withal of wondrous size All which from strength of strugling Winds arise Besides against the Mountains Roots the Main Breaks her swoln Waves and swallows them again From whence unto the Summit of th' Ascent The undermining Caves have their extent Through which the Billows breath and flames out-thrust With forced Stones and dark'ning showrs of dust Besides as was said before Aetna is full of Sulphur and Bitumen apt to be kindled And so is all Sicily the principal Reason that it is so fertile But after all this we will give you Kircher's later and more particular Relation and Description both of it and its Causes and of its most noted Eruptions c. A Description of Aetna by Kircher Wherein as in a certain Prototype the Reasons of Subterraneous Fires and their never failing food are demonstrated as we use to say to the Eye When I survey'd Sicily in the year 1638. before all things I thought fit to examine the Mountain Aetna most of all celebrated by the Monuments of all Writers A great Prototype I say of all burning Grounds and that the most famous type of almost whatsoever kind of ragings by Sea or Land outragious And with this one onely spectacle of Nature alone Sicily is and ever was admirable Seeing you can scarce find an Author either of the Antients or Moderns whom the violence of its ferocious nature hath not drawn into admiration and astonishment Yet because they have only beheld afar off the genuine Causes of so great effects We coming a little nearer to the matter from those things which in these last times have been oberved with my own eyes intending to prosecute its Nature and Constitution we will endeavour to demonstrate opportunely the cause of so strange and exotick effects Aetna therefore is one onely Mountain rearing up on high its Top or Spire unto thirty miles according to the Axis or direct line through the

Regions abounds with these vomiting Mountains of fire Persia has divers Vulcano's And in the Island Armuzia The Island Zeilan remarkable by the name of Adam In Persia itself many sulphurous Craters or Cups very terrible to Travellers with Susis in Media and Cophantus in the Region of the Bactrians sormidable to beholders In the Moguls Empire in the Kingdom of Ingoston Tibet Camboi every where these kind of Mountains and in the most vast Kingdom of China But especially the Molucco-and Philippine-Islands and the universal Archipelago of St Lazarus so abounds with these Vulcanian places that there 's scarce an Island without them either in the Crater's or deep mouth'd Cups and hellish ditches if not upon the Mountains themselves Also in the Bandan's whereof the Mountain Gourapi most eminent in both the Java's within the entrails of most high Mountains The Mountain Balalvanus in Sumatra The inaccessible Mountain in the Island Terenate In the Maurician Islands the Mountain Tola In Tandaia nigh the Promontory of the Holy Ghost are found some also as also in the Island Marindica Moreover in Jappan no small number near the City Firandus and a famous one over against the City Tanaxuma in one of the Seven Sisters Islands so called and several other circumjacent Islands every where which through subterraneous Burrows or Channels have occult commerce with St. Lazarus Islands in the Archipelago even to new Guiny and those called Solomon's Islands and from thence to other Islands of the Pacifick commonly call'd the South Sea For in new Guiny as also in the Southern Land are observed such Mountains to the great astonishment of Mariners And the like are seen in the vast Southern Ocean or South Sea In the Indian Ocean every where Desert and Rockey Mountains discover their smoking Chimneys even in the shores of Northren Tartary towards Muscovy are frequent Vulcanello's and in all the Ocean and Islands almost c. which we leave and come to Africa Where Fight famous Vulcano's are observ'd Two in Monomotopa Four in Angola Congus and Guiny One in Lybia and One in Ab●ssia besides innumerable Craters and sulphurous Dens every where obvious some whereof having consum'd their combustible matter have ceas'd again to re-inkindle when they shall have ripen'd and concocted again their recruited matter and fuel The Atlantick Sea so abounds with subterraneous Fires that Plato's Land call'd Atlantis seems to have been swallow'd up from no other cause but the outrages of these fues and earthquakes thence arising And to this very day some Tracts are every where infested with flames and fires breaking forth from their under-ground store-houses the violence and rage whereof both Columbus and Vespuccius at their great peril had experience of The Terzera's can scarce be inhabited for the vehemency of fires The Canary Islands and in them the Pico or Pike a Mountain of immense Altitude equal to Taenariff belches forth flames to this very day as also the Plains of the circumjacent Islands stuffed with brimstone and sulphurous-unctuous matter The Islands of St. Helen and of the Ascention to have stam'd heretofore both the burnt Rocks of Mountains and the Cinders and plenty of Mineral and Stone-coals burnt and chark'd as it were do sussiciently shew Yet no part of the world more famous than America which you may call Vulcan's Kingdom In the Andes alone which they call the Cordillera from a Coneatenation of Mountains in the Kingdom of Chile are fifteen Vulcano's To these you may adjoyn the Vulcano's out of the Southern part of the Magellanick Sea commonly call'd Terra del Fuego In Peru not fewer then in Chile six of inaccessible height and three in the continued tops of the Andes besides innumerable Vulcanian Ditches Pits and Jakes In Carappa a Province of Popayan is a Mountain raging with smoke and flames chiefly in serene weather The City Paraquipa ninety leagues distant from Lima has a Mountain near it casting forth continually such sulphurous fires that the People are greatly afraid lest sometime at length the Eruptions should utterly destroy the whole Region At the valley of Peru call'd Mulahallo fifteen leagues distant from the City Quito is another Vulcan continually belching sorth flames far and near and threatning the People In the Northern America are observed five partly in new Spain viz. Three formidable for their belching flames partly in new Granada partly in the very heart and midst of Califormia and the more in-land Mexican Kingdom In Nicaragua one Another neer Aquapulcus three neer the Continent of Califormia And in the American Mediterranean Sea two others and innumerable others 't is like not yet discover'd through all the Terr-aqueous Globe In Europe five chief ones are noted viz. Aetna in Scicily by the Monuments of all Writers whether Poets or Historians most famous Strongylus and some other of the Liparitan Islands not very remote from Scicily especially that notorious by the name of Vulcano to which is adjoyn'd another call'd Vulcanello said all to have burnt heretofore call'd the Vulcano's or Vulcanian Islands The Mountain Hecla in Izland in the surthest North and Chimaera in Greece besides many others in each particular Country at least Fire-wells Pits and Orifices c. Among all which Italy throughout all Ages is the most notorious for such underground Harths and Aestuaries of which more particularly by its self And indeed Italy is most fitly seated of all Countries of Europe for such vast Combustions and Eruptions of fire Neither are Germany France Spain and other Countries wholly distitute of theirs where though there be none answerable to the other yet both the frequent sulphureous Craters and deep burning Ditches and Pits vomitting forth smoke and flames and also the innumerable multiude of hot Baths and Wells every where do betray some store and work-houses of subterraneous fire creeping between their Conservatories and Abysses of water In Misnia in Germany the Mountain Carbo ever and anon rages with sume and fire c. Neither are the furthest Tracts of the North too cold and frozen for them Four whereof Authors reckon in the Region of the Tynsei in Tartary In Lapland high Mountains are observ'd to belch forth flames like Aetna In Izland the famous Hecla And lest Nature might seem to have lest the furthest Regions of the North curs'd with the Everlasting inclemency of Cold and Ice it has constituted an huge Vulcanian Mountain in the Island call'd Groenland next to the Pole And others in the Neighbouring whether Islands or Continents scituated about the Pole which they continue even unto the Creeks and Bayes of the Southern Land call'd Del Fuego So that many think that the Tracts of the Northern Pole inaccessible by reason of the multitude of these fire-spewing Mountains CHAP. III. Of the Vulcano's of Italy Scicily and Neighbouring Islands ITaly and the adjacent Island have in all times afforded prodigious Heats Combustions Aestuaries hot Baths Conflagrations and Eruptions of burning flames and

since it hath been wonderfully feared excepting of late years again And although it hath made sundry dreadful devastations yet the fruitful Ashes thrown about did seem to repair the forego● 〈◊〉 with a quick and marvellous fertility At the foot of the 〈◊〉 there are divers ve●s out of which exceeding cold winds do 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 such as by Venteducts from the vast Caves above 〈◊〉 they le● 〈◊〉 their Rooms at their pleasure to qualifie the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 It seems Records of History reach beyond the Be● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of this Mountain For Spartacus the 〈◊〉 and Ring-leader of the fugitive Bond-slaves which was about the year of the Word 3880 and before Christ about 70. no less a terror unto Rome than Hannibal did make this Mountain the seat of his War where besieged by Clodius he by a strange straragem with bonds made of Vines descended into the bottom of the Hill being long before it first began to flame and finding out a private passage issued suddenly upon the unsuspecting Romans seiz'd on their Tents and pursuing his Victory over-ran all Campania Since The year 1610 has been memorable for the burning flames of the Mountain Vesuvium the which being renewed on the month of February brought a very large wasting but a great affrightment to the Neapolitans who solemn supplications being proclaimed went in Procession with the Head of Januarius their Patron and Defender of their City carried about whereby the silly people were made to believe the destruction hanging over their heads to have been turned away even as they are to this day Also in the year 1631 was a new Eruption Earthquakes and Roarings as usually preceding And again in a flame in 1635 with an Earthquake in Messina as likewise again in 1638. And indeed not quite appeas'd and extinct all that time most likely The same year 1634 or 35 but this occasionlly by the by even England shook and trembled about London a Marsh there boyling with black waters c. Also at Witteberg it rained Brimstone And in the month of May 1644 a great Wood belonging to the Dukedom of Norimberg of eight thousand Acres of Land burned in a flame with divers other like Prodigies Petav. Hist. Lastly in 1660 Vesuvius again brake forth with Combustions There remains nothing more to add but Kircher's particular relation and account thereof who in the year 1638 ventured up to observe its nature and workings As he had done Aetna and Strumboli before in the same year when all those Mountains were outragious with most devouring Eruptions Where observing things past all belief in all of them could do so much with him that from thence he took occasion and beginning of happily setting upon that glorious work of his Subterrantous World since accomplished Of an exact Search and Enquiry made into the Mountain Vesuvius by Kircher in the year 1638. Having a very earnest desire a long time to understand the Miracles of Subterraneous Nature it happened that at the same time by command of my Superiours I undertook a voyage into Sicily and Malta in attendance on the most excellent Prince Frederick Land-grave of Hassia at that time chief Admiral now a most worthy Cardinal whose Confessor I was Entring therefore into Sicily I found such a Theater of Nature displaying her self under wonderful variety of things as I had with so many desires wished for Sith what ever thing occurs in the whole body of the Earth that is wonderfull rare unusual and worthy of Admiration I found contracted here as it were in an Epitomie by a certain industry of wise and sagacious Nature Being inflamed therefore with an huge desire of searching out all things particularly Above all things first I ascended Aetna the fountain of all other Prodigious Effects in Sicily that I might by my own experience and with my own eyes find out the wonderful things which Historians of all ages have writ thereof Then with utmost diligence I searched the Aeolian or Hophaestian that is the Laparitan Islands now call'd the Vulcanello's or Vulcanian Islands And above all the rest Strongylus now Stromboli and Vulcano I search'd out also the Sicilian Straits called Faro di Messina no less dangerous for the incredible Reciprocations of its Ragings than infamous for Shipwracks with the wonderful motions of Scylla and Charybdis and vicissitudes of their Ebollitions And whatsoever things stupendous did occur were presently committed to Table-Books and after return home seriously weighed and deliberated by solid and exact Reason c. But in return home with some certain private persons we were by wonderful and unusual storms and ragings of the Sea to the danger of our lives forced upon the Shoars of Calabria or Terra di Otranto At the time of those horrible Earthquakes and strivings of Nature then outragious in those places to the greatest peril of our lives But had thereby opportunity of learning many Secrets of Nature After the happening of all which I had then a desire being in those parts to visit the famous Vesuvius also The Relation of which wonderful Earthquakes now mentioned we according to our present method reserve to another place afterwards passing them by here to give first his particular account of Vesuvius though last with him which is our present Argument The RELATION After therefore so great dangers sustained by Sea and Land After having diligently searched out the incredible power of Nature working in subterraneous burrows and passages I had a great desire to know whether Vesuvius also had not some secret commerce and correspondence with Strongylus and Aetna in so powerfull a war and strife of Nature as I had every where experience of before I went therefore unto Porticus the Porch or Entrance a Town scituated at the foot of the Mountain Hence hiring an honest Country-man for a true and skilfull companion and guide of the wayes not without indeed an ample reward I ascended the Mountain at midnight through difficult rough uneven and steep passages At whose crator or mouth when I had arrived I saw what is horrible to be expressed I saw it all over of a light fire with an horrible combustion and stench of Sulphur and burning Bitumen Here forthwith being astonished at the unusual sight of the thing Methoughts I beheld the habitation of Hell wherein nothing else seemed to be much wanting besides the horrid fantasms and apparitions of Devils There were perceived horrible bellowings and roarings of the Mountain An unexpressible stink Smoaks mixt with darkish globes of Fires which both the bottom and sides of the Mountain continually belch'd forth out of Eleven several places and made me in like manner ever and anon belch and as it were vomit back again at it O the depth of the Riches of the Wisdom and Knowledge of God! How incomprehensible are thy wayes If thou shewest thy power against the wickedness of mankind in so formidable and portentous Prodigies and Omens of Nature What shall it be in that last day wherein the