They held in most straight subiection all the people of Egypt and of Suria forbidding them to haue any weapons or to ryde on horsebacke They were not aboue sixteene thousand but they intertained many seruants vnder them and being men of great force and hardynesse they had not only tamed many bordering nations and beaten the Arabians but also made many warres against the Turkes enuying their prosperitie of whome they remained often victorious and were seldome or neuer vanquished by them But when as they were deuided and bandded in partalities Selim the Turke defeated them in two battailes killing in the first the SOVLDAN SAMPSON who was gone into Suria with an armie to helpe the Sophi then prosecuting his victory he went into Egypt against him that was chosen SOVLDAN in steed of him that was dead whom hee tooke and made him ignominiously to bee caryed on a poore Camell with his face backwardes all alonge the great streete of Cair and to bee hanged at the gate of that Citie doubling his power by the Conquest of such a state much reuerenced by those of the religion of Mahomet and redoubted because of the valyance of the MAMMELVCS whoe were massacred in suche sorte that there name is almost extinguished There remayne yet other great kingdomes of this time as of NARSINGVE in the Indies and of PRESBITER IOHN in Africke called Lacâ—gue Negus of the ABYSINS being baptized and circumcised Christians and of the MOSCOVITE in the north a Christian also but after the Greeke maner The king of Narsingue which is of the auncient religion of the Bramines yeldeth to no king of the world in riches power and magnificence intertaining forty thousand horsemen of ordinary and foure hundred elephants fitt for war with infinite dromedaries Touching PRESBITER IOHN he commaundeth ouer innumerable nations different in colours and hath vnder him forty kings tributary His landes and seigniories extende toward the West more then twenty daies iourney and he hath gold shut vp in a caue enough to buy the moitie of the world and the quantity is euery day increased and multiplied without taking any thing from it In the spacious kingdome of Ethiopia being so large neuer did the kings sonnes or brothers moue any sedition for the state nor defiled their hands in one anothers bloud but the line of the bloud royall is alwaies conserued by rare hap and neuer yet communicated to any other kingdome whatsoeuer Christian Hebrew Sarazen or Pagan They say it was once reuealed to one of their kings in a dreame that if he desired to haue his kingdome long maintained in peace and vnity he must locke vp all his children which were a great number on a mountaine and that he must keep onely him that he would haue to succeed in his kingdome and this custome remained eternally to his posterity as a thing ordained of the heauens Otherwise that one part of Ethiopia which is so large would come to reuolt against the heire and put him in danger of his life and of his state The king being awaked was meruailously astonished with this nouelty not knowing where he might finde this mountaine Wherefore he had another vision reuealing vnto him that he shoulde marke thorough out al his countrey where he should see goates on the top of rockes so high that they seemed readie to fâ—ll and this should bee the place where he should shut in his children Which the king hauing put in execution the mountaine was found to be of a meruailous height and greatnesse wherein the children of Presbiter Iohn were locked vp and carefully kept for there is no lesse paine to them that come out therehence or which drawe therehence any of those that are shut vp then death hee onely remaining free that ought to raigne by his birth-right or which seemeth the most capable to succeed in that dignity Those which are shut vp doo neuer come forth except it so fall out that Presbiter Iohn depart without heires of his body to inherite the crowne For then they take out him that is next it whome they know to be the worthiest Also the great KNES or king of Moscouie is a great landed man in the North whose dominion is about three monethes iourney in compasse of ground and he possesseth innumerable people nations prouinces duchies principalities and seigniories which the Emperours of Moscouia haue gotten one after another by armes or by other meanes offered them from time to time as Wolodimeria Nouingorod Plescouia Smolenk Tuner Iugaria Permia Viakia Belgaria the lower Nouogorodia Ceruigenia Rozar Volokde Rezomia Rostomi Cazan Ostrakan and others which it woulde be tedious to recite because of the rudenes of their names They say that of all his Lordships there are seuen principall wherehence he can bring forth for a need seuen hundred thousand men of warr all on horsebacke namely out of Plescouia a hundred thousand Nouingorode a hundred thousand Tuner a hundred thousand which are the greatest seigniories that he hath out of Smolenk a duchie vsurped on the king of Poland an other hundred thousand and a hundred thousand out of the Duchy of Moscoâ—ia where is situated the great city of Mosko the seate of the prince The bounds of his empire goe a great way into Asia as far as the Caspian sea neer the lands of the Sophi And hauing won a battaile against the King of Sueuia he is entred into the countrey of Liuonia where Germany beginneth on this side and hath there conquered Riga and Riuallia two great cities pertaining to the maister Duke and Knights of the Teutonian or Dutch order He exceedeth in seuerity and rigour of commanding all the Monarches of the worlde hauing gotten such authority ouer his subiects as well ecclesiasticall as secular that he may dispose at his pleasure of their liues and goods no man daring to gainsay him in any thing They confesse publickly that the will of their prince is the will of God and that all whatsoeuer he doth is done by the diuine prouidence Therfore they name him the Porter of Paradice the Chamberlaine of God and Executor of his will By this meanes is he become so mightie within a little time that all his neighbours which are the Tartarians Sueuians Polonians Liuonians yea and the Turkes themselues doe redoubt him It would be an infinite labour to propose here all the kingdomes and Empires that haue bin or are in reputation But it shall suffice to haue touched such as are best knowen namely those that haue ioyned wisedome with power whereunto this present discourse tendeth The end of the Ninth Booke OF THE POWER LEARNING and other Excellence of this age The Tenth Booke AS the Tartarians Turkes Mammelucs and Sophians haue gotten into the East by their valiancy the glorie of Armes So haue we in these partes towards the West recouered within these two hundred yeares the excellency of Learning and set vp the studies of the scienences after they had long time remained in a manner extinguished
of golde and other good things by them discouered And the Portugales going towards the south beyond the Capricorne haue come to our Anteces prouing all the middle Zone to be inhabited that is to say all that space of ground which is vnder the Zodiack betweene the two tropicks against the opinion of Aristotle and the auncient Poets Afterwards they trauersed toward the Indies and went to our Antipodes obtayning a dominion ouer them Moreouer Paulus Venetus Ludouicus Romanus Franciscus Aluarez Ioannes Leo and others trauailing by land thorough all the coastes thereof haue giuen vs knowledge of infinite Mediterranean or midland coūtries which were not knowen before In such sort that we may truely affirme that the world is wholy manifested at this day and all mankind entierly knowen for now all men may communicate one to another their commodities and supply their mutual wants as inhabiting all the selfe same citie and common wealth of the world A COMPARISON OF THE RICHES of the time present with that of the times past IT is certaine that this age hath bin much enriched and accomodated with many new things seruing not only for necessitie but also for pleasure ornament and magnificence by the foresaid nauigations and discoueries For besides the sugers pearles spices strange and medicinable herbes trees and fruites there haue bin found many mynes of fine Gold towards the South especially in the countrie of PERV where all the vessell and vtensiles of houshold are of gold which hath bin brought into Spaine and dispersed afterwards ouer all Europe But there is no smal difficultie in iudging whether the riches of this time be comparable to that of the time passed For it seemeth that the Auncients were richer when we call to memorie the vnmeasurable quantitie of gold which SARDANAPALVS the last king of the Assyrians consumed at his departure out of the world the riches of the kings MIDAS and CRESVS of PYTHIAS the Bythinian who at his owne charges feasted the Armie of Xerxes and presented him with a great Vine of gold the great treasures found by ALEXANDER in the conquest of Persia. The abundance of gold that was in Iewry in the time of SALOMON the excessiue expenses of ANTONIVS and CLEOPATRA the wealth of CRASSVS a Citizen of Rome accounting no man rich if he could not intertaine an Armie with his reuenew the spoiles which IVLIVS CESAR got in the Gaules and the giftes which he gaue vnto many to draw them to his side The prodigalitie of the Emperours Claudius Caligula and Nero The possessions of Pallas Callistus and Narcissus bondmen And of SENECA the Philosopher who being but priuate men exceeded the publike reuenew of many kings at this day accounted to be verie rich Notwithstanding we vnderstand that the great CHAM of Cathay and PRESBITER IOHN vse a kind of husbandrie neuer before practized togather gold and siluer vnto them and to keepe that which they haue gathered do continue togather in so great quantitie that they haue enough to buy all the rest of the world For th one not vsing money made of any Mettall but either peeces of paper or the rinds of Mulberie trees marked with his Emperial marke The other graines of salt or pepper cornes which they cause to be valued as money they draw to themselues all the gold and siluer of the Countrie and cause it to be melted and then lock it vp in strong places without diminishing of it at any time In such sort that they seem to exceed in wealth all other Princes both auncient modern that were euer renowmed for their riches The kings of PERSIA were not so good husbands which gaue money his course to and fro both of gold siluer in their Countrey that which they drew vnto thēselues they caused to be melted cast into earthen barrels and when the vessels were ful they made them to be caried vp down to follow their Court when they had any need they broke as much as they had vse of They say that the reuenew of the great SIGNOR amounteth to twelue or fifteen Millions of gold wherwith he intertaineth so many men on horseback and on foote by land and by sea in his Court and on his frontiers which do neuer want their pay and yet notwithstanding by good husbandrie laieth vp euery yeare great store of gold and siluer in his treasure house and in the seuen towers of Constantinople Of long time there hath not bin any Lord richer vnder the degree of a King or an Emperour then COSMVS de MEDICIS the first of that name being a Florentine A COMPARISON OF ARTISANS and of workes THE excellent Artisans and exquisite workes are commonly found amongst rich folkes who are curious to haue faire houses moueables garments armes harneis pleasures and delights But poore men are suffised with supplying of their wants Wherefore in those Countries where all riches do abound and namely in great Cities do frequent all kind of workmen which are verie good at this day comming neere to the Auncients in some workes and in others excelling them The GREEKES for a time excelled in all occupations Then the ITALIANS who are ordinarily absolute in whatsoeuer they giue themselues wholy vnto The ALMAINS work wonderfully in all kind of Metalls The FLEMINGS in Paynting and Tapistrie The FRENCHMEN are most industrious to imitate that which they see exactly done elswhere and to represent it afterwards The EGIPTIANS of Cair are verie wittie honouring and esteeming aboue all others the Inuentours of any braue noueltie But the CATHAYANS or CHINOIS haue this perswasion of themselues that they surpasse all men in dexteritie working so liuely that their workes do not seeme to be made by mans hand but by nature her selfe A COMPARISON OF THE MANERS of this present Age with the former IT is an old complaint that maners waxe euery day worse and worse If it were so then men should ere this haue come to the heigth of iniquitie and there should now be no more integritie in them which is not true But we must think that there is a vicissitude and an interchangeable course between vice and vertue which arise and fall by turnes and are oftentimes opposed one against an other as contraries that they may be the better knowen and more easilie discerned Inest enim rebus omnibus quidam velut crbis vt quemadmodum temporum vices ita morum vertantur nec omnia apud priores meliora inquit Tacitus sed nostra quoque aetas multa laudis et artium laudanda posteris tulit It is credible that this complaint hath first proceeded from old men who hauing passed the flower of their age which was full of ioy and gladnes when they come to their extreme old age wherin is nothing but sorow and sadnes they wish againe for the pleasures of youth seeing their sences become feeble and all their members weakned Sometimes also being dispised or neglected of those that erst had honoured them and
thother Phrygia the Lydians Carians Phenicians and Babylonians He ouercame the Bactrians Indians and Cilicians Moreouer also the Saques Paphlagonians Magadides and many other Nations Likewise he made himselfe Lord of the Greeks dwelling in Asia and passing the sea he vanquished the Cyprians and Egiptians He besieged and tooke Babylon which it was incredible that it might either be built by mans workmanship or distroyed by humane power And neuerthelesse he assailed it as an enemie spoiled it as vanquishour and disposed of it as Lord. He brought vnder his obedience so many Nations which were not of his language nor vnderstood not one an other and stretched his dominion ouer so many Regions by the feare of his name In such sort that he astonied all the world and none durst resist him This notwithstanding he made himselfe so much beloued that they desired neuer to haue any other Lord and they reuerenced him as a father gouerning so great an Empire and of such largenes by a meruailous order which he set downe when he was in peace Prouiding for his residence counsail audiences his gards the estate of his house the seruice exercise and health of his person the traine and followers of his Court diuision of his prouinces and gouernments of garrisons in fortresses and frontiers his reuenew iustice and souldiery Showing himselfe religious venerable magnificent liberal and worthie to be imitated in all actions by the Princes that followed after him It is said that Alexander hauing found the sepulcher of Cyrus vncouered and defaced caused him to be put to death which had done it And hauing read the inscription which was in Persian letters and words he willed hit also to be written in Greeke vnderneath and the substance of the inscription being this O Man whatsoeuer thou art and whence soeuer thou comest for I am assured that thou wilt come I am Cyrus he which conquered the Empire for the Persians and I pray thee do not enuie me this little earth which couereth my poore bodie These words moued greatly the hart of Alexander to compassion when he considered the vnstabilitie of things XENOPHON vnderstanding Cyrus to haue bin a Prince so admirable in his deedes and excellent in gouernment of men he chose him to expresse in his person the image of a iust and moderate raigne writing of his institution which is one of the best bookes that is to be read in Greeke Plato acknowledging him for a worthy and valiant Prince said that he failed greatly in bringing vp of his children for beginning from his youth to make warre and being busied all his life therein he neuer thought on the gouernment of his house but left his two sonns CAMBISES and SMERDES to the Ladies of the Court and to the Eunuches to bring vp who brought them vp as children that were borne happie not suffering any to gainsay them in any sort and constrayning all to praise whatsoeuer they did or said As Cyrus then was a Maister of a great multitude of men and beasts and of many other things he did not consider that they to whom he was to leaue so many good things were not brought vp in the auncient Persian discipline but in the corrupt discipline of the Medes which was the cause of making them such as commonly they are which are brought vp with so much libertie Succeeding their father then after his decease first th one slew the other not being able to endure an equal and then like a mad man through dronkennesse and ignorance he lost his estate by reason of the contempt which men had of his follie Then DARIVS the first of that name came to the Empire who was no kings sonne nor brought vp in Courtly delights who gouerned himself by the Lawes bringing in a common equalitie and making friendship amongst them all whom he won with good deedes So being beloued of his subiects he conquered no fewer Countries then Cyrus had left him ordayning thorough out all the Countries landes and Lordships vnder his obedience twentie gouernments called in the Persian language Satrapies and taxing the annuall tributes which euery of them ought to pay in siluer after the waight of the Babylonian talent or in gold according to the Euboick for during the raigne of Cyrus and his sonne Cambyses there was no tribute imposed but the Countries brought certaine presents and gaue certaine gratuites and giftes to the king by reason of which imposition the Persians said that DARIVS was a Merchant CAMBISES a Lord and CYRVS a father because that Darius was too good a husband drew profit out of euery thing Cambises proude and cruel but Cyrus soft kind gentle and gratious hauing procured all good things vnto the Persians The first Satrapie comprehended the Iouians the Magnetians which are in Asia the Eolians Carâ—ans Lycians Melyans and Pamphylians all which made but a tribute of fortie talents of siluer The second was of the Mysians Lydians Alysonians Cabalians and Higennians which paied fiftie talents of siluer The third of the Hellespontins Phrygians Paphlagonians Mariandines and Syrians taxed at CCClx. talents The fourth of the Cilicians which were bound to furnish euery yeare CCClx. white horses which was for euery day in the yeare a seueral horse paying moreouer fiue hundred talents wherof a hundred and fortie were appointed for the finding of the said horses and the other three hundred three score went into the kings cofers The fifth began at the Citie of Possidea situated in the mountains of Cilicia and Syria and stretched out vnto Egipt except Arabia which was exempted This parcel of land wherin were comprehended Phenicia Palestina and the Isle of Cypres yeelded CCCL talents The sixth consisted in all Egipt and the bordering Africans with Cyrene and Barce which contributed with them so that the annual reuenew was of seuen hundred Talents besides the fishing of the poole Meris and without reckoning of the Wheat which was prouided for six score thousand Persians and their auxiliaries keeping garrison within the white wals of Memphis The seuenth was of the Sattagidians Gaudarians Dadiques Aparites which was Clxx. taleÌ„ts The eight contained the towne of Sourses and an other portion of the Cysses yeelding CCC The ninth consisted in the Citie of Babylon and the rest of Assyria finding a thousand talents of siluer fiue hundred gelded boies Of the tenth ordained for Ecbatane the rest of Media with the xj consisting of the Paricanians Orthocorimbantes were receiued CCCCL talents The twelfth reached from the Bactrians to the Egles and was charged with CCClx. talents The thirteenth began at Pactica with the Armenians and other bordering lands and was bounded with the greater sea being taxed at CCCC talents The fourteenth consisted in the Sagarties Sarangres Thamanees Thiries Meces and in the people of the Islands of the red sea the tribute amounting vnto six hundred talents In the fifteenth were the Saces and Caspians which yeelded CCL In the sixteenth the Parthians Chorasmians Sogdians
should be immortal euen as the CHRISTIANS and SARAZENS beleeue OF THE NOBILITIE AMONGST the Egiptians Persians Assyrians Indians Scythians Thracians and other auncient and moderne Nations THey indeed were reputed noble in Egipt Persia Scythia Iberia Assyria India Thrace and other auncient Nations which made profession of Armes and medled not with mechanicall arts to whom according to the qualitie of the Countrie were appointed lands rents and reuenewes out of the publike for their honest intertainment and to the end they might not be constrained by want to exercise any other questuarie gainfull and base maner of liuing It was not lawful in EGIPT for men of warre called Culasyres and Hermotiuies to vse any other art but militarie which they taught and deliuered from hand to hand and from the father to the sonne LICVRGVS forbad the LACEDEMONIANS all Mechanical arts and occupations yea euen merchandize and traficks accounting such vocations to belong to bondmen or strangers or to men of base condition and putting Armes onely in the hands of his Citizens whom he would haue altogether free and truely militarie HER ODOTVS writeth that the PERSIANS honoured valiant men of warre more then all other Nations and that they made no account of marchandise Moreouer that not onely the Persians but also the Egiptians Thracians Scythians Lydians and almost all the barbarous Nations esteemed artisans the basest of all men yea euen their children and their whole race That the GREEKS also and aboue all the Lacedemonians and Corinthians made little reckoning of the artificers And Plato in the second and eight booke of his Common wealth and in the beginning of his Timaeus willeth the Nobles and men of warre to abstaine from tilling the ground and from Mechanicall artes and other questuarie occupations At this day the ARABIANS do vtterly detest all Mechanicall sciences And the Nobilitie or Gentlemen of FRANCE are forbidden by the auncient ordinances of the Countrie to exercise merchandize or any other questuarie art on paine of beeing depriued of their nobilitie and to pay taxe as those of the common sort The like do the NOBLES and Gentlemen of Spayne Lumbardie Naples England Germanie Hungarie and Poland holding it a thing not onely vnworthy of Nobilitie but also to be an act derogating from the priuiledge thereof to exercise in steede of Armes a mechanicall art or to vse trade of marchandize if it be not of things of their owne growing of which the traficke is permitted them The Nobles of Persia vse it in like maner possessing fees and vnderfees with vassals relieuing of them also landes castels townes and Countries which they hold either by succession of their parents or by giftes and benefites of the SOPHI their Prince for the which they are bound to serue him in his warres furnishing a number of men according to the value of their reuenewes And in INDIA the Naires are held in such reputation as the Gentlemen in these parts being constrayned ordinarily to beare swords targets bowes lances and such other armes vsed amongst them otherwise they should lose the name and priuiledge of nobilitie In TVRKIE there is no distinction of Nobilitie drawen from the auncestours but he onely amongst the Turkes is reputed noble who in matter of warre hath giuen many proofes of his valiancie When the OTTOMAN conquereth any Countrie he extinguisheth the great ones and the nobilitie and sendeth thither his Sangiacques Subassis and Spachis giuing them the fruites of the fees and appointing rents on the reuenew of his lands which are called Timarly Euery SPACHI is bound to haue so many horses and men as he hath fiue or six Aspers a day to spend both of his pay and of his Tymar or yearely rent They cannot make ouer the fees which they hold to their children without the expresse permission of the great SIGNOR And none enioyeth the nobilitie of any father whose sonne he is vntill by industrie he represent the person of his father and not in word None there possesseth any villages castles or townes after the maner of the Persians or of vs or inhabiteth strong houses or dareth to build aboue one storie or higher then a douecote In ENGLAND at this day the Nobilitie do not dwell in castels or houses of strength closed with motes and diches neither haue they any iurisdiction ouer men which is in the kings hand be it high base or meane The dignities themselues as Dukedomes Marquisats and Earledomes are but titles which are giuen at the kings pleasure whereas they which haue them possesse nothing oftentimes in those places whereof they beare the name but haue their lands lying elswhere The Gentlemen in FRANCE possesse in high base and meane iustice villages boroughes townes castels fortresses Baronies Earledoms Marquisats Dukedoms Principalities and Peereships patrimoniall with vassals holding and vnderholding of them bound by faith and homage which iurisdiction notwithstanding dependeth on that of the king and aunswereth at the last appeale to his soueraigne Courts or Parliaments In the ROMAIN EMPIRE the lands were first giuen in reward of seruice to the men of warre for terme of their liues as they are at this day in Turkie after they were made and became patrimoniall and hereditarie to their children And because they were giuen them to liue on in recompence of their seruices they were termed benefits and they which were recompenced in such sort were said to be beneficed or benefited Then by this example the Church comming to be rich by the almesdeeds and foundations of Princes and great Lords they called the Archbishopricks Bishopricks Abbeies Priories and Cures by the name of benefices because the Ecclesiastical persons possessed them after the same maner as the auncient men of warre did their fees and benefices The Emperour ALEXANDER SEVERVS was the first that permitted the heires of those men of warre to inioy theis fees prouided that they followed Armes and not otherwise ordayning most expresly that such heritages should neuer fall but into the hands of such as made profession of armes And a while after him CONSTANTINE the great at the beginning of his Empire gaue to his principall Captaines and to those by whose meanes he thought most to preuaile against his aduersaries a perpetuitie in the lands which were assigned them Whereby one may know that the estate of the Turke resembleth in many things the Romain Empire and the auncient kingdom of Persia in which the whole gouernment was in the disposition of one onely Lord seruing himselfe with meane fellowes which may without danger easily be aduanced to great charges and honours and without tumult or enuie abased withdrawen or put to death But the FRENCH king is placed in the midst of an auncient Nobilitie and companie of Princes Earles Barons and other gentlemen hauing subiects peculier to themselues and holding their preheminence in the kingdom of which they can hardly be depriued without sedition The estates also of lands which were but for life were made perpetuall vnder the last kinges
of the race of Charlemaigne and shortly vpon the comming of Hugh Capet Then such Lords as held the great fees of the kings they subdiuided them to other persons of whom they expected seruice and both th one and thother gaue their lands to the peasants with dueties of rents and with condition to receiue iustice of them Wherehence are come the termes of fees and vnderfees of vassals and vndervassals for a difference from them which relieue directly and without any meane of the king Consequently of Ban arriereban and of liege or bond men who without exception do promise all duetie of fidelitie to their Lords and of those which are not bond or liege which do onely promise a duetie by reason of superiour estate or fee of which theirs which is inferiour dependeth And although at the beginning it was not lawfull for any Roturier or common person to possesse any fee simple but to meddle onely with his traficke tillage or husbandrie and to pay his Lords dueties notwithstanding by succession of time the fees contrarie to their first and auncient institution fell without any difference or distinction into the hands of men of armes and such as were estranged from the exercise of armes of noble and vnnoble of gentlemen and vngentle as merchants practicioners and other rich commoners that had meanes to buy them Moreouer whereas many fees with their dueties were giuen by Kings Princes Lords and Gentlemen to Bishoprickes Abbeies monasteries couents priories chanonries commaunderies hospitals spittels and to other Ecclesiasticall persons which are people of Mortmaine and altogether estraunged from armes the Ban arriereban hath bin much weakned thereby and at length is so low brought and so dispised that euen they which are bound therevnto thinke themselues dishonoured if they appeare there and so send thither their seruants or other mercenarie folkes the most part so euill appointed and in such poore equippage that it is a mockerie to see them whereas in times past the chiefest of Fraunce accounted it a great honour to be there themselues in person So farre haue these sees and vnder fees straied or so ill bin imployed which were erected and ordained for the safetie of the Countrie to the end that such as held them should in all occurrents of businesse be readily furnished with armes men and horses in such number and order as is requisite either to resist the approches of the enemie or to set vpon him if need were By reason whereof the forces of the kingdom are lessned and the Lawes militarie by little and little brought to naught in such sort that the Kings haue bin constrained to ordainè those companies of waged men of armes called ordinances and for their intertainment to impose on the people taxe and tallage Moreouer it is seuen or eight hundred yeres since the Nobilitie hath taken vp the vse of Armes and scutchions with figures of beastes and other things blazoned with diuers colours with termes fitting therunto to th end to discerne and make difference betweene them of their Nobilitie and the antiquities thereof their alliancies and kinreds Which maner was not in vse before CHARLEMAIGNE and hath not gon out of EVROPE being yet vnknowen throughout AFRICKE and ASIA where their Religion forbiddeth them to make the pourtraitures of beastes The Armes in the which ther are Lyons Leopards Tygers Eagles Kytes Faulcons and other rauenous beastes are accounted more noble then those which haue but trees flowers starres barres files or which are onely distinguished with colour or taken from the names of families because they seeme not to haue bin gotten by militarie prowesse or any other vertue To make them correct and expound them are appointed the Herauldes and kings of Armes curiously discoursing of the figures and colours which are in them euen to the mingling and accomodating according to the measure of their vnderstanding and knowledge both Physicke Astrologie and Diuinitie THE ARTISANS AND EXQVI site workes of the Auncients IN EGIPT INDIA and elswhere the gouernment being diuided into many orders or estates it was not lawfull for any to take a wife of other estate but his owne nor to change his vocation because it seemed not reasonable vnto them that a man of armes should labour the earth or that a learned man should become an Artisan Then the Artisans there wrought their workes seuerally euery one by himselfe and not indifferently mingling one occupation amongst the other The like did the husbandmen fishermen and huntsmen and it was not lawfull for one to exercise many trades As then they applied not themselues but vnto such workes as were permitted by the law and which they had learned of their fathers continuing the same all their life they became excellent therein Especially the EGIPTIANS whose workes were meruailously well wrought and euen come to their perfection The great and magnificent buildings made at that time both in ASSIRIA EGIPT and elswhere do euidently show the abilitie of their architects masons statuaries imagers grauers painters caruers carpenters and smithes The same distinction of the multitude by diuers orders and kindes of exercise is vsed at this day at CAIR FEZ MARROCCO and in many other great Cities of Asia and Africk Others account the maner of PARIS more commodious where the Artificers dwel intermingled one amongst the other At this day the Artisans of CATHAY and of CAIR and of PERSIA are found verie exquisite making works so neere approching vnto those of nature that they seeme to be naturall The end of the fowerth Booke OF THE LEARNING POESY Eloquence Power and other excellencie of the Grecians The fifth Booke AT the same time that the Persians swaied by their armes in Asia and that Cyrus founded the Persian Monarchie good letters and Learning were raised vp in Greece and the Countries there about aswell in the Isles as in the maine land and by the learned and renowmed Pythagoras began Philosophie First of all men considering the admirable ornament of the whole world the continuall and peâ—durable motion of the Heauen the varietie and distinction of the starres the intercourse of daies and nights of monethes and yeares continually succeeding the vital power of fire diffused thorough out the whole world the variable aire sustayning with spiration and respiration all liuing creatures the sea beating the bankes with his reciprocal waues receiuing and casting out the other waters without ouerflowing or diminishing the earth which is heaped together on each side thereof for a bound vnto it The vicissitude and order of things both simple and compounded contayned in the circuit of the world being innumerable in multitude and meruailous in beautie They indeuored to search out their properties conueniences and contrarieties as to know whereof they were made and engendred how long they indured what became of them when and how they perished what in them was mortall and corruptible what diuine and perpetual They obserued the course of the starres and the power which they haue heer
in old time contended with the Greekes in matter of armes and of learning who surmounted the elegancie of the Greek tongue by subtil breuitie of speech being most ingenious to vnderstand al subtilities and conueiances of talke and readie to aunswere to arguments proposed vnto them in discoursing conueniently of great affaires wherof they gaue pertinent resolutions without difficultie or delaie They vsed also wise prouerbs and profound riddels not that they vnderstood the subtilities of Chrisippus or of Aristotle or that they had learned this knowledge of Socrates or Plato or Demosthenes for they neither studied Philosophie nor Rhetorick but they did it by the naturall goodnes of their mother wit and sharp vnderstanding wherein the Indians were taken to be better then the Persians And the Nomades of Syria and Arabia verie apt and exquisite to find out the trueth and to refute falshood who euen at this time without hauing giuen themselues to learning do speake verie sufficiently of Astrologie alleaging verie apparant reasons of their sayings which they haue vnderstood by long obseruation and deliuer them from the father to the sonne successiuely and augment them continually THE ELOQVENCE Of the Greekes ELoquence was borne in Athens where also it was fostered and bred and brought vp to his perfection In somuch that in that Citie were seen at onetime ten excellent Oratours of whom Demosthenes appeared to be the best As touching strangers they vsed not any Rhetoricke to circumuent the Iudges or to turne them from the trueth but decided the causes by the bills or writings of the plaintife and defendant who might make their replication or reioinder without disguysing the deeds with faire words or cloaking the trueth with affections And when it was needfull to deliberate in counsaile of state on publike affaires they speak their opinions in few not holding or troubling the assemblie with affected and tedious words THE GREEKE POESIE THere is no Nation which hath had more sorts of Poesie nor more or better Poets then Greece For besides the Heroicks which haue written of diuers matters of warres of naturall philosophie Astrologie Physick Bucolicks and Georgicks there hath bin a great companie of Tragicks Gomicks Elegiacks Lyricks Iambicks Dithyrambicks and Epigrammatists such as elswhere haue not bin found the like saue amongst the Romains and Italians who wrote after imitation of them Of whom shall be spoken hereafter in comparing them together THE GRECIAN HISTORIE IT is naturall to all Nations to seeke out their antiquities and to preserue the memorie of publike affaires by reason wherof there are histories found euery where But whereas others haue contented themselues with bare Annals or Chronicles discribing simply the times persons places affaires the Grecians haue added therunto the ornaments of eloquēce Especially Herodotus and Thucydides hauing surpassed all others that euer medled with writing of histories except peraduenture they oppose vnto them Salust and Liuie of the Latines who after them haue worthely acquited themselues in this kind of writing THE NOBILITIE OF AVNCI ent Greece THe Greekes in old time and namely the Lacedemonians and Corinthians accounted the Artisans base as we haue said heretofore and onely those noble which exercised armes Herodotus doubteth whether they tooke this custome of the Egiptians seeing the Thracians Scythians Persians Lydians and almost all the Barbarians vsed the same The Egiptians endeuoured to proue that the Athenians were discended of a Colony of Scytes a people of the countrie of Egipt as is told in the Timaeus of Plato and rehearsed by Diodorus the Sicilian because that in the townes of Greece the people was diuided into three parts according to the custome of Egipt For the first order of the citie was of the nobles who being giuen aboue all others to the sciences were the more esteemed being therein like to the Priests of Egipt The second was of those to whom lands had bin diuided and assigned to th end they might the better giue themselues to armes for defence of their Countrie like vnto those of Egipt who were inuested with fees and which did wage the souldiers for the warres at their charges The third order was of the meaner sort of people and of Artisans who being giuen altogether to Mechanicall arts furnished many necessarie workes for the whole Communaltie THE ARTISANS AND WORKES of the Grecians THe Artisans of Greece were no lesse excellent in their workes then the learned in their professions and many of them did write of their misteries of whom the most famous in diuers arts haue bin before recited Neuertheles Herodotus in his second booke speaking of the Labyrinth of Egipt and of the Pyramides saith that if any one would make comparison of the buildings fortresses works which were then in Greece he should find that they were all of lesse labour and expence then this labyrinth And albeit the Temple of Ephesus and that of Samos deserued to be reckoned of yet the Pyramides exceeded tongue and pen considering that one of them was equall to all the buildings of the Greekes and yet notwithstanding the Labyrinth surmounted the Pyramides But that the artificial poole of Meris neer vnto which it was seated yelded yet greater meruails Moreouer Diodorus the Sicilian affirmeth that the best cutters caruers of Images that were in Greece learned their measures and dimensions of the Egyptians who amongst al other nations did not measure the composition of statues by the eie but did them by compas to th end that the statue might be made of many and diuers stones gathered into one body obseruing the measures proportions A thing in deed worthy of admiration namely that many Artisans in diuers places should so well agree in one measure that one onely Image entier and perfect should be made by them being separated one from another somtimes of twenty somtimes of forty stones The end of the fifth Booke OF THE POWER WARFARE LEAR ning Eloquence Poesie and other excellence of the Romains The Sixth Booke WE will now come to the ROMAINS who in their time obtained the excellence in armes in learning and in all workmanships But euen as after the going of Xerxes into Greece which put the Grecians in the greatest feare that euer they were the war hauing had an other end then was expected they not onely found themselues out of danger but also got great glory thereby growing meruailously from that time forward in all felicity riches and excellency of all arts So the Romains after the second Punick warr and voiage of Hanibal into Italy which troubled them much remayning there sixteene yeres with a mighty army in which time he wan many battails on them and came euen to the gates of Rome where he might also haue entered if he had knowen how to vse the victory the Romains then being brought to the greatest extremity that euer they were being vanquished by the Carthaginians and seeming to haue giuen ouer the glory of armes vnto them yet this long and cruel
into the state of his house the traine of his Court into the Senate or counsaile the course of Iustice managing of his reuenewes administration of prouinces entertainment of forces both by sea and by land that Empire long maintained it selfe and prospered meruailously therewith Being then in his greatest glorie and power hee held first of all in the Brittaine Ocean manye partes and on the other side from the pillars of Hercules all the Islandes and Portes peoples and Nations which are in this Sea as farre as it is nauigable on the one side and the other Of which Nations the first on the right hande are Mauritanians bordering on the Sea likewise the Countrey of Lybia euen as farre as Carthage After them hygher and farther of the Numidians and the Countrey of Numidia and beyond them all the rest of Lybia which stretcheth out vnto the Syrtes togither with the City of Cyrene Then are the Marmarides the Ammonides and those which hold the marish of Marienna consequently the great citie of Alexandria togither with all the whole countrey of Egypt euen to the easterly Ethiopia and going downe along the riuer of Nile by Pelusium vnto the sea And after retourning along the banke thereof the countrey of Suria Palestina and yet higher a part of Arabia and the Phenicians and farther into the land the Cilisyrians bordering on the riuer Euphrates Farther on the sea the Palmyrians amongest sandie deserts which are on the said riuer of Euphrates And yet farther the Cilicians neighbours to the Surians and the Cappadocians with a part of Armenia the lesser Moreouer all the nations dwelling neer the sea Euxinus all along the coast In regard of mediterranean or vpland countreys towards Armenia the great the Romains ruled not ouer them neither imposed any tribute on them but gaue and confirmed their kings vnto them Therehence comming from Cappadocia euen to the Ionian sea is the great Chersonesus in the which are on the right hand the prouinces and nations of Pontus and Propontida of Hellespont and the Egean sea On the left hand the sea of Pamphylia and of Egypt And beyond those the Pamphilians Lycians Phenicians and Carians euen to Ionia Moreouer the Galathians Bythinians Phrygians and Mysians being aboue the Pontick sea and farther into the maine land the Pysidians and Lydians al which nations were subiect to the Romains And passing yet farther by Hellespont they ruled ouer the Mysians dwelling in Europe and the Thracians on the sea Euxinus Neer vnto the countrey of Ionia there is the gulfe of the Egean sea and that of the Ionian then the sea of Cilicia and the Tyrrhen sea reaching euen to the pillers of Hercules within which reach which is from Ionia vnto the Ocean sea there are many nations and prouinces which were subiect to the Romains that is to say the whole countrey of Greece Thessaly Macedony and all the other quarters belonging to the prouince of Thrace the Illyrians Peonians and the territory of Italy which is for the most part enuironed with the Ionian Tyrrhene seas and stretcheth it selfe by land vnto the coūtrey of the Gaules hauing on the one side the mediterranean or midland sea on another the northern Ocean and on thother the riuer of Rhene and yet farder is all the countrey of Spaine all along the Atlantick sea euen to the pillars of Hercules In regarde of those which are farther into land they passed not into that part of Africk which hath on the one side the west Ethiopia on thother the desert countrey of Lybia which is not inhabited for the exceeding heate and hath nothing but monsters and wild beasts vnto the East Ethiopia These were the limits of the Romain Empire on the side of Ethiopia and of Africk On the side of Asia the riuer Euphrates the mountaine Caucasus the beginning of Armenia the great and the Cholches dwelling neer the sea Euxinus the rest of the Euxine sea On the side of Europe the riuers of Rheine and of Danubius wherof the one that is the Rhene entreth into the Ocean the other into the Euxin sea And notwithstanding the Romains also ruled ouer some nations dwelling aboue the Rhene and ouer the Gethes which dwelled beyond Danubius and were called Dacians Touching the Isles all those which are within the mediterranean sea which are called Cyclades Sporades Hyades Echinades Tyrthenides or others whatsoeuer they are about Lybia Ionia Egypt or elswhere on the sea which the Greeks call the great Islands as Cypres Candie Rhods Lesbos Euboe Sicilia Sardignia Corsica Maiorca Minorca and all other great or little were subiect to the Empire of Rome And on the coast of the northren sea they held vnder their obedience the greatest and the best part of the Isle of Britayne So many nations prouinces did they subdue vnto their obedience by order of discipline good counsail strength courage vertue pacience and perseuerance of the Italians when they taught to fight with the best military discipline in the world which they vsed in rising incamping marching fighting wel armed ordered resolute to ouercome or to die Especially the footmen in which they had more confidēce then in their horsemen foūding their principal strength on then Then for the maintenāce of their Empire safety they had 200000. men ordinarily intertained xl thousand horse CCC Elephants apt for war two thousand Chariots furnished and ouer and besids iij. hundred thousand harnesse of prouision which is for their force on land Touching that on the sea they had about two thousand ships a thousand and fiue hundred galleis of fiue and sixe oares with furniture accordingly eight hundred great Vessels for pompe and to cary their Emperours guilded and richly wrought both at the forecastle and sterne an inestimable quantity of gold and siluer in treasure hauing almost an infinite reuenew consisting in yerely rents in customes and subsidies and in tributes which we call taxes and tallages which they leuied on so many Countries lands and Seigniories Of which reuenew it is not possible to make any certaine estimate or account no more then of other Empires and kingdomes absolute wherof the reuenewes increase or diminish according to the disposition of their affaires and will of the Soueraigne Lords imposing and taking away subsidie at their pleasures Such was the excellēcy of the Romains in arms Touching that of Learning CICERO without controuersie deserueth to be the first named amongst them who giuing himselfe to ymitation of the Grecians hath represented in his writings the vehemency of Demosthenes the abundance of Plato and good grace of Isocrates hee not onely got by studye that which was excellent in eche of them but of him selfe also hath produced many vertues or rather all by the most happy felicitye of his immortall vnderstanding borne by some guift of the diuine prouidence to the end that Eloquence in him might showe all her forces For who coulde teache more dilygently or moue more earnestly who was euer
Iosephus Historiographers Appian a Poet. Iulius Pollux and Harpocration Grammarians Herodes Atticus and Apolonius Rhetoricians Alexander Aphrodiseus a Peripatetick which made the first Commentaries on Aristotle who before was more praised then vnderstood of the learned Out of whose schoole came Themistius Ammonius Simplicius Philoponus and Olympiodorus all Commentatours on Aristotle About the same time the Mathematickes arose vnto their soueraigne excellencie by the industrie of Claudius Ptolomeus a Mathematician of incomparable knowledge and the best that euer was in this profession who hath surpassed all the auncient Egiptians Chaldeans Persians and Grecians and hath not had his like sithence hauing expounded more diligently then any other the whole discription of heauen of the earth and of the sea correcting the errours of the former and their instruments and declared the whole with verie likely arguments and euident demonstrations The Romains for a time were verie good both in peace and in warre modest iust and valiant especially after the warres which they had against the Tarentines and the king Pyrrhus vntill the third Punick warre There was not then amongst them any dissention of the Nobles or commotion of the people All there care was to augment and increase their Empire without respect of their particular profit At what time there florished in the common wealth Curius Fabricius Coruncanus Metellus Fabius Scipio Marcellus Paulus and Lepidus whose magnanimitie and prudence in warre and moderation in peace was admirable Then the common wealth was verie good and holy for asmuch as pouertie and sparing were then in estimation and the three kinds of gouernment were found there so equally ordained and established so conueniently that one could not say whether the state were an Aristocratie or a Democratie or a Monarchie The power of the Consuls was manifestly monarchical and royal that of the Senatours Aristocratical and the popular estate wholy Democratical And there was such an agreement and band between them against all fortune that one could not any where find a better estate of a common wealth For if any common feare came from abroad and forced them to succour one an other then the power of this common wealth was so great and such that they wanted nothing for their defence and they applied themselues all both in publike and priuate to execute in due season their deliberated enterprises In such sort that they were sometimes reputed inuincible On the contrarie if being deliuered from the publike feare of strangers they became insolent by domestical peace and abundance of goods accustomed themselues to idlenes and delights and that by this means the one part would be Masters ouer the others rule beyond reason They had so well prouided a remedie for it by the mutuall bridle and hinderance which they were one to another that no one could break out of rank or lift vp himselfe aboue the rest but were euery one constrained to remain in his charge But after that by labour and iustice they were increased had ouercome the cruel Nations and mightie kings They were eft soones corrupted peruerting the order wherin they liued before and becomming proud and auaricious exceeding in gluttonie and whordom and dissolute in al superfluities delicacies And then they were diuided into parcialities and factions by occasion wherof they caried armes weapons into the temples publik assemblies killing sometime the Tribunes somtime the Consuls and other principal persons of the city Wherhence ther arose dishonest quarrels without order therhence followed the contempt of lawes and of iudgments And reenforcing the euil day by day they began to plot manifest enterprises against the coÌ„mon wealth to bring the great armies forceably into the coÌ„mon wealth which were gathered of fugitiue condemned persons And although by their saying they did it but against their aduersaries neuertheles in very trueth it was against the coÌ„mon wealth because they inuaded the city as enemies cruelly killed such as they met or persecuted theÌ„ with banishmeÌ„ts abominable proscriptioÌ„s not omitting any detestable deed Which seditions began by the two Gracches Saturnin and Drusus furious Tribunes then were diuers times renewed between Sylla and Marius Pompey and Cesar and continued by Mark Antonie Octauian and Lepidus against â—assius and Brutus and finally being raised againe betweene M. Antonie and Octauian who were brothers in law caused the change of the common wealth into a Monarchie the stoutest amongst the Romains being either slaine in battailes or by proscriptions and the others being wearied with the ciuile warres and greeued with the gouernment of the Senate and of the people thorough the dissention of the Lords and auarice of the Magistrates For as this age nourished most excellent persons in all vertue and knowledge so did it also bring forth more vicious then any time before and authours of execrable mischiefes The age of Cato saith Seneca brought forth many worthy to be borne in Cato his time as there were then as wicked as euer were and vndertakers of the greatest mischiefes It was requisite that there should be of the one and the other To th end that Cato might be knowen it behoued there should be some good men to approue and allow of him and some euill against whom he might proue his force and vertue The same Seneca saith No age hath bin without blame and if one consider the libertie of euery age I am ashamed to tell it but men neuer sinned more openly then afore Cato The same Authour M. Cicero saith he betwixt the Catilines and Clodians betweene the Pompeyes and the Crasses whiles he is tossed vp and downe with the common wealth and the gouernment failing he was caried away and perished therewith Cicero writing of Pompey and of Cesar Thone and thother saith he hath sought to make himselfe Lord and not to make the Citie happie and honest and Pompey neuer left the towne till he could no longer keepe it nor abandoned Italie till he was driuen out of it but he thought at the beginning to moue all lands and seas to stir vp the Barbarian kings to draw into Italie the cruell nations armed Do you not think there might be some agreement made betweene them yes now it might be done but neither th one nor thother hath this end to make vs happie They would both of them raigne And the same Authour Certainly both the one and thother is miserable who haue alwaies had lesse regard to the safetie and dignitie of their Countrie then to their owne domination and priuate commodities And in the same place whose alliance and fidelitie in wicked agreement you see what mischiefe it hath brought forth The same Cicero saith that Cesar was by nature and inclination cruell but that he counterfaited clemencie because that vertue seemed popular And Seneca Neither vertue nor reason saith he perswaded Pompey to vndertake either foreine or ciuile warres but being caried away with a foolish desire of his owne greatnes he caried
armes now into Spaine against Sertorius now against the Pyrates vnder colour of pacifying the sea He pretended these causes to th end he might continue his power What led him into Africk and into the North against Mithridates and into Armenia and against all the kings of Asia but onely an infinite desire of increasing in greatnes seeming only to himselfe that he was not great enough What did put Iulius so far forward into these publike euils glorie and ambition and a desire which he had without measure to excell aboue others He could not suffer one to be before him where the common wealth endured two What think you that Marius being once Consul indeed hauing taken away by force the six other Consulships when he defeated the Theutons and the Cymbrians and when he pursued Iugurtha thorough the deserts of Africa did aduenture these dangers by the instinct of vertue These men mouing all things were also moued themselues after the maner of whirle-winds which carrie away whatsoeuer they catch and thereby become more impetuous and can not be stil. Hauing then bin mischieuous vnto many they finally feele in themselues their pernicious mischiefe whereby they haue bin hurtfull vnto many The same Seneca It is all one saith he whether Cato ouercome or be ouercome in the battaile of Pharsalia The good being in him which could not be vanquished when his partie was ouercome was equall with the good which he should haue caried victorious into his Countrie haue pacified the affairs Wherefore should it not be equall seeing that by the same vertue euill fortune is ouercome and good fortune well ordered The vertue can not be greater nor lesser It is alwaies after one sort But Pompey shal lose his armie but the honest pretence of the common wealth and the Senate with the chiefest Lords of Rome following the part of Pompey being placed in the first rank of the battaile shall be ouerthrowen in one onely battaile and the ruines of so great an Empire shall be dispersed ouer all the world one part shall fall into Egipt an other into Africk an other into Spaine This miserable common wealth can not all fall at one time Let them do all they can The knowledge of the places doth not help the king Iuba in his kingdom nor the obstinate vertue of his subiects and the fidelitie of the Vticians being broken with so many euils faileth And should Scipio be abandoned in Africk of the fortune of his name It was already prouided that Cato should receiue no harme And yet he was ouercome Certainly the calamities were verie great in that conuersion of the world and there were strange aduersities mingled with the prosperities There was neither Countrie Citie Lordship or personage any whit renowmed but endured much The ruine of Carthage first presenteth it selfe which Citie seuen hundred yeares after it was founded had bin so flourishing and excellent in all things had borne rule ouer so many seas and lands and Islands and ships and so much riches and so many armes as nâ—ne more and had courage more then any other Fourteene yeares after the Numantines being besieged by Scipio AEmilian seeing that for want of victuals they were not able any longer to endure the siege themselues burned theiâ— Citie of Numantia and killed themselues part by the sword part by fire part by poison Cicero nameth Carthage and Numantia the two astonishments of the people of Rome Shal I tel how Syracusa was spoiled Corinth rased Antioch and Hierusalem taken Athens besieged and sacked Marsâ—illes borne in triumph how Rome saw her Senate flying her treasures taken away Alexandria found Cesar fighting in her and her king the yong Ptolomey dead how Thebes in Egipt was destroied Thirteen towns in Peloponesus swalowed vp with an earthquak wherwith Caria Rhodes also were shaken How ther came extraordinary inundations of the sea of riuers and of raines of tempestuous winds Monsters hideous in all nature signes in the aire comets eclipses of the sun and of the moone and other horrible things in the celestiall motions whereof ensued famins plagues and other diseases which were before vnknowen Cicero writeth that there appeared then not onely fierie impressions by night in the heauen flashes of of lightning and tremblings of the earth but moreouer that the thunder fell on the high towers of the Temples many Images of the Gods were remoued out of their places many statues of famous men throwen downe the tables of brasse wherein the Lawes were ingrauen were melted The Image also of Romulus the founder of Rome who was made as he were sucking and waiting at the tears of the wolfe striken with thunder Shall I tell of fower-score thousand Romains and their allies defeated by the Cymbrians and a hundred fortie thousand Cymbrians slaine by the Romains the armies of the Heluetians and Germains ouerthrowen the bondmen vp in armes and allies mutining And not onely the good townes and mightie armies did suffer but also the rich seignories and noble kingdomes were distroied the free nations either trauailed with warres or were brought vnder subiection As the Spanish French British Germain Pannonian Illyrian Armenian and Thracian Italie it selfe after it had about some fiue hundred yeares valiantly defended it selfe was in the end subdued Moreouer there were scarce any famous men either in armes or learning but either receiued notable iniuries or suffered violent death Scipio Africanus being returned out of the Senate was found the next day stifled in his bed which was thought to haue bin done by his neerest kinred Hannibal being driuen out of Italie and banished Africa poisoned himselfe in the Court of king Prusias The king Mithridates being besieged by his sonne Pharnaces slew himselfe and Pharnaces was in a moment ouercome by Cesar. Antiochus the great was depriued of the greatest part of Asia whereof he thanked the Romains And the king Prusias cald himselfe their slaue Perseus the last king of Macedonia was ouercome led in triumphe and died in captiuitie and one of his sonnes was the scribe of the magistrates Tigranes king of Armenia prostrated himselfe before Pompey and asking pardon he lifted him vp and put the Diademe on his head which he had throwen downe Ptolemey king of Cypres threw himselfe head-long into the sea knowing that by the instance of Clodius the Tribune Cato was sent thitherto carie away his treasures Syphax Iugurtha and Iuba being great kings in Africke ended vnhappely Sertorius was slaine by treason Marius flying from Rome in extreme danger of his life hid himselfe in the marish about Minturnes and went to sea in a squiffe without victuals to the fortune of the windes and the waues afterwards being returned he died being three score and ten yeares olde and almost mad His sonne slew himselfe at Preneste Sylla died eaten with wormes and lyce Crassus being ouercome beyond Euphrates by the Parthians was slaine as he parlied on safeguard Pompey was beheaded in the shore of Alexandria Cesar