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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A67083	Systema agriculturæ, the mystery of husbandry discovered treating of the several new and most advantagious ways of tilling, planting, sowing, manuring, ordering, improving of all sorts of gardens, orchards, meadows, pastures, corn-lands, woods & coppices, as also of fruits, corn, grain, pulse, new-hays, cattle, fowl, beasts, bees, silk-worms, &c. : with an account of the several instruments and engines used in this profession : to which is added Kalendarium rusticum, or, The husbandmans monthly directions, also the prognosticks of dearth, scarcity, plenty, sickness, heat, cold, frost, snow, winds, rain, hail, thunder, &c. and Dictionarium rusticum, or, The interpretation of rustick terms, the whole work being of great use and advantage to all that delight in that most noble practice.	Worlidge, John, fl. 1660-1698.	1675 (1675)	Wing W3599; ESTC R225414	330,040	361

the Americans for the Improvement of their Land which is an Argument as well of their Natural Ingenuity as of the excellencie and advantage of the Improvement For the burning of such Combustible things on Land doth very much heat the Ground and wastes that Acid sterile juice that hinders fertility and sets free that fertile Principle the Sal terrae which before was for the most part bound up also it leaves a good quantity of that Salt on the Land mixed with the ashes which is generally held to be the only advantage this way yields though the contrary appears for wheresoever the Fire is made although you remove the ashes wholly yet will the place bear a better Crop than where you bestow the ashes as formerly we noted This Art of Burning of Land usually called Denshiring quasi On what lands burn-baiting good Devonshiring or Denbighshiring because it seems there to be most used or to have been invented or burn-beating is not applicable or necessary to all sorts of Land for in a good fertile rich loose Soyl where a good sweet Grass or good Corn flourisheth it wastes as well the good as the bad juyce wherefore in most places in Sommersetshire and such other fertile places they reject it But for barren sour heathy and rushey Land be it either hot or cold wet or dry it is a very great Improvement insomuch that most sorts of such poor Lands will yield in two or three years after such Burning more above all charges than the Inheritance was worth before The most usual Method is with a Breast-plough to pare off the Manner of burn-baiting Turf turning it over as it 's cut that it may dry the better if it prove a very dry season and the weather hot then it needs no more turning but if the weather be casual it must be turned and the Turfs set a little hollow that they may dry the better and when they are through-dry they may be laid on small heaps about two Wheel-barrow loads on a heap the lesser the heaps are the better so there be enough to make a good Fire throughly to consume the whole to ashes If the Turf be full of fibrous roots or hath a good head on it it will burn without any other additionary fewel if not you must raise your heap on a small bundle of Ling Goss Fearn or such-like which in some places they call Ollet which will set the whole on Fire you may afterwards let those little hills of Ashes lie till they are a little saddned with rain before you spread them or take a quiet time that the wind may not waste your ashes nor hinder their equal scattering also you must pare the ground under the hills somewhat lower than the surface of the Earth to abate its over-great fertility caused by the Fire made thereon It is also to be observed that the Land is to be but shallow or half Ploughed and not above half the usual quantity of seed sown on an Acre and that also late in the year if Wheat towards the end of October only to prevent the excessive rankness or greatness of the Corn by which you may judge what advantage Burning is to the Land and this also on the poorest Plains or Heaths Others there are that when they stubb up their Goss Broom and such-like lay the Roots on heaps when they are dry and cover them with the parings of the Earth between where they raised the roots and so Burn over the Land which is also a very considerable Improvement In some places also it is usual to Burn the stubble and other trash they can rake together on their Lands which must needs be very good so far as may be according to the quantity thereof although it be not so much used for fertility-sake as to rid themselves of the stuff as they usually burn Heaths and Turf-Commons to give liberty to the Grass Sir Richard Weston gives this for a good way that is First pare off the Heath or Turff then make the paring into little Hills you may put to one hill as much paring as comes off from a Rod or Pole of Ground The Hills being sufficiently made and prepared are to be fired and burnt into ashes and unto the Ashes of every Hill you must put a peck of unslaked Lime the Lime is to be covered over with the Ashes and so to stand till rain comes and slakes the Lime after that mingle your Ashes and Lime together and so spread it over your Land In such places where Fewel is not scarce and the Land barren it is very excellent Husbandry to get together into such Land you intend to fertilize all the small Wood Bushes Furze Broom Heath Fearn Stubble or what ever combustible matter you can procure which in most places are easier obtained than Dung and in a dry time lay it in heaps dispersedly about the ground and cast over it the parings of the Land where it lies and set fire to it and whilest it burns having several to help you cast on Turf or Earth on the most flaming parts to hinder that it flame not too much the heat of which fires will so calcine the Earth under them and the Earth cast on them besides the ashes of the Vegetables that it will yield an increase far exceeding the charge and labor bestowed thereon there can be no better use made of these combustible matters and especially of the Hawme or strings of Hops which burnt in the Hop-garden and the parings of the Turfs on the side of the Garden or elsewhere or any other Earth cast over it as it burns and then more Hawme over that and more Earth on that as they use to say Stratum super stratum till all be done either in one or several places will make so excellent a Compost to be applied to the Hop-hills that none can exceed it which I my self have done And this answers to what Glauber delivers as a great secret and very profitable Perticae Longurii aut Continuatio Miraculi Mundi p. 34. pali quibus Vites lupulorum Caules sustinenter si igne qua in extremitatem suam inferiorem desunt adurantur extremitate adusta in lignorum oleum illud immittantur ut pinguedinem illam imbibant c. duplex hoc pacto emolumentum afferentes prius est quod perticae à putredine conservatae quotannis breviores non evadant sed diutius durent Alterum quod vitium lupulorum radices pinguedinem alimentum ex perticarum extremitatibus attrahentes luxuriante incremento excrescant By which it appears that the ends of the Hop-poles only being burnt and imbibed in his vegetable Oyl or fixed Salt will not only endure long from rotting but also will yield extraordinary nourishment to the Roots of the Hops of such wonderful efficacie is this subject that the least Grain thereof carrieth with it much of fertility as the same Author saith a little before of the same

that your Neighbour hath without which or whilest you go farther you suffer great loss And what a sad thing it would be to be denied as Hesiod in his time observed Streighten not your self so as to ask to borrow of another lest he refuse and you want CHAP. XI Of the several sorts of Instruments Tools and Engines incident to this Profession of Agriculture and of some Amendments and Profitable Experiments in Building either by Timber Stone Brick or any other way Dicendum quae sint duris Agrestibus Arma Virgil. Queis sine nec potuere seri nec surgere Messes IT is impossible to go through the many difficulties in this Art without many and several sorts of Tools and Instruments as Ploughs Carts c. It is also difficult and unprofitable to make use of such Ploughs Tools and Instruments that are troublesome heavy and chargeable when the same labour may be as well performed if not better with such that are easie light and not so costly Therefore I shall in this Chapter discover unto you all the several sorts of Instruments necessary for the Husbandman and what inconveniencies have been found in some of them and the Remedies and what new ways or Methods have been of late discovered to facilitate his labours as I finde them dispersed in several Authors and have observed the same in several parts of this Kingdom this Instrumental part of Agriculture being not of the least concernment And shall also discover unto you several profitable Experiments and Directions in Building necessary to be known SECT I. Of the several sorts of Ploughs And first I shall begin with the Plough the most necessary Instrument the chiefest of all Engines as Gabriel Plat terms it and happily found out There is a very great difference in Ploughs that there is scarce any sure Rule for the making of them and every Country yea almost every County differs not only in the Ploughs but even in every part of them Ploughs also do not only differ according to the several Customs of several places but also as the Lands do differ in strength or weakness or the different Nature of the Soil To describe them all is not a work for this place but I will give some brief Descriptions of the more principal sorts of Ploughs of the greatest esteem And first of the Double-wheeled Double-wheeled Plough Plough which is of most constant use in Hartfordshire and many other Countries and is very useful upon all Flinty Stony or hard Gravel or any other hard Land whatsoever It 's esteemed a useful and necessary Plough These require a greater strength than other Ploughs and to be used in such places where other English Improver Ploughs will not to any purpose It is usually drawn with Horses or Oxen two abreast the Wheels are usually eighteen or twenty inches high in some places the Furrow-wheel is of a larger circumference than the other that goes on the solid Land There is another sort of Double-wheeled Ploughs called the Turnwrest-Plough Turnwrest-Plough which surpasseth for Weight and Clumliness and is called the Kentish-Plough being there much used The One-wheel Plough is an excellent good one and you may Single Wheel-Plough use it on almost any sort of Lands and is of that shape and form that will admit of more lightness and nimbleness than the other Wheel-ploughs being the same that Mr. Hartlib speaks of to be Legacy made near Greenwich by one who had excellent Corn on barren Land and yet Ploughed his Land with one Horse This Plough neatly made and very small hath been drawn English Improver with one Horse and held by one Man and ploughed one Acre a day at Sowing-time in a moist season There hath been with six good Horses six Men and six Ploughs ploughed six Acres a day at Sowing-time in light and well-wrought Land This seems to accord with the Plough used in Hesiod's time where the Plough man did both guide and drive There is a sort of Plough made without either Wheel or Foot Plain-Plough described at large by Mr. Blith to be the most easie going Plough and of least Workmanship Burden or Charge called the Plain-plough fit for any Lands unless in irregular extream Land either for Stones Roots or Hardness and there adviseth to the Double-wheeled Plough being of strength to supply extremities and cases of necessity Mr. Blith describes a double Plough the one affixed to the side Double Plough English Improver of the other that by the help of four Horses and two Men you may Plough a double portion of Land the one Furrow by the side of the other This he esteemeth not to be of any great advantage above the other plain Plough yet may be of good use on some Lands There is another sort of Double-Plough much exceeding the Another sort of Double-Plough other as Mr. Hartlib in his Legacy testifies of an Ingenious Young Man of Kent who had two Ploughs fastened together very finely by the which he ploughed two Furrows at once one under another and so stirred up the Land twelve or fourteen inches deep This is one of the best additions to the Plough if throughly prosecuted for most Land requires a deeper stirring than is ordinarily given it by the usual way of Ploughing as is evident by those Experiments that have been made in digging and setting of Corn. This way also comes near that of Digging and in some cases excels it because it only looseneth and lightneth the Land to that depth but doth not bury the upper-crust of the ground so deep as usually is done by Digging It is also much easier to Plough deep with this Double-Plough than with the single because it beareth not so great a burden but the one part thereof is discharged before the other is taken up Some have made a Plough with a Harrow affixed thereto others Other sorts of Ploughs have designed a Plough to Plough Sow and Harrow all at the same time But seeing they are of no great advantage to the Husbandman only invented to satisfie the minds of some Scrutinists I leave them Of all which several sorts of Ploughs there is great variation in the several parts of them some differ in length and shape of the Beam some in the Share others in the Coulter and in the Handles The differences are so many that no one Ploughman knoweth them all The Abuses Faults and Errours incident to the Plough are Errours of the Plough many some in the Workmen and Drivers who when they are wedded to an old Erronious Custom though never so evidently discovered will not recede from it or in the Plough it self as when it is made too big and cumbersome and disproportioned the one part too large or too little for the other and when it is rough and ill compassed in the Share when the Handles are too short or too upright the Irons dull And many other faults there

Names were brought unto him He oftentimes called for the Industrious Husbandman and courteously received him and sometimes dismissed him with Noble Gratuities And contrariwise the idle and slothful he rebuked whereby some for fear of shame and disgrace the rest in hope of favour and reward were all continually intent on their Affairs that they might render themselves and their Lands praise-worthy to their King A Worthy and Noble President for the incouragement of our English Husbandmen that are Ingenious and Industrious and for the Regulation and Reformation of the infinite abuses injuries and neglects so frequently committed and suffered in every Village by the slothful ignorant and envious Rustick The like examples we finde to be in several Countries as Spain Germany Venice Holland c. of Compulsive Laws and excellent Customs for the propagation of Trees for Timber and for Fruits In Burgundy where Wallunt-Trees abound whenever they fell a Tree they always plant a young one near that place And in several places betwixt Hanaw and Francfort in Germany no young Sylva Farmer is permitted to Marry a Wife till he bring proof that he hath Planted and is a Father of such a stated number of Wallnut-Trees which Law is inviolably observed to this day It hath been a long time designed and attempted by several VVorthy Persons Affecters of Ingenuity and the Publick Good of the Kingdom that there might be some Constitutions or Orders for the advancing and propagating of this Noble Art especially that part relating to the increase and preservation of Timber and Fruit-Trees and that there might be Judicious and Experienced Supervisors in every place for that purpose I must needs confess we have several good Laws relating to our Rural Affairs but none more slighted nor neglected than those Our hopes and expectations are now great that something will shortly be done therein seeing that Royal and most Excellent Society at Gresham-Colledge make it one of the most principal Objects of their Studies and Care it being so Universally necessary for our well-being and preservation if not the most necessary all things considered Maximus Tyrius a most Grave Philosopher composed a Dialogue wherein with many sufficient and firm Reasons be demonstrates that this Art of Agriculture hath the Precedency of and is more necessary than the Military and Elegantly and Learnedly discusseth many things and very much of the profits and advantages of the Rustick Art and Rural Affairs As to its Antiquity no Art or Science can precede it every one knows that a Country-life was the most Ancient and that men did in the Infancy of time inhabit in Country-Habitations and sustained themselves by the Fruits of the Earth and dwelt in Tents Woods c. instead of Houses As to the state qualification and condition of a Country-life we may confidently maintain that it far excels the City-life and is much to be preferred before it Plato affirms that a Country-life is the Mistress and as it were the pattern of Diligence Justice and Frugality that he could finde nothing more profitable pleasant or grateful than to live in the Country remote and free from Envy Malice Calumny Covetousness and Ambition which occasioned this Grave Author to ordain several peculiar Laws relating to this Noble Art which were brought unto and confirmed by the Emperour Justinian c. Cicero discoursing of the 1 De Offic. Utility of several Arts at length concludes that of all things necessary and useful nothing is better more advantagious stable pleasant nor more worthy a Noble and Ingenious Spirit than Agriculture c. Virgil also had as high an esteem thereof and did very much extol and celebrate this Rustick Art insomuch that when he was almost lost amongst the pleasant Groves and ruminating on the Felicities the Country yielded he brake forth into this expression O Fortunatos nimium sua si bona norint Agricolas quibus ipsa procul discordibus Armis Fundit humi facilem victum justissima tell us And Horace in a certain Ode sings thus Beatus ille qui procul negotiis Vt prisca gens mortalium Paterna Rura bobus exercit suis Solutus omnifoenore c. Also hear the Divine Du Bartas in his Commendation of Husbandry O thrice thrice happy he who shuns the cares Of City-troubles and of State-affairs And serving Ceres Tills with his own Teem His own Free-land left by his Friends to him The Pleasures and Oblectations are superabundant and infinite which we daily enjoy and receive from the Verdant Fields and Meadows from the sweetness and beauty of the flowers the springing Woods the delicate fruits and the variety of Domestick and Pleasant Animals educated even to the very hand and from the various and harmonious Notes of the Nymphs of the Woods The winged Fancies of the Learned Quill Tell of strange Wonders sweet Parnassus Hill Castalia 's Well the Heliconian Spring Star-spangled Vallies where the Muses sing Admired things another story yields Of pleasant Tempe and th' Elysian Fields Yet these are nothing to the sweet that dwells In low-built Cottages and Country-Cells c. We may well admire at such as are not highly delighted at the Prospect of the most of our Country-Villages whose beauty and lustre daily encrease where their Inhabitants are Industrious and appear more and more neat adorned and enriched and in every part yield innumerable of pleasant and fruitful Trees Can there be a more ravishing and delightful object than to behold the Towns planted with Trees in even lines before their doors which skreen their habitations from the Winde and Sun where they may fit or walk under the dark shadows of the Woods and Groves and where are always the gliding Streams most clear and bright Rivolets pleasant Hills and shadowie Vallies delightful Meadows and many other the like Oblectations Fair firm and fruitful various patient sweet Du Bartas Sumptuously cloathed in a Mantle meet Of mingled colour lac't about with Floods And all Imbroidered with fresh Blooming Buds That the highest and most absolute Content any man enjoys or finds in any Sublunary thing is in this Science of Agriculture and the several Branches and Streams of Pleasure and Delight proceeding or flowing therefrom none but such as are ignorant thereof will deny Of such that affirm it we could produce infinite of Testimonies also of many that so highly affected this Art and Life that they deserted their Powers Dignities Kingdoms Victories and Triumphs and wholly applied themselves to Agriculture and a Rustick Habitation some whereof we shall here instance as Manlius Curius Dentatus who after he had not only Conquered the Warlike King Pyrrhus but had expelled him out of all Italy and had three several times Triumphed with Glory and Renown and had very much inlarged the Roman Empire by his Honourable Atchievements returned with infinite affectation and very joyfully to his former Exercises and Rusticities and there concluded the residue of his days with much tranquillity of minde

and rest No less delight did L. Quintus Cincinnatus take in that Country-life who when he was called by the Roman Senate to the Dictatorship an Office of very high Dignity was found at Plough in a rude and dirty habit or condition in his little Farm and after he had obtained his freedom from the Office he immediately returns to his Rural Occupations Also Attalus that rich Asian King who left his Regal Dignity and refigned his Empire was then so intent on Agriculture with such incessant care and diligence that he formed planted and contrived several peculiar Gardens by his own singular Ingenuity and Industry We must not omit Dioclesian the Emperour who left the troublesome Empire and affecting a Private Life betook himself to the Country and there lived a long time and enjoyed the Experience and reaped the Fruits of most pleasing Tranquillity and happy rest And although that he were oftentimes invited and sollicited by Letters and Embassadours from the Senate to return again to his Empire yet could he never be tempted away from his Beloved Village We read also of that most excellent person Attilius Calatinus who for his singular Vertue was called from the Plough and Harrow to be a Dictator yet still so persisted in his pleasing Frugality and Parsimony for the great love he bare to Agriculture that he rather chose to live privately in the Country and to weary himself with digging and ploughing his Land than to be a Prince of the Romans and possess the highest place amongst the Senators And likewise of Abdolonymus who from a poor Gardiner yet of Princely Race was chosen to the Crown of Sidon Noah the Just Meek Moses Abraham Du Bartas Who Father of the Faithful Race became Were Shepherds all or Husbandmen at least And in the Fields passed their days the best Such were not yerst Attalus Philemetor Archelaus Hiero and many a Pretor Great Kings and Consuls who oft for Blades And glist'ring Scepters handled Hooks and Spades Such were not yerst Cincinnatus Fabricious Serranus Curius who un-self-delicious With Crowned Coulters with Imperial hands With Ploughs triumphant plough'd the Roman Lands How much honour were Piso Fabius Lentulus and Cicero worthy of who invented and brought into use the Commodious way of sowing of the several Pulses that from that time have born their names We must not forget our Famous and most Ingenious Countryman the Lord Verulam a Person who though much concerned in the Publick Affairs of the Kingdom yet spent much of his time and Studies in the diligent scrutiny of the Nature and Causes and proposed means for the advancement and propagation of this part of Natural Philosophy as his Sylva and several other of his Works testifie Many other Examples of this Nature might here be inserted But these together with the multitude of the like Presidents our present Age and Country affords us as well of the Industrious and most Judicious Operations of our Nobles and Gentry in these Rusticities as of their Noble and pleasant Palaces and Rural Habitations and the Contentments and Delights they place in them may be sufficient to convince all Ingenious Spirits that are not prejudiced against this Art not only of the Dignity Pleasure and Delight thereof but of its Utility and Necessity Here they enjoy all things necessary for the sustentation of life and are freed from the perturbations cares and troubles that in other places disturb the mind and live content with their Lot in tranquillity and moderation of spirit Here is Secura quies nescia fallere Vita Dives opum variarum This Country-life improves and exercises the most Noble and Excellent parts of our Intellects and affords the best-opportunities to the infatiable humane spirit to contemplate and meditate on and to penetrate into and discover the obscure and hitherto-occult Mysteries and Secrets of Nature the fixity or mobility of the Earth the nature of the Air its weight and divers Mutations the Flux and Reflux of the Sea the nature and matter of Comets Meteors c. the Mystery of Vegetation the nature of Animals and their different Species the discovery and improvements of Minerals and to attain the highest perfections in Science and Art yea this condition capacitates a man to the study and practise of the most secret and mystical things Nature affords if adapted thereunto That there is no place so fit for such study or contemplation of Natural Philosophy or any of the Liberal Arts Plato the Prince of Philosophers testifies by his deserting Athens that Splendid City and erecting his Academy in a remote and Rustick place Also Petrarchus for the quietude and solitariness of that kinde of life was so much delighted therewith that he most pleasingly spent those years he lived alone in a secret Valley which caused him so often to invite his Friends to come and enjoy with him the contentments of so happy and grateful a Country-life as it appears by many of his Epistles You will also finde that all studious and learned men have exceedingly delighted in a solitary and Rural Habitation and to have much preferred it for besides the serenity of the Air and the pleasing Viridity which much quickens the Genius it is most certain that the Spirits also are thereby recreated and the Intellectual parts wonderfully acuated as the same Petrarcha says Hic non Palatia non Theatra nec atria Sed ipsorum loco Abies Fagus Pinus Inter herbas virescentes pulchrum montem vicinum Vnde Carmina descendunt Pluviae Attolluntque de terra ad sidera nostram mentem By which it is most apparent that the Study of Arts and Sciences and the exercise and fruition of a Country-life are of so near a Resemblance that they may both be practised without impeding each the other This Rustick life also most certainly hath the Preheminence above the habitations in great Towns and Cities for that it yields a perpetual Rotation of its infinite variety of Oblectations and Contents as the various times and seasons of the year with a pleasing Face successively present themselves Sometimes the Spring approaches the most certain Fore-runner of the Summer all Trees then exercising as it were a mutual Emulation which should be arrayed with the most verdant leaves and adorned with the most excellent and curious blossoms that they afford besides most fragrant Odours every way breathing from them incredible delight and pleasure to all To these may you add the pleasant Notes of the Chanting Nymphs of the Woods singing their Amorous Ditties ravishing our Ears with their sweet Harmony Then follows the Summer adorned with various Flowers the Lilly the Rose the Gilliflower and infinite other most curious and pleasant and also several delightful Fruits Animals and other necessaries for humane use Then also succeeds the Autumn or Harvest wherein we reap the fruits of our past labours then doth the Earth discharge it self of its infinite variety of its Grain and Pulse and the

of Animals yielding a very rich Compost though of themselves through over-much heat and pinguidity sterile The Saline or more fixed Principle which is esteemed by most Where Salt abounds Authors the only thing conducing to Fertility yet is of its self or in an over-bounding quantity the most barren and unfruitful It is prescribed as a sure way to destroy Weeds Vegetables by watering the place with Brine or Salt-water yet what more fruitful being moderately commixed with other Materials of another nature than Salt But observe that Salts extracted out of the Earth or from Vegetables or Animals are much more Fertile than those of the Sea containing in them more of the Vegetative Power or Principles and are therefore much to be preferred Glauber makes it the highest improvement for the Land and for Continuatio Miraculi Mundi Trees also affirming that by it you may enrich the most barren Sands beyond what can be performed by any other Soils or Manures in case it be deprived of its Corrosive Qualities for then will it naturally attract the other Principles continually breathing out of the Earth and in the Air and immediately qualifie it self for Vegetation as I observed in a parcel of Field-Land of about three Acres denshired or burn-beaten in a very hot and dry Spring of it self naturally barren and after the burning and spreading the ashes wherein was the Fertile Salt deprived of its Corrosive sterile quality the Land was plowed very shallow and Barly sown therein about the beginning of May in the very ashes as it were no Rain falling from the very beginning of cutting the Turf yet in thirty and six hours was the Barley shot forth and the Ground coloured green therewith this Salt attracting and condensing the ever-breathing Spirit The like you may observe in Walls and Buildings where several sorts of Vegetables yea trees of a great bigness will thrive and prosper remote from the Earth and without any other nourishment than what that Fertile Salt attracts and condenses as before which it could not have done had it not been purged of its Corrosive and Sterile Nature by Fire when it was made into Lime For all Chymists know that no Salts more easily dissolve per deliquum than those that are most calcined The Salt also of the Sea is not without its Fertile Nature being ordered with Judgment and Discretion as we see evidently that the Salt Marshes out of which the Sea is drain'd excel in Fertility and many places being irrigated with the Sea-Water yield a notable increase Corn also therewith imbibed hath been much advanced as appeared in the President of the Country-man that casually let his Seed-Corn fall into the Salt-Water And in the Isle of Wight it is observed that Corn flourisheth on the very Rocks that are bedewed with the Salt-water by the Blasts of the Southern Winds The shells of fish being as it were only Salt coagulated have proved an excellent Manure for barren Lands after they have lain a competent time to dissolve From what hath been before observed we may conclude that Equal commixture of Principles the highest Fertility and Improvements are to be advanced and made from the most equal Commixture of the aforesaid several Principles or of such Waters Soils Dungs Salts Manures or Composts that more or less abound with either of them having regard unto the nature of such Vegetable whose propagation or advancement you intend Some delighting in a more Hot or Cold Moist or Dry Fat or Barren than others And next unto that from due Preservation Reception and right disposing and ordering of that Spiritus Mundi every where found and to be attained without Cost and as well by the poor as rich It continually breaths from the Earth as we noted before and is diffused in the Air and lost unless we place convenient Receptacles to receive it as by Planting of Trees and sowing of Pulses Grain or Seed Out of what think you should these things be formed or made Out of Rain-water is the common Answer or Opinion But we experimentally finde that this Vniversal Subject gives to every Plant its Essence or Substance although assisted by Rain or Water both in its nourishment and condensation We see how great a Tree is raised out of a small Plat of Ground by its sending forth of its Roots to receive its nourishment penetrating into the smallest Crannies and Joynts between the Stones and Rocks where it finds the greatest plenty of its proper food We constantly perceive and finde that Vegetables having once emitted their fibrous Roots vegetate and increase only from the assistance of this our Vniversal Subject when the Earth wherein it stands is of it self dry and not capable to yield that constant supply of Moisture the Plant daily requires Although we must confess that Rain or other Water accelerates its Growth having in it a Portion of that Spiritus Mundi also better qualifies the Earth for its perspiration That this Subject is the very Essence of Vegetables and that from it they receive their Substance and not from water only is evident in such places where Vegetables are not permitted to grow and where it cannot vapor away nor is exhaled by the Sun nor Air as Underbuildings Barns Stables Pigeon-houses c. where it condenses into Nitre or Salt-Petre the only fruitful Salt though improperly so called containing so equal and proportionable a quantity of the Principles of Nature wholly Volatile only condensed in defect of a due recipient not generated as some fondly conceive from any casual Moisture as Urine in Stables c. though augmented thereby but meerly from the Spiritus Mundi Lands resting from the Plough or Spade are much enriched only by the encrease of this Subject and ordinary way of Improvement Lands defended from the violent heat of the Sun and from the sweeping cleansing and exsiccating Air or Winds grow more Fertile not so much from the warmth it receives as from the preservation of that Fertile Subject from being wasted as we evidently see it to be in all open Champion Lands when part of the very same Species of Land being inclosed with tall and defensive Hedges or Planted with Woods are much more Fertile than the other yea we plainly perceive that under the Covert of a Bush Bough or such like any Vegetable will thrive and prosper better than on the naked Plain Where is there more barren dry and hungry Land than on the Plains and Waste Lands and yet but on the other side of the hedges Fertile either by Inclosure or Planted with Woods an evident and sufficient demonstration of the high Improvements that may be made by Inclosure only Also Land hath been found to be extraordinary Fertile under Stones Logs of Wood c. only by the condensation and preservation of that Vniversal Subject as appears by the flourishing Corn in the most stony Grounds where it hath been observed that the Stones taken away Corn hath not

time for the Soiling of Meadows and Pasture-lands Time for Soyling is in the Winter-season about January or February that the rains may wash to the Roots of the Grass the fatness of the Soil before the Sun drieth it away and dissolve the clots that may be spread with a Bush drawn over it like a Harrow before the Grass be too high Ashes of Wood Peat Turf Sea-coal or any other Fewel is Soyl for Rushy and cold Land very proper to be laid on Cold Spewey Rushey and Mossie Land not sandy or hot and suits best therewith and agrees with the Husbandry of burning the Turf as is before advised the dung of Pigeons or any other Fowl works a better effect on that than other Lands also all hot and sandy Soils are fittest for that sort of Lands Lime Chalk Marle or any cold fossile Soils are an extraordinary For sandy or hot Land Improvement to dry sandy hot Lands of a contrary nature or temperature as well for Meadow and Pasture as for Corn-Land I have seen much of the blew Clay which they call Vrry that 's digged out of the Coal-mines and lies near the Coal laid on Meadow and pasture-Pasture-lands to a very considerable advantage Many instances of wonderful Improvements made by mixing of Soils of contrary natures you may finde in several of our modern Rural Authors Between these two extremes your ordinary dung or Soil is best For other Meadows bestowed on your Meadows and Pastures not so much inclining either way for it is a very principal part of good Husbandry to apply the Soil or Compost properly as the nature of the ground requireth whereof you may finde more hereafter in the Chapter of Soils Dungs c. SECT IV. Of several new Species of Hay or Grass It is found by daily experience not only in forein parts but in our own Country that a very great Improvement may be made on the greater part of our Lands by altering the species of such Vegetables that are naturally produced totally suppressing the one and propagating another in its place which may rejoyce and thrive better there than that before as we evidently see by Corn sowen on Land where hardly Grass would have grown what a Crop you reap but these are but Annuals that which raises the greatest advantage to the Husbandman is what annually yields its increase without a renovation of expence in Ploughing and sowing as we finde in the Clover-grass or great Trefoyl St. Foyn or Holy-Hay La Lucern Spurrey-seed Trefoyl None-such c. whereof apart This Grass hath born the name and is esteemed the most principal Of the Clover-grass of Grass both for the great Improvement it brings by its prodigious Burthen and by the excellencie of the Grass or Hay for Food for Cattle and is much sowen and used in Flanders and in Holland Presidents to the whole world for good Husbandry In Brabant they speak of keeping four Cows Winter and Summer on an Acre some cut and laid up for Fodder others cut and eaten green here in England they say an Acre hath kept four Coach-horses and more all Summer long but if it kept but two Cows it is advantage enough upon such Lands as never kept one You may mow the first Crop in the midst or end of May and lay that up for Hay if it grow not too strong it will be exceeding good and rich and feed any thing then reserve the next for Seed which may yield four Bushels upon an Acre each Bushel being worth three or four pound a Bushel which will amount to the reputed value of ten or twelve pounds per Acre and after that Crop also it may be fed It hath also this Property that after the growing of the Clover-grass three or four years it will so frame the Earth that it will be very fit for Corn again which will prove a very great Advantage and then again for Clover Thus far Mr. English Improver Blith Others say it will last five years and then also yield three or four years together rich Crops of Wheat and after that a Crop of Oats In the Annotations upon Mr. Hartlibs Legacie we finde several Computations of the great Advantage hath been made by sowing Clover-grass as that a parcel of Ground a little above two Acres the second year did yield in May two Load of Hay worth five pounds the next Crop for Seed was ripe in August and yielded three very great Loads worth nine pounds that year the Seed was 300 l. which with the Hay was valued at thirty pounds besides the after-Pasture Another President is that on four Acres there grew twelve Loads of Hay at twice mowing and twenty Bushels of Seed one Load of the Hay mown in May being worth two Load of the best of other Hay and the After-pasture three times better than any other the four Acres yielded in one year fourscore pound Another that six Acres of Clover did maintain for half a year thirteen Cows ten Oxen three Horses and twenty six Hogs which was valued at forty pound besides the Winter-Herbage The aforesaid Presidents and Valuations seem prodigious unless The best Land for Clover-grass a rich light Land warm and dry be sown therewith in which it principally delighteth and then it may probably answer the said Valuations and must needs be a very high Improvement although the Ground were good and profitable before It will also prosper and thrive on any Corn-land well manured or soiled and brought into perfect Tillage Old Land be it course or rich long untilled is best for Corn and best and most certain for Clover-Grass and when you have Corned your Land as much as you intend then to sowe it with Clover is the properest season Land too rich for Corn cannot be too rich for Clover Poor Lands are not fit for Clover unless burnt or denshired as we shall hereafter direct or limed marled or otherwise manured and then will it bring forth good Clover An Acre of Ground will take about ten pounds of your Clover-Grass Quantity of Seed for an Acre Seed which is in measure somewhat above half a peck according to Sir Richard Weston The quantity of Seed for an Acre Mr. Blith conceives will be a Gallon or nine or ten pounds which agrees with the other But if it be husky which saves labour in cleansing of it and also sowes better by filling the hand than mixed with any other thing you must endeavor to finde out a true proportion according to the cleanness or foulness you make it but be sure to sowe enough rather too much than too little for the more there is the better it shadows the Ground Some have sowen fifteen pound on an Acre with good success ten pound some judge to be of the least however let the Seed be new and of the best which the English is esteemed to be The usual way is thus advised when you have fitted your Land The

the Land whereon it hath stood for many years and not barrennizeth it as it usual with Annual Seeds You may break it up and sowe it with Corn till it be out of heart and then sowe it with St. Foyn as formerly it will thrive on dry and barren Grounds where hardly any thing else will the roots being great and deep are not so soon dried by the parching heat of the Sun as of other Grasses they are It must be sowen in far greater quantity than the Clover-seed Quantity of Seed on an Acre and manner of sowing of it because the Seed is much larger and lighter It may be sowen with Oats or Barley as the Clover about equal parts with the Grain you sowe it will serve always remembring you sowe your Grain but thin Be sure you make your Ground fine for this and other French Seeds as you usually do for Barley Fear not the sowing of the Seeds too thick for being thick they sooner stock the Ground and destroy all other Grasses and Weeds Some advise to howe these Seeds in like Pease in Ranges though not so far distant the better to destroy the Weeds between it this will bear this way of husbandry better than the Clover because that hath but a small Root and requires to shadow the Ground more than this Feed it not the first year because the sweetness thereof will provoke the Cattle to bite too near the Ground very much to the injury of your St. Foyn but you may mow it with your Barley or Oats or if sown by it self the first year Of La Lucerne In the next place this Plant La Lucerne is commended for an excellent Fodder and by some preferred before St. Foyn as being What Ground it requires very advantageous to dry and barren Grounds It is managed like the former Seeds Some write that it requires a moist Ground and rich others a dry so that we may conclude it hath proved well on all The Land must be well dressed and three times fallowed The time for sowing it is after the cold weather be over about Time and manner of sowing of it the middle of April some Oats may be sowen therewith but in a small proportion the Seed is very small therefore the sixth part of it is allotted to an Acre as is required of any other Grain one Bushel thereof going as far as six of Corn It may be mowen twice a year and fed all the Winter the Hay must be well dried and housed for it is otherwise bad to keep It is good It s use for all kinde of Cattle but above all it agreeth best with Horses it feedeth much more than ordinary Hay that lean Beasts are suddenly fat with it it causeth abundance of Milk in Milch-beasts It must be given at the first with caution as before we directed concerning the Clover that is mixed with Straw or Hay You may also feed all sorts of Cattel with it green all the Summer It is best to mow it but once a year it will last ten or twelve years If you desire the Seed when it is ripe cut off the tops in a dewy morning and put into sheets for fear of losing the Seed and when they are dry thrash them thereon the remaining Stalks may be mowen for Hay By eating this Grass in the Spring Horses are purged and made fat in eight or ten days time One Acre will keep three Horses all the year long Hartlibs Legacie SECT V. Of some other Grasses or Hays This is a kinde of St. Foyn and by some judged to be the same Esparcet This is a Grain annually sowen in France and other Countries La Rome yn or French Tares or Vetches very quick of growth and excellent food for Cattle especially for Horses and after the feeding of it the former part of the Summer it may be let grow for Hay It is not so good as La Lucerne because this is annual the other of long continuance only this will grow on drier and poorer Land than Lucerne wherein it exceeds it In the Low-Countries they usually sowe it twice in a Summer the Spurrey-seed first in May in June and July it wil be in Flower and in August the Seed is usually ripe The second time of sowing is after Rye-harvest which Grounds they usually plough up and sowe it with Spurrey-seed that it may grow up and serve their Kine after all late Grasses be eaten up till New-years-day This Pasture makes excellent Butter preferred by many before May-butter Hens will greedily eat the Herb and it makes them lay the more Eggs. Hartlibs Legacie Hop Clover Trefoyl or Three-leaved Grass is both finer and sweeter Trefoyl than the great Clover-grass it will grow in any Ground it may be sown with Corn as before or without or being sprinkled in Meadows will exceedingly mend the Hay both in burthen and goodness At Maddington in Wiltshire about nine miles from Salisbury Long Grass in Wiltshire grows a Grass in a small Plat of Meadow-ground which Grass in some years grows to a prodigious length sometimes twenty four foot long but not in height as is usually reported but creeping on the ground or at least touching the ground at several of the knots of the Grass It is extraordinary sweet and not so easily propagated as hath been imagined the length thereof being occasioned by the washing of a declining Sheep-down that the Rain in a hasty shower brings with it much of the fatness of the Sheep-dung over the Meadow so that in such Springs that are not subject to such showers or at least from some certain Coasts this Grass thriveth not so well the Ground being then no better than another This Herb so little esteemed because not far fetched is an Saxifrage excellent and proper Herb to be nourished or sown in Meadows for amongst all House-wives it is held for an infallible Rule That where Saxifrage grows there you shall never have ill Cheese or Butter especially Cheese whence it cometh that the Netherlands abound much in that Commodity and only as is supposed through the plenty of that Herb. These and many other most rare and excellent Plants there are which if they were advanced or propagated that they might openly manifest their worth might be of much more advantage to the Laborious Husbandmen than the short sowre and naturally wilde and barren Grass mixed with a super-aboundant proportion of pernicious Weeds Therefore it would be very acceptable service to the whole Nation if those that have Land enough would yearly prove some small proportion of these and other Vegetables not yet brought into common use By which means they would not only advance their own Estates but the whole Nation in general and gain unto themselves an everlasting Fame and Honor as did the Families of Piso Fabius Lentulus and Cicero by bringing into use the several Pulses now called by their Names CHAP. IV. Of Arable Land and

it down it may yield a very good Grass after the Corn is carried off and soon come to a Sward The Land is to be laid in height according as it is inclinable to Moisture or Drought New broken Ground if it be sowen with Pease the first year saves one ploughing and a good part of the Herbage the Summer before it also destroys the Weeds and better prepares the Land for any other Grain In every part of England there is much Waste Land and other Poor and barren Land old Pastures that bears the name of Barren Land although for the most part by good Husbandry it may be reduced into Tillage and become very fruitful and advantageous to the Husbandman in particular and Commonwealth in general As is evident in many particular parcels lately Enclosed and taken out of the supposed barren Heaths and Commons that are now fruitful Fields therefore before any thing considerable can be effected to the Improvement and right Ordering of these sorts of Land the Designe of Enclosure ought to be seriously prosecuted but for such that are already Enclosed and yet remain barren and unfruitful it is a manifest signe of the ill management of the Proprietors or that the Tenant in possession hath but a short time or that he is obliged not to alter the nature and order of the Ground or which is too common that the present charge of good Husbandry exceeds an ill Husbands Store His poor and beggarly Farm hath wasted what he hath and he has no more to try new Conclusions withal And in this condition is abundance of Land in this Kingdom barren Land poor Cattle and bad Corn do insensibly as it were devour us because once in five or seven years in a very wet Summer or such-like when the rich Vales suffer these barren Lands yield a considerable Advantage which as a Lottery encourages us to beggery The best and speediest way to reduce these Lands that have long lain untilled and that have a Sward either of sowre Grass or of Rushes Weeds or such-like or of heathy Goss Fern or Broom by which means they have contracted an evil Juice injurious to Vegetation and withal a fertile Terrestrial Salt the best way I say to improve and reduce these Lands into Tillage is to burn boot or denshire them as is hereafter shewn which way is used on the barrennest and poorest Lands in England or Wales where before hardly any thing would grow now will grow as good Wheat or other Grain as on the best Land you have Many Presidents hereof there are in several places of England where in two or three years by this only means the Husbandman gains as much above all expence as the purchase of the Land was worth before Observe only this Caution That you be not too greedy to sowe it so often till you have drawn out the heart of the Land which then it will easily yield that it must lie rested many years to gain a Sward again Nor that you expend the Soil made of the Straw on other Lands which ill Husbandry is generally used that it brings an ill name on this part of Improvement which if well soyled and laid for Pasture after two Crops will yield a very good Grass as I have seen experienced or else may be sowen with new Hays or Grasses SECT II. Of Digging of Land for Corn. The Spade seems to contend with the Plough for Antiquity and it is the common Opinion that it was in use before it the Spade being the more plain and simple Instrument and withal the laborious The Plough seeming to be an Invention for expedition ease and advantage to which generally all New Inventions should tend but that now at last the Spade should supplant the Plough I see no reason for as the one is necessary and useful for the better propagating of Plants that take deep root so is the other as necessary and profitable for such that root more shallow as Corn and Pulse usually do Other differences seem to be in the loosening and tempering the ground for the Seeds the better to extend and spread their Roots and for the better burying and destroying the Weeds These seem to be of greater Importance than the depth only but all these by a Judicious and Industrious Husbandman are remedied and performed by the Plough as well as by the Spade for if the depth of the mould will bear it or the nature of the Seed you sowe requires it a Double Plough the one succeeding Deep ploughing as good as digging the other in depth may be made or the labour may be performed by two Ploughs the one following the other in the same Furrow but if a Plough be Artificially made and set to work deep although yon plough the less in a day it will stir the Land deep enough for any of our usual Grain or Pulse And as for breaking or tempering the Land and destroying the Weeds ploughing and cross ploughing at several seasons will do more and at less expence than once digging can do And if you please you may draw over the same before your last ploughing a large kinde of Harrow very heavy or with a sufficient weight on it which in some places is usually called Dragging This extremity is only necessary in some sorts of stiff Land other lighter is much more easily managed Mr. Platt in his Adams Tool Revived or His New Art of Setting Corn where he so much contends for the Spade gives this instance of the Plough That a parcel of Land first cross ploughed with a deep-cutting Plough and then ploughed over the third time with a shallow Plough that made very close and narrow Furrows then was the Seed sown by a skilful Sower and then harrowed over yielded fifteen quarters on each Acre so Tilled and Sown I presume if this Relation may upon experience prove true that none will be so much conceited of a Novelty as to desert this Method of Agriculture for that tedious and costly way of the Spade But in case it doth not Annually amount unto such a prodigious increase as this President yet doth it plainly evidence that good Culture doth infinitely meliorate the Land and advance the Crop and manifoldly repay the expence and labour bestowed thereon which is the most you can expect of the Spade SECT III. Of the different Species of Grain Corn Pulse c. usually sown or necessary to be propagated in our Country-Farm There is not any Grain more universally useful and necessary Wheat than Wheat whereof there are several sorts some more agreeable and better thriving on some sort of Land than on other that it conduceth much to the Husbandmans advantage rightly to understand the natural temper of his Land and what Species of Grain and particular sort of such Grain best agreeth with the nature of his Land As some sorts of Land bear Pulses better than Corn and some bear Barley better than Wheat and some sorts of Wheat

prove better on cold stiff Land than on hot or dry c. We find many sorts of Wheat mentioned in our Rustick Authors as Whole Straw-wheat Rivet-wheat white and red Pollard-wheat white and Kinds of Wheat red great and small Turkey-wheat Purkey-wheat Gray-wheat Flaxen-weat I suppose the same in some places called Lammas-wheat Chiltern Ograve-wheat Sarasins-wheat with several other Names though it 's probable may be the same sorts The Great Pollard they say delights best on stiff Lands and so doth the Ograve Flaxen-wheat and Lammas on indifferent Land and Sarasins-wheat on any But what the different natures of these and other several sorts are and in what Land they most principally delight and the differences of their Culture I leave to the more ingenious and expert Husbandman to finde out and discover It is observed that the Bearded-wheat suffereth not by Mildew because the Beard thereof is a kinde of defence to preserve it from Dew Wheat is usually sown in the Autumn and best in a wet season Triticum luto hordeum pulvere conserite and either earlier or later as the nature of the Land and scituation of the place requires This is another very necessary Grain though usually converted Barley to the worst use of any that grows in England It is the principal Ingredient into our necessary Drink moderately used but the use thereof in excess is become the most general raging Vice and as it were the Primum Mobile to most other detestable Evils It is also a Bane to Ingenuity many of our best Mechanicks being too much addicted to the tincture of this Grain nevertheless it so naturally delights in our meaner sort of Land and in the Champion Countries that it 's become a principal part of the Countrey-mans Tillage that the too great a quantity thereof doth impede the propagation of several other Grains and Pulses much more necessary Neither know I any way to remedy this Neglect on the one side and Wilfulness on the other unless the Designe of Enclosure might take effect for then would the Lands be so much the more enriched that they would bear other Grain to a greater advantage to the Husbandman than Barley or that a double or treble Tax might be imposed on every Acre of Barley-land for what it is on other Grain which would provoke the Husbandman to that which would be most for his Advantage then would there be a greater plenty of all other sorts of Grain and Pulse and at a lower price and only good Liquor a little the dearer which may by House-keepers the easier be born withal The Seasons for sowing of Barley differ according to the nature of the Soil and Scituation of the Place Some sowe in March some in April others not until May yet with good success no certain Rule can be herein prescribed it usually proves as the succeeding Weather happens only a dry time is most kindly for the Seed There is little difference observed in Barley only there is one Difference of Barley sort called Rath-ripe Barley which is usually ripe two or three weeks before the other and delights best in some sorts of hot and dry Land This is a Grain generally known and delighteth in a dry warm Rye Land and will grow in most sorts of Land so that the Earth be well tempered and loose it needeth not so rich a Ground nor so much care nor cost bestowed thereon as doth the Wheat only it must be sowen in a dry time for rain soon drowneth it they usually say a shower of Rain will drown it in the hopper Wet is so great an Enemy to it It is quick of Growth soon up after it is sowen and sooner in the Ear usually in April and also sooner ripe than other Grain yet in some places is it usual to sowe Wheat and Rye mixed which grow together and are reaped together but the Rye must needs be ripe before the Wheat Neither can I discover where a greater advantage lies in sowing them together than in sowing them apart The principal season of sowing of Rye is in the Autumn about September according as the season permits and the nature of the Ground requires Oats are very profitable and necessary Grain in most places of Oats England they are the most principal Grain Horses affect and commended for that use above any other On such Lands that by reason of the cold no other Grain will thrive yet Oats grow there plentifully as many places in Wales and Darby-shire can witness there is no ground too rich nor too poor too hot nor too cold for them they are esteemed a peeler of the Ground the best season for sowing of them is in February or March The white Oat is the best and heaviest Grain The Meal makes good Bread and much used for that purpose in many places and also good Pottage and several other Messes and is in great request towards Scotland and in Wales Oaten Malt also makes good Beer It is a Grain exceeding advanteous on barren sandy Lands Buck-wheat or French-wheat it is much sowen in Surrey much less than any other Grain sowes an Acre it is usually sowen as Barley but later it is also late ripe and yields a very great increase and is excellent food for Swine Poultry c. after it is mowen it must lie several days till the stalks be withered before it be housed Neither is there any danger of the seed falling from it Our Rustick Authors mention several other sorts of Corn or Other sorts of Grain Grain as Xea or Spelt-corn Far Millet Sesame Rice c. which I shall forbear to particularize on until we are better satisfied of their natures and use and experienced in the way or method of their propagation Of all Pulses that are sowen or propagated Pease claim the Pease preheminence not only for their general use both by Sea and Land both for man and beast but also for the diversity of their kinds Almost for every sort of Land and for every season a different sort of Pease some are white Pease some gray green c. not necessary here to be enumerated every understanding Husbandman knowing what sorts best accord with his Land In a stiff fertile Ground they yield a very confiderable Crop without such frequent Fallowings as other Grains requires and destroy the Weeds and fit and prepare the Land for After-crops being an Improver and not an Impoverisher of Land as Husbandmen usually observe This also is of general use and benefit and placed before any Beans other Pulses by Pliny for its commodiousness both for man and beast yet we finde the Pease to be more universally propagated Of Beans there are several sorts the Great Garden-Beans and middle sort of Bean and the small Bean or Horse-bean The later only is usually sowen in Ploughed Lands and delights principally in stiff and strong ground and thrives not in light sandy or barren They are proper to be sown

afterwards in the same Tract gives the partilar Process which is thus Let Pease be taken and steeped in as much Water as will cover them till they swell and Corn and be so ordered as Barley is for Maulting only with this difference that for this work if they sprout twice as much as Barley doth in Maulting 't is the better The Pease thus sprouted if beaten small which is easily done they being so tender put into a Vessel and stopt with a Bung and Rag as usually these will ferment and after two or three or four Months if distilled will really perform what before is promised Thus he also adds may a Spirit or Aqua Vitae be made out of any green growing thing Roots Berries Seeds c. which are not oyly Also that the Spirit which is made out of Grain not dried into Mault is more pleasant than the other It is not unlikely that Grain may afford its tincture and that excellent Beer or Ale may be made thereof without Maulting but these things require in another place to be treated of and also of the different ways of Fermenting Liquors which we refer to another time and place Hemp-seed is much commended for the feeding of Poultrey The uses of Hemp-seed Flax-seed Rape and Cole-seed and other Fowl so that where plenty thereof may be had and a good return for Fowl the use thereof must needs be advantageous ordered as you shall finde hereafter when we treat of Poultrey Flax-seed or Lin-seed Rape and Cole-seed are generally made use of for the making of Oyl Of the Preservation of Corn. The Preservation of Corn when it is plenty and good is of very great advantage to the Husbandman and the Kingdom in general for in scarce and dear years the Husbandman hath little to sell to advance his Stock and the Buyers are usually furnished with musty and bad Corn from Forein parts or from such that were ignorant of the ways to preserve it Therefore in cheap years it will be very necessary to make use of some of these ways for the storing up your Plenty of Corn against a time of Scarcity The way of making of it up in Reecks on Reeck-stavals set on On Reeck-stavals stones that the Mice may not come at it is usual and common But Corn thrashed and clean winnowed is apt to be musty therefore Corn laid up with Chaff some advise that you lay up your Corn in the Chaff in large Granaries made for that purpose secure from the Mice and when you use or sell it then to winnow it Also it is advised to mix Beans with Corn and that it will preserve Corn laid up with Beans it from heating and mustiness It is probable that if the Beans be well dried on a Kiln it may succeed for then will they attract all superfluous moisture unto them which is the only cause of the injury to the Corn for in Egypt where it is so dry Corn will keep in open Granaries many years as in Pharaoh's time The Beans are easily separated afterwards from the Corn. It is also reported that pieces of Iron Flints Pebles c. mixed Iron stones c mixed with Corn. with Corn preserves it from heating which may be true for it is usual to set a stick an end in Corn only to give passage for the Air to prevent heating A large Granary also full of square wooden pipes full of small holes may keep long from heating though not so well as the Chaff Beans c. Also some have had two Granaries the one over the other and A double Granary one over the other filled the upper which had a small hole in the bottom that the Corn by degrees like Sand in an Hour-glass hath fallen into the lower and when it was all in the lower they removed it into the upper and so kept it in continual motion which is a good way also to preserve it SECT VIII Of the Preparation of the Seed The greatest part of Vegetables and more especially those whereof we have before treated are propagated of Seed which included in a very small shell skin or husk containeth the very Quintessence of the Plant that produced it and is as it were the Life and Spirit of the Vegetable coagulated into a small compass Etenim Natura è tota Plantae mole nobiliores maximè activas Dr. Willis de Fermentatione particulas segregat easque cum pauxillo terrae aquae simul collectas in Semina velut Plantae cujusvis quintas essentias efformat interim truncus folia caules reliqua Plantae membra principiis activis pene orbata valdè depauperantur ac minoris efficaciae ac virtutis existunt This Seed or Spirit of the Plant being cast into its proper Matrix or Menstruum in its proper time doth attract unto its self its proper nourishment or moisture which by its own strength or power it doth ferment and transmute that which was before another thing now into its own being substance or nature and thereby doth dispand its self and encrease into the form and matter by Nature designed A more Philosophick Definition and Dissection of the nature of the Seed and Vegetation we will leave to the more Learned and content our selves in our Rural Habitation with so much of the understanding thereof as shall guide us unto the Discovery and Application of what may be this proper Menstruum wherein each Seed most rejoyceth in and with most delight attracteth for it is most evident that every Seed as it differs in nature from another so it requires a different nourishment For we perceive that in the same Land one sort of Seed will thrive where another will not according to the Proverb Ones Meat is anothers Poyson and that any sort of Grain or Seed will in time extract and diminish such Nutriment that it most delights in Which is the cause that our Husbandmen do finde so Change of Seed an Improvement great an Advantage and Improvement by changing their Seed especially from that Land which is often tilled which they call hook-Hook-Land into Land newly broken and from dry barren and hungry Land to rich and fat Land also from Land inclining to the South to Land inclining to the North è contra all which produce a good Improvement As Cattle that are taken out of short sour and bad Pasture and put into good sweet Pasture thrive better than such that are not so exchanged After the same manner it is with Trees removed out of bad Ground into good all which are manifest Signes that there is some particular thing wherein each Seed delights which if we did but understand we might properly apply it and gain Riches and Honour to our selves but because we are ignorant thereof and are content so to remain we will make use of such Soyls Dungs Composts and other Preparations and Ways of Advancement of the Growth of Vegetables as are already discovered

of their Land and that to a very great advantage All manner of Sea-owse Owsy-mud or Sea-weeds or any such-like growing either in the Sea or fresh Rivers whereof there is a very great quantity lost and destroyed are very good for the bettering of Land In Cornwal there is also a Weed called Ore-weed whereof some grows upon Rocks under high Water-marks and some is broken from the bottom of the Sea by rough weather and cast upon the next shore by the Wind and Flood wherewith they Compost their barly-Barly-Land Of Snayl-Cod or Snag-greet It lieth frequently in deep Rivers it is from a Mud or Sludge it is very soft full of Eyes and wrinkles and little shells is very rich some they sell for one shilling two pence the Load another sort they sell for two shillings four pence the Load at the Rivers-side which men fetch twenty miles an end for the Inriching of their Land for Corn and Grass one Load going as far as three Load of the best Horse or Cow-dung that can be had It hath in it many Snails and Shells which is conceived occasioneth the fatness of it I am very credibly informed that an Ingenious Gentleman living Of Oyster-shells near the Sea-side laid on his Lands great quantities of Oyster-shells which made his Neighbours laugh at him as usually they do at any thing besides their own clownish road or custom of ignorance for the first and second years they signified little but afterwards they being so long exposed to the weather and mixed with the moist Earth they exceedingly enriched his Lands for many years after which stands also with reason the Shells of all such Fish being only Salt congealed into such a form which when it is dissolved of necessity must prove fertile There is in most Rivers a very good rich Mud of great fruitfulness Of Mud. and unexpected advantage it costs nothing but labour in getting it hath in it great worth and vertue being the Soil of the Pastures and Fields Commons Roads Ways Streets and Backsides all washed down by the flood and setling in such places where it meets with rest There is likewise very great fertility in the residence of all Channels Ponds Pools Lakes and Ditches where any store of Waters do repose themselves but especially where any store of Rain-water hath a long time setled In Forein parts where Fish are plenty they prove an excellent Of Fish Manure for Land in some places here in England there are plenty of some sorts of Fish and at some seasons not capable of being kept for a Market it were better to make use of them for our advantage than not I presume they are of the best of Soils or Manures but herein I submit to experience Doubtless there is not any thing that proceeds from the Sea or other Waters whether it be Fish or the Garbish of Fish Vegetables Shells Sands or Mud or any such-like dissolving matter but must be of very great advantage to the Husbandman if duly and judiciously applied SECT IV. Of Dungs or Excrementitious Soyls This is the most common of any Dung whatsoever by reason Of Horse dung that Horses are most kept in Stables and their Soil preserved yielding a considerable price in most places the higher the Horses are fed the better is the Dung by far it is the only Dung in use whilest it is new for hot Beds and other uses for the Gardiner Next unto the Horse-dung is Cow-dung whereof by reason of Of Cow or Ox-dung its easie solution hath been made the Water wherein Grain hath been steeped and hath deceived many a plain-meaning Husbandman for there is not that richness nor vertue therein as many judge for that purpose But this together with Horse-dung or other Dung is of very great advantage to Land if it be kept till it be old and not laid abroad exposed to the Sun and Wind as is the practise of the several ignorant Husbands letting of it lie spread on their Field-Lands three or four of the Summer-months together till the Sun and Air hath exhausted all the vertue thereof which if it be laid on heaps with Earth mixed therewith and so let lie till it be rotten it will be the sooner brought to a convenient temper and on Pasture-grounds brings a sweeter Grass and goes much farther than the common way and spread before the Plough produces excellent Corn It is also to be used with Judgment for ordinary Dung used the common way in some years doth hurt and sometimes makes Weeds and trumpery to grow which ordered as before is not so apt for such inconveniences Of all Beasts Sheep Of Sheeps-dung yield the best Dung and therefore is most to be esteemed it is a very high Improvement to the common Field-lands where there is a good Flock duly folded on them especially where it is turned in with the Plough soon after the fold the only way to Improve your Sheeps-dung to the highest advantage is to fold them in a covered fold with intermixture of Earth Sand c. as before and by this means we may make our sheep enrich most of our barren Lands Sheeps-dung is very excellent being dissolved wholly as it will be if well squeezed to steep Grain therein for the Grain doth very eagerly imbibe the whole quantity of the Dung into it self except only here and there a treddle undissolved and proves a great Improvement if rightly ordered Great quantities of this Dung might be obtained if poor Women and Children were imployed to pick up the same on the Rode-ways and burning tops of hills where it seldom doth any good but would prove much more advantageous than the cost or trouble by far This hath in former Ages been esteemed the worst of Dungs Of Swines-dung very hurtful to Corn a breeder of Thistles and other noisome Weeds But our late Husbands whose experience I rather credit than English Improver an old vain Tradition say 't is very rich for Corn or Grass or any Land yea of such account to many ingenious Husbands that they prefer it before any ordinary Manure whatsoever therefore they make their Hog-yards most compleat with an high Pale paved well with Pibble or Gravel in the bottom c. they cast into this yard their Cornish Muskings and all Garbidge and all Leaves Roots Fruits and Plants out of Gardens Courts and Yards and great store of Straw Fearn or Weeds for the Swine to make Dung withal some Hog-yards will yield you forty some sixty some eighty Load of excellent Manure of ten or twelve Swine It 's most likely that this Manure so made by these large additions is more natural and kindly to Land than the bare Swines-dung it self and must of necessity prove a very high advantage considering the despicable vile state of this Beast Some good Daries will make the Soil of their Hog-yard produce them twenty or thirty pounds worth of profit in a year Of the Dung of Fowls

Lombardy they esteem them much above other Dung It 's best to lay them either on Corn or Pasture or Meadow in the beginning of Winter that the showers may the easier dissolve them Soot also is affirmed by some to be very good especially that Soot which is made of Wood. It 's most beneficial to Trees or Plants that either grow in the shade or to cold and moist Grounds Common Salt may prove advantageous if used with moderation Salt and discretion as well to saltish Sands Muds Earths c. Some commend very much the sweeping of a Ship of Salt or drossie Salt and Brine It is of singular use as daily experience testifies being dissolved and Seed-corn steeped therein to prevent the Smut and add fertility as we noted before in the Preparation of the Seed There is also a relation of one that sowed a Bushel of Salt long before on a small patch of barren Ground at Clapham which to that day remained more fresh and green and full of Swarth than all the rest of the Field about it This though not a beneficial Experiment by reason of the price of Salt yet a plain demonstration of the Fertility that is in Salts and gives us encouragement to make use of the Brines of Salt-pits or such-like now not in much esteem In Rags of all sorts there is good vertue they are carried far Rogs and laid upon Lands and have them in a warming improving temper one good Load will go as far as a dozen or more of the best Cow-dung Divers also have found singular profit in the Hair that is gotten Hair c. from the Hides of Beasts being thinly laid upon the Ground and suffered to putrifie Also course Wool-nippings and Tarry Pitch-marks may be reckoned into the number having great virtue in them Mault-dust is commended as an Inricher of barren Lands but Mault-dust because great quantities are not to be had thereof it is best to be used in Gardens where you will finde it to be of singular use only it is apt to breed Weeds All sorts of Fearn Straw Brake Stubble Rushes Thistles Fearn Straw Stubble c. Leaves of Trees or any manner of Vegetable Trash whatever either cast into the yards amongst the Cattle or Swine or cast into Pools or places to rot in or mixed with other Soils help very much and make very good Compost All Marrow-bones Fish-bones Horn or shavings of Horn or Bones horns stinking flesh c. Liquors wherein Flesh or Fish have lain or any other thing whatsoever that hath any oyliness or fatness in it is useful in Husbanding Lands It were not much labour to try whether the bones of Horses or other Beasts whereof there are great quantities at some Dog-kennels which if being burnt in heaps with some small addition of Fewel would be of good effect to be laid on Lands There is in all Bark a very rich Salt but in the Oaken-bark the Bark of Trees most which is made use of principally by Tanners but such Barks or Rinds of Trees not of so high a value being broken into small pieces must of necessity enrich either Corn or Pasture-ground being Earth in Willow-trees laid thereon It must needs be much richer than the Mould or Earth usually found in the bodies of old large and hollow Willow-trees that are putrified within which is esteemed to be so rich and effectual Amongst the Coal-Mines they usually dig a kind of blew or black Clay that lies near the Coal and is as it were an unripe Coal which the Country-men commonly call Vrry which they Urry lay on their Pastures with wonderful success and is very proper for warm Lands CHAP. VI. Of the Benefit Raising Planting and Propagating of all sorts of Timber-trees and other Trees useful either in Building or other Mechanick Vses or for Fencing Fewel c. SECT I. Of the Benefit of Propagating Timber-Trees and other Trees in general THe Propagation of Woods or Trees is none of the least Improvements that can be made on most of the Lands in England for the particular advantage and pleasure of the Country-man and in raising the yearly profits of his Farm and very much advancing the price of the purchase thereof over and above the Annual gain and nothing can render a Seat more delectable and pleasant than Wood and Water but principally the curious Groves surrounding or bordering near it What can be more profitable than Woods or Trees which will thrive and increase on the most barren and unfruitful Land be it either wet or dry cold mountanous uneven remote or never so inapt for any other manner of Culture where neither Corn Grass or any other necessary or useful Vegetable will hardly grow yet may we there perceive the lofty Woods flourish far exceeding in value the purchase of the Land without them and instead of injuring the Land whereon they stand it is much bettered and capacitated to bear tillage at the removal of the Trees also the other bordering grounds yield a greater encrease of Corn or Grass by their defence from the extremity of the cold and bitter blasts in the Winter and the scorching drought of the Summer And what can be more pleasant than to have the bounds and limits of your own Propriety preserved and continued from age to age by the Testimony of such living and growing witnesses in the Spring yielding a reviving Cordial to your Winter-chilled spirit giving you an assurance of the approaching Summer by their pregnant Buds and Musical Inhabitants In the Summer what more delectable than the curious prospect of the variety of Greenness dark shades and retirement from the scorching Sun-beams The Autumn and Winter also not without pleasure and content for the active Husbandman And what place can be more displeasing and ungrateful than a naked and dry Seat lying open to all Winds and Weathers of which it may be said as once of old Sarum Est ibi defectus Lymphae sed copia Cretae Saevit ibi Ventus sed Philomela silet As for the more particular advantages and benefits of planting Particular Advantages Woods and Trees you shall find that First It improves and meliorates the Land it self for those Lands where Woods have formerly stood and are now grubbed up or taken away the ground is very good and rich and bears excellent Corn or any other Tillage or Grass although the ground was before the planting or growing of those Woods barren lean and thin as may appear by the bordering Land on either side of such Woods that were never planted Secondly The Annual profits of most Land planted with Coppice-woods are much greater than if the same Land were used for Corn Grass or such-like For I have known on a hill Land not worth for Corn or Grass above five shillings per Acre that at twelve years growth the Coppice-wood thereon growing hath been sold at the rate of twenty pounds per Acre and at

feed on To Burn-beat or burn the Bait. Vide Denshire Bulchin a Calf Bullimony a mixture of several sorts of Grain Bushel in some places it is taken for two Strike or two Bushels and sometimes for more C ACartwright one that makes Carts Waggons c. To Cave or Chave is with a large Rake or suchlike Instrument to divide the greater from the lesser as the larger Chaff from the Corn or smaller Chaff Also larger coals from the lesser Ceres the Goddess of Corn Seeds and Tillage Also the Title of one of the Books of Mr. Rea treating of Seeds Chaff the Refuse or Dust in winnowing of Corn. Champion Lands not inclosed or large Fields Downs or places without Woods or Hedges Cheese-lip the Bag wherein Housewifes prepare and keep their Runnet or Rennet for their Cheese Chitting the Seed is said to chit when it shoots first its small root in the Earth Cider or Cyder a Drink made of the juyce of Apples A Ciderist one that deals in Cider or an Affector of Cider Clogs pieces of wood or suchlike fastened about the Necks or to the Legs of Beasts that they run not away A Cock is of Hay or Corn laid on heaps to preserve it against the extremities of the weather Codware such Seed or Grain that is contained in Cods as Pease Beans c. A Colefire is a parcel of Fire-wood set up for sale or use containing when it is burnt a Load of Coals Collers about the Cattles Necks by the strength whereof they draw Come The small Fibres or Tails of Malt. Compas or Compost Soyl for Land Trees c. Coniferous Trees are such that bear Cones or Clogs as the Fir Pine c. A Conservatory a place to keep Plants Fruits c. in A Coom four Bushels Coppice Copise or Copse The smaller sort of wood or Vnderwood A Cord of wood is set out as the Coalfire and contains by measure four foot in breadth four foot in height and eight foot in length Covert a shady place for Beasts A Cradle is a frame of wood fixed to a Sythe for the mowing of Corn and causes it to be laid the better in swarth and it is then called a Cradle-Sythe A Cratch a Rack for Hay or Straw Vide Rack A Croft a small Inclosure Crones old Eaws A Crotch the forked part of a Tree useful in many cases of Husbandry A Crow or Crome of Iron an Iron-bar with one end flat To Cultivate to Till Culture Tilling A Curry-comb an Iron-comb wherewith they kemb Horses A Curtilage a Gate-room or Back-side A Cyon a young Tree or Slip springing from an old D DAllops a term used in some places for Patches or corners of Grass or Weeds among the Corn. Darnel Cockle-weed injurious to Corn. To Denshire is to cut off the Turf of Land and when it is dry to lay it on heaps and burn it To Delve to dig A Diqble an Instrument wherewith they make holes for the setting of Beans c. A Dike a Ditch Dredge Oats and Barley mixed Drought a long time of dry weather Dug of a Cow that is the Cows Teat A Dung-fork is a Tool of three Tines or Pikes for the better casting of Dung E TO Ear or Are to Plough or Fallow Earning Runnet wherewith they convert Milk into Cheese Eddish Eadish Etch or Eegrass the latter Pasture or Grass that comes after Mowing or Reaping To Edge to Harrow Edifice Building Egistments Cattle taken in to graze or be fed by the Week or Month. Espaliers Trees planted in a curious order against a Frame for the bounding of Walks Borders c. Exoticks Forreign Plants not growing naturally in our English Soyl. F TO Fallow To prepare Land by Ploughing long before it be ploughed for Seed Thus may you fallow twifallow and trifallow that is once twice or thrice Plough it before the Seed-time A Fan is an Instrument that by its motion Artificially causeth Winde useful in the winnowing of Corn. A Farding Land or Farundale of Land is the fourth part of an Acre A Fathom of Wood is a parcel of Wood set out six whereof make a Coal-fire To Faulter Thrashers are said to faulter when they thrash or beat over the Corn again To Ferment that is to cause Beer Cider or other Drinks to work that the dregs or impurities may be separated upwards or downwards Fermentation such working Fertile Fruitful Fertility Fruitfulness Fetters are usually made of Iron and hanged about the legs of Cattle that they leap not or run away Fewel any combustible matter wherewith a fire is made Filly a She-colt Fimble Hemp that is the yellow early Hemp. Flayl a thrashing Instrument Floating or drowning or watering of Meadows Also Floating of a Cheese is the separating the Whey from the Curd Flora the Goddess of Flowers Also the Title of Mr. Rea his Excellent Treatise of Flowers Fodder Hay Straw or suchlike food for Cattle Foison plenty of Riches Foisty Musty Fork There are several sorts of them some of Wood some of Iron some for Hay others for Corn c. To Foyl That is to fallow Land in the Summer or Autumn Fragrant Smelling pleasantly Frith Underwood or the shroud of Trees A Frower An Edg-tool used in cleaving Lath. Furrow The low fall or drain in Land either left by the Plough or otherwise made G A Gap An open place in a Hedge or suchlike A Garner A Granary to put Corn in Georgicks Belonging to Husbandry or Tillage as Virgil's Georgicks his Books of Husbandry Germins Young shoots of Trees Germination A budding forth Glandiferous Bearing Mast To Glean To pick up or gather the shattered Corn. A Goad A small staff or rod with a sharp Iron-pin at the end thereof to quicken Horses or Oxen in their motion A Geoff or Goffe A Mow or Reek of Corn. To Gore To make up such Mows or Reeks Goss or Gorse Furzes Groats Oats after the Hulls are off or great Oatmeal Grubbage See Mattock H TO Hale or Hawl To draw Harneys Ropes Collers and other Accoutrements fitted to Horses or other Beasts for their drawing Hatches Flood-gates placed in the water to obstruct its current Haws the Fruit of the White-thorn Hawm The stalks of Pease Beans or suchlike Head-land That which is ploughed overthwart at the ends of the other Lands Heckle An Instrument used in the trimming and perfecting of Hemp and Flax for the Spinner by dividing the Tow or Hurds from the Tare Helm Is Wheat or Rye-straw unbruised by thrashing or otherwise and bound in bundles for Thatching Heps The Fruit of the Black-thorn Herbage The Feeding Grazing or Mowing of Land Heyrs Young Timber-trees that are usually left for Standils in the felling of Copses Hide-bound A Disease whereunto Trees as well as Cattle are subject A Hinde a Servant in Husbandry Hillock A little Hill as a Hop-hill c. Hogs In some places Swine are so called in some places young Weathers Hook Land Tilled and Sown every year Hopper Wherein they carry their

Trees A Shard Vide Gap A Shed a place erected and covered over for shelter for Cattle or any other use against a wall or other Edifice To Sheer is used in the Northern parts for to Reap Shock Several sheaves of Corn set together A Shrape or Scrape a place baited with Chaff or Corn to intice Birds To Shroud To cut off the head-branches of a Tree A Sickle a toothed Reap-hook A Site or Scite a principal Mannour or Farm-house A Skepe or Scuttle a flat and broad Basket made to carry Corn withal A Skreyn is an Instrument made of Wire on a Frame for the dividing of Corn from Dust Cockle Ray c. Also it is usually made of Lath for the skreining of Earth Sand Gravel c. Slab The out-side sappy Plank or Board sawn off from the sides of Timber A Sled a thing without Wheels whereon to lay a Plough or other ponderous thing to be drawn A Sluce a Vent or Drain for water Sneed or Snead The handle of a Sythe or suchlike Tool Souse The Offal of Swine Soutage Course Cloth or bagging for Hops or suchlike A Spade or Spitter wherewith they dig or delve Also a Cutting-Spade wherewith they cut Hay or Corn-Mowes Stack of Corn. See Reek Staddles Standils or Standards Trees reserved at the felling of Woods for growth for Timber Stail The handle of a Tool Stale a living Fowl put in any place to allure other Fowl where they may be taken Stercoration Dunging Sterile Barren Stover Straw A Strike of Flax so much as is heckled at one handful Also it signifies an Instrument wherewith they strike Corn in the measuring Also it is used in the Northern parts for a Measure containing about a Bushel Structures Buildings A Sturk a young Beeve or Heifer A Sty a place for fatting or keeping Swine Succulation a Pruning of Trees Succulent Juicy A Sull a term used for a Plough in the Western parts A Sull-paddle a small Spade-staff or Instrument to cleanse the Plough from the clogging Earth To Summer-stir To fallow Land in the Summer A Sussingle a large Girt that Carriers use to binde or fasten their Packs withal Sward Ground is said to have a Sward or to be swarded when it is well grown or Coated over with Grass or other Vegetables Swath or Swarth Grass Corn or suchlike as it is laid by the Mower from the Sythe Swill Used in the Northern parts for shade or shadow To Swingle Flax a term used by Flax-dressers A Swine-herd a Keeper of Swine A Sythe wherewith they Mow Grass or Corn. T TAre of Flax the finest drest part thereof ready for the Spinner Tares A sort of Grain To Ted To turn or spread new-mown Grass A Teem or Team A certain number of Horses or other Beasts for the Draught Terrasse a Walk on a Bank or Bulwark Tet The Cows Dug by some is called the Tet. A Thrave of Corn contains four Shocks each Shock consisting of six Sheaves A Tike a small Bullock or Heifer Tills Lentils a sort of Pulse Tylth Soyl or other improvement of Land The Tine or Grain of a Fork Tits Small Cattle A Trendle a flat Vessel by some called a Kiver A Trough a Vessel to hold water c. to feed Cattle in c. or for the beating of Apples for Cider or the like A Trundle a thing made and set on low Wheels to draw heavy burdens on A Trunchion a piece of Wood cut short like a Quarter-staff A Tumbrel a Dung-cart V AVat a Vessel to contain Beer Ale Cider or any other Liquor in its preparation Vallor or Vallow or Vate a Concave-Mold wherein a Cheese is pressed Vindemiation The gathering of Grapes or reaping the Fruit of any thing as of Cherries Apples Bees c. To Vindemiate To gather the same Fruits Vinous Winy Vnderwood Coppice or any other Wood that is not esteemed Timber Vrry The blew Clay that is digged out of the Coal-mines and lies next the Coal being crude and immature and used for soyling of Land Vtensils Instruments used in any Art especially Husbandry W AWantey Vide Sussingle Wattell The naked fleshie matter that hangs about a Turkeys head A Weanel a young Beast newly weaned Whinnes Furzes A Wind-row Hay or Grass raked in Rows in order to be set up in Cocks Winlace or Winch that by which any burden is wound up or drawn out of a Well or other deep place To Winnow to separate by Winde the Corn from the Chaff To Winter-rig to fallow Land in the Winter Wood-land Places where much Woods are or it 's generally taken for Countries inclosed Y A Yate or Yatt A Gate A Yoak is either an Instrument for Oxen to draw by or to put on Swine or other unruly Creatures to keep them from running through Hedges Z ZEphyrus The West-winde An ALPHABETICAL TABLE OF The Principal Matters before treated of A OF the Abele Tree Page 83 Agriculture what it is 1 The Air it 's divers signification 298 Of the Alaternus 86 Of the Alder-Tree 83 Almonds 103 Anise the ordering thereof 154 Ants and Ant-hills to destroy 216 Angling 253 The Apiary its form and manner 170 Apples 99 The Apple-tree id April's Observations 269 Aprecocks 107 Aquatic-Trees 83. 92. 93 Arable Land it 's improvement 31 Arbor Vitae 87 Artichoaks 151 Artichoaks of Jerusalem 155 The Ass 160 Ashes their use 66 The Ash it 's propagation and use 79 Asparagus 151 The Aspen 83 Augusts Observations 279 B BAuk-hooks to lay 257 Barbel to take 258 Barley 36 Its Use 51 Barberries 103 Bark of Trees a good Soyl 71 The Bay-tree 86 Bat-fowling 246 Beasts 160 Beam See Horn Beam and Quick-Beam Their signification in change of Weather Several Beasts injurious to Husbandry 208 Beans of divers sorts 38. 149 The Beech it 's propagation and use 78 Beans called French or Kidney-Beans 150 Bees the several ways of ordering them from page 168. to page 188 Beets 154 Small Birds to destroy 213 The Birch 81 Of making and using Bird-lime 238. 246 The Black-thorn 89 Blight to prevent 207 Bobbing 258 Box 87 Bream to take 257 Brick and Tiles to make 232 Buck-wheat 37 Building profitable Experiments therein 229 Burning of Land or Burn-baiting 58 59 60 Of Rushie and Mossie Ground 23 Of Stones Chalk c. 61 C CAbbages and Coleworts 153 Carp to take 256 Carriages in Watering Meadows 21 Carts and Waggons the several sorts 226 Carrots 154 Cedar 86 Cherries 101 Chesnut it 's propagation and use 80 Chevin and Chub to take 258 Chalk the use thereof 61 Cider the making thereof 126 127 Cignet to fat 167 Cisterns or Pits for Water to make 196 Clay and Cold Land its use 32 Clay its use 63 Clouds their signification 295 Clover-grass its improvement and use 25 Cold and Frost remedies against it 197 Coleflower 153 Coleseed its use 42. 52 Codlings to plant 118. 121 Coneys to destroy 162. 209 Cormorant-Fishing 259 Corn its preservation 52 Cows and Oxen 161 Cow Dung 66 Copses