Selected quad for the lemma: kingdom_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
kingdom_n	prince_n	state_n	subject_n	1,779	5	6.3897	4	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A57355	The arts of empire and mysteries of state discabineted in political and polemical aphorisms, grounded on authority and experience, and illustrated with the choicest examples and historical observations / by the ever-renowned knight, Sir Walter Raleigh ; published by John Milton, Esq.; Cabinet-council	Raleigh, Walter, Sir, 1552?-1618.; Milton, John, 1608-1674.	1692 (1692)	Wing R155; ESTC R20812	78,456	250

by Princes Facilitas autoritatem severitas amorem minuit Tac. To these Vertues we may apply Liberality which doth not only Adorn but highly Advance the Honor due to Princes thereby also the good Will of Men is gained for nothing is more fitting a Prince's Nature than Bounty the same being accompanied with Judgment and performed according to the Laws of Liberality Perdere multi sciunt donare nesciunt Tac. It seemeth also that Prudence is not only fit but also among other Vertues necessary in a Prince for the daily use thereof is in all Humane Actions required and chiefly in Matters of State and Government Prudentia imperantis propria unica virtus Arist. The Success of all Worldly Proceedings doth shew that Prudence hath compassed the Prosperous Event of Humane Actions more than Force of Arms or other Power Mens una sapiens plurium vincit manus Eurip. Prudence is either natural or received from others for whoso can Counsel himself what is fit to be done needeth not the Advice of others but they that want such Perfection and are nevertheless capable and are willing to know what others inform ought to be accounted wise enough Laudatissimus est qui cuncta videbit sed laudandus est is qui paret recte monenti Hesiod CHAP. XIV Of the Princes intimate Counsellors and Ministres of State with their several Requisites ALbeit the excellent Spirit of some Princes be such as doth justly deserve the highest Commendation yet for that every Course of Life needeth the Aid of Men and the Mind of one cannot comprehend the infinite Care appertaining to publick Affairs it behoveth Princes to be assisted Magna negotia adjutoribus egent Tac. The Assistants may be properly divided into Counsellors and Ministers the one to Advise the other to Execute Without Counsel no Kingdom no State no private House can stand for Experience hath proved that Common-weales have prospered so long as good Counsel did govern but when Favor Fear or Voluptuousness entered those Nations became disordered and in the end subject to Slavery Quiddam sacrum profecto est Consultatio Plato Counsellors are Men specially selected to give Advice to Princes or Common-wealths as well in Peace as in War the chief Qualities required in such Men are Fidelity and Knowledge which two concurring do make them both Good and Wise and consequently fit for Counsel Prudentis proprium munus recte consulere Arist. The Election of Counsellors is and ought to be chiefly among Men of long Experience and grave Years for as Youth is fittest for Action in respect of Corporal Strength so elder Folk having felt the Force of every Fortune and observed the Course of Worldly Proceedings do seem most meet for Consultation Consilia senum facta juvenum Plato Albeit we say that the Excellency of Wisdom should be in Counsellors yet do we not require so quick and fiery a Conceit as is more apt for Innovation than orderly Government Hebetiores quam acutiores melius Remp. administrant Thucyd. To Fidelity and Experience we wish that our Counsellors should be endued with Piety Liberty Constancy Modesty and Silence for as the Aid and Assistance of God is that which governeth all good Counsels so liberty of Speech and magnanimous uttering of what is good and fit is necessary in Counsellors Likewise to be constant and not to vary in opinion either for Fear or Favor is very commendable Also as Modesty in giving Counsel escheweth all Offences and gaineth good Will so Secresie is the best and most secure means to govern all publick Affairs Res magnae sustineri non possunt ab eo qui tacere nequit Curt. The first Obstacle to good Counsel is Pertinacy or Opiniativeness a Condition far unfit for Counsellors yet some Men are so far in love with their own Opiniastre Conceits as that they cannot patiently endure Opposition Secondly Discord must from Counsellors be removed because private Offence many times impeacheth publick Proceedings Thirdly Affection is an Enemy to Counsel the same being commonly accompanied with Anger wherewith nothing can be rightly or considerately done Lastly Avarice seemeth a Vice worthy to be abhorred of all Counsellors because it driveth away both Fidelity and Honesty the principal Pillars of all good Counsel Pessimum veri affectus judicii venenum utilit as Tac. To good Counsel other Impediments there are which square not with Wisdom for all Crafty and Hazarding Counsels do seem in the beginning likely to succeed but afterwards and chiefly in the end do prove hard and of evil Event It therefore seemeth behoveful to be wary in resolving and bold in executing Animus vereri qui scit scit tuto aggredi Pub. Another Lett to good Consultation is immoderate Desire which every wise Man must endeavor to restrain Cupiditate pauca recte fiunt circumspectione plurima Thucyd. Thirdly Haste is an Enemy to good Deliberation for whoso greedily desireth any thing proceedeth rashly and rash proceeding endeth ever in Repentance Scelera impetu bona consilia mora valescunt Tac. Of Ministers of State Having already spoken of Counsellors somewhat is to be spoken of Ministers I mean those that either publickly or privately serve the Prince in any Function in choice of which Men care must be had First That they be Persons honestly born for no Man descended of base Parentage may be admitted unless in him be found some noble and excellent Vertue Optimus quisque Nobilissimus Plato Secondly They ought to be of honest Condition and of good Fame for that Common-weale is better and more secure where the Prince is not good than is that where his Ministers are Evil. It seemeth therefore that Ministers should be Men of good Quality and Blameless Emitur sola virtute potestas Claud. Thirdly Consideration is to be had of their Capacity and Fitness for that Function wherein they are to be used for as some Men are apt for Learning so others are naturally disposed to Arms. Also it is necessary that every one Square with the Office whereunto he is appointed in which matter some Princes have used great Caution for as they little liked of Men Excellent so they utterly detested the Vitious the one they doubted to trust in regard of themselves the other were thought a publick Indignity to the State Wise Men have therefore resolved that those Wits which are neither over-haughty and singular nor they which be base or dull are fittest for Princes Secrets and Services howsoever we may hereof say with Tacitus Nescio quomodo Aulica haec comitia affectus dirigit fato quodam ac sorte nascendi ut caetera ita principum inclinatio in hos offensio in illos est Tac. And because the Course and Quality of Mens Lives serving in Court is of all other the most uncertain and dangerous great Heed and Circumspection ought therein to be used for whoso serveth negligently forgetting the dutiful Endeavors appertaining to the place seemeth to take a way of no good speed

same Passions with former Ages consequently of these doings the same effects ensue Example The Almains and French have ever been noted for their Avarice Pride Fury and Infidelity and so in divers Ages experience hath proved even to this present For perfidious Dealing the French have given sufficient proof not only in ancient times but also in the time of Charles VIII who promised to render to the Florentines the Forts of Pisa but having divers times received Mony held them notwithstanding in possession The Florentines found the like in the Almains for in the Wars of the Visconti Dukes of Milan they prayed aid of the Emperor who promised them great Forces in consideration whereof he was to receive of the Florentines one hundred thousand Crowns in Hand and as much more when his Army was arrived in Italy both which Payments were performed but as soon as the Emperor came to Verona he devised Cavillations of Unkindness whereupon he returned home A Prince desirous to obtain any thing of another must if occasion so permit urge his Demand so earnestly and press for so sudden and present Answer as he who is prest may not have leisure to consider how to excuse himself in denial Example Pope Julio endeavoured to drive out of Bologna all the Bentivoli in which Action he thought the aid of the French necessary and that the Venetians should stand neutral and by divers Messengers did sollicite them to that Effect but not receiving any resolute Answer he thought fit with those few Forces he had to take his Journey to Bologna whereupon the Venetians advertised him they would remain neutral and the French King forthwith sent him Forces as fearing the Popes Indignation likewise the Tuscans having formerly desired aid of the Samnites against the Romans took Arms suddenly and obtained their request which the Samnites had before denied When a Multitude offendeth all may not be punish'd because they are too many To punish part and leave the rest unpunish'd were Injury to the Sufferers and to those that escape an Encouragement to offend again therefore to eschew all extremity mean Courses have been anciently used Example When all the Wives of the Romans conspired to Poyson their Husbands a convenient number of them were punisht and the rest suffered to pass Likewise at the conspiracy of the Bacchanals in the time of the Macedonian War wherein many thousands Men and Women had part every tenth person only was put to death by lot although the offence were general by which manner of punishing he that suffered complain'd on his fortune and he that escaped was put in fear that offending again the same punishment might light upon himself and therefore would no more offend A Battel or great action in Arms ought not to be enterprised without special Commission or Command from the Prince otherwise the General incurs great danger Example Papyrius the Dictator punisht the General of the Horse in the Roman Army for having fought without his consent although he had in battle slain 20000 Enemies without loss of 200 of his own and Caesar commended his Captain Silanus for having refrain'd to fight though with great advantage he might Also count Egmont hazarded the favor of the King his Master for giving battel to Marshall de Thermes albeit he were victorious for upon the success of that action the loss or safety of all the Low Countries depended To govern without Council is not only dangerous in Aristocracies and Popular States but unto independent Princes an occasion of utter ruin Example Hieron the first King of Sicily in all his proceedings used the advice of Counsels and lived fifty years prosperously in Peace but his grand-child succeeding refusing all Counsel lost his Kingdom and was with all his Kinsfolk and Friends cruelly slain In all Monarchies the Senate or privv-Council is or ought to be composed of persons of great dignity or Men of approved wisdom and understanding Example In Polonia no Man is Counsellor unless he be a Palatine a Bishop a Castellan a Captain or such a one as hath been Ambassador and in Turky the title of Counsellor is not given but only to the four Bassaes. The two Cadelesquires the twelve Beglerbegs and Kings Son who in his Fathers absence is as it were a President of the Divano or Senate Many Princes Ancient and Modern have used to select out of their Council two or three or four at most to whom only they did impart their affairs Example The Emperor Augustus had Maecenas and Agrippa Julius Caesar Q. Paedius and Cor. Balbus whom he only trusted with his Cipher and secrets being Counsellors of the Cabinet as we now call them The alteration of old Laws or introduction of new are in all States very dangerous notwithstanding any appearance of profit or publick utility which moved wise Governours to decree that ancient Laws once established might never be called in question Example The Athenians decreed that no Law should be propounded to the People without the consent of the Senate the like use is observed in Venice where no Petition is preferred to the Senate but by advice of the Sages and among the Locrians the Custom was that whosoever presented any new Law to be confirmed should come with a Halter about his Neck and be therewith hanged if his request were rejected also Lycurgus to prevent the alteration of his Laws did swear the People of Sparta to observe them untilhis return and thereupon retired himself into voluntary exile with intent never to return When necessity or good reason moves Innovation or Abolition of Laws a course more secure it is to do it rather by degrees than suddenly Example The Romans finding the Laws of the twelve Tables unprofitable suffered them to be observed or neglected at discretion but would not publickly suppress them for fear of calling other Laws into contempt so did they continue 700 years and were then cassed by Ebutius the Tribune But Agis King of Lacedemon desirous to revive the Laws of Lycurgus long discontinued enforced all Men to bring in their evidence and writings to be cancelled to the end a new partition of Lands and Goods might be made which suddain and violent proceeding proved so fatal that it moved a dangerous sedition wherein he was disposed and with his Mother and Friends put to death which Example haply moved the Venetians not to attempt any thing against the Authority of Augustino Barberino their Duke but after his death and before the Election of Lovedono the Signiory publisht new Ordinances detractive from the Ducal Authority Whose hath won to himself so great Love and Affection as thereby to become master of the forces and at his pleasure commands the Subjects apt for Arms may also without right or title assure himself of the whole Estate Example Hugh Capat a Subject to the Crown of France being greatly honoured by the Soldiers found means thereby to prevent Charles Duke of Lorrain of the Crown being right Heir by descent

Quanto quis obsequio promptior tanto honoribus opibus extollitur Tac. It shall also become such a Man to look well unto his own Profit and behave himself rather Boldly than Bashfully Malus minister Regii imperii pudor Sen. To be Modest and closely to handle all Actions is also a course well beseeming a Courtier neither shall he do well to attribute any good Success to his own Vertue or Merit but acknowledge all to proceed from the Prince's Bounty and Goodness by which means Envy is eschewed and the Prince not robbed of his Honor Haec est conditio Regum casus tantum adversos hominibus tribuant secundos virtuti suae Prov. Emped And to conclude these Precepts Summarily I say it behoveth all Ministers and Servants in Court to be Patient Wary and of few words Fraudum sedes Aula Sen. CHAP. XV. The Art of Ruling or Mystery of Regiment TO Govern is a certain Skill how to command and continue Subjects in due Obedience so as offend they ought not or if they will they cannot wherein two special things are to be considered viz. the Nature of Men and the Nature of the State but first the Condition of the Vulgar must be well conceived Noscenda natura vulgi quibus modis temperanter habeatur Tac. The Disposition of Men is divers some are apt to Anger some are Hardy some Fearful it therefore behoveth the Prince to accommodate his Government to the Humor of People whom he governeth Principis est virtus maxima nosse suos Mart. Likewise the Nature of Commonweals is mutable and subject to change and Kingsare not only accompanied with Fortune but also followed with Hate which breedeth a continual Diffidence chiefly towards those that are nearest to Majesty Suspectus semper invisusque dominantibus quisquis proximus destinatur Tac. Moreover the Vulgar sort is generally variable Rash Hardy and void of Judgment Ex opinione multa ex veritate pauca judicat Cic. To confirm a Government Force and Arms are of greatest necessity by force I mean the Guards and Arms which Princes use for their Defence or Ornament Miles in foro Miles in curia principem comitari debet Tac. To this may be added Fortification and strong Buildings in these days much used by new Princes and others also to whom People yield not willing Obedience In ancient times Princes planted Colonies as well to suppress Rebellion in Conquered Countries as to front suspected Neighbors Coloniae vera sedes servitutis Tac. The Government of Princes is also greatly increased by a Virtue which I call a commendable Affection in Subjects proceeding of Love and Authority These effects do grow from the Princes own Merit but their being liveth in the mind of the People this Love is gained by Lenity Liberality and Mercy yet is every of them to be tempered Nec aut reverentiam terrore aut amorem humilitate captibis Plin. Affection is also no way sooner won then by Liberality the same being used with Judgment and Moderation Bellorum sociis periculorum consortibus sivi de te bene ac fortiter meritis Sen. By Indulgence likewise and Princely Affability the love of Men is gain'd for the Multitude desire no more than necessary Food and Liberty to use ordinary Recreations Vulgo sicut pueris omne ludicrum in pretio est Sen. CHAP. XVI Of Princely Authority Wherein it consists and how far to be extended and delegated AUthority is a certain reverent Impression in the Minds of Subjects and others touching the Princes Virtue and Government it resteth chiefly in Admiration and Fear Ingenita quibusdam gentibus erga reges suos veneratio Curt. Authority consisteth in three things viz. the Form of Government the Strength of the Kingdom and the Condition of the Prince for in them all Reputation and Security resteth Majest as Imperii salutis tutela Curt. Whoso desireth to govern well it behoveth him to use Severity Constancy and Restraint for over much Lenity introduceth Contempt and certain hope of Impunity the Condition of Men being such as cannot be restrained by Shame yet it is to be commanded by Fear Salutaris severit as vincit inanem speciem clementiae Cic. Yet ought Severity to be used with great respect and sparingly because over great Terror breedeth Desparation Poena ad paucos metus ad omnes perveniat Cic. To govern constantly is nothing else but to continue the old and ancient Laws in force without Change or Innovation unless exceeding great Commodity or urgent Necessity shall so require for where extream Punishments are used Reformation is always needful Nocet interdum priscus rigor nimia severitas Tac. Also to restrain Authority is a matter of great Necessity and worthy a Wise Prince else he maketh others partakers of the Honor and Power to himself only due the same being also dangerous Periculosam privati hominis nomen supra immo juxta principes extolli Tac. It seemeth also perilous that great Authority given to private Men should belong for thereby oft-tentimes they are made Insolent and apt to Innovation Libertatis sive principatus magna custodia est si magna imperio diuturna esse non sinas Liv. Authority is also reinforced and enlarged by Power without which no Prince can either take from others or defend his own Parum tuta sine viribus Majestas Liv. CHAP. XVII Of Power and Force and how to be raised and maintained POwer and Strength is attained by these five ways Money Arms Counsel Friends and Fortune but of these the first and most forcible is Money Nihil tam munitum quod non expugnari pecunia possit Cic. Next to Money Arms are of most use as well to defend as to offend to keep and to conquer for oft-tentimes occasion is to be offered as well to take from others as to hold what is our own Sua retinere privatae est domus de alienis certare Regia laus est Tac. Also of great and necessary use is Counsel to devise how Arms ought to be employed or enforced Arma concilio temperanda Tac. Likewise Friends and Confederates do greatly increase the Virtue of Power the same being such as have both wit and ability to aid In caducum parietem ne inclina Adri. The last yet not the least part of Power consisteth in Fortune whereof daily Experience may be seen for the Success of all humane Actions seem rather to proceed from Fortune than Virtue Omni ratione potentior fortuna Curt. To these Particularities concerning Power we may add the Qualities of the Prince which greatly Grace his Authority these are partly internal and partly external by the one I mean the Virtues of the Mind by the other a certain seemly Behavior and comely gesture of the Body of the first kind I do suppose Piety and Providence to be the chief for Piety maketh a Prince Venerable and like unto God Oportet principem res divinas videri curare serio ante omnia Arist.

with other Princes the one being in Arms against the other if he deny both incurreth Suspicion of both and may be thought to have Secret Intelligences with one or both of them so as either of them shall account him an Enemy and consequently he that proves Victorious will be revenged and the other holding him suspected will not acknowledge his Friendship It is the use of Men to presume much upon their own Merit and seeing the Success of some others to be such as without Cause or Desert are aspired to Dignity thereby encouraged they promised to themselves the like Nevertheless being entred into the course of their Design and finding many Crosses and Impeachments they do not a little repent their Overweening and Presumption but also many times utterly abandon their rash and unadvised Enterprize neither can I think that the Vertue or Sufficiency of any Man without the Favor of the Heavens can advance him for as the Poet saith Nec velle javat potiusve nocet si fata repugnant Whoso serveth a Prince far from his Presence shall with great Difficulty content him For if he commit any Error it shall be aggravated Besides that the Instructions sent unto him cannot be particularly conceived because the State of wordly things doth daily alter Also to serve aloof is a thing full of Danger and far from Reward which Inconvenience may for the most part be avoided by him that attendeth near to his Prince's Person Let no Man that cometh to serve in Court assure himself by his Wisdom to be advanced or eschew all Encounters Neither is he to bear himself so careless as to commit all to Fortune but be perswaded that this worldly Life is like to a Voiage by Sea wherein albeit Art with the favor of the Wind may do much yet can we not assure our selves to arrive safe in the Haven appointed for daily Experience doth shew that some strange Ships in the calmest Weather are drowned or impeached by the way when others much weaker and disarmed pass securely Among Men worthy of Commendations those have merited best that first planted true Religion next they that framed Kingdoms and Commonwealths the third place is due to such as have augmented or enlarged their Dominions lastly Learned Men deserve Fame and Memory and as every of these are worthy of Fame and Honor so ought they to be accompted Infamous that introduce Atheism or the Subversion of Kingdoms or are become Enemies to Learning and Virtue Whosoever taketh in hand to govern a Multitude either by way of Liberty or Principality and cannot assure himself of those Persons that are Enimies to that Enterprise doth frame a State of short Perseverance yet true it is that such Princes be infortunate as for their own security are inforced to hold a course extraordinary and have the Multitude their Enemy for he that hath few Foes may with small dishonor be assured but he that is generally hated can by no means live assured and the more Cruelty he useth the weaker his Principality proveth In commending another Man great Moderation is to be used for as contumely offendeth him against whom it is used so great praise besides that it is uttered with danger to his Judgment that speaketh it the same doth oft-ten-times offend him that heareth it For Self-love which commonly possesseth Men causes the Good or Evil we hear to be measured with our own And consequently every Man that is touched with like deserts and defects doth grow offended that his Commendation is not set forth and feareth lest his Imperfection should be discovered It is often or rather ever seen that the force of Leagues not used in their first heat becomes cold because Suspition soon entereth which in short space will destroy whatsoever was concluded and may not without long time be rejoined The power of Ambition which possesseth the Minds of Men is such as rarely or never suffereth them to rest The reason thereof is That Nature hath framed in them a certain Disposition to desire all things but not to obtain them so as our Desires being greater than our Power therefore following Discontent and evil Satisfaction Hereof also proceedeth the Variation of Fortune for some Men desiring to get and others fearing to lose that they had gotten do occasion one Man to injure another and consequently Publick Wars do follow by means whereof one Country is ruined and another inlarged Princes of great Power and chiefly those that are Inhabitants of the North having many Children were wont to be much inclined to the Wars as well to win unto themselves Honor as also to get Possessions for their Sons which manner of Proceedings did oft-tentimes remove such Disturbance as the Plurality of Brethren bringeth These and other reasons induced Princes to attempt War against those Kingdoms which in cheir opinion seemed easily conquered or whereunto they can pretend little for by colour thereof they may the rather justifie their Proceedings When a Prince deferreth to answer an Ambassador it proceedeth from some of these Respects either because he will take time to resolve himself of somewhat whereof he doubteth or that he intendeth covertly to deny that which is demanded or that he esteemeth not the Prince that doth demand or that he disdaineth the Person by whom the demand is made or else that he intendeth to hear from his own Ministers to be better resolved Wherefore a discreet Negotiator ought in such cases to consider which of these Reasons move the Prince where he is employed to entertain him with delays and make his dispatch accordingly The sufficiency of good Counsellors consistetd in fonr things First They ought to be wise and skilful how to handle their Affairs directing all doings to publick Commodity Secondly To be just in their Proceedings giving to every one that which to him appertaineth Thirdly To be stout and void both of partial respects and fear And lastly To be temperate and moderate in their Desires Whoso desireth to govern well and securely it behoveth him to have a vigilant Eye to the Proceedings of great Princes and to consider seriously of their Designs For it is matter of small difficulty to live in Peace with him who desireth our Amity and provideth for others that endeavor to offend us The Intelligences that Princes study to attain are procured by divers means Some are brought by report some vented by Conversation and Sounding some by means of Espials but the most sure and credibe Occurrents are those which come from Ambassadors chiefly those that either for the Greatness of their Prince or their own Virtue be of most Reputation For those Men conversing daily with great Personages and pondering diligently their Manners Words Wisdom and the order of each Man's Proceedings yea of the Prince himself may with Commodity attain unto matters of great Importance sooner than they that are Writers of Rumors or that take upon them to Conjecture of things to come Whensoever a People is induced to commit so great