st._n basil_n who_o be_v under_o the_o vow_n of_o chastity_n as_o for_o the_o curate_n of_o their_o parish_n those_o who_o be_v admit_v to_o order_n after_o their_o marriage_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o separate_v from_o their_o wife_n but_o they_o can_v marry_v after_o their_o ordination_n and_o when_o their_o wife_n die_v they_o must_v for_o ever_o afterward_o live_v in_o celibacy_n their_o liturgy_n be_v in_o the_o russian_a language_n which_o as_o well_o as_o the_o polish_v be_v proper_o a_o dialect_n of_o the_o slaâ—ovie_n they_o believe_v that_o the_o holy_a ghost_n proceed_v from_o the_o father_n by_o the_o son_n and_o that_o the_o pope_n be_v not_o the_o head_n of_o the_o whole_a church_n but_o only_o the_o first_o of_o the_o two_o patriarch_n and_o that_o he_o of_o constantinople_n who_o authority_n they_o acknowledge_v be_v the_o second_o and_o yet_o independent_a on_o the_o first_o in_o all_o other_o article_n of_o faith_n they_o agree_v with_o the_o catholic_n but_o their_o ceremony_n and_o ornament_n be_v different_a from_o those_o of_o the_o latin_n and_o armenian_n they_o pray_v stand_v and_o make_v a_o great_a number_n of_o genuflexion_n which_o they_o reckon_v with_o bead_n they_o administer_v the_o sacrament_n in_o both_o kind_n after_o this_o manner_n the_o priest_n consecrate_v several_a little_a loaf_n of_o leaven_a bread_n and_o after_o he_o have_v take_v the_o sacrament_n himself_o he_o break_v these_o loaf_n into_o little_a piece_n and_o put_v they_o into_o the_o chalice_n with_o the_o consecrate_a wine_n then_o with_o a_o little_a silver_n spoon_n which_o serve_v only_o for_o that_o use_v he_o take_v one_o of_o those_o piece_n with_o a_o little_a wine_n out_o of_o the_o chalice_n and_o give_v the_o sacrament_n to_o those_o who_o approach_v he_o by_o pour_v that_o little_a piece_n of_o bread_n with_o the_o consecrate_a wine_n into_o the_o mouth_n of_o each_o communicant_a they_o communicate_v stand_v hold_v their_o arm_n across_o their_o breast_n and_o also_o make_v their_o little_a child_n receive_v the_o communion_n after_o all_o the_o people_n have_v communicate_v the_o priest_n consume_v all_o that_o be_v leave_v in_o the_o chalice_n the_o three_o bishopric_n be_v that_o of_o cracow_n which_o be_v the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o kingdom_n situate_v upon_o the_o vistula_n in_o the_o upper_a or_o little_a poland_n this_o bishopric_n be_v heretofore_o a_o archbishopric_n found_v by_o mieceslaus_n in_o the_o year_n 964._o immediate_o after_o he_o have_v embrace_v the_o christian_a faith_n but_o that_o dignity_n be_v lose_v by_o one_o lampert_n who_o be_v of_o a_o potent_a family_n neglect_v to_o send_v to_o rome_n for_o the_o pallium_fw-la it_o be_v observable_a that_o several_a prelate_n have_v hold_v both_o this_o bishopric_n and_o the_o archbishopric_n of_o gnesna_n at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n style_v himself_o duke_n of_o siberia_n all_o the_o nobility_n of_o that_o duchy_n be_v under_o his_o authority_n and_o be_v exempt_v from_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o royal_a coart_n this_o metropolis_n be_v compose_v of_o 3_o city_n joyâ—â—d_v together_o viz._n the_o ancient_a city_n which_o be_v build_v by_o king_n cracus_n casimirie_n which_o be_v build_v by_o casimir_n the_o great_a with_o a_o design_n to_o establish_v a_o academy_n in_o it_o and_o that_o which_o be_v between_o they_o both_o the_o two_o latter_a be_v join_v by_o a_o bridge_n the_o jew_n who_o before_o the_o year_n 1494._o be_v disperse_v promiscuous_o throughout_o the_o whole_a city_n since_o that_o time_n be_v oblige_v to_o reside_v in_o casimirie_n for_o upon_o the_o occasion_n of_o a_o fire_n which_o burn_v down_o part_n of_o the_o city_n the_o soldier_n drive_v the_o jew_n out_o of_o all_o the_o house_n they_o possess_v and_o ever_o since_o they_o be_v only_o permit_v to_o live_v in_o casimirie_n from_o whence_o they_o come_v every_o market-day_n to_o the_o old_a city_n queen_n hedwige_n the_o wife_n of_o vladislaus_n jagellon_n who_o be_v a_o princess_n of_o great_a virtue_n and_o piety_n design_v to_o have_v finish_v the_o academy_n which_o king_n casimir_n the_o great_a begin_v to_o erect_v at_o cracow_n and_o after_o the_o death_n of_o that_o queen_n who_o leave_v considerable_a legacy_n to_o the_o poor_a the_o king_n her_o husband_n take_v care_n to_o continue_v her_o pious_a design_n in_o order_n to_o which_o he_o establish_v 2_o college_n in_o that_o city_n and_o bring_v master_n thither_o from_o prague_n to_o instruct_v the_o youth_n these_o college_n be_v almost_o like_o those_o of_o paris_n there_o be_v some_o endow_v scholarship_n and_o the_o student_n be_v oblige_v to_o very_o little_a exercise_n in_o one_o of_o these_o college_n which_o be_v call_v the_o academy_n there_o be_v a_o certain_a number_n of_o poor_a scholar_n who_o receive_v weekly_a charity_n to_o keep_v they_o from_o starve_v which_o with_o what_o they_o get_v by_o beg_a alm_n in_o the_o street_n at_o night_n enable_v they_o to_o 〈◊〉_d their_o study_n the_o 〈◊〉_d be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o cujavia_n and_o pomeâ—â—â—â—_n 〈◊〉_d be_v compose_v of_o the_o palatinate_n of_o 〈◊〉_d and_o 〈◊〉_d in_o the_o low_a or_o great_a poland_n the_o bishop_n seat_n be_v at_o wiadislow_n a_o city_n on_o the_o vistula_n about_o four_o league_n above_o thorn_n the_o five_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o vilna_n which_o be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o duchy_n of_o lithuania_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n vilia_fw-la which_o fall_v into_o the_o nieman_n below_o kowno_n this_o city_n be_v large_a and_o very_a populous_a the_o six_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o posnania_n which_o be_v a_o city_n of_o lower_n poland_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o the_o same_o name_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n varta_fw-la there_o be_v a_o old_a castle_n upon_o a_o rise_a ground_n and_o the_o cathedral_n church_n be_v without_o the_o city_n which_o be_v indifferent_o large_a and_o populous_a the_o seven_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o plocsko_n a_o small_a city_n in_o lower_n poland_n situate_v on_o the_o vistula_n about_o five_o league_n above_o wladislaw_n the_o bishop_n seat_n be_v at_o pultausk_n in_o massovia_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n narev_n which_o meet_v with_o the_o bug_n about_o two_o league_n low_o the_o bishop_n of_o plocsko_n be_v sovereign_a of_o the_o territory_n of_o pultausk_n and_o there_o be_v no_o appeal_n from_o his_o sentence_n not_o even_o to_o the_o king_n the_o eight_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o warmia_n in_o royal_a prussia_n the_o episcopal_a seat_n be_v at_o frawenherg_n a_o small_a city_n near_o frischhaff_n the_o bishop_n of_o warmia_n be_v precedent_n of_o royal_a prussia_n and_o all_o the_o nobility_n of_o his_o diocese_n depend_v upon_o he_o and_o be_v exempt_v from_o all_o the_o royal_a jurisdiction_n the_o nine_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o luceoria_n or_o lucko_n which_o be_v the_o capital_a city_n of_o volhinia_n the_o ten_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o premislia_n which_o be_v a_o city_n of_o black_a russia_n upon_o the_o river_n sana_n about_o 6_o league_n above_o jeroslaw_n and_o 12_o from_o leopold_n towards_o the_o west_n there_o be_v two_o bishop_n in_o this_o city_n one_o a_o latin_n catholic_n and_o the_o other_o a_o greek_a schismatic_a one_o orichowski_n canon_n of_o this_o cathedral_n be_v the_o first_o who_o at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o reformation_n maintain_v that_o it_o be_v lawful_a for_o priest_n to_o marry_o and_o afterward_o marry_v himself_o anno_fw-la 1549._o in_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismond_n augustus_n the_o eleven_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o samogitia_n this_o prelate_n have_v no_o particular_a seat_n except_o at_o midnich_n which_o be_v one_o of_o the_o chief_a burrough_n of_o that_o province_n the_o twelve_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o culm_n a_o city_n of_o royal_a prussia_n situate_v on_o the_o vistula_n about_o 6_o league_n above_o thorn_n this_o prelate_n former_o precede_v the_o bishop_n of_o warmia_n the_o thirteen_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o chelm_fw-ge in_fw-ge black_a russia_n there_o be_v two_o bishop_n in_o this_o city_n one_o a_o latin_n catholic_n and_o the_o other_o a_o greek_a schismatic_a but_o the_o latin_a bishop_n remove_v his_o seat_n to_o kranostaw_fw-mi another_o city_n in_o the_o same_o palatinat_a seat_v on_o a_o great_a lake_n through_o which_o run_v the_o river_n vieptz_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o frequent_a eruption_n of_o the_o tartar_n and_o cossack_n who_o have_v ruin_v the_o city_n of_o chelm_fw-ge the_o fourteen_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o kiowia_fw-la the_o metropolis_n of_o volhinia_n and_o of_o all_o vkrania_n this_o city_n be_v the_o seat_n of_o a_o greek_a schismatical_a archbishop_n who_o be_v former_o primate_n of_o all_o the_o russian_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o kiowia_fw-la be_v schismatic_n and_o now_o subject_a to_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n the_o fifteen_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o caminiec_n which_o be_v the_o
of_o england_n expect_v the_o issue_n either_o of_o a_o peace_n or_o of_o a_o battle_n soon_o after_o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v with_o the_o turk_n of_o which_o the_o king_n immediate_o send_v a_o account_n to_o prince_n michael_n of_o radziwill_n order_v he_o to_o communicate_v the_o news_n with_o all_o speed_n to_o the_o queen_n who_o remain_v at_o janowiecs_n upon_o the_o vistula_n over_o against_o casimir_n by_o this_o peace_n the_o polander_n yield_v up_o podolia_n and_o vkrania_n which_o be_v the_o best_a country_n within_o the_o bound_n of_o their_o dominion_n for_o the_o earth_n be_v so_o fat_a and_o fertile_a that_o they_o never_o dung_n it_o and_o though_o they_o sow_v it_o but_o once_o in_o two_o year_n it_o yield_v a_o plentiful_a harvest_n of_o corn_n every_o year_n asparagus_n grow_v in_o the_o untilled_a field_n and_o the_o forest_n be_v full_a of_o tree_n which_o bear_v excellent_a fruit._n and_o beside_o the_o loss_n of_o vkrania_n be_v so_o much_o the_o more_o considerable_a because_o it_o produce_v abundance_n of_o salt-petre_a to_o make_v powder_n which_o the_o polander_n stand_v more_o in_o need_n of_o than_o any_o other_o nation_n because_o their_o country_n lie_v open_a on_o all_o side_n and_o by_o consequence_n be_v expose_v to_o the_o incursion_n of_o many_o enemy_n this_o be_v the_o last_o and_o the_o great_a loss_n that_o poland_n have_v sustain_v in_o its_o war_n with_o the_o port_n so_o that_o the_o kingdom_n be_v now_o bound_v on_o the_o east_n with_o black_a russia_n as_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n have_v a_o irreconcilable_a aversion_n to_o the_o polander_n because_o of_o the_o great_a difference_n of_o their_o religion_n which_o make_v they_o look_v upon_o one_o another_o as_o beast_n the_o moscovite_n be_v no_o less_o enemy_n to_o the_o republic_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o difference_n or_o rather_o contrariety_n both_o of_o their_o inclination_n and_o religion_n for_o all_o the_o moscovite_n be_v schismatical_a greek_n and_o the_o polander_n be_v general_o roman-catholic_n in_o the_o last_o war_n that_o be_v kind_a i_o will_v betwixt_o these_o nation_n the_o muscovite_n take_v from_o the_o polander_n the_o dutchy_n or_o palatinate_n of_o smolensko_n siberia_n and_o czernichowia_fw-la which_o belong_v to_o lithuania_n beside_o that_o of_o kiowia_fw-la the_o poslession_n of_o which_o be_v only_o grant_v to_o they_o by_o a_o truce_n and_o not_o by_o any_o treaty_n of_o peace_n so_o that_o the_o polander_n may_v one_o day_n endeavour_v to_o recover_v these_o province_n but_o they_o be_v so_o far_o from_o be_v at_o present_a in_o a_o condition_n to_o make_v good_a their_o pretension_n that_o they_o prolong_v the_o truce_n with_o the_o muscovite_n from_o time_n to_o time_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n if_o we_o consider_v the_o management_n of_o the_o war_n and_o difference_n betwixt_o these_o two_o nation_n it_o may_v be_v say_v that_o the_o polander_n with_o respect_n to_o the_o muscovite_n be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o french_a in_o regard_n to_o the_o spaniard_n for_o as_o the_o spaniard_n be_v not_o able_a to_o resist_v the_o french_a in_o the_o field_n the_o polander_n have_v the_o same_o advantage_n over_o the_o muscovite_n when_o they_o be_v not_o entrench_v even_o though_o their_o army_n be_v much_o more_o numerous_a but_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n as_o nature_n have_v give_v the_o latter_a less_o courage_n she_o have_v make_v they_o superior_a to_o the_o other_o in_o subtlety_n and_o cunning._n i_o may_v allege_v several_a instance_n to_o confirm_v and_o illustrate_v this_o truth_n but_o i_o shall_v content_v myself_o with_o observe_v that_o in_o the_o year_n 1581._o king_n steven_n battori_n have_v reduce_v the_o muscovite_n to_o such_o a_o straight_o that_o they_o solicit_v he_o for_o a_o peace_n which_o not_o be_v able_a to_o obtain_v of_o that_o prince_n upon_o the_o condition_n they_o desire_v they_o entreat_v the_o pope_n to_o intercede_v in_o their_o behalf_n so_o true_a it_o be_v that_o they_o be_v ready_a upon_o all_o occasion_n to_o have_v recourse_n to_o artifices_fw-la and_o leave_v no_o mean_n unattempted_a to_o accomplish_v the_o design_n which_o they_o can_v execute_v by_o force_n for_o though_o as_o i_o intimate_v before_o they_o be_v all_o schismatical_a greek_n and_o do_v not_o acknowledge_v the_o pope_n to_o be_v the_o head_n of_o their_o church_n yet_o in_o their_o necessity_n they_o scruple_v not_o to_o implore_v his_o assistance_n and_o even_o give_v he_o some_o reason_n to_o hope_v that_o they_o may_v be_v prevail_v with_o to_o embrace_v the_o catholic_n faith_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o pope_n give_v so_o much_o credit_n to_o their_o insinuation_n that_o he_o immediate_o dispatch_v anthony_n possevin_n to_o muscovy_n and_o the_o great_a duke_n receive_v he_o with_o so_o many_o mark_n of_o a_o sincere_a affection_n as_o if_o he_o have_v be_v real_o resolve_v to_o become_v a_o convert_n but_o this_o be_v only_o a_o artifice_n to_o amuse_v the_o pope_n that_o by_o the_o interposition_n of_o the_o nuncio_n he_o may_v obtain_v either_o a_o peace_n or_o a_o truce_n as_o he_o real_o do_v for_o notwithstanding_o all_o the_o advantage_n the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v over_o the_o muscovite_n he_o grant_v they_o a_o truce_n for_o ten_o year_n and_o restore_v all_o that_o he_o have_v take_v from_o they_o the_o duke_n of_o muscovy_n yield_v up_o to_o he_o at_o the_o same_o time_n all_o that_o he_o possess_v in_o livonia_n but_o it_o will_v not_o appear_v so_o surprise_v that_o the_o muscovite_n shall_v solicit_v the_o mediation_n of_o the_o pope_n if_o we_o reflect_v upon_o the_o scandalous_a method_n they_o take_v to_o beg_v the_o grand_a signior_n assistance_n against_o vladislaus_n iv_o king_n of_o poland_n during_o the_o war_n in_o which_o they_o be_v engage_v with_o that_o prince_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o reign_n anno_fw-la 1633._o during_o my_o long_a abode_n in_o lithuania_n which_o border_n upon_o muscovy_n i_o be_v confirm_v in_o my_o former_a opinion_n concern_v the_o artificial_a conduct_n of_o the_o muscovite_n by_o the_o many_o instance_n which_o the_o people_n of_o that_o country_n relate_v of_o the_o ungenerous_a subtlety_n of_o their_o troublesome_a neighbour_n i_o be_v assure_v that_o the_o muscovite_n never_o invade_v poland_n but_o when_o they_o see_v it_o engage_v in_o other_o war_n and_o the_o force_n of_o the_o kingdom_n employ_v elsewhere_o the_o muscovite_n have_v entertain_v a_o uninterrupted_a peace_n with_o the_o polander_n after_o the_o treaty_n conclude_v with_o king_n vladislaus_n iv_o in_o the_o year_n 1634._o by_o which_o they_o yield_v up_o to_o he_o the_o dutchy_n of_o siberia_n and_o czernichovia_n with_o all_o the_o land_n that_o lie_v within_o the_o space_n of_o one_o hundred_o mile_n beyond_o those_o country_n yet_o contrary_a to_o the_o express_a article_n of_o a_o treaty_n which_o seem_v to_o be_v so_o firm_o establish_v as_o soon_o as_o they_o hear_v of_o the_o irruption_n of_o the_o swede_n into_o poland_n in_o 1655._o they_o enter_v into_o lithuania_n with_o a_o army_n of_o 60000_o man_n and_o take_v the_o town_n and_o castle_n of_o vilna_n but_o though_o i_o have_v observe_v that_o the_o conduct_v of_o the_o muscovite_n with_o respect_n to_o their_o neighbour_n resemble_v that_o of_o the_o spaniard_n it_o must_v be_v acknowledge_v that_o their_o temper_n and_o character_n be_v very_o different_a for_o the_o spaniard_n be_v civil_a and_o humane_a and_o the_o muscovite_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n be_v general_o rude_a and_o unpolished_a and_o extreme_o cruel_a as_o it_o will_v appear_v by_o the_o follow_a example_n king_n john_n casimir_n have_v conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n march_v into_o lithuania_n with_o his_o whole_a army_n and_o retake_v the_o city_n of_o vilna_n the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o great_a duchy_n but_o the_o castle_n make_v a_o obstinate_a defence_n because_o the_o muscovite_n who_o command_v in_o it_o be_v so_o cruel_a that_o no_o man_n dare_v talk_v of_o surrender_v nevertheless_o this_o be_v not_o the_o most_o remarkable_a instance_n of_o his_o cruelty_n for_o he_o order_v one_o of_o his_o prisoner_n who_o be_v a_o priest_n to_o be_v put_v into_o a_o great_a mortar_n and_o shoot_v into_o the_o air_n as_o a_o bomb._n however_o the_o castle_n be_v at_o last_o reduce_v by_o mean_n of_o some_o foreign_a officer_n who_o find_v themselves_o press_v by_o the_o polander_n and_o fear_v that_o they_o shall_v have_v no_o capitulation_n allow_v they_o seize_v the_o governor_n and_o put_v he_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n who_o cause_v his_o head_n to_o be_v cut_v off_o because_o of_o his_o cruelty_n to_o the_o priest_n and_o when_o they_o want_v a_o hangman_n to_o perform_v the_o execution_n his_o own_o cook_n offer_v to_o do_v it_o with_o his_o chopping-knife_n add_v that_o he_o be_v
the_o russian_n that_o they_o can_v never_o afterward_o be_v reconcile_v and_o this_o be_v one_o of_o the_o principal_a cause_n of_o the_o revolt_n of_o the_o cossack_n and_o of_o all_o the_o disaster_n with_o which_o poland_n be_v afterward_o harass_v such_o be_v the_o dismal_a effect_n of_o that_o change_n of_o religion_n and_o of_o those_o ceremony_n which_o the_o polish_v gentry_n will_v have_v introduce_v into_o their_o territory_n in_o russia_n they_o ought_v to_o have_v consider_v that_o the_o best_a innovation_n be_v frequent_o attend_v with_o fatal_a consequence_n and_o their_o own_o country_n may_v have_v furnish_v they_o with_o a_o very_a instructive_a example_n of_o this_o nature_n the_o lutheran_n doctrine_n be_v introduce_v into_o riga_n by_o a_o sedition_n of_o the_o mean_a sort_n of_o people_n in_o the_o year_n 1586_o not_o long_o after_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o calendar_n make_v by_o pope_n gregory_n xiii_o have_v be_v publish_v there_o some_o person_n resolve_v to_o celebrate_v the_o feast_n of_o our_o saviour_n nativity_n according_a to_o the_o ancient_a calendar_n the_o governor_n of_o the_o city_n imprison_v the_o principal_a of_o the_o college_n because_o he_o be_v the_o first_o who_o act_v contrary_a to_o the_o decree_n of_o the_o senate_n which_o raise_v so_o great_a a_o uproar_v in_o the_o city_n that_o the_o people_n in_o the_o nighttime_n break_v open_v the_o prison_n and_o pull_v down_o the_o house_n of_o the_o curate_n and_o of_o the_o governor_n and_o even_o the_o disorder_n be_v so_o great_a that_o almost_o all_o the_o inhabitant_n take_v up_o arm_n against_o those_o who_o defend_v the_o roman-catholick_n religion_n and_o especial_o the_o jesuit_n who_o king_n stephen_n battori_n have_v settle_v there_o in_o the_o year_n 1582_o after_o he_o have_v give_v they_o certain_a revenue_n and_o a_o church_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o canon_n during_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o tumult_n the_o incense_a people_n imprison_v some_o of_o the_o senator_n and_o put_v some_o other_o to_o death_n so_o that_o be_v sensible_a of_o their_o gild_n and_o despair_v of_o pardon_n they_o put_v themselves_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o other_o lutheran_n and_o never_o afterward_o return_v to_o their_o ancient_a religion_n thus_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o the_o restrain_v of_o the_o cossack_n from_o make_v incursion_n and_o the_o change_n of_o religion_n which_o the_o lord_n of_o poland_n will_v have_v introduce_v into_o their_o territory_n in_o russia_n and_o vkrania_n be_v the_o two_o principal_a cause_n of_o that_o people_n revolt_n but_o there_o be_v also_o another_o reason_n that_o cause_v that_o fierce_a and_o untractable_a nation_n to_o rebel_v the_o gentry_n of_o upper_a volhinia_n be_v so_o addict_v to_o tyranny_n and_o oppression_n that_o they_o can_v not_o endure_v the_o cossack_n because_o their_o neighbourhood_n give_v a_o bad_a example_n to_o all_o their_o subject_n and_o dispose_v they_o to_o shake_v off_o the_o insupportable_a yoke_n of_o servitude_n for_o they_o think_v it_o better_a to_o live_v like_o the_o cossack_n at_o liberty_n and_o without_o constraint_n than_o to_o work_v and_o till_o the_o ground_n for_o the_o use_n of_o their_o oppressor_n so_o that_o the_o tyranny_n of_o the_o gentleman_n augment_v the_o number_n of_o the_o cossack_n by_o force_v the_o peasant_n to_o forsake_v their_o habitation_n and_o retire_v to_o they_o the_o four_o reason_n that_o the_o cossack_n have_v to_o complain_v of_o the_o gentry_n proceed_v from_o the_o sordid_a usury_n and_o insatiable_a avarice_n of_o the_o jew_n who_o be_v very_o numerous_a in_o poland_n except_o in_o the_o province_n of_o massovia_n where_o they_o be_v only_o permit_v to_o remain_v when_o there_o be_v a_o diet_n sit_v at_o warsaw_n they_o live_v miserable_o through_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n because_o they_o be_v oppress_v and_o squeeze_v by_o the_o gentry_n they_o be_v usual_o the_o person_n who_o sell_v aquavitae_a and_o beer_n and_o farm_v the_o custom_n of_o the_o lord_n which_o they_o do_v for_o the_o most_o part_n at_o a_o excessive_a price_n and_o this_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o they_o make_v bad_a brandy_n and_o beer_n they_o be_v first_o introduce_v into_o poland_n by_o a_o duke_n of_o kalisch_n who_o bring_v they_o from_o germany_n and_o establish_v they_o in_o his_o and_o some_o other_o city_n of_o lower_n poland_n from_o whence_o they_o spread_v themselves_o throughout_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n they_o have_v the_o privilege_n not_o to_o acknowledge_v any_o judge_n but_o only_o the_o palatine_n who_o they_o easy_o soften_v not_o to_o say_v corrupt_a by_o the_o present_v they_o make_v they_o their_o usury_n and_o exaction_n upon_o the_o people_n have_v sometime_o rise_v to_o such_o a_o exorbitant_a height_n that_o they_o have_v obtain_v a_o prohibition_n for_o any_o private_a person_n to_o brew_v beer_n not_o even_o for_o themselves_o by_o which_o mean_n they_o oblige_v all_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o kingdom_n to_o buy_v it_o of_o they_o at_o what_o price_n they_o please_v to_o impose_v upon_o it_o the_o son_n of_o king_n vladislaus_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1647_o the_o cossack_n begin_v again_o to_o revolt_v under_o the_o command_n of_o one_o chemeinski_n who_o be_v the_o first_o that_o make_v the_o cossack_n join_v the_o tartar_n notwithstanding_o the_o mortal_a enmity_n that_o be_v former_o betwixt_o they_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a difference_n of_o their_o language_n manner_n and_o religion_n after_o they_o be_v thus_o unite_v in_o the_o year_n 1648_o they_o make_v a_o terrible_a havoc_n in_o poland_n but_o before_o i_o proceed_v to_o relate_v their_o barbarity_n it_o will_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o give_v a_o short_a character_n of_o chemelnski_n he_o understand_v war_n very_o well_o and_o be_v once_o secretary_n to_o the_o army_n he_o be_v also_o a_o man_n of_o learning_n and_o have_v study_v with_o the_o jesuit_n at_o leopold_n he_o know_v the_o weak_a side_n of_o the_o court_n of_o poland_n have_v be_v several_a time_n there_o in_o the_o quality_n of_o a_o envoy_n he_o be_v so_o exasperate_v by_o the_o loss_n of_o a_o estate_n which_o a_o polish_v lord_n have_v take_v from_o he_o by_o a_o lawsuit_n that_o immediate_o he_o have_v recourse_n to_o force_v and_o have_v gather_v out_o of_o the_o isle_n of_o the_o boristhenes_n a_o multitude_n of_o people_n like_o himself_o and_o corrupt_v the_o cossack_n in_o the_o polish_v army_n he_o soon_o after_o prevail_v with_o the_o neighbour_a tartar_n to_o join_v he_o with_o who_o assistance_n he_o fall_v unexpected_o upon_o the_o polander_n who_o guard_v the_o frontier_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o afterward_o cut_v in_o piece_n part_n of_o their_o army_n and_o send_v the_o rest_n with_o their_o commander_n into_o slavery_n to_o tartary_n from_o that_o time_n he_o so_o manage_v the_o republic_n that_o sometime_o he_o suffer_v himself_o to_o be_v appease_v by_o promise_n and_o then_o raise_v a_o new_a insurrection_n according_a to_o the_o posture_n of_o his_o affair_n it_o be_v true_a he_o be_v sometime_o beat_v by_o the_o polander_n but_o it_o be_v no_o less_o certain_a that_o he_o always_o keep_v the_o advantage_n over_o they_o either_o by_o his_o own_o dexterity_n or_o by_o the_o division_n or_o neglect_v of_o the_o polish_v general_n who_o can_v not_o make_v a_o right_a use_n of_o their_o victory_n he_o be_v often_o reconcile_v to_o the_o republic_n but_o never_o trust_v in_o they_o he_o be_v natural_o of_o a_o turbulent_a spirit_n keep_v his_o man_n always_o in_o arm_n against_o poland_n and_o fortify_v his_o interest_n by_o the_o affiance_n of_o some_o potent_a neighbour_n for_o it_o be_v his_o constant_a practice_n to_o change_v his_o affies_n according_a to_o the_o state_n of_o his_o affair_n thus_o after_o the_o tartar_n have_v conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o king_n john_n casimir_n he_o implore_v the_o protection_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o muscovy_n so_o that_o poland_n can_v hardly_o entertain_v any_o hope_n of_o be_v able_a to_o reduce_v the_o cossack_n during_o the_o life_n of_o so_o politic_a a_o general_n after_o the_o death_n of_o vladislaus_n iv_o may_v 30_o 1648_o john_n casimir_n his_o brother_n be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n nou._n 17_o in_o the_o same_o year_n he_o immediate_o apply_v himself_o to_o remedy_v the_o ill_a state_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o to_o repair_v the_o loss_n it_o have_v sustain_v by_o the_o irruption_n which_o the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n have_v make_v even_o into_o the_o very_a heart_n of_o the_o kingdom_n after_o the_o defeat_n at_o pilaveze_n sept._n 29_o 1648._o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o polish_v army_n be_v compose_v of_o new-raised_a soldier_n and_o of_o militia_n they_o be_v encamp_v near_o the_o cossack_n end_n have_v even_o obtain_v some_o advantage_n over_o they_o but_o those_o revolter_n have_v make_v a_o great_a noise_n in_o the_o evening_n with_o
with_o all_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o duchy_n and_o all_o that_o be_v present_a at_o court_n the_o company_n be_v of_o tradesman_n walk_v thither_o barefoot_a in_o procession_n each_o of_o they_o accompany_v with_o the_o representation_n of_o a_o coffin_n cover_v with_o a_o pall_n support_v by_o two_o men._n thus_o the_o whole_a multitude_n go_v to_o visit_v the_o relic_n of_o st._n stanislaus_n bishop_n of_o cracow_n who_o be_v kill_v in_o the_o year_n 1079_o by_o king_n boleslaus_n as_o he_o be_v say_v mass_n after_o which_o they_o bring_v back_o the_o body_n of_o the_o decease_a king_n to_o the_o chapel_n of_o the_o cathedral_n church_n which_o be_v the_o buryingplace_n of_o his_o predecessor_n the_o day_n after_o the_o funeral_n be_v the_o coronation-day_n the_o ceremony_n ought_v to_o be_v perform_v by_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n as_o primate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n yet_o there_o be_v some_o example_n to_o the_o contrary_n for_o stephen_n battori_n be_v crown_v by_o the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n because_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n be_v of_o the_o faction_n of_o maximilian_n of_o austria_n who_o a_o party_n of_o polander_n have_v choose_v and_o the_o late_a king_n john_n sobieski_n be_v crown_v by_o the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n because_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesâ—a_n die_v during_o the_o diet_n of_o election_n this_o day_n the_o king_n be_v rich_o clothe_v be_v conduct_v in_o solemn_a procession_n to_o the_o cathedral_n church_n by_o the_o senate_n and_o the_o nobility_n before_o he_o enter_v into_o the_o church_n the_o great_a master_n of_o the_o horse_n of_o the_o kingdom_n bring_v the_o crown_n sceptre_n globe_n of_o gold_n and_o the_o naked_a sword_n to_o the_o archbishop_n who_o lay_v they_o upon_o the_o altar_n after_o which_o the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n and_o cujavia_n have_v receive_v the_o king_n and_o bold_v he_o between_o they_o present_v he_o to_o the_o archbishop_n to_o who_o he_o make_v a_o bow_n the_o king_n be_v in_o this_o condition_n the_o archbishop_n and_o the_o two_o bishop_n put_v he_o in_o mind_n of_o his_o duty_n and_o obligation_n to_o the_o republic_n after_o which_o he_o kiss_v the_o archbishop_n hand_n and_o lay_v his_o own_o upon_o the_o gospel_n he_o swear_v to_o observe_v inviolable_o all_o the_o article_n which_o he_o have_v before_o swear_v to_o keep_v in_o the_o cathedral_n church_n of_o st._n john_n at_o warsaw_n the_o oath_n run_v thus_o we_o n._n choose_a king_n of_o poland_n and_o great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n russia_n massovia_n prussia_n samogitia_n livonia_n smolensko_n volhinia_n kiovia_n siberia_n podolia_n podlassia_n and_o czernikowia_fw-la by_o all_o the_o order_n of_o both_o estate_n of_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n and_o of_o all_o the_o province_n which_o depend_v upon_o they_o and_o be_v incorporate_v with_o they_o have_v be_v elect_v free_o and_o with_o the_o vnanimous_a consent_n of_o all_o promise_v sincere_o and_o swear_v before_o almighty_a god_n and_o upon_o the_o holy_a evangelist_n of_o jesus_n christ_n to_o maintain_v observe_v keep_v and_o fulfil_v in_o all_o their_o circumstance_n point_n and_o article_n all_o the_o right_n liberty_n immunity_n and_o privilege_n both_o public_a and_o private_a that_o be_v not_o contrary_a to_o the_o common_a right_n and_o liberty_n of_o both_o these_o nation_n or_o to_o any_o law_n either_o ecclesiastical_a or_o temporal_a that_o have_v be_v just_o and_o lawful_o esiablish_v by_o our_o predecessor_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n or_o grant_v by_o all_o the_o order_n during_o the_o interregnum_fw-la to_o all_o the_o roman_n catholic_n church_n lord_n baron_n gentleman_n citizen_n and_o inhabitant_n of_o what_o rank_n or_o condition_n soever_o with_o the_o pacta_fw-la conventa_fw-la agree_v upon_o betwixt_o our_o ambassador_n and_o the_o order_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n moreover_o we_o promise_v to_o maintain_v whatsever_fw-fr be_v fuâ—â—ed_v or_o agree_v upon_o in_o the_o diet_n of_o our_o election_n or_o shall_v be_v enact_v or_o agree_v upon_o in_o that_o of_o our_o coronation_n to_o execute_v the_o same_o and_o to_o cause_n to_o be_v restore_v to_o the_o kingdom_n and_o to_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n and_o unite_v to_o their_o land_n and_o revenue_n whatsoever_o have_v be_v in_o any_o in_o owner_n alinate_v or_o dismember_a therefront_n by_o what_o way_n soever_o not_o to_o contract_v the_o limit_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n but_o to_o defend_v and_o enlarge_v they_o to_o establish_v court_n of_o justice_n in_o all_o place_n for_o all_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o duchy_n of_o lithuania_n and_o to_o render_v justice_n to_o every_o one_o without_o delay_n or_o respect_n to_o person_n and_o if_o it_o shall_v happen_v which_o god_n forbid_v that_o we_o shall_v violate_v our_o oath_n in_o any_o one_o point_n we_o consent_v that_o all_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o of_o all_o our_o territory_n shall_v be_v discharge_v and_o exempt_v from_o the_o obedience_n and_o fidelity_n they_o owe_v we_o after_o the_o king_n have_v take_v this_o oath_n he_o kneel_v upon_o a_o cushion_n of_o red_a taffata_n while_o the_o litany_n of_o the_o saint_n be_v read_v at_o the_o end_n of_o which_o they_o take_v off_o his_o clothes_n and_o the_o archbishop_n anoint_v his_o right_a hand_n and_o arm_v up_o to_o the_o elbow_n with_o consecrate_a oil_n and_o afterward_o his_o shoulder_n and_o forehead_n and_o then_o they_o put_v on_o his_o clothes_n again_o after_o this_o ceremony_n the_o two_o bishop_n conduct_v he_o to_o the_o chapel_n where_o they_o clothe_v he_o with_o another_o habit_n somewhat_o resemble_v that_o of_o a_o bishop_n then_o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o duchy_n with_o the_o officer_n that_o be_v senator_n place_v he_o upon_o a_o throne_n erect_v in_o the_o middle_a of_o the_o church_n where_o he_o hear_v mass_n and_o be_v afterward_o bring_v back_o to_o the_o altar_n where_o the_o archbishop_n put_v a_o naked_a sword_n into_o his_o right-hand_n say_v receive_v this_o sword_n with_o which_o you_o be_v powerful_o to_o protect_v and_o defend_v the_o holy_a church_n and_o the_o faithful_a after_o which_o the_o great_a standard-bearer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n gird_n it_o to_o his_o side_n the_o king_n have_v the_o sword_n by_o his_o side_n draws_z it_o out_o of_o the_o scabbard_n and_o beat_v the_o air_n four_o time_n in_o form_n of_o a_o cross_n towards_o the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o world_n and_o have_v wipe_v it_o upon_o his_o left_a arm_n he_o put_v it_o up_o again_o into_o the_o seabbard_n then_o he_o kneel_v and_o the_o archbishop_n put_v the_o crown_n upon_o his_o head_n the_o sceptre_n into_o his_o right_a hand_n and_o the_o globe_n of_o gold_n into_o his_o left_a after_o which_o the_o king_n rise_v and_o his_o sword_n be_v draw_v and_o give_v to_o the_o sword-bearer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n to_o be_v carry_v before_o he_o and_o then_o march_v between_o the_o archbishop_n and_o the_o two_o bishop_n he_o be_v bring_v back_o to_o the_o same_o throne_n all_o these_o ceremony_n be_v end_v the_o archbishop_n return_v to_o the_o altar_n and_o after_o te_fw-la deum_fw-la be_v sing_v and_o that_o prelate_n seat_v the_o king_n come_v to_o make_v his_o confession_n to_o he_o after_o which_o he_o give_v the_o sacrament_n to_o his_o majesty_n and_o then_o the_o benediction_n to_o the_o people_n this_o do_v the_o marshal_n of_o the_o court_n cry_v vivat_fw-la rex_fw-la and_o be_v answer_v by_o all_o the_o people_n who_o repeat_v the_o same_o word_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o treasurer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n scatter_v money_n among_o the_o people_n who_o be_v in_o the_o church_n '_o will_v be_v needless_a to_o describe_v the_o feast_n that_o usual_o follow_v this_o ceremony_n since_o i_o intend_v in_o a_o peculiar_a chapter_n to_o give_v a_o particular_a account_n of_o the_o feast_n and_o entertainment_n of_o the_o polander_n only_o it_o may_v be_v reasonable_o suppose_v that_o a_o feast_n which_o a_o king_n make_v after_o his_o coronation_n be_v very_o splendid_a and_o magnificent_a the_o day_n after_o the_o coronation_n the_o king_n go_v in_o great_a pomp_n be_v clothe_v in_o his_o royal_a robe_n to_o the_o townhouse_n where_o upon_o a_o throne_n erect_v before_o the_o house_n the_o magistrate_n come_v to_o assure_v he_o of_o their_o fidelity_n and_o present_v he_o with_o the_o key_n of_o all_o the_o gate_n in_o a_o silver_n dish_n the_o chancellor_n or_o vicechancellor_n assure_v they_o reciprocal_o of_o the_o affection_n and_o clemency_n of_o the_o king_n and_z reads_z with_o a_o audible_a voice_n the_o oath_n of_o fidelity_n which_o they_o take_v kneel_v and_o hold_v up_o their_o hand_n then_o they_o present_v his_o majesty_n with_o a_o purse_n full_a of_o ducat_n after_o
encamp_v that_o they_o may_v be_v perpetual_o under_o a_o strict_a discipline_n ready_a to_o oppose_v the_o enemy_n and_o by_o that_o mean_v keep_v from_o pillage_n and_o ruine_v the_o kingdom_n and_o this_o expedient_a will_v doubtless_o be_v very_o agreeable_a and_o advantageous_a to_o the_o people_n who_o can_v with_o less_o trouble_n raise_v money_n to_o pay_v the_o troop_n at_o distance_n than_o maintain_v they_o at_o home_o and_o suffer_v all_o the_o disorder_n which_o they_o commit_v in_o their_o frequent_a march_n through_o the_o country_n this_o remedy_n have_v be_v very_o much_o commend_v by_o some_o but_o other_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o if_o the_o soldier_n be_v always_o keep_v in_o a_o camp_n under_o the_o command_n of_o one_o officer_n '_o twon_v be_v a_o mean_n to_o make_v the_o general_n of_o the_o army_n too_o powerful_a thus_o the_o soldier_n continue_v to_o oppress_v the_o people_n and_o harrass_n the_o kingdom_n without_o any_o prospect_n of_o redress_n i_o intimate_v before_o that_o the_o want_n of_o discipline_n and_o the_o little_a order_n that_o be_v observe_v among_o the_o polish_v troop_n be_v the_o reason_n why_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o raise_v a_o new_a army_n almost_o every_o year_n but_o the_o manner_n of_o pay_v their_o soldier_n which_o be_v neither_o every_o week_n nor_o every_o month_n nor_o every_o six_o month_n and_o sometime_o not_o at_o all_o be_v a_o more_o dangerous_a fault_n because_o it_o keep_v they_o under_o a_o perpetual_a temptation_n to_o desert_n for_o when_o they_o be_v in_o the_o army_n they_o live_v upon_o colewore_n root_n fruit_n which_o they_o find_v in_o the_o wood_n and_o on_o horseflesh_n when_o they_o can_v get_v it_o it_o be_v not_o the_o castom_n in_o poland_n to_o give_v ammunition-bread_n so_o that_o the_o officer_n be_v force_v to_o let_v the_o soldier_n shift_v for_o themselves_o and_o consequent_o since_o the_o great_a part_n of_o they_o be_v starve_v it_o be_v no_o wonder_n that_o they_o must_v raise_v a_o new_a army_n every_o year_n they_o pay_v the_o officer_n but_o once_o in_o the_o year_n and_o frequent_o but_o once_o in_o two_o year_n and_o for_o that_o end_n they_o appoint_v commissioner_n to_o meet_v at_o some_o place_n remote_a from_o the_o court_n because_o by_o a_o constitution_n of_o the_o diet_n the_o king_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v present_a at_o the_o meeting_n that_o be_v hold_v for_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o soldier_n though_o every_o thing_n be_v do_v in_o his_o name_n the_o commissioner_n that_o be_v depute_v by_o the_o diet_n regulate_v the_o payment_n of_o all_o the_o officer_n and_o usual_o make_v some_o abatement_n especial_o to_o stranger_n nor_o must_v they_o be_v absolute_o blame_v for_o abridge_n the_o pay_n of_o the_o officer_n because_o they_o hardly_o lie_v out_o any_o money_n for_o the_o subsistance_n of_o their_o company_n whereas_o the_o commissioner_n make_v up_o their_o account_n as_o if_o they_o have_v entertain_v their_o soldier_n at_o their_o own_o charge_n it_o be_v plain_a the_o polish_v service_n be_v advantageous_a to_o the_o officer_n who_o be_v in_o a_o condition_n to_o wait_v some_o time_n for_o their_o mony_n the_o army_n be_v usual_o pay_v but_o once_o in_o two_o year_n and_o sometime_o the_o republic_n be_v not_o able_a to_o pay_v they_o then_o which_o occasion_n a_o universal_a murmur_a among_o the_o soldier_n and_o oblige_v they_o sometime_o to_o enter_v into_o a_o confederacy_n which_o they_o do_v in_o this_o manner_n after_o the_o officer_n have_v long_o complain_v of_o the_o retain_v of_o their_o pay_n and_o have_v remonstrate_v to_o the_o court_n and_o to_o the_o diet_n that_o they_o can_v no_o long_o subsist_v without_o it_o and_o after_o they_o perceive_v that_o their_o complaint_n and_o remonstrance_n be_v neglect_v they_o assemble_v together_o and_o make_v a_o rokoâ—z_n which_o in_o the_o polish_v language_n signify_v a_o separation_n from_o their_o general_n the_o subaltern_n officer_n thus_o assemble_v choose_v two_o of_o their_o number_n one_o for_o their_o marshal_n and_o the_o other_o for_o his_o licutenant_n to_o these_o officer_n who_o they_o call_v substitute_n they_o take_v a_o oath_n of_o fidelity_n to_o oblige_v the_o republic_n to_o pay_v they_o after_o which_o the_o marshal_n command_v this_o confederate_a army_n as_o if_o he_o be_v 〈◊〉_d the_o general_n of_o it_o it_o be_v obvious_a to_o every_o consider_v person_n that_o such_o a_o revolt_n must_v be_v attend_v with_o terrible_a consequenees_n for_o then_o the_o army_n in_o stead_n of_o march_v towards_o the_o enemy_n or_o guard_v the_o frontier_n harass_n the_o country_n and_o with_o a_o unbridled_a liberty_n overruns_a the_o estate_n of_o the_o nobleman_n make_v necessity_n the_o prtext_n of_o all_o the_o disorder_n they_o commit_v the_o danger_n of_o these_o confederacy_n will_v appear_v if_o we_o reflect_v upon_o the_o violent_a proceed_n of_o the_o confederate_a army_n of_o which_o swiderski_n be_v marshal_n and_o borzecki_n substitute_n which_o be_v not_o so_o much_o occasion_v by_o want_n of_o pay_n as_o by_o the_o party_n that_o be_v form_v by_o some_o person_n who_o hope_v to_o enrich_v themselves_o during_o the_o general_n disorder_n which_o can_v not_o be_v quiet_v without_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o trouble_n at_o leopold_n by_o king_n john_n casimir_n in_o the_o year_n 1663._o it_o be_v thus_o that_o the_o army_n enter_v into_o a_o confederacy_n though_o there_o be_v a_o law_n or_o constitution_n that_o whosoever_o shall_v presume_v to_o hold_v meeting_n make_v harangue_n raise_v sedition_n or_o enter_v into_o confederacy_n shall_v be_v guilty_a of_o death_n and_o that_o whosoever_o shall_v join_v the_o confederate_n shall_v be_v deprive_v of_o his_o estate_n and_o office_n i_o have_v also_o observe_v another_o defect_n in_o poland_n concern_v the_o office_n of_o the_o general_n of_o the_o army_n which_o be_v give_v for_o life_n so_o that_o it_o be_v not_o in_o the_o king_n power_n to_o displace_v a_o general_n who_o he_o have_v once_o advance_v though_o he_o be_v often_o oblige_v to_o confer_v this_o dignity_n upon_o some_o great_a lord_n who_o be_v perfect_o unacquainted_a with_o the_o art_n of_o war._n it_o be_v not_o at_o all_o strange_a then_o that_o poland_n shall_v suffer_v some_o loss_n from_o time_n to_o time_n and_o let_v slip_v several_a opportunity_n of_o weaken_v their_o enemy_n for_o they_o have_v more_o need_n than_o any_o other_o nation_n of_o a_o active_a and_o experience_a general_n who_o know_v how_o to_o manage_v the_o soldier_n and_o will_v not_o keep_v they_o too_o long_o in_o a_o place_n where_o there_o be_v neither_o forage_v for_o the_o horse_n nor_o subsistance_n for_o the_o foot_n who_o will_v never_o engage_v his_o troop_n in_o any_o place_n from_o whence_o he_o can_v easy_o make_v good_a his_o retreat_n nor_o ever_o neglect_v a_o advantageous_a occasion_n of_o give_v battle_n to_o his_o enemy_n and_o especial_o one_o who_o know_v that_o a_o numerous_a army_n ought_v not_o to_o engage_v with_o a_o small_a one_o in_o a_o narrow_a and_o close_a place_n because_o in_o such_o a_o case_n a_o handful_n of_o man_n may_v beat_v a_o formidable_a army_n as_o it_o appear_v for_o example_n by_o the_o instance_n of_o marshal_n lubomirski_n who_o defeat_v the_o vanguard_n of_o king_n john_n casimir_n army_n at_o the_o passage_n of_o montroi_n and_o of_o the_o teutonick_n knight_n who_o though_o much_o inferior_a in_o number_n to_o the_o army_n of_o king_n casimir_n iii_o defeat_v they_o in_o a_o place_n where_o king_n casimir_n troop_n can_v not_o extend_v themselves_o nor_o put_v themselves_o in_o battalion_n if_o therefore_o the_o polander_n have_v experience_v general_n they_o may_v one_o day_n destroy_v all_o the_o ottoman_a infantry_n for_o which_o they_o have_v have_v several_a fair_a opportunity_n they_o may_v regain_v all_o that_o they_o have_v lose_v and_o even_o extend_v their_o conquest_n far_o but_o to_o obtain_v this_o advantage_n the_o office_n of_o general_n of_o the_o army_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v give_v for_o life_n but_o only_o to_o person_n of_o merry_a because_o there_o be_v nothing_o that_o more_o animate_v the_o courage_n of_o a_o officer_n than_o the_o hope_n of_o high_a preferment_n and_o there_o be_v more_o who_o aspire_v to_o that_o honour_n when_o they_o may_v attain_v it_o by_o their_o own_o merit_n without_o expect_v the_o death_n of_o those_o who_o possess_v it_o and_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o heretofore_o this_o office_n be_v not_o give_v for_o life_n in_o poland_n as_o it_o be_v at_o present_a for_o john_n tarnowski_n be_v the_o first_o who_o king_n sigismond_n make_v perpetual_a general_n of_o the_o army_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o aâ—serwards_o nicholas_n radziwill_n be_v advance_v to_o the_o same_o dignity_n in_o lithuania_n there_o be_v also_o in_o poland_n another_o disorder_n among_o the_o officer_n viz._n
templo_fw-la plusquam_fw-la sacerdos_n in_o republica_a plusquam_fw-la rex_fw-la in_o sententia_fw-la dicenda_fw-la plusquam_fw-la senator_n in_o judicio_fw-la plusquam_fw-la jurisconsultus_fw-la in_o exercitu_fw-la plusquam_fw-la imperator_fw-la in_o acie_n plusquam_fw-la miles_n in_o adversis_fw-la perferendis_fw-la injuriisque_fw-la condonandis_fw-la plusquam_fw-la vir._n in_o publica_fw-la libertate_fw-la tuenda_fw-la plusquam_fw-la civis_fw-la in_o pater_fw-la colenda_fw-la plusquam_fw-la amicus_fw-la in_o convictu_fw-la plusquam_fw-la familiaris_fw-la in_o venatione_n ferisque_fw-la domandis_fw-la plusquam_fw-la leo._n in_o tota_fw-la reliqua_fw-la vita_fw-la plusquam_fw-la philosophus_fw-la sigismond_n iii_o 1587._o an._n d._n 1587._o the_o son_n of_o john_n king_n of_o sweden_n by_o catherine_n daughter_n to_o sigismond_n i._o have_v renounce_v the_o protestant_a religion_n be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n by_o the_o unanimous_a consent_n of_o the_o nobility_n he_o order_v maximilian_n archduke_n of_o austria_n who_o the_o crown-general_n zamoski_n have_v defeat_v to_o be_v bind_v with_o golden-fetter_n and_o carry_v to_o zamosch_n where_o he_o keep_v he_o prisoner_n two_o year_n vladislaus_n vi_o or_o iu_o the_o son_n and_o successor_n of_o sigismond_n he_o have_v the_o courage_n to_o encounter_v a_o army_n of_o 200000_o muscovite_n with_o 50000_o man_n and_o rout_v they_o entire_o after_o this_o memorable_a and_o important_a victory_n he_o take_v the_o city_n of_o moscow_n and_o return_v in_o triumph_n to_o warsaw_n with_o two_o czar_n the_o patriarch_n the_o crown_n and_o 500_o wagon_n load_v with_o rich_a spoil_n he_o defeat_v the_o grand_a signior_n osman_n and_o pursue_v he_o almost_o as_o far_o as_o constantinople_n afterward_o he_o be_v so_o animate_v with_o a_o imprudent_a zeal_n for_o the_o propagate_a of_o religion_n that_o he_o resolve_v to_o undertake_v a_o expedition_n to_o the_o holy-land_n and_o die_v for_o grief_n because_o the_o polander_n refuse_v to_o raise_v subsidy_n to_o enable_v he_o to_o prosecute_v that_o design_n after_o his_o death_n the_o kingdom_n be_v harass_v by_o the_o cossack_n who_o be_v principal_o incense_v against_o the_o jew_n and_o jesuit_n john_n casimit_n who_o be_v former_o a_o jesuit_n and_o a_o cardinal_n be_v elect_v king_n after_o his_o brother_n vladislaus_n and_o obtain_v a_o dispensation_n from_o the_o pope_n to_o marry_v his_o widow_n he_o defeat_v the_o cossack_n in_o a_o doubtful_a and_o uncertain_a battle_n near_o beresteczko_n in_o russia_n have_v by_o this_o victory_n curb_v that_o factious_a people_n and_o secure_v the_o quiet_a of_o the_o kingdom_n he_o begin_v to_o indulge_v himself_o in_o his_o pleasure_n he_o banish_v the_o vicechancellor_n of_o the_o crown_n after_o he_o have_v debauch_v his_o wife_n and_o that_o injure_v officer_n return_v to_o sweden_n persuade_v that_o prince_n to_o invade_v poland_n which_o he_o do_v with_o so_o great_a success_n that_o casimir_n be_v entire_o dispossess_v but_o he_o be_v afterward_o recall_v even_o by_o those_o who_o join_v with_o his_o enemy_n and_o after_o several_a battle_n oblige_v the_o king_n of_o sweden_n to_o make_v a_o peace_n at_o last_o by_o the_o persuasion_n of_o his_o queen_n that_o he_o may_v make_v way_n for_o the_o prince_n of_o conde_n to_o succeed_v he_o he_o abdicate_v the_o government_n and_o retire_v to_o france_n where_o he_o be_v make_v abbot_n of_o st._n germane_a michael_n after_o casimir_n abdication_n several_a intrigue_n be_v make_v by_o the_o duke_n of_o lorraine_n newburg_n and_o york_n and_o the_o prince_n of_o conde_n who_o stand_v candidate_n for_o the_o crown_n at_o that_o time_n the_o duke_n of_o york_n profess_v the_o protestant_a religion_n but_o when_o that_o be_v object_v against_o he_o by_o the_o nobility_n a_o certain_a jesuit_n who_o be_v employ_v to_o manage_v his_o interest_n declare_v open_o before_o the_o senate_n of_o poland_n that_o he_o be_v a_o roman-catholick_n at_o last_o contrary_a to_o all_o expectation_n the_o election_n be_v determine_v in_o favour_n of_o michael_n coributh_n wisnowieczki_n who_o be_v descend_v of_o the_o most_o ancient_a family_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o lithuania_n this_o prince_n die_v at_o warsaw_n about_o a_o year_n after_o his_o coronation_n and_o it_o be_v common_o believe_v that_o he_o be_v poison_v by_o a_o certain_a priest_n it_o be_v observe_v that_o when_o the_o general_n sobieski_n afterward_o choose_a king_n come_v to_o see_v he_o in_o his_o coffin_n the_o nose_n of_o the_o decease_a prince_n begin_v to_o bleed_v assoon_o as_o he_o enter_v the_o room_n john_n sobieski_n this_o prince_n be_v descend_v of_o a_o very_a noble_a and_o ancient_a family_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o lublin_n he_o be_v the_o young_a son_n of_o sobieski_n castellan_n of_o cracow_n by_o a_o daughter_n of_o stanislas_n zolkiewski_n great_a general_n of_o the_o crown_n he_o be_v make_v great_a marshal_n of_o the_o crown_n august_n 24._o 1665_o great_a general_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o 1667_o and_o great_a master_n of_o the_o king_n household_n palatin_a of_o cracow_n etc._n etc._n he_o retake_v 60_o city_n from_o the_o rebel_n cossack_n in_o vkrania_n in_o 1667._o he_o defend_v podhais_n against_o the_o tartar_n and_o two_o year_n after_o take_v from_o they_o and_o the_o cossack_n the_o whole_a palatinate_n of_o braclaw_n in_o lower_n podolia_fw-la in_o 1673._o he_o obtain_v a_o memorable_a victory_n over_o the_o turk_n at_o choczim_n on_o the_o niester_n where_o 8000_o janissary_n and_o 20000_o spahis_n be_v kill_v he_o be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n may_v 10_o 1674_o and_o make_v two_o campaign_n against_o the_o turk_n before_o he_o be_v crown_v but_o that_o which_o will_v for_o ever_o perpetuate_v the_o honour_n of_o his_o memory_n be_v that_o glorious_a and_o important_a action_n which_o he_o perform_v in_o 1683_o when_o he_o raise_v the_o siege_n of_o vienna_n the_o follow_a panegyrical_a character_n of_o that_o prince_n be_v make_v upon_o that_o occasion_n joanni_fw-it iii_o dominatione_fw-la polonico_n lithuanico_n liberatione_n austriaco_n pannonico_n profligatione_fw-la ottomanico_fw-la thracio_n religione_fw-la christianissimo_fw-la pielate_fw-la catholico_fw-la zelo_fw-la apostolico_fw-la inter_fw-la deuce_n pugnacissimo_fw-la inter_fw-la reges_fw-la sapientissimo_fw-la inter_fw-la imperatores_fw-la augustissimo_fw-la cui_fw-la gloria_fw-la militaris_fw-la regna_fw-la peperit_fw-la clementia_n stabilivit_fw-la virtus_fw-la perennavit_fw-la qui_fw-la raro_fw-la pietatis_fw-la &_o constantiae_fw-la exemplo_fw-la propria_fw-la deserens_fw-la aliena_fw-la defendens_fw-la docuit_fw-la quo_fw-la pacto_fw-la sacra_fw-la foederis_fw-la jura_fw-la jungantur_fw-la custodiantur_fw-la &_o compleantur_fw-la ottomani_fw-la be_fw-mi lunam_fw-la fulgentissimo_fw-la crucis_fw-la vexillo_fw-la eternam_fw-la eclypsim_fw-la minitantem_fw-la adeo_fw-la prosper_v feliciterque_fw-la finibus_fw-la extirpavit_fw-la ut_fw-la unum_fw-la idemque_fw-la fuerit_fw-la venisse_fw-la vidisse_fw-la &_o vicisse_fw-la igitur_fw-la inter_fw-la innumeros_fw-la christiani_n orbis_n plausus_fw-la inter_fw-la vindicatam_fw-la religionis_fw-la &_o imperii_fw-la laetitiam_fw-la inter_fw-la cruentae_fw-la lunae_fw-la extrema_fw-la deliquia_fw-la agnoscant_fw-la praesentes_fw-la credant_fw-la posteri_fw-la non_fw-la tantum_fw-la enascenti_fw-la evangelio_n quo_fw-la propagaretur_fw-la sed_fw-la &_o adulto_fw-la ne_fw-la profligaretur_fw-la vtrobique_fw-la a_o deo_fw-la missum_fw-la fuisse_fw-la hominem_fw-la cui_fw-la nomen_fw-la erat_fw-la joannes_n he_o marry_v the_o lady_n mary_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr grange_n the_o daughter_n of_o the_o marquis_n now_o cardinal_n do_v arquien_v and_o widow_n of_o prince_n zamoiski_n he_o die_v june_n 17._o 1696_o be_v seize_v with_o a_o fit_a of_o a_o apoplexy_n after_o a_o long_a indisposition_n some_o remark_n upon_o the_o 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be_v not_o entire_o unite_v to_o the_o kingdom_n till_o the_o year_n 1501_o by_o albert_n duke_n of_o lithuania_n who_o be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n this_o duchy_n contain_v eight_o palatinate_n viz._n vilnae_n troki_n bressici_fw-la nowogrodeck_n minsk_n mseislaw_n vitepsk_n and_o polosk_n it_o be_v a_o hundred_o league_n long_o and_o a_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o broad_a and_o be_v border_v by_o muscovy_n on_o the_o north_n and_o east_n by_o russia_n and_o volhinia_n on_o the_o south_n and_o by_o samogitia_n prussia_n and_o podlachia_n on_o the_o west_n the_o chief_a river_n of_o the_o great_a duchy_n be_v the_o nieman_n and_o the_o dzwina_n the_o province_n of_o russia_n which_o be_v unite_v to_o poland_n by_o king_n casimir_n the_o great_a anno_fw-la 1341_o be_v border_v by_o lithuania_n on_o the_o north_n and_o by_o the_o mountain_n of_o hungary_n and_o transilvania_n on_o the_o south_n it_o have_v upper_a volhinia_n and_o upper_a podolia_n on_o the_o east_n and_o little_a 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possession_n of_o the_o province_n of_o culm_n till_o they_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o some_o part_n of_o the_o country_n this_o be_v the_o fatal_a spring_n of_o all_o the_o difference_n which_o engage_v poland_n in_o a_o war_n that_o be_v carry_v on_o with_o so_o obstinate_a a_o fury_n for_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n grow_v at_o last_o so_o formidable_a to_o their_o neighbour_n and_o by_o successive_a victory_n raise_v their_o power_n to_o such_o a_o height_n that_o after_o they_o have_v subdue_v all_o prussia_n they_o give_v many_o battle_n to_o the_o polander_n who_o can_v never_o utter_o expel_v they_o though_o they_o sometime_o obtain_v considerable_a victory_n over_o they_o as_o in_o the_o battle_n which_o jagillon_n fight_v against_o grunwald_n and_o tanneberg_n in_o the_o year_n 1400._o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o teutonick_n knight_n be_v so_o proud_a of_o their_o new_a conquest_n that_o forget_v their_o original_a and_o scorn_v the_o humble_a and_o samiliar_a name_n of_o brother_n with_o which_o their_o religious_a constitution_n oblige_v they_o to_o content_v themselves_o they_o begin_v open_o to_o claim_v the_o title_n of_o lord_n notwithstanding_o the_o pious_a zeal_n of_o their_o great_a master_n vlric_n who_o endeavour_v to_o oppose_v so_o scandalous_a a_o innovation_n and_o though_o they_o be_v frequent_o beat_v by_o the_o polander_n they_o cease_v not_o to_o continue_v the_o war_n because_o they_o be_v assist_v by_o the_o emperor_n and_o by_o the_o prince_n of_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o austrian_a family_n can_v never_o endure_v that_o the_o polander_n shall_v recover_v prussia_n as_o it_o appear_v by_o the_o follow_a instance_n when_o sigismond_n k._n of_o poland_n send_v ambassador_n to_o the_o diet_n at_o augsburg_n anno_fw-la 1530_o to_o justify_v his_o pretension_n to_o that_o province_n the_o difference_n be_v adjust_v in_o favour_n of_o poland_n but_o the_o execution_n of_o it_o be_v leave_v to_o the_o emperor_n charles_n v_n the_o resolution_n of_o the_o diet_n take_v no_o effect_n these_o knight_n assume_v such_o a_o absolute_a and_o independent_a authority_n that_o they_o will_v not_o submit_v even_o to_o the_o decree_n of_o the_o pope_n for_o locticus_n king_n of_o poland_n have_v send_v to_o avignon_n to_o complain_v that_o these_o military_a friar_n have_v usurp_v one_o of_o his_o province_n the_o pope_n order_v they_o to_o restore_v it_o upon_o pain_n of_o excommunication_n but_o they_o have_v so_o little_a regard_n to_o his_o menace_n that_o they_o refuse_v positive_o to_o quit_v their_o possession_n under_o the_o same_o loctâ—us_a the_o chancellor_n of_o pomerania_n a_o factious_a man_n and_o a_o secret_a enemy_n to_o his_o sovereign_n plot_v to_o deliver_v up_o that_o province_n to_o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n but_o he_o be_v take_v and_o put_v in_o prison_n before_o he_o can_v execute_v his_o treacherous_a design_n nevertheless_o the_o king_n pardon_v he_o at_o the_o request_n of_o his_o brother_n however_o it_o seem_v the_o affront_n he_o think_v he_o have_v receive_v make_v a_o strong_a impression_n upon_o he_o than_o the_o spare_n of_o his_o life_n for_o not_o long_o after_o he_o put_v several_a town_n of_o pomerania_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o among_o the_o rest_n the_o city_n of_o danâ—â—c_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n one_o bâ—â—â—sia_n who_o be_v governor_n of_o the_o citadel_n of_o daâ—tzâ—c_n for_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n defend_v that_o place_n and_o acquaint_v his_o master_n with_o the_o present_a exigency_n of_o his_o affair_n but_o before_o the_o polanâ—â—_n can_v come_v up_o to_o his_o assistance_n he_o be_v oblige_v to_o call_v in_o the_o 〈◊〉_d knight_n allow_v they_o half_o the_o government_n of_o the_o ciradel_n of_o dartzie_n provide_v they_o will_v defend_v it_o entire_o a_o whole_a year_n at_o their_o own_o charge_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o citadel_n be_v not_o only_o preserve_v but_o the_o town_n itself_o be_v retake_v but_o the_o polander_n have_v no_o reason_n to_o boast_v of_o that_o success_n for_o their_o pretend_a friend_n be_v so_o far_o from_o content_v themselves_o with_o the_o promise_a reward_n of_o their_o service_n that_o they_o resolve_v to_o make_v themselves_o the_o sole_a master_n of_o the_o citadel_n notwithstanding_o the_o repeat_v remonstrance_n of_o bogusta_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o faithful_a polander_n and_o this_o open_a violation_n of_o a_o solemn_a treaty_n be_v the_o occasion_n of_o a_o bloody_a war_n which_o create_v so_o implacable_a a_o animosity_n betwixt_o the_o polander_n and_o their_o encroach_a neighbour_n that_o the_o least_o pretence_n be_v sufficient_a to_o rekindle_v the_o flame_n and_o afterward_o when_o casimir_n the_o grandson_n of_o locticus_n renew_v his_o complaint_n against_o they_o and_o prevail_v with_o the_o pope_n to_o excommunicate_v they_o if_o they_o will_v not_o restore_v that_o usurp_a province_n they_o slight_v both_o he_o and_o his_o excommunication_n but_o at_o last_o by_o the_o peace_n which_o be_v conclude_v betwixt_o casimir_n and_o the_o order_n it_o be_v agree_v upon_o that_o the_o great_a master_n shall_v be_v acknowledge_v as_o a_o prince_n and_o senator_n of_o the_o republic_n under_o the_o protection_n and_o dominion_n of_o poland_n some_o time_n after_o the_o province_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n call_v the_o royal_a and_o ducal_z prussia_n albert_n of_o brandenburg_n great_a master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n have_v turn_v lutheran_n and_o be_v marry_v fix_v his_o residence_n in_o this_o province_n and_o sigismond_n yield_v up_o to_o he_o the_o ducal_z prussia_n on_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v remain_v a_o vassal_n to_o poland_n and_o by_o the_o peace_n of_o oliva_n make_v in_o the_o year_n 1660_o the_o sovereignty_n of_o ducal_z prussia_n be_v final_o yield_v up_o to_o the_o elector_n of_o brendâ—â—â—ing_n thus_o at_o present_a it_o
ix_o of_o the_o senate_n in_o particular_a and_o first_o of_o the_o bishop_n all_o the_o bishop_n be_v senator_n and_o precede_v the_o secular_a member_n there_o be_v but_o 16_o bishopric_n in_o the_o kingdom_n 3_o of_o which_o be_v usurp_v by_o its_o enemy_n viz._n those_o of_o smolensko_n and_o kiovia_n by_o the_o muscovite_n and_o that_o of_o caminiec_n by_o the_o turk_n nevertheless_o the_o dignity_n be_v still_o retain_v and_o when_o they_o become_v vacant_a there_o be_v always_o a_o considerable_a number_n of_o competitor_n who_o solicit_v the_o king_n for_o those_o title_n that_o they_o may_v have_v a_o place_n in_o the_o senate_n the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n be_v apostolical_a legate_n by_o his_o office_n the_o first_o of_o all_o the_o bishop_n and_o senator_n and_o primate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n these_o privilege_n be_v annex_v to_o this_o see_v by_o the_o council_n of_o constance_n whither_o he_o who_o be_v then_o archbishop_n be_v send_v by_o king_n vladislaus_n jagellon_n to_o assert_v his_o right_n to_o prussia_n against_o the_o teutonick_n knight_n for_o that_o prelate_n be_v inform_v that_o during_o his_o absence_n the_o king_n have_v marry_v elizabeth_n daughter_n to_o the_o palatine_a of_o sandomir_n anno_fw-la 1416._o and_o cause_v she_o to_o be_v crown_v at_o cracow_n by_o the_o archbishop_n of_o leopold_n and_o fear_v lest_o he_o and_o his_o successor_n shall_v be_v deprive_v of_o the_o privilege_n of_o crown_v the_o king_n prevail_v with_o the_o council_n to_o declare_v and_o ordain_v that_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n shall_v from_o thenceforth_o be_v primate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o it_o be_v for_o this_o reason_n that_o a_o appeal_n may_v be_v bring_v before_o he_o not_o only_o from_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o bishop_n but_o also_o from_o the_o archbishop_n of_o leopold_n afterward_o in_o the_o year_n 1513._o john_n laski_n archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n be_v send_v to_o rome_n by_o king_n sigismond_n to_o assist_v at_o the_o council_n of_o lateran_n obtain_v of_o leo_n the_o xth_o for_o himself_o and_o all_o his_o successor_n the_o quality_n of_o legatus_fw-la natus_fw-la of_o the_o holy_a apostolic_a see_n the_o authority_n of_o this_o prelate_n be_v so_o great_a that_o it_o be_v not_o lawful_a to_o draw_v a_o sword_n or_o so_o much_o as_o to_o speak_v indecent_o in_o his_o presence_n beside_o when_o the_o king_n act_v contrary_a to_o the_o law_n the_o archbishop_n may_v assemble_v the_o senate_n and_o the_o nobility_n to_o oppose_v he_o and_o during_o a_o interregnum_fw-la he_o have_v power_n to_o coin_n money_n the_o cross_n be_v carry_v before_o he_o when_o he_o go_v to_o the_o king_n or_o to_o the_o diet_n and_o when_o he_o sit_v on_o almoner_n hold_v it_o behind_o his_o chair_n and_o as_o a_o far_a mark_n of_o his_o grandeur_n he_o have_v a_o senator_n and_o castellan_n of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o his_o marshal_n who_o ride_v before_o his_o coach_n bear_v his_o staff_n upright_o which_o he_o never_o bow_v but_o before_o the_o king_n and_o when_o the_o other_o marshal_n be_v absent_a he_o have_v the_o privilege_n to_o carry_v the_o staff_n upright_o before_o his_o majesty_n and_o to_o march_v before_o he_o to_o church_n or_o to_o the_o diet._n when_o the_o archbishop_n come_v to_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o stair_n of_o the_o king_n palace_n he_o stop_v there_o till_o the_o king_n send_v the_o chamberlain_n of_o the_o crown_n or_o some_o other_o of_o the_o principal_a officer_n of_o his_o court_n to_o salute_v he_o the_o sub-marshal_n attend_v he_o at_o the_o top_n of_o the_o stair_n and_o when_o he_o enter_v the_o antichamber_n the_o king_n come_v out_o of_o his_o chamber_n to_o meet_v he_o he_o never_o make_v a_o visit_n but_o to_o the_o pope_n nuncio_n who_o he_o only_o visit_v once_o not_o even_o to_o the_o ambassador_n of_o crown_v head_n who_o have_v visit_v he_o it_o be_v he_o who_o during_o the_o interregnum_fw-la be_v the_o head_n and_o regent_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o who_o regulate_v the_o sentiment_n of_o all_o the_o nobleman_n who_o be_v assemble_v by_o their_o deputy_n in_o the_o diet_n of_o the_o election_n it_o be_v he_o who_o send_v circular_a letter_n to_o all_o the_o order_n of_o the_o republic_n to_o give_v they_o notice_n of_o the_o king_n death_n that_o they_o may_v hold_v their_o petty_a diet_n and_o to_o acquaint_v they_o with_o the_o time_n of_o the_o general_n diet._n and_o when_o any_o extraordinary_a affair_n happen_v during_o the_o interregnum_fw-la some_o nobleman_n and_o senator_n be_v choose_v to_o assist_v he_o with_o their_o counsel_n in_o so_o difficult_a a_o juncture_n the_o polander_n have_v lodge_v so_o great_a a_o authority_n in_o the_o person_n of_o this_o prelate_n because_o they_o dare_v not_o entrust_v a_o layman_n with_o it_o lest_o his_o ambition_n shall_v prompt_v he_o to_o aspire_v to_o the_o crown_n for_o it_o be_v he_o who_o proclaim_v the_o new_a king_n after_o he_o be_v choose_v which_o be_v so_o great_a and_o so_o considerable_a a_o privilege_n that_o the_o ambassador_n of_o the_o candidate_n look_v upon_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n as_o the_o person_n on_o who_o the_o success_n of_o their_o negotiation_n depend_v and_o leave_v no_o mean_n unattempted_a to_o gain_v his_o favour_n because_o the_o king_n can_v be_v due_o elect_v unless_o he_o be_v afterward_o proclaim_v to_o confirm_v this_o i_o shall_v relate_v what_o happen_v at_o the_o election_n of_o the_o late_a king_n john_n the_o three_o in_o the_o year_n 1674._o one_o czartoreski_n of_o the_o faction_n of_o austria_n an_z intimate_v friend_n of_o chancellor_n putz_n and_o consequent_o a_o great_a enemy_n to_o the_o french_a faction_n and_o the_o marshal_n sobieski_n who_o be_v choose_v king_n be_v then_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n and_o in_o that_o quality_n have_v the_o power_n of_o proclaim_v the_o king_n he_o will_v never_o have_v be_v prevail_v with_o to_o proclaim_v the_o great_a marshal_n but_o die_v three_o day_n before_o the_o election_n the_o right_a of_o proclamation_n be_v devolve_v upon_o trzebicki_n bishop_n of_o cracow_n who_o be_v a_o friend_n to_o the_o marshal_n sobieski_n proclaim_v he_o with_o joy_n there_o be_v but_o 16_o bishopric_n in_o poland_n as_o i_o have_v already_o observe_v but_o they_o be_v general_o of_o a_o vast_a extent_n and_o endow_v with_o great_a revenue_n which_o may_v be_v easy_o believe_v if_o we_o consider_v that_o that_o kidgdom_n after_o all_o its_o loss_n be_v still_o as_o large_a as_o france_n the_o first_o be_v the_o archbishopric_n of_o gnesna_n in_o low_a poland_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o kalisch_n about_o 9_o league_n from_o that_o city_n towards_o the_o north._n this_o place_n which_o be_v once_o the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v now_o only_a a_o great_a unwal_v village_n without_o the_o conveniency_n of_o a_o river_n the_o second_o be_v the_o archbishopric_n of_o leopold_n which_o be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o black_a russia_n and_o take_v its_o name_n from_o leo_n duke_n of_o that_o province_n who_o as_o he_o be_v ravage_v poland_n with_o a_o army_n of_o tartar_n and_o russian_n be_v entire_o defeat_v by_o the_o castellan_n of_o cracow_n ann._n 1279_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o lesko_n the_o black_n this_o city_n be_v seat_v at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o mountain_n very_o mean_o fortify_v without_o a_o river_n and_o defend_v only_o by_o a_o inconsiderable_a castle_n upon_o a_o eminence_n it_o be_v famous_a for_o the_o many_o sieges_n it_o have_v sustain_v have_v be_v once_o besiege_a by_o the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n with_o a_o formidable_a army_n at_o another_o time_n by_o the_o muscovite_n and_o the_o cossack_n with_o a_o army_n of_o 120000_o man_n for_o the_o space_n of_o two_o month_n and_o a_o half_a after_o which_o they_o be_v constrain_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n and_o in_o the_o last_o place_n by_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n miâ—â—â—el_n this_o city_n be_v the_o seat_n of_o 3_o bishop_n viz._n a_o latin_n catholic_n archbishop_n a_o armenian_a catholic_n archbishop_n and_o a_o russian_a scismatical_a greek_a bishop_n the_o first_o latin_a archbishop_n be_v a_o polish_v gentleman_n call_v christinus_fw-la who_o be_v consecrate_a by_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesâ—a_n in_o the_o presence_n of_o king_n casimir_n who_o erect_v this_o see_n anno_fw-la 1361._o i_o shall_v say_v nothing_o of_o the_o archbishop_n since_o they_o differ_v not_o from_o other_o catholic_n only_o the_o armenian_n have_v their_o particular_a ornament_n and_o ceremony_n and_o the_o man_n be_v separate_v from_o the_o woman_n in_o the_o church_n but_o i_o shall_v take_v this_o occasion_n to_o give_v a_o brief_a account_n of_o the_o peculiar_a rite_n and_o custom_n of_o the_o russian_n their_o bishop_n be_v always_o a_o unmarried_a person_n because_o he_o be_v choose_v among_o the_o monk_n of_o
be_v redress_v and_o all_o the_o ambassador_n have_v have_v audience_n of_o the_o republic_n they_o proceed_v to_o the_o election_n of_o a_o king_n but_o before_o they_o give_v their_o vote_n they_o implore_v upon_o their_o knee_n the_o assistance_n of_o the_o holy_a ghost_n by_o sing_v the_o veni_fw-la creator_n after_o which_o the_o deputy_n of_o each_o palatinat_n give_v their_o vote_n and_o communicate_v they_o to_o the_o rest_n and_o if_o all_o the_o vote_n be_v for_o one_o candidate_n the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n or_o the_o bishop_n who_o preside_v in_o his_o palace_n demand_v thrice_o whether_o the_o grievance_n be_v redress_v and_o afterward_o proclaim_v the_o king_n elect_v which_o be_v also_o do_v by_o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o of_o the_o duchy_n after_o which_o they_o all_o sing_v the_o te_fw-la deum_fw-la i_o observe_v that_o the_o king_n elect_v be_v proclaim_v by_o the_o archbishop_n when_o all_o the_o vote_n be_v for_o he_o for_o it_o may_v sometime_o happen_v that_o the_o diet_n may_v be_v divide_v in_o which_o case_n the_o strong_a party_n carry_v it_o thus_o in_o the_o diet_n that_o be_v hold_v after_o the_o retreat_n of_o henry_n iii_o one_o party_n choose_v stephen_n battori_n and_o the_o other_o elect_v maximilian_n of_o austria_n maximilian_n design_v to_o enter_v into_o poland_n with_o some_o troop_n be_v prevent_v by_o stephen_n batori_n who_o arrive_v before_o he_o at_o cracow_n where_o he_o be_v crown_v the_o 18_o of_o april_n 1576._o thus_o all_o the_o voice_n be_v transmit_v to_o king_n stephen_n who_o the_o polander_v oblige_v afterward_o to_o marry_v the_o princess_n ann_n who_o they_o have_v already_o acknowledge_v for_o their_o queen_n after_o the_o death_n of_o stephen_n battori_n there_o happen_v a_o much_o great_a division_n in_o the_o diet_n for_o there_o be_v two_o party_n form_v one_o of_o which_o be_v support_v by_o zamoski_n and_o the_o other_o by_o sboroski_n the_o former_a choose_v signismund_n iii_o son_n to_o john_n king_n of_o sweden_n and_o catherine_n sister_n of_o sigismond_n augustus_n the_o last_o of_o the_o race_n of_o jagellon_n and_o nephew_n to_o queen_n ann_n the_o relict_n of_o king_n stephen_n and_o this_o party_n be_v so_o strong_a that_o they_o crown_v sigismond_n at_o cracow_n the_o 27_o of_o december_n 1587._o though_o maximilian_n of_o austria_n who_o be_v elect_v by_o sborosky_n party_n have_v be_v proclaim_a king_n in_o the_o church_n of_o the_o bernardin_n at_o warsaw_n by_o cardinal_n radziwill_n who_o be_v of_o his_o faction_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n maximilian_n enter_v into_o poland_n with_o some_o troop_n zamoski_n pursue_v he_o to_o byczin_n in_o silesia_n where_o he_o defeat_v and_o take_v he_o prisoner_n jan._n 25._o 1587._o and_o oblige_v he_o to_o renounce_v his_o title_n to_o the_o crown_n so_o that_o maximilian_n be_v a_o second_o time_n exclude_v from_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n and_o the_o prince_n of_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n a_o three_o time_n first_o in_o the_o person_n of_o ernest_n by_o the_o election_n of_o henry_n de_fw-fr valois_n second_o in_o maximilian_n by_o that_o of_o steven_n battori_n and_o a_o three_o time_n in_o the_o same_o maximilian_n by_o that_o of_o sigismond_n iii_o chap._n xvii_o of_o the_o election_n of_o a_o successor_n though_o the_o election_n of_o a_o successor_n be_v contrary_a to_o the_o law_n and_o constitution_n of_o poland_n and_o inconsistent_a with_o the_o privilege_n of_o a_o elective_a kingdom_n it_o may_v sometime_o happen_v that_o the_o natural_a affection_n which_o most_o person_n have_v for_o their_o child_n or_o relation_n may_v induce_v they_o to_o make_v party_n in_o the_o republic_n to_o get_v they_o choose_v during_o their_o life_n thus_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismond_n i._o his_o son_n sigismond_n augustus_n though_o but_o ten_o year_n old_a be_v name_v king_n during_o his_o father_n life_n upon_o these_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v not_o in_o the_o least_o meddle_v with_o the_o affair_n of_o poland_n till_o after_o his_o father_n death_n that_o when_o he_o come_v to_o be_v fifteen_o year_n old_a he_o shall_v swear_v to_o maintain_v all_o the_o right_n and_o privilege_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o that_o this_o example_n shall_v not_o prejudice_v a_o free_a election_n for_o the_o future_a which_o his_o father_n confirm_v by_o letter_n patent_n give_v at_o cracow_n 1530._o and_o afterward_o by_o other_o letter_n date_v at_o pâ—otrkow_n 1538._o for_o that_o prince_n live_v 82_o year_n but_o sigismond_n augustus_n be_v dead_a the_o republic_n be_v assemble_v in_o a_o diet_n hold_v at_o warsaw_n after_o they_o have_v careful_o examine_v the_o ancient_a law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n make_v a_o constitution_n by_o which_o they_o express_o prohibit_v the_o nomination_n of_o any_o successor_n for_o the_o future_a during_o the_o life_n of_o the_o reign_v prince_n that_o they_o may_v inviolable_o preserve_v the_o right_n and_o liberty_n of_o choose_v any_o sovereign_n they_o please_v nevertheless_o stephen_n battori_n see_v he_o have_v no_o child_n and_o consider_v the_o danger_n to_o which_o the_o republic_n be_v expose_v during_o the_o two_o last_o interregnum_n propose_v the_o election_n of_o a_o successor_n in_o a_o diet_n hold_v at_o warsaw_n contrary_a to_o the_o abovementioned_a constitution_n but_o the_o whole_a order_n of_o the_o nobility_n oppose_v the_o design_n of_o that_o great_a king_n who_o die_v soon_o after_o at_o grodno_n in_o lithuania_n decem._n 12._o 1586._o since_o any_o christian_a prince_n may_v aspire_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n it_o be_v evident_o the_o interest_n of_o they_o all_o to_o oppose_v the_o election_n of_o a_o successor_n which_o may_v render_v the_o kingdom_n hereditary_n and_o consequent_o ruin_v their_o pretension_n it_o be_v this_o consideration_n that_o oblige_v the_o present_a emperor_n to_o send_v francis_n de_fw-fr lisola_n to_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o warsaw_n in_o the_o year_n 1661._o to_o oppose_v the_o design_n of_o king_n john_n casimir_n who_o will_v have_v have_v a_o prince_n choose_v to_o succeed_v he_o after_o his_o death_n and_o this_o envoy_n with_o the_o assistance_n of_o john_n owerbeck_n envoy_n of_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n who_o be_v also_o apprehensive_a of_o the_o same_o design_n form_v a_o strong_a party_n and_o be_v so_o effectual_o second_v by_o marshal_n lubomirski_n that_o they_o break_v casimir_n design_n and_o prevail_v with_o the_o diet_n to_o make_v a_o constitution_n forbid_v any_o person_n for_o the_o future_a to_o make_v mention_n of_o the_o election_n of_o a_o successor_n the_o reason_n why_o king_n john_n casimir_n summon_v a_o diet_n at_o warsaw_n to_o deliberate_v about_o the_o election_n of_o a_o successor_n be_v because_o that_o prince_n consider_v the_o danger_n to_o which_o the_o republic_n have_v be_v expose_v for_o above_o twelve_o year_n during_o which_o they_o have_v maintain_v a_o war_n against_o the_o cossack_n tartar_n muscovite_n swede_n transilvanian_o and_o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o that_o none_o of_o all_o those_o enemy_n will_v have_v invade_v poland_n if_o they_o have_v not_o be_v encourage_v by_o his_o want_n of_o issue_n and_o therefore_o he_o look_v upon_o the_o election_n of_o a_o successor_n as_o the_o most_o effectual_a way_n to_o prevent_v the_o disorder_n that_o may_v be_v occasion_v during_o a_o interregnum_fw-la by_o the_o jealousy_n and_o ambition_n of_o the_o neighbour_a prince_n and_o especial_o of_o the_o muscovite_n who_o pretend_v to_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o lithuania_n and_o to_o make_v all_o the_o inhabitant_n slave_n there_o be_v also_o many_o lithuanian_a gentleman_n who_o be_v engage_v in_o the_o same_o design_n with_o king_n casimire_n and_o have_v earnest_o desire_v that_o prince_n and_o the_o nobility_n of_o poland_n to_o consent_v to_o the_o election_n of_o a_o successor_n who_o may_v be_v able_a after_o the_o king_n death_n to_o oppose_v the_o muscovite_n who_o only_o wait_v for_o that_o opportunity_n to_o enter_v into_o lithuania_n with_o a_o great_a army_n and_o to_o possess_v themselves_o of_o that_o duchy_n a_o considerable_a number_n of_o the_o nobility_n be_v prevail_v with_o to_o comply_v with_o the_o intend_a election_n of_o a_o successor_n upon_o these_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v be_v choose_v again_o after_o the_o death_n of_o the_o king_n that_o he_o shall_v be_v a_o roman_n catholic_n that_o he_o shall_v not_o be_v a_o piaste_n that_o be_v a_o native_a polander_n that_o he_o shall_v not_o be_v a_o king_n or_o sovereign_a prince_n of_o any_o other_o country_n that_o he_o shall_v not_o be_v a_o neighbour_n of_o poland_n that_o he_o shall_v be_v a_o unmarried_a person_n and_o one_o that_o be_v neither_o too_o young_a nor_o too_o old_a it_o must_v be_v acknowledge_v that_o the_o design_n be_v good_a for_o the_o king_n and_o those_o who_o second_v his_o desire_n look_v upon_o
not_o be_v crown_v and_o that_o the_o austrian_a faction_n oppose_v it_o both_o because_o she_o be_v a_o french-woman_n bear_v and_o because_o she_o be_v but_o a_o private_a gentlewoman_n but_o the_o event_n show_v the_o contrary_a for_o she_o be_v crown_v at_o cracow_n with_o her_o husband_n without_o the_o least_o opposition_n but_o if_o a_o queen_n of_o poland_n be_v not_o a_o catholic_n she_o can_v be_v crown_v as_o it_o happen_v to_o helen_n the_o wife_n of_o alexander_n i._o and_o daughter_n to_o the_o duke_n of_o muscovy_n who_o be_v of_o the_o greek_a church_n and_o refuse_v to_o embrace_v the_o roman_n catholic_n faith_n the_o republic_n will_v never_o consent_v that_o she_o shall_v be_v crown_v though_o according_a to_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o the_o ancient_a law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n both_o the_o king_n and_o queen_n of_o poland_n ought_v to_o be_v crown_v at_o cracow_n we_o find_v that_o this_o ceremony_n have_v be_v sometime_o perform_v in_o other_o place_n for_o queen_n cecilia_n the_o wife_n of_o vladislaus_n iv_o be_v crown_v at_o warsaw_n in_o the_o year_n 1637._o and_o though_o there_o be_v a_o law_n make_v the_o next_o year_n that_o the_o queen_n shall_v always_o be_v crown_v at_o warsaw_n anno_fw-la 1670._o it_o be_v true_a this_o be_v do_v with_o the_o consent_n of_o all_o the_o order_n of_o the_o republic_n when_o the_o queen_n be_v crown_v the_o king_n must_v desire_v it_o of_o the_o republic_n he_o must_v be_v present_a at_o the_o ceremony_n himself_o conduct_v she_o to_o the_o church_n and_o present_v she_o to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n or_o to_o the_o bishop_n who_o be_v to_o perform_v the_o ceremony_n the_o archbishop_n anoint_v she_o with_o the_o consecrate_a oil_n and_o put_v the_o crown_n upon_o her_o head_n the_o sceptre_n into_o her_o right_a hand_n and_o the_o globe_n of_o gold_n into_o her_o left_a the_o queen_n of_o poland_n have_v no_o officer_n but_o a_o marshal_n and_o a_o chancellor_n neither_o of_o who_o be_v senator_n but_o only_a judge_n of_o the_o difference_n that_o happen_v among_o her_o domestic_n they_o answer_v the_o harangue_n that_o be_v make_v to_o the_o queen_n when_o a_o ambassador_n make_v she_o a_o compliment_n in_o his_o master_n name_n or_o when_o a_o present_a be_v make_v to_o she_o at_o the_o marriage_n of_o a_o maid_n of_o honour_n the_o king_n furnish_v the_o queen_n with_o money_n to_o defray_v the_o charge_n of_o her_o household_n but_o after_o the_o king_n death_n she_o must_v maintain_v herself_o and_o all_o her_o retinue_n with_o the_o revenue_n which_o the_o king_n bestow_v upon_o she_o with_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o republic_n both_o for_o her_o dowry_n and_o for_o her_o marriage-present_a these_o revenue_n be_v call_v the_o reformation_n and_o consist_v of_o the_o reversion_n of_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o starosty_n which_o she_o can_v enjoy_v till_o they_o become_v vacant_a by_o the_o death_n of_o the_o present_a possessor_n so_o that_o a_o queen_n of_o poland_n be_v frequent_o keep_v from_o her_o estate_n till_o she_o be_v just_o ready_a to_o leave_v it_o for_o sometime_o those_o who_o possess_v the_o starosty_n that_o be_v in_o her_o reformation_n outlive_v she_o but_o if_o the_o king_n die_v before_o the_o queen_n reformation_n be_v settle_v upon_o she_o the_o republic_n allow_v she_o a_o yearly_o pension_n out_o of_o the_o crown-land_n as_o they_o do_v to_o queen_n eleanor_n in_o the_o year_n 1674_o after_o the_o election_n of_o king_n john_n for_o they_o be_v so_o king_n to_o that_o princess_n as_o to_o give_v she_o a_o yearly_o pension_n of_o 120000_o livre_n by_o a_o express_a article_n which_o be_v afterward_o insert_v in_o the_o pacta_fw-la conventa_fw-la but_o she_o choose_v rather_o to_o quit_v both_o that_o and_o the_o kingdom_n than_o to_o see_v a_o french_a gentlewoman_n succeed_v a_o princess_n of_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n chap._n xxi_o of_o the_o polish_v army_n there_o be_v so_o little_a order_n or_o discipline_n observe_v in_o the_o polish_v army_n that_o the_o country_n be_v frequent_o harass_v by_o those_o who_o be_v pay_v to_o defend_v it_o and_o the_o republic_n be_v oblige_v to_o raise_v new_a troop_n every_o year_n at_o the_o first_o there_o be_v few_o city_n in_o poland_n but_o when_o the_o inhabitant_n grow_v more_o industrious_a in_o cultivate_v the_o ground_n they_o be_v perpetual_o molest_v by_o their_o neighbour_n who_o by_o frequent_a inroad_n endeavour_v to_o deprive_v they_o of_o the_o fruit_n of_o their_o labour_n in_o order_n to_o oppose_v these_o invasion_n the_o king_n cause_v castle_n and_o fortress_n to_o be_v build_v in_o the_o city_n which_o always_o subsist_v so_o long_o as_o they_o be_v protect_v by_o the_o royal_a authority_n and_o defend_v by_o good_a officer_n and_o discipline_v soldier_n but_o since_o those_o fort_n be_v neglect_v several_a lord_n have_v endeavour_v to_o usurp_v the_o possession_n of_o they_o that_o they_o may_v extend_v their_o dominion_n over_o the_o city_n and_o oppress_v the_o burgher_n as_o they_o do_v the_o peasant_n in_o the_o village_n those_o who_o the_o king_n entrust_v with_o the_o government_n of_o those_o place_n do_v not_o employ_v the_o revenue_n that_o be_v annex_v to_o they_o in_o repair_v the_o wall_n and_o fortificatious_a whence_o it_o come_v that_o all_o their_o city_n be_v open_a and_o that_o the_o soldier_n who_o be_v put_v there_o into_o winter_n quarter_n may_v go_v out_o when_o they_o please_v and_o ravage_n the_o country_n for_o when_o a_o regiment_n be_v to_o be_v send_v from_o one_o end_n of_o the_o kingdom_n to_o the_o other_o the_o commander_n be_v only_o order_v to_o set_v out_o and_o to_o go_v to_o the_o place_n appoint_v without_o mention_v either_o the_o time_n or_o the_o place_n through_o which_o he_o be_v to_o march_v or_o the_o city_n where_o he_o be_v to_o quarter_n so_o that_o he_o may_v run_v through_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o so_o sometime_o spend_v a_o month_n or_o six_o week_n in_o march_v to_o a_o place_n which_o he_o may_v have_v reach_v in_o eight_o day_n it_o be_v plain_a that_o these_o disorderly_a march_n must_v of_o necessity_n waste_v and_o destroy_v the_o city_n and_o village_n through_o which_o the_o soldier_n pass_v nor_o be_v the_o law_n able_a to_o to_o remedy_v such_o a_o insupportable_a grievance_n because_o it_o be_v not_o the_o custom_n in_o poland_n to_o establish_v magazine_n and_o storehouse_n in_o any_o place_n the_o gentleman_n who_o go_v to_o the_o army_n spend_v the_o best_a part_n of_o their_o estate_n in_o furnish_v themselves_o with_o magnificent_a arm_n fine_a horse_n and_o rich_a apparel_n maintain_v a_o numerous_a train_n of_o servant_n their_o estate_n alone_o be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o defray_v so_o vast_a a_o charge_n and_o beside_o they_o receive_v no_o pay_n for_o a_o considerable_a time_n after_o they_o enter_v into_o the_o service_n so_o that_o they_o be_v in_o a_o manner_n constrain_v to_o oppress_v the_o people_n that_o they_o may_v be_v able_a to_o support_v their_o extravagant_a vanity_n some_o who_o be_v natural_o of_o a_o less_o violent_a temper_n endeavour_v to_o excuse_v a_o fault_n which_o they_o be_v force_v to_o acknowledge_v by_o lay_v the_o blame_n upon_o the_o court_n pretend_v that_o the_o king_n bestow_v the_o royal_a gift_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o the_o office_n and_o dignity_n upon_o the_o courtier_n or_o other_o great_a lord_n who_o either_o have_v no_o need_n of_o they_o or_o do_v not_o deserve_v they_o in_o stead_n of_o give_v they_o to_o those_o who_o have_v do_v good_a service_n in_o the_o army_n where_o they_o have_v spend_v their_o estate_n and_o expose_v their_o life_n for_o the_o defence_n of_o their_o country_n other_o accuse_v those_o who_o be_v entrust_v with_o the_o management_n of_o the_o finance_n who_o make_v they_o wait_v very_o long_o for_o their_o pay_n and_o even_o then_o oblige_v they_o to_o quit_v part_n of_o it_o that_o they_o may_v procure_v the_o rest_n these_o grievance_n exasperate_v their_o mind_n and_o frequent_o occasion_n great_a complaint_n in_o the_o diet._n when_o they_o levy_v soldier_n in_o foland_n the_o captain_n exact_a contribution_n on_o those_o place_n where_o they_o raise_v their_o man_n and_o give_v very_o little_a to_o the_o soldier_n retain_v the_o money_n they_o receive_v on_o the_o public_a account_n always_o find_v some_o unjust_a pretext_n to_o defraud_v the_o soldier_n of_o their_o pay_n who_o be_v consequent_o under_o a_o strong_a temptation_n to_o rob_v and_o pillage_v the_o country_n the_o officer_n not_o dare_v to_o restrain_v a_o disorder_n which_o be_v occasion_v by_o themselves_o to_o put_v a_o stop_n to_o these_o irregularity_n it_o have_v be_v frequent_o propose_v to_o the_o diet_n by_o some_o wise_a and_o consider_v person_n to_o keep_v the_o soldier_n always_o
be_v a_o twist_v of_o the_o hair_n in_o such_o a_o manner_n that_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o unravel_v it_o these_o twist_v lock_n can_v be_v compare_v to_o any_o thing_n more_o fit_o than_o to_o those_o long_a and_o nasty_a rope_n of_o hair_n upon_o some_o spaniel_n the_o polander_n give_v this_o account_n of_o the_o original_a of_o this_o distemper_n they_o say_v that_o the_o tartar_n have_v make_v a_o furious_a irruption_n into_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1279_o and_o have_v kill_v a_o great_a number_n of_o people_n they_o poison_v their_o heart_n and_o throw_v they_o into_o the_o water_n which_o infect_v those_o who_o drink_v they_o with_o this_o loathsome_a disease_n the_o true_a cause_n whereof_o be_v still_o a_o secret_a to_o physician_n stranger_n general_o believe_v that_o the_o plica_fw-la be_v the_o effect_n of_o slovenliness_n and_o not_o of_o any_o distemper_n and_o they_o be_v confirm_v in_o this_o opinion_n because_o they_o be_v never_o trouble_v with_o it_o even_o though_o they_o live_v a_o long_a time_n in_o the_o country_n for_o if_o their_o hair_n begin_v to_o twist_n when_o they_o fall_v sick_a they_o cause_v it_o immediate_o to_o be_v cut_v off_o which_o the_o polander_n dare_v not_o do_v for_o fear_n of_o lose_v their_o sight_n which_o they_o imagine_v be_v a_o unavoidable_a consequence_n of_o cut_v off_o the_o hair_n in_o this_o distemper_n yet_o i_o have_v know_v some_o who_o hair_n be_v actual_o cut_v off_o without_o any_o dangerous_a accident_n but_o the_o people_n be_v so_o persuade_v that_o the_o plica_fw-la be_v a_o distemper_n that_o there_o be_v some_o old_a woman_n who_o pretend_v to_o bring_v it_o out_o upon_o child_n that_o be_v trouble_v with_o languish_v disease_n by_o mix_v and_o twist_v their_o hair_n and_o make_v their_o mother_n believe_v that_o the_o child_n be_v only_o sick_a because_o the_o plica_fw-la can_v break_v forth_o chap._n xxiv_o of_o the_o religion_n of_o the_o polander_n the_o polander_n receive_v the_o faith_n of_o christ_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o mieceslaus_n in_o the_o year_n 964._o and_o have_v ever_o since_o remain_v in_o subjection_n to_o the_o see_v of_o rome_n except_o some_o who_o in_o the_o last_o age_n embrace_v the_o doctrine_n of_o luther_n and_o calvin_n at_o present_v the_o polander_n be_v general_o roman_a catholic_n except_o in_o russia_n where_o there_o be_v still_o a_o considerable_a number_n of_o person_n who_o observe_v the_o rite_n of_o the_o greek_a church_n and_o in_o prussia_n where_o there_o be_v many_o lutheran_n as_o at_o dantzick_n elbing_n thorn_n and_o mariemburg_n there_o be_v also_o some_o socinian_n former_o but_o king_n john_n casimir_n expel_v they_o out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o 1658_o and_o oblige_v they_o to_o sell_v their_o estate_n in_o three_o year_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismond_n augustus_n nicholas_n radziwill_n be_v the_o first_o who_o turn_v calvinist_n and_o protect_v those_o of_o that_o persuasion_n in_o his_o house_n at_o vilna_n where_o they_o sing_v the_o psalm_n translate_v into_o the_o vulgar_a tongue_n but_o that_o branch_n of_o the_o house_n of_o radziwill_n be_v now_o whole_o extinct_a the_o last_o have_v leave_v only_o one_o daughter_n who_o be_v marry_v to_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n second_o son_n the_o ecclesiastic_n in_o general_n be_v very_o much_o respect_v in_o poland_n but_o the_o monk_n or_o regular_a clergy_n be_v more_o esteem_v than_o the_o rest_n and_o well_o entertain_v every_o where_n they_o read_v homily_n in_o the_o church_n and_o carry_v the_o sacrament_n private_o to_o sick_a person_n and_o even_o sometime_o bury_v the_o dead_a without_o ask_v the_o consent_n either_o of_o the_o bishop_n or_o curate_n the_o mendicant_a friar_n who_o go_v about_o beg_v alm_n enter_v bold_o to_o the_o very_a closet_n without_o knock_v at_o the_o door_n the_o monk_n in_o poland_n be_v general_o rich_a but_o they_o be_v neither_o regular_a nor_o modest_a for_o they_o usual_o drink_v in_o cellar_n which_o be_v the_o tavern_n of_o that_o country_n and_o sometime_o to_o that_o excess_n that_o they_o be_v not_o able_a to_o walk_v in_o the_o street_n without_o fear_v either_o to_o be_v censure_v by_o their_o superior_n or_o to_o give_v any_o occasion_n of_o scandal_n to_o the_o people_n the_o fast_n that_o be_v observe_v by_o the_o monk_n and_o by_o all_o the_o polander_n in_o general_n consist_v only_o in_o abstain_v from_o milk_n egg_n and_o boil_a fish_n at_o night_n for_o they_o may_v eat_v dry_v fish_n for_o their_o collation_n and_o provide_v they_o fast_o at_o that_o time_n they_o imagine_v that_o they_o may_v eat_v and_o drink_v all_o the_o day_n long_o they_o abstain_v from_o butter_n egg_n and_o milk_n on_o friday_n and_o saturday_n for_o they_o believe_v there_o be_v no_o difference_n betwixt_o milk_n and_o flesh_n as_o for_o the_o secular_a clergy_n there_o be_v some_o of_o they_o who_o have_v not_o only_o two_o canonship_n but_o two_o parsonage_n but_o there_o be_v none_o of_o they_o who_o take_v care_n to_o perform_v the_o duty_n of_o their_o function_n the_o curate_n make_v the_o monk_n instruct_v their_o parishioner_n and_o leave_v the_o other_o duty_n of_o their_o office_n to_o be_v perform_v by_o vicar_n the_o canon_n be_v never_o present_a at_o the_o office_n and_o give_v a_o poor_a scholar_n two_o penny_n a_o day_n to_o say_v their_o hour_n for_o they_o in_o the_o quire_n and_o the_o bishop_n themselves_o be_v so_o careless_a of_o their_o episcopal_a function_n that_o they_o dare_v not_o correct_v the_o inferior_a clergy_n the_o polander_n seem_v very_o devout_a and_o bestow_v considerable_a gift_n upon_o their_o church_n but_o they_o be_v neither_o liberal_a to_o the_o poor_a nor_o careful_a of_o their_o sick_a servant_n they_o pray_v aloud_o in_o the_o church_n and_o at_o the_o elevation_n of_o the_o sacrament_n at_o mass_n they_o beat_v themselves_o and_o knock_v their_o head_n against_o the_o pavement_n or_o against_o the_o bench_n on_o which_o they_o sit_v with_o so_o much_o violence_n that_o on_o such_o occasion_n there_o be_v always_o a_o great_a noise_n in_o the_o church_n the_o woman_n common_o use_v their_o prayer-book_n with_o a_o chaplet_n of_o bead_n draw_v through_o the_o middle_n of_o '_o they_o in_o winter_n all_o the_o lady_n of_o quality_n and_o even_o some_o man_n cause_n a_o fur_v bag_n to_o be_v bring_v to_o church_n in_o which_o they_o put_v their_o foot_n for_o the_o wether_n be_v extreme_o cold_a especial_o for_o the_o woman_n who_o have_v fine_a thin_a shoe_n they_o wear_v also_o a_o little_a fur_v mantle_n upon_o their_o shoulder_n the_o church_n of_o poland_n be_v very_o fine_a and_o well-adorned_a the_o jesuit_n of_o leopold_n have_v a_o chasuble_a cover_v so_o thick_a with_o pearl_n and_o so_o heavy_a that_o they_o can_v use_v it_o when_o they_o say_v mass_n it_o be_v value_v at_o above_o 100000_o livre_n they_o sing_v somewhat_o in_o the_o polish_v tongue_n every_o where_o especial_o in_o the_o parish_n at_o high-mass_n the_o rosary_n be_v also_o daily_o repeat_v in_o the_o same_o language_n in_o all_o the_o church_n of_o the_o dominican_n where_o the_o woman_n be_v seat_v on_o one_o side_n and_o the_o man_n on_o the_o other_o the_o man_n alone_o sing_v the_o ave_fw-la maria_n and_o the_o woman_n alone_o the_o sancta_fw-la maria._n there_o be_v monk_n of_o all_o order_n in_o poland_n except_o carthusian_n and_o minim_n chap._n xxv_o of_o the_o administration_n of_o justice_n there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o jurisdiction_n in_o poland_n ecclesiastical_a and_o civil_a the_o former_a be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o bishop_n who_o execute_v it_o by_o their_o official_o from_o who_o judgement_n there_o lie_v a_o appeal_n to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n the_o primate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o beside_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o pope_n nuncio_n be_v so_o great_a that_o he_o may_v judge_v all_o ecclesiastic_a cause_n by_o appeal_n the_o civil_a jurisdiction_n be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o several_a sort_n of_o judge_n the_o starosta_n hold_n court_v within_o the_o extent_n of_o their_o territory_n and_o each_o city_n have_v a_o right_a to_o give_v judgement_n in_o certain_a case_n every_o palatin_n marshal_n and_o chancellor_n have_v his_o respective_a jurisdiction_n the_o king_n the_o senate_n and_o the_o general_a diet_n determine_v civil_a and_o criminal_a cause_n and_o beside_o the_o nobility_n have_v three_o court_n where_o they_o give_v final_a judgement_n in_o cause_n without_o further_a appeal_n there_o be_v two_o of_o those_o court_n for_o the_o kingdom_n and_o one_o for_o the_o duchy_n those_o of_o the_o kingdom_n sit_v at_o peotrkow_n in_o lower_n and_o lublin_n in_o upper_a poland_n and_o that_o of_o the_o duchy_n be_v hold_v one_o year_n at_o viina_n and_o another_o at_o minsk_n or_o at_o nowogrodeck_n by_o turn_n they_o be_v compose_v
always_o afraid_a that_o he_o shall_v never_o be_v pay_v other_o travel_v on_o horseback_n and_o carry_v along_o with_o they_o a_o small_a stich_v quilt_n to_o lie_v upon_o be_v about_o a_o inch_n thick_a and_o a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a broad_a which_o they_o fold_v double_a and_o lay_v it_o under_o the_o saddle_n and_o when_o they_o arrive_v at_o the_o inn_n they_o give_v the_o gospodarz_n money_n to_o bring_v they_o some_o brown_a bread_n beer_n and_o a_o little_a oat_n so_o that_o all_o the_o charge_n for_o the_o lodging_n of_o a_o polish_v gentleman_n and_o of_o his_o horse_n do_v not_o often_o amount_v to_o above_o 5_o or_o 6_o gros_n which_o be_v worth_a no_o more_o than_o two_o penny_n and_o consequent_o that_o which_o be_v so_o incommodious_a to_o stranger_n be_v very_o convenient_a for_o those_o of_o the_o country_n because_o they_o can_v travel_v 100_o league_n on_o horseback_n without_o spend_v above_o 50_o penny_n as_o for_o the_o lord_n and_o lady_n they_o travel_v always_o in_o coach_n and_o carry_v wagon_n along_o with_o they_o with_o provision_n and_o bed_n for_o themselves_o and_o their_o woman_n but_o their_o attendant_n who_o follow_v they_o on_o horseback_n be_v force_v to_o content_v themselves_o with_o such_o lodging_n as_o i_o describe_v before_o i_o must_v not_o forget_v to_o intimate_v that_o a_o traveller_n ought_v to_o be_v very_o careful_a in_o pass_v over_o the_o bridge_n because_o they_o be_v general_o bad_a and_o the_o polander_n take_v no_o care_n to_o keep_v they_o in_o repair_n those_o who_o travel_v in_o winter_n ought_v to_o provide_v a_o sufficient_a quantity_n of_o brandy_n and_o a_o fur_v bag_n to_o put_v their_o foot_n into_o for_o it_o be_v so_o cold_a in_o poland_n that_o those_o who_o be_v in_o a_o coach_n wagon_n or_o calash_n can_v otherwise_o endure_v it_o and_o since_o the_o lake_n and_o river_n be_v so_o freeze_v that_o they_o easy_o travel_v upon_o the_o ice_n they_o must_v take_v care_n when_o the_o earth_n be_v cover_v with_o snow_n to_o procure_v a_o sledge_n upon_o which_o they_o must_v place_v the_o coach_n or_o calash_n and_o draw_v the_o sledge_n with_o the_o horse_n traveller_n be_v very_o much_o incommode_v in_o winter_n especial_o on_o holiday_n for_o the_o cold_a be_v so_o pierce_a that_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o be_v in_o a_o chamber_n without_o a_o stove_n in_o it_o and_o beside_o on_o such_o solemn_a occasion_n all_o the_o peasant_n of_o the_o village_n who_o usual_o drink_v nothing_o but_o water_n meet_v together_o to_o carouse_n with_o beer_n and_o brandy_n and_o then_o sing_v and_o dance_v all_o night_n so_o that_o the_o weary_a traveller_n can_v so_o much_o as_o shut_v his_o eye_n i_o have_v say_v enough_o to_o convince_v the_o reader_n that_o the_o manner_n of_o travel_v in_o poland_n be_v extreme_o inconvenient_a to_o stranger_n as_o for_o the_o native_a polander_n who_o travel_v on_o horseback_n in_o the_o winter_n they_o have_v great_a boot_n into_o which_o they_o put_v chaff_n or_o chopped_a straw_n to_o keep_v their_o foot_n warm_a and_o before_o they_o mount_v their_o horse_n they_o drink_v a_o large_a draught_n of_o brandy_n to_o preserve_v they_o from_o the_o cold._a the_o coachman_n use_v the_o same_o precaution_n from_o the_o cold_a for_o otherwise_o they_o can_v never_o endure_v the_o sharpness_n of_o the_o wether_n which_o be_v so_o excessive_o violent_a that_o when_o a_o man_n travel_n with_o his_o face_n expose_v to_o the_o air_n his_o nose_n sometime_o freeze_v those_o who_o have_v the_o misfortune_n to_o meet_v with_o such_o a_o disaster_n must_v apply_v snow_n to_o the_o part_n and_o careful_o avoid_v enter_v into_o a_o room_n wherein_o there_o be_v a_o stove_n or_o into_o any_o warm_a place_n for_o otherwise_o they_o will_v run_v the_o hazard_n of_o lose_v their_o nose_n there_o be_v no_o travel_v by_o post_n in_o poland_n though_o there_o be_v post_n for_o carry_v letter_n and_o pacquet_n this_o custom_n be_v first_o establish_v by_o order_n of_o the_o republic_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o vladislaus_n iv_o anno_fw-la 1647._o for_o before_o that_o time_n the_o king_n order_n be_v carry_v by_o gentleman_n of_o the_o court_n who_o oblige_v the_o starosta_n to_o furnish_v they_o with_o horse_n and_o provision_n chap._n xxix_o of_o the_o polish_v coin_n the_o piece_n of_o gold_n which_o pass_v current_o in_o poland_n be_v ducat_n which_o be_v worth_a 2_o french_a crown_n or_o 2_o german_a rix_n dollar_n or_o 7_o livre_n of_o dantzick_n money_n or_o 12_o livre_n of_o the_o currant_n money_n of_o poland_n that_o be_v in_o chelons_n a_o chelon_n be_v a_o piece_n of_o copper_n small_a than_o a_o french_a denier_n 3_o chelons_n make_v a_o polish_v gros_n and_o 3_o gross_a 2_o penny_n of_o the_o country_n money_n so_o that_o to_o make_v up_o these_o 2_o penny_n which_o be_v not_o worth_a above_o one_o of_o our_o pennys_n there_o must_v be_v 9_o chelons_n which_o be_v not_o worth_a and_o weigh_v no_o more_o than_o 2_o english_a farthing_n whereby_o one_o may_v easy_o judge_v how_o much_o the_o country_n be_v ruin_v by_o so_o base_a a_o coin_n which_o be_v first_o introduce_v in_o a_o press_a exigency_n to_o satisfy_v the_o army_n which_o have_v confederated_a for_o want_v of_o their_o pay_n the_o introduce_v of_o base_a money_n into_o poland_n be_v no_o new_a thing_n as_o it_o appear_v by_o that_o which_o be_v coin_v by_o the_o officer_n of_o casimir_n iu._n and_o afterward_o occasion_v a_o complaint_n to_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o peortrkow_n in_o 1459._o for_o at_o that_o time_n the_o king_n have_v the_o privilege_n of_o coin_v the_o money_n and_o the_o first_o who_o yield_v it_o up_o to_o the_o republic_n be_v sigismond_n iii_o in_o the_o year_n 1632._o there_o be_v another_o base_a coin_n in_o poland_n call_v tinfe_fw-mi which_o be_v also_o bring_v into_o the_o kingdom_n in_o the_o year_n 1663._o to_o pay_v the_o confederated_a army_n the_o tinfe_fw-mi which_v be_v a_o little_o large_a than_o a_o french_a fifteen_o penny_n be_v of_o silver_n of_o a_o base_a alloy_n it_o be_v worth_a 30_o gros_n of_o chelons_n which_o make_v 20_o penny_n of_o poland_n or_o 10_o common_a penny_n beside_o the_o tinfe_v there_o be_v another_o sort_n of_o money_n call_v choustack_n which_o be_v also_o a_o piece_n of_o silver_n of_o base_a alloy_n and_o less_o than_o a_o french_a sou_n it_o be_v worth_a 10_o gros_n of_o poland_n so_o that_o 3_o of_o they_o make_v a_o tinfe_fw-mi these_o base_a coin_n do_v not_o pass_v so_o current_o at_o dantzick_n nor_o in_o any_o part_n of_o prussia_n for_o the_o tinfe_v be_v not_o worth_a above_o 18_o gros_n and_o the_o choustack_n six_o gros_n of_o dantzick_n money_n because_o the_o chelons_n of_o dantzick_n be_v worth_n more_o than_o those_o of_o poland_n which_o do_v not_o go_v at_o all_o there_o the_o money_n of_o dantzick_n consist_v in_o ducat_n of_o gold_n ourt_n choustaques_n and_o chelons_n the_o ducat_n as_o i_o intimate_v before_o be_v worth_a 2_o rix_n dollar_n or_o 2_o french_a crown_n a_o ourt_n be_v a_o silver_n coin_n of_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o french_a piece_n of_o fifteen_o penny_n and_o be_v worth_a 18_o gros_n of_o dantzick_n or_o 30_o gros_n of_o polish_v money_n a_o choustaque_fw-la be_v worth_a 6_o gros_n of_o dantzick_n 10_o gros_n of_o polish_v money_n and_o there_o must_v be_v 3_o chelons_n dantzick_n to_o make_v a_o gros_n yet_o 18_o gros_n of_o dantzick_n chelons_n make_n 30_o gros_n of_o polish_v chelons_n thus_o a_o tinfe_fw-mi which_o be_v worth_a 30_o gros_n of_o polish_v chelons_n be_v worth_a but_o 18_o gros_n of_o dantzick_n chelons_n the_o ducat_n which_o be_v worth_a 12_o franc_n of_o polish_v chelons_n be_v worth_a but_o 7_o frank_n of_o currant_n money_n of_o dantzick_n five_o choustaques_n or_o a_o ourt_n and_o 2_o choustaques_n make_v a_o livre_fw-fr of_o dantzick_n money_n because_o 5_o choustaques_n make_v 30_o gros_n and_o 30_o gros_n make_v 20_o penny_n this_o difference_n in_o the_o value_n of_o the_o coin_n ought_v to_o be_v heedful_o observe_v by_o stranger_n who_o have_v occasion_n to_o pass_v through_o dantzick_n because_o the_o banker_n take_v all_o opportunity_n to_o impose_v upon_o '_o they_o a_o appendix_n contain_v a_o chronological_a abridgement_n of_o the_o history_n of_o poland_n some_o remark_n upon_o the_o government_n of_o that_o kingdom_n and_o the_o abdication_n of_o k._n john_n casimir_n and_o a_o account_n of_o the_o present_a state_n of_o socinianism_n in_o that_o country_n lechus_n 550._o an._n dom._n 550._o the_o polish_v historian_n asscribe_v the_o foundation_n of_o their_o monarchy_n to_o lechus_n and_o some_o of_o they_o think_v that_o the_o pole_n or_o polander_n be_v first_o call_v polach_n from_o the_o name_n of_o this_o prince_n he_o build_v the_o city_n of_o gnesna_n
who_o esteem_v nothing_o more_o decent_a nothing_o more_o worthy_a to_o be_v transmit_v to_o posterity_n than_o the_o respect_n they_o pay_v their_o prince_n and_o have_v hand_v down_o to_o we_o the_o esteem_n they_o have_v for_o they_o we_o have_v always_o use_v our_o endeavour_n to_o maintain_v and_o increase_v the_o good_a will_n and_o reputation_n of_o our_o prince_n to_o the_o vigorous_a maintenance_n whereof_o not_o only_o our_o honourable_a emulation_n of_o our_o ancestor_n virtue_n not_o only_o the_o obligation_n and_o gratitude_n we_o owe_v to_o the_o royal_a race_n of_o jagello_n which_o for_o almost_o three_o hundred_o year_n together_o have_v govern_v we_o so_o auspicious_o do_v excite_v we_o but_o the_o extraordinary_a endowment_n of_o his_o present_a majesty_n who_o have_v govern_v our_o state_n with_o the_o same_o fortune_n and_o reputation_n as_o his_o great_a predecessor_n for_o the_o space_n of_o twenty_o year_n attract_v both_o our_o veneration_n and_o admiration_n he_o be_v always_o ready_a to_o undertake_v noble_a design_n to_o endure_v the_o heat_n of_o summer_n and_o the_o cold_a of_o winter_n to_o be_v vigilant_a in_o campain_n to_o suffer_v hunger_n and_o thirst_n to_o lie_v on_o the_o cold_a ground_n to_o spend_v sleepless_a night_n and_o as_o often_o as_o there_o be_v necessity_n or_o occasion_n hazard_v his_o own_o life_n for_o his_o subject_n safety_n he_o be_v famous_a in_o the_o art_n both_o of_o peace_n and_o war_n and_o gain_v a_o especial_a esteem_n for_o his_o clemency_n whereupon_o we_o interpose_v the_o weighty_a authority_n of_o the_o most_o illustrious_a senate_n the_o humble_a request_n of_o the_o knight_n of_o both_o country_n the_o entreaty_n of_o the_o whole_a republic_n and_o the_o desire_n of_o several_a prince_n last_o we_o object_v to_o he_o the_o prohibition_n of_o the_o law_n and_o the_o tie_v of_o his_o oath_n but_o when_o all_o these_o motive_n can_v not_o prevail_v nor_o alter_v the_o unshaken_a mind_n of_o his_o 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privilege_n in_o all_o thing_n be_v preserve_v and_o that_o this_o act_n may_v not_o prejudice_v a_o free_a election_n our_o law_n and_o liberty_n nor_o be_v draw_v into_o a_o precedent_n in_o confirmation_n of_o the_o premise_n we_o have_v affix_v our_o hand_n date_v at_o warsaw_n sept._n 16._o an._n dom._n 1668._o from_o hence_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o majesty_n and_o authority_n of_o the_o king_n be_v adjust_v to_o the_o liberty_n of_o the_o senate_n and_o the_o people_n and_o all_o order_n of_o the_o kingdom_n together_o with_o the_o king_n be_v keep_v within_o the_o bound_n of_o equity_n so_o that_o if_o at_o any_o time_n the_o king_n shall_v fail_v in_o his_o duty_n and_o aim_v at_o the_o invade_v of_o the_o property_n of_o his_o subject_n he_o be_v immediate_o check_v therein_o by_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o senate_n who_o be_v swear_v to_o do_v it_o and_o by_o this_o mean_v the_o king_n of_o poland_n dedepend_v on_o the_o grave_a advice_n of_o his_o senate_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n the_o senators_z and_o all_o the_o knight_n reverence_n love_n and_o honour_n his_o sacred_a majesty_n and_o be_v ready_a to_o lay_v down_o their_o life_n and_o estate_n for_o his_o benefit_n and_o preservation_n a_o account_n of_o the_o rise_n of_o socinianism_n in_o poland_n and_o of_o the_o present_a state_n of_o that_o sect_n poland_n be_v at_o first_o convert_v by_o s._n adalbert_n archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n from_o paganism_n to_o christianity_n and_o have_v continue_v steadfast_a ever_o since_o for_o almost_o seven_o hundred_o year_n in_o the_o communion_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n it_o be_v instruct_v in_o the_o romish_a principle_n by_o he_o and_o have_v always_o pay_v a_o very_a great_a respect_n to_o the_o holy_a see_v and_o endeavour_v to_o excel_v all_o other_o in_o their_o zeal_n for_o its_o interest_n at_o present_a since_o the_o extirpation_n of_o the_o hussit_n berengarian_o picard_n anabaptist_n arian_n tritheist_n photian_n ebionite_n reactitorian_n and_o a_o world_n of_o such_o like_a heresy_n and_o last_o of_o the_o socinian_o who_o by_o the_o countenance_n of_o some_o nobleman_n and_o the_o toleration_n once_o allow_v have_v swarm_v in_o poland_n the_o roman_a religion_n chief_o prevail_v in_o that_o country_n the_o king_n indeed_o promise_v upon_o oath_n before_o his_o coronation_n to_o protect_v the_o lutheran_n and_o calvinist_n the_o greek_n likewise_o and_o the_o jew_n have_v the_o same_o toleration_n there_o which_o they_o have_v in_o many_o other_o country_n and_o as_o the_o case_n now_o stand_v that_o old_a proverb_n which_o say_v whoever_o have_v lose_v his_o religion_n may_v find_v it_o in_o poland_n fall_v to_o the_o ground_n and_o be_v no_o long_o true_a of_o that_o kingdom_n but_o forasmuch_o as_o a_o clear_a account_n of_o the_o present_a state_n of_o the_o socinian_o how_o they_o creep_v in_o and_o how_o they_o be_v at_o last_o throw_v out_o can_v be_v meet_v with_o in_o any_o other_o author_n i_o shall_v now_o give_v it_o you_o as_o brief_o and_o orderly_o as_o i_o can_v this_o pernicious_a heresy_n of_o socinianism_n which_o by_o christian_n ought_v to_o be_v detest_v above_o all_o other_o which_o do_v not_o strike_v at_o any_o particular_a article_n but_o shake_v and_o almost_o overthrow_v the_o whole_a fabric_n of_o our_o religion_n come_v out_o of_o italy_n 1546._o in_o the_o year_n 1546._o and_o begin_v at_o first_o in_o the_o state_n of_o venice_n at_o vincenza_n by_o forty_o men._n two_o of_o they_o julius_n trevisanus_n and_o franciscus_n ruigo_n be_v take_v and_o strangle_v at_o venice_n the_o rest_n to_o avoid_v the_o same_o fate_n leave_v italy_n and_o dwell_v in_o turkey_n poland_n transilvania_n suitzerland_n and_o in_o other_o place_n where_o a_o toleration_n of_o religion_n be_v allow_v the_o first_o who_o spread_v the_o error_n of_o this_o heresy_n in_o poland_n be_v a_o certain_a dutchman_n name_v spicillus_n alius_fw-la fricius_n a_o disciple_n of_o erasmus_n and_o well_o skilled_a in_o hebrew_a greek_a and_o latin_a under_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n sigismond_n augustus_n in_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 1546._o he_o come_v to_o cracow_n where_o according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o country_n he_o be_v treat_v very_o noble_o as_o a_o stranger_n by_o the_o mayor_n of_o the_o city_n at_o this_o treat_n there_o be_v several_a nobleman_n and_o among_o the_o rest_n andreas_n modrevius_n the_o king_n secretary_n this_o man_n upon_o start_v several_a doubt_n concern_v the_o ever_o bless_a trinity_n be_v the_o first_o that_o follow_v the_o dutchman_n in_o his_o error_n who_o by_o the_o secretary_n mean_v induce_v the_o king_n himself_o to_o be_v his_o disciple_n the_o king_n be_v thus_o wrought_v upon_o by_o his_o secretary_n the_o dutchman_n be_v soon_o follow_v by_o laelius_n socinus_n who_o be_v banish_v out_o of_o italy_n abscond_v at_o zurich_n where_o when_o he_o once_o hear_v how_o successful_o the_o dutchman_n have_v spread_v his_o heresy_n in_o poland_n he_o immediate_o take_v along_o with_o he_o alicatus_n parata_fw-la and_o ochinus_n three_o of_o his_o associate_n and_o come_v to_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1551._o he_o be_v introduce_v into_o the_o king_n court_n by_o the_o secretary_n where_o he_o infuse_v his_o error_n into_o lismaninus_n queen_n bona_n confessor_n and_o many_o other_o courtier_n many_o nobleman_n and_o senator_n of_o all_o order_n be_v corrupt_v by_o these_o man_n and_z at_o last_o they_o draw_v into_o their_o party_n james_n sieninski_n palatine_n of_o podolia_n and_o lord_n of_o racovia_n one_o of_o the_o chief_a nobility_n he_o turn_v from_o calvinism_n to_o socinianism_n and_o build_v a_o printing-house_n and_o a_o academy_n at_o racovia_n for_o the_o use_v of_o this_o sect._n this_o town_n be_v very_o pleasant_a for_o the_o temperature_n of_o its_o air_n for_o the_o sweetness_n of_o its_o situation_n for_o the_o lake_n fountain_n grove_n walk_n and_o
mead_n about_o it_o quick_o draw_v thither_o faustus_n socinus_n cousin_n german_n to_o lelius_n with_o several_a other_o hereupon_o several_a book_n be_v publish_a and_o spread_v over_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o the_o chief_n not_o only_o of_o catholic_n but_o also_o of_o lutheran_n and_o calvinist_n embrace_v the_o opinion_n of_o socinus_n draw_v every_o day_n great_a number_n to_o their_o party_n whereupon_o the_o republic_n for_o fear_n lest_o the_o spark_n already_o kindle_v shall_v set_v the_o whole_a nation_n in_o flame_n and_o lest_o the_o plague_n which_o have_v infect_v many_o of_o the_o member_n shall_v at_o length_n destroy_v the_o whole_a body_n by_o the_o incitement_n of_o the_o bishop_n and_o several_a other_o religious_a order_n oblige_v the_o king_n augustus_n to_o banish_v lismaninus_n the_o queen_n confessor_n out_o of_o the_o court_n and_o induce_v he_o to_o issue_v forth_o the_o follow_a edict_n against_o the_o grow_v heresy_n in_o poland_n the_o edict_n of_o king_n sigismond_n against_o the_o socinian_o whereas_o all_o humane_a thing_n be_v altogether_o vain_a and_o unprofitable_a unless_o govern_v by_o the_o law_n of_o god_n and_o establish_v by_o the_o integrity_n and_o union_n of_o religion_n therefore_o we_o sigismond_n augustus_n by_o the_o grace_n of_o god_n king_n of_o poland_n do_v publish_v and_o declare_v to_o all_o and_o every_o person_n that_o be_v or_o may_v be_v concern_v that_o we_o be_v inform_v by_o our_o counsellor_n of_o church_n and_o state_n that_o several_a heresy_n be_v every_o where_o hatch_v within_o our_o kingdom_n and_o that_o not_o only_o new_a doctrine_n and_o ceremony_n be_v introduce_v but_o also_o that_o several_a of_o our_o unthinking_a subject_n do_v open_o profess_v and_o instruct_v the_o same_o we_o follow_v the_o example_n of_o our_o predecessor_n who_o chief_a care_n and_o study_n be_v to_o propagate_v and_o protect_v the_o christian_a faith_n and_o to_o cut_v off_o all_o occasion_n of_o quarrel_n among_o our_o subject_n and_o of_o disturbance_n in_o the_o state_n which_o always_o attend_v dissension_n in_o religion_n and_o think_v this_o to_o be_v the_o proper_a duty_n of_o christian_a king_n and_o prince_n do_v by_o these_o our_o letter_n patent_n testify_v and_o promise_v that_o we_o out_o of_o respect_n to_o the_o christian_a religion_n and_o out_o of_o love_n to_o the_o holy_a church_n will_v profess_v and_o maintain_v to_o the_o utmost_a of_o our_o power_n within_o all_o our_o dominion_n the_o truth_n and_o sincerity_n of_o the_o ecclesiastical_a doctrine_n and_o of_o the_o christian_n catholic_n and_o apostolic_a faith_n as_o it_o be_v profess_v by_o the_o holy_a church_n of_o rome_n and_o as_o it_o have_v be_v receive_v and_o profess_v constant_o by_o our_o predecessor_n as_o for_o the_o enemy_n thereof_o as_o well_o pagan_n who_o be_v the_o profess_v enemy_n of_o christianity_n as_o heretic_n who_o under_o the_o pretence_n of_o be_v christian_n and_o by_o a_o false_a interpretation_n of_o scripture_n destroy_v christianity_n and_o show_v themselves_o to_o be_v alienate_v from_o the_o faith_n and_o the_o religion_n once_o deliver_v by_o the_o apostle_n and_o hitherto_o profess_v by_o the_o roman_n catholic_n church_n these_o we_o shall_v take_v care_n to_o suppress_v and_o to_o banish_v out_o of_o our_o kingdom_n nor_o will_v we_o ever_o admit_v into_o our_o royal_a council_n and_o senate_n nor_o bestow_v any_o place_n of_o honour_n or_o trust_v on_o any_o who_o be_v taint_v with_o heresy_n provide_v we_o be_v satisfy_v of_o it_o if_o any_o shall_v be_v accuse_v before_o we_o we_o will_v take_v care_n by_o the_o divine_a assistance_n that_o the_o statute_n of_o our_o realm_n shall_v with_o the_o utmost_a diligence_n be_v put_v in_o execution_n against_o they_o that_o so_o they_o may_v be_v for_o ever_o brand_v stigmatise_v and_o banish_v their_o country_n unless_o they_o shall_v desire_v to_o be_v reconcile_v to_o their_o holy_a mother_n the_o church_n the_o ecclesiastic_n together_o with_o their_o law_n immunity_n and_o privilege_n both_o public_a and_o private_a we_o will_v defend_v maintain_v and_o protect_v to_o the_o utmost_a of_o our_o power_n to_o all_o our_o officer_n and_o governor_n we_o give_v it_o strict_o in_o charge_n and_o command_v they_o under_o the_o penalty_n of_o our_o severe_a displeasure_n that_o they_o be_v not_o negligent_a or_o remiss_a in_o prosecute_a and_o apprehend_v such_o offender_n whereas_o on_o the_o contrary_a if_o any_o of_o they_o shall_v be_v charge_v before_o we_o with_o be_v false_a to_o his_o trust_n and_o to_o our_o command_n he_o shall_v be_v bring_v to_o condign_a punishment_n for_o the_o due_a performance_n of_o all_o the_o premise_n we_o have_v engage_v our_o word_n to_o the_o reverend_a father_n in_o christ_n nicolas_n ziergowski_n lord_n archbishop_n of_o gnezna_n and_o to_o other_o of_o his_o bishop_n and_o our_o counsellor_n and_o by_o the_o oath_n of_o our_o royal_a trust_n take_v to_o our_o subject_n at_o our_o coronation_n we_o design_v the_o whole_a shall_v be_v faithful_o put_v in_o execution_n in_o testimony_n whereof_o we_o have_v issue_v forth_o these_o our_o letter_n patent_n date_v at_o cracow_n in_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 1550._o and_o in_o the_o second_o year_n of_o our_o reign_n this_o edict_n or_o rather_o manifesto_n of_o king_n augustus_n be_v interpret_v by_o the_o nobility_n to_o be_v direct_o opposite_a to_o their_o interest_n whereupon_o several_a of_o the_o chief_a among_o they_o begin_v to_o stir_v up_o commotion_n and_o rise_v in_o arms._n and_o the_o hatred_n of_o the_o romish_a ecclesiastic_n against_o the_o socinian_o increase_v every_o day_n more_o and_o more_o hence_o spring_v many_o murder_n constant_a feud_n between_o the_o noble_n and_o abundance_n of_o bloodshed_n throughout_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n the_o state_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o foreign_a war_n can_v not_o then_o prevent_v these_o great_a disorder_n but_o partly_o fear_v a_o civil_a war_n and_o partly_o trust_v to_o the_o vigilance_n and_o pastoral_n care_n of_o the_o ecclesiastic_n for_o the_o present_a forbear_v put_v in_o execution_n the_o severe_a law_n of_o jagello_n against_o heretic_n but_o at_o last_o they_o work_v their_o own_o ruin_n for_o be_v by_o degree_n divide_v into_o the_o faction_n of_o servetus_n and_o samosatanus_fw-la they_o too_o far_o trespass_v on_o that_o indulgence_n the_o state_n allow_v they_o several_a statue_n of_o our_o saviour_n upon_o the_o cross_n be_v break_v by_o the_o student_n of_o racovia_n and_o several_a blasphemy_n be_v utter_v in_o their_o book_n against_o christ_n and_o for_o these_o thing_n be_v severe_o check_v by_o the_o decree_n and_o edict_n of_o john_n casimire_n and_o king_n john_n iii_o all_o those_o who_o will_v not_o embrace_v the_o roman_a faith_n be_v to_o depart_v the_o kingdom_n within_o two_o or_o three_o year_n since_o those_o decree_n of_o the_o king_n and_o republic_n against_o the_o socinian_o be_v still_o in_o force_n it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o insert_v they_o here_o and_o they_o be_v as_o follow_v john_n casimire_n by_o the_o grace_n of_o god_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n etc._n etc._n though_o the_o be_v and_o propogation_n of_o the_o arian_n or_o as_o some_o call_v it_o the_o socinian_n heresy_n in_o our_o dominion_n have_v be_v always_o prohibit_v by_o we_o yet_o because_o the_o aforesaid_a sect_n which_o rob_v the_o son_n of_o god_n of_o his_o praeeternity_n have_v by_o a_o strange_a misfortune_n fatal_a to_o the_o state_n begin_v to_o spread_v itself_o for_o a_o long_a time_n in_o our_o dominion_n as_o well_o of_o poland_n as_o of_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n we_o therefore_o reassume_v and_o leave_v in_o its_o full_a force_n the_o statute_n of_o jagello_n our_o predecessor_n enact_v against_o they_o do_v by_o the_o consent_n of_o all_o order_n enact_v concern_v heretic_n that_o if_o any_o such_o shall_v dare_v to_o confess_v propagate_v or_o preach_v the_o say_a arian_n heresy_n or_o to_o protect_v and_o countenance_v it_o or_o its_o promoter_n within_o our_o dominion_n of_o poland_n the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n and_o the_o province_n thereunto_o annex_v and_o shall_v be_v thereof_o lawful_o convict_v every_o such_o person_n shall_v forthwith_o according_a to_o the_o intent_n of_o the_o aforesaid_a statute_n be_v behead_v by_o our_o captain_n and_o their_o officer_n upon_o forfeiture_n of_o their_o commission_n for_o the_o neglect_n but_o whereas_o we_o be_v willing_a to_o extend_v our_o clemency_n as_o far_o as_o can_v be_v if_o any_o one_o refuse_v to_o renounce_v his_o heresy_n we_o do_v hereby_o grant_v he_o the_o space_n of_o three_o year_n for_o the_o sell_v off_o his_o good_n his_o estate_n and_o get_v in_o his_o debt_n in_o which_o time_n no_o assembly_n of_o the_o aforesaid_a sect_n shall_v be_v hold_v nor_o shall_v they_o undertake_v any_o public_a
office_n under_o the_o penalty_n aforementioned_a this_o space_n of_o three_o year_n be_v afterward_o contract_v to_o two_o year_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o follow_a edict_n whereas_o in_o the_o diet_n of_o the_o year_n last_o pass_v 1668._o the_o arian_n or_o socinian_n sect_n be_v banish_v out_o of_o our_o dominion_n by_o we_o with_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o state_n and_o three_o year_n time_n be_v allow_v they_o to_o sell_v off_o their_o good_n by_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o present_a diet_n we_o grant_v they_o two_o year_n for_o sell_v their_o good_n to_o commence_v from_o the_o time_n of_o the_o last_o diet_n and_o to_o end_v precise_o on_o the_o twelve_o of_o july_n in_o the_o year_n next_o ensue_v 1669_o which_o shall_v not_o be_v prejudicial_a to_o those_o who_o shall_v hereafter_o return_v into_o the_o communion_n of_o the_o roman_n catholic_n church_n but_o forasmuch_o as_o several_a abscond_v in_o the_o kingdom_n and_o many_o other_o be_v protect_v by_o the_o favour_n of_o the_o noble_n after_o the_o foreign_a war_n in_o which_o poland_n be_v engage_v be_v over_o they_o be_v all_o banish_a the_o kingdom_n by_o a_o severe_a edict_n which_o be_v as_o follow_v we_o return_v due_a thanks_o to_o the_o lord_n of_o host_n for_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o last_o year_n who_o have_v give_v we_o so_o many_o signal_n victory_n over_o our_o enemy_n and_o desire_v by_o this_o our_o gratitude_n to_o continue_v the_o divine_a favour_n towards_o we_o when_o we_o shall_v have_v banish_v out_o of_o our_o dominion_n those_o who_o oppose_v the_o praeeternity_n of_o his_o son_n according_a to_o our_o edict_n make_v in_o the_o assembly_n of_o the_o state_n in_o the_o year_n 1668_o and_o 1669_o against_o the_o arian_n or_o socinian_n sect_n we_o for_o the_o prevent_v the_o abscond_n of_o any_o of_o the_o say_a sect_n within_o our_o territory_n of_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n and_o that_o the_o foresay_a law_n against_o they_o may_v be_v put_v in_o execution_n do_v require_v all_o our_o officer_n and_o judge_n to_o be_v strict_a therein_o and_o in_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n we_o assign_v a_o court_n of_o judicature_n to_o determine_v all_o such_o cause_n by_o this_o last_o law_n publish_a and_o ratify_v in_o a_o assembly_n of_o the_o state_n under_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o late_a king_n in_o the_o year_n 1673_o the_o socinian_o be_v drive_v out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n how_o miserable_a their_o present_a condition_n be_v and_o to_o what_o danger_n and_o trouble_n they_o in_o their_o exile_n be_v expose_v appear_v by_o this_o sorrowful_a letter_n of_o one_o of_o they_o to_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o brethren_n a_o letter_n give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o present_a state_n of_o the_o socinian_o you_o desire_v that_o i_o shall_v give_v you_o a_o account_n of_o our_o present_a calamity_n and_o distress_n alas_o you_o command_v i_o to_o renew_v a_o unspeakable_a woe_n to_o run_v over_o again_o the_o remembrance_n of_o our_o sorrow_n and_o to_o make_v our_o wound_n raw_a and_o gape_v as_o they_o be_v to_o bleed_v afresh_o my_o soul_n shiver_n at_o the_o reflection_n of_o those_o many_o fatal_a blow_v we_o have_v receive_v not_o only_o my_o mind_n but_o my_o hand_n and_o pen_n shake_v at_o and_o fly_v back_o from_o the_o recital_n of_o those_o misfortune_n which_o have_v hitherto_o pursue_v we_o and_o whereof_o i_o myself_o be_v a_o eye-witness_n we_o be_v ah_o we_o be_v a_o happy_a people_n and_o now_o the_o very_a remembrance_n of_o that_o felicity_n which_o our_o church_n for_o so_o many_o year_n by_o the_o divine_a favour_n do_v enjoy_v do_v render_v the_o sense_n of_o our_o present_n trouble_v the_o more_o severe_a so_o that_o we_o be_v loath_a so_o much_o as_o to_o remember_v when_o how_o and_o by_o what_o step_v we_o fall_v from_o be_v what_o we_o be_v and_o do_v not_o the_o goodness_n of_o the_o cause_n for_o which_o we_o suffer_v and_o the_o consolation_n of_o this_o kind_n of_o patience_n support_v our_o mind_n it_o will_v be_v better_o for_o we_o who_o be_v almost_o overwhelm_v with_o such_o a_o vast_a weight_n of_o calamity_n to_o forget_v all_o that_o be_v past_a that_o so_o our_o present_a misery_n may_v be_v bear_v the_o more_o easy_a yet_o because_o you_o be_v desirous_a of_o have_v some_o description_n of_o our_o present_a condition_n we_o will_v give_v it_o you_o not_o draw_v in_o its_o own_o proper_a and_o lively_a colour_n but_o set_v off_o in_o the_o plain_a dress_n and_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v but_o a_o trouble_n for_o we_o to_o insist_v long_o upon_o these_o we_o shall_v but_o light_o touch_v nor_o do_v i_o think_v it_o worth_a the_o while_n to_o give_v you_o in_o a_o long_a train_n a_o catalogue_n of_o unknown_a name_n if_o the_o faithfulness_n of_o the_o relator_n be_v suspect_v upon_o the_o account_n of_o the_o enrage_a or_o at_o least_o ignorant_a witness_n and_o judge_n of_o our_o cause_n it_o be_v a_o great_a enhancement_n to_o the_o misfortune_n of_o the_o miserable_a but_o though_o fortune_n have_v abandon_v we_o in_o our_o misery_n yet_o we_o still_o retain_v our_o integrity_n it_o be_v best_a therefore_o to_o show_v you_o the_o beginning_n of_o our_o trouble_n and_o when_o these_o be_v once_o know_v it_o will_v be_v visible_a to_o every_o one_o how_o absurd_a and_o unjust_a it_o be_v to_o discredit_v the_o truth_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o by_o the_o very_a nature_n of_o our_o suffering_n can_v be_v otherwise_o the_o first_o rise_v of_o our_o trouble_n we_o may_v date_n from_o the_o war_n begin_v in_o our_o country_n with_o the_o cossack_n in_o the_o year_n 1648_o whereby_o several_a inhabitant_n of_o the_o country_n and_o many_o of_o our_o countryman_n especial_o those_o of_o we_o who_o be_v borderer_n on_o the_o boristhenes_n be_v rifle_v of_o our_o estate_n and_o possession_n or_o at_o least_o suffer_v irreparable_a loss_n upon_o this_o long_o before_o the_o law_n of_o proscripion_n make_v in_o the_o year_n 1668_o i_o with_o the_o great_a part_n of_o my_o estate_n be_v ruin_v and_o for_o the_o full_a space_n of_o ten_o year_n before_o the_o banishment_n be_v a_o exile_n and_o with_o several_z other_o of_o our_o friend_n be_v as_o it_o be_v cast_v away_o before_o the_o storm_n come_v immediate_o after_o this_o the_o muscovite_n and_o within_o a_o while_n the_o swede_n and_o at_o last_o the_o transilvanian_o make_v incursion_n into_o our_o country_n which_o put_v the_o whole_a kingdom_n into_o great_a confusion_n and_o not_o the_o least_o creature_n in_o it_o be_v free_a from_o these_o outrage_n for_o their_o own_o soldier_n be_v so_o insolent_a and_o the_o auxiliary_a troop_n of_o scythia_n and_o germany_n so_o violent_a that_o they_o can_v neither_o escape_v by_o flight_n nor_o repel_v by_o arm_n their_o unjust_a force_n we_o be_v not_o indeed_o the_o only_a person_n who_o suffer_v by_o the_o war_n but_o we_o alone_o be_v those_o who_o exhaust_v by_o so_o many_o war_n and_o almost_o expire_a be_v harass_v by_o a_o peace_n more_o cruel_a than_o any_o war_n at_o a_o time_n when_o other_o be_v at_o quiet_a and_o by_o our_o constant_a struggle_v with_o a_o adverse_a fortune_n it_o seem_v as_o if_o the_o former_a war_n have_v inspire_v a_o spirit_n of_o persecution_n into_o the_o peace_n which_o follow_v although_o in_o the_o very_a heat_n of_o the_o war_n our_o enemy_n be_v so_o industrious_a as_o to_o find_v out_o mean_v whereby_o the_o heavy_a weight_n of_o the_o war_n may_v fall_v on_o our_o head_n for_o upon_o the_o abdication_n of_o king_n casimire_n while_o the_o swede_n be_v master_n of_o cracow_n the_o deputy_n from_o all_o province_n of_o the_o kingdom_n flock_v thither_o to_o adjust_a matter_n with_o the_o enemy_n and_o their_o army_n with_o their_o general_n separated_z and_o almost_o all_o order_n buy_v their_o peace_n by_o surrender_v but_o that_o we_o may_v not_o share_v the_o benefit_n of_o that_o short_a peace_n our_o inveterate_a enemy_n fall_v upon_o we_o and_o plunder_v we_o whilst_o we_o dream_v of_o no_o such_o danger_n and_o be_v every_o one_o of_o we_o quiet_a in_o our_o own_o habitation_n this_o sudden_a evil_n be_v the_o death_n of_o some_o of_o our_o party_n and_o of_o some_o of_o my_o own_o relation_n but_o several_a who_o with_o much_o ado_n escape_v from_o these_o pillager_n flee_v to_o cracow_n which_o be_v then_o govern_v by_o a_o swedish_n garrison_n though_o they_o be_v force_v upon_o this_o flight_n through_o fear_n and_o have_v long_o before_o this_o voluntary_o throw_v themselves_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o swede_n yet_o this_o be_v afterward_o most_o unjust_o lay_v to_o their_o charge_n as_o a_o crime_n and_o no_o course_n of_o law_n be_v use_v in_o the_o oppress_v of_o our_o friend_n the_o romish_a mass-priest_n who_o
antoninus_n pius_n take_v a_o great_a care_n to_o defend_v the_o empire_n than_o enlarge_v its_o bound_n and_o as_o to_o marcus_n antoninus_n the_o philosopher_n he_o be_v not_o able_a to_o compass_n the_o design_n he_o have_v of_o reduce_v sarmatia_n into_o a_o province_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n maximin_n have_v no_o better_a success_n against_o they_o and_o since_o his_o time_n the_o empire_n decline_v apace_o till_o probus_n revive_v their_o spirit_n again_o this_o great_a man_n subdue_v the_o german_n and_o give_v the_o sarmatian_n so_o many_o overthrow_v that_o they_o be_v force_v to_o quit_v the_o territory_n they_o have_v usurp_v during_o the_o reign_n of_o his_o predecessor_n they_o be_v again_o defeat_v by_o dioclesian_n and_o constantius_n but_o it_o do_v not_o appear_v that_o they_o become_v subject_n to_o the_o roman_n valentinian_n defeat_v they_o some_o time_n after_o in_o such_o a_o manner_n that_o they_o be_v force_v to_o quit_v pannoma_n and_o moesia_n and_o retire_v into_o their_o own_o country_n and_o begin_v to_o form_n a_o commonwealth_n under_o lochus_n about_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 550._o they_o have_v preserve_v their_o liberty_n ever_o since_o though_o they_o have_v be_v often_o reduce_v to_o great_a extremity_n but_o they_o never_o pay_v tribute_n to_o any_o of_o their_o neighbour_n it_o be_v true_a that_o their_o king_n michael_n wieznowisky_n have_v the_o weakness_n to_o agree_v to_o pay_v a_o yearly_o tribute_n to_o the_o turk_n but_o the_o state_n of_o poland_n refuse_v to_o ratify_v the_o treaty_n and_o bold_o assert_v their_o right_n and_o liberty_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o john_n sobiesky_n grand_a mareshal_n of_o the_o crown_n who_o be_v afterward_o elect_v king_n and_o force_v the_o turk_n to_o renounce_v the_o pretend_a tribute_n that_o michael_n have_v promise_v they_o the_o nobility_n of_o poland_n be_v so_o numerous_a and_o brave_a that_o it_o seem_v moral_o impossible_a to_o conquer_v their_o country_n so_o long_o as_o they_o be_v well_o unite_v and_o the_o surprise_v progress_n of_o charles_n gustavus_n king_n of_o sweden_n who_o in_o three_o month_n time_n conquer_a almost_o that_o kingdom_n signify_v nothing_o in_o this_o case_n for_o that_o prince_n be_v call_v in_o by_o some_o of_o the_o polander_n themselves_o and_o the_o other_o will_v not_o fight_v for_o their_o king_n the_o precipitate_v retreat_n of_o the_o swede_n when_o the_o pole_n return_v to_o their_o duty_n show_v how_o little_a they_o be_v able_a to_o conquer_v poland_n but_o i_o leave_v off_o this_o subject_a to_o speak_v a_o word_n as_o to_o this_o book_n the_o first_o part_n give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o polish_v government_n of_o the_o state_n of_o poland_n in_o respect_n to_o its_o neighbour_n of_o the_o prerogative_n of_o their_o king_n of_o their_o diet_n custom_n manner_n ceremony_n religion_n coin_n etc._n etc._n be_v owing_n to_o a_o person_n of_o quality_n who_o have_v reside_v many_o year_n in_o that_o kingdom_n and_o who_o by_o reason_n of_o his_o merit_n as_o well_o as_o character_n can_v better_o inform_v himself_o of_o the_o matter_n he_o treat_v of_o than_o man_n of_o ordinary_a birth_n and_o capacity_n the_o appendix_n contain_v a_o chronological_a abridgement_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n some_o far_a remark_n on_o the_o government_n of_o that_o kingdom_n the_o instrument_n of_o the_o abdication_n of_o king_n john_n casimire_n the_o rise_v progress_n and_o destruction_n of_o the_o socinian_o be_v partly_o abstract_v from_o history_n and_o private_a memoires_n of_o person_n that_o may_v be_v depend_v upon_o the_o account_n of_o the_o late_a interregnum_fw-la and_o the_o election_n of_o frederick_n augustus_n be_v ground_v upon_o the_o best_a intelligence_n that_o it_o be_v possible_a to_o have_v from_o poland_n consider_v the_o confusion_n of_o the_o affair_n of_o that_o country_n and_o the_o pretension_n of_o the_o competitor_n be_v state_v and_o relate_v as_o they_o have_v be_v communicate_v by_o the_o eye-witness_n of_o those_o transaction_n the_o content_n chap._n i._o of_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o polish_v government_n and_o the_o principal_a officer_n of_o state_n p._n 1_o chap._n ii_o of_o the_o division_n of_o poland_n into_o province_n p._n 4_o chap._n iii_o of_o the_o state_n of_o poland_n with_o respect_n to_o its_o neighbour_n and_o of_o the_o various_a success_n of_o the_o war_n in_o which_o it_o have_v be_v engage_v with_o they_o p._n 12_o chap._n iv_o of_o the_o tartar_n their_o manner_n of_o fight_v their_o original_a division_n of_o their_o country_n manner_n and_o history_n of_o their_o action_n and_o how_o they_o become_v subject_a to_o the_o turk_n p._n 27_o chap._n v._o of_o ukrania_n and_o the_o cossack_n with_o a_o account_n of_o the_o lithuanian_n and_o livonian_o p._n 37_o chap._n vi_o of_o the_o state_n of_o poland_n p._n 76_o chap._n vii_o of_o the_o king_n p._n 81_o chap._n viii_o of_o the_o senate_n in_o general_n p._n 97_o chap._n ix_o of_o the_o senate_n a_o particular_a and_o first_o of_o the_o bishop_n p._n 98_o chap._n x._o of_o the_o palatine_n castellan_n and_o officer_n of_o state_n who_o be_v senator_n p._n 107_o chap._n xi_o of_o the_o order_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o gentry_n p._n 113_o chap._n xii_o of_o the_o officer_n who_o be_v not_o senator_n p._n 118_o chap._n xiii_o of_o the_o interregnum_fw-la p._n 120_o chap._n fourteen_o of_o the_o election_n of_o a_o king_n p._n 124_o chap._n xv._o of_o the_o diet_n in_o general_n p._n 128_o chap._n xvi_o of_o the_o diet_n of_o the_o election_n p._n 137_o chap._n xvii_o of_o the_o election_n of_o a_o successor_n p._n 144_o chap._n xviii_o of_o the_o pacta_fw-la conventa_fw-la or_o the_o contract_n betwixt_o the_o king_n and_o the_o people_n p._n 147_o chap._n xix_o of_o the_o king_n coronation_n p._n 153_o chap._n xx._n of_o the_o queen_n of_o poland_n p._n 161_o chap._n xxi_o of_o the_o polish_v army_n p._n 164_o chap._n xxii_o of_o the_o estate_n and_o revenue_n of_o the_o polander_n p._n 174_o chap._n xxiii_o of_o the_o custom_n humour_n and_o inclination_n of_o the_o polander_n p._n 184_o chap._n xxiv_o of_o their_o religion_n p._n 191_o chap._n xxv_o of_o the_o administration_n of_o justice_n p._n 194_o chap._n xxvi_o their_o marriage_n and_o funeral_n p._n 196_o chap._n xxvii_o of_o the_o diet_n and_o entertainment_n of_o the_o polander_n p._n 200_o chap._n xxviii_o their_o way_n of_o travel_v p._n 205_o chap._n xxix_o of_o the_o polish_v money_n p._n 209._o a_o chronological_a abridgement_n of_o the_o history_n of_o poland_n p._n 212._o a_o panegyrical_n character_n of_o the_o last_o king_n john_n iii_o with_o a_o account_n of_o his_o principal_a action_n and_o death_n p._n 221_o further_a remark_n on_o the_o government_n of_o poland_n and_o the_o extraordinary_a care_n they_o take_v of_o their_o liberty_n and_o privilege_n p._n 223._o the_o form_n of_o king_n casimire_n abdication_n p._n 225._o the_o instrument_n of_o the_o state_n publish_v on_o that_o cecasion_n p._n 228._o the_o rise_n of_o socinianism_n in_o poland_n and_o of_o the_o present_a state_n of_o that_o sect._n p._n 230_o edict_n of_o king_n sigismond_n against_o the_o socinian_o p._n 233._o edict_n of_o king_n john_n casimire_n against_o they_o p._n 236._o a_o letter_n give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o present_a state_n of_o the_o socinian_o p._n 238._o a_o petition_n of_o the_o socinian_o send_v some_o year_n ago_o into_o england_n represent_v brief_o their_o miserable_a condition_n p._n 248._o where_o now_o settle_a p._n 250._o account_v of_o the_o late_a interregnum_fw-la and_o election_n of_o the_o present_a king_n with_o some_o further_a remark_n on_o the_o late_a king_n and_o a_o short_a character_n of_o the_o several_a candidate_n for_o that_o crown_n p._n 251_o the_o proposal_n make_v by_o the_o baron_n de_fw-fr fleming_n in_o behalf_n of_o his_o master_n the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n p._n 274._o the_o pacta_fw-la conventa_fw-la sworn_n to_o by_o the_o baron_n de_fw-fr fleming_n in_o the_o great_a church_n of_o warsaw_n p._n 278_o a_o great_a embassy_n appoint_v to_o go_v and_o offer_v the_o crown_n to_o the_o elector_n with_o the_o remarkable_a speech_n of_o the_o first_o ambassador_n on_o that_o occasion_n p._n 281._o the_o king_n speech_n to_o the_o nobility_n assemble_v to_o congratulate_v he_o p._n 288._o his_o coronation_n p._n 293._o the_o prince_n of_o conty_n arrival_n at_o dantzick_n etc._n etc._n p._n 295_o the_o present_a state_n of_o poland_n chap._n i._o of_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o polish_v government_n and_o the_o principal_a officer_n of_o state_n poland_n be_v a_o republic_n compose_v of_o two_o estate_n the_o crown_n and_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n the_o crown_n be_v proper_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n and_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n be_v unite_v to_o it_o in_o the_o
year_n 1386._o by_o the_o duke_n de_fw-fr jagillon_n who_o embrace_v the_o christian_a religion_n that_o he_o may_v marry_v hedwige_n daughter_n to_o lewis_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o hungary_n and_o who_o with_o his_o religion_n change_v also_o his_o name_n and_o be_v call_v viadislaus_n for_o the_o polander_n be_v christian_n long_o before_o have_v receive_v the_o faith_n of_o christ_n ann_n 964_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o miecislans_n i._n who_o after_o he_o have_v divorce_v seven_o pagan_a wife_n be_v convert_v and_o marry_v the_o daughter_n of_o boleslaus_n king_n of_o bohemiae_n who_o be_v a_o christian_n these_o two_o estate_n be_v contiguous_a to_o one-another_o and_o be_v now_o but_o one_o body_n be_v unite_v in_o the_o same_o interest_n under_o the_o government_n of_o the_o same_o king_n and_o in_o the_o profession_n of_o the_o same_o religion_n especial_o since_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o grodeck_n on_o the_o river_n bug_n between_o the_o polander_n and_o the_o lithuanian_n in_o the_o year_n 1413._o where_o the_o union_n be_v renew_v and_o where_o it_o be_v conclude_v that_o for_o the_o future_a they_o shall_v have_v the_o same_o law_n and_o privilege_n and_o that_o the_o king_n shall_v be_v elect_v by_o the_o joint_a consent_n of_o the_o nobility_n of_o the_o two_o estate_n which_o be_v ratify_v and_o sign_v by_o all_o the_o senator_n of_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n nevertheless_o they_o be_v govern_v by_o distinct_a officer_n each_o of_o they_o have_v a_o grand_a marshal_n and_o a_o petty_a or_o sub-marshal_n who_o they_o call_v the_o marshal_n of_o the_o court_n a_o chancellor_n vicechancellor_n and_o treasurer_n who_o be_v all_o senator_n those_o of_o the_o crown_n for_o poland_n and_o those_o of_o the_o duchy_n for_o lithuania_n and_o be_v equal_a in_o dignity_n and_o power_n only_o those_o of_o the_o crown_n take_v place_n of_o those_o of_o the_o duchy_n the_o office_n of_o the_o grand_a marshal_n be_v to_o keep_v the_o peace_n and_o prevent_v tumult_n or_o disturbance_n both_o in_o the_o diet_n and_o in_o the_o king_n household_n to_o punish_v offender_n even_o with_o death_n and_o without_o appeal_n from_o his_o judgement_n except_o in_o case_n of_o great_a importance_n which_o may_v be_v bring_v before_o the_o king_n he_o have_v also_o power_n to_o command_v silence_n to_o give_v leave_n to_o speak_v to_o introduce_v ambassador_n to_o appoint_v they_o their_o lodging_n and_o to_o fix_v the_o price_n of_o all_o commodity_n and_o merchandize_n this_o last_o branch_n of_o his_o authority_n be_v extreme_o advantageous_a to_o he_o for_o the_o merchant_n give_v he_o very_o considerable_a present_n that_o they_o may_v have_v leave_n to_o sell_v their_o good_n at_o exorbitant_a rate_n the_o chancellor_n and_o the_o vicechancellor_n of_o the_o crown_n be_v choose_v by_o turn_n out_o of_o the_o clergy_n and_o laity_n but_o those_o of_o the_o duchy_n be_v always_o layman_n the_o chancellor_n and_o the_o vicechancellor_n make_v use_v of_o the_o same_o seal_n and_o either_o of_o they_o may_v be_v use_v indifferent_o for_o they_o have_v both_o a_o equal_a authority_n only_o the_o latter_a give_v place_n to_o the_o former_a and_o never_o give_v judgement_n but_o in_o his_o absence_n the_o chancellor_n by_o his_o office_n be_v the_o judge_n of_o all_o civil_a affair_n and_o matter_n relate_v to_o the_o king_n revenue_n it_o be_v also_o his_o duty_n to_o take_v care_n that_o nothing_o be_v do_v contrary_a to_o the_o law_n or_o injurious_a to_o the_o liberty_n of_o the_o people_n and_o that_o the_o intrigue_n of_o foreigner_n may_v not_o be_v prejudicial_a to_o the_o republic_n the_o authority_n of_o the_o chancellor_n and_o vicechancellor_n be_v so_o great_a that_o in_o several_a case_n they_o may_v affix_v their_o seal_n without_o the_o king_n order_n and_o refuse_v to_o seal_v such_o thing_n for_o he_o as_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o state_n it_o be_v the_o office_n of_o the_o chancellor_n or_o in_o his_o absence_n of_o the_o vicechancellor_n to_o answer_v all_o the_o harangue_n that_o be_v make_v to_o the_o king_n by_o ambassador_n and_o he_o of_o the_o two_o who_o be_v a_o clergyman_n have_v power_n over_o the_o secretary_n priest_n and_o preacher_n of_o the_o court_n and_o over_o the_o ceremony_n of_o the_o church_n the_o treasurer_n be_v proper_o the_o keeper_n of_o the_o public_a treasure_n which_o be_v bring_v to_o he_o by_o four_o other_o officer_n who_o keep_v a_o exact_a account_n of_o it_o and_o be_v oblige_v to_o give_v one_o copy_n to_o the_o king_n and_o another_o to_o the_o treasurer_n his_o office_n empower_n he_o to_o prevent_v the_o waste_n or_o embezel_v of_o the_o revenue_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o of_o those_o which_o be_v appoint_v for_o maintain_v the_o king_n table_n and_o therefore_o he_o ought_v to_o sign_v all_o the_o contract_v the_o king_n make_v which_o otherwise_o will_v be_v void_a he_o ought_v also_o to_o take_v care_n that_o the_o republic_n do_v not_o sustain_v any_o damage_n by_o the_o contract_n that_o be_v make_v for_o the_o coin_n of_o new_a money_n when_o the_o treasurer_n be_v call_v to_o a_o account_n the_o general_n diet_n order_v a_o committee_n of_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o person_n to_o examine_v his_o account_n and_o to_o give_v he_o a_o acquittance_n without_o which_o the_o republic_n may_v still_o call_v he_o to_o a_o account_n for_o the_o administration_n of_o his_o employment_n and_o therefore_o since_o this_o acquittance_n be_v of_o such_o vast_a importance_n to_o the_o grand_a treasurer_n great_a interest_n be_v always_o make_v about_o the_o nomination_n of_o the_o commissioner_n that_o be_v appoint_v to_o examine_v his_o account_n because_o he_o be_v oblige_v not_o only_o to_o entertain_v the_o commissioner_n but_o also_o to_o give_v they_o considerable_a present_n to_o obtain_v his_o discharge_n the_o petty_a or_o sub-marshal_n or_o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o court_n who_o be_v the_o last_o of_o the_o five_o officer_n that_o be_v member_n of_o the_o senate_n execute_v the_o office_n of_o the_o grand_a marshal_n in_o his_o absence_n and_o in_o case_n of_o the_o death_n or_o demise_n of_o that_o officer_n he_o succeed_v in_o course_n as_o the_o vice_n chancellor_n be_v in_o such_o case_n promote_v to_o the_o dignity_n of_o the_o chancellor_n so_o that_o before_o a_o man_n can_v be_v grand_a marshal_n or_o chancellor_n he_o must_v first_o be_v petty_a marshal_n or_o vice_n chancellor_n chap._n ii_o of_o the_o division_n of_o poland_n into_o province_n the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n former_o contain_v fifteen_o great_a province_n which_o the_o king_n retain_v still_o in_o his_o title_n as_o king_n of_o poland_n duke_n of_o lithuania_n russia_n prussia_n massovia_n samogitia_n livonia_n volhinia_n kiovia_n podolia_n podlassia_n smolensko_n siâ—eria_n and_o czerniechovia_n but_o at_o present_a there_o be_v no_o more_o than_o nine_o province_n subject_a to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n viz._n great_a and_o little_a poland_n the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n russia_n prussia_n massovia_n samogitia_n upper_a volhinia_n and_o podlassia_n or_o podlachia_n great_a poland_n be_v so_o call_v because_o lechus_n first_o king_n of_o the_o polander_n settle_v his_o residence_n at_o gnesna_n in_o this_o province_n it_o be_v also_o call_v lower_n poland_n and_o posnania_n be_v the_o principal_a city_n this_o province_n contain_v eight_o palatinate_n viz._n posnâ—â—â—_n kalisch_n lencici_n breast_n inowlocz_n siradiae_n kawa_n and_o ploosko_fw-mi it_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o north_n with_o prussia_n on_o the_o south_n with_o little_a poland_n on_o the_o east_n with_o massovia_n and_o on_o the_o west_n with_o silesia_n and_o the_o new_a marquisate_n of_o brandâ—nburg_n the_o river_n warta_n run_v through_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o province_n little_a poland_n which_o be_v also_o call_v upper_a poland_n contain_v three_o 〈◊〉_d cracow_n saâ—domir_n and_o lublin_n it_o border_n with_o massovia_n and_o great_a poland_n on_o the_o north_n mount_v crapat_v on_o the_o south_n black_a russia_n on_o the_o east_n and_o silesia_n on_o the_o west_n and_o the_o river_n vistula_n run_v through_o it_o the_o city_n of_o cracow_n be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o this_o province_n and_o of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n the_o starosta_n of_o cracow_n be_v not_o only_a governor_n of_o the_o castle_n but_o also_o the_o defender_n of_o the_o peace_n and_o of_o the_o public_a tranquillity_n which_o entitle_v he_o to_o a_o large_a jurisdiction_n both_o over_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o town_n and_o the_o gentry_n as_o for_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n though_o jagillon_n begin_v to_o unite_v it_o to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n anno_fw-la 1386_o and_o though_o that_o union_n be_v afterward_o renew_v in_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o grodeck_n between_o the_o polander_n and_o the_o lithuanian_n in_o 1413_o yet_o it_o still_o retain_v its_o own_o duke_n and_o