Selected quad for the lemma: kingdom_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
kingdom_n	lord_n	part_n	time_n	1,762	5	3.0923	3	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A68397	The breuiary of Britayne As this most noble, and renowmed iland, was of auncient time deuided into three kingdomes, England, Scotland and Wales. Contaynyng a learned discourse of the variable state, [and] alteration therof, vnder diuers, as wel natural: as forren princes, [and] conquerours. Together with the geographicall description of the same, such as nether by elder, nor later writers, the like hath been set foorth before. Writen in Latin by Humfrey Lhuyd of Denbigh, a Cambre Britayne, and lately Englished by Thomas Twyne, Gentleman.; Commentarioli Britannicae descriptionis fragmentum. English	Llwyd, Humphrey, 1527-1568.; Twyne, Thomas, 1543-1613.	1573 (1573)	STC 16636; ESTC S108126	73,902	228

they come of Englishmen where as they and the Englishmen coumpte the other Scots but rude and barbarous These nations as I say vntill that Honorius came to the Empyre whiche was aboute the yere of the Lorde foure hundred and twentie molested the North parte of Britayne with incursions and robberies at whiche time hauyng called a power out of Ireland to helpe them as Gyldas and Bede doo auouch vnder conducte of Reuda established them selues a kyngdome in the West parte of Albania But the Readshanks possessed the East region whereas first they made warre agaynst the Romans and the Britaynes and afterwarde with the Englishmen and Danes sometime they were confederate sometime they warred diuersly vntill aboute the yere of our Lorde eight hundred and fortie all the Readshankes were destroyde by Kennethus kinge of Scottes in somuch that their name and kyngedome ceased to be any longer in Britayne Whose country the Scottes added vnto theyr owne whiche to this day is renowmed in Britayne This much I had to say of the Scots and Readshankes according to the verity of the hystory Howbeit I know well how Boethius a most vayne reporter of Fables impudently affirmeth that they reigned in Britayne three hundred yeres before Christe was borne And he feineth that there were so many kinges so many warres by them most valiently waged agaynst the Romans so many holsome lawes and statutes in Britayne by them instituted as neither Lucian in his Fabulous narrations neither the author of the booke of Amadis of Gaule nor wittie ARIOSTVS in his Orlando Furioso haue euer commended vnto vs in Fables But to the intente that I may set foorth the most beastly man in his colours that the sleight and subtelty wherwith he endeuoureth to bleare all mens eyes may be displayed I will briefly touche certayne of his most vayne trifles suche as all men of wit and vnderstandynge may easely perceaue to be starke lies And here I let pas Aegiptian fables and of the stocke and race of Scottish kynges in Britayne before Caesars cōmyng Where he affyrmeth that Caesar was vanquished by the Scots and fled out of Britayne Who afterwarde sent Ambassadours vnto the Scots and Readshankes to request their freindship and that at last he conducted his Roman armie in to the Forest Caledonia Also that Augustus sent his messengers vnto Metellus kynge of Scots to entreate him for peace Moreouer he maketh Cataracus a Britaine and sonne to kynge Cynobellinus as Dion a most famous author reporteth Kynge of Scotland He sticketh not to auouche that the Brigantes Siluri and Ordouici were Scots He sheweth how dangerous the expedition was of Claudius the Emperour and describeth greate warres betweene him and Canus the kynge of the Orchades He writeth that Voadicia the most renowmed queene of Iceni whose valient deedes agaynst the Romans Tacitus and also Dion haue made knowne to the world Veusius Earle of Brigantes Cartimandua the Queene were all Scots And finally there is no one thinge wherein the Romans or Britaynes behaued them selues couragiously or wysely in Britayne which this monstre doth not ascribe vnto his fayned Scots and whiche at that time were vnknowen to the worlde And he hath not only transcribed the minde but also whole sentences and orations of Tacitus into his booke alwaies changynge the names of nations and cities like a malicious falsefier with out al shame or honestie He sayth Caesar Tacitus wrote these thinges of the Readshankes and those of the Scots that these nations made suche and so many Warres when as in deede the names of Scots or Readshankes are not at all to be founde in these most noble writers And truly it is not like that Caesar beyng avery wise gentleman when he had throughly learned the state maners of the Britaynes and Irishmen would with silence haue ouerpassed the names of the Scots and Readshankes specially hauynge sent Embassadours vnto their kynges Neither is it probable that Tacitus a famous man and very expert in the state of Britayne and other countries when he describeth the expeditions of Agricola his father in lawe in to Britayne and as it were depeynteth foorth the Sheyres Peoples Portes and Riuers of that region by their proper names maketh mentiō of a certeine Erle of Ireland taken by Agricola knew not also the names of Scots and Readshankes with whom Boethius ●ayneth he waged that warre when as in euery place he seemeth to cal the inhabitants of Albion Britaynes And it had stoode much more with Agricolas honour beyng a worthy man whom Tacitus also by his workes endeuoreth to make more noble to haue subdued vnknowen nations and suche as ●ead on mans ●leash such as it shal be prooued that the Scots were long time after rather then the Britaynes which were sufficiētly knowne to the Romans Also Dion a man which had byn Consul and familiar with Seuerus the Emperour and vnto him dearly beloued whilst he declareth his expedition into Britayne at large not once speaketh of the Scots or Readshankes b●yng very well knowne to all men that he conueyed all his force and power into Albania or Scotland For quoth Dion the Meati Caledonij two diuerse kindes of Britaines reuolted from the Romans and Seuerus callyng together his souldiers cōmaunded them to inna●e theyr countrie and kill all that euer they met and thus he charged them in these woordes Let none escape your hands away nor cruell blouddy broyle No tender impe though in her wombe the dame ther with do toyle Let him not scape a woful death When Seuerus came into Caledonia he fought neuer a battell neither saw he any power of his enemies in a redinesse and so passyng throughout all his enemies land hauyng not lost in fight but by water and hunger fiftie thousand men returned vnto his fellowes If the Scots had bin in Britayne at that time the reporter herof being a freend neither after him Herodian who in sufficient longe discourse hath set foorth that viage woulde haue defrauded an Emperour so ambitious and thirsty of honour as Seuerꝰ was of his due praise Wherefore it is as euident as noone dayes that at this time whiche was about two hundred and two yeres after the incarnation of our Lorde the Scots had no seat in Britayne Ouer and besides al this neither Eutropius neither Spartianus neither Capitolinus neither Lampridius neither Vopiscus nor Aurelius victor who haue all written the expeditions and warres of the Roman Emperours in Britayne haue in any plate made mention of the Scottish or Readshank name Although therefore I suppose that these arguments are sufficient to improoue and condemne the ●eere trifles of Boethius notwithstandynge I will lightly touche twoo of his Hystories which by the author are setfoorth at large enough with woordes a foote and an halfe longe But I pray you When ye be let to looke your laughter freends you would refraine In the seconde booke of his fables he writeth how that Ptolomaeus Philadelphus kynge

nothyng troubled with hunger nor cold neither wearied with martial affayres neither fallynge into desperation by aduersitie but soone redie to rise vp after a fall and prest by and by agayne to assay the peril of war as in battayle easie so in continuance of warre harde to be ouercome Wherby Claudianus seemeth to speeke of the nature of the same nation saying If that their harts you let a whyle To rest so many slaughters they deuoyd of sence doo seeme To take and of smale price the losse of so much bloud to deeme Thus much he and more whiche shortly god willyng shal be set forth Now let vs come to the description of the lande This lande after the British destruction was deuided into six Regiōs as I read of late in a very auncient booke written of the lawes of the Britaynes For sayth that booke after that the Saxons had vanquished the Britaynes obtayned the Scepter of the Realme and the crowne of London all the people of Wales assembled together at the mouthe of the Riuer Deuey to choose a kynge And yno i Doethant Gwyr Gwynedh à Gwyr Powys à Gwyr Deheubarth à Reynnwc ac Esylluc à Morganuc That is to say and thither came men of Gwynedh and men of Powys and men of Deheubarth and of Reynnucia and of Syllucia and Morgania they chose Maylgun whom others call Maclocunius of Gwynedh to be their kynge This was aboute the yere of our Lorde ●60 Howbeit afterward in the lamentable conflict agaynst Ethelfredus kynge of Northumberland are recited the kings of Dynetia whiche falsly they call Demetia of Guenta of Powysia and of Northwales And in another place ●ention is made of the kinges of Stra 〈…〉 Cluyde So that hereby it is easely 〈…〉 ered that this country was subiect 〈…〉 iuers petikinges or Erles vnto 〈…〉 e of Roderike the great who ob 〈…〉 the Monarchie of al VVales the yere of our Lorde 843. deuidyng it into three partes whiche he left in possession of his three sonnes For vnto Meruinius as Gyraldus termeth him to whom I consent his eldest sonne he gaue Gwynedh to Anaraudus whome some make the eldest Powys to Cadelhus the youngest Deheubarth And that I may vse the woords of Gyldas Southwales was alotted to Cadelhus with the blessyng and goodwil of all the people which they call Deheubarth which is as much to say as the right side Which although in quantity it be farre the biggest notwithstandyng by reason of noble men which in the welsh tongue are called Vchelwyr that is to say high men wherwith it aboundeth whiche were wont to rebell agaynst their Lordes to defie them in armur it séemed to be the worser This diuision whilst their posteritie contēded among themselues in Ciuill warre and ech of them alone with the Englishmen in externall at last destroyed the kyngedome of wales The cheefest of these kyngdomes whiche the inhabitantes call Gwynedh Englishmen Northwales the Latine writers corruptly Venodotia had in auncient time these limites On the Weast and North sides it hath Vergiuiū or the Irish Oceane at the Southwest and by South the Riuer Deuye Wherby it is cut of from Southwales On the South and East sides it is seuered from Powys and England with high Hilles and somtime with waters vnto the force of the Riuer Dee The same also was parted into foure Regions which conteined fiftéene Cantredi which signifieth an hundred villages The principallest of these Regions was the I le of Anglysey of whom wee haue spoken in another place in the same was a kynges Palace the seate of Northwales in Aberfraw whereof the kinges of Gwynedh haue the name of the kinges of Aberfraw For in the lawes of Howel Dha that is to say good Howel of walles both kynge and lawier which I haue seen written both in the British and Latin tongues it was decreed that like as the kynge of Aberfraw ought to pay threescore and thrée poundes for tribute vnto the kynge of London So likewise the kinges of Dinesur an Matrafall were seuerally bounde to pay so much Whereby it appeareth that this kinge was the cheefest prince of al wales About Anglysey be diuers litle Ilands as Ynis Adar that is to say the I le of Byrdes sometime but now it is called Ynis Moylrhoniaid to witte the I le of Whales in English Ysterisd Also Ynis Lygod that is the I le of Myse and the I le Seirial in english Preêstholme The seconde Region of Gwynedh called Arfon as who should say aboue Anglysey the best fortified parte of all VVales For it centeyneth the highest Mountaynes and Rockes of all Britayne which wee terme Yriri the Englishmen Snowdowne because they carie Snow For height and plentie of cattayle scarce inferiour to the Alpes It hath in it many Riuers and standing Waters Beyonde whose farthest promontory called Lhynus lieth an I le whiche Ptolomaeus termeth Lymnos our countrymen Eulhi the Englishmē Bardesey that is to say the I le of the Bardi In Arfon oueragaynst Anglysey stoode an auncient Citie called of the Romans Segontiū of the Britaynes Caërsegont of a Riuer whiche passeth therby But now out of the ruynes therof there is a new Towne and a Castle founded by Edward the first of that name kyng of England called Caër Arfon that is to say a Towne vpon Anglysey And not farre from thence oueragaynst Anglysey lieth the Byshops See of Banchor And vpon Conway water which there ebbeth and sloweth standeth Conway of our countrie men called Aberconwy a walled towne builded by the same kynge Then followeth Meridnia with vs Merionydh and Gyraldus calleth it the land of the sonnes of Conauius The same as he sayeth is the most roughest and sharpest of al VVales hauynge in it moste highest Mountaynes The people vse longe Speares wherwith they be of greate force as the Southwales men with their Bowes so that an Harnies cannot beare it of So much he The Sea coast there by occasion of great Herryng takyng is much frequented by people of diuers countries In the same standeth the Towne Harlechia by the Sea side And within the lande is the great lake Tegid through which the riuer Dee whiche wee call Douerduwy that is to say the water of Dee floweth Where it is worthe the notyng that there is in that Ponde a peculiar kinde of Fish which is neuer founde in the runnynge water neither the Salmons wherof the Riuer is full doo euer entre into the Lake In this country and in Arfon are seene greate multitude of Deare and Goates vpon the high Hilles And these two countries of all Wales cam last into the power of the Englishmē Neither did the people of this country euer frequent domestical incursiōs but before our time alwaies séemed to obey lawes rightfully The farthest last part of Gwynedh is called of our coūtrimen Berfedhwlad that is to say the inward and midland region and is seuered from

buildynges it began to be called Caërludd and Lhundain that is to say Luds Citie and also London And I am not ignorant how Polydorus seeketh Trinouantū aboute Northampton but the authoritie of sacred antiquitie is of more force with me then any bare coniecture of a straunge and vnknowen person Wee yelde these names to London although Ptolomaeus lay thē nerer to the Thames the negligence of the Transcribers hath called Londō a Citie of Kent And Marius Niger afterward the other parte of the great bosome for the other side the Trinouātes doo holde into the middle wherof the Riuer Thames doth flow Polydorus Virgilius the Vrbinate goeth aboute to proue out of Tacitus by arguments of litle force that the Trinobantes are Inlande people when as his reasons seeme to próoue the contrary For where as he sayeth if the Trinobantes had bin nigh London Suetonius should haue had no salfe passage thither Nay rather Polydorus if it had bin in the midst of the Ilande it had byn harder for him to haue come to London through the thickest of his enemies for his way lay through them from the Isle of Anglesey from whence he cam Wherefore it is more likely that the Trinobantes were inhabitants of Essex as all sauynge a few obscure and vnknowen writers doo affirme Who suppose that with the Iceni their neigh bours whiche now be the people of Norfolke and Nordouolke they had conspired the death of the Romans and had spoyled with ●●er sword al that euer was in their way vnto Verolanū s●ayinge threescore and ten thousande Romans and were returned backe againe salfe and sounde before Suetonius cōmynge as Tacitus a●oucheth And that theyr rage extended not vnto London the cause was as the same author reporteth for that London was a Colony of the Romanes and a greate mart citie of theirs famous for plentie of trauaylers which resorted thither for tra●aque of Marchaundize aboundynge with vitayle and stoutly defensed with munition and garysons against all aduentures as all men doo know Hereby it appeareth how weak Polydorus argumentes be especially who so well knoweth that part of England and that London was the Citie Trinouantum whiche was afterward called Augusta as Marcellinus reporteth With these reasons beyng sufficiently instructed I say that the Trinobantes inhabited that parte of Britayne which after the cummynge of Saxons made vp theyr fourth kingdome which they called Eastsaxons and another called Midlesaxons whose principall citie is London at this day which somtime was vnder the kynges of the Mercij or march Ptolomaeus mentioneth a nother besides this citie Trinouantū called Camudolanum whiche I take to be all one with Camalodunum as I iudge by readyng Roman histories although Ptolomaeus speaketh of Camalodunū for it stoode not farre from the Thames and was by Claudius appoynted the first Colony of the Romanes and not neare the Brigantes as Polydorus much lesse in Scotlande as Boethius dreameth And for the more playnesse hereof I thinke it good to brynge forth the words of Dion who had bin somtime Consul Claudius after that he had receiued the message forthwith cōmitted the matters appertaynyng to the citie and the Souldieurs to Vitellius his college whose consulship as also his owne he had proroged for sixe monthes longer him self departed from Rome to Ostia where he tooke shippe and arryued at Massilia and takyng the residew of his iorney partly by lande and partly by water came too the Oceane and passed ouer into Britayne and came to his armie which lay by the Thames looking for him Whom when he had receaued in charge he wente ouer the Water with certeine Barbarians whiche drew to him at his commynge ●e spred his Banners fought and obtayned the victorie and wanne Camalodunū the regall seate of Cynobellinus and tooke many prisoners partly by force partly by yelding Hereby it appeareth euiuidently that Camalodunum standeth not far from the Thames in which place Ptolomaeus placeth Camudolanū And I suppose that this was the Colony of Claudius Cesar famous for the churche which they cal now Colchestre the olde name beyng made as I thinke by ioynyng the water and the Churche together a cōmon custome amonge the Britaynes as Henlhan that is an olde Churche Lhanelwy a Churche standyng vpon the riuer Elguen or the Church Elguen which the Englishmen and Bishops now a dayes call but not well the See of S. Asaphe Besides an infinite numbre moe wherby I am perswaded that those places which in Latin beginne or ende in these terminations Lan or Lam were of olde so termed of Churches in the British tōgue Moreouer out of this place of Dion it is gathered how much a man without shame that Polydorus virgillius is who doubteth not to affirme that Claudius Caesar vanquished the Britayns without any battaile most imputently calleth them dastards whom Caesar himself Tacitus Dion Herodian terme by these names most warlike cruell bloudthirstie impatient bothe of Bondage iniuries But an infamous beggage groome ful fraught with enuie hatred what dareth he not do or say I omit his Scholemayster Boethius who besides these lies speaketh of a mightie warre whiche Claudius made vpon the people of the Orchades affirmyng the same to be true too too impudently For thou mayst easely iudge good reader how muche Lande and Sea the Roman Emperour with a greate armie coulde marche ouer in xvi dayes only duryng whiche time he abode in Britayne when Tacitus also a most faithfull writer affirmeth that in the first yeres of Agricola the Iland of Britayne was knowne and the Isles called Orchades were then vnknowne but first founde out and subdued by him This Dion testefieth to be true in the life of Titus the Emperour neither speaketh Suetonius against it where he sayeth that Claudius taried in Britayne but a very few dayes Howbeit Eutropius and after him Orosius seeme to thynke otherwyse not knowinge exactly how farre distant the Orchades be from Kent But since reason and truth certaynly perswade vs to the contrarie let vs sticke vnto them as vnto twoo moste faithfull guides neglectynge the iudgement of Polydorus with his Hector Next to the Trinouantes were the Iceni whom I suppose to haue inhabited that region whiche maketh the fift kyngedome of Germans whiche is the East Englismen and their citie Venta whiche now of the Englishmen is called Northwe● And I am priuy also that there are thought to be other Iceni in the West but I thinke it more probable that these Iceni are put for Tigeni of whom I will speake hereafter And the kyngdome of East Englishmē comprehended not only the Iceni but also Cambridgshyre whose cheife citie in olde time the Britaynes called Caërgrawnt the Englishmen Grantcester of the water that passeth bie but now corruptlye is commonly called Cambridge and is a noble Uniuersity wherin florisheth all good learnyng Not farre of is the Isle of VVyllowes not of Eeles as some haue wroten For Helig

water either into the Sea as Aberconwy Abertiui Abertawy that is to say the mouth of Conway Tibius and Tobius or into some great Riuer as Aber hodni Abergeuenni to say the fall of Hodnus and Geuenus into Osca Moreouer wee call mouthes and entrances of Riuers Aber without addynge any thynge more thereto as in Carnaruanshyre between Conouium and Banchorium in the same maner so that I thinke Aber to signifie as much as Aestus doth whiche is the rage fall or force of Water as is most agreeable with Ptolomaeus Aboue these were the Damnij whose cheife Citie Antoninus maketh Vandagora to be not far from the valley Ofdam wherby I coniecture that they be those whiche wee call now VVestmerlandshyremen The Selgouij and Otadeni in times past inhabited Cumberland At the verie brimme of the Uallie standeth a most auncient citie Ptolomeus calleth it Lucopibia Antoninus Luguballia the Britaynes and Englishmen terme it Caerloyl and it standeth in the Frontirs of the Nouantes Not farre from this Citie as Malmsburiensis reporteth there was a Stone founde with this inscription In token of Marius victorie whiche token of triumph I suppose to haue bin erected by Meurigus whom some of the Romans haue termed more aptly Aruiragus othersome Marius in token that the Readshankes were there vanquished Rodericus beyng theyr kynge whiche at that season as the Saxons did exercised Pyracie in our Seas vntill at length one parte of them setled in Albania and other in Fraūce And it is wel knowne that these countries together with Gallouidia so farre as the Riuer Cluda vnto the yere of our Lorde 870 were in the Britaynes possession at what time beyng by the Scottes Danes and Englishmen disquieted with many batayles and in the ende their kynge Constantinus slayne at Lochmaba in Anādra they were enforced to returne into VVales to their countrymen and dryuing away the English Saxons forcibly chalenged to them selues the greater parte of the country which lieth twixt Conway and the water of Dee whiche they possessed and there appoynted a kyngdome whiche of the riuer Cluda on whose shoare they dwelt is of our countrymen called Struteluyd of Marianus Scotus corruptly Streadiylead of the VVallanes They had many conflictes agaynst the kynges of England as the same author reporteth vntill at length their last kynge dying at Rome they submitted themselues to the princes of Gwynedh This Marianus the chiefest Hystoriographer of his time one of late hath caused to set foorth in Printe being imperfect and lackynge the better parte of set purpose as him selfe confesseth because of the ambiguitie of the British Hystorie In like maner Sleydan while he turneth his abbridgement of Frossard into Latine beyng too too muche partiall to the Frenchemen either ouerpasseth with silence the most noble valiant deedes of the Englishmen or variynge from his author reporteth them otherwyse then Frossard hath written Wherefore me seemeth that the sayinge of Martial the Poet verye well agreeth with them That which now thou doest turne O Fidentine the booke is mine But when thou turnest him ill then he begins for to be thine But this much by the way The laste of the Northumberlandshyremen and almost of all Lhoëgr follow the inhabitantes of Lancashyre to be intreated of whom the Ryuer called of the Englishmen Merssee deuideth from the Kyngedome of March of whom the kyngdome of March in Englande was so called It is soone prooued out of Ptolomaeus that these were called Ordouici in olde time For the Ordouici saieth he lie more Southwest then the Brigantes doo Since therefore that Yorkeshyre is the kyngedome of Brigantes in vayne with Boethius wee seeke them in Scotland and muche more in Northfolke with Polydorus Wherefore renouncing these fables for my part I am perswaded that the ORDOVICI are not only the Lancas hyremen but also the Deuani or Ches hyremen and Shrops hyremen beyng recompted of Tacitus for a greate Citie In this place I call a Citie as Caesar doeth an whole conuent or kyngedome For looke how many Cities there are so many kyngedomes in olde time were in Britayne whiche seuerally wagyng batayle agaynst the Romans were all the sooner ouercummen Amongst the Cities of these kingdomes Ptolomaeus reciteth Mediolanū called now Lancastre Mancunium as appeareth out of Antoninus is called Māchestre Their kynge in times past was Cataracus whose fame was knowne aboue the Skies who the space of nine continuall yeres very muche molested the Romans with Warre at length was taken by treason of a Woman and led to Rome in triumphe And Claudius the Emperour deserued no lesse prayse for vanquishynge Cataracus then did Scipio for Syphax or Lucius Paulus for Perses as Tacitus writeth two moste puissant kynges brought home in shew to the people of Rome And here can I not maruel enough what came in minde to that Boëthius not the Troiane but the Scotte for Ahlas what one was he how farre from that same Hector sore He chaunged was that in Achilles spoyles came home before Impudently to affirme that he was a Scot seeyng that there was no suche nation at that time in the worlde But if there were it was so enfolded in darkenesse that it was vnknowne to the Romans and Britaynes or as Haymo Armenius writeth of a certayn nation it had so bleared the eyes of all peoples and countries that the Scots were inuisibly conuersant between the Romans and Britaynes Polydorus also writeth that he was kynge of the Ordulacae when neither Tacitus nor Ptolomaeus mentioneth the same but of the Ordouici And Tacitus reporteth that he was not onely gouernour of the Ordouici but also of the Siluri Which Siluri dwelled not in Scotland but in Southwales as in another place it shal be prooued more playnly And I remember very well that a few yeres agoe when I was in the frontirs of Shrops hyre with others about certain businesse of my Lordes the right honoble Erle of Arundell where some parte of his inheritance lieth I chaunced to fall into the view of a place exceedingly well fortefied both by nature art The situation whereof was vpon the toppe of an high hill enuironed with a triple ditche of greate depth There were iij. gates not directly but a shoshe the one agaynst the other and on three sides steepe headlonge places and compassed with twoo Riuers on the lifte hande with Colun or Clun on the right with Themis which our countrymen call Teuidia and accessible but on the one side therof These thinges when I beheld I vnderstoode by the inhabitants that this place was called Caër Caradoc that is to say the citie Caradoc and that there haue bin many fierce battayles fought there agaynst a certaine kyng called Caradoc who at last was vanquished and taken of his enemies For our coūtrymen ca● not only walled Cities townes but also al maner places which are entrenched and walled by the name Caër as I wil proue afterward by

call it Mur seuerus that is to say Seuerus wall and in another place Gual seuerus Seuerus vally at this day In this region standeth Edēburge the seat of the kinges of Scotland somtime builded by Eboracus kyng of Britaynes called also Castle Mynyd agnes that is to say the castel of S. Agnes hil afterward the Castel of Virgins The water there which is now called Forthea was called the Picticum Sea and afterward the Scottish Sea and thus farre stretched the kyngedome of Northumberland Tacitus calleth the same Bodotua howbeit Polydorus so termeth the Riuer Leuinus whiche out of the lake Lomundus floweth into Cluyda For saith he Glota and Bodotua two diuers armes of the Sea rūnyng forth a greate length are kept a sundre with a narrow peece of grounde Wherfore Bodotua floweth not into Glota neither is it any riuer but an arme of the Sea therefore it cannot be Leuinus by any meanes Beyonde these armes of the Sea dwelled the Caledonij the most nobliest nation of Albania where now the inlande Scots inhabite At the East parte was Horestia now Angusia Fisa and Mernia At the VVest were the Epidij and more towards the North the Creoni And after these the Canouaci where now Lennosia Argadia and Lorna are The Carini possessed Loguhabria the Logi Strathnauernia And at the other Sea coast the Cauti Morauia and Rossia And the Cornabij which are farthest of al inhabited Sutherlandia and Cathanisia And wheras Boethius writeth that in the time of Claudius the Emperour the Moraui came by an whole Nauie into Scotland it is most false as appeareth in Hystories For the nation of the Slaui wherof the Moraui tooke theyr beginnyng was altogether vnknowen to the worlde vntil the time of the Emperour Mauritius aboute the yere of our lorde 600. The Marcomanni also and the Quadi inhabited those places whiche afterward the yere of our Lorde 900. beyng vnder Arnulphus began by Zuentebaldus kynge of the SLAVI to be called the kyngdome of Morauia Beyonde Scotlande in the Germane Oceane are the Ilandes called Orchades wherof the biggest is called Pomonia And on the other side of Albania in the sea Vergiuium which the Britaynes call Norweridh as who should say the Irishe Sea from whence I coniecture that the antique name Vergiuium was deriued lie the Iles Hebrides in nūbre two and fortie of others called Euboniae The I le of Anglisea is none of these as I will shew in another place And not far hence lieth Ireland an Iland also whiche our countrymen call Ywerdhon the inhabitants Verni Wherby in my opinion they do farre better which terms it Iuernia as Mela and Iuuenal in his seconde Satyre or Ierna as Claudianus and Dionysius rather then Hibernia now Ireland The Britaynes and Scots doo call the inhabitantes by one name Guyddhyl THus hauynge ▪ ended the description of Scotland with the Ilandes liyng thereabout let vs now proceede to wales the third part of Britayne The same is deuided frō Lhoëgr that is England by the Riuers Seuern d ee and on euery other side is enuironed by the Vergiuiū or Iris he Oceane And it was called Cambria as our Chronacles doo report of Camber the thyrde sonne of Brutus like as Lhoëgr of Locrinus and Albania of Albanactus his other sonnes also This same only with Cornwal a most auncient country of Britaynes enioyeth as yet the olde inhabitants The welshmen vse the British tongue and are the very true Britaynes by birth And although some doo write that VVales doth not stretch foorth on this side the Riuer Vaga or VVye this can be no fraud to vs For we haue taken in hand to describe Cambria and not VVallia Wales as it is now called by a new name and vnacquaynted to the welshmen In Northwales the welshmen keepe their olde boundes But in Southwales the Englishmen are come ouer Seuern and haue possessed al the lande between it and VVye So that al Herefordshyre the Forest of Deane and Glocestreshyre a great part of worcestershyre Schreupshyre on this side Seuern are inhabited by Englishmen at this day These regions with certayne corners of Fluitenshyre and Denbyghshyre were sumtime vnder the kings of March. And our countrymen vnto this day do call their neare borderers Gwyry Mers that is to say the men of March. For OFFA a most mightie kynge of March the yere of the incarnate worde seuen hundred and seuentie to the intent that the boundes of his kyngdome towardes the Britaynes in Wales might the better be knowne caused a verie deepe ditch with an exceedynge high wall to be made from the water Deuanus a litle aboue the Castle called Filix through ●ie hilles and deepe valleyes Fennes Kockes Cliffes Riuers vnto the mouth of the Riuer wye about an hundred myles longe The same reseruyng the olde name for of our countrymen it is called Clauddh Offa that is to say Offas ditch it may easely be seene of all throughout the whole coast And all the townes and villages almost whiche be on the East side therof haue their names endynge in these terminations ton or ham wherby it appeareth that the Saxons sometime dwelled there Howbeit now the VVelshmen in all places beyond that ditch towards Ihoëgr haue planted them selues The inhabitants of this region are called in their mother tongue Cymbri In whiche word the force of the sounde of the letter B is scarcely perceaued in pronouncing And it is very likely that this was the moste auncient name and that Cambria a region of England was therof so called When I perceaued that the Cymbri whiche fought with the Romans so manie blouddy battels were called by the same name that ours are it came into my mynde to enquyre and search what good writers haue thought of the beginnyng of that nation And hauyng read much therof I founde also very much wherby I am so perswaded that I dare auouche that it was this our British nation First the name is all one with ours then their tongue which is a very great argument For Plinius in his fourth booke and. 13. chapter saieth that Philemō was of the Cymbri called Mori marussium that is to say Mare mortuū the Dead Sea vnto the promontory Rubeas c. And our countrimen call the Dead Sea in their tongue Mor Marw And as for these words neither the Germans neither the Danes neither Suenones neither the Slaui neither the Lithuani nor the Lyuones doo vnderstand them Wherfore it is manifest that the Cymbri were none of these nations But our Cymbri doo speake so wherfore it is euident that they were of the same name and tongue Moreouer Plutarchus in the life of Marius affirmeth that they departed out of a farre country and that it was not knowne whence they came nor whether they went but the like cloudes they issued into Fraunce and Italy with the Almaynes Whervpon the Romans supposed that they had byn

knowne not only to be the head of Tegenia but also the whole shire After the discription of Gwynedh let vs now come to Powys the seconde kyngedom of VVales Which in the time of German Altisiodorensis which preached sometime there agaynst Pelagius Heresie was of power ▪ as is gathered out of his life The kynge wherof as is there read bycause he refused to heare that good man by the secret and terrible iudgement of God with his Palace and all his householde was swallowed vp into the bowels of the Earth in that place whereas not farre from Oswastry is now a standyng water of an vnknowne depth called Lhunclys that is to say the deuouryng of the Palace And there are many Churches founde in the fame Prouince dedicated to the name of German The Citie of Schreusbury in olde time was the Princes seate of this Kyngdome But when the Englishmen had taken it it was translated to Mathraual a place fiue myles from Pole of Powys This Region had on the Northside Gwynedh on the East from Chestre vnto Herford England on the South West the Riuer Wey and very high Hylles whereby it was disioyned from Southwales And bycause the lande was plain and neare to England and much vexed with continuall Warre by Englishmen and afterward by the Normans this parte of VVales did first experiment the yoke of English subiection Which brooding stoute men and such whose nature coulde not abide to be at rest but giuen to Murther and excursions not only procured infinite trouble vnto the kynges of England but wrought also greate iniurie vnto theyr neighbours the VVelshmen But afterward beynge parted between twoo brothers as was the custome of the Britaynes it began to wax weake And the part which lieth on the Northside of Tanat Murnia and Seuern befel vnto Madoc wherof it was called Powys Fadoc The other parte came bothe in name and possession of Gwenwynwyn The first lost the name of Powys for beyng subdued by the Normans it came into the power and right of the conquerours The first region therof Mailor is deuided into twaine by the Riuer Dee namely the Saxon and Welsh wherof the first appertayneth vnto Flyntshyre and the other vnto Denbyghshyre in the which standeth the Castle of Lion now commonly called Holt. And not farre from thence are seene the rubbish and relliques of the moste notable and famous Monasterie of Banchor while the glory of the Britaynes flowrished In the same were two thousand one hundred Moonkes very well ordred learned and deuided into seuen sortes dayly seruyng god Amongst whom those whiche were simple and vnlearned by their handie labour prouided meate and drinke and apparell for the learned and suche as applied their studie And if any thyng were remainyng they deuided it vnto the poore That place hath sent foorth many hundreds of excellētly wel learned men amongst whom it hath also vomited forth to the worlde the most detestable Archeheretick Pelagius And afterward through the enuie and malice of Augustine not the Bishop of Hippo but the most arrogant Moonke and the most cruell execution of his Ministre Ethelfrede worthy men of far more perfect ordre then he was of were made away and the whole house from the very foundations together with their most noble Liberary more precious then Golde was raysed downe and destroyde with fier and sworde It were ouerlonge to repeate what Latine and British chronicles doo reporte of the intollerable pride of this man For when he sittyng in his regal seat disdayned to ryse vp vnto the British Bysshops whiche came vnto him humbly and meekely as it became Christians to doo they beholdynge the same both iudged and sayde that he was not the ministre of y most gentle and meeke lambe Christe but of Lucifer as they had learned in the holy scriptures so they departed home againe For whiche contempt and reproche and partly also bycause they agréed not in some poynctes with the Archbishop of Cantorbury which he had appointed with the Church of Rome he so stirred the hate of the Englishmen agaynst them that shortly after as I sayde by Ethelfred through the ayde and helpe of Ethelbert king of Kent prouoked therto by Augustine the Mounkes whiche desired peace were most cruelly slaine And afterward the Britaynes vnder the conduct of Brochwell kynge of Powys were vanquished Until that at length being ayded with power from Belthrusius Duke of Cornwall Caduane kyng of Northwales Meredoc kyng of Southwales and hartned forward by the Oration of their most learned Abbot Dunetus who commaunded as our Chronacles reporte that euery one should kisse the grounde in remembrance of the cōmunion of the Body of our Lord should take vp water in their handes foorth of the Riuer Dee and drinke it in commemoration of the moste sacred Bloud of CHRIST which was shead for them Who hauynge so Communicated they ouercame the Saxons in a famous battayle and slew of them as Huntyngton writeth a thousande threescore and sixe and created Carduanus theyr kynge in the Citie of Legions Next ensue Yale and Chyrk hilly countries In this last standeth that antique Castle which at this day is called Brennus Palace And these apperteyne vnto Denbighshyre But more to the North are Stradalin so named of the Ryuer ALYN and Hope of Fluitenshire Towardes SCHREVSBVRY lieth VVhittington and Oswastrey a noble Market and enwalled rounde at the charges of the FITZALANES a moste auncient famely of Englande whose inheritaunce it is and these belonge vnto Schropshire Aboue these in the West are the Edeirnion men ioyned now vnto the Merionydh men vpon the Ryuer Dee And all these at this presente are called Gwynedhij or men of Gwynedh for the name of the mē of Powis is perished amongst thē The seconde Region of Powys conteyned the same Prouince whiche now only enioyeth the name of Powys and sometime stretched very wide but now contayneth only three Cantredes lyinge wholy on the Northside of the Riuer Seuern whiche is the seconde riuer of Britayne fallyng from the high Mountaynes of Plymnonia and risinge foorth of the same head with Wey and Rhydwely and runnyng throuhh Arwistli and Kedewen in Powys maketh speede to Schreusbury and so floweth forward through Brydgenorth VVorcestre and Glocestre from whiche not farre of it ebbeth and floweth and between VVales Deuonshyre and Cornwall beareth name of the Seuern Sea. Our countrymen terme it Hafren and not Seuern as the Englishmen doo The cheif towne and kyngs seate of Powys called Matrafal retayneth the aunciēt name howbeit the buildynges be defaced and worne And one myle from Seuern standeth a Towne the only market of all that Region of the Englishmen Pole of the VVelshmen called Tralhung that is to say the towne of the standynge water so called of the Lake whereto it is nigh where there stande aloft two Castels builded sometime by the Princes of Powys This princedome came by