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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A58003	The present state of the Ottoman Empire containing the maxims of the Turkish politie, the most material points of the Mahometan religion, their sects and heresies, their convents and religious votaries, their military discipline ... : illustrated with divers pieces of sculpture, representing the variety of habits amongst the Turks, in three books / by Paul Rycaut Esq. ...	Rycaut, Paul, Sir, 1628-1700.	1668 (1668)	Wing R2413; ESTC R18075	228,446	228

mouth and so rising up returns to her place all the Attendants then retire and leave the Bridegroom alone with his Soltana for the space of an hour to court her singly that time being past the Musick sounding he is invited forth by his Friends to an outward room where having passed most of the night with songs and sports at the approach of the morning the Soltana weary of her pastime retires to her bed which is rich adorned and perfumed fit to entertain Nuptial Joyes The Bridegroom advised hereof by the nod of the Eunuch creeps silently into the Bride-chamber where stripping himself of his upper Garments he kneels a while at the feet of the Bed and then by little and little turning up the Cloaths gently rubs her feet with his hand and kissing of them ascends higher to the embraces of his Spouse which she willingly admits him to and wishes her self and him a happy Bedding in the morning betimes the Bridegroom is called by his Friends to the Bath at whose call a rising he is presented by the Bride with all sorts of Linnen to be used in Bathing after these Ceremonies are past they are better acquainted yet in publick she keeps him at a distance wears her Haniarre or Dagger by her side in token of her Superiority and so frequently commands gifts and riches from him until she hath exhausted him to the bottom of all his wealth Nor is this esteemed sufficient to mortifie these poor slaves by a Womans Tyranny but they are always put forward upon desperate attempts as lately Ishmael Pashaw who was killed passing the River Raab in the overthrow given the Turks by the Emperors Forces under Montecuculi and others I could name in the like manner lest the honour of their Marriage in the Royal Family without the crosses and mortifications which attend it should puff them up with the ambition and proud thoughts which is not lawful for them to imagine But it may well be objected how it came to pass that the present Prime Visier called Ahmet should succeed his Father Kuperlee in the Government of the Empire 'T is true it was a strange deviation from the general rule of their Policy and perhaps such a President as may never hereafter be brought into example but accidents concur oft-times to the fortune of some men without order or reason and yet Kuperlee the Father had so well deserved of the Sultan and his whole Dominions for having by his own wisdom and resolution saved the Empire from being rent in pieces by the faction and ambition of some aspiring persons and by the bloud of thousands of mutinous and rebellious heads had cemented and made firm the throne of his Master that no honour could be thought sufficient to be paid to his Ghost unless it were the succession of his Son in his place which the more unusual and irregular it was esteemed the greater glory it was to that family and herein also this subtile fox plaid his Master-piece by representing the state of affairs to remain in that posture as was necessary to be carried on with the same method as begun which he had intrusted to the knowledge of his Son and this was the reason why this young Visier then scarce arrived to thirty years and but an ordinary Kadee or Justice of the law was both as to his age and relation thus irregularly preferred to the office of Visier Nor hath hereditary succession and long continuance in authority been only avoided amongst the Turks but we finde that the Romans often changed their Governours and never suffered them to continue long in one Province and so the King of Spain doth at present in the Government of Flanders the Indies the Kingdom of Naples and other parts the space of three years being commonly allotted them for their residence But amongst the Turks there is no fixed term of time appointed to their Pashaws but only they remain as Tenants at Will of the Grand Signior who according to his pleasure and as he sees reason cuts them off recals them or transplants them to another Province only the Pashaw of Grand Cairo in Egypt hath a certain space of three years appointed to which his Government is confined and there may be very good reason for it for it being a place of great trust riches and power in which Pashaws grow in a short time vastly wealthy it cannot be wisdom to continue them long there the revenue of which we have had occasion already to discourse of And therefore the Grand Signior doth often not only abereviate their time but also at their return shares in the best part of the 〈◊〉 they have made The Romans had that opinion of the wealth and power of Egypt that Augustus made a Decree and held it inter alia dominationis arcana that it should not be lawful for any without particular license to enter Egypt and expresly forbids Senators and Gentlemen of Rome without order from the Prince or for affairs of State to visit those parts And Tacitus gives this reason for it Ne fame urgeret Italiam quisquis eam Provinciam claustraque terrae ac maris quamvis levi praesidio adver sum ingentes exercitus insedisset Another danger to the Empire which the Turks sedulously avoid besides hereditary succession in office is rivalry among Princes of the Bloud during the time of their Fathers life for afterwards the successour takes care to secure his Brethren beyond possibility of competition The story of Selymus and Bajazet the Sons of Solyman the Magnificent is a perfect experiment of the feud and dissention which is bred in the desires of barbarous Princes so that when they arrive to any maturity of age they are always transplanted to different Seraglios abroad where they keep their Courts distinct and cannot enter within the Walls of Constantinople during the life of their Father lest by interview with each other their minds should be moved with emulation or inhabiting in the imperial City should be provided with means before their time to attempt the Throne of their Father And for this very reason the Grand Signior hath scarce performed the ceremonies of his inauguration before he hath seasoned his entrance to his Throne with the bloud of his Brothers which barbarous custom began in the time of Sultan Bajazet But if the Brothers are but few and the Grand Signior of a disposition more naturally inclined to clemency then cruelty he secures them in the Seraglio under the tuition of Masters and care of a faithful guard differing nothing from imprisonment but in the name prohibiting them the society and conversation of all and thus the two Brothers of this present Sultan Mahomet live in as much obscurity and forgetfulness as if they had never been born or having past a private life were departed to the place where all things are forgotten It is no great digression from our purpose here to take notice of two sorts of Government purely popular

Janizaries have succeeded divers other but because there hath been no disorder amongst them so notorious and memorable as that which occasioned the death of Kiosem Grand-mother to the present Sultan we have thought fit to record the certain particulars of it to all posterity CHAP. IV. A true relation of the designs managed by the old Queen Wife of Sultan Ahmet and Mother of Sultan Morat and Sultan Ibrahim against her Grand-child Sultan Mahomet who now Reigns and of the death of the said Queen and her Complices AFter the murder of Sultan Ibrahim by conspiracy of the Janizaries Sultan Mahomet eldest son of the late deceased Emperour a child of nine years old succeeded in the throne of his father and the tuition of him and administration of the Government during his minority was committed to the old Queen the Grand-mother called Kiosem a Lady who through her long experience and practice in affairs was able and proper for so considerable an office and so the young Sultan was conducted to the Mosch of Eiub where with the accustomed Ceremonies his sword was girt to his side and he proclaimed Emperour through all the Kingdoms and Provinces of his Dominions For some time this old Queen governed all things according to her pleasure until the Mother of this young Sultan as yet trembling with the thoughts of the horrid death of her Lord and fearing lest the subtle and old Polititian the Grandmother who had compassed the death of her husband should likewise contrive the Murder of her Son grew hourly more jealous of his life and safety which suspition of hers was augmented by the knowledge she had of the ambitious and haughty spirit of the Grand-mother and the private treaties and secret correspondence she held with the Janizaries which compelled her to a resolution of making a faction likewise with the Spahees and Pashaws and Beyes who had received their Education in the Seraglio being a party alwaies opposite to the Janizaries These she Courted by Letters and Messages complaining of the death and Murder of the Sultan her Husband the Pride and Insolence of the Janizaries and small esteem was had of her Son their undoubted Prince adding that if they provided not for their own safety the Old Queen would abolish both the name and order of Spahees The Asiatick Spahees awakened hereat with a considerable Army marched to Scutari under the Conduct of Gurgi Nebi and demanded the heads of those who had been the traytors and conspirators against the sacred Life of their late Soveraign all which were then under the protection of the Janizaries and supported by the powerful Authority of the Queen Regent Upon this Alarum the Grand Visier called Morat Pashaw who had had his Education amongst the Janizaries being adored by them as an Oracle and engaged with them in the late Treason against the Sultan speedily passed over from Constantinople to Scutari with an Army of Janizaries and others of his favourites and followers transporting likewise Artillery and all necessaries for entrenchment some skirmishes passed between the Van-guard of the Spahees and the Deli which are the Visiers Guard and thereby had engaged both the Armies but that the two Chief Justices of Anatolia and Greece interposing with their grave and religious countenances preached to them of the danger and impiety there was in the effusion of Musselmins or believers bloud and that had they any just pretences their plea should be heard and all differences decided by the Law These and such like perswasions made impression on Gurgi Nebi and other Spahees and the posture they found their Adversaries in to give them battel made them inclinable to hearken to proposals for accomodation but especially their courages were abated by what the Justices had declared that in case they repaired not to their own homes the Visier was resolved to burn all the Rolls and proclaim a general Nesiraum through the whole Empire which is an Edict of the King and Mufti commanding all the Turks of his Kingdoms from seven years old and upward to arm and follow him to the war The Spahees hereupon dispersed themselves and from their retreat encreased the Pride of the Janizaries faction and of their chief Commanders viz. Bectas Aga highly favoured by the Queen Regent Kul Kiahia Lieutenant of the Janizaries and Kara Chiaus a follower of Bectas who now esteemed themselves absolute Masters of the Empire These three now governed all matters contriving in their secret Councils the destruction of the Spahees especially those famed for riches and valour and as one of the first rank gave order to the Pasha of Anatolia to take away the life of Gurgi Nebi whom accordingly he one day assaulted in his quarters and being abandoned by his Souldiers shot him with a Pistol and sent his head to Constantinople The Spahees exasperated hereat entred into private Councils and Conspiracies in Anatolia against the Janizaries drawing to their party several Beyes and Pashaws of Asia and particularly one Ipsir a Circasian born but educated in the Seraglio a Person of a couragious spirit and powerful in men and treasure assaulted many quarters of the Janizaries in Asia and cutting off their arms and noses miserably slaughtered as many as fell into their hands On the other party Bectas Aga secure in his condition amassed wealth with both hands by new impositions rapine and other arts causing to be coined at Belgrade 300 thousand Aspers one third silver and two of tinne these Aspers he dispersed amongst the Tradesmen and Artisans forcing others to exchange his false metal for Gold at the value of 160 Aspers for the Hungarian Ducat The people sensible of the cheat begun a mutiny in the quarter of the Sadlers at Constantinople which encreased so fast that the whole City was immediately in a general uproar this tumult was violently carried to the place of the Mufti whom they forced with the Seigh who is the Grand Signiors Preacher and the Nakib Esref or Primate of the Mahometan Race to accompany them to the Seraglio where at the inward gate of the Royal Lodgings with clamours and out-cries they made their complaint In this danger the Grand Signior was advised by the Capi Agasi and Solyman Aga the Kuzlir Aga or chief Eunuch of the Women that this happy conjuncture was to be embraced for the destruction of Bectas and his complices but fear and too much caution hindered that design for the present only it was judged fit for satisfaction of the multitude that Metek Ahmet Pashaw then Prime Visier and yet a slave to the lusts of the Janizaries should be deprived his office which was immediately effected and the Seal taken from him was delivered to Siaus Pashaw a Stout and Valiant person This Visier being jealous of his own honour and jealous for the safety of the Empire cast about all ways to suppress the arrogance of Bectas and his adherents lest the like shame and misfortune should befall him as did to Murad Pasha one

os a little Rodomontado and vain-glory vices incident to their Country whereby they create in the Turks a conceit of the greatness riches and force of Spain according as it flourished in the time that the Moors possessed their seat and habitation there But yet the Turks though a people incurious and negligent of the accurate state of other places besides their own are not altogether ignorant of the decay of Spain the Wars in Portugal and the menaces from France which makes them aim at one of the Venetian Ports in Dalmatia to have the better prospect and easier passage unto Sicily or the Kingdom of Naples The esteem the Venetians are in at this time amongst them is greater then when the War first began for then they entertained an opinion of their force much inferiour to the real estimation thereof as they do now the contrary byond their true strength making always calculates from the effect and success of things Yet the Turk knows that the Venetian power is not comparable to his by land and that nothing but Friuli stands between him and the mastery of Venice which makes him ashamed and angry that after so many years Wars no greater additions should be acquired to the Empire then his footing in Candy the whole possession of which was imagined at the beginning of the war would upon a bare demand been quietly presented as the price and purchase of the peace The King of Poland is none of the least amongst the Christian Princes esteemed at the Ottoman Court by reason of his great power consisting chiefly in Horse which in opinion of the Turks is the most warlike and look on that people as martial and with much difficulty brought under their subjection But by reason of the great combustions and intestine troubles of that Country the Polanders apply themselves with much dexterity and caution in their treaties with the Turks and especially being borderers with them and subject to their incursions and robberies of Men and Cattel they endeavour all means of fair and reasonable complyance And on the other side the Turk is well inclined to the Polander and desires his prosperity beyond others of his neighbour-Princes because he looks on him as the only curb upon all occasions of the Moscovites and whom they may make use of to give some stop and arrest unto the progress of his Arms. The Moscovite hath yet a greater fame and renown with the Turks being reported able to make a hundred and fifty thousand Horse so that he treats with the Turk on equal terms and fills his Letters with high threats and Hyperbolical expressions of his power and with as swelling titles as the Turk The Greeks have also an inclination to the Moscovite beyond any other Christian Prince as being of their Rites and Religion terming him their Emperour and Protector from whom according to ancient prophesies and modern predictions they expect delivery and 〈◊〉 to their Church But the greatest dread the Turk hath of the Moscovite is from the union with the Soffi or Persian which two uniting together would be too unequal a match for the Ottoman Empire But above all the great Potentates of the world the King of 〈◊〉 was most feared and esteemed by the Turk not only by reason of his great force and that the borders of his Dominions run a long space on the confines of the Turks but because it is almost impossible by reason of the vast Deserts and uninhabited places to carry the War into his Country without the cumbersome carriages of all necessary provisions which with how much difficulty and incommodity were performed in the last 〈◊〉 between these two great Princes the History sufficiently relates but since the conquest of Babylon and decay of their riches they are now the subjects of the Turkish scorn and contempt The neerness of their Faith though derived from the same Founder but afterwards receiving some difference by the interpretation of Haly is in no wise a reconcilement of their affections but rather a ground and matter of their fear and jealousie lest at any time waging a War against the Persian that Heresie should begin to be set on foot amongst the people which like a spark that causes the conflagration of a whole City may breed those intestine civil distractions which may prove of more danger and ruine then the former War It will not be necessary to speak much of the Hollanders in regard that though they have a Resident there are scarce taken notice of as a Nation different but depending on the English And these are all the Nations considerable with whom the Turk hath occasion to treat or that follow under his cognisance or business CHAP. XXII The regard the Turks have to their Leagues with Forreign Princes AS the Christian Religion teaches humility charity courtesie and faith towards all that are within the pale of humane nature to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 so the Turkish superstition furnishes its followers with principles not only to abhor 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but also the persons of such whom they term not 〈◊〉 The sordidness of their bloud and ungentleness of their education makes them insolent and swelled in prosperity and their Victories and Spoils upon Christians render 〈◊〉 Arms and Force of other parts contemptible in respect of theirs Upon these considerations of the vileness of Christianity and scorn of their power they assume this into a Maxime that they ought not to regard the Leagues they have with any Prince or the reasons and ground of a quarrel whilst the breach tends to the enlargement of their Empire which consequently infers the propagation of their Faith Many and various are the examples and stories in all Ages since the beginning and increase of the Turkish power of the perfidiousness and treachery of this people that it may be a question whether their valour and force hath prevailed more in the time of War or the little care of their faith and maintenance of their Leagues hath availed them in the time of Peace Thus Didymotichum in the time of Peace under Amurath third King of the Turks whilst the Walls and Fortifications were Building was by the Asian labourers which were entertained in the work and the help of other Turks which lay near in ambush surprised and taken so also Rhodestum in time of Peace by command of Amurath was by Eurenoses assaulted and taken by stratagem so Adrianople in the reign of the same Emperour after Peace made again and assurances given of better faith was by the art and disguise of Chasis-Ilbeg pretending to be a discontented Captain and a Fugitive from the Turks by fair Speeches and some Actions and Skirmishes abroad gained such confidence amongst the credulous Greeks as enabled him afterwards to set the Gates open to Amuraths Army which after some Conflict was taken and never recovered again by the power of the Greeks It is an old and practised subtilty of the Turks immediately after some notable