sick Men into Bithynia whereof 15000 were intercepted and then to retire himself with the rest that could escape the great Slaughter which the Romans made in their Flight During the time of this double Siege Eumachus one of Mithridates's Commanders made Inrodes into Phrygia subdu'd Pisidia and Isauria and endeavoured to do the like to Cilicia 'till he was Repulsâ—d by Deiotarus one of the Governours of Galatia But Lucullus improv'd his Success by Land by gaining many Victories at Sea where he took several of Mithridates's Commanders and closely pursu'd the King himself Mithridates flying with more Speed than Discretion had been Cast away but that he was receiv'd into a Pirate's Vessel to which he was glad to commit himself in so great a Danger and at length after many Difficulties got into his own Kingdom whither Lucullus pursu'd him having taken in all Bithynia and Paphlagonia in in his Way and this was his first Years Expedition Mithridates made all possible Preparations for Resistance sending to Tigranes and others for Aid and within the space of a Year he got together 40000 Foot and 4000 Horse with which he once or twice gain'd some Advantage over the Romans and struck some Terror into the Soldier But Lucullus found Means to cut offâ— most of his Cavalry which with the Loss of a Battel soon after so terrify'd him that he quitted his Kingdom and fled into Armenia to Tigranes who entertain'd him like a King but refus'd to admit him to his Presence All Pontus except a few Places yielded to Lucullus in a Short space and Machares King of Bosphorus sent this General a Crown of Gold by which he purchas'd the Title of his Friend and Allie This was the fourth Year of his Expedition in which Year also was happily finish'd the War with Spartacus the Gladiator in Italy This Person with seventy four of his Companions having broken out of their Fencing School at Capua fled away and wandring through all the Country round and vastly encreasing in their Numbers commenc'd a dangerous War in Italy They at last had gather'd together an Army of about 70000 Men most Vagabonds and such kind of People and all pretenders to Liberty and had besides overthrown many of the Roman Commanders and two of their Consuls till at last they were Conquer'd and despers'd by Licinius Crassus the Prooonâ—ul in Apulia a Person of great Nobility and Riches and after many Troubles and Calamities in Italy the War was ended in the third Year by him About the same time a Lustrum being performâ—d in Rome 450000 Free Citizens were Poll'd the City still encreasing in Bulk and People and the Inhabitants in Learning and Politeness as well as Corruption and Factions Lucullus having still the Management of the War against Mithridates follow'd him into Armenia sending to Tigranes King of that Country to demand him Tigranes was a very powerful Monarch having lately Conquer'd several Nations and Kings which made him so intolerably Proud that when he rode abroad he would have four of his Subduâ—d Kings run by his side like Lacqueys and when he sat on his Throne to stand before him with folded Hands in token of Subjection Tigranes being now abroad in reducing Phoenicia Lucullus's Messenger found Opportunity to draw over many to his side who had been much dissatisfy'd at his proud and insulting Carriage Tigranes at his return refus'd to deliver up Mithridates and likewise to acknowledge Lucullus as a General because he had not given him the Title of King of Kings Whereupon Lucullus suddenly passâ—d the River Euphrates with two Legions and about 3000 Horse which did not a little surprize Tigranes who first hangâ—d the Messenger of the News as a Disturber of the Peace and soon after sent Mithrobarzanes with 2000 Horse to Incommode his Passage leaving Mancaeus to cover the City Tigranocerta which he had lately built and went himself to Levy Forces While he was drawing together a vast Army of 250000 Foot and â—0000 Horse against the Romans Mithrobazanes was repellâ—d and Mancaeus driven from the Cover of the City and the Place immediately Invested Mithridates upon this advisâ—d him not to hazard all in a Battel but rather to starve the Romans but he slighted this Motion and contemnâ—d the Smallness of their Numbers saying That if the Romans were all Ambassadours they were a great many but if Soldiers very few pretending to over-run 'em with great Facility But Lucullus posting himself upon a Hill sent his Cavalry to provoke and draw out the Enemy so as he might break their Ranks and then setting upon the Carriage Beasts so successfully caus'd 'em to drive their Foot among their Horse that great Confusioâ— follow'd and a dreadful Slaughter continu'd all the day and Tigranocerta was surrender'd by means of certain dissatisfy'd Greeks in the Place After these Defeats another great Army was rais'd and committed to the Conduct of Mithridates They both endeavour'd to â—hem in Lucullus but were disappointed in their Design by his extraordinary Vigilancy and thus both Sides continu'd with little Action till want of Provisions constrain'd 'em to remove Tigranes Marching farther into his Kingdom and Mithridates into his with Lucullus not far behind him Fabius who had been left in Ponâ—us by Lucullus was overthrown by Mithridates and after him Triarius who imprudently Engag'd with him and lost â—000 of his Men. Soon after Mithridates taking with him all the Necessaries he couâ—d carry and destroying the rest March'd into the Lesser Armenia Lucullus wouâ—d gladly have follow'd him and might have put an End to the War but that now Acilius Glabrio this Years Consul by Glabinus the Tribunes Procurement was appointed to carry it on in his Place This being known in the Army Lucullus was lighted by his Men and Mithridates and Tigranes began to be more Successful than formerly In a short time Glabrio arriu'd at his Province and sent about to give Notice That the Senate being displeas'd with Lucullus for prolongging the War had disbanded his Army and wou'd Confiscate the Estates of such as shou'd disobey its Order Upon which all his Army abandon'd him except some few poor Men who had no great Cause to fear any loss of Estates and Lucullus being out of his Command Mithridates recover'd almost all his Kingdom and did much Damage to Cappâ—clocia Glabrio not so much as coming to his Army but lying idle in Bithynia This hapned in the seventh Year after Lucullus had undertaken the War III. About this time Pompey began to come into great Esteem among the Romans having now a new Occasion of shewing his great Abilities in War which was this The Pirates who had been first employâ—d by Mithridates finding their Profit so great had now got together many thousands of several Nations making choice of Cilicia for their Rendezvous and seeing that the War continu'd they thought it more Wisdom to damnify others than lose their own Estates They were now grown so Numerous and Powerful that
Advice and after some dubious Expressions declar'd himself rather inclin'd to Mecoena's Opinion withal telling them That he was but the Instrument of the Destinies to put their Wills in Execution and since they had already shewn themselves so favourable to him he had all the Reason to hope that his Friends wou'd not be backward in their Councels or any other necessary Assistance Upon which Mecoenas proceeded to give him many wise Instructions and Directions how to manage his Affairs to the best Advantage both as to his Countries Happiness and his own Security as may be seen at large in Dion Cassius Among a great many other things he told him That his virtuous Behaviour wou'd be a greater Security to him than all his Forces That if the People found him modest and unblamable in his Life not exacting Money from others while be abounded in Riches not pinching others while be was luxurious nor punishing others while he was loose and licentious they wou'd certainly love and honour him as a true Father and Preserver of his Country But this he told him as his principal Rule by which he ought to guide himself Always to preserve the Love of his Subjects and if he wou'd do exactly as he himself wou'd expect from his Prince if he were a Subject then he shou'd not fail of being prosperous in his Designs happy in his Life and famous in History He concluded all with telling him That if in taking upon him the Soveraign Power he fear'd the Name of Kingdom as odious he might omit that and manage all under the Title of Caesar If he thought not that sufficient they wou'd give him that of Imperator and wou'd adorn him with some other venerable Note of Honour so that he might enjoy all the Privileges of a Kingdom without the envious Name of King which the Romans cou'd not endure All these Things confirm'd Caesar in his former Opinions and from this time he began to pursue his Designs with more Care and Diligence than ever III. The Romans were now arriv'd to their utmost Height as to polite Learning and an exquisite Taste of Things as appears from their several Writings For besides Virgil formerly mention'd at this time flourish'd the two greats Wits Ovid and Horace the pleasantest and perfectest Poets in their Kinds and likewise Livy the Prince of all the Roman Historians all which had a great Share in Octavius's Familiarity as well as Mecoenas's Octavius was a great Promoter of all sorts of Learning and having brought a General Peace to the Roman Empire he had a fairer Opportunity both of incouraging that and of following his other Designs He had an admirable Faculty of discerning and penetrating into the Humours and Ambitions of the principal Men in which he was much assisted by the Letters found in Anthony's Coffers which he carefully preserv'd and secretly made use of as he found Occasion As for Words and Libels he took little or no Notice of having learnt that both from his Uncle Iulius and Mecoenas Never to be concern'd at what was spoken against him And this Maxim he found much to his Advantage for by this he not only understood the Minds and Affections of the People more easily but perceiv'd that as long as the common Sort retain'd this Liberty of Speech they were the less sensible of the Loss of Liberty in State Octavius was now in his fifth Consulship and by the Advice of Mecoenas he took upon him the Title of Imperator not in that Sense it was anciently wont to be given for Victories obtain'd but in respect of the chief Command or Authority as it had been decreed to his Uncle Iulius And the great Industry of Agrippa was no less serviceable to him than the wise Counsels of Mecoenas and notwithstanding he had at first advis'd him to contrary Methods he now prov'd as useful an Assistant as the other Shortly after he was made Censor and Agrippa with him and among other things belonging to his Office he took great Care to purge and reform the Senate into which many Equites and unworthy Plebeians had crept during the late Civil Wars and then encreas'd their Number to a Thousand which his Uncle had brought to nine Hundred All this he did with great Moderation and Discretion always shewing much Respect to that venerable Assembly and tho' he continually diminish'd their Power and Authority he still preserv'd their ancient Glory and Dignity well knowing that Iulius's Contempt of the Senate did most of all forward his Ruine he put two Persons namely Cluilius and Furnius into the Rank of Consulares because they had been design'd for Consuls tho' prevented by others He also rank'd certain Families among the Patritians because most of those had perish'd in the late Wars One great and publick Way of bridling the Nobility was his publishing an Edict forbidding any Senator to Travel out of Italy without his Leave a thing very strictly observ'd by his Successors For he well knew that the Presence and Authority of Persons of that honourable Rank might raise great Commotions in an unsetled State Yet not wholly to imprison 'em he gave 'em Liberty to visit Sicily and Gallia Narbonensis Provinces adjoyning to the Continent of Italy altogether unfurnish'd for Wars and by reason of their Variety of Pleasures more likely to weaken their Minds than to arm their Bodies In the following Year Octavius having enter'd upon his sixth Consulship together with Agrippa his Collegue made a Lustrum which was many Years after the last Celebration of one and in this four Millions and 63 Thousand Polls of Romans in which Number must be reckond all Women Children Servants and Slaves a Number almost incredible if compar'd with the present Cities of the World but the less if we consider the prodigious bigness of the City and Suburbs which good Authors affirm to have been fifty Miles in Compass at this time Octavius at that time likewise celebrated Games which had been Decreed in Memory of his Victory at Actium and it was order'd that they shou'd be renew'd every fifty Year four Colleges of Priests taking care of 'em namely the Pontifices Augurs Septemviri and Quindecemviri by Courses He caus'd many other delightful Games and Exercises to be made all at his own Cost and Charges using all possible Methods to divert the People from fixing their Minds upon his Actions and their ancient Freedom He order'd that two Persons of Praetorian Rank shou'd Yearly over-see the Treasury and gave to the People four times as much Corn as they were wont to have to some Senators he gave Money some of this Rank being so poor that they cou'd not bear Offices belonging to their Dignity All Ingagements and Debts to the Exchequer he made void that stood good before the Battel at Actium except what concern'd Buildings He suffer'd no Sacrifice to be offer'd to Aegyptian Gods within the Pomaerium and took great Care about setling Religion and repairing of the
Relicts of the Trojans under the Conduct of their Prince Aeneas who had left his native Country and his inrag'd Enemies to seek out Foreign Habitations These were about 1200 in all tho' some will allow but half that Number and arriv'd in these Parts three Years after the destruction of Troy and above 400 before the building of Rome A. M. 2824. Aeneas at his first landing was very civilly entertain'd by Latinus the King then reigning as a Person of great Renown who not only treated him honourably but gave him his only Daughter Lavinia in Marriage This occasion'd a War between him and Turnus a Prince of the Rutuli their near Neighbours who had formerly made Pretensions to her but these Wars soon ended in Turnus's death which did not only free Aeneas from a Rival but secur'd his Kingdom which Latinus gave him for his Daughters Portion after his decease Aâ—neas thus settled soon after built the City of Lavinium in honour of his Wife about five or six Miles East of Laurentum where he kept his Court and the more to oblige his Subjects caus'd both them and his own Country-men to be call'd by the common Name of Latini But ingaging in a bloody War with Mezentius a King of the Hetrurians he was slain after a short Reign of four Years His Subjects in honour to his Memory dedicated a Chappel to him under the Title of Iupiter Indiges Upon the death of Aeneas his Son Ascanius succeeded him in the Throne but Lavinia being left with Child by him out of fear fled to the Woods and was there deliver'd of a Son who from the place of his Birth had the Name of Silvius Thirty Years after the building of Lavinium Ascanius left it to his Mother-in-Law and founded Alba-Longa about 12 Miles North of it which he made his Seat Ascanius had a Son call'd Iulus from whom came the famous Family of the Iulii this Son after his Mother's Death contended with Silvius for the Kingdom but the People judging that to belong to Latinus's Race gave the Kingdom to Silvius and the Priesthood to Iulus in whose Family it thenceforth continu'd After Silvius succeeded 13 Kings of the same Race for nigh 400 Years who all had their Seats at Alba and many of them likewise had the Name of Silvius These Kings were as following Aeneas Silvius who reign'd 31 Years Latinus who reign'd 51 Alba 39 Capetus I. 26 Capys 28 Capetus II. 13 Tiberinus 8 Agrippa 24 Alladius 19 Aventinus 37 Procas 23 Amulius 42 and Numitor who was the last King of Alba. Except the two last we have but little remarkable concerning these Kings only Tiberinus gave Name to the River Tiber by being drown'd in it it being before call'd Albula and Aventinus gave Name to Mount Aventine one of the seven Hills of Rome These were call'd the Kings of Alba or of Old Latium which scarce contain'd the sixth part of what was call'd Latium in Augustus's Reign which then comprehended not only the Old Latini but also the Rutuli Aequi Hernici Volsci and Arunci This Kingdom tho' very Small according to the Dimensions before given of it was very Fruitful Populous and full of Towns and Alba it self was a great and flourishing City and had been the Mother of thirty Latine Towns when it was destroy'd by Tullus Hostilius the third King of Rome II. But to come close to the Roman Story Amulius and Numitor the two last of these Kings were Brothers and it was agreed between 'em that Numitâ—r the Eldest should have the Kingdom and Amulius the Treasure and Gold that was brought from Troy But Money having the Advantage of meer Authority Amulius soon got his Brother out of his Kingdom and to secure it to himself against the Pretensions of his Posterity caus'd his Son Lausus to be Murther'd in a pretended Hunting and his Daughter Rhea to be made a Vestal Virgin In the fourth Year of her Priesthood going to fetch Water she was met and ravish'd by some Lover or probably by Amulius himself rather as was supposâ—d to serve his other Designs than to gratifie his Lust. But for the Honour of the Cause the Fact was laid upon Mars in whose Grove it was committed who came to her as they will have it in a most dreadful manner with Thunder and Lightning Rhea proving with Child was deliver'd of two Boys and thereupon was condemn'd to Death or perpetual Imprisonment and her Children were thrown into the River But the Wind and Stream were both so favourable that at the fall of the Water they were left safe upon dry Ground and there happily found by Faustulus Amuliusâ—s Herds-Man and suckled by his Wife Laurentia who for her Infamous Life was call'd Lupa and this probably might occasion the famous Story of their being nourished by a Wolf The Names of these Twins were Romulus and Remus The Children grown up prov'd Active and Couragious suitable to the Greatness of their Birth but the Meanness of their Education gave 'em occasion of falling out with some of Numitor's Herds-Men in which contest Remus was taken Prisoner and brought before the King Upon which Faustulus discover'd to Romulus all the Particulars of his Birth and hard Usage from Amulius begging him to be assistant in the Rescue of Remus Romulus soon drew together a great Number of Herds-Men and inferiour People who hated Amulius whom he divided into Companies consisting of an hundred Men each every Captain carrying a small Bundle of Grass and Shrubs ty'd to a Pole The Latines call such Bundles Manipuli from whence it is that in their Armies they call their Captains Manipulares Remus gaining upon the Citizens within and Romulus makeing Attacks from without Amulius not knowing what Expedient to think of for his Security in that Amazement and Distraction was taken and slain the Brothers settling their Grand-Father Numitor in his Throne after he had been depos'd forty two Years The Affairs of Alba succeeding thus prosperously the Young-Men ambitious of Glory were desirous of Founding a City in the Place where they were brought up which Design was approv'd of by their Grand-Father who appointed 'em Land with such of his Subjects as he knew were of his Brother's Faction and likewise gave free Liberty to all others who were willing to settle themselves in this new Colony Most of the Trojans came in of which there remain'd fifty Families in Caesar's Time as Dionysius informs us and also all the Inhabitants about the Palatine-Hill where the City was built which was about 14 Miles North-West of Alba upon the River Tiber. For the more speedy carrying on this Work the People were divided into two Parts who were to work by way of Emulation But what was design'd for a considerable Advantage prov'd a greater Inconveniency for it gave birth to two Factions whereof one preferr'd Romulus and the other Remus which swell'd 'em with the ambitious Desires of Preeminence This soon appear'd in their
all others He â—ad him farewell and tell his Subjects that by their strict Exercise of Temperance and Fortitude no human Power shou'd e'er withstand the Roman Arms and he wou'd always be a propitious God to 'em under the Name of Quirinus The Day in which he was said to be taken up was kept after that as a great Holy-Day and a Temple was built in Honour of him on one of the Seven Hills from him call'd by the Name of Quirinalis He reign'd 37 Years in which space he very much advanc'd the State of the City leaving in it 46000 Foot and 1000 Horse a happy Increase for so short a time After his Grand-Father Numitor's decease the Kingdom of Alba fell to him which he govern'd by Deputies and the more to please that People he allow'd 'em the Privileges of a Free-State which probably occasion'd the Senate to bear his Encroachments the worse So now the Roman Dominions consisted of a considerable part of the Sabines Country a small part of Hetruria and a mix'd part of Latium CHAP. II. From the Death of Romulus to the Death of Numa Pompilius the Second King of Rome Containing the Space of 44 Years I. ROmulus being dead or as some are pleased to believe taken up the City was greatly divided about the Election of another King but lest these Discords shou'd occasion Anarchy and Confusion in the Common-wealth the Senate agreed to divide themselves into Decurys or Tens and that Decury which was chosen by Lot should exercise the Regal Authority for fifty Days each Man governing in his Turn five Days the Authority then falling to another Decury and this they call'd an Inter-regnum This Government continu'd a whole Year till the People at last began to murmur saying It was a Trick of some few who intended to get the Power into their own Hands and that for one pretended Tyrant they had now got 200 real ones therefore they resolv'd that a King shou'd be chosen In the Election great Contests arose between the Romans and Sabines each believing it reasonable to have one of their own Country 'till at length they came to this Conclusion That the Party which elected shou'd chuse one out of the Body of the other so by that means the elected Prince might be oblig'd to favour both Parties one for their Votes and the other for their Alliance It falling to the Romans to chuse the Patritians fixâ—d upon Numa Pompilius a Sabine a Person of about forty Years of Age who by the Consent of the People was elected King Numa then resided at Cures being a Person of the greatest Vertue Knowledge and Abilities of that time and had withdrawn himself from the Noises and Troubles of the World therefore Ambassadors one a Roman and the other a Sabine were dispatch'd to him to offer him the Kingdom The Ambassadors finding him with his Father and Kinsman Marcius by their Speakers Proculus and Valesus told him the occasion of their coming To whom the elected King made this philosophical and modest Answer Since every Alteration of a Man's Life is generally hazardous in the Attempt as well as dangerous in the Consequence it wou'd be the highest Indiscretion for one who in his own Opinion is sufficiently Happy to endeavour or admit of any Change tho' there were nothing more in it than the preferring a turbulent and uncertain Life before a constant Quiet and certain Security For my part Romans I must freely tell you That I am not only discourag'd but even deterr'd from accepting your generous Offers even by what is commonly reported of your famous Romulus who was not only suspected of contriving Tatius's death but was likewise suppos'd to fall himself by the Rage of the Senate And if Romulus himself sprung as they say from Divine Race miraculously preserv'd and as miraculously brought up labour'd under such vast Inconveniencies how successful can I hope to be begotten by a mere Mortal and brought up the ordinary Way when I come to struggle with such insuperable Difficulties Besides you much mistake your Person as well as forget your Interest and Glory when you think I can be any ways serviceable to you For my Temper naturally leads me to Peace to Books and the Worship of the Gods but you Romans require a vigorous and active King who may diligently cherish that Warlike Humour which your late Success has excited And therefore such a Prince as shou'd come to inculcate Peace Iustice and Religion into the Minds of a Martial Nation must of necessity appear not only strange and ridiculous to the World but also mean and despicable to his Subjects The Romans were much surpriz'd at this Answer but still were very urgent with him to accept of the Kingdom in which they were not a little assisted by his Father and Marcius who return'd him this Reply Tho' you remain contented with your present fortune and court neither Riches nor Power yet you may reasonably imagine that such large Talents of Iustice Moderation and Piety were never given you by the Gods to lie useless and concealâ—d And you are sensible these are Vertues that can never have a greater Influence upon Mankind than when they so publickly appear in the Person of a King Tatius tho' a Foreigner was highly esteem'd by the Romans and the Memory of Romulus was so precious to 'em that after his decease they voted him Divine Honours And if the Affections of the People shou'd break out into a furious Desire of War what can better manage the Reins of that Passion than such a moderating Hand as Yours And who knows but that the People being ever Victorious may be satiated with the Spoils and Trophies they have gain'd and gladly entertain a mild and peaceful Prince who being a lover of Iustice and Equity may settle the City in a strong and inseparable Union and in a sure and lasting Happiness These Reasons and Persuasions together with the Ambassadors Entreaties at last prevail'd upon Numa to accept of the Kingdom and after a solemn Sacrifice he went for Rome He was met by the Way by the Senate and People who with a general Consent invested him with the Regal Authority and so universal was the Joy that they seem'd not so much to receive a King as the addition of a new Kingdom II. Numa being a Person of extraordinary Wisdom and Policy as well as Devotion thought it most convenient to raise and strengthen that City by wholsome Laws and Religious Customs which had been founded upon War and Bloodshed judging it as necessary to employ a People well at home as to exercise 'em abroad The first thing he did was to disband the Royal Guard of the 300 Celeres lest the Maintenance of such a Force might seem to argue a Diffidence of them that chose him saying That he wou'd not Rule over that People of whom he conceiv'd the least Distrust Next he built a Temple to Ianus which was always to stand
chose the Nobility of the Albans into the Senate particularly the Tullii Servilii Quintii Geganii Curiatii and the Claelii and that he might out of those new People make some Addition to the Strength of every Order he chose ten Troops of Horse out of the Albans In Confidence of this his Strength after an â—â—ntire Reduction of the Fidenates he declar'd War against the Sabines who before had committed several Robberies upon the Romans that traded with ' em He met 'em at the Wood call'd Malitiosa Sylva where especially by the help of his Horse who broke all â—heir Ranks after a short Engagement he entirely defeated 'em forcing 'em to beg Peace over whom â—e obtain'd a third Triumph The Latines were not yet quiet refusing to pay Obedience to the Romans which occasion'd several Contests but this War was manag'd with great Moderation no Battel â—eing fought no Town taken or plunder'd besides Medallia which Hostilius punish'd for an Example â—ecause it had receiv'd a Roman Colony in Romuâ—us's time This War lasted most of the rest of his Days and in the latter end of his Reign Rome was much infected with Plagues and Famines and as much frightn'd with Prodigies Then Hostilius began to think of bringing in the Religious Ceremonies of Numa which he had all this time took little Notice of but soon after he died after a Reign of 32 Years some say by Lightning with his whole Family tho' more probably by some treasonable Practices In this Reign the 300 Celeres were again reassum'd which had been dif-us'd in the last and the City was very much increas'd tho' the Dominions were little different from those in Romulus's Days only they seem'd to have a surer Footing in some Places than before CHAP. IV. From the Death of Hostilius to the Death of Ancus Marcius the Fourth King of Rome Containing the space of 24 Years I. AFter the Death of Tullus Hostilius the State fell into an Interregnum as formerly and in a short time Ancus Marcius was made King by the Inter-Rex and Senate and was confirm'd so by the People He had his Surname Ancus from his crookeâ— Arm which he cou'd not stretch out in length as Festus has it He was Grand-Son to Numa the second King of Rome by Pompilia his Daughter and Marcius his Kinsman who was the Son of that Marcius who had persuaded Numa to accept of the Kingdom and after Numa's death had kill'd himself because he did not succeed him This Prince was much of the same Temper with his Grand-Father Numa and considering that much of the Religion and many of the Ceremonies had been neglected in the last Reign he set himself to restore them to their former Use. For that reason he insinuated to the People that the Diseases Pestilence and other innumerable Calamities which had lately befallen the City together with the disasterous End of Hostilius proceeded from want of Devotion and a Neglect of their Gods He highly commended the Orders and Institutions of Numa and wou'd be often shewing the great Blessings of the State and how much it flourish'd under that happy Reign advising his Subjects to return to their Husbandry and more peaceable Employments and to lay aside all Sorts of Violence and all Profit that arises from War and Bloodshed The State thus setled he expected as his Grand-Father had done to pass his time free from all Wars and Troubles but he soon found his Designs cross'd and was compell'd to be a Warrior against his Will and was scarce ever free from publick Perils and Troubles He had scarce began his Reign and modell'd the Commonwealth when the Latines contemning him as a sluggish Prince and unfit for Military Affairs made Incursions into the Roman Territories Upon which he was oblig'd to make all necessary Preparations for a War proclaiming it according to the Ceremonies appointed by his Grand-Father Numa First an Ambassador was sent to the Frontiers of the Agressor's Country who in a Woollen Shash and a peculiar Dress and likewise in a solemn Form of Speech demanded Satisfaction which not being granted in 33 Days after a Consultation with the Senate the Feciales or Heraulds were immediately sent in their proper Habits with Javelins headed with Iron or all bloody and burnt at the end where in the Presence of three young Men at least they in the Name of the Gods and People of Rome solemnly proclaim'd War with that Country and then threw their Javelins into their Confines This Custom was brought in by Numa the Rules whereof were taken from the Aequicoli a very ancient People Ancus began this War with good Success and first took Politorium by Storm a Town of the Latines 14 or 15 Miles South-East of Rome the Inhabitants of which according to the usual Custom he transplanted to Rome allowing them the Privileges of Free Citizens And whereas the old Romans inhabited the Palatine the Sabines the Capitoline and the Albans the Caelian he granted the Aventine Hill for the Latines to possess the number of whom were encreased upon the subduing of Tellene and Ficania two Latine Towns nigh Politorium which he took soon after He is a little time likewise took Medallia a Place of considerable Strength and also Politorium again for the Latines finding it empty had possess'd themselves of it which made Ancus intirely demolish it The Latines inrag'd at their Losses made greater Preparations for the next Campaign but at several times he ruin'd their Designs broke their united Forces forc'd 'em to beg Peace and obtain'd a Triumph over ' em Not long after he subdu'd the Fidenates Veientes and the Volsci who had fallen out with him and likewise such of the Sabines who not having felt the strength of Rome had sorely repin'd at the exceeding Growth of an upstart City These latter he overthrew again and obtain'd over them a second Triumph II. Ancus did not only perform many great Acts abroad but also did many noble Works at home First upon the Account of the Success of his Arms he re-built the Temple of Iupiter Feretrius after a more stately and magnificent manner than before He fortify'd the Hill Ianiculum on the other side of the River Tiber for the greater strengthening of the City and to prevent its being a Refuge for Enemies uniting it to the City with a wooden Bridge over that River He likewise made a large Ditch call'd Fossa Quiritium which was no small Defence against such as came from the Plains And now the City having receiv'd a vast Increase seeing that such Multitudes of People of all sorts cou'd not but produce many Criminals he built a large Prison for Malefactors in the Heart of the City just facing the Forum to be a Terror to their growing Boldness He did not only enlarge the Pomaerium of the City but likewise its Dominions for having taken from the Veientes the Maesian Forest his Territories reach'd to the Sea upon which at the
Mouth of the River Tiber he built a Town call'd Ostia nigh ten Miles South of Rome to secure the Advantages of Trade to his Subjects for thither Commodities being brought by Ships were in lesser Vessels convey'd up the Tiber to this City and about this Town many Salt-pits were made This Prince as well as his Predecessors was very ready and careful to incourage Strangers and by reason of the frequent Advancement of such and the great Privileges they receiv'd many came daily hither and often such as were of good Note Among these Lucumon an Hetrurian was one a Person of great Accomplishments as well as large Possessions who came hither from Tarquinia in Hetruria with his Wife Tanaquil and several Followers He was Son to Demaratus a rich Merchant of Corinth who had left his Country upon the account of the Troubles at that time and settled in Tarquinia where marrying a noble Matron he had this Son besides another who died Childless Lucumon finding no Incouragement in his own Country being the Son of a Foreigner remov'd to Rome where by his Hospitality and Bounty he soon became known to the King having now taken upon him the Name of Lucius adding that of Tarquinius from the Place of his Birth He was honourably treated by Ancus to whom he generously offer'd his whole Patrimony for the Publick Good and by that means obtain'd Freedom for himself and Followers with Lands both for Building and for Sustenance Ancus in a little time chose him into the Senate for he was greatly esteem'd by the King and as much belov'd by the People no Man being more hardy in War or more prudent in Councel Ancus bestow'd most of his latter Time in inriching his Subjects and improving the City and at the end of 24 Years Reign he died a Prince not inferior to any of his Predecessors either for the Glory he gain'd in Peace or War He left behind him two Sons both under Age which he committed to the Guardianship of the foremention'd Lucius Tarquinius as the fittest Person he cou'd employ in such an Office The Roman Dominions were now encreas'd beyond what they were in the last Reign by a larger Part of Hetruria taken from the Veientes and a much better Footing in Latium CHAP. V. From the Death of Ancus Marcius to the Death of Tarquinius Priscus the Fifth King of Rome Containing the space of 38 Years I. ANcus being dead the Senate receiv'd Power from the People to order the Affairs of the Commonwealth and created certain Interreges as formerly In this short Interregnum Tarquin was extremely busie about the Election of a King having great hopes of it himself Therefore to remove all Obstacles to his Designs he sent Ancus's two Sons out a Hunting the eldest being then nigh 14 Years of Age and assembling the People he made a plausible Speech to 'em wherein he plainly begg'd the Kingdom urging the Examples of Tatius and Numa the first an Enemy as well as a Stranger and the second wholly unacquainted with the City whereas he himself was so great a Friend to the City that he had spent all his Riches upon it and so well acquainted with it that he had been train'd up several Years both in Civil and Military Affairs under their King Then he cunningly insinuated his past Services and insisting more than ordinary upon his Liberality he obtain'd the Kingdom being the first who obtain'd it by his own ambitious seeking At the beginning of his Reign the better to gain the Love of the Common People he chose out 100 of the Plebeians who for Valour or Wisdom were most Eminent and added them to the Senate which made up the Number 300 those of Romulus's Creation being call'd Patres Conscripti these were call'd Patres minorum Gentium that is Senators of a lower Rank He likewise encreas'd the Number of Vestal Virgins from four to seven but Plutarch says there were but two before His first War was with the Latines from whom he took several Towns among the rest Collatia a Place five Miles North-East of Rome over which pe plac'd his Nephew Aruns Tarquinius for Governour the Posthumus Issue of his Brother surnam'd Egerius from his want of Patrimony and Collatinus from the Place which Surname continu'd to his Posterity Notwithstanding the Latines great Supplies from Hetruria he soon forc'd 'em to beg Peace and then turn'd his Arms against the Sabines who had again risen up against Rome Both Armies met upon the Banks of Anio where the Romans made use of a Stratagem by sending a Party of Men to burn a great Heap of Wood that lay by the River-side and to throw it in which being driven forwards by the Wind much of the flaming Wood got hold on the Wood of the Bridge and set it on fire This not only terrifiâ—d the Sabines while they were engaging but when they were routed hinder'd their Flight their Bridge being burnt down and therefore many of 'em tho' they escap'd the Sword perish'd in the Water whose floating Arms being carry'd down the Tiber to Rome discover'd the Victory there almost before the News cou'd be carry'd Tarquin proceeded to march into the Sabine Territories where the Sabines tho' with small Hopes met him with an undisciplin'd Army and being defeated a second time they were forc'd to beg Peace Over the Sabines Tarquin obtain'd his first Triumph Soon after the Sabine-War was finish'd all Hetruria or rather the Neighbouring Parts combin'd against him upon the Account of his detaining some Prisoners of theirs whom he had taken among the Sabines They had made a Law among themselves That whatever Town refus'd to join against the Romans shou'd not be accounted of their Body and they soon after possess'd themselves of Fidenae a Roman Colony But he was so successful against 'em as to overthrow 'em in several Battels and upon his preparing for another Campaign they were humbled and to purchase Peace they ownâ—d him for their Prince and in tokens of Allegiance sent him all the Ensigns of Sovereignty which their Kings were usually adorn'd with These were a Crown of Gold an Ivory Chair a Scâ—pâ—re with an Eagle on the top a Purple-Coat wrought with Gold and a Purple-Gown pink'd almost like the Robes of the Persian and Lydian Kings only it was not four-square but of a semi-circular Figure From hence also came the Râ—bes and Coats us'd by the Augurs and Heralds with many of their Ornaments us'd in Rome afterwards the Axes they had before tho' now they receiv'd 'em again Over these People Tarquin triumph'd a second time This War finish'd which continu'd nine Years he fell a second time upon the Sabines who now alone contended with the Romans for Superiority over whom he obtain'd a third Triumph and providing for another Expedition they yielded whom he receiv'd on the same Terms with the Hetrurians II. Tarquin was no less mindful of strengthning the City at home than of enlarging his
Dominions abroad for when he found leisure he built the Walls of the City which before were patch'd up in haste with large square Stone each consisting of a Load Weight Then he took care of the other publick Buildings of the City adorning the Forum with lofty Portico's Galleries and Shops being a Prince much delighted with stately Buildings and noble Sights He likewise made many Cloacae or Common-Sewers to drain the City and carry the Filth of it into the Tiber a Work of such vast Charge and Labour that when they were afterwards stopp'd the Censors spent a Thousand Talents only to clear 'em a Work likewise so admirable that Dionysius thinks that from the Magnificence of these as well as their Aquaeducts and High-ways the Grandeur of the Roman Empire appear'd In the Circus Maximus that vast Place for Games and Exercises between the Palatine and Aventine Hills he caus'd Seats to be rais'd for the Spectators with great Skill and Charge and likewise distinguish'd all their Places according to their several Ranks and Dignities In the Sabine War he vow'd a Temple to Iupiter Iuno and Minerva if he got the Victory for that reason afterwards he with wonderful Cost levelled the Rock on the Capitoline and form'd a Plat for building it but liv'd not to go on with it any further and this was the beginning of the Capitol Tarquin had design'd after these things to have added three Centuries of the Celeres to those three Instituted by Romulus but was forbidden by Actius Naevius to alter the Constitutions of that King therefore without creating of new Centuries he doubled the Number of the former This Naevius was the most famous Augur that Rome ever knew and Tarquin one time to try him ask'd him If what he had in his Thought might be done he answering in the affirmative Tarquin jeeringly told him He thought of cutting a Whetstone with a Razor Naevius â—ad him strike hard and he cut it through This much enhancâ—d the Reputation of Augury especially of Naevius's Skill therein but his being suddenly miss'd soon after was a great Prejudice to Tarquin For the two Sons of Ancus Marcius grudging him their Father's Throne accusâ—d him to the People of the Death of this Augur but his Son-in-Law answer'd their Objections and clear'd him of that Scandal Missing their Design they pretended Repentance and were easily receiv'd into Favour but three Years after they disguised several of their Companions like Shepherds and appearing in Court pretended a Quarrel and demanded Justice of the King Tarquin appearing they set upon him and kill'd him but were soon caught and receiv'd their just Reward Thus fell Lucius Tarquinius for distinction surnam'd Priscus after the last Tarquin had obtain'd the Kingdom in the Eightieth Year of his Age after he had Reign'd 38 Years and done many and great Services to the Common-Wealth The Roman Greatness and Magnificence began to appear much more in this Reign than in the former and this King was the first that ever Triumph'd in a Chariot Likewise the Roman Dominions were much encreas'd in this Reign by a larger Authority in the Sabines Country and by some considerable Additions in Hetruria and Latium CHAP. VI. From the Death of Tarquinius Priscus to the Death of Servius Tullius the Sixth King of Rome Containing the Space of 44 Years I. TArquinius Priscus being dead Servius Tullius his Son-in-law succeeded him which Tullius was Son to Ocrisia a considerable Woman taken Prisoner by Tarquin at Corniculum a Town in Latium and given to his Wife Tanaquil where she was deliver'd of Tullius surnam'd Servius in remembrance of her Bondage her Husband being slain at the taking of the Town Tullius being an Infant in his Cradle a Flame of Fire is said to have appear'd and encompass'd his Head which rais'd great Expectations in Tanaquil a Woman much esteem'd for such kind of Knowledge She brought her Husband to so good an Opinion of him that he both gave him Education and in time made him his Son-in-Law When the King grew old he manag'd his Publick Affairs for him both abroad and at home with that Valour Prudence and Integrity that he gain'd the highest Esteem of all People Tarquinius having no Sons but only two Grand-sons both Infants Tanaquil much desir'd that Tullius shou'd succeed him therefore she kept his Death private for a while pretending he was only dangerously wounded till Tullius had prevail'd with the People to banish the Marcii Being thus secure of that Faction he carry'd out Tarquin as newly dead to be bury'd and as Tutor or Guardian to the young Children executed the Office of King which Tanaquil out of the Window had told the People was her Husband's Will when she feign'd him still alive The Patritians were much concernâ—d at this not knowing how to come to an Election since they perceiv'd the People wou'd not approve of their Choice but wou'd be all for Tullius so they thought it better to let him Reign in an unlawful Manner that they might ever have a just Pretence against him than by stirring to procure him a legal Title Tullius discovering all their Designs and Practices immediately assembled the People in the Forum where appearing with his Mother Mother-in-Law the two Children and all his Kindred in deep mourning and all the utmost signs of sorrow he shew'd the People how sad and lamentable his Condition was through the Contrivances of the Patritians against him which he had no otherwise deserv'd than by his good Services to his Country That they had design'd to recall the Marcii who had treasonably Murder'd Tarquin and to expose the Posterity of him whose Memâ—ry â—ught to be so precious to 'em as well as himself to the same Cruelty But if it was the Pleasure of the People he wou'd freely give up all Pretensions and rather than offend them undergo the severest Hardships A great Clamour immediately arose mixâ—d with the Prayers and Tears of those who besought him to retain the Government and some who were provided before-hand began to cry out He was to be chosen King and the Curiae were to be call'd to the Vâ—te which thing was instantly resolv'd by the Multitude He thankâ—d 'em very heartily for being mindful of the Benefits receiv'd from him and promised to pay their Debts and divide the publick Lands among such as wanted if they wou'd elect him King and thereupon he appointed a day for the Assembly At the Comitia Curiata he was chosen King by the Votes of 'em all in spite of all the Opposition of the Senate who refus'd at last to confirm the Choice as their Custâ—m was II. Not long after his Settlement according to his Promise he divided the publick Lands among the poorer Sort and in the Curiata Comitia preferr'd fifty several Laws concerning Contracts and Injuries He very much enlarg'd the City taking in three Hills to the four former namely the Quirinal the Viminal and the Esquiline on the latter of
from the natural Period of his Life he was slain by his Daughter and Son-in-Law after this manner Tullius had two Daughters whom he marry'd to Tarquin's Grandsons Lucius Tarquinius and Aruns Tarquinius The first of a proud tyrannical Nature had a very modest good Wife and the last of a mild sweet Temper had a haughty wicked Woman Lucius inrag'd at Tullius for possessing his Grand-Father's Throne and finding his Brother's Wife of a fiery Temper and rather more cruel than himself agreed with her to change Husbands both promising to dispatch their Consorts which they soon effected and were marry'd together After this they resolv'd the utter Ruine of the King raising what Factions they cou'd against him alledging his illegal Title then claim'd the Crown as Heirs to Tarquin But Tullius by his great Modesty and prudent Management defeated all their Designs and came off with great Honour both with the Senate and the People which brought Lucius to a feign'd Repentance on his side and that produc'd a real Reconciliation on the King 's Lucius cover'd with this Disguise took an opportunity one day when most of the People were out of the City to go to the Senate-House with the Robes and Royal Ensigns as King and getting together such of the Fathers as were his special Friends he boldly took Possession of the King's Throne Tullius unadvisedly with a few Followers hastned thither and going to thrust him out Lucius threw him down the Stairs The old Man hardly recovering his Spirits was led homewards in great Disorder when Lucius's Wife coming to see the Event saluted her Husband King and advis'd him to send after Tullius and dispatch him which was immediately perform'd In her Passage home coming to the Place where the Body lay weltring in Blood and as yet almost gasping her Charioteer stood still startl'd and amaz'd at the Inhumane Spectacle not having Room to pass by it Whereupon she in a Rage threw her Footstool at his Head and in a barbarous manner forcâ—d him to drive her over it the Place which before was call'd Cyprius Vicus was after this Act call'd Sceleratus This was the End of Servius Tullius a Prince of eminent Justice and Moderation after a prosperous Reign of 44 Years but the less pity'd upon the Account of his undue Admission to the Crown which made most of the Patritians espouse his Successor's part especially since he was about altering the Government which wou'd have prov'd the Weakning if not the Ruine of their Authority He left the Roman Dominions in much the same Condition as they were in the last Reign only he got a larger Footing in Hetruria CHAP. VII From the Death of Servius Tullius to the Banishment of Tarquinius Superbus the Seventh King of Rome which caus'd the Dissolution of the Regal State Containing the space of 25 Years I. LUcius Tarquinius having barbarously murder'd his Father-in-Law obtain'd the Kingdom by meer Force and Violence and by his Tyrannical and Imperious Carriage soon got the Surname of Superbus as that of Priscus for distinction sake was given to his Grand-Father He wou'd not permit the King's Body to be publickly interr'd lest the People shou'd rise and cause some dangerous Disturbances he alledging That Romulus dy'd without Burial He murder'd such as he suspected to be of Tullius's Faction and fearing the natural Consequences of his Tyranny he kept a stronger Guard than ordinary about his Person All Controversies whatsoever he decided himself assisted by his intimate Friends and executed banish'd and fin'd all at his own Pleasure He endeavour'd to establish his Tyranny with the more Security by great Alliances marrying his Daughter to Octavius Mamilius the greatest Man among the Latines being descended from Telegonus the Son of Ulysses by Circe and by his false Accusations and a cunning Device caus'd 'em to stone Turnus Herdonius who had discover'd to 'em his Baseness and Villany He neither consider'd the Consent of the Senate or People but much diminish'd the Authority of the former by the Murder of many of the higher Rank whose Wealth he seiz'd on for his own use resolving to chuse no more in their Places that their Power might decrease insensibly and in time be worn out Among those whom he murder'd for their Estates Marcus Iunius was one a most eminent Man among the Romans descended from the Companions of Aeâ—eas and marry'd to Tarquina Daughter to Tarquinius Priscus by whom he had Lucius Iunius This Lucius was nobly educated and had an admirable Wit and Knowledge with a profound Judgment and Understanding but after Tarquin had privily murder'd his Father and his eldest Brother the better to save himself and revenge his Father he counterfeited himself a Fool and thence had the Surname of Brutus Tarquin thinking his Folly real despis'd the Man and having possess'd himself of his Estate kept him as an Ideot in his House suffering him to converse with his Children not out of any Respect as a Kinsman but to make 'em Sport by his ridiculous Words and Actions It hapn'd in the time of a great Pestilence he sent his two Sons Sextus and Titus to consult the Oracle and with them Brutus as a Companion for their Diversion The Sons were well pleas'd with his Company and laugh'd very heartily to see him offer a wooden Staff to Apollo wherein he had secretly convey'd Gold The young Men having executed their Father's Commands enquir'd of the Oracle Which of them shou'd be Prince of Rome It was answer'd He who first shou'd kiss his Mother which the Sons misunderstanding agreed to do it both at their return and reign jointly together But Brutus knowing the meaning of the Oracle as soon as they arriv'd at Italy pretended to fall down by chance and kiss'd the Earth which is the common Mother of all Men. After this he ever made it his Business to find Opportunities of ruining the Tyrant and restoring the Liberties of Rome all which he carry'd on by a profound Secrecy and a wonderful Dissimulation II. Tarquin being a Warlike Prince first march'd against the Sabines who refus'd to pay him Obedience and soo reduc'd them to Submission over whom he obtain'd a Triumph Soon after he began a War with the Volsci a People bordering on Latium which continu'd with some little Intermissions above 200 Years From these he took Suessa-Pometia a considerable City about 26 Miles South-East of Rome where he found great Spoils and Plunder and over them he obtain'd a second Triumph Next he fell upon Gabii a City of great Note 10 or 11 Miles East of Rome which had taken part with Suessa-Pometia He invested it but meeting with great Difficulties he caus'd his eldest Son Sextus to counterfeit Desertion upon Pretence of barbarous Usage from his Father who being honourably receiv'd by the Gabines by his cunning and insinuating Behaviour got to be their Governour After some time he sent to his Father to know what Measures to take Tarquin took the Messenger
an Ambuscade a Valiant Soldier who was callâ—d the Sword as Fabius 〈◊〉 Buckler of Rome His Collegue Crispinus also 〈◊〉 a Wound which in a little time killâ—d him 〈◊〉 nominated a Dictator for holding the Comitiâ—â—â— new Election which was Manlius Torquatus his Master of the Horse being C. Servilius The following Year Asdrubal was order'd to leave Spain and go for Italy to the Assistance of his Brother Hannibal Whereupon Livius the Consul was order'd to meet and oppose him whilst his Collegue Nero observ'd the Motions of Hannibal but Nero having met with some Success against Hannibal made a choice Detachment of 6000 Foot and 1000 Horse and with great Secrecy and as great Expedition Marchâ—d towards his Collegue Having joyn'd him they surrounded Asdrubal who by the Treachery of his Guides had led him into a dangerous Place and cut him and his whole Army in pieces Nero immediately returnâ—d to his Camp and before Hannibal knew of his Departure cast his Brother's Head in his Camp by which to his great Grief he knew of his Defeat At the finishing of this Consulship a Dictator was created for the holding of the Comitia for a new Election the Consuls being both in the Field which was Livius Salinator his Master of the Horse being Caecilius Metellus The Year after this Scipio after the obtaining many great Victories and the performing many noble Exploits in Spain wholly reduc'd that Country to the Obedience of Rome having taken or driven out all the Carthaginian Commanders and gain'd as much Reputation by his Mild Sweet and Generous Temper as he did by his Courageous and Valiant Acts. This happen'd Five Years after his undertaking this Charge and Twelve after the Beginning of this War IV. The Romans now found themselves in a much better Condition than they were at the Beginning of these Wars especially by the happy Reduction of two such considerable Provinces as Spain and Sicily which had been great Diversions to â—em but still Hannibal in the Bowels of Italy was a severe Curb and a grievous Burden to â—em upon which Scipio at his Return being made Consul at 29 Years of Age greatly desired to be sent into Africk as the most effectual Means to finish the War declaring to the Senate That he doubted not but to manage Affairs so as that the Carthaginians should be forcâ—d to recall Hannibal out of Italy for the Defence of his own Country Fabius most earnestly and with some Heat oppos'd this and thereupon a considerable Difference arose but at length Sicily was granted him for his Province and Leave given him to pass over into Africk if he saw it convenient for the Common-wealth All the first Year he spent in Sicily in providing Necessaries for his Expedition at the end of which a Dictator was created for holding the Comitia for a new Election of Consuls namely Caecilius Mâ—tellus his Master of the Horse being Veturius Philo The next Lustrum being soon after 215000 Free Citizens were Cessâ—d which was 77892 more than at the last a happy Encrease for Five Years time This same Year which was the 14th of this War Scipio arriv'd at Africk with a brave Fleet where Masanissa King of Numidia who had joyn'd with him in Spain came in to his Assistance Scipio was not long in Africk without Employment for in a short time Hanno opposâ—d him and was slain himself with 3000 of his Men which so encourag'd Scipio that he immediately Invested Utica but Syphax King of Numidia who had dispossess'd Masanissa of his Kingdom Marching with the Carthaginians to relieve the Place Scipio broke up the Siege and departed to his Winter Quarters But in the Winter he again Invested Utica and understanding that the Enemy was encamp'd not far off he sent his ablest Soldiers in the Habits of Slaves with his Commissioners to view their Camp This done he suddenly set Fire to their Coverings of Mats Reeds dry Boughs and the like which they not suspecting but thinking it came by Accident were cut in pieces in the midst of the Hurry and Confusion to the Numberof 40000 Men 6000 being taken Prisoners Not long after he gave them another great Overthrow which so terrify'd the Carthaginians that they were obligâ—d to recall their great Champion Hannibal out of Italy who himself likewise had been in declining condition for a considerable time An Embassage was immediately dispatch'd to Rome with a Design to obtain a Cesâ—ation of Arms till Hannibal cou'd safely retire from Italy But their Aim being sufficiently understood their Message was slighted and came to no Effect During these Endeavours Syphax finding his Kingdom wou'd probably return to Masanissa the True Inheritor had gather'd together a Numerous Army of Unexperienc'd Strangers and with them March'd against Scipio but was soon defeated and himself taken Prisoner Masanissa the better to regain his Kingdom March'd with all speed to Cirta the Chief City and by shewing them the King in Bonds procur'd the Gates to be open'd every one striving to gain the Favour of him who as they perceiv'd wou'd be their King Among the rest Queen Sophonisba Syphax â—s Wife a Woman of incomparable Beauty who very earnestly and humbly besought him That she might not be deliver'd up into the hands of the Romans Her Powerful Charms so recommended her Suit that young Masanissa forthwith granted it and the more effectually to perform his Promise Marry'd her himself that Day This Action was much disapprovâ—d of by Scipio at his Arrival soon after letting him to understand That the Romans had a Title to her Head as being their Captive one of their greatest Enemies and the Principal Cause of all Syphax ' s Treachery Upon this therefore Masanissa in desperate Passion sent her a Bowl of Poyson at the receiving of which she only said That if her Husband had no better Token to send to his new Wife she must accept of that adding That her Death had been more honourable if her Marriage had been farther from it and so boldly drank it oft Scipio the better to comfort the Melancholy Prince had him immediately Proclaimâ—d King of Numidia with the greatest Pomp and Solemnity that couâ—d be expected having now setled him in his Throne without any farther Opposition V. Hannibal had now made his greatest and utmost Efforts in Italy and had perform'd more than any other Commander when he was recall'd by his Superiours and with great Concern and Reluctancy was forc'd to quit that Country after he had spent 15 Years in it with various Fortune He complain'd much of his Senate and of Himself of his Senate because they had so badly supplyâ—d him with Money and other Necessaries when he had been so long in an Enemies Country of Himself for giving the Romans time to recover themselves after he had so often overthrown ' em It is said likewise that before he Embark'd he built an Arch nigh the Temple of Iuno Lacinia where in Punick and Greek Letters
which made Perseus begin to reflect upon what he had done and understanding the Motions and Preparations of the Romans he apply'd himself to Marcius about a Treaty for Peace relying upon the Ancient Friendship between their two Families The Ambassadors were well satisfy'd with this Opportunity and to divert him from Action granted him Truce till he might send to Rome for without this he might have began the War much to the Disadvantage of the Romans who had neither Army nor Commander yet arrivâ—d in Grecce The Senate deny'd him Peace and Attilius the Consul was sent to seize upon Larissa the Chief City of Thessaly Whereupon Perseus drew all his Forces together having gather'd together a greater Army than any of his Predecessors were Masters of since Alexander the Great He took in some Towns upon his Frontiers and Licinius the Consul led such a raw undisciplin'd Army into Macedonia and through such difficult and almost Impassable Places that had Perseus made his Advantage of this Opportunity he might easily have destroy'd it After this he sent to Licinius offering to observe the Articles to which his Father Philip had submitted by paying the Tribute and leaving the Cities to their Liberty but could not obtain Peace to be granted him upon these Terms Soon after Thebes and Aleartus were taken by Lucretius the Praetorâ— and the Consul having had the Advantage in another Skirmish possess'd himself of some Towns and took up his Winter-Quarters mean while Appius Claudius lost many Men in Illyricum The Year following Hostilius the Consul who was to manage this War performâ—d but little of moment besides reducing his Men to that Ancient Discipline which his Predecessor had too much neglected Marcius Philippus succeeding him at his first Entrance into his Province might have easily been defeated had he met with a Prudent and Expert Enemy the Ways being so difficult and dangerous to pass that his Soldiers could scarce hold their Weapons in their Hands by reason of their Weariness And after he had enter'd the Plains he might as easily have been block'd up and starvâ—d had not Perseus struck with a groundless Fear retreated to Pydna and left all the Passes open to him Yet Marcius acted nothing of Consequence leaving all to be performâ—d by his Successor Aemilius Paulus who had been Consul 17 Years before and was a very Experiencâ—d Commander Aemilius very skilfully manag'd the War and causâ—d the Eclipse of the Moon to be foretold to his Soldiers lest they should be discouragâ—d by it which much terrify'd the Enemy that knew nothing of the Natural Cause He kept his Men from Fighting when they were fatiguâ—d tho' the Officers were desirous to Engage but the Armies lying Encampâ—d on each side the River Enipeus a Peast by chance passing over from the Roman side was seiz'd on and being rescuâ—d by degrees drew both Armies to an Engagement wherein Persâ—us lost the Day and with it his Kingdom He flying into the Isle of Crete when all abandonâ—d him surrenderâ—d himself into the Hands of Cn. Octavius Aemilius severely Chastis'd the Epirots who had joynâ—d with Perseâ—s Plundering and Demolishing about 70 of their Towns whereby such a great Booty was gainâ—d that each Footman had 200 Denarii above 7 English Pounds and every Horseman twice as much But the Soldiers having gainâ—d little or no Plunder in Mâ—câ—donia nor any of the Kingâ—s Treasure denyâ—d their General a Triumph which he obtainâ—d notwithstanding and that a most Splendid one too such as Rome scare ever saw before Preseus himself and his Two Sons beâ—ng Led in Great State and Magnificence before his Triumphal Chariot And the same Year Cn. Octavius the Praetor at Sea Triumph'd and L. Anicius before whose Chariot was Led Gentius King of the Illyrians who being a Confederate of Perseus was obligâ—d to yield himself Prisoner Thus ended the Second Macedonian War in three Years time and with it the Macedonian Kingdom after it had continuâ—d 156 Years after Alexanderâ—s Death and several Hundreds of Years before Aâ—milius by this Conquest bringing 200 Millions of Sesterces into the Treasure according to Paterculus IV. Now the Roman Grandeur began to display it self through all Countries and Nations many Kings and Potentates became humble Suppliants to the Senate being all at their Disposal and Learning now flourishâ—d much more than ever being much forwarded by the Romans Converse and Familiarity with the Graecians whom they had lately conquer'd and much encouragâ—d by Scipio and Laelius the two noble Patrons of Eloquence Poetry and all Arts and the worthiest and most accomplish'd Gentlemen in Rome The former of these was Aemilius the Consulâ—s Son adopted by the Son of Africanus and the other was Son to Laelius who formerly did great Service in Africa In this time flourish'd the famous Comedian Terence who Writ with extraordinary Correctness and Accuracy and helpâ—d to bring the Roman Tongue to a great Perfection as to Purity and Propriety his first Play being acted one Year after the Conquest of Macedonia and Perseus And not only the Learning Riches and Dominions of Rome were encreasâ—d but likewise the Inhabitants for in a Lustration about this time there wereâ— 312081 Free Citizens Cessed For 17 or 18 Years the Romans were employ'd in more inferiour Wars such as those with the Ligurians Corsicans Dalmatians and Spaniards and likewise the Macedenians being all in the nature of Revolts which though they often created much Trouble to the State yet they were not so memorable as to deserve a particular Account in this Volume These Wars were scarcely finish'd when the Romans found a Pretence to begin the Third Carthaginian War which was their being in Arms against Masanissa a Roman Ally tho' they had sufficient Justice on their side The Roman Ambassadors who were sent to Carthage finding the City very Rich and Flourishing from their Fifty years Peace at their Return insisted much on the Danger which threatned Rome from that State especially Cato who never came into the Senate but after his Speaking to any Publick Business concluded with Delenda est Carthago Carthage is to be Destroy'd He was often opposâ—d by Scipio Nasica who urg'd That upon the Removal of so powerful a Rival Security wou'd cause the Ruin and Dissolution of the Roman Common-Wealth as it afterwards prov'd But Cato's Reason's drawn from the present Danger so Over-rul'd Scipio's Forecast that the Senate now having a Pretence of an Open Breach of Articles Order'd War to be Proclaim'd against the Carthaginians and both the Consuls were sent with a full Resolution utterly to destroy Carthage The Carthaginians affrighted at the Romans Preparations immediately Condemn'd those who had broken the League and most humbly offer'd any reasonable Satisfaction Answer was return'd to 'em That they shou'd enjoy all as formerly provided they sent 300 Hostages of the Chief of the City within 30 days to Sicily and did what the Consuls shou'd fâ—rther Command ' em The Carthaginiâ—ns desiring nothing more than
rest divided among such Poor as had nothing And least any shou'd go about to enlarge their Portions by Purchase Triumviri or Three Men were Yearly appointed to Judge what Lands were Publick and what were Private These Matters tho' at first carry'd on with sufficient Moderation extreamly disgusted the Nobility and Richer sort who by Vertue of this Law were to part with much of their Estates and for that Reason they frequently insinuated to the People That Gracchus had introduc'd this Law with a Design only to disturb the Government and to put all things into Confusion But Gracchus being a Person of great Abilities and Eloquence easily wip'd off those Aspersions and in a Publick Speech told the People That while the Savage Beasts and Destroyers of Mankind wanted not their Places of Repose and Refuge those Men who expos'd their Lives for their Countries were forbidden all Enjoyments but the open Air and Sun-shine That their Commanders before the Battels ridiculously Exhorted 'em to Fight for their Temples and Altars and their Ancestors Seats when they had none of these to defend oâ— care for They had the Honour indeed of gaining large and rich Dominions but had not the Profit of enjoying the smallest and meanest Possessions and likewise had the Honour of being styl'd Lords of the Universe but had not the Command of one Foot of Land This Speech and some others of his had great Effects upon the common People who before were forward enough in promoting a Law so very advantageous to themselves but Gracchus meeting with much Opposition on one side as well as Encouragement on the other began now to proceed with greater Heat and Violence and being oppos'd by Octavius one of his Collegues he so manag'd him both by Cunning and Violence as he was forc'd to quit his Office into whose Place he chose Mummius one of his own Faction This Action of his being without all Precedent much alienated the Minds of many of the Multitude and his own Party who judg'd he us'd too Great a Freedom with the Sacrosanct Office of the Tribuneship Gracchus perceiving this first made a very plausible Defence and the more to ingratiate himself with the People he offerâ—d to prefer a Law for distributing the Money of Attalus King of Pergamus which he had lately left together with his Kingdom to the People of Rome This caus'd Greater Disturbances among the Senate and Nobility than before and all Things were carryâ—d on with more violent Feuds than ever so that Gracchus's Death began now to be thought on and design'd as the surest Means to quiet all Disturbances and to compose all Differences The Senate being assembled to consult the most proper Method in this Juncture and all being of Opinion that Mâ—tius Scaevola the Consul shou'd defend the Commonwealth by Arms he refus'd to act any thing by Force Whereupon Scipio Nasica Gracchus's Kinsman taking up his Gown under his Left-arm held up his Right-hand in great Passion crying Since the Consul regards not the Safety of the Common-wealth lâ—t every Man that will defend the Dignity and Authority of the Laws follow me Upon this he went directly up to the Capitol being accompanied with most of the Senate many Equites and some Commoners arm'd with Clubs Staves and such like Weapons who knocking down all that resisted open'd their Way into the Capitol where Gracchus was speaking to the People and endeavouring to be chosen Tribune for the following Year In which Place they fell upon both him and his Hearers of whom they kill'd 300 and with them himself with a piece of a Seat as he was endeavouring to save himself by Flight This was the first Insurrection among the Romans that ended with Effusion of Blood since the Abrogation of Kingly Government for all former Seditions tho' many of 'em were very great and lasting were constantly ended by the two Parties yielding to one another and submitting all to the Good of the Publick for then Riches and Private Interest were not understood among the Romans At this time there were some Risings at Athens and at Delos being as Sparks of that Fire kindled by the Slaves in Sicily the Year before which with some Trouble were extinguish'd neither was Italy it self altogether free from them But a greater War ensuâ—d about the Kingdom of Asia for Attalus King of Pergamus or Asia by his last Will had left the People of Rome his Heir as was before observ'd But after his Decease Aristonicus his Bastard-Brother seiz'd on the Kingdom as his own Inheritance and Right Licinius Crassus the Consul was first sent against him but was unfortunately overthrown in the first Battel and being taken Prisoner struck one of the Soldiers on the Eye on purpose to provoke him to kill him which he did He thus miscarrying tho' with the Assistance of several Kings his Successor Perpâ—nna hasted into Asia set upon Aristonicus unawares before he was recoverâ—d of his Security contracted by his Victory first overthrew him in Battel then besieg'd him in Stratonice where by Famine he forc'd him to a Surrender shortly after which he dy'd himself at Pergamus The Remainder of the War was finish'd by Aquilius the following Year's Consul who having settled the Province with sufficient Oppression of the People led Aristonicus in Triumph tho' he had been taken by another and afterwards by Order of the Senate he was strangl'd in Prison about 4 Years after the Death of Tiberius Gracchus a little before which tiem a Lustrum being perform'd 330â—23 Free Citizens were cess'd III. The Civil Dissentions occasion'd by Gracchus did not die with him his Law for the Division of the Lands being still in Force of which the People were so fond that many Disturbances were rais'd upon that Account Now Gracchus had a younger Brother call'd Caius who with Flaccus and Papirius had been made Triumvirs for dividing the Grounds He with his Collegues undertook the Patronage of this Law and performing his Office with great Vigour such Trouble arose about the Divisions the Reckonings the Accounts and Removals that the Italians finding themselves Severely pressâ—d upon betook themselves to Scipio Africanus for Ease Scipio did not altogether reject their Suit nor yet wou'd he make any Objections against the Law it self so he only moved in Senate That the Executive Power of it might be taken from the Triumviri and lodg'd in some others The Senate most willingly agreed to this and conferr'd it on Sempronius Tâ—ditanus the Consul but he finding the Work troublesome and ungratefull retired from the City under Pretence of the War in Illyricum There being none at present to fly to in this Juncture the People were much incensâ—d at Scipio accounting him ingrateful and a Favourer of the Italians more than themselvesâ— which ill Opinions of him were encreas'd by his Approving of the Senior Gracchus's Death and his Reprimanding the Multitude for being dissatisfy'd with it But such was his Fortune that being one Night retired to his
was disappointed with considerable Loss and to his great Surprize was surrounded by Pompey with an Intrenchment of above eighteen Miles Circuit Whereupon hearing that Marcius was join'd Pompey he betook himself to Flight having first killed all such as were sick and useless about him But Pompey pursuâ— d him so close that before he cou'd pass the River Euphrates he forc'd him to an Engagement in the Night The Moon being very low and on the Backs of the Romans so lengthen'd their Shadows that the Enemies thinking â—em nigher than really they were shot most of their Arrows without doing Execution Here Mithridates lost many Thousands of Men but he himself broke through with 800 Horse of which only 300 stay'd with him Then sorrowfully wandring through the Woods with his Horse in his Hands he accidentally met with some Mercenaries and about 3000 Foot by whose Assistance he was convey'd into a Castle where he had laid up much Treasure From hence he sent to Tigranes who now refused to receive him alledging that his Son upon his Account had rebellâ— d against him Whereupon Mithridates fled to Colchis which he had formerly conquered and Pompey followed him thinking he would not have stirr'd thence but he immediately passed into Scythia where partly by Force and partly by Perswasions he obligâ— d the Princes of that County to be of his Party bestowing his Daughters in Marriage upon some of 'em having still vast Designs in his Mind even of passing through Thrace Macedâ—nia Pannonia and so over the Alpes into Italy it self Pompey in a short time left Colchis and getting clear of the Ambuscades laid for him by the Albanians and Iberians directed his March to Armenia against Tigranes who now resolvâ— d not to fight upon the Account of the Rebellion of his three Sons he had by Mithridates's Daughter two of which he had executed and the third after an Overthrow had fled to Pompey Tigranes's Ambassadors coming to desire a Peace this Son so far prevail'd that they cou'd not be heard shortly after Pompey invested the City Artaxata which Tigranes immediately surrender'd and shortly after came himself into Pompey's Camp making him Mediator between him and his Son who wou'd not so much as rise up to his Father or shew him any Respect whatsoever But Pompey received him with extraordinary Civility allowing him the greatest Part of his former Dominions and his Son the rest but took away all his Conquests and fin'd him 6000 Talents of Silver for the Charge of the War Tigranes was by these Articles oblig'd to quit many conquerâ—d Territories particularly all Syria and Phoenicia and Euphrates to the Sea but his Son was still very refractory refusing Obedience and threatning the Death of his Father for which he was shut up in Prison by Pompey and reservâ—d for a Triumph and not long afterwards he was put to Death Tigranes being now reconcil'd to the Romans paid more than his Fine and made Presents to every Officer and Soldier for which he was esteem'd a Friend and Allie of the Romans Pompey restor'd Cappadocia to Ariobarzanes giving him also Gordiena and Sophena with Cabala a City of Cilicia and other Places after which with some Opposition he constrain'd the Albanians and Iberians to beg Peace Thus prosperous was this great Commander who still design'd larger and more glorious Conquests and therefore passing over the vast Mount Taurus he march'd against Darius the Median and Antiâ—chus King of Syria for molesting the Roman Allies or assisting their Enemies Whereupon Phraates King of Parthia who had been call'd into Gordiena by Tigranes's Son terriyâ—d at his great Exploits sent to beg Peace of him which he granted not but sent Afraneus into into Gordiena to expel his Forces and restore that Country to Tigranes Phraates upon this invading Armenia Tigranes sent to Pompey for Succour who being unwilling to commence a War with Phraates without positive Orders from Rome sent three Commissioners to make an Accommodation But for Antiâ—chus to whom Lucullus had granted Syria for his Inheritance he first intended to betake himself to the Assistance of Phraates but upon mature Deliberation he resolved to yield himself to Pompey â—S Generosity But Pompey having now possess'd himself of all his Country without Resistance refusâ—d to grant him what he expected and what he knew he was unable to keep from the Incursions of the Jews and Arabians on both sides of him And the better to excuse himself told him That since the Romans had been at such Charges and Pains to conquer Tigranes it wou'd be unreasonable that the Reward shou'd fall to another Therefore he only allow'd him that Part of Syria call'd Comagena and in a short Time after extending his Conquests farther over the Ituraeans and Arabians he reduc'd all Syria into a Roman Province The Time that Pompey was proceeding in these Successfull Expeditions Mithridates sent to him to desire Peace but being order'd to come to him himself he refus'd it and proceeded in his Preparations for War After which many of his Places revolted and many of his Friends with one of his Sons were executed upon that Account Yet still he design'd to pass into Europe there to join with the Gauls and invade Italy but the Unwillingness of his Soldiers to this difficult Expedition and the Rebellious Designs of his Son Pharnaces causâ—d his Armyâ—s Revolt and his Ruine his Son being shortly after faulted King Mithridates now under Confinement seeing this from an Upper-Room sent to his Son to ask leave to depart but in vain who bidding his Father Die he cry'd out with many bitter Imprecations That he might one Day hear the same Words from his own Children Then coming down to his Wives Daughters and Concubines he gave 'em all Poison and fearing to be delivered up to the Romans he took some himself but having much us'd his Body to Antidotes particularly to that Sort which still goes by his Name the Poison wou'd not operate whereupon he wounded himself but that not dispatching him soon enough he call'd to one Bitaeus a Gaul who got in through the broken Wall and by his Hands he dy'd Thus fell Mithridates a Man who sometimes in Fortune and at all times in Courage was of the highest Rank in Direction a skilful Commander in Execution a great Soldier and in Hatred to the Romans a second Hannibal having made longer Opposition than he And thus ended the Mithridatick War after twenty five Years and eleven since it last broke out a War which in the Beginning happened to be dangerous to the Roman State as creating other Mischiefs but in the End provâ—d very glorious and advantageous to it by the Addition not only of all Mithridates's Dominions but likewise of many other rich Countries in Asia Pompey when the News of Mithridates's Death was brought to him was near Iericho marching towards Ierusalem against Aristobulus King of Iudea who had depos'd his elder Brother Hyrcanus and usurp'd his Kingdom Hyrcanus
Greatness and Magnificence of Rome now found himself reduc'd to seek Retreat with some few of his Friends in a poor Fisherman's Cabbin From whence he went aboard another Vessel and made forward every Day as much as he cou'd but the ungrateful Sound of his Defeat still flew before him which so dejected and confounded him that he cou'd not think of any thing that might be serviceable to him His Assurance of Victory made his Defeat most intolerable leaving him naked and disarm'd of all Relief And his Misfortunes had so infaturated his Mind that he could not so much as use those Advantages he had still by Sea where he had a powerful and victorious Fleet. He sail'd first to Amphipolis then to Lesbos where he took his Wife who bitterly complain'd of the ill Destiny which allid her to Crassus first and afterwards to Pompey only to cause the Ruine of two such Illustrious Families Pompey from thence directed his Course to Aegypt where King Ptolemy a Minor was in War with his Sister Cleopatra whose Father Pompey had setled in his Kingdom Pompey sent to him That in regard of the ancient Hospitality and Amity between him and his Father he desir'd a Retreat of him in Alexandria and that by his Wealth and Power he wou'd support him now fallen into the utmost Misery and Calamity The Message was well enough receiv'd but such as were Protectors of the King and Guardians of the Kingdom now in his Minority either induc'd by the Fear of the Armies being gain'd by Pompey many of 'em having been his Soldiers or else despising the lowness of his Fortune gave a civil Answer openly to the Messengers and desir'd him to come to the King But secretly plotting among themselves sent Achillas a principal Commander and of great Boldness together with Septimius a Roman Tribune to kill him They met him with much Civility and Pompey knowing Septimius to have led a Company under him in his War against the Pirates went aboard a little Bark with a few of his Soldiers and there was barbarously and treacherously murther'd by Achillas and Septimius his Wife and Friends flying with what sail they cou'd make His Head being cut off they left the Body on the Shoar which was carefully taken up by Philip his Freed-Man who gathering up some Pieces of a Broken Boat for a Pile was surpiz'd by an old Roman Soldier of Pompey's residing in Aegypt Who art thou said he that art making these sad Preparations for the great Pompey ' s Funeral Philip answer'd him One of his Freed-Men Ab reply'd he thou shalt not have all this Honour to thy self but suffer me to partake in an Action so Iust and Sacred that among all the Miseries of my Exile I may please my self in having the Honour to touch the Body and assist at the Funeral of the greatest and noblest Soldier that Rome ever produc'd After which they gave him the last Rites the Sadness of which Ceremony was very peculiar Such was the End and such the Funeral of Pompey the Great who after his escaping so many memorable and eminent Dangers where he might have fall'n with the Honour agreeable to the Greatness of his Character came at last to lose his Life miserably by the Hands of three or four Villains he being now in the 58th Year of his Age. This happened near two Years after his Breach with Caesar and this cut off the second Head of the Triumvirate and made way for Caesar's Absolute Power soon after and this hapned in the 706th Year of the City A. M. 3957 about 12 Years after the beginning of the Triumvirate and 46 before our Saviour's Nativity CHAP. III. From the Death of Pompey to the Death of Caesar which finish'd the Power of the first Triumvirate but still kept down the Consular State Containing the space of nigh four Years I. THUS Successful was Caesar in all his Actions especially in the last which Advantage heresolv'd to pursue to the utmost and knowing that all his Enemies Hopes were lodg'd in the Person of Pompey he follow'd him with his usual Diligence And as tho' Fortune was resolv'd never to forsake him Cassius retreating into Asia with a Fleet of 60 Sail fell in among Caesar's little Barks he had provided for his Troops and tho' he might easily have ruin'd Caesar yet Caesar's Presence and Behaviour so over-aw'd him that he immediately surrender'd himself with all his Navy Caesar shortly after arriv'd at Alexandria with two Legions and 800 Horse in ten Galleys of Rhodes and a few Ships of Asia ordering the rest of his Men to follow Tho' these Forces were very inconsiderable the Legions being reduc'd to 3200 Men yet the Confidence he had in his Victories and the high Reputation they had gain'd him made him believe that he shou'd meet with Obedience where-ever he cou'd find Men. Upon his landing at Alexandria he was entertain'd with the News of the Death of Pompey whose Head was presented to him and his Ring which he us'd for his Signet This mournful Spectacle immediately reviv'd the Thoughts of his former Friendship which with the sad Imagination of the fatal Misfortunes that attend the greatest Men drew Tears from his Eyes and made him turn away his Face with Horrour keeping the Ring and sending away the Messenger in a Moment He afterwards to shew his Respect to this great Man caus'd a magnificent Sepulchre to be built by the Place where he was murder'd with a Temple which he call'd The Temple of Wrath. Caesar upon his entry into Alexandria having his Axes and Fasces carry'd before him as Consul the Multitude were much offended as they were at his Landing crying out That the King's Authority was diminish'd which occasion'd Caesar to give Orders for other Legions which were enroll'd for Pompey's Service to be brought to him out of Asia In the mean time as an Argument of his Confidence he made great Entertainments and assisted at the Conferences of Philosophers who were in great Numbers within that City But Photinus the Eunuch who came to Alexandria with the young King daily gave him fresh Marks of his Dissatisfaction and Intention of making use of Arms till at length the Insolence of this Person and probably the Reputation of the admirable Beauty of Cleopatra caus'd him to declare publickly That the Controversie between the King and his Sister belong'd to the Cognisance of the People of Rome and consequently to himself as Consul and the rather because old Problemy by his Will had left his eldest Son and Daughter Heirs and the People of Rome Executors Upon this Account he intended to make up all Differences between 'em and sent to 'em to have 'em rather to plead their Causes before him than to decide the Controversie by the Sword At this time Photinus had the Administration of the Kindgdom and he disdain'd to come to Caesar's Proposals but thereupon procur'd Acbillas to march directly to Alexandria at the Head of 22000 stout Men
last forcâ—d to let go after nine Months and give way to a greater Violence which hurryâ—d him out of her Embraces This proceeded from Pharnaces the Son of the great Mithridates who had formerly been left King of â—osphorus and being ambitious of Recovering of his Father's Dominions he seiz'd Colchis with little trouble and all Armenia in the Absence of Deictâ—â—us the Tetrarch of that Kingdom besides some other Places Caesar being then employâ—d in Aegypt and hoping to reduce him by others had sent 〈◊〉 Calvinius against him with orders to receive all the Forces that were in Asia Domitius joyn'd with Deiotarus and Ariobarzanes march'd strait against Pharnaces then at Nicopolis which Place he had lately taken Pharnaces affrighted at his Enemy desir'd a Truce which Domitius contemn'd and resolving to fight was considerably worsted in the Engagement Pharnaces elevated with this Success took in the rest of the Cities of Ponâ—us and march'd into Bithynia hoping to meet with his Father's Fortune but was stop'd in his Career by the Revolt of Asander whom he had left in his Kingdom in Chief He design'd to march against him but was diverted by the News of Caesarâ— s coming who upon these Occasions thought it not honourable to make any longer Stay in Aegypt Pharnaces was much more terrify'd at the Name of Caesar than his Army and as he approach'd sent often to him about a Peace labouring by all Ways to evade the present Danger alledging Caesar ' s pardoning of Deiotarus who had been a greater Enemy to him than he not doubting but early to renew the War after his Departure Caesar sufficiently apprehensive of his Designs gave good Words to the Messengers the first and second time but at the third time he objected among other Crimes His Ingratitude to Pompey his Benefactor adding That be receiv'd no less Satisfaction in pardoning of all private Injuries than in revenging such as had been offer'd to the Republick And thereupon using all Expedition on one and the same Day he went and fought the Enemy who 〈◊〉 distress'd him with their Horses and Charious that bore Scythes but the Veteran Troops obtainâ—d the Victory in a few Hours and Pharnaces himself flying and endeavouring to break into Bosphorus was repulsâ—d and slain by Asander the just End of a Person so rebellious to his Father and so ungrateful to his Friends This Victory being so sudden and effectual made Caesar say That Pompey was very happy in gaining so much Glory against this Enemy at so easie a Rate And in writing to Anicius at Rome he express'd the Celerity of this Expedition in three Words Veni Vidi Vici I came I view'd I vanquish'd Caesar settled Affairs in these Parts as well as his time wou'd permit him and after his bestowing the Government of Armenia upon Ariobarzanes that of Iudaea upon Hyrcanus and Antipater and that of Bosphorus upon Mithridates he embark'd and went into Italy with a Diligence which put all the World into Admiration III. Upon Caesar's Arrival in Italy Cicero and a great many others of Pompey's Party went out to meet him and were receiv'd by him with the same Civility as if they had always been of his Interest This courteous and obliging Behaviour so far gain'd him the Favour of the People of Rome so that he easily appeas'd the Dissentions there and the time of his Dictatorship being expir'd he was chosen Consul with Aemilius Lepidus He cou'd not find time to make any long stay at Rome for the Remains of Pompey's Party had rally'd themselves in Africk under Scipio and Cato and Iuba King of Mauritania which made him hasten thither after he had appeas'd some Mutinies among his own Soldiers who insolently demanded their Rewards and their Discharge but upon Caesar's Presence and his telling 'em They shou'd not partake of the Honour of the African Expedition they submitted so as to offer themselves to be decimated Caesar after his usual Diligence landed in Africk with a small Party but the reâ—â— soon after followâ—d he was in some Distress for want of Necessaries for a little time but that he conquerâ—d with great Constancy After many Movements and several Skirmishes and smaller Battels between both Parties in which Caesar was sometimes in great Danger Caesar resolv'd to come to a decisive Baâ—tel if it were possible In order to this Design he invested the City Tapsus supposing that Scipio wou'd attempt to relieve it in which he was not mistaken for Scipio joyning with King Iuba and encamping near Caesar they shortly after came to a genâ—â—â—l Battel in which Caesar gave a final Defeat to all the Enemy's Forces with little or no loss on his side and became Master of all their Bag and Baggage Taplus Adrumentum and Zama immediately surrenderâ—d Cato fled to Utica and Iuba and Petreius kill'd one another in Despair and all Iuba's Kingdom submitted to the Government of Rome Sitius one of Caesar's Lieutenants shortly after encounter'd Afranius and Sylla as they were going for Spain defeated their Forces and took 'em Prisoners after which they were both killâ—d in a Mutiny Scipio himself and several Senators being embarkâ—d for Spain were driven upon Sitius's Fleet where they all were slain by their Enemies or by themselves Of the Generals of Pâ—mpey's Party Cato was only remaining who had retreated to Utica where he had establishâ—d a kind of Senate compos'd of 300 Romans He was at first resolv'd to hold out the Town but finding the Minds of the Inhabiâ—ants much divided he quitted that Design for another more agreeable to his Character and Philosophical Opinions He desir'd his Friends some to save themselves by Sea and others to relie upon Caesar's Goodness and embracing them with a more than ordinary Tenderness that Night his Discourses to 'em being about Morality where he defended that Maxim That the Vertuous were only happy and free but wicked Men were always miserable and Slaves His Sons suspecting his Intentions at Supper took his Sword from him which he miss'd not when he arose but lying down in his Bed read Plato's Dialogue call'd Phaedo concerning the Immortality of the Soul Then missing his Sword he was very angry and dissatisfy'd till it was brought him then feeling the Point he laid it by him saying I am Master of my self He then took his Book again which he had read twice over and fell into a sound Sleep but just as Day began to appear he took his Sword and thrust himself through the Breast which not despatching him he staggering fell upon his Bed and at the same time threw down a Table upon which he had drawn some Geometrical Figures At the Noise of this his Slaves came in and with their Cries also brought his Sons and Friends who found him weltring in his Blood and his Bowels out of his Body His Eyes were yet open which caus'd his Physician to ease him upon his Bed then putting up his Bowels which were yet unhurt he clos'd up the Wound
Behaviour 14 Horatii and Curiatii their Combat for their Country 27 28 Horatius Coecles See Coecles Horatius Hortensia her Behaviour and Speech to the Second Triumvirate 387 388 I. Janus its Temple built and shut the first time by Numa Pompilius 21. A second time 193. The third time by Octavius 437 438 Illyrian War 193 194 Italian War See Social War Jugurthine War 248 to 251 Julius Caesar his danger in Sylla ' s Proscription 266. He favours Pompey ' s first great Authority 277. His Behaviour in relation to Cataline ' s Conspiracy 286 287. His Rise and Acts in Spain 288 289 290. He quits his Triumph and joins with Pompey and Crassus in the first Triumvirate 292 293. His Consulship 296 297 298. His Expeditions against the Gauls Germans Britains c. 300 to 304. and 306 to 310 and 315 316. Falls out with Pompey and the Senate and becomes Master of all Italy 320 to 327. His Expedition against Afranius and Petreus in Spain 328 to 331. Against Pompey in Illyricum 333 to 341. And in Thessaly 342 to 348. His Wars in Aegypt and Love to Cleopatra 351 to 355. Against Pharnaces in Asia 356 357. Against Cato and others in Africa 357 358 359. His magnificent Triumph 360 361. He regulates the Roman Year 361 362. His Expedition against Pompey ' s Sons in Spain 362 363 364. His great Honours and Acts at Rome 365 to 370. His Death and Character 371 to 374. His remarkable Funeral 377 378 379 L. Lepidus joins in the second Triumvirate with Octavius and M. Anthony 384 385. He is confin'd to Africk by Octavius 406. And after that banish'd by him 411 Lucius Junius Brutus See Brutus Lucius Junius Lucretia Her Rape and voluntary Death 51 52 Lucullus his Acts and Success against Mithridates 271 c. Is stopp'd in his Progress by the Senate 274. Falls out with Pompey 278 M. Macedonian War the first 218 to 221. The second 226 to 229 Maelius his popular Designs and Death 125 126 Manlius Capitolinus his Valour in saving the Capitol 141. His Designs Tryal and Execution 143 144 Manlius Torquatus his Combat with a Gaul 151. His severe Iustice 158 Marcellus his Success against Hannibal 207. His Acts in Sicily 208 209. His Death 212 Mariamne Wife to King Herod her Death 426 427 Marius his first Rise and Acts against Jugurth King of Numidia 250 251. Against the Cimbrians 251 252. In the Social War 156. Occasions the first Civil War and his Danger 257 258 259. His Acts and Cruelties in this War with his Death 259 260 261 Marius the Younger his Son his ill Success in the first Civil War with his Death 264 265 Masanissa his remarkable Passion 215 Mecaenas his Speech and Advice to Octavius in relation to the holding the Empire 441 442 443 Menenius Agrippa his skilful Management of the Seditious Commons 81 82 Metullus Numidicus his Acts against King Jugurth 249 250. His Troubles and Recovery 252 253 Milo the Tribune opposes Clodius 303 304. At last kills him 313. And is banish'd 314 Mithridatick War the first 257 262. The second 268. The third 271 to 274. and 277 to 281. Mithridates his Death 281 282 Mutius Scaevola See Scaevola Mutius Mus See Decius Mus. N. Naevius his Augury 38 Numa Pompilius the second King of Rome his backwardness to accept of the Kingdom 19 20. His Reign 21 to 24 Numantia its Siege 235 236 O. Octavia Sister to Augustus Caesar her Worth and Marriage to M. Anthony 405. Reconciles her Husband and Brother 409. Her generous Speech in relation to both Parties 417. Her Compliance 419 420 Octavius Caesar declares himself Heir to Julius Caesar with his Success 379 380 381. Marches against M. Anthony 381 382. Falls out with the Senate 383. Ioins with Anthony and Lepidus in the second Triumvirate 384 385. Marches against Brutus and Cassius and by Anthony's Assistance overthrows 'em 393 394 395. His Cruelties after their Deaths 396. His troublesome Division of Lands 400. His War with Lucius Antonius and Success 401 402 403. And with young Pompey 408 410. His Marriage with Livia 408. Is chosen perpetual Tribune 413. Falls out with Anthony 417 c. Proclaims War against him 420. Beats him at Actium 424 425. Visits Cleopatra 434 435. Reduces Aegypt and shuts the Temple of Janus 437 438. His grand Consultation with Agrippa and Mecaenas 439 to 443. His Ordinances 444 445 446. His Speech to the Senate 446 447. His establishment of the Roman Empire and his taking the Title of Augustus 448 449 450 P. Papirius Cursor his Acts against the Samnites 163 165 166 Paulus Aemilius See Aemilius Paulus Perusian War 401 402 403 Petreus See Afranius Pompey the Great his Acts in the first Civil War 164 165. In Africk 265. Against Sertorius in Spain 269 270. Against the Pirates 275 276. Against Mithridates Tigranes and many other Eastern Kings 278 to 283. His magnificent Triumph 290 291. Is oppos'd by the Senate 292. And joins in the first Triumvirate 293. Assists Julius Caesar in his Consulship 297. Procures Cicero ' s Restoration 303 304. Gains the Consulship with Crassus by Force 305. His sole Consulship 314. Falls out with Julius Caesar 320. Abandons Rome 323. And also Italy 326 327. His Wars with Julius Caesar 332 to 347. His Misfortunes Death and Funeral 347 to 350 Pompey Sextus his Son joins with his elder Brother Cneius against Julius Caesar 362 363 364. Has great Authority procur'd him by M. Anthony 380. Relieves many proscrib'd Persons 387. He severely molests Italy and comes to a Treaty with Octavius Caesar 405 406. His Wars with him after that and Death 408 to 411 Pontius Cominius his bold Attempt 140 Poplicola Valerius his several Acts and Death 61 to 70 Porcia Daughter to Cato the younger her Courage 371. Her strange Death 396 Porsena King of Hetruria besieges Rome and shews great Generosity to the Romans 66 to 69 Proscription the first by Sylla and its Effects 266 267. The second by the second Triumvirate and its Effects 385 to 389 Punick or Carthaginian War the first 181 to 191. The second 198 to 217. The third 230 to 233 Pyrrhus King if Epirus his Successes against the Romans and Civility 171 to 176. He is at last worsted and abandons Italy 177 178 179 Q. Quintius Cincinnatus See Cincinnatus Quintius Quintus Flaminius his Success against King Philip in the first Macedonian War 219 220 R. Regulus his Acts against the Carthaginians and Defeat 186. His extraordinary Bravery and Death 189 190 Remus falls out with his Brother Romulus and is slain 6 7 Romulus his Birth 5. Re-inthrones his Grand-Father Numitor 6. Founds the City of Rome 7. His Reign 8 to 18 S. Saturninus his Sedition and Death 252 253 Scaevola Mutius his extraordinary Courage and Boldness 67 68 Sceva his great Valour 338 Scipio Africanus his first Rise 211. His great Success in Spain 213. And in Africk 214 215. Where he at last overthrows Hannibal 216 217. Goes
Lieutenant under his Brother into Asia 223 224. His noble Carriage to his Accusers with his Retirement and Death 225 226 Scipio Africanus the Younger or Aemilianus his Incouragement of Learning 229. His Acts against Carthage in the third Punick War 231 232 233. And in Spain 236. His Death 241 242 Scipio Asiaticus Brother to the Senior Africanus his Success against King Antiochus 223 224. His Disgrace 226 Sedititions the principal besides those which caus'd a Separation were that about Marriages 121. That concerning Honours and Dignities 145 146 147. That of the elder Gracchus 237 to 240. That of the younger Gracchus 241 to 246. That of Saturninus 252 253. That of Drusus 254 Separations between the Patritians and Plebeians the first 80. The second 119. The third 169 Sertorius his valiant Acts in Spain and Death 269 270 Servius Tullius the sixth King of Rome he obtains the Kingdom by Policy 39 40. His Reign 41 to 46 Sextus Son to the last Tarquin his Stratagem 48 49. Ravishes Lucretia 51 52 Sibyl ' s Books the Story 49 50 Siccius Dentatus his bold Speech 108. His great Valour and Death 116 Sieges the principal are of Alesia 315 316. Of Alexandria 352 353. Of Brundusium 325 326 327. Of the Capitol 139 to 142. Of Carthage 231 232 233. Of Numantia 235 236. Of Syracuse 208 209. Of Veii 130 to 133. Social War or the Italian War 254 to 257 Sophonisba her tragical Story 215 Sparticus his Rebellion and Suppression 272 Sylla his first Skill in War 251. His Acts in the Social War 256 257. Against Mithridates 261 262. In the first Civil War 263 264 265. His great Cruelties 266. His perpetual Dictator-ship 267 268. His Death 269 Syracuse its Siege 208 209 T. Tarpeia betrays the Capitol and is slain 13 Tarquinius Priscus the fifth King of Rome his first settlement in the City 33. His Reign 41 to 46 Tarquinius Superbus the seventh and last King of Rome he murders his Prince and obtains the Kingdom by Force 45 46. His Reign 46 to 54. His Banishment 54 55. His first Effort to regain his Kingdom 60 61. His second 64. His third 65 c. His fourth and last 73 c. His Death 78 Tatius King of the Sabines his War against Rome 13. Is made King of Rome with Romulus 14 his Death 15 Tigranes King of Armenia his Pride and ill Success against the Romans 273 274. Refuses to receive Mithridates after his Defeat and makes a Peace with the Romans 279 280 Torquatus See Manlius Torquatus Tullus Hostilius the third King of Rome his Reign 25 to 30 V. Valerius Corvus his remarkable Combat with a Gaul 153 Valiant Men besides Generals the most remarkable were the Horatii and Curiatii Coecles Scaevola the Fabii Siccius Dentatus Curtius Manlius Torquatus Valerius Corvus Calpurnius Flemma and Scaeva Veii besieg'd and taken after ten Years 130 to 133 Ventidius his Success against the Parthians 407 Veturia Mother to Coriolanus her generous Care for her Country and Success 93 94. Virginia her tragical Story 116 117 118 W. Wars the most remarkable by Name were the Allobrogick Antiochian Cimbrian Cisalpine-Gallick Civil Gallick Illyrian Jugurthine Macedonian Mithridatick Perusian Punick or Carthaginian Pyrrhian Social or Italian Writers and Learned Men mention'd in this Book are Livius Androniâ—us Ennius and Naevius 192. Plautus 221. Terence Scipio and Lelius 229. Lucillius 236. Lucretius 253. Varro 271. Salust 315. Virgil 400 401. Livy Horace and Ovid 443. In other places see Cicero Caesar Cato c. X. Xantippus overthrows the Romans and is murder'd 186 FINIS BOOKS lately Printed THE Present State of Persia With a faithful Account of the Manners Religion and Government of that People By Monsieur Sanson a Missionary from the French King Adorn'd with Figures Done into English The Present State of the Empire of Morocco With a faithful Account of the Manners Religion and Government of that People By Monsieur de S. Olon Ambassador there in the Year 1693. Adorn'd with Figures The Life of the Famous Cardinal-Duke of Richlieu Principal Minister of State to Lewis XIII King of France and Navarre in Two Volumes 8vo Letters written by a French Gentleman giving a faithful and particular Account of the Transactions of the Court of France relating to the Publick Interest of Europe With Historical and Political Reflections on the ancient and present State of that Kingdom By the Famous Monsieur Vassor A New Voyage to the Levant Containing an Account of the most Remarkable Curiosities in Germany France Italy Malta and Turkey With Historical Observations relating to the present and ancient State of those Countries By the Sieur du Mont. Done into English and adorn'd with Figures A New Voyage to Italy With a Description of the Chief Towns Churches Tombs Libraries Palaces Statues and Antiquities of that Country Together with useful Instructions for those who shall travel thither By Maximilian Misson Gent. 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By the Sieur de Solleysell one of the Heads of the Royal Academy at Paris The Eighth Edition Review'd and methodically Augmented Done into English and Adorn'd with Figures Folio ADVERTISEMENT 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Or a View of all Religions in the World with the several Church-Governments from the Creation till these times Also a Discovery of the known Heresies in all Ages and Places And choice Observations and Reflections throughout the whole The Sixth Edition Enlarg'd and Perfected by Alexander Ross. To which are annexed the Lives Actions and Ends of certain notorious Hereticks with their Effigies in Copper Plates Quarle's Emblems the Curs being all new Engraved and curiously done will be publish'd about the latter end of February instant The Elements of Euclid Explain'd In a New but most Easie Method together with the Use of every Proposition through all parts of the Mathematicks Written in French by that excellent Mathematician F. C. Francis Milliet de Chales of the Society of Iesus Now made English and a Multitude of Errors Corrected which had escap'd in the Original These three Books are Printed for and Sold by M. Gilliflower in Westminster-Hall and W. Freeman at the
complain d of his Brother to Pompey at Damascus who likewise came thither to vindicate himself Pompey treated 'em both very civilly promising 'em to come into their Country and settle Matters between 'em after he had dispatched some other necessary Affairs Having therefore in a short Time settled the Affair of Syria and reducâ—d Pontâ—â— into a Roman Province he return'd to Iudea being much incens'd against Aristobulus He first cited him to appear before him and deliver up all his fortify'd Places which he did with much Regreet and Anger withdrawing himself to Ierusalem to make Preparations for a War Pompey suspecting his Designs immediately marchâ—d after him which Aristobulus understanding went out to meet him and tho' the City was enterâ—d without Opposition his Soldiers fortify'd the Temple and held it out against Pompey which causâ—d Aristobulus to be taken into Custody The Temple being very strong by Situation made a vigorous Defence but after three Month's Siege was with much Difficulty and Labour taken and 12000 of the Iews cut in Pieces the Priests not neglecting to offer Sacrifices all that Time Pompey without any Fear enter'd the Holy of Holies with many Followers looking on these things which were unlawfull for any but the Priests to behold however he show so much Veneration for the Place that he forbore touching any Thing that was there He restor'd Hyrcanus to his Priesthood and Government but with a Command never to wear a Diadem and took Aristobulus with him making all Iudea tributary to Rome This hapned in the third Year of his Expedition and 61 Years before our Saviour's Nativity IV. While Pompey thus proceed in his noble Exploits abroad Rome it self was in great Hazard and very nigh its Ruine occasion'd by one of the most dangerous Conspiracies that had been ever known in the City It was begun and carry'd on by Sergius Catiline a Patrician by Descent but of a very proâ—â—igate Life a Person daring in his Attempts crasty in his Designs greedy of other Men s Properties prâ—digal of his own one who had been accus'd of debauching a Vestal Virgin and suspected of murdering his Son for the Love of another Woman This Person having contracted vast Debts by the Looseness of his Life grew desperate and sought for nothing but Power and Authority and if it were possible the Soveraignty over all but his Designs being suspected he twice receiv'd a Repulse in standing for the Consulship This last time it was carry'd from him by Cicero whom he therefore scurrilously abus'd as an Upstart and Foreigner as being but of the Equestrian Order and born in Apulia and offer'd to kill him in the Comitia The missing of his Designs drove him into the utmost Rage and Fury and brought him into that Plot in which he had formerly been engagâ—d with Piso for the Destruction of his Country Aurelius Cotta and Manlius Torquatus who before had miss'd of the Consulship for want of competent Bribes also join'd with him and afresh plotted the Ruine of the Consuls and Senate the Burning of the City and the Overthrow of the State as likewise did Lentulus Cethegus and many other inferior Persons of debauch'd and infamous Lives Cethegus and Lentulus were both Praetors and the Latter who formerly had been Consul was mov'd to this Design by a vain Confidence he had in the Sibylline Oracles which he said portended That the Soveraigâ— Power shou'd be in the Hands of three Gornelâ—â— namely Sylla Cinna and Himself This Conspiracy was carryâ—d on with the greatest Secrecy imaginable their Numbers daily encreasing among which were several Women who by prostituting themselves had been maintain'd after a prodigious Rate but afterwards Decay of Beauty lâ—miting their Gains tho' not their Luxury had greatly run them in Debt notwithstanding all their Care of concealing this horrid Design it was discover'd by the Means of Q. Curius one of the Plotters a degraded Senator who neither cou'd contain the Secrets he had heard not the Crimes he had committed but imprudently relating all to one Fulvia his Courtesan she discover'd it to Cicero who was now Consul Cicero by examining of these two found out the whole Matter how often and where they met and what Designs they had in Hand particularly his own Destruction to be brought about by Vasguntâ—ius a Senator and Cornelius a Knight under Pretence of a Friendly Visit. Cicero with great Diligence and Care appointed Guards in several Parts of the City and immediately after call'd the Senate to the Temple of Concord to consult what was best to be done in this Time of Danger Great Rewards were promis'd to any who shou'd make any farther Discovery of this black Conspiracy and the whole City was in a great Consternation all in a Hurry all in a Fear not knowing whom to trust or where to be secure either in War or Peace but every one measuring his Danger by his Fears The Senate being now assembled Catiline to shew how well he cou'd dissemble or to justifie himself went boldly thither but none of the Senators wou'd come near him the Place where he sat being wholly void Whereupon Cicero either dreading his Presence or incens'd at his Boldness stood up and made a severe invective Speech against him openly manifesting his Crimes which were both numerous and notorious and saying Did that most honourable Person Scipio Nasica slay his own Kinsman Tib. Gracchus for a slight Disturbance of the City and shall we Consuls tamely suffer a Person endeavouring to lay the World desolate with Slaughter and Destruction He farther commanded him to leave the Town concluding with wishing Confusion and Destruction to him and all his Accomplices Upon his sitting down Catiline well prepar'd with all manner of Artifice and Dissimulation with a dejected Countenance and suppliant Tone besought the Fathers not â—ver-rashly to creditâ— vain Reports concerning him nor to believe that a Person of his Rank whose own and whose Ancestors Services had been so remarkably beneficial stood in need of a ruin'd Common-wealth concluding with many scurrilous Reflections upon Cicero which not being hearkned to by the Senate he left the House in a great Rage breathing out Ruine and Destruction to all his Enemies He left the City late at Night with â—00 Arm'd Men and Lictors with Axes and Fasces before him like a Magistrate and retired into Hetruria gathering together Soldiers all the Way intending to return to the City which he had order'd Lentulus and Cethegus to lay in Ashes at an appointed Time In the mean time the Ambassadors of the Allobroges now in Town were also perswaded to stir up the Gauls against the Common-wealth but declaring their Designs to â—abiusâ— Sanga their Patron it came shortly to Cicero's Fiar and so was prevented The Day after Catiline's Departure Cicero summon'd the People and made a second Oration to 'em where he congratulated the People and Common-Wealth for being freed from so infamous a Person and encouraged 'em by representing the Forces of that