add further that persons of low degree are elected who become insolent upon it and leave no stone unturned to make the Crown Hereditary to their Family and which is still worse sometimes the Electors being at variance instead of one Head set many over the Common-wealth But all these reasons are good and allowable in those States where Succession hath had place for many ages The Germans had rather have their Emperors by choice and to prevent those inconveniences they many times elect a Successor to the Empire while the Emperor is living And though that course be not taken yet the Empire is not in danger to fall into Anarchy or any disorder seeing the Electors Palatine and of Saxony are Vicars of the Emperor and Administrators of the Empire during the Interregnum And so the ship is never without a Pilot in Germany where to abate the desire which the Emperors may have to agrandize their children by weakning the Monarchy they usually make choice of the nearest of Kin to the Reigning Prince and they do not transfer the Crown to another House but when they find never a Head worthy of it in that Family that hath it in possession This way of continuing the Imperial Dignity in one House doth also hinder the inconvenience of advancing men of low degree to the Throne and of giving two Heads at a time to one single Common-wealth For which cause I think it not fit to innovate any thing in a State and that every Nation should persevere in their ancient customes forasmuch as all changes in a State are dangerous P. God be thanked we do not see so many murders and seditions in Germany during the Interregnum as there are at Rome but there hath been no means found out to prevent alienating the demesns of the Empire The Emperor hath almost nothing left in Italy and the best Cities of Germany being enfranchiz'd the sinew of the State hath lost much of its strength which could never have been if the Empire had alwayes been Successive G. There is nothing complete and entire in this World and it is as hard to find a perfect form of Government as a Common-wealth a King an Orator a Captain a Courtier an Ambassador with the qualities which Plato Xenophon Cicero Onosander Castalio and Tasso Fancy and desire When a Kingdom is Successive the people is often forced to obey a child or rather those who abusing his authority do oppress and exhaust his Subjects during his Minority When it is Elective they are divers times put to no small trouble to find out a good King and when they think they have chosen an Augustus a Trajan or an Antonine it proves too often that they have pitched upon a William a Henry VII or a Wenceslaus We must look for perfection in Heaven and not think to meet with it here below P. Seeing we are in Germany where Election hath place we ought to prefer it before Succession and to speak truth considering the State of the Empire at present it seems to be preferable But of what age should a Prince be to be capable of being placed upon the Imperial Throne G. It were to be wished that he were one who had beforehand given some proofs of his vertue and made his name glorious by his Military actions nevertheless though by the Law no man can be raised to eminent honours before the age of 25. years yet the Electors do not alwayes tie themselves strictly to those rules For they chose Otho III. in his infancy Henry III. at twelve Henry IV. at eight Frederick II. and William at twenty Wenceslaus at fifteen and Charles V. at nineteen years of age P. I would willingly know what difference there is between the Emperor and the King of the Romans G. You will meet with some Writers who mean the Emperor when they are speaking of the King of the Romans and yet they are distinct persons For no man can be Vicar to himself and the King of the Romans is the Emperors perpetual Vicar when the Emperor is absent or taken up with other affairs he administers the Empire and the Emperor being dead he succeeds without dispute The King of the Romans bears for his Arms the Eagle with one head the Emperor with two he is styled Augustus and the Emperor semper Augustus The Emperor writing to him useth the term of Liebten in Dutch which signifies Dilection but he writing or speaking to the Emperor gives him that of Majesty To conclude he acknowledges the Emperor for his Superior and though in his absence he exercise the same power the Emperor did it is but by concession for he hath no authority of his own within the Empire so long as the Emperor is living And therefore if he take place of other Kings it is only because he exerciseth the same Jurisdiction which the Emperor doth P. Is the King of the Romans the only Vicar of the Empire G. Heretofore there were 3. Deputies in the East as many in the West one in Africa and another in Spain At present there are but two for all to wit the Electors of the Rhine and of Saxony whose dignity is derived from the office of great Steward which they had under the Emperors of Charlemagne's Race By virtue of that dignity when the Emperor dyes and before a Successor be chosen the first governs the Rhine Franconia Swaben and Bavaria as far as the Alpes the other all that Countrey where the Saxon Laws are observed But if there be a King of the Romans that right ceases because he is Emperor that very moment wherein the other deceaseth So that it may be said when there is a King of the Romans he is the only Vicar of the Empire and when there is not one the Electors of the Rhine and Saxony alone are the Vicars P. We have hitherto spoken sufficiently of the Emperor of his Vicars and of the Electors Nevertheless before we proceed any further I would know whether the Emperor take the name of Cesar before his Coronation and how he is served when he eats in State G. Immediately after the Emperor is chosen he takes the name of Emperor of Cesar and of Augustus and if he pleases gives priviledges and does all other acts of Soverainty Afterwards when he will display the Splendor of his Majesty he dines in Ceremony and then the Ecclesiastical Electors say Grace and hold the Seals the Elector of Brandenburg gives him water to wash the Saxon executes the Office of Marshal the Palsgrave presents him the first dish of meat and the King of Bohemia the first glass of Wine But he wears not the Crown upon his head unless he will himself And if any Elector be absent his Deputy performs his Office and not his Ambassador now the Lieutenants or Deputies of the Electors are the Lords and Counts of Limbourg of Walpourg of Papentheim and of Hohenzolleren for the four ancient Seculars I do not know who is the Count Palatines
inferior to the Dukes P. There are some that presume to say that heretofore Counts were greater then Dukes G. Gariban a diligent Spanish Historiographer following the opinion of Vasco affirms that Counts were greater then Dukes and endeavours to prove it from that which is found in the Councils held at Toledo where some that subscribed them styled themselves Comites Proceres and Comites Duces And the reason whereupon they ground that assertion is because all those that have many titles set the greatest in the first place Which nevertheless is not alwayes true for the Cardinals of the Church of Rome when they sign any thing write Deacon Cardinal Priest Cardinal or Bishop Cardinal not to perswade us that the dignity of Deacon Priest or Bishop is above that of Cardinal but to inform us that they are not barely Deacons or Priests but Deacon Cardinals that is the most eminent Princes of the Church And so it was with the Lords that subscribed those Councils they styled themselves Counts and for a distinction from others they added Duke as the more eminent P. You will confess that the sons and brethren of Kings and the greatest Officers of the Imperial and Royal Houses have anciently contented themselves with the title of Count and if the Ducal dignity had been greater they would without question have desired sought for and obtained it G. The titles which Kings have formerly given to their children as also those of Count of the Palace Comes Stabuli or Constable and others which satisfied the principal Officers of the Imperial Court do in no wise derogate from the quality of Duke For at last those Princes better bethought themselves and acknowledging that the name of Duke was alwayes a higher quality then that of Count they desired to be honoured with the same I know very well that the Counties of Castille Portugal Flanders Tyrol Tolouse Provence and Wirtemberg were very illustrious but I know also that the Countreys of Burgundy Bavaria and Lorraine did anciently bear sometimes the title of Kingdom sometimes of Dukedom and that the latter imported no less authority then the other The Princes of Poland Hungary and Bohemia who are at this time great Kings did for many ages bear no more then the quality of Duke Nay some Provinces in Spain were governed by Dukes a thousand years before the birth of Christ and when that Countrey was assaulted by the Carthaginians and afterwards by the Romans it was vigorously defended by the same Dukes who were Soverain and independent From whence you may judge that the title of Duke was almost equal to that of King before ever there were any Counts and so conclude that albeit in certain Countreys and times the title of Duke hath been somewhat abased yet it was never inferior to that of Count but alwayes greater P. The Counts Palatine and the Marquisses of Brandenburg are nevertheless as much or more then the greatest Dukes in Germany G. I agree with you but that derogates nothing from the title of Duke in general forasmuch as those Princes are not barely Counts but Counts Palatine Margraves and Electors and as such placed amongst the first Princes of the Empire P. I am satisfied and having seen that a Duke is and alwayes was greater then a Count I beseech you declare unto me those of the Empire But before we go any further tell me whether you think that true which some Writers affirm that a Duke should have four Counts under him G. I have just now demonstrated unto you that a Count was alwayes less then a Duke But I esteem it a mere dream and a folly below a discoursing soul to resolve that an Emperor should have under him four Kingdoms a King four Dutchies a Duke four Counties a Count four Baronies a Baron four Castellanies and a Castellan four Fiefs Those maxims of Quaternions should be expelled out of your thoughts as ridiculous Otherwise all they that have four Kingdoms would be Emperors and the Emperor losing one of those four which he had would cease to be Emperor Besides all Kingdoms are not equal and it would require a great many such Kingdoms as Valencia Murcia Grenada Algarvia Majorca Minorca Ivica and Yuetot to make one great King And on the other side if any one could have three Kingdoms equal to that of France in richness of soil abundance of People and number of Nobility he might equalize the greatest Emperors and the Count of Champagne to whom seven other Counts did homage would almost double the proportion of a Duke P. Having seen in your former discourse the force of the Latin word Comes and the Dutch Grave together with all its compounds and other things which I desired to know concerning the Counts in general you will oblige me now to come in particular to the Counts of the Empire and tell me what was their original what their power is at present and what their dignity G. Stephanus Paschalis a famous searcher of Antiquity saith there were as many nay more Counts then Cities in Gaule when the French made themselves masters of it and that the Conquerors desiring to use their new Kingdom favourably and give a subdued People no cause of complaint kept up all the offices and commands which the Romans had introduced amongst them The Laws of Charlemagne and of his son Lewis the Debonaire are full of the order which the Counts were to observe in the administration of justice From whence you may gather that the Counts of those times were not raised to such a height of Dignity as they are now P. If the Counts were but Judges who usually are such no longer then their Prince pleaseth how came it to pass that they made themselves masters of the lands which were under their Jurisdiction G. Though the Emperors had power to deprive the Counts of their Offices yet for the most part they let them enjoy them during their lives and if they had any sons capable to succeed them they were preferred before any other And that they might be the better enabled to attend upon the administration of Justice and defend the People when need should require the Emperors granted them Fiefs within the Territory of their Jurisdiction which Fiefs gave them opportunity to make themselves Masters of all the rest and to transmit the same unto their heirs P. Is it long since the Counts made their Counties hereditary G. It is hard to say under what Emperor that remarkable change hapned in the Empire but it is probable that it was under the Descendants of Charlemagne in the time when Charles the Bald and his son Lewis the Stammerer made their residence in France and were at variance with the sons of Lewis Germanicus their kinsmen who said the Imperial dignity belonged to them P. By what you have hitherto said I can sufficiently comprehend what was the power of the ancient Counts Do me the kindness to tell me what that is they have at present G.
Charles V. 291. 292. Kingdom of Bohemia made hereditary to the House of Austria by the Peace of Munster 340. Schemia erected into a Kingdom 38. King of Bohemia the first secular Elector 46. hath neither voice nor place in the general Assemblies of the Empire and why 51. How Sigismond of Luxembourg King of Bohemia named himself to be Emperor 51. Why the Bohemians revolted from the Emperor and chose a new King 321. What Books are fit for a Princes reading 24.25 Extent of the Elector of Brandenbourgs lands 93. Religion of his Subjects 94. Origin of the House of Brandenbourg 97. How it got title to the inheritance of Pomerania 98. How the Lords of Brandenbourg attained to the honours and Lands they possess ibid. What the House of Brandenbourg hath in lieu of Pomerania which was taken from it by the Peace of Munster 99. What disadvantages it receives by the loss of Lower Pomerania ibid. In what quality the Elector of Brandenbourg hath voices in the Assemblies of the Empire ibid. He alternates with the King of Sweden in the Direction of Lower Saxony 100. Differences between the Houses of Brandenbourg and Newbourg concerning the Dutchies of Juliers Cleve and Berg 101. 102. Brandenbourg the last but one of the Electors 102. The number of the present Princes of Brandenbourg and their children 103. Forces and Forts of the Elector of Brandenbourg and of his Cousins of Culembach and Anspach 104. Why the Elector of Brandenbourg is not yet put into possession of the Dutchy of Magdebourg 100. Origin of the Counts of Breda 228. The taking of Brisac 327. Brix a Bishoprick 190. Brunswick a free City 111. Estates of the Dukes of Brunswick Lunebourg wherein considerable ibid. The Princes alliances Origin and Religion of the Branches of Brâ—nswick and Limebourg 113 Golden Bull what it contains when published and why so called 342. The inscription upon the seal of the Golden Bull 344. Whether the Golden Bull may be abrogated and what alterations have been made in it 344. 345. Burgrave what and from whence so called 210. Who bear the title of Burgrave in Germany 214. C. Calvinist Princes in Germany who 208. Archbishop of Cambray his titles and whether he have place in the Assemblies of the Empire 175. 176. Canonries of Strasbourg belonging to Protestant Princes 184. How Hugh Capet born in France but originally a Saâ—on came to be King 16. Catholick Princes in Germany who 208. The power of the Imperial Chambers depends on the Emperor 68. How long the Imperial Chamber was ambulatory when made sedentary and where 67. What the Imperial Chamber takes cognizance of 68. No Appeal from the Judgement of that Chamber 69. Charlemagne a German by extraction 14. When and why proclaimed Emperor by the Pope ibid. Why the Empire and the Kingdom of France continued so short a time in the race of Charlemagne 15. How it made room for the Saxons in Germany and the Capetians in France ibid. Charles V. his voyages by sea and land his voluntary leaving the Government and his death 47. seq Why Charles Duke of Lorraine Uncle to Lewis V. was declared unworthy to succeed unto the Crown of France 15. Circles of Germany and their several Directors 182. Circles of Sawben Franconia and the Rhine divided into quarters a kind of Commonwealth 253. Cities of Germany 263. seq their beauty and magnificence 265. Classes of Assemblies in the Diets their division and order 304. 305. Elector of Collen third Ecclesiastical Elector 46. Collen why called Colonia Agrippina 269. Form of Homage which the Burgers of Collen make to their Bishop ibid. The Bishops confirmation of their priviledges 270. Colmar ibid. Peter Colonna from whom descended 97. Mixture of Conditions detested in Germany 249. Constance a Citty for what remarkable 184. What every Elector bears at the Coronation of the Emperor what Elector crowns him 60. Counts anciently no more then Judges of Cities and Provinces 210. How the Counts Palatine appropriated their several Provinces 211. Counts of Office Counts of Dignity 218. Whether Counts were greater then Dukes ibid. seq How Counts became Proprietors of their Lands and made them hereditary 222. The present Counts what place they have in the Assemblies and how they give their voices there 223. Immediate Counts and their prerogatives 225. Counts of Schwartzbourg Waldek Salme and Morange of what Princes they hold 226. Courage and prudence seldome meet 326. The Lombard and Roman Crowns not essential to the Imperial Dignity 14.15 Crowns of the Emperor and where he receives them 60. Marquisses of Culembach 103. D. Landgraves of Darmstadt and Hesse-Cassel their Religion differences and alliances 132. seq Counts of Delmenhorst extinguished in Antony Gunther and who inherited his Lands 233. 234. Genealogie of the Kings of Denmark and Dukes of Holstein 151. When and how the Kingdom of Denmark was severed from that of Sweden 149. Assemblies of Deputation who have place voice there 309. The Emperors Diademe what anciently and what now 60. Diets called by the Emperor but with consent of the Electors 294. Time necessity and place of Diets 295. Not to be appointed out of Germany 296. First Diet after the Election of an Emperor where held 295. What persons the Emperor calls to the Diets 296. The office and power of the Vice-Marshal at the Diets 297. Cities and Abbesses appear in the Diets by their deputies 299. Order observed in the Diets 300. seq How they proceed upon debates in the Diets 305. seq What matters are treated on in the Diets 307. How conclusions are made in the Diets 308. Directors of each Circle 182. 183. The Ecclesiastical Discipline of Protestant Lords within their Territories 205. 206. Donavert how it became subject to the Duke of Bavaria 270. Lands and alliances of the Marquisses of Dourlach 144 145. Religion of the Branches of Dourlach and Baden their voices and places in the Assemblies 146. Duke of the Grisons the ancientest Duke 216. Why Dukes were sent to the Frontiers ibid. German Dukes all Princes and more considerable then those of France and Spain ibid. How Dukes became so great etymology of the name 217. The Princes of Poland Hungary and Bohemia anciently Dukes 219. Title of Duke anciently equal to that of King 220. E. Counts of East-Friseland 170. seq Ecclesiastical Princes not Bishops that sit in the Diets of the Empire 191. How the Ecclesiâ—sticks grew so rich 196. What Ecclesiastical Government among the Protestants in Germany 205. Counts of Egmont subject to the Duke of Burgundy 226. Eichstedt a Bishoprick in Franconia by whom founded 181. The Electors three Ecclesiastiques and five Seculars with their respective Offices 39. Electors have right to choose and depose an Emperor 40. The number of Electors why seven 50. Why they are Eight now 44. Dignity of Electors as to precedence 44. The Ecclesiastical Electors precede the Seculars 46. The Electors Palatine and of Saxony are Vicars of the Empire during
the vacancie ibid. What every Electors Office is when the Emperor eats in Ceremony and who are their Deputies if they be absent 59. How the Electors lit in the Assemblies 304. What Electors and Bishops are usually chosen out of the Body of the Nobility 256. 257. Younger sons of Electoral Houses precede other Princes in the Assemblies 305. Where the Election of an Emperor or King of the Romans ought to be made 49. whether it be better that Kingdoms be Elective or Successive 53.54 The Emperor is a Monarch 31. Confers no Ecclesiastical Benefices 33. No Emperor crowned at Rome since Charles V. 34. How the Emperors lost the right of choosing Popes 35. The Emperor onely can create Kings 38. The Emperor ought to be of a German Family 52. Of what age a Prince should be when chosen Emperor 57. The difference between the Emperor and King of the Romans ibid. What Emperors have been excommunicated by Popes 288. Whether the Emperor can determine matters where the Estates of the Empire do not agree 310. When the Empire was successive 40. When it became Elective and why ibid. The Estates of the Empire and their priviledges 64. 65. At first all the Estates of the Empire chose the Emperor 41. The House of Este in Italy a branch of that of Brunswick 108. F. Faith to be kept with Heretiques 184. seq Ferdinand III. his several Elections and death 314. Fourteen bloody Fights in Germany from the time of the Swedes entrance till the Peace 322. The Fight of Furts 326 of Lignitz in Silesia ibid. of Rheimfeld ibid. of Wittenvayer in Brisgou ibid. of Kemnitz in Misnia 328. of Wolfenbottel ibid of St. Anthony ibid. of Schweinitz in Silesia ibid. of Dutlinguen in the Dutchy of Wirtemberg 329. of Fribourg in Brisgou ibid. of Merkendal in Franconia ibid. The twelfth thirteenth Fights 330. The Fight of Grawembrouck in the Countrey of Juliers 331. Other Fights lefs bloody 332. Barons of Flekenstein 239. Francfort why so called and wherein considerable 271. What Forces France had in Germany when the Peace was made 336. What recompence the French had by that peace 333. French Commanders in the war of Germany 335. Fridberg 272. Frisinguen a Bishoprick 190. The Fructifying Company its end and progress and by whom established 164. Barons of Fuggers 239. The Abbey of Fulda and its priviledges 193. Counts of Furstemberg their origin c. 231. seq G. Difference between a Gentleman and a Knight 242. Immediate Gentlemen of Germany who 251. Why the Emperor supports them Ibid. The order and government amongst those Gentlemen 252. Their priviledges and advantages 256. seq Causes of the War of Germany 315. seq Gluckstad and the King of Denmarks Fort there 274. Gostar called the Imperial Palace and Royal City 272. Descent of the Dukes of Gotta 88. Death of Mareshal de Guebriant 329. Guelnehausen 272. House of the Guelphes their antiquity and Territories 108. seq The voices branches and Fortresses of that House 111 H. Counts of Habspourg a Branch of the Dukes of Zeringuen 70. When and how Rodolph of Habspourg became Emperor ibid. Haguenau Bailliage in Alsatia given to the French 273. Salt-pits of Hal in Swaben 276. Hambourg its strength and Trade 273. seq Counts of Hanau 234. Hanse-towns and their Commerce 280. 281. Heilbrun 276. Helmestadt an University of the Dukes of Brunswick 113. Counts of Henneberg when they failed 92. How the House of Saxony inherited that of Henneberg ibid. Origin of the House of Hesse 129. Henry of Brabant first Landgrave of Hesse 131. Agreement between him and Henry Marquis of Misnia son the Principalities of Hesse and Thuringia ibid. Lewis Landgrave of Hesse refused the Empire ibid. The vertues and good qualities of the Landgraves of Hesse 132. The Religion and differences between Lewis and Maurce Heads of the two Branches of Hesse-Cassel and Darmstadt 133.139 Hesse-Cassel the elder the richer and hath the precedence 134. Alliances of both the Houses ibid. Frederick Landgrave of Hesse Grand Prior of Malta in Germany his Expedition at Carthage 193. The excellencies of Amelia Elizabeth Dowager of Hesse 134.136 Her Forces when the Peace was concluded 337. The advantages she and heâ— son had by that Peace 339. Hildesheim a Bishoprick of miraculous foundation 187. The Princes of Hochberg and Baden of the same House their agreement and reciprocal Testament 142. Lords of Hobenlohe 235. Counts of Hohenzolleren 169. Origin of the Houses of Holstein and Oldenbourg 148. Dutchy of Holstein its extent Revenues 155. Counts of Horne Subiects to the Dukes of Burgundy their origin 226. The benefits and advantages of Hunting 20.21 I. Assessors of the Imperial Chamber how many and by whom appointed 289. Functions of the Intendents and Superintendents over the Lutheran Pastors and Priests 205.206 Order of Justice in the time of Charlemagne 287. Jutland what quantity of Cattle and horses come yearly out of it 155. K. Kaufbegeren why so called 276. Kempten in Latine Campidunum 270. King of the Romans what authority he hath 49. The Arms and Titles of the King of the Romans 57. Kings should not make a Subject too great 159. Dangerous for Kings to execute their resolutions by halves 162. Difference between a Knight and a Gentleman 242.243 Knights Marianites why so called their progress and difference from the Templers 191.192 Example of Kings that have received Knighthood 243. The cause and Original of the Orders of Knighthood 245. seq How the Emperor makes Knights 246. L. Ladies not unfit to Govern 135. seq The taking of General Lamboy 420. Landau 276. Landgrave Judge of an Inland Province 210. How Landgraves became powerful 211. Landgraves Generals of Foot ibid. What Houses in Germany bear the title of Landgrave 213. Landgraveship no where but in Germany ibid. Usefulness of Foraine Languages 8. where the French Language in best spoken 18. What other Countries use it most 26. Where the Italian Language is the purest 17. Where it is most currant 26. Dukes of Lawembourg and Anhalt their origin and antiquity 157. Religion and titles of the Dukes of Lawembourg 166. Laws that oblige all Germany are made in the General Assemblies 62. League of the French Swedes Hollanders and Princes of Germany against the House of Austria 319. League of the Princes for and with the Emperor ibid. Whether a prince ought to be Learned 115. Counts of Leinneguen 234. The Tragical end of John of Leyden 188. Liege a Bishoprick ibid. Barons or Counts of Limbourg their titles and antiquity 235. Barons of Limbourg Deputies to the King of Bohemia as Great Cup-bearer of the Empire ibid. Lindau 276. Duke of Lorrain considerable for the situation of his Countrey 112. Lubeck its situation by whom built 275. Princes of Lunebourg and their Alliances 113. Who brought the Doctrine of Luther into Denmark 150. Lutheran Princes of Germany 208. Lutheran Cities ibid. Luther was born and died at Eiseliben 235. M. Counts of Mansfield
THE ESTATE OF THE EMPIRE OR An Abridgement of the Laws and Government OF GERMANY CAST INTO Dialogues for the greater conveniency of a young Prince that was instructed therein By Lewis Du-May Knight Sieur de Sallettes Counsellor to his Highness of Wirtemberg Translated into French by D' Alexis Esq Doctor of Laws and Advocate in Parliament Now faithfully rendered into English LONDON Printed by R. Norton for Richard Royston Book-seller to the Kings most Excellent Majesty 1664. Februarii 13. 1663. Imprimatur William Morice Ad Amicissimum Gulielmum Godolphin suâ virtute quà m quovis titulo insigniorem Intervalla dabant exempta laboribus istum Quem tua limâssent otia docta librum Si placeat legisse sat est sin judice mendas Ungue notes melior fiet eóque tuus The English Translator to the Reader Reader THis Book is a Traveller as the Prince for whose sake the Author composed it It was born in Germany from whence it passed into France where it was kindly received and Naturalized Now being arrived in England and finding some private welcome it desires at least to be a Denizen here What it contains will briefly appear in the following Summary of the Dialogues But why I undertook to render it into English besides the entertainment of some of my vacant hours I have little to justify my self but the zeal which every Christian should have at this time to arm himself with the best weapons he hath to oppose the Barbarous proceedings of a proud and implacable Enemy My Magazin and Artillery extends to no more then Pen and ink with which I vainly fansied I might seem to do something As when the industrious and judicious Mr. Dugdale Norroy King of Arms perceiving that slow-paced ruine or which was worse hasty impiety had shaken most of the sacred structures in this Kingdom and threatened all the rest thought it a provident but we may justly call it a generous and meritorious work to save them in Effigie and keep up both their memory and models in exact brass Cuts adding his own profound Researches and elaborate discourses which are indeed monumentum aere perennius so though the comparison fall infinitely short in most things there being now too much reason to apprehend that the dreadful inundation of the Mahometans without almost a miracle is ready to overwhelm the State Government Laws and Princes of Germany nay to take away both their place and Nation I conceived it both pious and seasonable as far as lay in me to rescue that noble Countrey from oblivion by publishing this small Treatise in English wherein the marks and footsteps of that Empire may remain amongst us Thou wilt find it to be a Translation if the Title-page had not confest it with that usual unavoidable imperfection that notions passing out of one Language into another do as it happens in the transfusion of liquors into divers vessels carry much dregs along with them and alwayes taste of the Cask I may perchance be blamed with reason enough for following the word too close yet I think I may safely say in general I have not gone far from the sense But certainly if I had put it into finer Language and more elegant expressions the work had been so far mine and so much worse That for the style as for the matter I give thee that frank verse of the Poet in English If better things be known to thee Kindly impart if not use these with me A Summary of the Dialogues THis Treatise contains ten Dialogues between a Prince and his Governor who teaches him all that there is considerable in the Empire For this Book comprehends in brief all that the Doctors of Law and the Interpreters of the Golden Bull have written thereupon as may be seen in the reading of it I. Dialogue This Dialogue serves for an Introduction to the rest and the Governor having shown his young Prince that he should learn to be a good Christian before he learn to be a good Prince makes him understand that it is necessary for him to go out of his Fathers Court and travel through Forein Countries as a means to become such Here it is discoursed at large of certain Travellers that learn nothing but the worst fashions and customs of other Nations Then he showes the advantage of Travelling with judgement and in company of such as know what is requisite to be observed in every part of Europe After that he makes it appear that it is easy to become a wise Counsellor and an able Souldier by Travelling wherein a man learns to know the humour of people and the Languages Hereupon he speaks of the corruption of Languages the cause thereof and other curious notions Lastly he maketh his German Prince understand that he ought to know the French and Italian Tongues and that without busying himself upon sciences that have more vanity then solidity he should learn the art of Governing well and consequently the Estate of the Empire which contains almost all that a Prince ought to know II. Dialogue This Dialogue containes the Estate of the Empire in general and therein is shown that the Emperor is a Monarch though he have not an absolute power to do all that he pleases forasmuch as the Princes of Germany acknowledge that all their dignity is communicated to them by and from him He can create Kings Arch Dukes c. but cannot confer Ecclesiastical Benefices and why In the beginning of this Dialogue the Author sayes that his Book shall treat of the Head and principal Members of the Empire of their power authority of the Origine progress and alliances of the illustrious Houses of the rank and place they hold in the Assemblies of the Branches of every Family of the causes of love hatred and jealousie amongst them c. After that he proves that the Estate of the Empire is Monarchical and confuting the contrary opinions he establishes his own And because the Emperor hath not right to confer Ecclesiastical Benefices he renders the reason thereof and makes it clear that notwithstanding all that he is the first Monarch in the world And forasmuch as he is made so by Election the Author speaks of the Electors their beginning their power their order and their number and showing what necessity there was to increase the last he brings the reasons which the Ancients had to raise to that dignity three Ecclesiastical and four Secular Princes who have power to create and depose the Emperor and the King of the Romans Then he speaks of the Ceremonies used at their Coronation and of the power both of the one and the other III. Dialogue In this Dialogue he speaks of the Estates of the Empire and having shown that those which are so have many rights of Regality he passes to the consideration of the House of Austria discovers its original how long it hath born the Imperial Crown into how many Branches it is divided how it came to be so
desire that he may obtain them the most Religious pray God to give him them the most couragious grumble and the most seditious losing all respect talk of putting another into his place The unfortunate life and death of Henry the Third King of France are unquestionable evidences of this truth P. How should one do to gain authority and reputation G. Authority depends upon reputation for the people believing that their Prince is valiant liberal and prudent doth readily obey his will and receive his Commands with respect honour and reverence Now to gain the reputation of a prudent Prince he should be very careful that his servants and Ministers be friends to the publick good affable modest and generous To be esteemed valiant it is sufficient that he shew a constant resolution to maintain his People in their ancient Splendor even at the expence of his life that adversity cast him not down nor prosperity make him insolent And to give a fairer lustre to his liberality he should take care that the little he bestowes arise not out of the oppression of his People If it be thus indeed then without being present every day at Councel without drawing his sword or giving much his Subjects his Friends and his Enemies too will esteem him valiant liberal and prudent and all of them fearing to offend him will pay him the duties of Subjects Friends and Neighbours P. A Prince that carries true piety in his heart and all Christian virtues in his soul needs not doubt but God will dissipate and disappoint all the evil designs of his mutinous Subjects and ambitious Neighbours But what Countrey-man was Pepin G. It is generally said that he was originally a German nay many think that Charlemagne his son was born near the Rhine John de Serres in his Inventary of the History of France Tom. 1. pag. 315. says he was born at Wormes crowned at Spire and buried at Aix and in pag. 324. of the same Tome he says he was buried at Aix where he was born How ever it be they were both of them Kings of France and the latter won so much renown by preserving the Church of Rome and defending the Pope who was unjustly assailed by Desiderius King of Lombardy that the Pope the Senate and people of Rome proclaimed him Emperor in the year of our Lord 800. P. I thought it was Pope Leo III. only that divided the Empire and gave the Western part with the name of Emperor to Charlemagne when he made him Advocate of the Holy See G. The Popes labour to perswade us so and would have it believed that the Crowns of Lombardy and Rome are essential to the Imperial dignity saying that the Emperor becomes King of Germany by the election which the Princes make of his person but acquires the name of Emperor Cesar and Augustus by the consecration and approbation which he receives from the Pope But this opinion of the Popes and of some writers their Votaries is ridiculous otherwise the Heathen Emperors would not have been lawful Emperors and those professing Christianity who resided at Constantinople since Constantine the Great until Constantine Paleologus nay those of Germany since Ferdinand the First till this very day would have been Usurpers having been Crowned neither at Milan nor Rome which cannot be said without the guilt of High Treason From whence you ought to conclude that the Emperors are so by the Grace of God without being any way beholden for it to the See of Rome P. Did the posterity of Charlemagne keep possession of the Empire and the Kingdom of France for any long time G. It held the Empire and France together not very long for the children of Lewis the Debonaire sharing their Fathers Estates that division weakned the House occasioned Wars between the brethren and was the cause that his Grandchildren lost the Empire in the year 912. and the Kingdom of France in the year 987. at which time Hugh Capet made Charles Duke of Lorraine Unckle by the Fathers side to Lewis the Fifth to be declared unworthy to succeed to the Crown of his Progenitors because he had done homage to Germany for his Dutchy So the race of Charles the Great to whom all Christendom doth owe so much fell totally from their greatness and made room in Germany for the Saxons and in France for the Capetians who set up the Empire and France again in their first lustre P. Was Hugh Capet a Frenchman G. He was born in France but a Saxon by extraction for Charlemagne coming to an agreement with Witikind of Saxony after a long and bloody War took one of Witikinds sons into France with him and did so much for him that his successors raised themselves with ease to the highest Offices of State and at length Hugh Capet put the Crown upon his own head and transmitted it to his descendents who enjoy it still with more happiness and authority then their predecessors did P. I learn by what you tell me that all the Kings who have reigned in France since Pharamond came out of Germany and I am glad to understand so much because it is an honor for our Nation to have given Kings unto so considerable a part of Europe But methinks this discourse draws us much off of our mark and being to speak of Languages and of the place where they should be learnt we allow that subject the least share of our thoughts G. It is true indeed that we make long digressions but they bring us nearer to the end we aim at for the best way to learn Languages is to speak and discourse with those that have the reputation of speaking well P. Do not all Frenchmen and Italians speak their own native Language well G. There are Provinces in France and Italy where you meet with few persons that speak French or Italian purely and never a one where the vulgar hath not some terms out of use and rejected by the learned So that those who travel to learn languages should take care to make their stay in places where the common people have the best accent and the least barbarous phrases P. Where should Italian be learnt G. You know that the inundation of people who to show the Romans that they were not invincible came at several times out of Gaul and Germany so corrupted the Latine in Italy that it degenerated into a language exceedingly mingled Since that time the great wits as Petrarch Boccace Ariosto Tasso Bembo and many others have so cultivated it that their writings do in no wise give place to the elegancy of the Greeks and Latines Now as Cities are some more or less ingenious then others the inhabitants of Sienna have surpassed them all in the sweetness and politeness of the Italian tongue and the Court of Rome which is composed of all the rest hath brought it to its perfection P. That being so I will stay longer at Sienna and Rome then in other places G. So I advise you and
the overgrowing authority of Popes who not content to have robb'd the Emperor of his right to nominate or at least to confirm those Soveraine Prelates have taken from him the power of nominating to the Ecclesiastical dignities of Germany And they did also oblige him to come and take his Imperial Crown at their hands but no Emperor hath been crowned at Rome since Charles V. P. I would gladly know how the Popes have so much lessened the Imperial Majesty G. The Emperor Constantine the Great having removed the seat of the Empire to Constantinople the Roman Bishops began to have more Elbow-room and laying the foundation of their greatness as well upon the distance of the Emperors Residence as upon the piety of Princes and the respect given unto them they took upon them the name of Universal Bishop which their Predecessors never thought of but with horror and detestation Nevertheless the Lombards kept the Popes in awe and vexeâ— them often till the time of Pepin and Charlemagne who undertook their protection and enriched them with the estate of those troublesoâ—â— Kings The Pope willing to acknowledge these good turns did Homage to those Princes for the Territories of Ravenna and Pentapolis of Romagnia which Pepin had liberally bestowe upon him obliged his Successors to the samâ— duty agreeing that those Princes and their Heirs should have the Right and Prerogative of choosing Popes Those two Kings madâ— use of that right but after the death of Charles the most potent of the Clergy fearing they might not have interest enough in the Emperors Court got themselves chosen at Rome and afterwards came with an excuse that they were not able to hinder their election and therefore besought Lewis the Debonaire to confirm them which he did for fear of disobliging them P. Did this submission of the Popes continue long G. No but a short time for pope Nicolas I. of that name being better seen in State-matters then his predecessors disengaged himself of that duty and using the Thunder of the Vatican in a right season excommunicated Lotharius brother to Lewis King of Italy and gave so much courage to his Successors that in a short time they took the boldness to pretend to the election of the Emperors to degrade them and to set up another instead of any one that had the misfortune to displease them P. Did not the Emperors withstand those violences G. All that had any resolution resisted that injustice past over the Alpes and forced the Popes to keep themselves within their duty but as Princes are oftentimes some more unfortunate or less couragious then others at length Gregory VII Vrban II. and many other Popes trampled the Majesty of the Emperors under their feet thunder'd and decreed against them in their Councils depriv'd them of their Right and brought them by force to go and take the Imperial Crown at their hands saying there was as much difference betwixt Popes and Emperors as there is betwixt the Sun and the Moon intending to infer from thence that as the latter of those two planets hath no light but what is communicated to it by the Sun so the Emperor had no other glory nor power nor Majesty but what the Pope bestowed upon him But since Charles V. his time no Emperor hath been Crowned by the hands of the Pope and it seems that the House of Austria hath recovered that to the Empire which the unhappiness of forme times had rent from it P. It was a great unhappiness indeed that our Forefathers gave so much way and parted with so much of their Right to the Popes But you do also confess that his Majesty cannot give any Right of suffrage in the Assemblie of the Empire unto those persons whom he raises to the dignity of Prince without the consent of the States first obtained G No man having voice or seat in the Diets but he that is entred in the Registe or Matriculation-Roll of the Empire which remains in the custody of the Elector of Mentz it follows necessarily that no maâ— can be admitted to sit there without the knowledge and allowance of that Elector P. That which you tell me doth in some some sort derogate from the Majesty of the Emperor who in that respect seems less absolute then the Kings of France and Spain for they can give the titles of Duke and Grande to whom they please and endue new men with the priviledges of the ancientest Lords of that Order without pre-acquainting them with it G. Those that the King of France raises to the dignity of Duke must have their Patent verified in the Pariament of Paris before they can take their place there and though this were not so we should only be bound to confess that the Emperors have used more favour toward the principal Members of the Empire then the Kings of France do toward their Peers or those of Spain toward their Grandes But for all that neither of those Kings though great and potent is so eminent as the Emperor except in this regard that both of them have no Superior nor any equal within their Dominions P. Hath the Emperor any more illustrious marks of Soverainty then those Kings who give no man an account of their edicts but in these terms For such is Our pleasure G. Those Kings are great and as it were Emperors upon their own Territories and make Lawes create Magistrates Lords and Gentlemen as many as they please but neither they nor any other person in the World equals the Emperor who by a plenitude of power creates Kings and hath a Right to hinder any other Potentate from attempting to do the like P. The Emperor doth often erect Lands into Baronies Earldoms and Dukedoms nay he makes Barons Counts and Dukes without giving them any land But I have never heard it affirmed that he had the power to erect Principalities into Kingdoms G. The Emperor Otho III. made Poland a Kingdom of a Dukedom in the year 1001. Henry IV. did the like for Bohemia in the year 1086. and Charles the Brave Duke of Burgundy desired the Emperor Frederick III. to give him the title of King but could not obtain it All which things do without question elevate the Emperor above all the Monarchs of the Universe and make it evident that the Imperial dignity is the most eminent upon earth P. I believe as you do that no King assumes the authority to erect Principalities into Kingdoms and that our Emperor in that point hath no equal in the world but you have not yet proved that he hath the power of hindring others from giving those eminent titles G. The Pope sayes he hath the same Prerogative but Pius V. having given the title of great Duke of Tuscany to Cosmo de Medicis in the year 1569. the Emperor Maximilian II. opposed it and made Cosmo receive it from him And by that action the Pope was obliged to confess that he had exceeded and transgressed the bounds of his power
not to enter into dispute let us go forward and tell meat what time those Princes put the Imperial Crown upon their head G. Frederick II. having past from this life to a better the Empire continued some year without a Head After which Interregnum all Germany esteeming the vertue of Rodolph Count of Habspourg worthy of the Empire he was set upon the Throne in the year 1278. and reigned 18. Rodolph being dead Adolph Count of Nassau was chosen in his stead But Albert Rodolphs son being now become Duke of Austria by the gift which his Father made him of that Principality and Lord of Carinthia by the marriage which he contracted with Elizabeth inheritrice of that Province because he could not brook a Superior took arms slew the Emperor Adolph in battel and forced the Electors to put him into his place in the year 1298. and ten years after on May-day 1308. he was killed upon the high way by his Nephew John the son of Rodolph and his successors were no more admitted to that honor till the year 1438. in which Albert the Fifth Duke of Austria and second Emperor of that name was raised to that dignity He reigned no longer then one year and was succeeded by Frederick III. his Cousin who reigned 54. years and got his son Maximilian I. to be Elected whilest he lived To Maximilian Charles V. his grandchild succeeded and to Charles Ferdinand I. his brother from whom are descended in a right line of males all the Emperors that have reigned ever since his death and still reign happily to this day P. I think the sons of Philip Archduke of Austria Duke of Burgundy divided that House into two branches G. That House arriving to greatness by little and little by the acquisition of the Countreys of Austria Carinthia Stiria Tirol and Alsatia was raised to a prodigious grandeur by the marriage of Maximilian of Austria with Mary of Burgundy who brought him in Dowry the 17. Provinces of the Low-Countreys with the Franche-County And a little after it acquired a great part of the world by the marriage of Jane of Spain with Philip the saiâ— Maximilians son For by the death of the Queen of Portugal her elder Sister Jane became heiress of all that her Father and Mother had in Spain and of the Kingdoms of Naples Sicily Majorca Minorca Sardinia and the New World So that Charles V. seeing he had enough to satisfie the two branches severally quitted all that he had in Germany to his brother Ferdinand reserving nothing thereof to himself but the name of Austria and gave his son all his other Dominions which are so great that the Sun never sets upon them P. You do not tell me that Philip II. son to Charles V. got the Kingdom of Portugal partly by right and partly by force after the death of the King and Cardinal Henry Unkle by the Fathers side to Sebastian who was unfortunately lost in Africa in the year 1578. G. I reserve those things to be spoken of when we shall travel into Spain and then I shall tell you that Philip II. having gotten the Kingdom of Portugal with the East Indies Brasile the places of Ceuta Tanger Marzagan many Isles in the Ocean Sea and all the Coasts of Africa unto the great Monomotapa many lands and fortresses beyond the Cape of Good Hope in Persia Arabia and the Indies he and his son possessed them prosperously But Philip IV. his grandchild lost that Kingdom upon Christmas-day 1640. and afterwards all that depended upon that Crown followed the sway and revolution of Portugal P. This House being most mighty in Europe Africa Asia and America and having the Imperial Crown upon its head ever since the year 1438. without intermission it must certainly have priviledges unknown to other Houses of Germany G. The Princes of this House have received extraordinary mercies and advantages from God from nature and from men From Nature inasmuch as they have all a long chin and thick lips which is a Physiognomical mark of their piety constancy and integrity From God inasmuch as by giving a glass of water with their own hand to one that hath great Wens hanging at his throat they cure him and by kissing one that cannot speak plain they unloose his tongue nay which is more this House having within 300. years afforded twelve Emperors five Kings of Spain and forty other Kings Cardinals Archdukes and Dukes there hath been never a Tyrant amongst them all As for the priviledges they have received from the Emperors of that House they can create Gentlemen Barons and Counts through the whole Empire and the Emperor cannot take from them the lands they are seized of to give them to another The Archduke of Austria is the first and most intimate Privy Counsellor of the Empire and hâ—â— Principality is not subject to contributionâ— These Princes when they receive the land they hold in Fee are in Royal habit wear aâ— Archdukes Cap upon their head pay nothing for their Investiture and are not subject to the Justice of the Empire In Assemblies they take their place on the right hand of the Emperor after the Electors before the Ecclesiastical Princes If they be challenged to fight a Duel they may take a Champion though that priviledge be denied to their adversary And if all the Princes of this House happen to fail the eldest daughter shall inherit all their Estate and bring all these priviledges to her husband P. In real truth this House hath done so many good offices to the Empire that I wonder not to see it priviledged above all others Are these Princes many G. No That Emperor is since dead as also his brother and one of his sons but few The King of Spain at the time we are now speaking which is the year 1657. hath but one son the Emperor two and one brother and the Archdukes of Inspruck are two Thus the branch of Burgundy is in danger to be totally extinguished but that of Austria is strong enough still there being five young Princes of it P. If the Branch of Burgundy should totally fail should not that of Austria inherit G. I believe of Right it ought to succeed for it is no less descended of Jane of Spain then that of Burgundy But being daughters inherit it would be known whether the heiress of the Kingdom will not marry some other Prince and whether a Spanish Lord will not have a mind to taste so dainty a bit P. It would be a great weakening of the Emperor to take from him the strong support he hath alwayes found in King Phillips Exchequor Let us now look if you please upon the Palatine House G. By your demands you oblige me to follow the order which the Princes observe in their sitting at the Assemblies After the House of Austria that of the Palatine holds the first rank without dispute This House enjoyes the first Electorship and the first place amongst the Secular Electors after the
King of Bohemia And the younger brethren of the Palatine House who have place in the Assemblies take it immediately after the Secular Electors as the Archdukes do after the Ecclesiasticks Now all the Princes of this House are descended from two Emperors whose Nephews make two principal Branches both very Potent and Illustrious but of different Religions and perchance no very great friends since they that are sprung from Lewis of Bavaria wear the Electoral Cap which belonged to the descendents of the Emperor Robert And that change came to pass because Frederick V. Elector of the Rhine not regarding the Election that was made of Ferdinand of Austria accepted the Crown of Bohemia whereby he kindled those fires and forged those irons that have wasted our Countrey for above 30. years P. I have already heard say that the Bohemians drew upon themselves and us the mischiefs of the last War by the Election they made of two Kings when they had but one Kingdom to bestow Let us therefore pass by those causes of our evils and according to your accustomed method tell me something of the Original of the priviledges of the greatness and of the alliances of this House G. Many Writers fetch the Original of these Princes out of the loines of Charlemagne and follow the Genealogie down from him to those that are living at this day For my part I know not what to think of it and therefore refer my self to real evidence Yet I dare confidently affirm that the House is very ancient and that since the year 1253. in which Otho Witelpachius Count of Shiern married Agnes heiress of the Palatinate and Bavaria this House hath possessed those two great Principalities with the quality of Elector and great Steward of the Empire It hath given two Emperors to Germany one King to Denmark Sweden and Norway joyntly and another to Sweden alone Without counting I know not how many Generals who have commanded armies in Italy Hungary France and England P. At what time did those Princes reign in Germany Denmark and Sweden G. Lewis of Bavaria was chosen Emperor the 18. of October 1314 and having Reigned gloriously 23. years made room for Charles of Luxembourg the IV. of that name who left Wenceslaus his Successor and he by his intolerable negligence forced the Electors to put Robert Elector Palatine into his place a man low of Stature but of so great courage that the Empire could have wished him endued with immortality if that were to be found here below But he dyed the 18. of May 1410. having Reigned ten years And Christopher his granchild was chosen King of Denmark Sweden and Norway in the year 1430. and dyed without heirs 1448. But Charles Gustavus son of John Casimir a younger brother to the Duke of Zweybruck or Deux-ponts Reigns at this present in Sweden with as much glory as any one of his predecessors and hath a son of Hedwig Eleonor daughter to Frederick Duke of Holstein P. This House descending from two Emperors very renowned in History and having so many and such brave Princes at present worth to be Emperors I wish them those Crown they deserve to wear and desire you to toâ— me whether it enjoys more priviledges theâ— the other Electoral Houses G. The Electors have very great priviledges and the Golden Bull otdains for them allâ— general and every one in particular thaâ— no man appeal from their Justice to any otheâ— whatsoever Yet none of them have preserveâ— this Right entire to them but the Electors oâ— Saxony Brandenburg and of the Rhine Theâ— can all together choose an Emperor and depose him when he is lazy and negligent They have right to prescribe a Capitulation to the Emperor when they have chosen him and to oblige him to swear to the observation thereof Moreover they can meet together once every year without asking leave of any one and consult in that Assembly concerning the publick and their own private affairs Besides this Right which relates to the whole Electoral Colledge the Palatine and the Saxon are Vicars of the Empire and as such they can legitimate Bastards as well of great men as of inferior persons create Notaries and Tabellions confer the Benefices which are in the Emperors nomination give Investiture of lands held in Fee except of Dukedoms and of the Principalities which in Germany are called Fansleben because when the Emperor gives them he puts a standard into the hand of him that receives them and which is most considerable the Elector Palatine can redeem what the Emperor hath sold or engaged at the same value for which it was sold or engaged and which is yet more the Emperor may be convented for Debt before this Elector P. The ancient Emperors gave demonstration of a meekness without example in submiting themselves to the justice of one that is a Subject of the Empire G. No man would deal with Soverains if they did not oblige themselves in Civil matters to some way of Justice and in this case the Emperors have been willing that the Elector Palatine should be their Judge But if the Emperor be accused of Mal-administration the judgement thereupon belongs to all the Electoral Colledge in which case the Elector Palatine is Director of the Process and not he of Mentz though he be Dean of the Electoral Colledge P. Certainly this is no small honour to the Palatine House but wherein consists its greatness G. If these Princes did all aim at the benefit advancement and glory of the whole House in generall and if there were no hatred between the Branches Bavaria the upper lower Palatinate the Landgraveship of Leuchtemberg the Lordships of Simmeren of Deux-Ponts of Weldents the Dutchy of Juliers the Archbishopricâ— of Collen the Bishopricks of Liege Hildesheim and Freisinguen which this House possessseth at this time would make it formidable to all its Enemies as well by reason of its vast forces as because it hath three voices in the Electoral Colledge and at the least eight or ten in that of the Princes P. I know that the Elector of Bavaria in the quality of Duke hath the first voice among the Secular Princes that Duke Albert his Unkle hath one as Landgrave of Leuchtemberg that the Palatine of Simmeren hath another and he of Newbourg too and it may be some other younger brethren of the House have voices also for Deux-ponts in like manner as for the Bishopricks of Hildesheim Liege and Freisinguen But tell me something of the alliances of this House G. It is allied to all the great Families not only of the Empire but of Europe The Emperor Ferdinand II. married in the first year of the Century current Mary Anne daughter to William Duke of Bavaria by whom he had issue Mary Anne wife to Maximilian Duke of Bavaria Cecily wife to Vladislaus IV. King of Poland Ferdinand III. Emperor who had for his first wife Mary Infanta of Spain and by her Mary Anne wife to Philip IV. King of
of Brandenbourg and widow to Christopher the last King of Denmark That Prince having Reigned happily 33. years in Denmark 32. in Norway and 25. in Sweden dyed afterwards A. D. 1482. leaving two sons who succeeded him in this manner John his eldest was King of those three Kingdoms after his Father and gave his brother Frederick the moyety of his Hereditary lands Then having reigned peaceably he dyed A. D. 1513. leaving his son Christian II. to be his Successor That Prince was born A. D. 1481. and married Isabel sister to the Emperor Charles V. by whom he had Dorothy Electoress of Brandenbourg Christina Dutchess of Milan and afterwards of Lorraine and John who dyed bearing arms under the Emperor Charles his Unkle by the Mothers side in the year 1532. Christiern otherwise Christian II. forsook the way of his Father and Grandfather and became so cruel a Tyrant that the Swedes drove him out of their Countrey and placed upon the Throne Gustavus Vasc son to Erick a Swedish Knight A. D. 1523. And nine years after the Danes cast him in prison where he ended his dayes in five more P. Men seem to be of a worse condition then beasts inasmuch as Eagles do not ingender pigeons nor Lions Stags yet Heroical persons rarely beget their like The greatest men are subject to the misfortune of seeing their children unworthy to succeed them But what came to pass after the imprisonment of Christiern G. We will speak in another place of what followed in Sweden In Denmark the Nobility had an honourable memory and high esteem of the virtues of Christian I. and of Iohn wherefore instead of the Tyrant who was prisoner at Sunderbourg they placed Frederick his Unkle by the Fathers side upon the Throne who was very aged and yet he introduced the Doctrine of Luther into Denmark and his own hereditary Principalities That Frederick was the first Duke of Holstein which is held in Fee of the Empire as Schleswick is of Denmark but neither he nor his son Christian III. durst send any body to the Diets fearing they should be but ill used for having assumed the place of a brother-in-law to two Emperors P. It may be those Princes not daring to send their Deputies to the Diets lost the Rank they held there G. Frederick I. of that name King of Denmark was Duke of Holstein before he came to the Crown yet I cannot tell whether he had taken place in the Assemblies of the Empire But to pursue the discourse we have begun that Prince left two sons the elder of whom was King after him by the name of Christian III. and Adolph his younger son Duke of Holstein They had both children from whom all the Princes of this House are descended For Christian was Father to King Frederick II. and to Iohn the younger and Adolph to Iohn Adolph and to Frederick Archbishop of Bremen and Bishop of Lubeck P. I pray draw out this Genealogy a little more at length G. Frederick II. husband to Sophia daughter to Vlrick Duke of Meklebourg had one son and four daughters very worthy of your knowledge For as much as Elizabeth the eldest was married to Henry Iulius Duke of Brunswick Anne to Iames VI. King of Scotland who afterwards got all Great Britain by the death and Testament of Elizabeth Queen of England Augusta to Iohn Adolph Duke of Holstein and Hedwig to Christian II. Elector of Saxony His Son and Successor to the Crown was Christian IV. a great King both in time of peace and war That Prince who admiring the worth of Henry the Great King of France made him his pattern in every thing and had at the least as many sons as he as well Legitimate as Natural But there remains no more of the lawfully begotten then his Successor Frederick III. who hath already many children and may have more P. This King is esteemed throughout all Europe for a knowing Prince and one that sets a value upon good men Let us see the Descendents of Iohn the younger G. That Prince was even goodness it self and God blessed him exceedingly for he had 23. children by Elizabeth Dutchess of Brunswick and Agnes Hedwig Princess of Anhalt his wives Two of those Princes dyed in Hungary one at the illustrious Colledge of Tubing two departed in their infancy and four lived to be married who are fathers of many Lords either residing at Sunderbourg Nortbourg Glugsbourg and Plone or else seeking their fortune in the Wars The daughters were thus married the eldest to a Duke of Lignitz three of the youngest to three Dukes of Pomerania Anne Sabina to a Duke of Wirtemberg Eleonor Sophia to a Prince of Anhalt and Margaret to John Count of Nassau The rest dyed in their Cradle except Eleonor who is still unmarried and leads an exemplary life she is 67. years old yet very lovely for her age and worthy to be visited by Kings for she hath a marvellous way of entertaining those Princes and Ladies that do her the honour to see her And I can assure you I never saw better sweet-meats served any where then at her house nor strangers received with greater civility P. Tell me I pray a little more particularly who are the Descendents of John the younger brother to King Frederick II. G. Alexander his eldest son had six sons whereof the eldest married a Countess of Delmenhorst and at his death left one son and two daughters by her Frederick Philip and Joachim Ernest brethren to Alexander are yet living the first hath three sons and as many daughters the second hath but two sons alive five Princesses married and one to marry the third hath four Princes two whereof have command in the King of Spains service and three Princesses still maids all beautiful and witty and brought up in the School of a Father inferior to none in the Empire for prudence and of a Mother that hath but few equals in all kind of vertues P. Do not forget the Descendents of Adolph younger brother to Christian III. of that name G. Adolph had many sons that dyed young one that was Archbishop of Bremen and John Adolph his eldest married Augusta daughter to Frederick II. King of Denmark These two had issue John Bishop of Lubeck a comely and liberal Prince who dying left his son John Augustus still very young but pretty and exceeding hopeful Frederick this Bishops elder brother hath the moyety of the Dutchies of Schleswick Holstein Stormar and Dithmarsh and takes turns with the King of Denmark in the administration of Justice in having place and voice in the Assemblies of the Empire and in all other Rights of Regality This Prince great in knowledge and magnanimity hath for a partner in his bed and felicity Mary Elizabeth daughter to John George Elector of Saxony by whom he hath still living three sons and five daughters four whereof are married to John Prince of Anhalt Gustavus Adolph Duke of Meklebourg Lewis Landgrave of Darmstadt and Charles Gustavus
King of Sweden And all these Princesses have children P. If promises be debts you are bound to tell me to whom the other Princesses of this House are married G. Elizabeth Juliana daughter to Frederick who resides at Nortbourg married Antony Vlrick Duke of Brunswick A. D. 1656. Her Cousins daughters to Philip are thus married Mary Elizabeth to George Albert Marquiss of Brandenbourg Augusta to Ernest Gunther Duke of Holstein Christina to Christian Duke of Saxony and Dorothy to Christian Lewis Duke of Lunebourg Hedwig is still to marry and Sophia Hedwig dyed after she had born two children to her husband Maurice Duke of Saxony P. Doth the whole Countrey of Schleswick Holstein and their appurtenances yield a great Revenue G. All these Dutchies together make up above 7000. Crowns of yearly Rent I would in good manners adde one Cypher more and make it 70000 lest the Estates of many private English Gentlemen should exceed the Revenue of these Dutchies And although a great part of the Countrey be taken up in Lakes and Forests yet it abounds with all things by reason of the Ocean and Baltick Seas that make many Harbors there There come out of Jutland above 12000. head of Cattle every year and a great number of Horses which are to be brought into the Castle of Gottorf and if his Highness will have any of them he may take them at 18. Rix-dollars a piece The Dutchy of Holstein contains 8000. Ploughs and yet it contributes no more then the City of Lubeck to the necessities of the Empire The peasants there are slaves and the Nobility rich ambitious and valiant as much as any in Europe P. I have heard you say you have drunk so good Spanish Wine at Gottorf Plone Redwisch and Eutin that I am perswaded the remembrance thereof hath made you stay so long in Holstein Yet you must come from thence and see whether the Romeldenph of Ratzebourg and the Beer of Zerbst will be able to keep you at the houses of the Dukes of Saxony and the Princes of Anhalt G. If you would give me leave to entertain you at large about the generosity of the Princes of Holstein we would speak of the horses rings and other gentile presents that were offered me at Gottorf Plone Redwisch and Eutin but since we must pass into the Dutchy of Lawembourg and into the Principality of Anhalt I shall tell you that the Duke Augustus and the Prince Christian have by their favours sufficiently obliged me to be a particular servant to their House which hath at the same time afforded Electors both of Saxony and Brandenbourg P. I shall be glad to know when and how those Princes got and lost those Electorships with the antiquity of their Houses their Titles their Alliances their Religion the number of the Branches whereinto they are divided and other things that you shall judge requisite for my instruction G. No man denies but that these Houses sprung out of one and the same root and that they are reckoned amongst the ancientest in Christendom but I hold it a vanity to enquire for a descent from Father to Son ever since Adams time to ours because the Ancients were more studious to deserve an immortal glory then to seek for Writers to transmit the same to posterity The Author of the Genealogical Tables which the Prince Augustus gave me at Pleskau in the year 1650. Affirms that these Princes were Kings Dukes and Generals of the Saxons even before the coming of Christ and sets down for Head of this Family Berenthobald who in the quality of King led the Saxons to the War against Hermanford King of Thuringia A. D. 524. Limneus goes higher saying they come from Ascana son to Gomer Nephew to Iaphet Noahs son However it be this House is extremely ancient it being above 1000. years since Berenthobald II. and III. were Generals of the Saxons against Clovis II. and Dagobert Kings of France and since Clovis III. King of France married Batildis daughter to Beranger a Princess of this House All which things make it evident that this Family was come to full growth before many very noble ones were produced P. Seeing those Princes were Kings or Dukes of the Saxons how comes it to pass that they kept not that Dignity G. Those titles were not always Hereditary Anciently the Saxons and many other people chose a Duke or a King when they stood in need of one for the War otherwise their State was Aristocratical and Dignities descended not to their heirs In the days of Charlemagne Witikind Head of the Saxons had Aribo Beranger his Son or Brother-in-law for his Lieutenant General And when they were vanquished by the valour of Charles and reconciled to him by the mediation of Henry Count of Henneberg Charlemagne honored Witikind with the quality of Duke and Aribo Beranger with that of Count of Ascania Ballenstet and Hircinia to them and their posterity When they were dead the Descendents of that House became Christians and the Emperor was Godfather to Charles Father to Poppo who took to wife Syndovine daughter to Lewis the Debonaire Emperor and King of France from whom all the princes of this House are propagated P. This indeed is a great alliance but tell me how they came to be Dukes of Saxony and Marquisses of Brandenbourg G. Otho the Great Count of Ascania Ballenstet and Wolpe having married Hileta daughter to Magnus Duke of Saxony had by her Albertus Vrsus who by the favour of the Emperor Conrade III. was made Marquiss and Elector of Brandenbourg the House of Stade being extinguished which had enjoyed that Marquisate a long time A little after Henry Leo Duke of Saxony and Brunswick having disobliged the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa was degraded from his Dignity and the same given to Bernard son to Albertus Vrsus in the Diet of Wirsbourg 1169. which dignity continued in his Family till the year 1423. as that of Marquiss of Brandenbourg did till 1417. P. Do not Princes offend against the maximes of true Politicks when they make their Subjects too great G. Theodosius Duke of Bragansa and the richest Lord in Portugal being dissatisfied with Philip III. his Soverain because he would not suffer the Duke to walk equal by his side absented himself from Court and the Kings servants foreseeing what danger there might be to let a person go away discontented that had so great an estate and authority in a Kingdom full of bad humours entreated his Majesty to satisfie him before he returned from Castile The King commanded he should be brought to him the Duke came and being at Court the King with an extraordinary sweetness said to him Pedid duque Ask what you would have my Lord the Duke whose heart was swelled up with his riches answered Senor los mayores de vnestra Majestad que tanbien han sido los mios hizierontantas mercedes a mi casa que no me queda nada que pedir Sir your Majesties Ancestors who were mine
it translating all the books that they count worthy of their pains P. There are some that undervalue Translations and endeavour to cast an imputation upon them as pernicious to the Common-wealth being causes of lazyness and negligence G. I know there be some learned men are sorry that an entrance is opened into the Temple of wisdom through an easier door then Greek and Latin But notwithstanding their opinion it is certain that Great men should not be debarred of the knowledge necessary for them under the specious pretenses that the Latin and Greek Tongues will be lost in Germany if men may find Learning in their native Language P. If Prince Lewis hath been fortunate in this commendable enterprize his Countrey is greatly obliged to him For these translations do not forbid any man to look into the Originals being only for such as have not time to learn the Languages which furnish us with books But of what Religion are the Princes of these two Houses G. Duke Francis Herman and Iulius Henry his Father who are at this time the eldest and ruling Princes of Saxon-Lawembourg are turned Catholiques the brethren of the forenamed Iulius Henry are Protestants as also the Prince of Anhalt residing at Zerbst All the rest are of the Reformed Religion and very zealous in it The first sort of these Princes take the title of Dukes of Saxony Hungary and Westphalia the other Princes of Anhalt assume that of Counts of Ascania Lords of Berembourg and Zerbst Lawembourg is a fine place upon the Elbe but the Castle is ruined and the Duke lives at Ratzebourg though he have nothing there but the Castle the City belonging to the Duke of Meklebourg The River of Sala crosses the Principality of Anhalt which makes it no less beautiful then fruitful But the Countrey is very little and the Princes stand in need of a greater estate to exercise the liberality to which they have so strong an inclination P. Liberality is the proper vertue of Princes and I think it were better for a great Lord to be profuse then avaritious G. Every man should take a true measure of his ability and give no more then he can well bear Prodigality hath a semblance of something more noble then avarice hath and really it is less odious nay they that gain by it make it pass for a vertue but perchance it is more prejudicial to posterity and no less dangerous then the other extreme Though a King should give away his whole Kingdom he would not satisfie all that ask no nor all that think they deserve much of him It is then more convenient to give with reason never to draw so near the bottom but that Great men may alwayes have wherewithal to gratifie persons of merit and above all they should take special care that their liberality be exercised without the oppression of the People to avoid murmuring which may produce Rebellion P. There is no need of making Laws against giving too much Princes are not so free and there are not many of them that want a Tutor or Overseer in that kind Let us go forward if you please to that which remains concerning the Princes of the Empire G. Seeing we reserve the Dukes of Savoy and Lorraine and the Princes of Orange for another place we have no more to speak of but the Princes of Montbeliard Henneberg Zolleren Aremberg and East-Frizeland P. Did you not say enough of the Princes of Montbeliard when you were discoursing of the Duke of Wirtemberg G. It is true indeed that the Principality of Montbeliard belongs to the House of Wirtemberg ever since the year 1397. at which time Eberhard the younger married Henrietta heiress of that fair Territory Yet it is good for you to know that the present Prince is son to Lewis Frederick grandchild to Frederick Duke of Wirtemberg who having had many sons gave to his youngest the Counties of Montheliard and Horbourg the Soverainty of Ericourt the Lordships of Blamont Clairval Passevant and Richeville with the Barony of Grangeâ— This Prince hath Salt-pits and Iron-works that yield him great profit and a voice in the Assemblies but hath never a child His younger brother keeps his residence at Horbourg and is married to Anne of Coligny by whom he hath children P. It is said that the Prince of Montbeliard had heretofore a hundred thousand Rix-dollars yearly Rent Pass we on to those of Henneberg G. These Lords have not long had the quality of Prince Their Family was utterly extinguished in the year 1583. and their Principality past into the power of the Dukes of Saxony by vertue of a Confraternity The seat of the old Race was at Eslesunguen where their Sepulchres are yet to be seen and many â—pitaphs that evidence the grandeur of that illustrious House which was in great credit in the time of Charlemagne P. There are few Genealogies to be seen wherein the Counts of Henneberg have not a place But since they are all gone I had rather you should give me an account of those of Hohenzolleren G. The House of Hohenzolleren is a Branch of that of Brandenbourg and so this Prince is Vicar to the great Chamberlain of the Empire and gives the Emperor water to wash when he eats in Ceremony if the Elector of Brandenbourg be not present Ertel Frederick Count of Hohenzolleren was made Prince at the Diet of Ratisbon in the year 1623. and all the eldest brethren of his House bear the same quality The present Prince married the daughter and heiress of the Count Henry of Berg his youngest brother is Gentleman of the Chamber to the Emperor and the middlemost Canon of Collen These Lords have estate enough and might be rich yet they are in bad condition for want of order and good husbandry P. The Princes of Hohenzolleren are of very high extraction and have a very noble habitation at Echingnen where the Castle is magnificent and Hohenzolleren is seated upon the brow of a high hill I would willingly know how those of Aremberg were made Princes of the Empire G. These Princes having performed great services to the House of Austria and specially to the King of Spain were advanced to the highest Commands in the Low Countreys where they were often honoured with the Collar of the Golden Fleece and at last obtained a place among the Princes of the Empire by the favour of the Emperor Maximilian II. Duke Albert son to Robert Duke of Aremberg and Claudina Countess of the Rhine married Mary daughter and heiress to Everard Prince of Barbanson by whom he hath left Octavius who at this day bears the quality of Prince of Aremberg and Isabel married to Vlrick Duke of Wirtemberg This Princess is of incomparable beauty and prudence and the Prince her brother extremely courteous P. Being this House hath its lands and habitations upon the King of Spains Territories you may discourse of it more at large in another place Let us now see that of East-Friseland
that a Christian is less bound to make good his word then a Heathen or that keeping faith should be thought convenient among all other Nations and inconvenient to those that profess the Faith as if the People that are enlightned by the brightness of the Gospel ought to be less just then those that are immerst and mudded in the darkness of error and idolatry P. You conclude then that it is requisite to keep faith even with Infidels and Heretiques and I am of the same opinion And in very truth a Prince that should have Subjects of a Religion which would teach the contrary could have no confidence in them no more then they in him if he had no regard to keep his word with them upon pretense that he believed them Heretiques But let us turn into our Road again G. Constance having shewn us the inconstancy of humane promises hath drawn us a little out of our way yet it is no hard matter to strike into it again Ferdinand Count Palatine of the Rhine Duke of Bavaria and Elector of Collen held the Bishopricks of Hildesheim Paderborne Verden Munster and Liege all together by means whereof he might have given himself much ease and enjoyed his pleasure if the War had not engaged him in great disquiet and excessive expenses The Jesuits have heretofore told me that the two first of these Bishopricks had a miraculous foundation after this manner while Lewis the Debouaire was at Hildesheim it snowed so much all night that on the morrow the snow was a foot deep every where except in the place where the Cathedral Church was afterwards built And Charlemagne desiring to encamp on that ground where Paderborne stands wherein there was want of water the first pin that was struck into the earth to fasten his Pavillion gave issue to a plentiful spring that drives some water-mills Upon which source the Emperor caused the Church to be built and endowed it with a Revenue necessary for the maintenance of a Bishop Liege is known to all those that have read the History of Charles the Brave Duke of Burgundy who lay very heavy upon it at divers times and upon sundry occasions This Bishoprick and that of Hildesheim are still in the possession of the Elector of Collen but Verden and Minden were Secularized P. I knew before that those two Bishopricks were given to the King of Sweden and the Elector of Brandenbourg Tell me something of Munster G. That City is of special note because its Bishop is the Head of the Circle of Westphalia and because it was the place of the Assembly wherein many Bishopricks altered their property but much more for having been the seat of John of Leyden that petty King and seditious Anabaptist who for some years carried the Sceptre and Ball for marks of his Royalty At last he was besieged taken and put on the top of a Steeple in an iron Cage where he was eaten up by flyes and wasps together with two of his companions who were placed a little lower after they had been carried in triumph and mockery unto several Princes That punishment fit for their Rebellion and other crimes of theirs was inflicted upon them A. D. 1536. P. You said ere whiles that Ferdinand Archbishop of Collen held many Bishopricks together and I would willingly know whether the Church of Rome permit one single person to have so many Benefices every one requiring residence G. The Canon Law is directly against plurality of Benefices and according to the doctrine of the Casuists just as Christians are forbidden to have many wives at one time so are Priests to have many such Benefices together For where the Scripture ordains that a Bishop should be the husband of one wife they say it is meant of one Bishoprick But the Pope doth easily dispense when the Bishop is of high extraction and at this time there are some great Lords that hold more then two of the best Bishopricks in Germany P. I wonder Dispensations are granted in that case seeing by how much the Prelate is of greater condition by so much is he the better enabled to support his Dignity with the estate of his House But the Pope is to answer for those Dispensations and it may be he that is subject to no Law here will find himself much to seek when he is to give an account of his actions before the Tribunal of a Judge that hath no respect to Mitres and shows no more favour to the great then to the little to the rich then to the poor Let us go on to the Bishopricks that remain G. Being I have no intention to speak of those that lye within the Hereditary Countreys of the House of Austria because they sit not in the Diets of the Empire it remains only that we say something concerning those of Frisinguen Brix Basile and Trent The first is possessed by Albert Sigismond son to Albert brother to the late Maximilian Elector of Bavaria The second is so ancient that they say it hath had Bishops ever since the year of Our Lord 360. The third hath no power over the City and the Bishop hath his seat and residence at Poirentrus The last is known throughout all Christendom by reason of the Council which was held there under five Popes and brought to an end under Pius IV. A. D. 1563. In that Council some conclusions passed which strike at the Liberties and Priviledges of the most Christian King the Spaniards also disputed the precedence with him which the Kings of France had enjoyed till that time without contest and enjoy it still in despite of their adversary You may here remark that Gabriel Bucelin a Monk of Weingart having said that Henry of Bourbon is Bishop of Metz makes a great exclamation thereupon that France hath bestowed a Bishoprick upon a Natural son of King Henry IV. yet speaks not a word of the abuses committed in other places only as I think because the French King hath the nomination of the great Benefices of his Kingdom but that Monk doth not take notice that there be more learned and pious Prelates in France then in all Christendom besides P. Is there never an Ecclesiastical Prince in Germany that is not a Bishop G. The Great Master of the Teutonick Order the Abbots of Fulda Hirsesfeld Murbach Kempten Corbay Prum Stabel and Luders the Grand Prior of Malta the Provosts of Eluang and Beressolagaden are Princes and have place in the Diets of the Empire the first immediately after the Archbishop of Saltzbourg and the rest after the Bishops P. Tell me what you know of these Princes G. The Knights Templers and of St. John having fought prosperously against the Infidels raised an emulation in some German Gentlemen who waited upon the Emperor Frederick I. in his expedition to the Holy Land to take the Croisado and because they were installed in the Church and Hospital of St. Mary at Ierusalem they were called Marianites Their Order differed nothing from
continuance at length the two parties being weary as well of beating as of being beaten a resolution of peace was mutually taken Tell me I pray in what condition affairs were when that was concluded G. You have already heard there was never a Province in the Empire which by fire and sword by plague and famine had not lost above half its people and which was not reduced to extreme misery yet to recover the Treasure of Peace Germany was content to lay down another and pay the Swedes five millions of gold for the charges of the war one part whereof was employed to satisfie the souldiery another to recompence the valour of those that had served well and the rest to be disposed in liberalities by their Queen P. Did the French lay down armes without being re-imbursed what they spent in that War G. That Nation did not consent to the Peace without knowing why and wherefore but it rather gave or promised money then received any And all its recompence consists in a part of Alsatia and the Fortresses of Brisac and Philipsbourg from which France reaps more honour then profit the Province being unable to furnish wherewithal to keep those places and pay the Civil Officers that should administer Justice there P. I know the most Christian King obliged himself to pay the Archduke of Inspruck three millions of Livres in case he could prevail with the Catholique King to quit the pretensions he had or might have upon Alsatia But had the Crown of Sweden and its Confederates many Troops and places in Germany when the Peace was made G. The Crown of Sweden had at that time five Regiments of Swedish and Finland Horse four and forty of German Horse and five of Dragons which reckoned with some Troops that were in Garrison amounted all together to 411. Companies It had also threescore Regiments of Foot of the same Nations as the former were to wit one and twenty of Swedes and Finlanders and nine and thirty of Germans but they were not all of like strength For the five Regiments of Swedish and Finland Horse had but one and thirty Troops in all and those of the Foot of the same Nation were of four five six seven or eight Companies at the most and of the Germans that of the Kings Guards was of Twenty Companies and those of the higher Officers nay the greatest part of the rest were of twelve Companies apiece P. By what you said last I perceive Germany made War upon Germany and the Swedes made use of us to overcome our selves Let us see whether the French did not so too G. We are blamed for loving money too much and the honour of our Nation too little Now it is certain that although the Swedes have always had Commanders worthy of Empire and that after their King Gustavus Horn John Bannier Leonard Torstenson Charles Gustavus Wrangel Wittemberg and some others have equalled or surpassed the ancient Heroes signalizing their valour in our late Wars yet they had gone out of the Empire with as much shame and as well beaten as the Danes and Transylvanians if they had not had Religion for a pretense our bodies for a buckler and our courages for the instruments of their glory The same thing may be said of the French They have had Generals of their Nation who have always performed the duty of wise Captains and valiant Souldiers and have no less deserved the name of Gallant men though they have fought with less success then the Swedes but as to the rest the French Troops were oftentimes the least part of their Army The French that have commanded in Germany are the Mareshals of La Force Guebriant and Grammont the Cardinal de la Valette the Dukes of Longueville and Anguyen and the Prince of Turenne who had under his command at the time when the Peace was made a hundred and nine Cornets of Light Horse and sixteen Companies of Dragoons in fourteen Regiments not reckoning two Companies which were in the Lower Palatinate two in the Bishoprick of Spire and three in the Dutchy of Wirtemberg Besides that Cavallery the French had a hundred and threescore Companies in eleven Regiments of Infantry and ten Companies at Brisac three and forty in Brisgou four in the Bishoprick of Strasbourg twenty in several Imperial Cities of the Palatinate and Alsatia fifteen in the Bishoprick of Spire nine in the Lower Palatinate thirteen in Lawinguen eleven in the Dutchy of Wirtemberg six in Swaben twelve in the Archbishoprick of Mentz and three in the Marquisate of Baden which make in all three hundred and six Companies as well French as Germans P. So far as I perceive the Confederates had prodigious Forces G. That is not all the Amazon of Germany Amelia Elizabeth Landgravess of Hesse who raised up her Estate when it was beaten as it were down to the ground and by an unparalleled prudence enlarged the straits she was brought into and augmented her Forces when she was thought to be overwhelmed with calamities after the death of William V. her husband had at the conclusion of the Peace eight and fifty Cornets of Horse in five Regiments and 166. Companies of Foot in thirteen without putting into the account fourteen unregimented Companies P. I do not wonder that so many Troops conducted by good Heads obliged the Emperor to a disadvantagious Peace For I cannot think that his Majesty and his Allies had so many Forces after they had been worsted in several encounters G. I do not certainly know the number of the Imperial and Bavarian Troops but doubtless they were very powerful since their Confederate Adversaries were obliged by the Treaty to restore 210. strong places wherein they had garrison and out of which it is probable the whole Empire would hardly have been able to drive them by force P. I know the Swedes had Garrisons in 125. places of Germany the French in 46. and the Hessians in 39. But some of the best are theirs still G. It is true that by the Treaty of Peace the Empire agreed to yield unto the most Christian King for him and his Successors Kings of France for ever the Cities and Bishopricks of Mets Toul and Verdun with Moyenvic Pignerol Brisac the Landgravedom of Alsatia the Vndgerih the Bailywick of Haguenau and the Fortress of Philipsbourg That by the same Treaty the Empire quitted and granted unto the Queen and Kingdom of Sweden all the Hither Pomerania with the Island and Principality of Rugia and the Cities of Stetin Garts Dam Holnau the Isle of Wollin the River of Oder and the Port which it makes by the name of Frischehaff the Collation of those Ecclesiastical Benefices which the Dukes of Pomerania heretofore had in the Bishoprick of Camin and the expectance or Reversion of that Bishoprick nay of the rest of Pomerania and even of the new Marquisate of Brandenbourg in case the heirs male of that Family should happen to fail P. The Swedes received five millions of gold
235. Margraves how they became potent 211. Margraves or Marquisses Generals of Horse ibid. Marquisates of Germany ancienter then in other Countries 212. What Houses still bear the quality of Marquis 213. Matriculation-Roll of the Empire in whose custody 36. Origin of the House of Meklebourg 117. Deprived of their Estates in the last War 118. Restored by the King of Sweden their kinsman 119. What they had in exchange for Wismar ibid. Children and alliances of the two branches of Meklebourg 119.120 Meminguen 277. Elector of Mentz Dean of the Electoral Colledge 46. His voice of greatest weight in the Electoral Classe 305. Two Barons de Mercy brethren both slain in battel by the Duke of Anguyen 330. Minden a Bishoprick secularized 188. Minks and Priests to whom subject 292. Princes of Montbeliard their alliances 127. When the Principality of Montbeliard came into the House of Wirtemberg 167. Counts of Montfort 235. Mulhausen in Thuringia 277. Thomas Muncerus a seditious falfe Prophet ibid. Munster a Bishoprick 188. Murbach Abbey by whom founded 194. N. Origin of the House of Nassau 227. Alliances of the House of Nassau 229. Neuchastel in Suisserland belongs to the Duke of Longueville 143. Nobility in Germany Mediate and Immediate 248. Government of the Immediate Nobility 252. Northausen 278. Nortlinguen famous for the Battel fought there ibid. Nuremberg its Senate and priviledges 277. O. How the word Obey is to be understood in a Monarchy 32. No man is bound to Observe what he cannot reasonably promise 185. The House of Oldenbourg 148. The Counts of Oldenbourg failing by the death of Antony Gunther who inherited his lands 234. Origin of the Princes of Orange 228. Cause and beginning of the Orders of Knighthood 245.246 Several Orders of Knighthood 247. Counts of Ottinguen their branches Religion and alliances 236. P. Paderborne a Bishoprick of miraculous foundation 187. Count Palatine the last secular Elector 46. Elector Palatine first Vicar of the Empire 58. Elector Palatine Judge of the Emperor in case of debt 79. The Palatine House descended from two Emperors now divided into two Branches of different Religion 75. Emperors and Kings sprung out of the Palatine House 77. The power voices and alliances of the Palatine House 80. Palsgrave Chief Justice of the Imperial Palace 210. The death of Count Papenheim 323. Pepin put Childeric the Lazy into a Monastery and made himself King 12. Pepin a German by extraction 14. Pharamond first King of France was Duke of Franconia 11. How Philip II. got the Kingdom of Portugal 72. When Philip the IV. lost it 73. Philipsbourg to whom it belongs 180. Places and provinces left to the Swedes by the peace of Munster 338. When Poland was made a Kingdom 38. How the House of Pomerania fell to Brandenbourg 98. How Popes have diminished the Imperial Majesty 34. When Popes took the title of Universal Bishop ibid. How Emperors lost their right of choosing Popes 85 Popes created or confirmed by Emperors 199 Prague an Archbishoprick hath no voice in the general Assemblies 178. Number of Scholars in the University of Prague 282. Precedence amongst the Princes of the House of Saxony determined 88. Some Prelates have voice in the Assemblies only in Body or by way of Representative 195. Prelates in Germany created by Election or Postulation 202. Why Priests were forbidden all kind of acquisitions 196. Authority of a Prince his greatest support 12. How a Prince may get the reputation of vertuous 13. What books are fit for a Prince to read 24.25 The Princes of the Empire own a dependence on the Emperor 32. What German Princes and Lords are not admitted into the Assemblies of the Empire 65. What Sciences are necessary for Princes 115. Principalities in Germany called Fanslehen and why 78. What the Protestant Princes lost by the Peace at Munster 175. The persons of Protestant Priests subject to the Consistory of their Princes 292. Prum Abbey 194. Q. The Quarters of the Circles of Swaben and their Directors 253. The Quarters of the Rhine and their Directors ibid. The maxime of Quaternions ridiculous 221. Eminent and renowned Queens 137. R Barons of Rapolstein or Ribaupierre 239. Ratisbon for what observeable 278. Recesse or Acts of the Empire how signed and sealed 311. Two Originals of the Recesse where laid up 312. Benefit of the Reformation in Germany and France 96. The Reformation of Luther and Calvin makes Church-men subject to their own Princes 205. Difference between Regalities and Soverainty 66. Great and lesser Regalities ibid. Three Religions allowed in Germany 207. Resolutions of the Diets how signed 311. Reutlinguen 279. The Rhinegraves 236. Rostoch an University of the Dukes of Meklebourg 120. Rottembourg 279. Rotweil where Mareshal Guebriant was slain ibid. S Counts of Salme made Princes 237. Saltzbourg its abundance of Salt 177. Archbishop of Saltzbourg his priviledges ibid. takes place in the Assemblies by turns with the House of Austria 305. Duke of Savoy considerable for the situation of his Countrey 112. Duke of Saxony the third Secular Elector 46. the second Vicar of the Empire 58. The merits of the House of Saxony 82 83. When Frederick the Warlike of Saxony got the Electorship 84. Why Eric V. of Saxon-Lawembourg lost it ibid. How Frederick the Magnanimous lost that Electorship 86. How Maurice of Saxony obtained it whose posterity enjoyes it at this day ibid. The principal Branches of the Electoral House of Saxony 85. Primogeniture not regarded in the House of Saxony 88. Alliances of the present Princes and Princesses of the House of Saxony 90. seq Princes of Saxony their voices in the Assemblies 91. Power of the House of Saxony 92. How the Dutchy of Saxony fell to the house of Lawembourg 110. Counts of Schwartzbourg and their Alliances 236. Schweinfort 279. Selestadt ibid. Counts of Solmes and their Alliances 237. Stabel an Abbey in the Bishoprick of Liege 194. Counts of Stolberg and their arms 237.238 Strasbourg why called Argentina 267. Government armory and other remarkables of Strasbourg 267.268 In what Kingdoms Succession takes place and why 54. The inconveniences of Succession 56. Counts of Sultz call themselves Landgraves of Klegeu 213. Directors of the Circle of Swaben 182 When and how the Kingdom of Sweden was separated from Denmark 249. Progress of the King of Sweden in Germany and his death 320. What money the Swedes had for their charges in the German War 333. What Troops the Swedes had in Germany at the end of the War 334. Swedish Commanders in the German War 335. T. Dukes of Teck descended from the Dukes of Zeringuen 70. Teutonique Order their possessions in Germany 192. The great Master precedes all Bishops 305 Leonard Torstenson a Swedish General his praises 325. Whether Translations of books be useful 165. The benefits of Travelling 6.7 Trent a Bishoprick 190. Tryer the second Ecclesiastical Elector 46. The Elector of Tryer his imprisonment and death 181. Tubing an University of the Dukes of Wirtemberg 122. seq None but