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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
kingdom_n	heaven_n	john_n	see_v	1,776	5	3.6685	3	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A42668	The history of four-footed beasts and serpents describing at large their true and lively figure, their several names, conditions, kinds, virtues ... countries of their breed, their love and hatred to mankind, and the wonderful work by Edward Topsell ; whereunto is now added, The theater of insects, or, Lesser living creatures ... by T. Muffet ...; Historie of foure-footed beasts	Topsell, Edward, 1572-1625?; Topsell, Edward, 1572-1625? Historie of serpents.; Gesner, Konrad, 1516-1565. Historia animalium Liber 1. English.; Gesner, Konrad, 1516-1565. Historia animalium Liber 5. English.; Moffett, Thomas, 1553-1604. Insectorum sive minimorum animalium theatrum. English.; Rowland, John, M.D.	1658 (1658)	Wing G624; ESTC R6249	1,956,367	1,026

both in the Hebrew in the Greek and Latin that they were created of three several sorts or kinds The first Jumentum as Oxen Horse Asses and such like Quia hominum juvamenta The second Reptile quia hominum medicina The third Bestia i. à vastando for that they were wilde and depopulators of other their associates rising also against Man after that by his fall he had lost his first image and integrity Now were it not a knowledge Divine why should the holy Scriptures relate it and divide the kinds Yea why should all holy Men take examples from the natures of Beast Birds c. and apply them to heavenly things except by the ordinance of God they were both allowed and commanded so to do and therefore in admiration of them the Prophet David cryeth our Quam magnifica sunt opera tua Domine omnia in sapientia fecisti The old Manichees among other blasphemies accused the creation of hurtful venomous ravening and destroying Beasts affirming them to be made by an evil God and also they accused the creation of Mice and other unprofitable creatures because their dulness was no kinder to the Lord but like cruel and covetous Misers made no account of those Beasts which brought not profit to their purse You know Right Learned Dean how that grave Father answered that calumny first affirming that the same thing which seemed idle to Men was profitable to God and the same that appeared ugly to them was beautiful to him Qui omnibus utitur ad gubernationem universi He therefore wisely compareth a fool that knows not the use of the creatures in this world to one ignorant that cometh into the workhouse of a cunning Man viewing a number of strange tools and having no cunning but in an Axe or a Rake thinketh that all those rare inventions of a wise workman are idle toies and whilst thus he thinketh wandring to and fro not looking to his feet suddenly falleth into some furnace in the same Work-house or chance to take up some sharp tool whereby he is wounded then he also thinketh that the same are hurtful and dangerous Quorum tamen usum quia novit artifex insipientiam ejus irridet verba inepta non curans officinam suam constanter exercet But we that are ashamed to deny the use of instruments in the shops of rare Artisans but rather admire their invention yet are not afraid to condemn in Gods storehouse sundry of his creatures which are rare inventions although through folly we be wounded or harmed by them and therefore he concludeth that all Beasts are either utilia and against them we date not speak or perniciosa whereby we are terrified that we should not love this perilous life or else they are superflua which to affirm were most ridiculous for as in a great house all things are not for use but some for ornament so is it in this World the inferiour Palace of God Thus far Austin Therefore I will conclude this first part that not only the knowledge of the profitable creature is divine and was first of all taught by God but also of the hurtful For a wise Man saith Solomon seeth the Plague by the revelation of God and hideth himself from it And John Baptist Quis ves docuit ab ira ventura fugere These things have I principally laboured in this Treatise to shew unto Men what Boasts are their friends and what their enemies which to trust and which avoid in which to find nourishment and which to shun as poison Another thing that perswadeth me in the necessary use of this History that it was divine was the preservation of all creatures living which are ingendred by copulation except Fishes in the Ark of Noah unto whom it pleased the Creator at that time to insuse an instinct and bring them home to man as to a fold surely it was for that a man might gain out of them much Divine knowledge such as is imprinted in them by nature as a type or spark of that great wisdom whereby they were created In Mice and Serpents a foreknowledge of things to come in the Ant and Pismire a providence against old age● in the Bear the love of young in the Lion his stately pace in the Cock and Sheep change of weather as S. Basil in his Hexameron Etiam in Brutis quidem future sensus est us no● praesenti vitae non addicti simus sed de futuro saculo omne studium habemus For this cause there were of beasts in holy Scripture three holy uses one for Sacrifice another in Vision and a third for Reproof and Instruction In Sacrifices were the clean beasts which Men were bound first to know and then to offer for it is unreasonable that those things should be sacred at the Lords altar which are refused worthily at private mens Tables Now although we have no use of Sacrificing of Beasts Nam sicut bruta pro peccatis immolabantur ita jam vitia pro corporibus yet we have use of clean Beasts for food and nourishment and therefore for the inriching of the minds and tables of men it is necessary to know not only the liberty that we have to eat but also the quality and nutriment of the Beast we eat not for any Religion but for health and corporal necessity This point is also opened in this story and the other of Sacrifice wherein I have not omitted to speak of the Divine use of every Beast both among the Jews and among the prophane Gentiles Now for the second holy use of Beasts in Visions the Prophet Daniels Visions and Ezekiels and S. Johns in the Revelation do testifie of them whereby the most Divines have observed how great Princes and Kingdoms after they have shaken off the practise of Justice and Piety turn Tyrants and ravening Beasts For so Man being in honour understandeth not but becometh like the Beasts that perish and so as Dionysius saith by Visions of Beasts Infima reducuntur pur media in suprema Now there were as S. Augustine saith three kinds of visions Sensibiles intellectuales imaginariae the first were most pregnant because to the understanding and conceiving a Man never lost his senses and therefore God did suddenly create savage Beasts both of natural and extraordinary shapes whereby he shewed to his servants the Prophets the ruine or uprising of beastly States and Kingdoms And not only thus but also in heaven as St. John saith there are 4 Beasts ful of eyes before the throne of God both which must needs magnifie the knowledge of these Quadrupedes for seeing God hath used them as Sacraments or Mysteries to contain his will not only in monstrous treble-headed or seven horned shapes but also in pure ordinary natural limbs and members how shall we be able to ghesse at the meaning in the secret that do not understand the revealed And what use can we make of the invisible part of that Sacrament where we know not the

of Fishermen as also huntsmen in that behalf being careful and earnest to learn and understand of them if any such were except you hold opinion that the Beaver or Otter is a Fish as many have believed and according to their belief affirmed as the bird Pupine is thought to be a fish and so accounted But that kind of Dog which followeth the fish to apprehend and take it if there be any of that disposition and property whether they do this thing for the game of hunting or for the heat of hunger as other Dogs do which rather then they will be famished for want of food covet the carcases of carrion and putrified flesh When I am fully resolved and disburthened of this doubt I will send you certificate in writing In the mean season I am not ignorant of that both Aelianus and Aetius call the Beaver Kunapotamion a water Dog or a Dog-fish I know likewise thus much more that the Beaver doth participate this property with the Dog namely that when fishes be scarce they leave the water and range up and down the land making an insatiable slaughter of young Lambs untill their paunches be replenished and when they have fed themselves full of Flesh then return they to the water from whence they came But albeit so much be granted that this Bever is a Dog yet it is to be noted that we reckon it not in the beadrow of English Dogs as we have done the rest The sea Calfe in like manner which our Countrey men for brevity sake call a Seel other more largely name a Sea Veale maketh a spoil of fishes between rocks and banks but it is not accounted in the Catalogue or number of our English Dogs notwithstanding we call it by the name of a Sea-Dog or a Sea-Calf And thus much for our Dogs of the second sort called in Latin Aucupatorii serving to take fowl either by land or water Of the delicate neat and prety kind of DOGS called the SPANIEL GENTLE or the COMFORTER in Latin Melitaeus or Fotor THere is besides those which we have already delivered another sort of Gentle Dogs in this our English soil but exempted from the order of the residue the Dogs of this kind doth Callimachus call Melitaeos of the Island Melita in the sea of Sicily which at this day is named Malta an Island indeed famous and renowned with couragious and puissant Souldiers valiantly fighting under the banner of Christ their unconquerable Captain where this kind of Dogs had their principal beginning These Dogs are little prety proper and fine and sought for to satisfie the delicateness of dainty dames and wanton womens wils instruments of folly for them to play and dally withal to trifle away the treasure of time to withdraw their mindes from more commendable exercises and to content their corrupted concupiscences with vain disport a silly shift to shun irksome idleness These puppies the smaller they be the more pleasure they provoke as more meet playfellowes for minsing mistresses to bear in their bosomes to keep company withal in their Chambers to succour with sleep in bed and nourish with meat at bord to lay in their laps and lick their lips as they ride in their Waggons and good reason it should be so for courseness with fineness hath no fellowship but featness with neatness hath neighbourhood enough That plausible proverb verified upon a Tyrant namely that he loved his Sow better then his Son may well be applyed to these kind of people who delight more in Dogs that are deprived of all possibility of reason then they do in children that be capeable of wisdom and judgement But this abuse peradventure reigneth where there hath been long lack of issue or else where barrenness is the best blossom of beauty The virtue which remaineth in the SPANIEL GENTLE otherwise called the COMFORTER NOtwithstanding many make much of those prety puppies called Spaniels Gentle yet if the question were demanded what property in them they spie which should make them so acceptable and precious in their sight I doubt their answer would be long a coining But seeing it was our intent to travail in this treatise so that the Reader might reap some benefit by his reading we will communicate unto such conjectures as are grounded upon reason And though some suppose that such Dogs are fit for no service I dare say by their leaves they be in a wrong box Among all other qualities therefore of nature which be known for some conditions are covered with continual and thick clouds that the eye of our capacities cannot pierce through them we finde that these little Dogs are good to asswage the sickness of the stomach being oftentimes thereunto applyed as a plaister preservative or born in the bosom of the diseased and weak person which effect is performed by their moderate heat Moreover the disease and sickness changeth his place and entreth though it be not precisely marked into the Dog which to be truth experience can testifie for these kinde of Dogs sometimes fall sick and sometimes die without any harme outwardly inforced which is an argument that the disease of the Gentleman or Gentlewoman or owner whatsoever entreth into the Dog by the operation of heat intermingled and infected And thus have I hitherto handled Dogs of a gentle kind whom I have comprehended in a triple division Now it remaineth that I annex in due order such Dogs as be of a more homely kinde Dogs of a course kinde serving many necessary uses called in Latin Canes rustici and first of the Shepherds Dog called in Latin Canis Pastoralis THe first kinde namely the Shepherds hound is very necessary and profitable for the avoiding of harmes and inconveniences which may come to men by the means of beasts The second sort serve for succour against the snares and attempts of mischievous men Our Shepherds Dog is not huge vast and big but of an indifferent stature and growth because it hath not to deal with the bloudthirsty Wolfe sithence there be none in England which happy and fortunate benefit is to be ascribed to the puissant Prince Edgar who to the intent that the whole Countrey might be evacuated and quite cleared from Wolves charged and commanded the Welshmen who were pestered with these butcherly beasts above measure to pay him yearly tribute note the wisdom of the King three hundred Wolves Some there be which write that Ludwal Prince of Wales paid yearly to King Edgar three hundred Wolves in the name of an exaction as we have said before And that by the means hereof within the compass and term of four years none of those noisom and pestilent beasts were left in the coasts of England and Wales This Edgar wore the Crown royal and bare the Scepter imperial of this Kingdom about the year of our Lord Nine hundred fifty nine Since which time we read that no Wolf hath been seen in England bred within the bounds and borders of this Countrey marry

Cheisthai to proceed out of their middle because the true liquor cometh out of the navel as we shall shew but I rather think they derive it from the Arabian words Mesch and Misch and Almisch The Italians French and Spaniards use Musci and Muschi which is derived from the later Latines and beside the Italians call it Capriolo del Musco and the French Cheureul du musch the Musk it self is called in Italy Muschio of the Latine Muschum and Muscatum the Illyrians Pizmo and the Germans Bisem The Arabians were the first that wrote any discovery of this Beast and therefore it ought not to seeme strange that all the Graecians and Latines derive the name from them And although there be an unreconcilable difference amongst Writers about this matter yet is it certain that they come neerest unto the truth that make it a kinde of Roe for the figure colour stature and horns seem to admit no other similitude except the teeth which are like a Dogs whereof two are like a Boars teeth very white and straight And there be some as Simeon Sei●●t and Aetins which say he hath also one horn but herein is a manifest error because no man that ever saw one of these Beasts doth so much as make mention thereof and therefore the original of this error came from the words of Avicen who writeth that his teeth bend inward like two horns Cardan writeth that he saw one of these dead at Millain which in greatness fashion and hair resembled a Roe except that the hair was more thick and the colour more gray Now the variety of the hair may arise from the Region wherein it was bred It hath two teeth above and two beneath not differing absolutely from a Roe in any thing except in the savour It is called Gazella they are lesser thinner and more elegant creatures then the Roes are Paulus Venetus writeth thus of this Beast The creature out of whom the Musk is gathered is about the bigness of a Cat he should say a Roe having gross thick hair like a Hart and hoofs upon his feet It is found in the province of Cathay and the Kingdom of Cergoth which is subject to the great King of Tartars Likewise there was a most odoriferous Musk-cat at Venice which a Merchant there had to be seen brought as he said out of Cathay and for proof whereof he shewed the way that he went namely through the Euxine Sea Colchis Iberia and Albania even to the entrance of Scythia For the Countrey Cathay is a part of Scythia beyond Imaus neither ought this to seem wonderful for in that place there was a Region called by Ptolemeus Randa marcostra wherein he placeth the eleventh Table of Asia This Region is watered by the River Sotus and therein aboundeth Spikenard and the Inhabitants call the Countrey wherein the best Musk-cats are bred Ergimul and the greatest City of that Countrey Singuy The same Author writeth also that Musk-cats are brought out of Egypt and out of many places of Africk In Thebeth also there are many Cities and Beasts about those Cities called Gadery which do bring forth the Musk and the Inhabitants hunt them with Dogs The Province of Canicluet doth also yeeld many of these Beasts and likewise Syria S. Jerom also writeth thus Muscus Oenanthe peregrini muris pellicula by which skin of the strange Mouse he meaneth the little bag or skin wherein the Musk of the Musk-cat is included The Princes of Europe do nourish these tame being brought out of the New-found World and many other rich men especially in Italy be delighted with the odoriferous savour which cometh from it Brassavolus saith that he saw a Merchant offer one of these to be sold unto Alphonsus Dake of Ferrara which had the Navel full of Musk. And Catherinus Zenus an ancient Nobleman of Venice had a Roe of this kinde which he left after his death unto his heirs and by this it doth plainly appear that the Musk-cat is neither like a Cat nor a Mouse and that all those which have affirmed so much thereof have been deceived of their own conjectural derivation of Moscus or Muscus or by the errour of some Writer of the ancient Books which instead of Magnitudo Capreoli a Roe have inserted Catti a Cat. And thus much shall suffice for the description of this Beast and for the Regions where it is bred except I may adde the Relation of Ludovicus Romanus who affirmeth that the Musk-cats of Calecut are brought out of the Countrey Pegus These Roes of the New-found-land are wonderful nimble and quick and so swift that they are seldom taken alive but after they are taken by pulling out their longer teeth they wax tame When they are prosecuted with the Hunters and with Dogs they defend themselves with their teeth In some places they take them in snares and in ditches also kill them with darts and so having killed them they cut off the little bag wherein the Musk groweth for that Musk doth exceed in sweetness of odor all things that were ever made by the art of man and therefore the use of it is more plentiful then of any other thing for they carry it about in Garments They make perfume of it they anoint Beads whereupon they tell their prayers they also make Bals of it and include it in Gold or Silver carrying it about either to be seen or because they are delicate and wanton or to shew their riches and abundance or to preserve themselves from putrified and stinking airs or else against cold and moist diseases of the brain With this the luxurious women perfume themselves to entrap the love of their Wooers for as the thing it self is a vice or sickness of the Breast so also by men it is used to vice and wickedness yet the Venetian Matrons will never use it and he that beareth it about him shall never perceive it himself We haye shewed already that it groweth in the nav●l ●or in a little bag neer unto it and it is true by Gyraldus and Varinus that when the Beast beginneth to be luxurious and prone to the rage of venery and carnal copulation then the bloud floweth to the navel and there putteth the Beast to pain because it swelleth above measure The Beast then abstaineth from all meat and drink and rowleth himself upon the ground and so by the waight of his body presseth forth the humor that troubled him which after a certain time doth coagulate and congeal together and then rendereth such an acceptable savour as you see it hath The relation whereof you shall hear out of the words of Serapion The wilde Roes saith he which wander to and fro in the Mountains freely without the government of man have in a little bag certain putrified matter or bloud which of it self groweth to be ripe whereunto when it is come the Beast itcheth and is pained as it were with launcing therefore

they turn them down upon them sodainly who take them and destroy them yet such is the nature of this Beast as also of the Pardal that if he doe not take his prey at the fourth or fift jump he falleth so angry and fierce that he destroyeth whomsoever he meeteth yea many times his Hunter Therefore the Hunters have always a regard to carry with them a Lamb or a Kid or some such live thing wherewithal they pacific him after he hath missed his game for without bloud he will never be appea●ed and thus much shall suffice to have spoken of the difference betwixt Panthers Pardals and Leopards and their several names in Greek and Latine from whom almost all Nations do derive their denomination for the Italians call it Leonpardo the French Leopard and Lyopard and Germans Leppard and Lefarad and Pantherthier the Spaniards Leonpardal and Leopardo the Illyrians Leuhart the Chaldeans Nimra and some make no difference betwixt this and the Arabian Wolf The reason of the Greek word Pardalis or Pordalis for they signifie both one seemeth to me in most probability to be derived from the Hebrew word Pardes signifying a Garden because as colours in a Garden make it spotted and render a fragrant smell so the Panther is divers coloured like a Garden of sundry flowers and also it is said to carry with him a most sweet savour whither soever he goeth and therefore in ancient time they made their Ivory tables standing upon pictures of Panthers whereof Juvenal writeth thus in one of his Satyres Olim ex quavis ●rbore mensa fie●at At nun● divitbus c 〈…〉 ndi nulla voluptas nisi sustinet orbes Grande 〈◊〉 magne sublimis Pardus ●iatu Dentibus ex illis quos mit 〈…〉 porta Syenes Jam nimi●s capitique graves c. For the same cause Pardalis was the name of a notable Harlot for as the Panthers by their sweet smells draw the Beasts unto them and then destroy them so also do Harlots deck and adorn themselves with all alluring provocations as it were with inchanted odours to draw men unto them of whom they make spoil and repine There is a pretious stone also called Lapis Pantherus brought out of India whereupon if a man look before the Sun-rising he shall see divers colours namely black red green russet purple and Rose colour and they say it hath as many vertues as it hath colours but I list not to follow the name any further The Countries breeding Panthers are Abasia in the Kingdom of Melacha in the Isle of Sumatra Likewise 〈…〉 especially Syria for there are none in Europe all Africk over they are plentiful as in Lybia and Mauritania where abound all store of wilde Beasts Likewise beyond G 〈…〉 p● for Apollonius and his companions saw there many Lions and Panthers In Arabi● the furthest part namely the Promontory of Dyra towards the South are the strongest Pardals of the world as saith Strab●● Likewise in the Mediterranean Region beyond Barygaza toward the South unto Dachinabades and towards the East are all sorts of wilde Beasts both Tygers and Panthers and Diodorus writeth that in that part of Arabia joyning upon Syria there Lions and Pardals are both more in number and greater in quantity then in Lybia Also it is said by Volaterranus and Gillius that the Panther of Lycia and Caria are very long but yet weak and without carriage being not able to leap far yet is their skin so hard as no Iron can pierce Betwixt the River Ganges and Hiphasis Apollonius saw many Panthers The Indians also breed many and make them tame and Leopards do live in the Woods of Barbaria It is apparent by that which is already said that the Panther is the name of the greater Pardal and the Leopard of the lesser which the Arabians call Alne 〈…〉 and Alfbead Al 〈…〉 r is bigger then a Linx but like a Leopard having greater and sharper nails and feet black and terrible eyes and therefore stronger fiercer and bolder then the Leopard for it setteth upon men and destroyeth them Oppianus describeth both kindes in this manner There are saith he two kindes of Pardals a greater and a lesser the greater are broader backe and bigger in quantity the lesser being less in quantity but not inferior in strength both of them have the same shape and colour of body except in their tail for the greater Pardal hath the lesser tail and the lesser the greater either of them have solid and found thighs a very long body bright seeing eyes the apples whereof do glister under their eye-lids which are gray and red within like to burning coals their teeth pale and venemous their skin of divers colours yet bright and pleasant the spots standing like so many black eyes upon it thus fat Oppianus Such skins are oftentimes sold in the Marts of Europe which are brought in bundles twenty or thirty together and it is not to be forgotten which Voleterran citeth out of Aelianus that there is in this kinde of Pardals a Beast called Bitis not unlike to the vulgar Leopards in all parts except that is wanteth a tail and they say that if this Beast be seen by a woman it will instantly make her to be sick but to proceed to the residue of the parts of these Beasts we must remember that which Aristole writeth in his Physiognomy as is recorded by Ada 〈◊〉 Leopersectis sim 〈…〉 〈◊〉 ideam prae se sert Pardalis vero 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 exceptis quibus ad invadendum fortiter utitur that is to say Among all Beasts the Lion doth most resemble the male and the Pardal the female except in the legs which she useth to take her prey In hath a little face a little m●nth little 〈◊〉 somewhat white plain and not much hollow along fore-head ears rather round then smooth or broad a neck very long and slender the breast not well set out with ribs because they are small the back long the buttocks and thighs very fleshy the parts about the small of the belly or l●ins are more smooth less hollow and bunchy the colour divers and the whole body 〈◊〉 and not well compounded for the outward sight and it is to be remembered saith Gard 〈…〉 that all ravening Beasts like a Cat as Lions Panthers Linces and Pardals for they have in common the length and strength of their claws beautiful party coloured skins a little head and round face a long tail nimbleness of body and wildeness of 〈◊〉 living upon the meat they get in hunting The Persians call a Pardal 〈◊〉 and Soaliger describeth it thus In his red or yellow hair he is like a Lioness but set with divers black spots both in length and breadth as if they were pa●●ted It hath a brown face aspersed with black and white and it is to be remembered that as other Beasts are either all black or all red or all white or all of one colour by nature so also

evening because of their fasting all the day before and for this is alleadged the saying of holy Scripture where the Prophet makes mention of Lupi Vespertini but we have shewed already in the story of the Hyaena what those signifie It is said that Wolfs do also eat a kinde of earth called Argilla which they do not for hunger but to make their bellies waigh heavy to the intent that when they set upon an Horse an Ox a Hart an Elk or some such strong beast they may weigh the heavier and hang fast at their throats till they have pulled them down for by vertue of that tenacious earth their teeth are sharpened and the weight of their bodies encreased but when they have killed the beast that they set upon before they touch any part of his flesh by a kinde of natural vomit they disgorge themselves and empty their bellies of the earth as unprofitable food The remainder of their meat they always cover in the earth and if there be many of them in hunting together they equally divide the prey among them all and sometimes it is said that they howl and call their fellows to that feast which are absent if their prey be plentiful Now this they have common with Lions in their greatest extremity of hunger that when they have election of a man and a beast they forsake the man and take the beast Some are of opinion that when they are old they grow weary of their lives and that therefore they come unto Cities and Villages offering themselves to be killed by men but this thing by the relation of Niphus is a very fable for he professeth that he saw an old Wolf come into a Village and set upon a Virgin to destroy and eat her yet he was so old that he had scarse any teeth in his head but by good hap company being at hand the Maid was saved and the Wolf was killed Now those Wolfs that are most sluggish and least given to hunting are most ready to venture upon men because they love not to take much pains in getting their living This Wolf is called Vinipeta but the industrious hunting Wolf Kunegeiseia It is reported that a Wolf will never venture upon a living man except he have formerly tasted of the flesh of a dead man but of these things I have no certainty but rather do believe the contrary that like as Tyrants in an evill grieved estate do pick quarrels against every man that is rich for the spoil of their goods accounting them their enemies how well soever they have deserved at their hands In like manner Wolfs in the time of their hunger fall upon all creatures that come in the way whether they be men or beasts without partiality to fill their bellies and that especially in the winter time wherein they are not afraid to come to Houses and Cities They devour Dogs when they get them alone and Elks in the Kingdom of Norway but for Dogs it hath been seen that they have lived in a kinde of society and fellowship with Wolfs but it was to steal and devour in the night time like as Theeves do cover their malice and secret grudges one to other when they are going about to rob true men Wolfs are enemies to Asses Bulls and Foxes for they feed upon their flesh and there is no beast that they take more easily then an Ass killing him without all danger as we have shewed already in the story of an Ass They also devour Goats and Swine of all sorts except Boars who do not easily yeeld unto Wolfs It is said that a Sow hath resisted a Wolf and that when he fighteth with her he is forced to use his greatest craft and subtlety leaping to and from her with his best activity lest she should lay her teeth upon him and so at one time deceive him of his prey and deprive him of his life It is reported of one that saw a Wolf in a Wood take in his mouth a piece of Timber of some thirty or forty pound weight and with that he did practise to leap over the trunk of a tree thas lay upon the earth at length when he perceived his own ability and dexterity in leaping with that weight in his mouth he did there make his cave and lodged behinde that tree at last it fortuned there came a wilde Sow to seek for meat along by that tree with divers of her Pigs following her of different age some a year old some half a year and some less When he saw them near him he suddenly set upon one of them which he conjectured was about the weight of wood which he carryed in his mouth and when he had taken him whilest the old Sow came to deliver her Pig at his first crying he suddenly leaped over the tree with the Pig in his mouth and so was the poor Sow beguiled of her young one for she could not leap after him and yet might stand and see the Wolf to eat the Pig which he had taken from her It is also said that when they will deceive Goats they come unto them with the green leaves and small boughs of Osiers in their mouths wherewithal they know Goats are delighted that so they may draw them therewith as to a bait to devour them Their manner is when they fall upon a Goat or a Hog or some such other Beast of small stature not to kill them but to lead them by the ear with all the speed they can drive them to their fellow Wolfs and if the beast be stubborn and will not run with him then he beateth this hinder-parts with his tail in the mean time holding his ear fast in his mouth whereby he causeth the poor Beast to run as fast or faster then himself unto the place of his own execution where he findeth a crew of ravening Wolfs to entertain him who at his first appearance seize upon him and like Devils tear him in pieces in a moment leaving nothing uneaten but only his bowels But if it be a Swine that is so gotten then it is said that they lead him to the waters and there kill him for if they eat him not out of cold water their teeth doth burn with an untolerable heat The Harts when they have lost their horns do lie in secret feeding by night for fear of the Wolfs untill their horns do grow again which are their chiefest defence The least kinde of Wolfs we have shewed already do live upon the hunting of Hares and generally all of them are enemies to sheep for the foolish sheep in the day time is easily beguiled by the Wolf who at the sight of the Sheep maketh an extraordinary noise with his foot whereby he calleth the foolish Sheep unto him for standing amazed at the noise he falleth into his mouth and is devoured but when the Wolf in the night time cometh unto a fold of Sheep he first of all compasseth it round about watching both the

fury of storms and showers The place and Countrey where they are helpeth much and is very available to their generation There is no Countrey almost but there are many Spiders in it For in the Countrey about Arrha which is in Arabia foelix there is an infinite number of them to be found and all the Island of Candie swarmeth with Phalangies Strabo saith that in Ethiopia there be a great number of Phalangies found of an exceeding bignesse although as Pliny saith in his eight Book and 58 chapter there are neither Wolfs Foxes Bears nor no hurtful creature in it and yet we all know that in the Isle of Wight a member of England the contrary is to be found for although there were never dwelling in it Foxes Bears nor Wolfs yet there be Spiders enow The Kingdom of Ireland never saw Spiders and in England no Phalangies will live long nor yet in the Isle of Mon and neer unto the City of Grenoble in that part of France which lyeth next Italy Gaudentius Merula saith there is an old Tower or Gastle standing wherein as yet never any Spider hath been seen nor yet any other venomous creeping creature but rather if any be brought thither from some other place they forthwith die Our Spiders in England are not so venomous as in other parts of the world and I have seen a mad man eat many of them without either death or deaths harm or any other manifest accident or alteration to ensue And although I will not deny but that many of our Spiders being swallowed down may do much hurt yet notwithstanding we cannot chuse but confesse that their biting is poysonlesse as being without venom procuring not the least touch of hurt at all to any one whatsoever and on the contrary the biting of a Phalangie is deadly We see the harmlesse Spiders almost in every place they climb up into the Courts of mighty Kings to be as it were myrrors and glasses of vertue and to teach them honest prowesse and valiancy They go into the lodgings shops and Ware-houses of poor men to commend unto them contentment patience labour tolerance industry poverty and frugality They are also to be found in rich mens chambers to admonish them of their duties If you enter into your Orchard they are busie in clothing every Tree if into the Garden you shall finde them amongst Roses if you travail into the field you shall have them at their work in hedges both at home and abroad whithersoever you bend your course you cannot chuse but meet with them lest perhaps you might imagine or else complain and finde some faults that the Schoolmistresse and perfect president of all vertue and diligence were in any place absent Who would not therefore be touched yea and possessed with an extream wonder at these vertues and faculties which we daily see and behold with our eyes Philes hath briefly and compendiously described their nature properties inclinations wit and invention in his Greek verses which being turned into Latine sound to this effect Araneis natura per quam industria est Vincens puellarum manus argutias Nam ventris humores supervaoaneos Ceu fila nent textoris absque pectine Et implicantes orbium volumina Adversa sublegunt iis subtegmina Sed liciis hinc densioribus plagas In aëre appendunt nec unde conspicor Sejuncta cùm sit omnis a medio basis Quae fulciat mirabilem operis fabricam Et staminum fallit ligamen lumina Subtilitatis sub dio discrimine Firmatur autem densitas subtegminis Raras in ambientis oras aëris Muscis culicibus id genus volantibus Intensa nectens fraudulenter retia Quod incidit jejuna pascit hoc famem Vitamque degit haud quietis indigam Suspensa centro cassibusque providens Ne fila rumpat orbiumque dissuat Nexus retortos flaminis vis irruens Which may be Englished thus Industrious nature Spiders have Excelling Virgins hands of skill Superfluous humors of bellies save And into webs they weave them still And that without all Weavers combes Their folding orbes inrolled are And underneath their woofs as tombes Are spread the worthy work to bear And hang their threads in air above By plagues unseen to the eye of man Without foundation you may prove All their buildings firmly stand Nor yet clear light to the eyes most bright Can see the coupling of their thread The thinnesse of the woof in sight On pins of air are surest spread On Gnats and silly winged Flies Which guilefully in nets they take They feed their fill when they espy And yet their life much rest doth make They labour too and do provide Gainst windes and things that break their twails That bands from tacklings may not slide When greater strength doth them assail And although Minerva hath nick-named the Spider calling her malepert shamelesse and sawcie Martiall wandring straying and gadding Claudianus rash presumptuous and adventurous Politianus hanging and thick Juvenal dry Propertius rotten Virgil light and Plautus unprofitable and good for nothing yet it is clear that they were made to serve and stead us to many excellent uses so that you may plainly gather and perceive that this is rather an amplification then any positive or measured truth concerning the fond Epithets vile badges and liveries which these rehearsed Authors have unworthily bestowed on them as by that which followeth may plainly be seen The Spider put into a linnen clowt and hung upon the left arm is an excellent medicine to expel a Quotidian Ague as Trallianus saith and yet it will be more effectual if many Spiders be boyled with Oyl of Bay to the consistence of a liniment to anoynt the wrists and the temples a little before the fit for by this means the Feaver will be absolutely cured or will seldom return again Kiranides A Spider tempered and wrought up with Milt-wast or Ceterach and so spred upon a cloth to be applyed to the temples cureth the fits of a Tertian Feaver Dioscorides The Spider that is called a Wolf being put into a quill and so hanged about the neck performeth the same effect as Pliny reporteth The domestical Spider which spinneth and weaveth a thin a white or a thick web being inclosed in a piece of leather or a Nut-shel and so hanged about the neck or worn about the arm driveth away the fits of a Quartain Feaver as both Dioscorides and Fernelus have thought For the pain in the ears Take three live Spiders boyl them with Oyl upon the fire then distil or drop a little of this Oyl into the pained ear for it is very excellent as witnesseth Marcellus Empiricus Pliny steepeth them in Vinegar and Oyl of Roses and so to be stamped together and a little thereof to be dropped into the pained ear with a little Saffron and without doubt saith he the pain will be mitigated and the same affirmeth Dioscorides Or else strain out the juyce of Spiders mixing it with the juyce of