nas zabw ode zlego Amen The large Body of Poland is subject unto and govern'd by its own King who is Elective and that by the Clergy and Nobility alone the Commons having no hand in it His Government is term'd Monarchical but if rightly considered we may reckon it rather a Real Aristocracy the Nobility in their Elections having so limited the King's Power that without the Consent of the States-General he may neither make War nor Peace nor do any thing of Importance that concerns the Publick Considering the true Nature and Constitution of this Government we may easily imagine that 't is frequently liable to Inter-reigns whether by Death Deposition or Resignation as also Intestine Broils and Commotions witness the late Election when the Parties electing do jarr in their choice During an Inter-reign or when the King is absent from his Kingdom as sometimes in the Field against the Turks the Archbishop of Gnesna doth ordinarily officiate as King but if no Archbishop of Gnesna then the Bishop of Ploczko exerciseth that Power and in case that that See be also Vacant then the Bishop of Posna undertakes the same The whole State is commonly considered as divided into two principal Parts viz. the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Dutchy of Lithuanta The Great Wheels of Government in both of these are the Senate and General Dyets The Senate is compos'd of Archbishops Bishpos Palatines Principal Castellans and Chief Officers of the Kingdom The General Dyer consists of the same Members together with Delegates from each Province and City both of the Kingdom and Dutchy which Dyet is either Ordinary as when summon'd according to Law once every two Years or Extraordinary as when call'd by the King upon some emergent Occasion The Calling of this Dyet is always perform'd by the Chancellor's Letters term'd Literae Instructionis to the Palatines acquainting them with what the King designs to propose to them and the time he would have them come to Court Having receiv'd the King's Proposal each of them hath full Liberty to examine the same in its own Nature and Consequences and to return their Thoughts about it with all the freedom they can desire The King's Letters are likeways sent to the Gentry of each Palatinate to chuse a Nuncio to be their Representative in the Dyet in which Election the Candidate must be unanimously pitch'd upon for if the Suffrage of only one private Gentleman be wanting the Election is void and the Province is depriv'd of its Vote in the approaching Dyet The Elections being over and the various Senators and Nuncio's come to Court the King array'd in his Royal Robes and attended by the Chancellor renews the Proposal in their Publick Assembly The Proposal having been duly weigh'd by each of them aforehand they come to a speedy Resolution in the Matter either Pro or Con. As the aforesaid Election of the various Nuncio's requires an unanimous Assent in all Persons electing or else the Election is void even so the thing propos'd by the King in the General Dyet must be assented unto by all otherways the Proposal was made in vain for if they differ which frequently happens then the Dyet breaks up without doing any thing and each Member returns to his own Home Subordinate to the Senate and Dyet are a great many Courts of Judicatory whether Ecclesiastical Civil or Military for determining all Causes in the various Parts of the Kingdom which Courts are much the same with the like Subordinate Judicatories in other civiliz'd Countries of Europe particularly those here in England The Arms of the Crown of Poland are Quarterly in the first and fourth Gules an Eagle Argent crown'd and arm'd Or for Poland In the second and third Gules a Cavalier arm'd Cap-a-pe Argent in the Dexter a naked Sword of the same in the Sinister a Shield Azure charg'd with a double barr'd Cross Or mounted on a Courser of the second barbed of the third and nail'd of the fourth for Lithuania For the Crest a Crown heighten'd with eight Fleurets and clos'd with four Demy-Circles ending in a Monde Or which is the Crest of Poland For the Motto are these Words Habent sua sidera Reges The Inhabitants of this Country are for the most part Professors of the Doctrine of the Church of Rome yet all Religions being tolerated here are many of the Greek Church as also Armenians Lutherans Socinians Calvinists Jews Quakers c. Those of the Church of Rome are dispers'd over all Parts of the Kingdom but most numerous in the Provinces of Cujavia and Warsovia The Lutherans are mostly to be found in Prussia The Armenians in Russia and all the rest appear in greatest Droves through the various Parts of Lithuania Besides in Samogitia is a sort of People who differ little or nothing from mere Heathens The Reformation of Religion began in this Country Anno 1535 but did not meet with due encouragement The Christian Faith was planted in the various Parts of Poland at several times and by several Persons it being establisht in Poland properly so call'd Anno 963. in the time of their Prince Miecislaus Son of Memomislus In Livonia Anno 1200. by the Preaching of one Meinarduâ—â—â— In Lithuania not until the Year 1386. at the Admission of 〈◊〉 to the Crown of Poland and then done as some affirm by Thomas Waldensis an Englishman In Samogitia and Volhinia at the same time with Livonia In the rest at other times and upon other occasions SECT VI. Concerning Spain with Portugal  d. m.  Miles Situated between 08 05 of Long. its greatest Length is about 620. 21 30 between 36 15 of Latit Breadth is about 480. 44 30 It being divided into 3 Classes viz. 1. Towards the N. and W. Ocean 2. Towards the Mediterran Sea 3. Towards the middle part 1. Class comprehends Biscay Chief Town Bilbo or Bilboa E. to W. Asturia Oviedo Gallicia Compostella N. to S. Portugal Lisbon Andalousia Sevilla W. to E. 2. Class comprehends Grenada Idem Murâ—â—â— Idem 〈◊〉 Idem Catalonia Barcelona E. to N. W. 3. Class comprehends Arragon Caragoca Navar Pamplona Old Castile Burgâ— N. to S. New Castile Madrid Leon Idem S. of Asturia Of all these in Order §. 1. Biscay a Lordship Contains Ipusco Ch. T. Tholoss E. to W. Biscay properly so called Bilbo â—â—lava Vitoria Southward §. 2. Asturia a Principality Contains Asturia 〈◊〉 viedo Chief Town Oviedo Westward Asturia de Santillana Santillana Eastward §. 3. Gallicia a Kingdom Contains the Archbishopr of Compostella Chief Town Idem S. W. to N. E. Bishopr of Mondonedo Idem Lugo Idem N. E. to S. W. upon the Minho Orense Idem Territory of Tuy Idem §. 4. Portugal a Kingdom Contains The Provin of Eutre Minho Douro Chief Town Braga W. to E. Tralos Montes Miranda Beira Coimbra N. to S. Estrema dura Lisbone Entre Taâ—o Guâ—â—ianâ— Evora The Kingdom of Algâ—ave Tavira § 5. Andalousia a Province Contains the Bishoprick of
appoint The Officers of State are eight in number viz. the Lord High-Chancellor Lord High-Treasurer Lord-President of the Council Lord Secretary of State Lord Treasurer-Deputy Lord Register Lord-Advocate and Lord Justice Clerk The Administration of Justice in Civil Affairs is lodg'd in the Lords of the Session who are Fifteen in number whereof One is President and to those are join'd some Noblemen under the Name of extraordinary Lords of the Session This Court is esteemed one of the most August and Learned Judicatories in Europe From it there lies no Appeal but to the Parliament which is now made up of the Peers the Commissioners of Counties and those of Free Burroughs The King's Person is always represented in Parliament by some Nobleman who bears the Title of Lord High-Commissioner The Distribution of Justice in Criminal Matters is commited to the Court of Justice which is compos'd of the Lord Justice General the Lord Justice Clerk and five or six other Lords of the Session who in this Bench are call'd Commissioners of Justiciary Over and above these two Supreme Courts of Justice there are a great many Subordinate Judicatories both for Civil and Criminal Affairs through the Kingdom as Sheriff Courts Courts of Regality and the like The Royal Arms of this Kingdom together with those of England and Ireland as they compose the Ensigns Armorial of the Monarch of Great Britain shall be particularly express'd when we come to England The Inhabitants of this Country excepting a few who still adhere to the Church of Rome and an inconsiderable number of Quakers are all of the Reform'd Religion yet with considerable Variation among themselves in some private Opinions and various Points of Church Discipline However the numerous Professors thereof are very sincere in their Principles and do generally practise conformable to their Professions No Christian Society in the World doth excel them for their exact Observation of the Sabbath day and few can equal them for their singular Strictness and Impartiality in punishing Scandals But lamentable are their Distractions of late in Matters relating to Ecclesiastical Polity and how fatal such Heats and Divisions both in this and the Neighbouring Kingdom may prove at last is alas but too well known to all thinking Persons among us The smallest Privateer belonging either to Brest or S. Malo's may easily Attack Board and Sink the Royal Britannia her self if she chance only to Spring a Leak under Water when her whole Crew are at Blows between Decks The Christian Faith according to the best Accounts was planted in this Country during the Reign of Dioclesian for by reason of that violent Persecution he rais'd in the Church many Christians are said to have fled from the Continent into the Isle of Great Britain and particularly as an Ancient Author expresly testifieth into that Part thereof In quam Romana Arma nunquam penetrârunt which without all doubt is Scotland especially the Northern Parts of that Country they being still possess'd by the Scots and never subject to the Roman Power St Rule or Regulus is said to have brought over with him the Arm or as some affirm the Lig of St. Andrew the Apostle and to have buried it in that place where now the City of St. Andrews stands These first Propagators of Christianity seem to have been a kind of Monks who afterwards by the beneficence of the first Christian Kings of Scotland came into the Seats and Possessions of the Pagan Druides a sort of Religious Votaries to the Heathen Gods and had their principal Residence or rather Monasteries in the Islands of Man and Jona and passed under the Name of Culdees ENGLAND bu Rob t. Morden ENGLAND  d. m. Situated between 12 00 of Long. its greatest Length from N. to S. is about 320 Miles 20 00 between 50 00 of Latit Breadth from E. to W. is about 290 Miles 55 50 Being divided into Six Circuits viz. Western Circuit Chief Town Salisbury Oxford Circuit Oxford Home Circuit Canterbury Northfolk Circuit Norwich Midland Circuit Lincoln North Circuit York Western-Circuit contains Cornwall Chief Town Launceston W. to E. Devonshire Exeter Dorsetshire Dorchester Hampshire Winchester Sommâ—rsetshire Bristol N. of Dorsetshire Wiltshire Salisbury Oxford Circuit contains Barkshire Redding N. of Hampshire Oxfordshire Oxford E. to W. Glocestershire Glocester Monmouthshire Monmouth Herefordshire Hereford S. to N. E. Worcestershire Worcester Staffordshire Stafford Shropshire Shrewsbury W. of Staffordshire Home-Circuit contains Essex Colchester E. to W. Hartfordshire Hartford Kent Canterbury E. to W. Surry Southwark Sussex Chichester South of Surry 〈◊〉 Norfolk-Circuit contains Norfolk Norwich E. to S. W. Suffolk Ipswich Cambridgeshire Cambridge Huntingtonshire Huntington Bedfordshire Bedford Buckinghamshire Buckingham Midland Circuit contains Lincolnshire Chief Town Lincoln E. to W. Nottinghamshire Nottingham Derbyshire Derby Rutlandshire Okeham E. to W. Leicestershire Leicester Warwickshire Warwick Northamptonshire Northampton S. of Leicestershire Warwickshire North. Circuit contains Yorkshire York S. to N. Durham Idem Northumberland Newcastle Lancashire Lancaster S. to N. Westmorland Appleby Cumberland Carlisle To England we here subjoin the Principality of Wales divided into Four Circuits each Circuit comprehending Three Counties vix 1. Those of Denbighshire Chief Town Denbigh N. to S. Flintshire St. Asaph Montgomeryshire Montgomery 2. Those of Anglesey Beaumaris N. to S. E. Carnarvenshire Carnarven Mâ—rionethshire Harlech 3. Those of Cardiganshire Cardigan N. to S. Carmarthènshire Carmarthen Pembrokeshire Pembrook 4. Those of Radnorshire Radnor N. to S. W. Brecknokshire Brecknock Glamorganshire Cardiff Besides the Six Circuits of England containing Thirty eight Counties and these Four of Wales comprehending Twelve there remain as yet two Counties unmentioned and which are not ordinarily reduc'd to any of these Circuits viz. Middlesex and Cheshire the first because of its Vicinity to London and the other as being a County-Palatine having its own Judges and Counsellors peculiar to it self These Two Counties with the Thirty eight abovemention'd in England and Twelve in Wales make Fifty two in all But since England and Wales are Two distinct Sovereignties one being a Kingdom and the other a Principality we shall seperately Treat of them both Therefore ENGLAND THIS Country the Ancient Anglia which with the rest of the Island made up the Renown'd Britannia or Albion is term'd by the Italians Inghilterra by the Spaniards Inglatierra by the French Angleterre by the Germans Engel-land and by the Natives England which Name is deriv'd from the Angles a People of Lower Saxony who Conquer'd the greatest Part of this Country and divided the same into Seven different Kingdoms But Egbert descended from the Angles having united this divided Nation and being the first Monarch of England after the Saxon Heptarchy ordered by special Edict above 800 Years after the Incarnation that the whole Kingdom should be term'd Engle-lond which Title in process of time hath turn'd into the present Name of England The Air of this Country is far more Mild Sweet and Temperate than
Orleanois and that at Clermont in Auvergne whose Waters are of a Petrifying Nature and likewise another nigh to the City of Mans which maketh Silver look exactly like Gold 2 Observable Mountains particularly those nigh to Rhodes in Guienne call'd the Mountains of Cansac which burn whenever it Rains 3. Some hideous Subterranean Holes or Passages as that in the Forrest of S. Aubin du Cormier in Bretaign through which flows a mighty Torrent of Water and another near Nions in Dauphine from which proceedeth a violent Wind. These are the chief Rarities in France both Natural and Artificial especially the latter As for Artificial ones of a modern date this Country affordeth several particularly that famous Canal of Languedoc and splendid Palace of Versailles with divers magnificent Buildings especially Churches but these are either too well known to need or too numerous to admit of any particular Relation here The Archbishopricks of France are these following viz. Lions whose Archbishop is Count and Primate of France Sens Primate of France and Germany Paris Duke and Peer of the Realm Reims Duke and Peer and Legat of the Holy See Rouen Primate of Normandy As also those Yours Bourdeaux Narbonne Vienne Burges Auch Arles Bezancon Alby Tholouse Aix Embrun The respective Suffragans of these Archbishops are as followeth Lions Autun Langres Wacon Chasion Sens. Trois Auxerre Nevers Paris Chartres Orleans Meaux Reims Soissont Laon Chaalons Noijon Beauvais Amiens Senlis Boulogn Alby Castres Mende Rodez Cahors Vahors Narbonne Carcassâ—nr Aleâ— Beziers Agde Lodove Montpellier Nismes Usetz S. Pons Perpignan Rouen Bayeux Euâ—eux Auranchet Seez Lisâ—ux Coutances Bourdeauz Poictiers Saintes Angoulesm Perigueux Agen Condom Sarlat Rochelle Lucon Arles Marseilles Orange S. Paul de 3. Chateaux Toulon Tours Mans Anger 's Rennes Nantes Cournouaille Vannes S. Malo S. Brieu Treguier S. Pol de Leon Dole Auch Acquis Aire Bazas Bayonne Comminges Conserans Lectoure Mescar Oleron Tarbes Aix Apt Riez Frejus Gap Sisteron Vienne Valence Die Grenoble Viviers Maurienne Bourges Clermont Limoges S. Flour le Puy Tulle Tholouse Pamiers Mirepoix Montauban Lavour S. Papaul Lombez Rieux Bezanc Belley Basil in Switz Lausanne in Switz Embrun Digne Glandeve Vence Senez Grace Nice in Savoy Universities belonging to this Kingdom are establisht at these Cities following Paris Anger 's Reims Perpignan Bourdeaux Caen Valence Douay Poictiers Montpellier Aix Dole Orleans Cahors Avignon Friburge Bourges Nantes Pont a'mauson Orange The French are generally a Civil Quick and Active sort of People but extreamly given to Talking especially those of the Female Sex who nevertheless are not only very pleasing in discourse but also of a graceful and winning deportment This People is thus characteriz'd by some That they are Aiery Amorous full of Action and above all things Contentious being so universally given to Law-fuits and that even among nearest Relations that Lawyers Judges and other Officers of Justice are observ'd to be the richest Body of the Kingdom excepting the Churchmen Many of this Country in matters of Learning are bless'd with a clear Conception and ready Expression and of late they have advanc'd the Republick of Letters to a very considerable height this Age having produc'd several of that Nation and even some of the Female Sex who are now famous through all the Learned World for their singular Parts The French Language compos'd chiefly of the Latin together with several German and Gothick words intermixt being lately much refin'd by the Royal Academy at Paris is so admir'd for its elegancy and sweetness that it hath wonderfully spread it self abroad in the world and is now become the chief Tongue that 's commonly us'd in most Princes Courts of Europe Pater-Noster in the same runs thus Nôtre pére qui es aux Cieux Ton Nom soit sanctifié Ton Regne vienne Ta Volonté soit faite en Ia Terre comme aâ— Ciel Donne nous aujourdhuy nôtre pain quotidien Pardonne nous nos offences comme nous pardonnons a' ceux qui nous ont offencez Et ne nous induit point en tentation mais delivre nous du mal Amen This Kingdom being formerly a part of the Roman Empire was in process of time over-run by Franks Goths and Burgundians especially the first by whom was rais'd a Monarchy which continuing in the Succession of Kings of three several Races viz. the Morovignian Carlovinian and Capetine is now as great as any in Christendom and at present subject to one Sovereign entitl'd the Most Christian King and eldest Son of the Church whose Government is Monarchical and Crown hereditary in his Heirs Male all Females being excluded by the Salique Law The whole Kingdom being divided into 12 Governments over each of them is set a Governor styl'd the King's Licutenant-General or Super-Intendant having the like Power as the Lords Lieutenants of England formerly had in their several Counties For the better management of the publick Affairs and Administration of Justice in all parts of this Kingdom here are establisht a great many Courts of Judicatory particularly these following viz. Parliaments Chambers of Accounts Courts of Aides Presidial Courts Generalities Elections c. I. Parliaments the highest and supream Courts of the Nation were Fifteen in number reckoning the late Conquests and held at the Cities of Paris Tholouse Rouen Grenoble Bourdeaux Dijon Aix Vannes Pau Mets Besancon Tourney Perpignan Arras and Brisac These Parliaments according to their respective business are divided into several Chambers especially that of Paris which hath no less than Ten. viz. 1. The Grand Chamber where the Peers of the Realm being accus'd of any Crime are usually Try'd 2. The Tournelle Civile where they take cognizance of such Civil Causes as exceed a thousand Livres in value 3. The Tournelle Criminelle where Appeals from Inferior Courts in Criminal Matters are heard and discuss'd Besides these three there are five Chambers of Inquest where Depositions of Witnesses are set down and Causes thereupon determin'd being almost the same with our Bill and Answer in Chancery and Exchequer And lastly There are two Chambers of Request where Causes of Priviledg'd Persons are heard and discuss'd II. Chambers of Accounts where Accounts of the Treasury are examin'd and Homage and Vassalage due from the Royal Feifs are receiv'd Treaties of Peace and Grants made by the King and such like are recorded These Chambers are 12 in number and held at the Cities of Paris Rouen Dijon Nantes Montpelier Grenoble Aix Pau Blois Liste Aire and Dole III. Courts of Aides where all Causes relating to the King's Revenue particularly Aides Tailles Gabells are determin'd and that without any appeal to a higher Judicatory These Courts are in number Eight and held at these 8 Cities of Paris Montpelier Rouen Clermont Montferrand Bourdeaux Aix Grenoble and Dijon IV. Presidial Courts compos'd of several Judges where Civil Causes in matters of smaller importance as also Appeals made from Subaltern Justices in Villages are
Huesca Universities in this Kingdom are those of Sevil Alcala de Henares Huesca Gaudia Granada Saragossa Barcelona Compostella Siguenza Tudela Murcia Toledo Valencia Ossuna Tarragona Valladolid Lerida Ona Baeza Salamanca The truest Character of the Spaniard I any where find is that of Dr. Heylin's which in the main runs thus The Spaniards are a sort of People of a swarthy Complexion black Hair and of good Proportion of a Majestick Gate and Deportment grave and serious in their Carriages in Offices of Piety very Devout not to say Superstitious Obedient and Faithful to their King Patient in Adversity not prone to alter their Resolutions nor Apparel in War too deliberate Arts they esteem dishonourable universally given to Laziness much addicted to Women unreasonably Jealous of their Wives and by Nature extreamly Proud Of all the living Tongues that are deriv'd from the Latin the Spanish comes nearest to the Original though no Country has been more harrast by the Irruption of Barbarous Nations Yet they have borrowed several Words from the Goths and Mores especially the latter The best Spanish is generally esteem'd that spoken in New-Castile and in Valentia and Catalonia 't is most corrupted Their Pater Noster runs thus Padre nuestro que estas en los Gielos Santificado sea tu Nembre Venza a nos tu Regno hagase tu Volantad assi en la tierra como en el Cielo El pan nuestro de cadadia da nos lo oy y perdona nos nuestras deudas assi como nos otros perdonamos à nuestros deudores y no nos dexes caer en tentation mas libra nos del mal Amen This great Body did formerly comprehend no less than fourteen different Kingdoms which being at length reduc'd to three viz. Those of Arragon Castile and Portugal the two former were united Anno 1474. by Marriage of Ferdinand of Arragon with Isabel Heiress of Castile and Portugal afterwards added by Conquest Anno 1578. But it Revolting of which afterwards the whole Continent of Spain excluding Portugal is at present subjected to one Sovereign term'd his Catholick Majesty whose Government is Monarchical and Crown Hereditary The Dominions of which Prince are so far extended that the Sun never sets upon them all and as his Territories are very numerous so also are the Titles which he commonly assumeth being stil'd King of Castile Leon Arragen Sicily Naples Jerusalem Portugal Navarr Granada Toledo Valleâ—ia Gallâ—ia Majorca Seville Sardignia Gordova Corsica Murcia Jaen Algarve Algâ—â—ire Gibralter The Canaries East and West Indies Arch Duke of Austria Duke of Burgundy Brabant and Milan Count of Flanders Tirol and Barcelona Lord of Biscay and Mechelin c. The numerous Cities and Provinces of Spain are ruled by particular Governors appointed by his Catholick Majesty as also the Dutchy of Milan the Kingdoms of Naples Sicily Sardignia c and the various Parts of his vast Possessions in the East and West Indies are govern'd by their respective Vice Roys who are generally very severe in exacting of the Subject what possibly they can during their short Regency which is commonly limited to three Years the King appointing others in their room that he may gratify as many of his Grandees as may be with all conveniency there being still a great number of them at Court as Candidates for a Government For the better management of Publick Affairs in all the Spanish Dominions there are establisht in this Kingdom no less than fifteen different Councils viz. that call'd The Council of State 2 The Council Royal or that of Castile 3 That of War 4. The Council of Arragon 5 That of Italy 6 The Council of the Indies 7. That of the Orders 8 The Council of the Treasury 9. That of the Chamber 10 The Council of the Crosade 11 That of Discharges 12 The Council of Inquisition 13. That of Navarr 14 The Council of Conscience And lastly that call'd The Council of Policy The King of Spain bears Quarterly The first Quarter Counter-quarter'd in the first and fourth Gules a Castle tripple-tower'd Azure each with three Battlements Or purâ—led Sable for Castile In the second and third Argent a Lion passant Gules Crown'd Langued and Arm'd Or for Leon. In the second great Quarter Or four Pallets Gules for Arragon Party Or four Pallets also Gules betwixt two Flanches Argent charg'd with as many Eagles Sable member'd beak'd and crown'd Azure for Sicily These two great Quarters grafted in Base Argent a Pomegranete Verte stalk'd and leav'd of the same open d and seeded Gules for Granada Over all Argent five Escucheons Azure plac'd cross-wise each charg'd with as many Baeants in Saltier of the first for Portugal The Shield bordered Gules with seven Towers Or for Algarve In the third Quarter Gules a Fesse Argent for Austria Coupie and supported by Ancient Burgundy which is Bendy of six Pieces Or and Azure border'd Gules In the fourth great Quarter Azure Semè of Flower de Luces Or with a border Compony Argent and Gules for Modern Burgundy coupè Or supported Sable a Lion Or for Brabant These two great Quarters charg'd with an Escucheon Or a Lion Sable and langued Gules for Flanders Partly Or an Eagle Sable for Antwerp the Capital City of the Marquisate of the Holy Empire For Crest a Crown Or rais'd with eight Diadems or Semi-circles terminating in a Mond Or. The Collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece encompasses the Shield on the sides of which stand the two Pillars of Hercules on each side one with this Morto Plus ultra The Spaniards are very punctual followers of and close adherers to the Church of Rome and that in her grossest Errors and Corruptions â—â—â—ing up their Religion on the Pope's Authority and are therein so tenacious that the King suffers none to live in his Dominions who profess not their belief of the Doctrine of the Roman Church For whose Care or rather Bigottry in this matter the Pope hath conferr'd upon him the Title of his Catholick Majesty All other Professions are expell'd by that Antichristian Tyranny of the Bloody Inquisition at first devised and set up by Pâ—dâ—e Goasales de Mendeza Archbishop of Toledo and that against such Converted Jews and Moors as return'd again to their Superstition but of late it hath been chiefly turn'd upon those and others of the Protestant Communion So industrious are the Ecclesiasticks in this Country to keep up the whole Body of the People in the thickest Mist of Ignorance and so little is this Nation enclin'd of themselves to make any enquiries after Knowledge that considering these things upon one hand and the Terror of the Inquisition on the other in case of such Enquiries especially if they have the least tendency to Innovation in Points of Faith we cannot reasonably expect a Reformation of Religion in this Country unless the Hand of Providence shall interpose in a wonderful manner Christianity was planted here according to the old
all Countries of the World it may sufficiently appear in general That the Christian Religion is of a very small Extent if exactly compar'd with those many and vast Countries wholly overspread with gross Idolaters numerous Mahometans and many others who either know not or at least own not the Blessed Messias But more particularly this great and sad Truth may farther appear by the following Calculation ingeniously made by some who dividing the inhabited World into thirty Parts do find that Nineteen of them are possessed by Blind and gross Idolaters Six Jews Turks and Saracens Two Those of the Greek Church Three Those of the Church of Rome Protestant Communion Thus Christianity taken in its largest Latitude bears no greater Proportion to the other grosly false Religions than five to twenty five This melancholy Consideration doth force me to bewail that woful neglect of the best Part of the Christian Church for not being so diligent as others are in endeavouring to abolish Heathenish Idolatry and that most lamentable Ignorance which as yet overshadoweth so great a Part of the inhabited World It 's undoubtedly well known that the effectual performance of such a Work as this would require no inconsiderable Stock of Money it being now impracticable to make Solemn Missions or qualify Men for them without considerable Charges and yet a sufficient Fund might be so easily rais'd that none could reasonably complain of the burden should the following Proposals be so happily made as to meet with a due Reception Did every Freeholder of the Three Kingdoms advance only for one Year the Five hundredth part of his yearly Incomes Did those Merchants of this great City who are particularly concern'd in our Foreign Plantations and daily imploy great multitudes of Pagan Slaves in their Service allow the Two hundreth part of one years Gain And finally did the Clergy of the Three Kingdoms whose Zeal in such a Matter would probably transcend others appropriate to this pious Use One hundredth part of their yearly Revenues I say did Priest and People thus unanimously combine together in carrying on this most Christian Design what an easy matter were it in a short time to raise such a Fund of Money that the Annual Interest thereof might sufficiently serve to send Yearly some Pious and Able Divines into all Quarters of the World And since Rational Methods might be taken to have several Pagan Tongues taught in our own Island a considerable part of the aforesaid Money might be likewise imploy'd to Educate a competent number of young Students of Theology in these Foreign Languages which number being still continued would serve as a choice Nursery to afford a constant Supply of able Men who might yearly go abroad and be sufficiently qualified at their first arrival to undertake that great Work for which they were sent But since the latter Part of the foregoing Proposal which imports that Europeans might learn some of the present Indian Languages doth seem impracticable to several by reason of the prodigious multitude of those Pagan Tongues and their vast variety of quite different Dialects Then we may follow the Example of the Ancient Romans whose Custom and Interest it was to extend their own Language with their Conquests and so extinguish in process of time the very Dialect of the Conquered Did we this in all Parts of our Western Empire which without doubt might be fully accomplisht in a few Generations by duly encouraging some hundreds of Christians to endeavour in the most alluring manner to instruct the younger sort of the Natives in the English Tongue Then in the next or following Age might we Address our selves to those blind Gentiles in our own Language and so instilling in them by degrees the Principles of Christianity might thereby in a short time bring in many thousands of Souls to the Sheepfold of the Pastor and Bishop of our Souls I think it needless to express how commendable such a Design would be in it self and how desirable the Promotion thereof should be to all who stile themselves Christians of what Party or Profession soever they are And I humbly suppose it might be a Work if unanimously minded by Christians more becoming the Followers of the Prince of Peace than to be Abettors of the frequent Jars and Broils of Christendom Besides there 's certainly nothing that could prove more beneficial to the Publick Good of this Nation and Particular Interest of the Crown of England for did most or many of the Natives understand and speak our own Language then might we not thereby more exactly discover the Inland Parts of these Countries and with greater security improve them to the greatest Advantage Might we not thereby make multitudes of idle wandring Indians very useful to our English Colonies and then chiefly imploy Europeans for the Guard and Safety of the Country Yea did many of the Natives but tollerably understand and speak the English Tongue then might we not in all human appearance Civilize them intirely in a short time and so add many thousands of new English Subjects to the English Empire All which are morally impossible now to be done since the numerous Dialects of their barbarous Jargon together with their own Barbarity are as so many Bars against such Undertakings Great Sirs Pardon these Proposals here offer'd to the serious Consideration of those whom they chiefly concern and give me leave to declare unto you how infinitely it would tend to the Glory of God the Good of his Church and Honour of our Nation did we sincerely endeavour to extend the Limits of our Saviour's Kingdom with those of our new Dominions and to spread the true Reform'd Religion as far as the English Sails have done for Traffick With what Anxiety of Mind and Fatigue of Body do we pierce into the remotest Countries of the World And all to heap up a little White and Yellow Earth or to purchase some things call'd Precious by Man which abstracting Human Fancy do differ nothing from common Pibble Stones and yet what a supine neglect doth attend us in doing that which would bring more Honour to our Holy Religion and prove at last more profitable to our selves than the actual Possession of all the Treasures in the Universe What a lamentable thing is it That those very Indians who border upon the English Pale not to mention some thousands of Negroes who slave in our Service should still continue in most wretched Ignorance and in stead of Knowing and Worshipping the True God should as yet reverence not only Stocks and Stones but also adore the Devil himself Christians Shall we covet and thirst after their Talents of Gold and yet keep hid in a Napkin that Talent entrusted to us Shall we greedily bereave them of their Precious Pearls and not declare unto them the Knowledge of the Pearl of Price No! no! Let us not act as others have done in making Gold our God and Gain the sole design of our Trading But let us effectually
readily found by travelling from the Mouth of the Rivers towards their Heads Therefore Remarkable Branches of the Dwina are Wayma Running S. W. Juga W. Volga are Sosowoia S. Occareca N. E. Seine are L'Oyse S. W. Marn Yonne N. W. Loir are Mayenne S. Le Sarte S. W. Le Loir Vienne N. W. Indre le Chere Allier Rhone are Durance S. W. Isere Saene S. Garrone are Dardonne W. Lot Tarne Danube are Pruth S. Misone S. E. Alouta S. Morawa N. Teyssa S. Drave E. Save Inn N. E. Iser Lech N. Iler Scheld are Ruppel running W. augmented by Senne N. Dyle Demer W. Dender N. Lis N. E. Scarpe Haisne W. Elme are Sost W. Haise Rhine are Lippe W Roer Moselle N. E. Lahn S. W. Maine W Neckar Maese are Dommel N. Niers N. W. Roer Ourt Sambre N. E. Semoy W Chiers Wiser are Aller W. augmented by Leine N. Ocker Fuld Elbe are Ilmenow N. W. Havel Saaldre N. Muldaw Oder are Warta W. Bober N. Westritz N. E. Nieper are Dizna S. W. Przypiecz or Pereptus N. E. Vistul is the Bugg N. turn W Niemen is the Vilna W. Ebro are Segre S. W. Cinca S. E. Gallega S. W. Xalo N. E. Guadalquivir Xenil W. Guardamena S. W. Guadiana are none remarkable Tago are Zatas W. Zezer S. Guadarran Xaruma Douro are Tonroes N. W. Tormes Arlanza S. W. Po are Oglio S E. Adda Tesine Tanero running E. turning N. augmented by Bormida  Stura N E. Sesia S. E. Dora Baltea Adige is Bachiglione S. Arno are Elsa N. W. Sieve E. turning S. Tiber are Quartitio W. Nera S. W. Chiane S. E. Volturno its chief Branch is Sabate W. These are all the Remarkable Branches of the Chief Rivers on the Continent of Europe And thus we are come to a Period not only of this Section but also of the First Part of this Treatise having now perform'd those five Things at first propos'd which was to entertain the Reader with some Geographical Definitions Problems Theorems and Paradoxes as also a Transient Survey of the whole Surface of the Terraqueous Globe as it consists of Land and Water And so much for a General View thereof Now followeth Modern Geography PART II. Comprehending a PARTICULAR VIEW OF THE Terraqueous GLOBE BY a Particular View of the Terraqueous Globe we understand a clear and exact Prospect of all remarkable Countries on the Face of the whole Earth according as they are represented by particular Geographical Maps as also a true and compendious Narrative of the chief Observables relating either to them or their Inhabitants All which may be briefly reduc'd to these following Heads viz. their Situation Extent Division Subdivision Chief Towns Name Air Soil Commodities Rarities Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities Manners Language Government Arms Religion In taking such a Prospect of all remarkable Countries we shall begin with Europe and travel through the various Divisions thereof in the same order as they are set down page 43. Therefore CHAP. I. Of EUROPE The Continent of Europe being divided Pag. 43. into VIII great Parts Viz Scandinavia Swedeland Capital City Stockholm Denmark Copenhagen Norway Bergen Moscovia or Russia Moscow France Paris Germany Vienna Poland Cracow Spain Madrid Italy Rome Turky in Europe Constantinople To these add the European Islands The Chief of which are Great Britain Cap. C. Those of London Edinburgh Ireland That of Dublin Of all these in their proper Places SWEDEN NORWAY SECT I. Concerning Scandinavia  d. m.  Miles Situated between 26 20 of Long. It s greatest Length is about 1030. 53 10 between 54 10 of Lat. Breadth is about 840. 71 06 Divided into the Kingdoms of Swedeland Ch. T. Stockholm Denmark Copenhagen Norway Bergen Swedeland comprehends Scania Chief Town Lunden from S. to N. Gothland Calmar Swedeland prop. Stockholm Lapland Tornia Finland Abo from N. to S. Ingria Notteborg or Oresca 〈◊〉 Riga Denmark â—â—â—tland Sleswick from W. to E. 〈◊〉 Islands Copenhagen Norway comprehends five Governments Of which hereafter More Particularly §. 1. SWEDELAND Scania contains the Provinces of Halland Ch. Town Helmstat W. to E. Bleking Christianstat Schonen Lunden Southward Gothland contains the Provinces of Vermelandia Chief Town Carolstadt N. to S. in the West part Dallia Daleburge Westrogoth Gottenburge Ostrogothia Norkoping N. to S. in th E. part Swedeland Smalandia Calmar Swedeland properly so call'd contains the Provinces of Sudermania Nikoping from S. to N. Nericia Orebro Westmania Arosen Uplandia those of Opsal and Stockolm Gestricia Geval Dalcarlia Hedemore Helsingia Hadswickwalt Medelpandia Selanger Jemptia Ressundt Angermannia Hernosand Lapland contains the Provinces of Uma Lapmark Uma from S. to N. Pitha-Lapmark Pitha Lula-Lapmark Lula Tornia-Lapmark Tornia Kimi-Lapmark Kimi Finland contains the Provinces of Cajania Cajaneburgh upon the Ula N. Finland Biorneberge W. to E. Tavastia Tavastus Savolaxia Nyslot Kexholmia Kexholm Carelia Wiborg E. to W. Nylandia Borgo S. Finland Abo Ingria contains the Provinces of Ingria propria Orcsca or Notteborg N. to S. W. Ingermania Caporio Solouski Juanagorod Livonia contains the Provinces of Lettenland Riga S. to N. Estland Narva §. 2. DENMARK Being divided into The Peninsula of Juitland The Danish Islands The Peninsula of Juitland comprehends North Juitland Ch. Town Wiborg South Juitland Sleswick D. of Holstein of which in Lower Saxony Juitland divided into North comprehends the Diocesses of Aalborg Chief Town Idem from N. to S. Wiborg Idem Arhusen Aarhus Ripen Idem South comprehends the Praefectures of Hedersleve Idem from N. to S. upon the Baltick Sea Appenrade Idem Flemborge Idem Gottorpe Sleswick Tonderen Idem N. to S. upon the Germany Sea Husum Idem Eyderstede Tonningen The chief of the Danish Islands are Zeland Funen c. Of which hereafter when we come to treat of Islands §. 3. NORWAY Divided into the Governments of Bahus Chief Town Idem S. to N. E. Aggerus Agger Bergenus Bergen Dronthemus Dronthem Wardus Idem This vast Continent of Scandinavia comprehending as aforesaid three distinct Kingdoms viz. those of Swedeland Denmark and Norway Of each of these seperately and in their Order Therefore §. I. SWEDELAND THIS Country formerly Succia a Part of Ancient Scandinavia is term'd by the Italians Suezia by the Spaniards Suedia by the French Suede by the Germans Schweden and by the English Sueden or Swethland so call'd from its Ancient Inhabitants the Sueones Suevi or Suethidi with the Addition of Land for Termination The Air of this Country is generally very Cold but if not too nigh some Lake or Marish very pure and wholesome yea so healthful to breath in that many of its Inhabitants do frequently live to an hundred years especially they who abstain from excessive drinking a thing too much practis'd by many of them The Antipodes to this People or the opposite Place of the Globe to Swedeland is that Part of the vast Pacifick Ocean comprehended between the 220th and 230th Degree of Longitude with 50 and 70 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this
Country it lying in the 9th 10th 11th and 12th Northern Climates is not very fruitful but yet where less fertile in Corn that disadvantage is recompens'd with tollerable Pasturage It s numerous Lakes are very well stor'd with various kinds of Fishes Its Mountains are generally covered over with Trees and several of them lin'd with considerable Mines of Silver Tin Brass and Iron The longest Day in the Northmost part of this Country is about two Months the Sun being so long without setting when near the Summer Solstice The shortest in the Southmost is about 6 Hours 1 â— and the Nights proportionably The Chief Commodities of this Country are Metals Ox-hides Goat-skins Buck-skins and costly Furs Pine trees Fir-trees Oales Tallow Tar Honey and such like The Chief Rarities of this Country may be reckon'd two Publick Clocks of admirable Workmanship one belonging to the Cathedral Church of Upsal the other to that of St. Laurence in Lunden especially the latter which suppos'd to be the Work of Casper Bartholinus shews not only the Day Hour and Minute but also all the remarkable Motions of the Coelestial Bodies with all Festivals both fixt and moveable and several other pleasant Curiosities To these add that famous Slimy Lake in the Southern Part of Gothland which burns such things as are put into it As also a certain Stone found in several Parts of Sueden which being of a Yellow Colour intermixt with several Streaks of white as if compos'd of Gold and Silver affords both Sulphur Vitriol Alium and Minium Some write of a Lake in Lapland which hath as many Islands in it as there are Days in the Year Archbishopricks belonging to Sueden are Two viz. those of Upsal Riga Bishopricks in this Kingdom are Eight viz. those of Wâ—steras Strergnes Wexioc Lunden Lindkaeping Scaren Abo. Wiburg Universities established here are Two viz. those of Upsal Abo. The Swedes for the most part are Men of big and strong Bodies Men whose very Constitution doth fit them to be Soldiers but generally they weaken Nature by extravagant excess in Drinking Their Gentry are much given to Hospitality very Affable and Civil to Strangers and many of them become considerable Proficients in several Arts and Sciences The Commons are generally esteem'd good Mechanicks but lookt upon by all as too much addicted to Laziness in point of improving their Country by not cutting down many unnecessary Forests and improving that Ground to better advantage The Swedes speak a Dialect of the Teutonic which is somewhat different from that us'd in Denmark and Upper Germany Persons of Quality understand and speak the High-German Language in its Native purity The Finlanders have a peculiar Gibberish of their own For a Specimen of the Swedish Tongue we shall here subjoin the Lord's Prayer in that Language intending to observe the same Method in treating of all other Languages in Europe Their Pater-Noster runs thus Fadher war som est i himlem helghat warde tiett namyn till komme titt ricke skee tin wilie sa comi himmelen sa ock pa jordenne wart dagliha brod giffosz i dagh och forlat osz wara skuld sa som ock wforlate them osz skyldighe aro Och in leedh osz ickei frestelse uthan frels oszi fra ondo Amen The Kingdom of Swedeland having suffered various turns of Fortune being frequently disturb'd by the Adjacent Nations at last got rid of them all and becoming terrible to others spread it self over a considerable Part of its Neighbours Territories At present 't is subject unto and govern'd by its own Monarch who since the last Age is not only Hereditary but by the late turn of Affairs in his Country hath also attained unto and now exerciseth such a Power over the Subject that the same is really astonishing to any considering Person who looks back unto the State of that Kingdom only a few Years ago He is stil'd King of the Swedes Goths and Vandals Grand Prince of Finland Duke of Estonia and Carelia and Lord of Ingria c. The different Orders in this Realm are Six viz. Princes of the Blood the Nobility Clergy Soldiery Merchantry and Commonalty These by their Representatives being assembled in Parliament make four different Houses viz. that of the Nobility where the Grand Marshal presides 2. That of the Clergy where the Archbishop of Upsal presides 3. That of the Burgesses where one of the Consuls of Stockholm presides And lastly That of the Knights of the Shirâ— where one of their own Number elected by themselves presides Chief Courts establisht in this Kingdom are these Five viz. 1 That commonly call'd the King's Chamber design'd for the Decision of all Cases happening between the Nobility Senators or any of the Publick Officers and here the King is at least ought to sit as President 2 The Court Martial in which all Matters relating to War are determin'd and here the Grand Marshal of the Army is President 3. The Court of Chancery in which Edicts Mandates Commissions and such like are made out in the King's Name and here the Chancellour of the Kingdom is President 4 The Court of Admiralty in which all business relating to Maritime Affairs are transacted and here the High Admiral is President Lastly The Court of Exchequer in which all Matters concerning the Publick Revenue are manag'd and here the Grand Treasurer is President The King of Sweden bears quarterly In the First and fourth Azure three Crowns Or two in Chief and one in Base for Swedeland In the second and third Barry Argent and Azure a Lyon Or Crown'd Gules for Finland Over all quatterly in the first and fourth Sable a Lyon Or crown'd arm'd and langued Gules for the Palatinate of the Rhine In the second and third Lozenges Bendwise of twenty one pieces Argent and Azure for Bavaria For the Crest a Crown Royal adorn'd with eight Flowers and clos'd by as many Demi-Circles terminating in a Mond Or. The Supporters are two Lyons Or Crown'd of the same And his Motto is in these words Dominus Protector Meus Lutheranism is the establisht Religion of this Country being universally profess'd by all Orders and Degrees of Men except in Livonia where is a considerable Number of Papists intermixt and Lapland many of whose Inhabitants are mear Heathens usually worshipping the Sun Fire Serpents and the like and that ever since the Days of the Reformation which was happily effected in this Kingdom by Gustavus the First upon his Accession to the Swedish Crown since which time their Religion hath not been disturb'd from abroad but once and since that Disturbance never distracted at home by Non-Conformity for Persons of all Ranks adhering to the Tenets of Luther give constant attendance on Divine Service and joyn in the same manner of Worship Christianity was first planted in this Kingdom by the care and diligence of Ansgarius Archbishop of Breme the Apostle General of the North. §. 2. DENMARK THis
Country especially Juitland formerly Cimbrica Chersonesus a part of Ancient Scandinavia is term'd by the Italians Dania by the Spaniards Dinmarca by the French Danemarc by the High Germans Dennemark and by the English Denmark so called from the Bounds and Marâ—es of its Inhabitants the Danes whose Country bordering on the Ancient Batavi and Saxons was thereupon call'd Dane-march which Name in process of time did turn into that of Denmark The Air of this Country is much the same with that in the Southern Part of Swedeland it being extreamly Cold but in most places very wholesome The opposite place of the Globe to Denmark is that part of the Pacifick Ocean lying between 210 and 220 Degrees of Longitude with 50 and 60 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in the 10th and 11th North Climates is very good for Grain and Pasturage Here is abundance of Fish especially Herrings as also many wild Fowls and most kinds of wild Beasts The longest Day in the Northmost part is 17 Hours ½ the shortest in the Southmost is 8 Hours ¼ and the Nights proportionably The Chief Commodities of this Country are Fish Tallow Furniture for Ships Armour Ox-hides Buck-skins Fir-wood and Wainscot c. Near to Sleswick Southward are yet to be seen the Remains of that famous Wall and Trench made above 880 Years ago by Gotricius then King of Denmark to hinder the Incursions of the Saxons resembling somewhat the Pict's Wall in Great Britain 2. Between Flensburg and Sleswick is a small Village which goes by the Name of Anglen remarkable in so far that from the said Village and Country adjacent came our Ancestors the Ancient Angles into Great Britain 3. In Gottorp is an admirable Globe of Copper 10 Foot ½ in Diameter so contriv'd by one of the Dukes of Holstein that by certain Wheels turn'd about by Water it represents exactly the Motions of the Coelestial Bodies As also another in the Arsenal at Copenhagen of 6 Foot Diameter fram'd by Tycho Brahe that famous Danish Astronomer 4. In the Island Ween are the Ruins of the Tower of Uraniburge renowned for the Observations made thereon by the aforesaid Tycho Braye As also the Dungeon call'd Stelliburg beset with Looking-Glasses where he was wont to sit and observe the Stars in all Seasons 5. The Island Ween is likewise remarkable in that it will harbour no Dormice none such being able to live when imported thither as also a Spring whose Waters never freez even in the extreamest Cold of Winter To these we may add as a singular Curiosity of this Country That magnificent Throne fram'd of prodigious long Horns of a certain Sea Animal which the Vulgar are willing to take for the Unicorn Vid. Dr. Brown 's Travels As for Archbishopricks in this Kingdom there 's only one viz. that of Copenhagen Bishopricks in this Kingdom are those of Sleswick Arhusen Alburg Ripen Wiburg Universities in this Kingdom are those at Copenhagen Kiel The Danes a very warlike People of old having constrain'd many of the Northern Nations to submit to the force of their Arms at some time or other are now almost of the same Temper with their Neighbours the Swedes and Germans but that they are generally esteem'd a People more given to Pride and Cunning than either of the former They are Industrious and Frugal enough as also considerable Lovers of Learning but generally greater Lovers of Excess whether in Drinking or Eating especially the former and that ever since the Juice of the Grape was recommended to them by the High Germans whom they now equal if not exceed in all manner of Carousing The Modern Language of Denmark is originally a Dialect of the Teutonit The Court Gentry and Chief Burgers commonly use the High German in ordinary Discourse and French when they talk with Strangers How the Danish Tongue differs from the High German and the Modern Language in Swedeland will best appear from their Pater-Noster which runs thus Fader vor du som est himmelen helligt vorde die naffu tilkomme dit rige vorde din vilie sâ—â— paâ— jorden som hander i himmelen Gift osz â— dagh vort daglige brod oc forlad osz vor skyld som wi forlade vare skyldener ock lead osz ickudi fristelse Men frele osz fra ont Amen This Kingdom was formerly Elective although they usually advanc'd the next Heir to the Crown until the Year 1659. that Frederick the Ill having bravely repuls'd the Swedes besieging the Capital City Copenhagen it was then rendred Hereditary to his Family The Nobility here had hitherto a considerable Stroke until these our own Days that this Kingdom is so strangely Frenchifi'd in Point of Government that the Danish and French Monarchy's are now almost of the same Mould The King assumes to himself the Power of disposing of all Heirs and Heiresses of any Note as 't is practis'd in France The Danish Law is highly to be priz'd in that it 's short and perspicuous surpassing the like of all other Nations in that respect It 's wholly founded upon Equity and Compris'd in one Quarto Volume in the Danish Tongue and that so plain that any Man may understand and plead his own Cause without the Aid of either Counsel or Attorney and no Suit is to hang in suspence beyond one Year and a Month. This is indeed a mighty Advantage and a singular Property of the Danish Law upon one hand but the same is attended with a vast Inconvenience on the other for the first and principal Article thereof runs thus That the King hath the Priviledge reserv'd to himself to explain nay to alter and change the same as he shall think good Chief Courts for Administration of Justice both in Civil and Criminal Affairs are four viz. Byfoght's Heredsfought's Lanstag and High-Right The first is peculiar for deciding Matters which happen in Cities and Towns The second for those of the Country The third is the High-Court of the Province to which Appeals are made from the two former And the fourth is the Supream of all the rest held commonly at Copenhagen and consisting of the Principal Nobility in which Court the King himself sometimes sits in Person Beside these there is the Court of Admiralty for Maritime Affairs as also a Rent Chamber resembling our Court of Exchequer for managing all Matters relating to the Publick Revenue The King of Denmark bears Party of three and Coupè of two which makes twelve Quarters In the first Or Semè of Hearts Gules three Lyons passant guardant Azure crown'd Langu'd and Arm'd of the first for Denmark 2 Gules a Lyon Rampant Or Crown'd and Arm'd of the first in his Paws a Battle-Ax Argent hilted of the second for Norway 3. Gules a Lion Passant-guardant Or on Nine Hearts of the same in Fesse for Gothland 4. Gules a Dragon crown'd Or for Schonen 5. Azure three Crowns Or for Sweden 6. Gules a
Paschal Lamb Argent supporting a Flag of the same mark'd with a Cross Gules for Juitland 7. Or two Lions Passant-guardant Azure for Sleswick 8. Gules a Fish crown'd Argent for Ice land Over these eight Quartors a great Cross Argent which is the ancient Devise of the Kingdom on the Center of which are plac'd the Arms of Dithmarsh viz. Gules a Cavalier Arm'd Argent 9. Gules a Nettle-leaf open and charg'd in the middle with a little Escucheon the whole Argent for Holstein 10. Gules a Cygnet Argent gorg'd with a Crown Or for Stormarsh 11. Gules two Fesses Or for Delmenhorst 12. Gules a Cross Pattree-fitchree Argent for Oldenburgh The Shield surrounded with the Collar of the Order of the Elephant The Crest is a Crown Or flowr'd rais'd with eight Diadems terminating in a Mond of the same For the Motto are these words Pietas Justitia coronant The Errors and Practices of the Roman Church being grown at length so intollerable that an Universal Reformation became expedient this Kingdom among the other Northern Crowns threw off that insupportable Yoak and cordially embrac'd the Doctrine of Luther which being allow'd off by Frederick the First about the middle of the last Century was so firmly and universally establish'd in Denmark that in all the Danish Dominions there is no other Religion but Lutheranism profess'd except some French Refugees who are allow'd a Church at Copenhagen and a few Popish Families who were lately permitted to perform their Worship in a Chappel at Gluckstat The Danish Clergy do still retain the Practice of Confession which all Persons are oblig'd unto before they participate of the Blessed Sacrament of the Lord's Supper they likewise retain Crucifixes and several Ceremonies of the Roman Church Christianity was fully Establisht in this Country about the middle of the XII Century and that by the means of Pope Adrian the IV. an Englishman who before his Assumption of the Popedom was term'd Nicholaus Breakspear §. 3. NORWAY THis Country formerly Norvegia a Part of Ancient Scandinavia is term'd by the Italians Neruegia by the Spaniards Noruega by the French Norwegue by the Germans Norwegen and by the English Norway so call'd from its Northern Situation Nort being for North and weg way seeing it is the way to and from the North in respect of the rest of Europe The Air of this Country is so extreamly Cold especially towards the North parts of the Kingdom that 't is but thinly inhabited and that by the meanest of People The opposite Place of the Globe to Norway is part of the Pacifick Ocean between 200 and 230 Degrees of Longitude with 60 and 70 Degrees of South Latitude By reason of the excessive Coldness of the Country it lying in the 11th 12th and 13th North Climate the Soil is very barren not having force enough to produce the very necessaries of Life the Common People being forced to use dry Fish instead of Bread In short this Country is overspread either with vast Forrests barren Mountains or formidable Rocks In the Northmost parts of it the longest Day is above two Months the Sun not setting for that time the shortest in the Southmost about 6 Hours ¼ and the Nights proportionably The Chief Commodities of this Country are Stock-fish Rich Furs Train-Oyl Pitch and Tackling for Ships as Masts Cables Deal-boards and the like which the Inhabitants exchange for Corn Wine Fruits Beer and other Necessaries of Life What chiefly deserves the Name of Rarity in this Country is that remarkable Lake near Drontheim whose Waters never freeze even in the dead of Winter notwithstanding of the excessive Cold at that Season Near to the Isle of Hiteren is that wonderful and dangerous Whirly-pool commonly call'd Maelstroom and by Navigators The Navel of the Sea which swallows up Ships with their whole Cargo if they unhappily approach too nigh Archbishopricks in this Kingdom only one viz. that of Drontheim Bishopricks in this Kingdom are those of Anslo Bergen Staffanger Universities in this Kingdom None The Norvegians being notorious Pyrates of old became very formidable to several of the Northern Nations are now lookt upon as a very mean simple and ignorant sort of People a People however that 's very hardy much given to Toiling and Labour very Just in their Dealings and abundantly Civil after their own Manner to the few Strangers who come among them In the Northmost Parts of the Kingdom they have no Towns but generally live in Tents and Travel in great Companies from one place to another in Hunting The Language now spoken in this Country especicially in all the civilized Parts thereof is little different from that us'd in the Kingdom of Denmark a Specimen of which is already given in the foregoing Paragraph This Kingdom was formerly a distinct Body by it self and independent of any other but being incorporated with Denmark Anno 1387. is now subject to his Danish Majesty who besides particular Governors in the five Castles of Bahus Aggerus c. abovemention'd doth ordinarily keep a Vice-Roy there for the better Administration of the Publick Affairs of that Kingdom his Place of Residence is commonly at Bergen and his Power is extraordinary great See Denmark The establisht Religion in Norway is the same as in Denmark only that in the Northmost Parts of the Kingdom the knowledge of Christiany which was at first planted in this Country much about the same time with the two other Northern Crowns is so decay'd that on the Borders of Lapland they differ but little from mere Heathens MOSCO VIE or RVSSIE SECT II. Concerning Moscovia  d. m.  Miles Situated between 46 00 of Long. It s greatest Length is about 1630. 105 00 between 45 10 of Lat. Breadth is about 1500. 71 00 Divided into North Chief Town St. Michael Arch-Angel South Moscow Capital City More Particularly North contains many Provinces but chiefly these of Trines Chief Town W. to E. Kargapolia Kargapol Dwina St. Michael Arch-Angel Condora Wirgatouria Sibiria Tobol Obdora Berezow Vologda Idem upon the upper part of the Dwina South containing many Provinces but chiefly these of Casan Chief Town Idem from E. to W. upon the Volga Mordowitz None remarkable Nisi Novogrod Idem Volodimir Idem Moscow Idem Astracan Idem at the Mouth of the Volga Novogrod Weleki Idem Between the Lake Ilmins and Peipus Pleskow Idem Severia Novogrod-Sewarski S. W. of Moscow §. 2. MOSCOVIA THIS Country containing much of Sarmatia Europaea and part of Sarmatia Asiatica being also nam'd Russia from the Ancient People of that Country call'd Rossi or Russi is term'd by the Italians Moscouia by the Spaniards Moscovia by the French Moscovie or Russie Blanche by the Germans Moscau and by the English Moscovia or Moscovy so call'd from its chief Province of that Name whose Denomination is deriv'd from Moschi or Mosci an Ancient People first inhabiting that Part of
Apt Forcalquier Sisteron Middle part whose chief Towns are Arles W. to E. on the S. of the Durance Salon Aix Riez Senez Glandeves Lower whose chief Towns are Marseilles W. to E. nigh unto or upon the Sea-Coast Toulon Hyeres Frejuls Grace Vence Antiâ—e After these Twelve Governments we may here subjoin two other Countries adjacent to the East part of France Namely Loraine French County LORAINE Divided into Loraine properly so called Ch. Town Nancy Dutchy of Barr Westward Bar le Duc. More particularly Loraine properly so called Chief Town Nancy towards the middle D. of Bar Bar le Duc Westward Principality of Phaltzbourge Idem Eastward The Territor of Toule Idem S. to N. Metz Idem Verdun Idem Also those of Clermont Idem 15 Miles W. of Verdun Bitch Idem N. to S. upon the E. part of Loraine Sarward Idem Sarbruck Idem Salme Idem Vaudemont Idem 18 Miles S. E. of Toul FRENCH COUNTY Divided into Higher Northward Chief Town Montbeliart Middle part Besanson Lower Southward Salins More particularly Higher its chief Towns are Montbeliart E. to W. Vesoul Middle its chief Towns are Besancon or Besanson E. to W. upon the Doux Dole Lower its chief Towns are Salins N. to S. S. Claude THis Country formerly Gallia from its Ancient Inhabitants the Gauls otherwise the Celta is term'd by the Italians and Spaniards Francia by its Natives la France by the Germans Franckreich and by the English France so call'd as most Authors agree from the Franks a German Nation inhabiting that Part of Germany still call'd Franconia who invading Gaul and by degrees subduing a great Part of it gave it a New Name from its New Masters who in the Opinion of some Judicious Writers had theirs from certain Franchises granted them by the Roman Emperors beyond what the Neighbouring Nations enjoy'd or according to others from the German words Fraâ—n and Ausen the former signifying Free and the other an Heroe The Air of this Country is very Temperate Pleasant and Healthful being in a good Medium between the great Excess of Heat and Cold which ordinarily attend those Countries of a more Northern and Southern Situation yea so healthful is it that this Kingdom is generally observ'd to be less subject to Plagues and Sickness than most other Nations of Europe and the Air about Mompelier in particular is universally esteem'd Medicinal for Consumptions The opposite Place of the Globe to France is that part of the vast Pacifick Ocean between 190 and 207 Degrees of Longitude with 42 and 51 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in the 6 7 and 8. North Climate is extraordinary fruitful particularly in Corn Wine Fruits Hemp c. The Fields being here both large and open are generally intermingl'd with Vines and Corn as also bordered and interlin'd with variety of Fruits Here are many and vasts Forests and these well-stor'd with most sorts of wild Beasts fit for Hunting several Mountains and these cover'd over with numerous Flocks and some of them lin'd with rich and valuable Mines Here also are divers excellent Pits of Coals and Quarries of Stones The longest Day in the Northmost Part of this Country is about 16 Hours ¼ The shortest in the Southmost is 9 Hours ¼ and the Nights proportionably The Chief Commodities of this Country are Salt Fish Corn Wine Almonds Coral Canvas Oade Linnen Paper Wood Skins Alamodes Lusting and rich flower'd Silks Verdigris Cremor Tartaris c. Among the chief Rarities of France we may reckon some remarkable Remains of the Roman Antiquities as yet to be seen in that Country And they are reducible to these following Heads viz. 1. Triumphal Arches particularly that in the City of Rheims as yet entire compos'd of Three Arches and adorn'd with many Figures and Trophies but uncertain for whom erected There are also the Ruins of several others near Autun in Burgundy one at Saintes in Guienne another almost entire at the City of Orange erected by Caius Marius and Luctatius Catulus upon their Victory obtain'd over the Cimbres and Teutones where are likewise the Ruins of a Roman Circus To these we may add that stately Bridge twelve Miles off Nismes consisting of three Stories of Arches one above another the last of which was an Aqueduct 2. Amphitheaters as the Ruins of a stately one at Chalons in Burgundy another at Perigueux in Guienne another at Tholouse in Langaedoc another at Arles in Provence another at Vienne in Dauphine but the chief of all is that at Nismes of an extraordinary bigness and as yet adorn'd with several Pillars and divers Roman Eagles as also the Fable of Romulus and Romus sucking the She-wolf 3. The Remains of some Heathen Temples particularly those of Templum Jani now call'd the Jenetoye at Autun in Burgundy those of the Goddess Venus at Perigueux in Guienne and that of Diana near Nismes in Languedoc 4. The Ruins of some Ancient Aqueducts as those near Coutance in Burgundy those at Dole in Britaign some at Autun in Burgundy and those at Tholouse in Languedoc 5. Remarkable Pillars particularly those Ancient Columes and Pyramids near Autun in Burgundy but more especially is that famous Roman Obelisk of Oriental Granat at Arles in Provence which is much admired by the Curious being fifty two Foot high seven Foot Diameter at the Base and yet all but one Stone Among the Monuments of Antiquity we may mention that large Passage cut through the middle of a Rock about two Leagues from Brianson in Dauphine which being a stupendious piece of Work gives occasion to various Conjectures some Persons imputing it to J. Caesar and others rather to Hannjbal To these we may add that large and round Buckler of Massy Silver fish'd out of the Rhone near Avignion 1665. being twenty Inches in Diamiter and weighing twenty one pounds 't is 1900 Years old and is charg'd with Scipio Africanus half Mantled grasping his Pike and Roman Officers attending with the Spaniards supplicating for a fair Virgin the same being consecrated to that Virtuous General upon his restoring a beautiful Captive to Allucius Prince of Celtiberia who had espous'd her These being the principal Remains of Reverend Antiquity observable in this Country next to such Curiosities we may subjoin some Rarities of Nature the most noted of which are these following 1 Waters of remarkable Qualities particularly Those nigh to Dax or D'Acque in Gascoign so reputed of old for Bathing that from them the whole Province of Aquitaine did derive its Name As also the Mineral Waters of Bourbon much resorted unto even in time of the Romans together with that famous Fountain near to Grenoble which appeareth as if covered with Flames and boileth up in great Bubbles and yet is never hot Likewise another boiling Fountain about a League from Montpellier much observ'd by Travellers and finally that Oily-spring near Gabian in the Road from Montpellier to Beziers Add to these a Spring near Loches in
heard and determin'd V. Generalities whose Office they being the Treasurers general of France is to take care of assessing the Taxes proportionably in their respective Districts according to the Sum propos'd by the King and Council to be levied These Courts are 23 in number each consisting of twenty three Persons and these conveniently situated in several parts of the Kingdom They do also judge Matters relating to the Crown-Lands the King's Revenue and such like Lastly Elections which are small Courts subordinate to the Generalities and their Office is to cast up how much every Parish in their respective Division must raise of the Sum propos'd by the Generality and accordingly they issue out their Orders to every Parish whereupon one of the Inhabitants being chosen Collector he proportions every one 's Quota and collecting the same returns it to the Generalities and they again to the publick Exchequer Besides these there is a vast number of inferior Courts for smaller Matters whether Civil or Criminal And a great many publick Officers as Provosts Seneschals Bailiffs as also Intendants de la Justice Police and Finance c. But our intended brevity will not admit of a farther Relation The King of France for Arms bears Azure three Flower de Luces Or two in chief and one in base the Escutcheon is environed with the Collars of the Orders of S. Michael and the Holy Ghost For Crest an Helmet Or entirely open thereon a Crown clos'd after the manner of an Imperial Crown with eight inarched Rays topt with a double Flower de Luce. The Supporters are two Angels habited as Levites the whole under a Pavilion Royal semé of France lin'd Ermines with these words Ex omnibus Floribus elegi mihi Lilium Lilia neque laborant neque nent The only Establish'd Religion in France is that of the Church of Rome for all the Decisions of the Council of Trent in Matters of Faith are there receiv'd but those that relate to Points of Discipline and infringe the Rights of the Crown with the Liberties of the Gallican Church are rejected The Protestants commonly call'd Hugonots were formerly allow'd the publick profession of their Religion by several Edicts granted by the French Kings particularly that of Nantes An. 1598. by Henry IV. and confirm'd by all his Successors ever since But the present King by his Declaration of October 1685. abolish'd the said Edict and inhibited the Exercise of the Reform'd Religion enjoining the profession of the Roman and that under the severest Penalties Whereupon followed the Destruction of their Churches and a violent Persecution which forced great Droves to leave the Kingdom and seek for shelter in Foreign Countries As to the Romanists themselves There are great Divisions among them at present notwithstanding of their so much boasted Unity For besides the hot Disputes between the Molinists and Jansenists about Predestination and Grace in which the pretended Infallible Judge at Rome dares not interpose his Decisive Authority for fear of disobliging one or the other Party we find that the Sect of Quietism has lately crept in among them as appears from the late Book of the Archbishop of Cambray concerning the Internal Life which has been censured by the Archbishop of Paris and the Bishops of Meaux and Chartres and complain'd off by the French King in his Letter to the Pope though the Author profers to maintain his Doctrine before his Holiness if permitted to go to Rome The Christian Faith was first planted in this Country by some of St. Peter's Disciples as is most probably thought sent thither by him at his first coming to Rome A New Map of GERMANY By Rob t. Morden SECT IV. Concerning Germany  d. m.  Miles Situated between 24 10 of Long. It s greatest Length is about 540. 37 12 between 45 30 of Lat. Breadth is about 510. 54 30 Being divided into three Classes viz. North. Middle South North. The Circle of Belgium Chief Towns are Amsterdam W. to E. Bruxelles The Circle of Westphalia Munster The Circle of Lower Saxony Hamburg The Circle of Upper Saxony Wittenburg Middle The Circle of the Lower Rhine Heidelberg W. to E. The Circle of the Upper Rhine Francfort The Circle of Franconio Nurenburg South The Circle of Suabia Ausburg W. to E. The Circle of Bavaria Munick The Circle of Austria Vienna Of all these in Order §. 1. The Circle of Belglum Divided into North viz. Holland Chief Town Amsterdam South viz. Flanders Bruxelles Holland contains Seven Provinces Viz. 4 towards the South Holland properly so call'd Chief Town Amsterdam Zeland Middleburgh Utretcht Idem Zutphen and a part of Gelderland Zutphen 3 towards the North Over Issel Deventer Friesland Leuarden Groningen Idem Flanders contains Ten Provinces Viz. 4 Dutchies Gelderland Chief Town Gelders Brabant Bruxelles Luxembourge Idem Limbourge Idem 4 Counties Flanders properly so called Bruges Artesia Arras Hannonia Mons. Namur Idem The Marquisate of the Empire Antwerp The Seignory of Malines Idem The Chief of these 〈…〉 Holland and Flanders properly 〈…〉 particularly consider them 〈…〉 the most remarkable Towns in each of them 〈…〉 Holland properly so call'd being divided into North. South Chief Towns North are Goree in the Island Goree 〈◊〉 Nigh unto or upon the Mues from W. to E. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 In the Western part from S. W. to N. E. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 South are Amsterdam upon the Channel Amstel 〈◊〉 In the Western part from S. to N. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Upon the Zuyder-zee or South-Sea from N. to S. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Naerden Flanders properly so call'd being divided into East West Chief Towns in East are Dendermonde Upon the Dendre from N. to S. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Gramont Ghâ—ut Upon the Soheld all found from N. to S. W. Oâ—denard Tournay St. Amand Upon the Scarpe Doway Deynse Nigh unto or upon the Lys all found from N. to S. W. Courtray Armenthiers Lisle West are Graveling Five remarkable Ports from S. to N. E. Dunkirk Neuport Osiend laÌ„ys Bruges found from W. to E. Axel Hulst Rupelmond upon the Scheld 5 Miles S. of Antwerp Farne found from W. to E. Dixmude Thyelt Berge S. Winoc from W. to E. Ypres Cassel farthest South The Dutchy of Brabant being divided into North. South Chief Towns in North are Bosleduc found from E. to W. Breda Steenbergen Bergenopzoom Antwerp upon the Scheld Mechelin upon the Dender South are Aersschot Upon the Demer from W. to E. Sichem Diest Brussels found from W. to E. Louvain Tilmont Judoigne about 12 Miles S. E. of Louvain Gemblours found from E. to W. Genape Nivelle §. 2. The Circle of Westphalia Divided into North-East between the Weser and Elm Ch. T. Osnaburge Middle between the Elm and the Rhine Munster South-West betw the Rhine and Cir. Belg. Leige More particularly North-East comprehends The County of Oldenburg Chief Town Idem On the Wefer from N. to S. Hoya are Idem Diepholt Idem Schomberg Idem The Principal of Minden Idem The County of Embden or
Contains the Palatinate of Kamienieck Chief Town Idem W. to E. Braclaw Idem §. 4. Curland a Dukedom Contains D. of Curland Chief Town Goldingen W. to E. Seinegâ—llen Mittaw §. 5. Samogitia a Dukedom Contains the Territ of Rosâ—enne Chief Town Idem S. to N. Midnick Idem Schwnden Idem §. 6. Poloquia a Province Contains the Palatinate of Bressiti Chief Town Bresste S. to N. Beilskien Bielsk §. 7. Little Russia a Province Contains the Palatinate of Chelm Ch. T. Idem N. to S. Belz Idem Lemberg Idem or Lwow or Leopolis §. 8. Prussia a Dukedom Divided into Royal Westward Chief Town Dantzick W. to E. Ducal Eastward Koningsberg §. 9. Warsovia a Dukedom not divided It s Chief Town is Warsaw upon the Weisel §. 10. Polonia properly so called Divided into Lower Northward Upper Southward  Palat. of Posua Chief Town Idem W. to N. E. Kaliskic Gnesna Debrizin Idem Lower conttains the Plokskein Ploczko Siradia Idem W. to E. Lancicia Idem Rava Idem Provin of Cujava Uladislaw N. of Lancicia Upper contains the Palatinate of Lublin Idem N. to S. on the Weissel Sandomiria Sandomirz Cracovia Cracow THIS Country being a considerable Part of the Ancient Sarmatia Europaea is term'd by the Italians and Spaniards Polonia by the French Pologne by the Germans Polen and by the English Poland so call'd according to the best conjectures from Polu or Pole which in the Sclavonic Language signify a Plain or Champagne Country fit for Hunting there being none of old more esteemed for that than it was The Air of this Country is of a different Nature according to the Nature and Situation of the different Parts of that Kingdom for in the Provinces towards the North-West it 's very Cold yet withal very pure and wholesome but towards the North-East particularly Lithuania it 's not only cold but also very gross and unwholesome which chiefly ariseth from the vast number of Lakes in that part of the Country whose standing Waters send up Infectious Vapours which intermixing with the Air do easily corrupt the whole Mass thereof The opposite Place of the Globe to Poland is that part of the vast Pacifick Ocean lying between 215 and 234 Degrees of Longitude with 48 and 58 Degrees of South Latitude The Nature of the Air having still a great Influence on the Soil The North-West Provinces of this Kingdom it lying in the 9th 10 and 11th North Climate are abundantly fertil affording many sorts of Grain and Fruits not only enough for the Inhabitants but also to supply the wants of their Neighbours In the middle part of this Kingdom are some Mountains and those well stor'd with several Mines of Silver Copper Iron and Lead The Provinces towards the North and North-East are very barren iâ— Fruits and Corn being full of Woods Lakes and Rivers The longest Day in the North most Parts of this Kingdom is 17 Hours ½ the shortest in the Southmost is 8 Hours ¼ and the Nights proportionably The chief Commodities of this Country are Wax Linnen Boards Masts for Ships Pitch rich Furs Salt Amber Potashes Soap Corn Butter Cheese Rozin Flax Cordage Brimstone c. In the Cathedral of Gnesna is kept an inestimable Treasure of Gold Silver and enamelled Vessels given by divers Kings of Poland and Prelates of that See Under the Mountains adjacent to Kiow are divers Grotto's wherein are preserv'd a great number of Humane Bodies still entire although buried many Years ago â—â—â—ing neither so black nor hard as the Egyptian Mummies among these are two Princes array'd in the same Habit they usually wore when alive who are shown to Travellers by the Russian Monks The place where those Bodies are preserv'd is a dry sandy Ground much of the same Nature with the Catacombs at Rome In the Southern parts of Poland are divers Mountains out of which is dug Salt in large Masses as Stones out of a Quarry and out of others they dig natural Earthen Cups which being expos'd for some time in th' open Air become as hard as a Stone In the Deserts of Podolia is a Lake whose Waters do condense into solid Salt and that purely by the Heat of the Sun Near to Cracovia are the Mines of Sal-Gemme which being two hundred Fathoms deep do constantly imploy above a thousand Men and yield a vast Revenue to the King Near to Culm in D. of Prussia is a Fountain which constantly sends forth a mighty Sulphureous Steem and yet its Waters are never hot Archbishopricks in this Kingdom are two viz. those of Gnesna Leopol Bishopricks in this Kingdom are these following Cracow Colmensee Camieniec Kranostaw Posna Vilna Window Mednick Ploczkow Culm Lutzko Faussemberg Premislaw Kiow Universities in this Kingdom are those of Cracow Koninsberg Posna Vilna The Polanders are generally Men of handsome tall and well-proportion'd Bodies Men of a good and durable Complexion and of so strong and vigorous Constitutions that many of them prove the best of Soldiers being able to endure all the Fatigues of a Military Life The Nobility and Gentry do mightily affect the greatest Pomp and Grandeur they can whether in Diet Apparel or Equipage They are generally reckon'd very Affable and Courteous to Strangers extreamly Jealous of their Liberties and Priviledges but most Tyrannical towards the meaner sort of their own People treating the Peasants no better than mere Slaves and in some Places they exercise a Power of Life and Death upon their Domestick Servants Which absolute Power and severe Usage of the Nobles towards the Commonality together with the many Feuds between one another have produc'd not only many lamentable Disorders in this Kingdom but also occasion'd the final Revolt of the Cossacks One remarkable Quality of this People is their singular Care in Instructing of Youth in the Latin Tongue which Persons of most Ranks do usually speak very fluently yea and even many of the Female Sex are also good Proficients therein The Poles being Originally descended from the Sclavi do still speak a Dialect of the Sclavonian Tongue but the Poverty and Barrenness of their Language has oblig'd them to borrow many Words from the Germans especially Terms of Art It is hard for Strangers to learn the same to perfection the Pronounciation being extreamly harsh by reason of the vast multitude of Consonants they use The Lithuanians have a particular Language of their own which mightily abounds with corrupted Latin words In Livonia they have a Language peculiar to themselves which is a Dialect of the Lithuanian however the German Tongue doth mostly prevail in several Cities and the Russian in others Pater-Noster in the Polish Tongue runs thus Oyeza nasz ktory testes w niebissich swieczszie imie twoie Przydz krolistwo twoie badz wola twa jake w nibie tak y waziemi Chleba naszego pows reduie day nam dzisziay Vodpusc nam nasze winy jackoymy odpuszezamy naszym winowayzem Ynie wwodz nas na pokuszenie a le
Spanish Tradition by St. James the Apostle within four Years after the Crucifixon of our Blessed Redeemer PORTUGAL THIS Country containing a great part of Old Lusitania with some of Ancient Galleria and Boetica is term'd by the Italians Porto Gallo by the Spaniards French Germans and English Portugal so call'd by some from Porto and Cale the first a Haven Town and the other a small Village at the Mouth of the Douro but by others from Portus Gallorum that Haven now O Porto being the Place where the Gauls usually landed when most of the Sea-Port Towns in Spain were in the Hands of the Moors The Air of this Country is much more temperate especially in the Maritime Places than in those Provinces of Spain which lie under the same Parallel it being frequently qualifi'd by Westerly Winds and cool Breezes from the Sea The opposite Place of the Globe to Portugal is that part of the vast Pacifick Ocean between 188 and 194 Degrees of Longitude with 36 and 42 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in the 5th and 6th North Climate is none of the best for Grain it being very Dry and Mountainous but yet very plentiful of Grapes Oranges Citrons Almonds Pomgranates Olives and such like The longest Day in the Northmost Parts of this Kingdom is about 15 Hours the shortest in the Southmost is about 9 Hours ¾ and the Nights proportionably The chief Commodities of this Country are Wine Honey Oyl Allom White Marble Salt as also variety of Fruits as Oranges Almonds Citrons Pomgranates c. In a Lake on the Top of the Hill Stella in Portugal are found pieces of Ships though it be distant from the Sea more than twelve Leagues Near to Reja is a Lake observable for its hideous rumbling Noise which is ordinarily heard before a Storm and that at the distance of five or six Leagues About eight Leagues from Coimbra is a remarkable Fountain which swallows up or draws in whatsoever thing only toucheth the Surface of its Waters an Experiment of which is frequently made with Trunks of Trees The Town of Bethlem nigh to Lisbon is noted for the Sumptuous Tombs of the Kings of Portugal Archbishopricks in this Kingdom are those of Lisbon Braga Evora Bishopricks in this Kingdom are those of Miranda Leiria O Porto Coimbra Lamego Viseu Elvas Portalegre Faro Universities in this Kingdom are those of Lisbon Evora Coimbra The Portugueses formerly much noted for their Skill in Navigation and vast Discoveries which the World owes to them are wonderfully degenerated from their Fore-fathers being now a People whom some are pleas'd to Characterize thus That take one of their own Neighbours a Native Spaniard and strip of him of all his good Qualities which may be quickly done that Person then remaining will make a compleat Portuguize They are generally esteem'd a People very Treacherous to one another but more especially to Strangers extraordinary Cunning in their Dealings and the meaner sort are universally given to Thieving The Language us'd in this Kingdom is a Compound of French and Spanish especially the latter The difference between it and the true Spanish will best appear by the Pater Noster in that Tongue which runs thus Padre nosso que estas nos Ceos Sanoifioado seia o teu nome venha a nos ò teu reyno seia felta a tua vontade assi nos ceos como na terra O paonosso de cadaâ—ia 〈…〉 n'estodia E perdoa nos fenhor as nossas diâ—â—das assi como nos pendoamos a os nossos devedores E nao nos dexes cahir em tentacio mas libra nos do mal Amen This Kingdom after many Revolutions of Fortune was unjustly seiz'd upon by Philip II. of Spain and detain'd by him and his two Successors from the Dukes of Braganza the lawful Heir till the Year 1640. that the Portuguezes being unable to bear up any longer under the Tyrannical Sovereignty of the Spaniards threw off that intollerable Yoke and set the Crown upon the Head of John VI. Duke of Braganza afterwards John IV. Surnam'd the Fortunate notwithstanding of all that Philip IV. could do to the contrary Which Enterprize of theirs was happily brought about by the Assistance of some French Forces sent into this Country and 't is very remarkable how closely this their Design of Revolting was carri'd on though known to above three hundred â—â—rsons at once and in Agitation for the space of a whole Year Ever since which Revolt of Portugal it hath continued an Independent Kingdom subject unto and govern'd by its own King being of the Family of Braganza whose Government is truly Monarchical and Crown Hereditary He bears Argent five Escutcheons Azure plac'd cross wise each charg'd with as many Besants of the first plac'd in Saltier and pointed Sable for Portugal The Shield border'd Gules charg'd with Seven Towers Or three in chief and two in each Flanch The Crest is a Crown Or. Under the two Flanches and the Base of the Shield appear at the ends of two Crosses the first Flower-de-luc'd Verte which is for the Order of Avis and the second Pattes Gules which is for the Order of Christ The Motto is very changeable each King assuming a new one but frequently these Words Pro Rege Grege What was said of Religion in Spain the same almost may be affirm'd of that in this Kingdom the Tenets of the Church of Rome being here universally embrac'd by the Portugucze only with this difference that they tollerate Jews and allow several Strangers the publick Exercise of their Religion particularly the English Factory at Lisbon This Country receiv'd the Blessed Gospel much about the same time with Spain ITALY by Rob. Mordon SECT VI. Concerning Italy  d. m. Situated between 25 30 of Long. its greatest Length from N. W. to S. E. is about 760 Miles 39 00 between 38 15 of Latit Breadth from S. W. to N. E. is about 134 Miles 46 30 Being divided into three Classes viz. Upper Middle Lower The Upper or Lombardy contains the Dukedom of Savoy Chief Town Chambery W. to E. Princip of Piedmont Turin D. of Montferrat Casal Milan Idem Parma Idem Modena Idem Mantua Idem N. to Modena Rep. of Venice Idem on the bot of the Adriatick Gulf. Genoua Idem S. to Milan Bishoprick of Trent Id. S. to Tyrol in Austria The Middle contains the Land of the Church Rome S. to N. Duked of Tuscany Florence Rep. of Luca Idem S. to Modena S. Marino Idem The Lower contains the Kingdom of Naples Idem Southward Of all these in Order §. 1. In the Upper-part or Lombardy SAVOY Containing several remarkable Towns situated upon or nigh unto four small Rivers that water this Country Viz. The Isere running Westward in the main The Arc W. turning N. W. The Seran N. W. in the main The Arve N. W. Nigh unto or upon the Isere are those of
unwholesome to Breath in which is chiefly occasion'd from much Marish Ground and many Lakes wherewith this Country abounds The opposite Place of the Globe to Hungary is that part of the vast Pacifick Ocean between 218 and 233 Degrees of Longitude with 43 and 49 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in the 7th and 8th North Climate is very fruitful in Corn and Roots and various sorts of pleasant Fruit affording also excellent Pasturage and several of its Mountains produce some valuable Mines of Copper Iron Quicksilver Antimony and Salt Yea so noted is this Country for Mines that no less than Seven Remarkable Towns go by the Name of Mine Towns the Chief of which is Chremnuz whose Mine hath been wrought in about 900 Years The Length of the Days and Nights in Hungary is much the same as in the Southern Circles of Germany This being an Inland Country and thereby having no settl'd Trade with Foreign Parts we may reckon the Product of the Soil the Chief Commodities with which the Inhabitants deal with their Neighbours Here are many Natural Baths especially those at Buda which are reckon'd the noblest in Europe not only for their variety of Hot Springs but also the magnificency of their Buildings There are likeways two Hot Bagnio's near Transchin upon the Confines of Moravia and others at Schemnitz in Upper Hungary Besides which there are Waters in several Parts of this Country of a pettifying Nature and others that corrode Iron to such a degree that they 'll consume a Horse-shoe in twenty four Hours Near Esperies in Upper Hungary are two deadly Fountains whose Waters send forth such an infectious Steam that it kills either Beast or Bird approaching the same for the preventing of which they 're walled round and kept always cover'd Archbishopricks in this Country are those of Gran Colocza Bishopricks in this Country are those of Angria Quinque Ecclesiae Vesprin Neytracht Raab Great Waradin What Universities are establish'd in this Country since the retaking of it from the Infidels is uncertain The Hungarians more addicted to Mars than Minerva are generally lookt upon as good Soldiers being Men for the most part of a strong and well proportion'd Body valiant and daring in their Undertakings but reputed Cruel and Insulting when Conquerors The Hungarians have a peculiar Language of their own which hath little or no Affinity with those of the Neighbouring Nations save only the Sclavonic from which it hath borrow'd several Words and which is also spoken in some Parts of this Country as the German is in others Pater-Noster in the Hungarian Tongue runs thus My atyanc ki vagy az mennyekben szenteltessec mega te neved jojon el az te orszagod légven megâ te akaratod mint az menyben ugy itt ez foldonois az mimindennapi kenyirunket add meg nekunc ma es boczasd meg miné cunc az mi vet keinket miképpem miis megboczatunc azoknac az kic mi ellenunc vet keztenec es ne vigi minket az kisertetbe de szabadits meg minket az gonosztol Amen This Kingdom at present is Elective and being almost wholly recover'd from the Ottoman Slavery by the late successful Progress of the Imperial Arms is now dependent on the Jurisdiction of the Emperor who is stil'd King thereof The Assembly of the States consists of the Clergy Barons Noblemen and Free Cities who usually meet once every three Years which Assembly hath Power to elect a Palatin who by the Constitutions of the Realm ought to be a Native of Hungary and to him belongs the management of all Military Concerns as also the Administration of Justice in Affairs both Civil and Criminal See Germany The prevailing Religion in this Country is that of the Church of Rome especially since the late Conquests made by the Imperial Arms Next to it is the Doctrine of Luther and Calvin which is zealously maintain'd by great Multitudes of People and many of 'em are Persons of considerable Note Besides these are to be found most Sorts and Sects of Christians as also many Jews and Mahometans not a few This Kingdom receiv'd the Knowledge of the Blessed Gospel in the beginning of the Eleventh Century and that by the Industrious Preaching of Albert Archbishop of Prague §. 2. GREECE THIS Country formerly Graecia and Hellis is term'd by the Italians and Spaniards Grecia by the French la Grece by the Germans Griechenland and by the English Greece why so call'd is variously conjectur'd of all by our Modern Criticks but the most receiv'd Opinion is that the Name derives its Original from an Ancient Prince of that Country call'd Graecus The Air of this Country being generally Pure and Temperate is reckon'd by all to be very pleasant and healthful to â—â—eathe in The opposite Place of the Globe to Greece is that Part of the vast Pacifick Ocean between 225 and 232 Degrees of Longitude with 36 and 42 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying under the 6th North Climate is not only very fit for Pasture there being much fertil Champaign Ground but also it affords good sloâ— of Grain where duly Manur'd and abounds with excellent 〈◊〉 and other delicious Fruits The longest Day in the Noâ—â— most part of Greece is about 15 Hours the shortest in the Southmost 9 Hours ½ and the Nights proportionably 〈…〉 Commodities of this Country are reckon'd 〈…〉 Oyl Turkey-Leather Coke Soap Honey Wax c. At 〈◊〉 a little Village on the South of M. 〈◊〉 now 〈◊〉 by the 〈◊〉 are some Inscriptions which â—vince it to have been the Ancient Delphi so famous all the World over for the Oracle of Apollo 2 On the aforesaid Mountain is a pleasant Spring which having several Marble Seeps descending â—o it and many Niches made in the Rock for Statues give 〈◊〉 to think that this was the renowned â—ons Castchue or Caballinus which inspir'd as People then imagin'd the Ancient Poets 3. In Livadia the Ancient Achaia is a hideous Cavern in a Hill which was very famous of old for the Oracles of Trophonius 4. Between the large Lake of Livadia and the Eubaean Sea whose shortest distance is four Miles are upwards of forty wonderful Subterraneous Passages hewen out of the firm Rock and that quite under a huge Mountain to let the Water have a Vent otherways the Lake being surrounded with Hills and constantly suppli'd by several Rivulets from these Hills would still overflow the Adjacent Country 5. On M. Oneius in the Isthmus of Corinth are the Remains of the Isthmian Theatre being the Place where the Isthmian Games were formerly celebrated 6. Here are also some Vestigia of that Wall built by the Lacedemonians from one Sea to the other for securing the Peninsula from the Incursions of the Enemy 7. Through most Parts of Greece are still extant the Ruins of many Heathen Temples especially that of the
the City of Jerusalem but that more out of Curiosity than Devotion They have also a great Veneration for the Valley of Jehosaphat believing it shall be the particular Place of the General Judgment Lastly Abstinence from Wine is likewise a Precept of the Alcoran But of this they are less observant than of any of the former for many of the richest sort of Turks are great Admirers of the Juice of the Grape and will liberally taste of the same in their private Cabals These various Provinces were at first instructed in the Christian Faith at different Times and upon different Occasions SECT IX Concerning the European Islands HAving hitherto Travell'd through the various Countries on the Continent of Europe let us now leave the Continent and set Sail for its Islands And whereas the Chief of such Islands are those term'd the Britannick let us first take a Particular Survey of them and then a more General View of all the rest Therefore I. Of the Britannick Islands THESE Islands being always consider'd as divided into Greater viz. those of Great Britain and Ireland and Lesser namely those many little ones surrounding Britain I shall begin with the former comprehending in them Three distinct Kingdoms and One Principality And since our manner of Travelling through the various Countries on the Continent of Europe hath been still to proceed from North to South I shall therefore continue the afore said Method in Surveying the Isle of Great Britain having no other Regard to the Two Grand Sovereignties therein than the bare Situation of them Begin we therefore with the Northern Part of the Island viz. SCOTIAE Nova Descriptiorer Robert Morden SCOTLAND  d. m. Situated between 10 00 of Long. its greatest Length from N. to S. is about 240 Miles 17 30 between 55 00 of Latit Breadth from E to W. is about 180 Miles 59 00 Being divided into two Classes viz. South the Frith C T. Edinburgh North the Frith Aberdeen South Class comprehends Gatloway Chief Town Kirkudbright W. to E. Nithisdale Dumfreis Anandale Annand Eshdale with Eusdale Lidisdale Hermitage Tiviotdale Jedburgh The Mers Duns E. to W. Lawderdale Lauder Tweedale Peeblis Clydisdale Glascow Kyle Air Garrick Bargenny Lothian Edenburgh E. to W. Sterling Idem Renfrew Idem Cunningham Irvin Isles of Boot Rothesay Arren Peninsula of Cantyre Kilkeran North Class comprehends Fife St. Andrews E. to W. Menteith Dumblain Lennox 〈◊〉 Argile Innerara Perth Idem E. to W. Strathâ—â—◠〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Lorn 〈◊〉 Merns Bervey E. to W. Angus Dundee Gaury Athol Blair Marr Aberdeen E. to W. Badenech Riven Iâ—chabar Innerlochy Buchan Peterhead E. to W. 〈◊〉 Idem 〈◊〉 Elgin 〈◊〉 Taine S. to N. Sâ—thâ—rland Dâ—rnock Strathnaver Strathy Catchness Wick lying N. E. of Strathnaver These are the various Divisions of Scotland according to the best Maps and the manner how they are found But since that Kingdom is ordinarly divided into Sheriffdoms Stewarties Balliaries and one Constabulary we shall also consider it in that respect and seeing each of those Sheriffdoms and Stewarties c. comprehend either a part or one or more of the aforesaid Divisions we shall here subjoin all the Sheriffdoms and Stewarties c. of the whole Kingdom and annex to each of them their whole Content whether more or less Therefore Sheriffdoms of Scotland are those of Edenburgh Containing Middle Lothian Barwick The Mers and Bailliary of Lauderdale Peeblis Twâ—edale Shelkirk The Forest of Etterick Wigâ—on The N. and W. Parts of Galloway Renfrew The Barony of Renfrew Lanerick Clidisdale Dumbritton Lenox Bute Isles of Bute Arren Striveling Striveling on both sides the River Forth Linlithgow West Lothian Glackmannan A little of the E. parts of Strivelingshire Kinross A little of the W. parts of Fife Couper The rest of Fife Forfar Anguis with its Pertinents Kinkardin Mernis Elgin The Eastern parts of Murray Nairn The Western parts Weik Caithness Orkney Isles of Orkney Schetland Sheriffdoms of Scotland are those of Aberdcen containing Marr with its Pertinents Buchan comprehending Forumartâ—n Strathbogie Perth containing Perth as also Gleushee Athol Strathandel Gawry Ramach Broad-Albin Balhider Menteith Glenurghay Strathyern Strormont Innerara containing Argile Lorn Kantire Isles W. of Lorn Kantire Bamfe containing Bamfe Strathdovern Beyn Enzy Strathawin Balveny Inverness containing Badâ—noch Lochabyr The South Part of Ross A Part of Murray beyond Nairn Westw Tayne containing Southerland Strathnaver Roxburgh containing Tiviotdale Lidisdale Eshdale with Eusâ—ale Aire containing Kyle Carrick Cunningham Dumfreis containing all Nithisdale Cromarty a little of Ross S. of Cormarty Besides these Sheriffdoms there are Stewarties Bayliaries one Constabulary Stewarties are Strathern contain Strathern Menteith Menteith Annandale Annandale Kirkudbright E. and S. parts of Galloway As also S Andrews in Fife Killemure Anguis Abernethy Perth Bayliaries are Kyle contain Kyle Carrick Carrick Cunningham Cunningham Lauderdale Lauderdale The One Constabulaty is that of Haddington containing East-Lothian THIS Country the famous Ancient Caledonia is term'd by the Italians Scotia by the Spaniards Escocia by the French Escosse by the Germans Schotland by the English and its own Natives Scotland so call'd as some fondly imagine from Scota Daughter to an Egyptian Pharaoh but more probably from Scoti Schytti or Scythi a People of Germany over the Northern Parts of which the Name of Scythia did once prevail who seized on a Part of Spain next on Ireland and from thence came into the Western Parts of this Country The Air of this Country is generally very pure and so extraordinary wholesome to breath in that several Persons in the Northmost Parts of that Kingdom do frequently arrive to greater Ages than is usual in other Nations of Europe The opposite Place of the Globe to Scotland is that Part of the vast Pacifick Ocean between 190 and 196 Degrees of Longitude with 56 and 60 Degrees of South Latitude Notwithstanding this Country is of a Situation considerably Northern it lying in the 11th 12th and beginning of the 13th North Climate yet it produceth all Necessaries and many of the Comforts of Humane Life Its Seas are wonderfully stor'd with most kinds of excellent Fish Its Rivers do mightily abound with the choicest of Salmons Its Plains do sufficiently produce most kinds of Grain Herbs and Fruits and many of its Mountains are not only lin'd with valuable Mines and the best of Coals but also several of them are so cover'd over with numerous Flocks that great Droves of Cattle do yearly pass into the North of England The longest Day in the Northmost Part of this Country is about 18 Hours ½ the shortest in the Southmost 6 Hours ½ and the Nights proportionably The Chief Commodities of this Country are most sorts of Fish in great abundance much Linnen-Cloath and Tallow vast numbers of Cattle and Hides as also excellent Honey Lead-Oar Iron Train-Oyl Course Cloaths Frizes c. In Clydsdale are yet to be seen for several Miles the Remains of a large Roman Cawsway or Military-way which
commonly goes now by the Name of Watling-street And in Teviotdale are some Vestigia of Roman Encampments and another Military-way vulgarly term'd the Ruggid Cawsway 2. In the Stewarty of Strathern are visible Tracts of several Roman Camps especially that at Ardoch 3 In Sterlingshire are divers Marks of the famous Roman Wall now commonly call'd Graham's Dyke which was extended over the Isthmus between the Rivers of Forth and Clyde Its Form and Manner of Building will best appear by a Draught thereof for which Vid. Camden's Britainnia late Edition page 959. 4. In Sterlingshire were likeways found some Inscriptions upon Stones relating to the Roman Wall particularly Two one whereof is now at Calder and informs us that the Legio secunda Augusta built the said Wall upwards of three Miles and another in the E. Marshal's House at Dunnotyr which hints that a Party of the Legio vicesima victrix continued it for three Miles more As for the Inscriptions themselves Vid. Cambd. page 920 and 1101. 5. Hard by the Tract of the aforesaid Wall in Sterlingshire are yet to be seen two pretty Mounts term'd by the Ancients Duni pacis as also the Remains of an Ancient Building in form of a Pyramide now call'd by the Vulgar Arthur's Oven which many reckon to have been a Temple of the God Terminus 6. Near Pasley and Renfrew are the Vestigia of a large Roman Camp the Fosses and Dykes about the Praetorium being still visible Here is also to be seen a remarkable Spring which regularly Ebbs and Flows with the Sea 7. Nigh to the City of Edenburgh is a noted Spring commonly call'd the Oily-Well the Surface of its Waters being cover'd with a kind of Oyl or Bitumen which is frequently us'd with good Success in curing Scabs and Pains proceeding from Cold. 8. Near the same City is another Fountain which goes by the Name of the Routing-Well because it usually makes a Noise before a Storm 9. Near Brechin in Aagus where the Danes receiv'd a mighty overthrow is a high Stone erected over their General 's Grave call'd Camus-Cross with another about ten Miles distance both of 'em having antique Letters and Figures upon them 10. At Slains in Aberdeenshire is a remarkable petrifying Cave commonly call'd the Dropping Cave where Water ouzing through a spungy porous Rock on the Top doth quickly consolidate after it falls in drops to the bottom 11. Near Kilross in Murray is to be seen an Obelisk of one Stone set up as a Monument of a Fight between King Malcolm Son of Keneth and Sueno the Dane 12. On the Lord Lovet's Lands in Straherrich is a Lake which never freezeth all over before the Month of February but after that time one Nights Frost will do it There 's also another call'd Lough-Monar belonging to the late Sir George Mackenzy just of the same Nature with the former and a third at Glencanigh in Strathglash which never wants Ice upon the middle Part of it even in the hottest Day of Summer 13. Towards the Northwest Part of Murray is the famous Lough-Ness which never freezeth but retaineth its natural Heat even in the extreamest Cold of Winter 14. In Lennox is Lough Lomond which is every whit as famous among the Vulgar not only for its Floating-Island but also as having Fish without Fins and being frequenly Tempestuous in a Calm 15. In divers Parts of Scotland are some noted Mineral Springs particularly those at Kinghorn and Balgrigy in Fife as also Aberdeen and Peterhead in Aberdeenshire several of which come little short of the famous Spaw-Water in the Bishoprick of Liege Lastly In most Counties of this Kingdom are many Circular Stone Monuments being a company of prodigious long Stones set on end in the Ground and that commonly in form of a Circle which are probably conjectur'd to have been either Funeral Monuments or Places of Publick Worship in times of the Ancient Druides or both Archbishopricks in this Kingdom are Two viz. those of St. Andrews Glascow Bishopricks in this Kingdom are Twelve viz. those of Edenburgh Murray Ross Galloway Dunkeld Brichen Cathness Argile Aberdeen Dumblain Orkney The Isles Universities of this Kingdom are Four viz. those of St. Adrews Edenburgh Aberdeen Glascow The Scots for the most part are an Active Prudent and Religious sort of People Many abominable Vices too common in other Countries are not so much as speculatively known among them They generally abhor all kinds of Excess in Drinking and effeminate Delicacy in Diet chusing rather to improve the Mind than pamper the Body Many of them make as great Advances in all Parts of ingenious and solid Learning as any Nation in Europe And as for their singular Fidelity although slanderously spoken of by some 'tis abundantly well-known and experienced abroad for an undoubted Demonstration thereof is publickly given to the whole World in that a Neighbouring Prince and his Predecessors for almost three hundred Years have committed the immediate Care of their Royal Persons to them without ever having the least Cause to repent or real Ground to change The Language commonly spoken in the North and North-West of this Country is a Dialect of the Irish corruptedly call'd Erse a Specimen of which shall be given when we come to Ireland In all other Parts of the Kingdom they use the English Tongue but that with considerable difference of Pronounciation in different Counties and all disagreeing with that in England except the Town of Inverness whose Inhabitants are the only People who come nearest to the true English however the Gentry and Persons of good Education usually speak English though not with the same Accent as in England yet according to its true Propriety and their manner of Writing is much the same The vulgar Language commonly call'd Broad Scotch is indeed a very corrupt sort of English and hath a great Tincture of several Foreign Tongues particularly the High German Low Dutch and French especially the last a great many words still in use among the Commonality being Originally from that Language For a Specimen of which Tongue Pater-Noster in it runs thus Ure Fader whilk art in Heven hallued bee thy Neme thy Kingdoom cumm thy Wull be doon inn Erth az it s doon inn Heven Geé uss this day ure daily Breed an forgee uss ure Sinns az we forgee them that Sinn against uss and leed uss nae intoo temtacion batt delyver uss frae evil Ameen This Kingdom hath hitherto had the good fortune to enjoy an Hereditary limited Monarchy though many times the immediate Heir or next in Blood hath been set a side and another more remote hath mounted the Throne Since its Union with England both Kingdoms are under one King who is stil'd the Monarch of Great Britain The Government of this Kingdom is chiefly manag'd by a Council of State or Privy Council consisting of those call'd properly Officers of State and others of the Nobility and Gentry whom the King pleaseth to
by Edward I. who having then a Son brought forth by his Queen at Caernarven Castle in Wales and finding the Welch extreamly averse against a Foreign Governor proferr'd them the young Child a Native of their own to be their Lord and Master to which they readily yielded and accordingly swore Obedience to him since which time the King of England's Eldest Son is stil'd Prince of Wales and all Writs in that Principality are issued out in his Name The Arms of the Prince of Wales differ from those of England only by the Addition of a Label of three Points But the proper and peculiar Divice commonly though corruptedly call d the Princes Arms is a Coronet beautifi'd with three Ostrich Feathers with this Inscription round Ich dien i. e. I serve alluding to that of the Apostle The Heir while he is a Child differeth not from a Servant The Inhabitans of this Country at least the most Intelligent of 'em are of the Reform'd Religion according to the Platform of the Church of England but many of the meaner sort are so grosly ignorant in Religious Matters that they differ nothing from mere Heathens For the remedying of which the late incomparable Mr Gouge was at no small Pains and Charge in Preaching the Blessed Gospel to them and procuring and distributing among them some considerable number of Bibles and Books of Devotion in their Language which noble Design was afterwards reviv'd and further'd by the famous Robert Boyle Esq and several other well disposs'd Persons particularly that much lamented Eminent Divine Dr. Anthony Horneck and we are willing to hope that the same will be kept still on foot and happily promoted by the Aid and Encouragement of some serious Christians amongst us The Christian Faith is said to have been planted in this Country towards the end of the Second Century IRELAND By Rob. Morden IRELAND  d. m. Situated between â—â— â—0 of Long. its greatest Length from S. to N. is about 265 Miles 12 10 between 51 00 of Latit Breadth from E. to W. is about 150 Miles 55 25 Divided into the Provinces of Leinster Ch. Town Dublin Ulster Londonderry Connaught Galloway Munster Limerick Leinster contains Louth County Chief Town Drogheda from N. to S. Dublin Idem Wicklow Idem Wexford Idem Longford Idem from N. to S. Meath County Molingar King's County Philipstone Queen's County Mari-burrow Kilkenny Idem Kildare Idem E. of K. County Caterlagh Idem Kilkenny Ulster contains Down-County Down from E. to S. W. Armagh Armagh Monogon Idem Caven Idem Antrim Carrickfergus from E. to S. W. Londonderry Idem Tirone County Duagannon Fermanath Inniskilling Dunnagal Idem W. of Londonderry Conn cont Letrim Idem from N. to S. Roscomon Athlon Galloway Idem Maio County Maio Westward Slego Idem Munster cont Tipperary Clonmel N. to S. Waterford Idem  Clare County Idem N. to S. Limerick Idem  Cork County Idem  Kerry Dingle Westward  THIS Country the Britannia Parva of Ptolomy mention'd by other Ancient Writers under the Names of Jertia Juverna Iris c and by Modern Authors Hibernia is term'd by the Italians Irlanda by the Spaniards Irlanda by the French Irlande by the Germans Yrland and by the English Ireland so call'd as some imagine ab hiberno aere from the Winter-like Air but rather according to others from Erinland which in the Irish Tongue signifieth a Western Land The Air of this Country is almost of the same Nature with that of those Parts of Britain which lie under the same Parallel only different in this that in several places of this Kingdom 't is of a more gross and impure Temper by reason of the many Lakes and Marishes which send up such a quantity of Vapours and thereby so corrupt the whole Mass of Air as to occasion Fluxes Rheums and such like Distempers to which the Inhabitants are frequently subject The opposite Place of the Globe to Ireland is that part of the Pacifick Ocean lying between 180 and 200 Degrees of Longitude with 53 and 56 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in the 9th and 10th North Climate is abundantly fertil but naturally more fit for Grass and Pasturage than Tillage Much of this Kingdom is still overgrown with Woods or incumbred with vast Bogs and unwholesome Marishes yeilding neither Profit nor Pleasure to the Inhabitants but not near so much as formerly there being a great deal of Wood cut down and many large Marishes drain'd in this Age and the Ground imploy'd for various sorts of Grain which it produceth in great plenty The longest Day in the Northmost Part of this Country is about 17 Hours â— 4 â—he 〈◊〉 in the Southmost 7 Hours ¾ and the Nights proportionably The chief Commodities of this Country are Cattle Hides Tallow Butter Cheese Honey Wax Salt Hemâ— Linnen Cloath Pipe-Staves Wooll Friezes c. About eight Miles North-East from Colrain in the County of Antrim is that Miracle whether of Art or Nature I shall not dispute commonly call'd the Giants Cawsway which runs from the bottom of a high Hill into the Sea none can tell how far It s length at Low Water is about 600 Feet the breadth where broadest 240 and 120 in the narrowest 't is very unequal in height being in some places 36 Feet from the level of the Strand and in others only 15. It consists of many thousands of Pillars perpendicular to the Plain of the Horizon and all of different Shapes and Sizes but most of 'em Pentagonal or Hexâ—gonal yet all irregularly plac'd A particular Draught and Description of this wonderful Cawsway with an Essay proving the same to be rather the Work of Nature than Art Vid. Philosoph Transact N. 212 and 222. 2 In the Province of Ulster is the famous Lough Neagh hitherto noted for its rare petrifying Quality but upon due Examination 't is found that the said Quality ought to be ascrib'd to the Soil of the Ground adjacent to that Lake rather than to the Water of the Lake it self 3 In several Parts of this Kingdom are sometimes dug up Horns of a prodigious bigness one Pair lately found being ten Feet and ten Inches from the Tip of the right Horn to the Tip of the left which gives occasion to apprehend that the great American Deer call'd the Moose was formerly common in this Island As for that excellent Quality of Ireland in nourishing no Venomous Creature the same is so notoriously known that I need say nothing of it Archbishopricks in this Kingdom are Four viz those of Armagh Dublin Cassil and Tuam The Archbishop of Armagh being Primate of all Ireland Bishopricks in this Kingdom are those of Meath Limerick Ardfert and Aghado Clonfert Kildare Elphin Ossory Waterford Rapho Leighlin and Ferns Cork and Ross Derry Kilaloe Cloyne Kilmore and Ardagh Killala Clogher Drommore Down and Conner Here is only one University viz. That of Dublin The
Irish according to the best Character I find of 'em viz. that of Dr. Heylin's are a People that 's generally strong and nimble of Body haughty of Spirit careless of their Lives patient in Cold and Hunger implacable in Enmity constant in Love light of Belief greedy of Glory In a word if they are bad you shall no where find worse if they be good you can hardly meet with better The Language here us'd by the Natives being the Irish seems to be of a British Extraction by comparing the same with the Welsh The English and Scots here residing retain their own Pater-Noster in the Irish Tongue runs thus Air nathir ataigh air nin nabz far haminiti tigiuh da riatiatche deantur da hoilam hicoil air nimh agis air thalamhi Air naran laidhthuil tabhair dhuin a' niomh agis math duin dair shiaca ammil agis mathum viddar fentchunnim agis na trilaic astoch say anausen ac sarsino ole Amen The Government of this Country is by one Supreme Officer who is commonly term'd the Lord Lieutenant or Lord Deputy of Ireland No Vice-Roy in Europe is invested with greater Power nor cometh nearer the Majesty of a King in his Train and State than he For his Assistance he 's allow'd a Privy-Council to advise with upon all Occasions As for the Laws of the Kingdom which are the standing Rule of all Civil Government they owe their Beginning and Original to the English Parliament and Council and must first pass the Great Seal of England In absence of the Lieutenant the Supreme Power is lodg'd in Lords Justices who have the same Authority with a Lieutenant The various Courts of Judicatory both for Civil and Criminal Affairs and their manner of proceeding in each of 'em are much the same as here in England See England page 206. The Inhabitants of this Country are partly Protestants partly Papists The best civilized Parts of the Kingdom are of the Reform'd Religion according to the Platform of the Church of England But the far greater Part of the old Native Irish do still adhere to Popish Superstitions and are as credulous of many Ridiculous Legends as in former times The Christian Faith was first preached in this Country by St. Patrick Anno 435. who is generally affirm'd to be the Nephew of St. Martin of Thurs. And thus having travell'd through Britain and Ireland the Greater of the Britannick Islands proceed we next to the Lesser which in respect of Great Britain are situated on the East West North and South On the East are The Holy Island Remarkable Places are The Old Fort All E of Northumberland Fearn Islands The Old Tower Coket Island Sheppy Island Quinborough On the Kentish Coast Thanet Island On the West are The Lewes Sowardil found from N. to S. Wiist Kilfadrick Sky Kilvorie Mu◠Dowart-Castle Jura Kilardil Ila Kilconan Arren Arren Man Russin Anglesey Newburgh Scilly Islands Castle Hugh On the North are The Orkneys of which the chief are Hoy None from S. to N. N. E. Mainland Kirkwall Sapinsha Elwick Westra Periwa The Shetland of which the chief are Mainland Ylesburg Yell Gravelland On the South are Portland Island Portland Castle S. of Dorsetshire Isle of Wight Newport S. of Hampshire Port-Sea Island Portsmouth Isles of Jersey St. Hillary W. of Normandy Garnsey St. Peter's Town Alderney Alderney The chief of which Lesser Islands being these following viz. The Oreades The Isle of Man The Isles of Jersey The Schetland Anglesey Garnsey The Hebrides Wight Alderney Somewhat of all these and in their Order Therefore §. 1. The Orcades or Orknay Islands THE number of these Islands is indeed very great and of 'em Twenty six are actually inhabited the rest being call'd Holms are us'd only for Pasturage Most of 'em are bless'd with a very pure and healthful Air to breath in but their Soil is very different being in some extreamly Dry and Sandy in others Wet and Marish however they 're indifferently fruitful in Oats and Barly but destitute of Wheat Rye and Pease Many useful Commodities are yearly exported from them to divers Foreign Parts South-West of Swinna one of those Islands are two dreadful Whirl-pools in the Sea commonly term'd the Wells of Swinna very terrible to Passengers and probably occasion'd by some Subterranean Hiatus In these Islands are several Footsteps of the Pictish Nation from whom Pictland-Frith is commonly thought to derive its Name The Inhabitants do still retain many Gothick and Teutonick Terms in their Language and some Ancient German Sirnames as yet in use do plainly evince their Extraction These Islands have been visited by the Romans possess'd by the Picts and subject to the Danes but Christiern IV. of Denmark having quitted all his Pretensions to them in favour of King James VI. upon the Marriage of that Prince with his Sister they have ever since acknowledged Allegiance to the Scottish Crown and are immediately govern'd by the Stewart of Orknay or his Deputy §. 2. The Shetland UNDER the Name of Shetland are commonly comprehended no less than Forty six Islands with Forty Holms besides many Rocks Of these Islands about Twenty six are inhabited the rest being us'd only for feeding of Cattle They enjoy a very healthful Air and the Inhabitants do generally arrive to a great Age. In several of them are some Obelisks still standing with divers old Fabricks made as is commonly believ'd by the Picts The Gentry who remov'd hither from the Continent usually speak as in the North of Scotland but the Common Sort of People who are descended from the Norvegians do still retain a corrupt Norse Tongue call'd Norn All these Islands belong now to the Crown of Scotland and are reckon'd a part of the Stewarty of Orknay §. 3. The Hebrides THIS mighty Cluster of Islands the Ebudes of Ptolomy Solinus and Pliny are commonly term'd the Western Isles from their Situation in respect of Scotland to which Crown they belong In Soil they 're very different but generally blest with a pure and healthful Air. They surpass Three hundred in number though reckon'd by some but Forty four Their Inhabitants use the Irish Tongue yet with difference of Dialect from that in Ireland and are much the same with the Highlanders on the Continent of Scotland both in Habit Customs and Manner of Living The most remarkable of all these Islands are Two viz. Jona and St. Kilda The former now call'd Columbkill nigh the Isle of Mull is noted for being of old the burying Place of the Kings of Scotland and the chief Residence of the Ancient Culdees The other term'd by the Islanders Hirt by Buchanan Hirta and afterwards St. Kilda or Kildir is the remotest of all the Hebrides and so observable for some Remarkables therein and several uncommon Customs peculiar to its Inhabitants that a Description thereof was of late thought worthy of a particular Treatise entituled A Voyage to St. Kilda to which I remit the Reader §. 4. The Isle
of Man THIS Island call'd Monoeda by Ptolomy and by Pliny Mondbia enjoys a very cold and sharp Air being expos'd on every side to the bleak piercing Winds from the Sea Its Soil oweth much of its Fertility to the Care and Industry of the Husbandman The Inhabitants a mixture of English Scots and Irish commonly call'd Mankâ—-men have in general a very good Character The ordinary sort of People retain much of the Irish in their Language and way of Living but those of better Rank strive to imitate the English In this they 're peculiarly happy that all litigious Proceedings are banish'd from among 'em all Differences being speedily determin'd by certain Judges call'd Deemsters and that without Writings or Fees If the Case be found very intricate then 't is referr'd to twelve Men whom they term the Keyes of the Island This Island with the Advowson of the Bishoprick belongs to the Earls of Derby who are commonly stil'd Lords of Man though Kings in effect they having all kind of Civil Power and Jurisdiction over the Inhabitants but still under the Fief and Sovereignty of the Crown of England §. 5. Anglesey THIS Island the celebrated Mona of the Romans and Ancient Seat of the Druides is bless'd with a very fruitful Soil producing most sorts of Grain especially Wheat in such abundance that the Welsh commonly term it Môn mam Gymry i. e. Môn the Nursery of Wales because that Principality is frequently suppli'd from thence in unseasonable Years 'T is commonly reckon'd as one of the Counties of North-Wales and acknowledgeth Subjection to the Crown of England §. 6. The Isle of Wight THIS Island term'd by Ptolomy 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and by the Romans Vecta Vectis or Victesis enjoys a pure healthful Air and is generally reckon'd a very pleasant and fruitful Spot of Ground 'T was once honour'd as the Isle of Man with the Title of Kingdom for Henry Beauchamp Earl of Warwick was Crown'd King of Wight by Henry VI. Anno 1445. but that Title died with himself about two Years after and 't is now reckon'd only a Part of Hampshire and is govern'd in like manner as other of the Lesser Islands §. 7. Jersey Garnsey and Alderney THESE Islands are all of William the Conqueror's Inheritance and Dukedom of Normandy that now remains in Possession of the English Crown Their Soil is sufficiently rich producing in great abundance both Corn and Fruits especially Apples of which they make plenty of Syder and the Air is so healthful to breath in that the Inhabitants have little or no use for Physicians among ' em They chiefly imploy themselves in Agriculture and Knitting of Stockings and during War with France they 're much given to Privateering It 's observable of Garnsey that no venomous Creature can live in it and that the Natives generally look younger by ten Years than they really are These Islands being annext to the English Crown Anno 1108. by Henry I have to their great Honour continued firm in their Allegiance to England ever since that time notwithstanding of several attempts made upon them by the French And so much for the Lesser Britannick Islands But if the Reader desires a larger Account of 'em let him consult the late Edition of Cambden's Britannia from page 1049 to 1116. inclusively Having thus particularly survey'd the Britannick Islands both Greater and Lesser proceed we now according to our propos'd Method to the Second Part of this Section which is to take a View of all other Islands belonging to Europe whether they lie on the North West or South of the main Continent Therefore II. Of all other European Islands European Islands being situated on the North of Europe West South On the North are the Scandinavian Islands West are The Isle of Ice-land The Britannick of which already The Azores South are those in the Mediterranean Sea Of which in their Order §. 1. The Scandinavian Islands Such Islands are those belonging to Sweden Denmark Norway To Sweden are chiefly those of Rugen Chief Town Bergen W to N. E. Bornholn Rottomby Oeland Borkholm Gothland Wishby Oesal Arnsberg Dago Dageroot Aland Castleholm Northward To Denmark are chiefly those of Zealand Chief Town Copenhagen Capital of all Funen Odensee W. to E. Langland Ruthkoping Laland Naxkow Falster Nykoping Mina Stegâ— Fâ—meren Borge S. W. of Laland Aisâ—n Sonderborg Funen To Norway are chiefly those of Carmen Lying W. of Sâ—avanger S. to N. Hiteren W. of Dronthem Sanien Adjacent to Wardhus Suroy Adjacent Of all these Islands Zealand is the most remarkable and that only for the City of Copenhagen as being the Seat Royal of the Kings of Denmark § 2. The Isle of Ice-land THIS Island taken by some for the much controverted Thule of the Ancients is term'd by the Italians Islanda by the Spaniards Tierra elada by the French Islande by the Germans Island and by the English Ice-land so call'd from the abundance of Ice wherewith 't is environed for the greatest part of the Year By reason of the frozen Ocean surrounding this Island and the great quantity of Snow wherewith 't is mostly cover'd the Air must of necessity be very sharp and piercing yet abundantly healthful to breath in especially to those who are accustomed with that cold Climate The opposite Place of the Globe to Ice-land is that part of the vast Antarctick Ocean lying between 180 and 190 Degrees of Longitude with 60 and 70 Degrees of South Latitude Considering only the Situation of Ice-land it lying in the 18th 19th 20th and 21st North Climate we may easily imagine the Soil is none of the best In some Parts where the Ground is level there are indeed several Meadows very good for Pasture but elsewhere the Island is encumbred either with vast Deserts barren Mountains or formidable Rocks So destitute of Grain is it that the poor Inhabitants grind and make Bread of dri'd Fish-bones In the Northern Parts they have the Sun for one Month without Setting and want him intirely another according as he approacheth the Two Tropicks From this cold and barren Island are yearly exported Fish Whale-Oyl Tallow Hides Brimstone and White Foxes Skins which the Natives barter with Strangers for Necessaries of Humane Life Notwithstanding this Island doâ—â— lie in so cold a Climate yet in it are divers hot and scalding Fountains with Hecla a terrible Valcano which though always covered with Snow up to the very Top doth frequently Vomit forth Fire and Sulphurous Matter in great abundance and that sometimes with such a terrible roaring that the loudest Claps of Thunder are hardly so formidable In the Western Parts of the Island is a Lake of a petrifying Nature and towards the middle another which commonly sends up such a pestilentious Vapour as frequently kills Birds that endeavour to fly over it Some also write of Lakes on the Tops of Mountains and those well-stor'd with Salmons In this Island are two Danish Bishopricks viz. those of Schalholt
Saxony by 94600 Pounds In Dimension 't is eleven foot Diameter forty in Circuit and twelve High 4 In Nanking is another of eleven foot High and seven in Diamiter and weighing 50000 Pounds which also surpasseth the Bell of Erfurd weighing only 25400 Pounds yet hitherto suppos'd the greatest in the World by almost double its weight 5. In China are several Vulcano's particularly that Mountain call'd Lincsung which vomits out Fire and Ashes so furiously as frequently to raise some hideous Tempests in the Air. 6. Here are some Rivers whose Waters are cold at the top but warm beneath as also several remarkable Fountains which send forth so hot a Steam that People usually boil Meat over them 7. In this Country are several Lakes remarkable for changing Copper into Iron or making it just of the like resemblance as also for causing Storms when any thing is thrown into them 8. In the Island Haman there is said to be Water uncertain whether in Lake River or Fountain of such a strange quality that it petrifies some sort of Fishes when they unfortunately chance to enter into it 9. Many are those Triumphal Arches to be seen in most of the noted Cities of this Empire erected in Honour of such Persons as have either done some signal pieces of Service to the State or have been conspicuous in their times for their singular Knowledge 10. In this Country are several remarkable Bridges particularly that over a a River call'd Sâ—ffruny which reaches from one Mountain to another being Four hundred Cubits long and Five hundred high and all but one Arch whence 't is call'd by Travellers Pons volans Here likewise is another of Six hundred and sixty Perches in length and one and a half broad standing upon Three hundred Pillars without any Arches Lastly In China are many very observable Plants Animals and Fossils especially the last among which is the Asbestos But for a particular Account of ' em Vid. Kircherus's China Illustrata Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities are hardly to be expected her however this Country according to the Testimony of Popish Missionaries is furnisht with some of these Pekin Nanquin and Macao having each of 'em a particular Bishop nominated by the King of Portugal and the other Provinces are under the Jurisdiction of three Apostolical Vicars Under which Ecclesiastical Superiors there are by their Relations above Two hundred Churches or Private Chappels dedicated to the True God The Chinois Persons for the most part of a fair Complexion short Nosed black Eyed and of very thin Beards are great Lovers of Sciences and generally esteem'd a very ingenious sort of People They 're said to have had the use of Printing and Guns long before either of 'em was known in Europe Many of 'em are great Proficients in several Parts of the Mathematicks especially Arithmetick Geometry and Astronomy and so conceited are they of their own Knowledge in these things and so mean are their Thoughts of others that 't is generally reported of 'em that speaking of themselves they commonly say That they have two Eyes the Europeans one and the rest of the World none at all They who wholly apply themselves to the study of Sciences and make such proficiency in them as to become Doctors to others are distinguish'd by their long Nails suffering 'em sometimes to grow as long as their Fingers that being esteem'd a singular Characteristick of a profound Scholar and a differencing mark between them and Mechanicks The Language of the Chinois is extremely difficult to be acquir'd by Strangers and differeth from all others both as to its Nature Pronunciation and way of Writing 1. It s Nature They use no Alphabet as Europeans do and are astonish'd to hear that by Twenty four Letters we can express our Thoughts and fill Libraries with Books In lieu of an Alphabet they formerly us'd Hieroglyphicks setting down the Images of things for the things themselves but this being extreamly tedious and likeways defective there being no such Resemblances of pure Abstracts they then made Characters to signify Words numbring them according to the number of Words they needed to express their Idea's which Characters arise to such a prodigious multitude that not only Strangers but even the Natives themselves sind it a very difficult matter to acquire an intimate acquaintance with them all 2. It s Pronounciation Although all the Original Terms of this Tongue are Three hundred and thirty three yet such is their peculiar way of pronouncing them that the same Term admits of various and even contrary Significations according to the various Accent in pronouncing of it And of these Accenrs there are five applicable to every Term which extremely augments the difficulty of either speaking or understanding this Tongue to perfection besides the Pronunciation thereof is accompanied with such variety of Motions of the Hand that a mute Person can speak almost intelligibly by his Fingers And as to the Manner of Writing they differ from all other Nations for whereas Christians write from the Left hand to the Right and the Jews from the Right to the Left they usually make their Lines from the top of the Page down to the bottom This Great Kingdom was formerly under its own particular King or Emperor but of late over-run and conquer'd by the Tartars to whom it 's at present subject acknowledging due Allegiance to the Great Cham whose Government is as Despotical as any of the Oriental Monarchs for he hath full Power over the Lives of his Subjects the Princes of the Blood not excepted His bare Word is the Law and his Commands admit of no delay nor neglect He is seldom seen and never spoke with but upon the Knees Upon his Death-bed he may choose his Successor out of what Family he pleaseth For the better managing the great Affairs of this mighty Empire he 's assisted by two Sovereign Councils one Extraordinary compos'd of Princes of the Blood only and the other Ordinary which besides the Princes doth consist of several Ministers of State call'd Colaos But over and above these two Councils there are at Pekin six Sovereign Courts whose Authority extend over all the Empire and to each of 'em belong different Matters viz. 1. Is that Court call'd Lupou which presides over all the Mandarins and confers upon or takes from them their Offices 2. Hoâ—pou which looks after the Publick Treasury and takes care of raising the Taxes 3. Lipou which inspects into Ancient Customs and to it is committed the care of Religion Sciences and Foreign Affairs 4. Pimpou which hath charge of the Soldiery and other Officers 5. Himpou which enquires and passes Sentence in all Criminal Matters Lastly Compou which looks after all Publick Buildings as the Emperor's Palaces and such like In each of these Courts the Emperor hath one who may be term'd a Private Censor it being his business to observe all that passeth and to acquaint him faithfully therewith which makes all Persons
very cautious in their Actions Over each Province is appointed a Vice Roy and under him a great many Publick Officers To shun Oppression of the Subject by these various Ministers the Emperor before the Tartarian Conquest had a certain number of secret Spies in every Province to have a watchful Eye upon the Actions of every Publick Officer and upon any visible Act of Injustice in discharge of his Office they were to produce their Commission and by virtue thereof did seize such an Officer though of the highest Station but this is laid aside those Persons having mightily abus'd their Power Yet in lieu thereof they still retain one Custom which is certainly very singular viz. That every Vice Roy and Publick Officer is bound to take a Note of his own Miscarriages in the Management of Publick Affairs from time to time and humbly acknowledging the same is bound to find them in writing to Court Which Task is undoubtedly very irksome on one hand if duly perform'd but yet more dangerous on the other if wholly neglected Very remarkable are three Maxims of State carefully observ'd by the Chinesian Emperors viz. 1 Never to give any Mandarin a Publick Office in his Native Province lest being of a mean Descent it might contribute to his Disparagement or being well Descended and belov'd he should thereby grow too powerful 2. To retain at Court the Children of the Mandarins imploy'd in Publick Offices and that under pretence of giving them good Education but 't is in effect as Hostages lest their Fathers should chance to forget their Duty to the Emperor Lastly Never to sell any Publick Office but to confer the same according to Person 's Merits The Great Cham as King of China is said to bear for Ensigns Armorial Argent three Black-a-moor's Heads plac'd in the Front their bust vested Gules but according to others two Dragons The prevailing Religion in China is Paganism or gross Idolatry and in some Parts the Doctrine of Mahomet is entertain'd Of the several Idols to whom the Chineses pay their Devotions there are two of chief Note viz. One in form of a Dragon whom the Emperor with his Mandarins do religiously Worship prostrating themselves frequently before it and burning Incense unto it The other is call'd Fo or Foë set up as is conjectur'd in favour of one of their own Nation who is thought to have flourished about a thousand Years before our Blessed Saviour and for his wonderful Parts and Actions was esteem'd worthy of being Deifi'd at his Death They look upon him as the Saviour of the World and that he was sent to teach the Way of Salvation and make an Attonement for the Sins of Men. They mightily prize some Moral Precepts which they pretend he left and which the Bonzes or Priests do frequently inculcate upon the Minds of the People To this God are erected many Temples and he 's worshipped not only under the Shape of a Man but in the Person of a Real Man who they say never dies being upheld in that vain Opinion by the Lamas or Tartaran Priests who upon the Death of that Immortal Man take due care as the Egyptian Priests did their Apis to put one of their own number in his room and that of the same Features and Proportion or as near as possibly they can The Chineses have a mighty Spur to be cautious in all their Actions from an Opinion universally receiv'd among them viz. That the Souls of their deceased Friends are always at least frequently present with them and narrowly viewing their Deportment If we may believe the Writings of some late French Missionaries Christianity hath obtain'd considerable footing of late in this Country especially in the Province of Nankin and that the present Emperor hath allowed of the same by a Publick Edict throughout all the Empire The first Plantation of Christianity in this part of the World was undertaken according to common belief by St. Thomas or some of his Disciples Which Opinion is confirm'd by an Ancient Breviary of the Indian Churches containing these Words Per D. Thomam Regnum Caelorum volavit ascendit ad Sinas SECT III. Concerning India  d. m. Situated between 92 00 of Long. its greatest Length from N. W. to S. E. is about 1680 Miles 131 06 between 08 12 of Latit Breadth from N. to S. is about 1690 Miles 40 00 India viz. all between China and Persia comprehends The Great Mogul's Empire containing many little Kingdoms but chiefly those of Delli Chief Town Idem in the main Land Agra Idem Cambaia Idem on the Sea-Coast Bengala Idem Peninsula Indiae intra Gangem containing the Kingdoms of Decan Goa Northward Golcond Idem Bisnagar Idem in the middle Malabar Calicute Southward Peninsula Indiae extra Gangem containing the Kingdoms of Pegu Idem from N. to S. Tunqum Idem Cochinchin Idem Siam Martaban Idem Siam Idem Malacca Idem THIS vast Complex Body consider'd here under the Title of India viz. all between Persia and China comprehends as aforesaid many distinct and considerable Kingdoms but all reducible to Three great Divisions abovemention'd to wit the Mogul's Empire and the two Peninsula's of India one within and the other without the Ganges Of all which separately and in their Order Therefore §. 1. The Mogul 's Empire THIS Country is a great Part of the Modern and Ancient India remarkable in the History of Alexander the Great and term'd India from the River Indus but now the Mogul's Empire as being subject unto that mighty Eastern Monarch commonly known by the Name of the Great Mogul In the Northern parts of this Empire the Air is said to be extremely cold and piercing about the time of the Sun 's greatest Southern Declination but in the Southern Provinces much more temperate The opposite Place of the Globe to the Mogul's Empire is that part of the â—ast Pacifick Ocean between 270 and 310 Degrees of Longitude with 25 and 39 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this vast Country it lying in the 3d and 4th North Climate is extraordinary barren in several Parts being encumbered with formidable dry sandy Mountains but elsewhere very plentiful especially in Cotton Millet Rice and most sorts of Fruits The length of the Days and Nights in this Country is the same as in the Kingdom of China they both lying under the same Parallels of Latitude The chief Commodities of this Country are Aloes Musk Rhubarb Wormseeds Civits Indigo Laique Borâ—x Ogium Amber Myrabolans Sal-Armoniac Silk Cottons Callicoes Sattins Taffaties Carpets Metals Porcelline Earth and most sorts of Spices c. In several Parts of the Mogul's Empire particularly the Kingdom of Cambaia are divers noted Vulcano's which usually Smoke and sometimes break out in terrible Eruptions of Fire and Sulphurious Matter In and about the Imperial City of Agra are the splendid Sepulchres of the Royal Family of the Mogul's particularly that glorious Monument of the
Empress to Châ—-Gâ—han erected nigh to the Grand Bazar which is reported to be a very stately Structure and of so vast a bigness that Twenty thousand Artificers were imploy'd in erecting of it for the space of Twenty two Years But what mostly deserves our regard in the whole Kingdom of Indosian is that Rich and Glorious Throne in the Palace of Agra on which the Great Mogul doth usually appear during the Festival of his Birth Day where he receives the Compliments and Presents of the Grandees after the yearly Ceremony of weighing his Person is over This stately Throne so noted among Travellers in these Parts is said to stand upon Feet and Bars overlaid with enamell'd Gold and adorn'd with several large Diamonds Rubies and other precious Stones The Canopy over the Throne is set thick with curious Diamonds and surrounded with a Fringe of Pearl Above the Canopy is the lively Effigies of a Peacock whose Tail sparkles with blew Saphires and other Stones of different Colours his Body is of enamell'd Gold set with Jewels and on his Breast is a large Ruby from which hangs a Pearl as big as an ordinary Pear On both sides of the Throne are two Umbrella's of curious Red Velvet richly embroidred with Gold and encompass'd with a Fringe of Pearl â—he very Sticks whereof are also cover'd with Pearls Rubies and Diamonds Over against the Emperor's Seat is a choice Jewel with a hole bor'd through it at which hangs a prodigious big Diamond with many Rubies and Emeralds round about it These and several others not here mention'd are the costly Ornaments of this Indian Throne which if all related of it be true cannot be match'd by any other Monarch upon the Face of the whole Earth Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities None The Inhabitants of the various Parts of this vast Empire are Persons of various Tempers and Customs What those of the Inland Provinces are is not very certain our Intelligence of 'em being yet very slender but the People of the Southern or Maritime places of the Mogul's Dominions are Persons for the most part very tall of Stature strong of Body and in Complexion inclining some what to that of the Negroes In Behaviour Civil in their Dealings pretty just and many of the Mechanical sort prove wonderful Ingenious Both here and in the two Peninsula's hereafter mention'd are various Languages and these again divided into different Dialects but the Arabick is still us'd in their Religious Offices Among the several Languages spoken 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Mogul's Dominions the Gazarate Tongue is reckon'd the chief and is mostly us'd in the Kingdoms of Cambaya and Bengala but the Persian is said to be the Language of the Court. This vast Body comprehends a great many Kingdoms some of which are free some subject to others and most of 'em Tributary to one Sovereign namely the Great Mogul whose Government is most Tyrannical for he hath both the Purses and Persons of his Subjects wholly at his disposal and is Lord of all being Heir to every Man's Estate His Imperial Seat is ordinarily at Agra which is a very Rich and Populous City lying in the Province of the same Name and the Metropolis of the whole Empire If he allows paternal Inheritance any where the same is revokable at his pleasure His bare Will is the Law and his Word a final Decision of all Controversies The Indian Diadem is not intail'd by Primogeniture on the Sons but is either ravisht by force or carri'd by craft of such who stand in Competition for it he generally succeeding to the Throne who hath mostly gain'd the Favour and Assistance of the Omrahs and Nabobs with other Grandees at Court and upon his Instalment therein he commonly sacrificeth all his Rivals and nearest Relations reckoning his Throne to be but tottering unless its Foundations be laid in the Blood of such Persons His Revenue is indeed so vast that a bare Relation would seem incredible but proportionably to the same are his necessary ways of imploying it for to a we the prodigious multitude of People within the vast Extent of his Dominions he 's oblig'd to keep in daily pay many Legions of Soldiers otherways 't were impossible to Command the turbulent Rajahs who as it is do frequently make Insurrections and disturb his Government The Ensigns Armorial of the Great Mogul are said to be Argent Semé with Besants Or. As for particular Coats of Arms peculiar to private Persons as in Europe here are none no Man within the Mogul's Dominions being Hereditary either to his Estate or Honours The Inhabitants of this Country are mostly Pagan and next to Paganism the Religion of Mahomet prevails it being chiefly embrac'd according to the Comentaries of Mortis Haly. Of the Pagans here are various Sects and Orders among them particularly the Banians the Persees and Faquirs 1. The Bantans who believe a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Transmigration of Souls and thereupon do usually build Hospitals for Beasts and will upon no account deprive any Creature of Life lest thereby they dislodge as they imagine the Soul of some departed Friend But of all living Creatures they have the greatest Veneration for the Cow to whom they pay a Solemn Address every Morning and at a certain time of the Year they drink the Stale of that worshipful Animal believing it hath a singular Quality to purify all their Desilements Besides their constant Abstinence from the Food of any Animal they frequently refrain from all eatables till Night Of these Bantans there are reckon'd in India about Twenty four different Casts or Sects 2. Persees the Posterity of the Ancient Persians who worship the Element of Fire for which reason they 're also call'd Gaures i. e. Worshippers of Fire Besides the Fire they have a great Veneration for the Cock To kill the one or extinguish the other is esteem'd by them a Crime unpardonable Their High Priest is call'd Destoor and their Ordinary Priests Darcos or Harboods Lastly The Faquirs a kind of Religious Monks who live very austere Lives being much given to Fasting and several Acts of Mortification and some as a voluntary Penance make solemn Vows of keeping their Hands claspt about their Heads others hold one and some both Arms stretcht out in the Air and a thousand such ridiculous Postures and all during Life Which Vows once made they sacredly observe notwithstanding the Observation of 'em is attended with exquisite Pain Most of the Indians believe that the River Ganges hath a sanctifying Quality whereupon they flock thither at certain Seasons in vast multitudes to plunge themselves therein Dispers'd through the Mogul's Dominions is a considerable number of Jews and upon the Sea-Coasts are many European Christians all upon the account of Traffick Those Parts of India which receiv'd the Blessed Gospel in former times were instructed therein as is generally believ'd by the Apostle St. Thomas §. 2. The Peninsula of India within
the same in Manners with the respective People of Europe from whence they came The chief of the Indian Tongues in this Peninsula is that call'd the Malaye mostly us'd in Malacca but besides the various Indian Tongues both in the Mogul's Empire and the two Peninsula's the Portugueze Language is commonly understood and spoken in all Maritime Towns of Trade it being the chief Language that 's us'd in daily Commerce between the Franks and Natives of that Country In this Peninsula are a great many different States and Kingdoms particularly that of Pegu a very rich Kingdom subject to its own Monarch whose Sovereignty is acknowledg'd by divers other considerable â—ates as Asem Aracan and Tipra besides the Ancient Brachmans and other People living on the West of China as the Layes Timocoues Gueâ—es and Ciocangaes all Tributary to him Here also are the rich and flourishing Kingdoms of Tunquin and Cochinchin especially the former whose King is esteem'd a mighty Potent Prince able to bring into the Field vast multitudes of Men upon all occasions And lastly The King of Siam to whom a great many Princes are Tributary is esteem'd one of the richest and most Potent Monarchs of all the East and assumes as some alledge the Title of the King of Heaven and Earth and yet notwithstanding of his mighty Force and Treasure he is said to be Tributary to the Tartars and to pay them yearly a certain kind of Homage We find no satisfactory Account of what Ensigns Armorial are born by these Eastern Princes or if any at all The Inhabitants of this Peninsula are generally great Idolaters Those of Siam are said to maintain Pythagoras's Metempsychosis and commonly adore the four Elements Wheresoever Mahometanism prevails 't is generally intermixt with many Pagan Rites and Ceremonies as particularly in Cambodia on the River Menan in which City are almost three hundred stately Mosques not only well furnisht with excellent Bells contrary to the Turkish Custom elsewhere but also with a great many Idols of all sorts In the Kingdom of Pegu they have a great Opinion of the Sanctity of Apes and Crocodiles believing those Persons very happy who are devoured by them They observe yearly five Solemn Festivals call'd in their Language Sapans and distinguish'd by the Names of Giachie Cateano-Giaimo Segienou Daiche and Donon Their Priests are call'd Raulini and are divided into three Orders distinguish'd by the Names of Pungrini Pangiani and Xoxom They have also many Hermits whom they divided into Grepi Manigrepi and Taligrepi who are all in great esteem among the People Christianity was planted here much about the same time with the other Peninsula already mention'd SECT IV. Concerning Persia  d. m. Situated between 70 30 of Long. It s greatest Length from E. to W is about 1440 Miles 97 00 between 25 40 of Latit Breadth from N. to S. is about 1260 Miles 44 30 It 's divided into many Provinces but chiefly those towards the North viz. Scirvant Chief Town Derbent W. to E. Giland Gilan Cherassan Heret Middle viz. Erach Ispahan W. to E. Sablestan Bost Sigistan Sitzistan South viz. Cusistan Susa W. to E. Fars Schiras Kirman Gombroon Macran Titz THIS Country known to the Ancients by the same Name and some others but of a much larger Extent than at present is term'd by the Italians and Spaniards Persia by the French Perse by the Germans Persien and by the English Persia so call'd as many alledge from one of its Ancient Provinces nam'd Persis or according to others from Perses an Illustrious Lord in the Country of Elam who for his Merit is said to have obtain'd the Government of the People and to have call'd both Country and Inhabitants after his Name But finally others do eagerly plead for an Hebrew Etymology deriving the Name from the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Equites For 't is reported of the Inhabitants of this Country that before the Reign of Cyrus the Great they seldom us'd to Ride or knew very little how to manage a Horse and that such was their Dexterity afterwards in managing Horses that this Country is said to assume its Name from that Animal For the strengthning of which Opinion they farther observe that the Title of Persia is not found in those Books of Holy Scripture which were written before the time of Cyrus The Air of this Country is very temperate especially towards the North beyond the vast Mountain of Taurus but in the Southern Provinces 't is scorching hot for several Months The opposite Place of the Globe to Persia is part of Mare del Zur between 250 and 280 Degrees of Longitude with 25 and 40 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in the 3d and 4th North Climate is very different for in the Northern Parts adjacent to Tartary and the Caspian Sea the Ground is very barren producing but little Corn and few Fruits But South of Mount Taurus the Soil is said to be extraordinary fertil the Country pleasant and plentiful of Corn Fruits Wines c. affording also some rich Mines of Gold and Silver The longest Day in the Northmost Parts is about 14 Hours ¾ the shortest in the Southmost is 13 Hours ¼ and the Nights proportionably The chief Commodities of this Country are curious Silks Carpets Tissues Manufactures of Gold Silk and Silver Seal-Skins Goat-Skins Alabaster and all sorts of Metals Myrrh Fruits c. This Country among its chief Rarities doth yet boast of the very Ruins of the once proud Palace of Persepolis so famous of old and now call'd by the Inhabitants Chil-manor signifying forty Pillars which imports that so many were standing some Ages ago but at present there 's only nineteen remaining together with the Ruins of above eighty more Those Pillars yet standing are of excellent Marble and about fifteen Foot high for a particular Draught of 'em with the Copy of several Inscriptions in unknown Characters Vid. Philos Trans N. 201 and 210. 2. In the City of Ispahan is a large Pillar sixty Feet high consisting purely of the Skulls of Beasts erected by Shaw Abas the Great upon a Sedition of his Nobles who vowed to rear up a Column of their Heads as a Monument of their Obloquy to after Ages if they persisted in Disobedience but they surrendring upon Discretion he ordered each of 'em to bring the decollated Head of some Beast and lay at his Feet which was accordingly done and of them he made the aforesaid Pillar in lieu of a Column of their own Heads 3. One of the Emperor's Gardens at Ispahan is so sweet and delicate a place that it commonly goes by the Name of Heste Behest i e. Paradice upon Earth and the Royal Sepulchres of the Persian Monarchs are indeed so stately that they deserve to be mention'd here 4. About thirty Miles North East of Gombroon is a most hidious Cave which for its formidable Aspect is term'd Hell's
Gate by our English Travellers who have pass'd that way 5. At Genoe about twelve or fourteen Miles North of Gombroon are some excellent Baths esteem'd very good against most Chronical Distempers and much frequented for all inveterate Ulcers Aches and such like 6. Within five Leagues of Daâ—â—an is a prodigious high Pike of the same Name from whose top cover'd all over with Sulphure which Sparkles in the Night-time like Fire one may clearly see the Caspian Sea though an hundred and eighty Miles distant and nigh to this Sulphurous Pike are some famous Baths where there 's a great resort of People at certain times of the Year Lastly In several Parts of Persia are Mountains of curious black Marble and Springs of the famous Naphtha with variety of other Minerals Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities None The Persians are a People both of old and as yet much given to Astrology many of them making it their chief Business to search after future Events by Astrological Calculations They are naturally great Dissemblers Flatterers and Swearers as also very Proud Passionate and Revengful excessive in their Luxury Pastimes and Expences much addicted to Tobacco Opium and Coffee yet with all they are said to be for the most part very respective to their Superiors Just and Honest in their Dealings and abundantly Civil to Strangers And most of those who betake themselves to Trades prove very Ingenious in making curious Silks Cloath of Gold and such like The Persian Language having a great Tincture of the Arabick is reckon'd not only much more polite than the Turkish but is also esteem'd the modish Language of Asia It 's divided into many particular Dialects and the Characters they use are mostly Arabick As for pure Arabick that 's the School-Language of the Persians in which not only the Mysteries of the Alcoran but also all their Sciences are written and is learn'd by Grammar as Europeans do Latin This large Country is wholly subjected to one Sovereign namely it s own Emperor commonly stil'd The Great Sophi of Persia whose Government is truly Despotical and Crown Hereditary the Will of the King being a Law to the People and he Master of all their Lives and Estates his numerous Subjects render him a kind of Adoration and never speak of him but with the greatest Respect As most of the Asiatick Princes affect very vain and exorbitant Titles so does the Persian Monarch in particular he being generally stil'd King of Persia Pâ—â—thia Media Bactria Chorazon Condahor and Herl of the 〈◊〉 Tartar of the Kingdoms of Hyrcania Draconia Evergeta Paâ—â—â—nia Hydaspia and Sogdiana of Aria Paropaniza Draâ—gâ—â—ta Arachosia Mergiana and Carmania as far as stately Indus Sultan of Ormus Larr Arabia Susiana Chaldea Mesopotamia Georgia Armenia Sarcashia and Uan. Lord of the Imperial Mountains of Ararat Taurus Cancasus and Periardo Commander of all Creatures from the Sea of Chorazan to the Gulf of Persia Of true Descent from Mortis-Ally Prince of the four Rivers Euphrates Tygris Araxis and Indus Governor of all the Sultans Emperor of Mussulmen Bud of Honour Mirror of Virtue And Rose of Delight Many and various are the Opinions concerning the King of Persia's Arms It being affirm'd by some that he beareth the Sun Or in a Field Azure By others a Crescent as the Turkish Emperors with this difference that it hath a Hand added to it By others Or with a Dragon Gules By others Or with a Buffalo's Head Sable But the most receiv'd Opinion is that he beareth the Rising Sun on the Back of a Lion with a Crescent The Inhabitants of this Country are for the most part exact observers of Mahomet's Doctrine according to the Explication and Commentaries made by Mortis Hali. They differ in many considerable Points from the Turks and both Parties are subdivided into various Sects between whom are tossed many Controversies with flaming Zeal on either side The main Point in debate between them is concerning the immediate Successors of Mahomet The Turks reckoning them thus Mahomet Aboubekir Omar Osman and Mortis Hali. But the Persians will have their Hali to be the immediate Successor and some esteem him equally with Mahomet himself and call the People to Prayers with these words Llala-y-lala Mortis Aly vellilula for which the Turks abhor them calling them Rafadi and Cassars i. e. Schismaticks and themselves Sonni and Musselmen which is true Believers They differ also in their Explication of the Alcoran besides the Persians have contracted it into a lesser Volumn than the Arabians after Gunet's Reformation preferring the Immaman Sect before the Melchian Anesian Benefian or Xefagans broached by Aboubekir Omar and Osman from which four are sprung above seventy several sorts of Religious Orders as Morabites Abdals Dervises Papasi Rafadi c. Here are many Nestorian Christians as also several Jesuits and many Jews The Christian Religion was first planted in this Country by the Apostle St. Thomas SECT V. Concerning Turky in Asia  d. m. Situated between 48 00 of Long. its greatest Length from S. E. to N. W. is about 2100 Miles 82 00 between 13 30 of Latit Breadth from N. to S. is about 1740 Miles 45 30 Comprehending six great parts viz. Natolia Chief Town Bursa lying Westward Arabia Medina found from S. to N. Syria Aleppo Diarbeck Bagdat Turkomania Arzerum Georgia Teflis Each of the foregoing Parts comprehends several Provinces as Natolia Natolia propria Chief Town Bursa Northward W. to E. Amasia Idem Caramania Cogni Southward W. to E. Aladuli Maraz Arabia Bâ—riaâ—a or Arabia Deserta Anna N. to S. Barraab or Arabia Petrea Herat Ayman or Arabia Faelix Medina Syria Syria propria Aleppo N. to S. Phoenicia Demask Palestinc Jerusalem Diarbeck Diarbeck Diarbekir N. to S. Arzerum Mosul Yerack Bagdat Turcomania Turcomania propria Arzerum W. to E. Curdes Van Georgia Mengralia Fasso W. to E. Gurgestan Teflis THIS vastly extended Body being divided as aforesaid into six great Parts viz. Natolia Arabia Syria Diabereck Turcomania and Georgia we shall particularly Treat of the first three and that separately they being most remarkable and then take a General View of all the rest conjunctly and that under the Title of the Euphratian Provinces Therefore §. 1. NATOLIA THIS Country formerly Asia Minor in contradistinction from Asia the Greater is term'd by the Italians and Spaniards Natolia by the French Natolie by the Germans Natolien and by the English Natolia or Anatolia so call'd at first by the Grecians because of its Eastern Situation in respect of Greece 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Air of this Country is very different being in some Provinces very pure and healthful in others extremely gross and pestilentious The opposite Place of the Globe to Anatolia is that part of the Pacisick Ocean between 235 and 250 Degrees of Longitude with 34 and 38 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in the 5th and 6th North Climate is extraordinary
the biggest Pyramid is a monstrous Figure of a prodigious greatness call'd Sphinx and by Herodotus Anarosphinx The Bust being all of one Stone represents the Face and Breasts of a Woman whose Head according to Pliny is a hundred and twenty Foot in Circumference and forty three long It 's also a hundred sixty two from the top of the Head to the lowest part of the Belly But these Dimensions are different from those of some Modern Travellers who say That 't is but twenty six Foot high and fifteen from the Chin to one of the Ears and the rest proportionably 5. Near to Grand Caire are several deep Subterranean Cavities hewen out of the firm Rock and having variety of Hieroglyphicks inscrib'd on the Walls in which repose several of the famous Egyptian Mummies and in some of those Repositories of the Dead it is that certain Lamps are said to have been found which constantly burn without consuming till expos'd to the open Air. 6 In the famous River of Nile is abundance of Crocodiles those terrible and devouring Animals now accounted the same with that Creature mention'd in the Book of Job under the Name of Leviathan commonly taken for the Whale but falsly as Bochart De Animalibus S. S. Part 2. Cap. 16 17 18. hath fully demonstrated A compleat Skeleton of this Animal about four Yards three quarters long may be seen in the Repository of Gresham Colledge being presented to the Royal Society by that truly Worthy and Ingenious Gentleman the Honourable Sir Robert Southwell To these Curiosities of Egypt I might here add that Supernatural but Fictitious Prodigy that 's reported to be yearly seen near to old Caire viz. The Annual Resurrection of many dead Bones on Holy Wednesday Thursday and Friday according to the old Calendar which both Turks and Christians in those Parts do firmly believe and that by the means of some pious Frauds of a few designing Santo's among them Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universitities See Natolia page 262. The Egytians now a-days being Persons of a low Stature tawny Complexion and of spare Bodies are generally reckon'd Cowards Luxurious Cruel Cunning and Treacherous They much degenerate from their Ancestors in every thing save only a vain Affectation of divining which some as yet pretend unto The chief Language commonly us'd in this Country is the Turkish and Vulgar Arabick or Moriâ—k especially the latter The Arabs brought in their Language with their Conquests which hath been preserved here ever since but the Cophti's still retain the use of the Ancient Egyptian Tongue which is very different from all the Oriental Languages especially in their Religious Performances In places of any considerable Traffick many of the European Tongues are understood and spoken This Country very famous of old both in Sacred and Prophane History being a Province of the Turkish Empire is govern'd by a particular Bassa or Beglerbeg who commonly resideth at Grand Cairo which Post is generally esteem'd the most Honourable Government of any belonging to the Port having under him no less than fifteen different Governments as also a powerful Militia commonly reckon'd the most considerable of all the Ottoman Empire See Turky in Europe page 182. The Inhabitants of this Country being Moors Turks and Arabs besides the Natural Egyptians are for the most part stricter Observers of Mahomet's Doctrine than any People elsewhere through all the Ottoman Dominions Here also are Jews in great numbers as also many Christians call'd Cophti who follow the Errors of Eutyches and Dioscorus yet not concurring with them in every Point The Christian Faith was first planted here by St. Mark who is universally acknowledg'd to have been the first Bishop of Alexandria SECT II. Concerning Barbary  d. m. Situated between 04 16 of Long. its greatest Length from W. to E. is about 2300 Miles 52 10 between 24 40 of Latit Breadth from N. to S is about 380 Miles 35 00 Barbary comprehends the Kingdoms of Morocco Chief Town Idem From W. to E. Fez Idem Rlensen Idem Algiers Idem Tunis Idem Tripo'i Idem Barca Idem Barbary being the most considerable at least the best known Country of all Africa I shall in particular consider its Divisions Therefore Chief Towns in Morocco are Taradunt Found from S. to N. Gazula Morocco Tednest Ehn din Teszca Fez are Fez in the main Land From S. to N. E. upon the Sea-Coast Beniz Saliee Larach Arzilla Tanger now demolish'd Ceuta Telensin are Oraâ— From W. to E. Tenâ— Chief Towns in Algiers are Algier From W. to E. Bugia Gigiari Bona Tunis are Beggia From W. to E upon the Sea-Coast Biserta Tunis Mahometa Susa Tripoli are Tripoli From W. to E. Lebida Misurata Barca are Barca From S. to N. Zadra THIS Country comprehending Mauritiana of the Ancients as also Africa propria and Lybia is term'd by the Italians Barbaria by the Spaniards Berberia by the French Barbarie by the Germans Barbaryen and by the English Barbary so call'd by the Saracens from Barbar which signifieth a murmuring Sound because this People seem'd at first to their Conquerors to pronounce their Language after a strange murmuring manner Others do rather imagine that the Romans upon their Conquest of this Country call'd it Barbaria and its Inhabitants Barbarians because of the Rudeness and Barbarity of their Manners The Air of this Country is indifferently temperate and generally esteem'd very heathful to breath in The opposite Part of the Globe to Barbary is part of Mare de'l Zur and Mare Pacificum lying between 184 and 232 Degrees of Longitude with 24 and 35 Degrees of Southern Latitude This Country lying in the 4th and 5th North Climate is very fertil in Corn and most kinds of Fruit although 't is full of Mountains and Woods especially towards the Mediterranean Sea It breadeth many kinds of Beasts particularly Lyons and Leopards with many Apes and some Elephants besides abundance of Cattle The longest Day in the Northmost Parts is about 14 Hours ¼ the shortest in the Southmost 10 Hours â…“ and the Nights proportionably The chief Commodities of this Country are Honey Wax Oyl Sugar Flax Hemp Hides Cordevants Dates Almonds Mantles c. On Mount Zagoan about six Miles South from Tunis are many Ruins of an old Castle built by the Ancient Romans with several Latin Inscriptions as yet to be seen upon divers Marble Stones 2 From the aforesaid Mountain to the City of Carthage was once a curious Aqueduct and upon Mount Guestet in the same Neighbourhood are some plain Vestigia of Roman Magnificence still visible to this Day 3. In the City of Morocco are two magnificent Temples one built by Ali and the other by Addul Mumen which deserve the particular regard of a curious Traveller 4. In the Palace Royal of the Morocco Emperors a Building of a vast Extent and term'd by the Natives Alcacave or Michouart is a stately Mosque with a very high Turret on
whose Top are four Apples of solid pure Gold which all together weigh seven hundred Pounds weight and in another Court of the said Palace is a prodigious high Tower so contriv'd that the Emperor can mount up to the Top of it on Horse-back 5. In the City of Fez is that famous Mosque call'd Caruven which is said to be almost half a Mile in Circuit and furnisht with thirty Gates of a prodigious bigness It hath above three hundred Cisterns to wash in before they go to Prayers and in it are upwards of nine hundred Lamps which are commonly lighted and burn every Night 6 Over a certain River call'd Sabu as it runs between two Hills term'd Beni-jasga and Silego is a remarkable Bridge or rather a ready way of passing from one side of the River to the other and that by the help of two large Stakes fixt fast in the Ground on either side one between which are extended two strong Ropes and to one of them is ty'd a kind of a big Basket able to contain ten Men into which the Passengers being entred and pulling one of the Ropes which runs by a Pulley they waft themselves over much sooner than we Europeans can pass either by Bridge or Boat Vid. Dapper 's late Description of Africa Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities None The Barbarians thus Characteriz'd of old by Herodian Mauri inquâ—t ills Genus sunt hominum suapte naturâ coedit avidissimum nihilque non facile audens despèratis sinâ—les contemptu scilices mortis periculorum are now a People that 's generally very Inconstant Crafty and Unfaithful Active of Body Impatient of Labour and Covetous of Honour Some of 'em â—re Studious in Matters of their Law and others are enclin'd to the Liberal Sciences especially Philosophy and the Mathematicks The Inhabitants of Sallee Tripoli and Algiers are mightily given to Pyracy and many of the Moroccos are much addicted to Merchandizing Dispers'd through all these Countries are the Arabs who especially in Barca exercise their common Trade of robbing and molesting Travellers on the Highway In most of the Sea-Port Towns and over all the Countries bordering on the Sea the prevailing Language is Arabesque or corrupt Arabick In the City of Morocco and several other Places they still retain their Ancient Language or rather a corrupt Dialect of the old African The trading People especially in their Dealing with Strangers do use a certain Jargon compounded chiefly of Spanish and Portugueze not unlike to the Lingua Franca among the Turks This large Country comprehending several Kingdoms and Provinces is chiefly under the Great Turk and Emperor of Morocco To the latter belong the Kingdoms of Morocco and Fez and to him are ascrib'd or rather he assumeth the following Titles viz. Emperor of Africa King of Morocco Fez Sus and Taffalet Lord of Gago Dara and Guinea and Great Xeriff of Mahomet The other Kingdoms or Provinces of this Country are mostly subject to the Great Turk and are govern'd by his particular Bassa's set over 'em only Tunis and Algiers two considerable Commonwealths or rather distinct Kingdoms though each of 'em hath their respective Bassa appointed by the Grand Signior yet they 're so eager in maintaining their Liberties and Priviledges that those Bassa's are little more than meer Cyphers For in the former of these the Inhabitants have a Power of chusing their own Governor or Captain term'd the Dey who Rules the Kingdom Constitutes Cadi's and passeth Sentence in all Affairs whether Civil or Criminal The Divan of Tunis is compos'd of one Aga one Chaya twelve Odabachi twenty four Bouloubachi two Secretaries and four Chiaoux who judge in all Matters after they have heard the Sentiment of the Dey who may accept or reject their Advice as he thinks fit As for Aegiers The Government thereof is lodg'd in the Hands of the Army particularly the Officers of the Janizaries of whom the Council of State is compos'd and of it the Aga of the Janizaries is President It 's true the Grand Signior keeps always in this Place a Bassa with the Title of Vice-Roy but he 's at best but a meer Shadow for he may not so much as enter the great Divan unless invited by the whole Council and when admitted he hath but one single Voice and can only advise in Matters Besides these two Potent Republicks of this Country there 's another viz. That of Tripolt but it is intirely subject to the Grand Signior who governs the same by a particular Bassa sent from the Ottoman Court and renew'd every third Year He is honour'd with the Standart of Tunis and the Title of Beglerbeg The chief Independent Potentate in these Countries being the Emperor of Fez and Morocco he bears for Arms Three Wheels Argent As for the rest of Barbary Vid Turky in Europe page 182. The establisht Religion of this Country is Mahometanism but the Inhabitants of Morocco differ from other Mahometans in several considerable Points particularly those maintain'd by the Followers of Hamet the first of the present Race of the Morocco Emperors who was at first a kind of Monk and quitting his Retirement A. C. 1514. began publickly to Preach to the People that the Doctrine of Hali and Omar and other Interpreters of the Law was only Humane Traditions besides several other things of that Nature which occasion'd such Animosities between other Turks and the Morocco's that a Turkish Slave with them is no whit better treated than a Christian There are also many Persons in and about Algiers who likeways differ from other Mahometans in divers Particulars Some of 'em maintain that to fast seven or eight Months doth merit Eternal Happiness That Idiots are the Elect of God That Sins against Nature are Virtues That the Marabouts among 'em are inspir'd by the Devil and yet they account it an honourable thing to be defil'd by one of ' em These and many other such ridiculous Follies do they believe and avouch The Christian Faith was first planted in this Country by some of the seventy Disciples and St. Simon the Apostle Sirnam'd Zelotis SECT III. Concerning Bildulgerid  d. m. Situated between 02 00 of Long. It s greatest Length from W to E. is about 2040 Miles 55 00 between 22 30 of Latit Breadth from N. to S. is about 300 Miles 32 40 Bildulgerid comprehends the Provinces of Tesset Chief Town Idem From W. to E. Dara Idem Segelmess Idem Tegorarin Idem Zeb Teulachar Bildulgerid prop. so call'd Caphesa Desart of Barca None considerable THIS Country the Ancient Numidia is term'd by the Italians Spaniards French Germans and English Bildulgerid so call'd from the vast numbers of Dates it produceth the Name in the Arabick Tongue signifying a Date The Air of this Country is very hot but generally esteem'd abundantly wholesome to breath in The opposite Place of the Globe to Bildulgerid is that part of Mare de'l Zur and More Pacificum lying between 182
at other times on all four and so near is their resemblance to Human Shape that many of the Negroes either take them for Real Men imagining that by long continuance in the Woods they 're become Demi-Brutes or look upon them as the spurious Issue of unnatural Commixtures Some of our Modern Travellers would fain perswade the World that such Creatures are the Genuin Off-spring either of the Ancient Satyrs or Pygmies so famous among the Poets and so frequently mention'd by Pliny who spoke much of them by hear-say But others with more shew of probability do reckon them specifically the same with the Apes of Borneo already mention'd page 289. For a full and satisfactory Account of this remarkable Creature with a nice Examination of the various Conjectures about it I must refer the Reader to a particular Treatise on that Subiect now preparing for the Press by the Learned Dr. Teyson Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities None The Natives of this Country are great Idolaters very Superstitious and much given to Stealing In Complexion they 're of the blakest sort and most of 'em walk quite Naked without the least shame Some of 'em on the Sea-Coast are given to Trading and understand Commerce tollerably well but generally they 're a cheating proud lazy and sluttish kind of People Remarkable is one fundamental Law or rather an Ancient Custom among some People upon the Quaqua-Coast viz. That every Person is oblig'd to betake himself to the same Trade or Imployment which his Fore-fathers have follow'd Upon the Death of a Husband in the Kingdom of Benin the Widow becomes wholly subject to her own Son if any and may be reckon'd among his number of Slaves only with this difference that she can't be sold without leave obtain'd from the immediate Prince of the Country where they live To kill a considerable number of Slaves at the Funeral of any great Person was a Custom almost universal through all Pagan Countries and particularly here but much worn out in these latter Ages The chief Language in this Country is that call'd Sungai which is also understood and spoken in several Adjacent Countries particularly Tombut and Melli. Of the several Tongues in use upon the Golden Coast That of the Acanistes is most universal being current almost all Guinea over except Anten Acara Ningo and Sinco which have each their particular Dialects The Trading Part of 'em understand and speak Portugueze This Country owneth Subjection to several Sovereigns the chief of whom is ordinarily stil'd the Emperor of Guinea to whom divers other Kings and Princes are subject Next to him is the King of Benin who is esteem'd a powerful Prince having several States Subject and Tributary unto him Paganism is the Religion of this Country the Profession whereof is attended with many ridiculous Superstitions and in some places on the Golden Coast that Diabolical Custom of offering up Human Sacrifices is still in use but not so current as formerly The Pythagorcan Opinion embrac'd by a great part of the Heathen World prevails mightily here Those of the Kingdom of Benin do own a Supreme Being whom they call by the Name of Orifa acknowledging him as the Creator of Heaven and Earth but think it needless to serve him because say they he being Infinitely Good will be sure not to hurt them On the very contrary Account they 're very careful in paying their Devotions and offering Sacrifices to the Devil or some bad Spirit who they think is the cause of all their Calamities They likeways offer up a yearly Sacrifice to the Sea reckoning thereby to appease the Waves and procure calm and peaceable Weather In several other parts of this Country are neither Idol nor Temple and many of the People seem to entertain but very slender hopes of a future State and wholly deny the Resurrection of the Body except those who are kill'd in the Wars Which Exception hath been undoubtedly inculcated upon 'em by some of their Princes and that probably out of a Political Design SECT VII Concerning Nubia  d. m. Situated between 42 00 of Long. It s greatest Length from N. E. to S. W. is about 840 Miles 57 00 between 09 30 of Latit Breadth from E. to W. is about 570 Miles 23 00 Nubia North the River Nuba chief Towns are Samna South Nubia THIS Country known formerly under the same Name is term'd by the Italians and Spaniards Nubia by the French Nubie by the Germans Nubien and by the English Nubia so call'd from its Ancient Inhabitants the Nubi or Nubii or according to others the Nobadoe and Nobades and finally some would derive its Name from Nuabia once the Capital City of the whole Country The Air of this Country is every where extreamly hot it being seldom qualifi'd with Showers of Rain The opposite Place of the Globe to Nubia is part of Mare de'l Zur lying between 220 and 240 Degrees of Longitude with 9 and 23 Degrees of Southern Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in the 2d and 3d North Climate is said to be very fertil in those Parts adjacent to the River Nile but elsewhere 't is generally very barren being cumbered with many formidable Mountains of Sand. Here is good store of Elephants some Sugar-Canes and as several report a few Mines of Gold The longest Day in the Northmost Parts is about 13 Hours ½ the shortest in the South-most 11 Hours ½ and the Nights proportionably The chief Commodities of this Country are Gold Civet Sugar Ivory Arms c. In divers Parts of Nubia are still extant the Ruins of many Christian Churches being reckon'd one hundred and fifty in all with several Pictures of our Blessed Saviour the Virgin Mary and many Saints Most observable is that strange subtile Poyson produc'd in this Country one Grain thereof being able to kill ten Men in a quarter of an Hour It 's commonly sold at an hundred Ducats an Ounce but never to Strangers unless they promise by Oath not to use it in these Parts of the World Remarkable is this Country for being the Birth-place of the famous Nubian Geographer Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities None The Nubians of a Colour extraordinary Black are said to be a strong couragious and cunning sort of People much given to War very Laborious and many of 'em exceeding Wealthy there being establisht a considerable Traffick between them and the Merchants of Grand Caire in Egypt The Nubians have a particular Language of their own which hath some Affinity with the Arabick and Chaldean as also some agreement with the old Egyptian Tongue This Country is govern'd by its own Independent King who is said to be a very Powerful Prince One of his Predecessors call'd Cyriacus upon Information of the Christians being oppress'd in Egypt is reported to have rais'd one hundred thousand Horse for their relief This spacious Country was once Christian but the Ministry
Ethiopid Exterior THIS Country unknown to the Ancients together with Abyssinia abovemention'd is term'd by the Italians and Spaniards Ethiopia by the French Ethiopie by the Germans Ethiopien and by the English Ethiopia so call'd from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Uro and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vultus upon the account of its excessive Heat the greatest part thereof being in the Torrid Zone This Ethiopia is stil'd Exterior because of its Situation in respect of the other This vast Body comprehending several Kingdoms Empires and Sovereignties and those mightily extended from South to North can't reasonably be suppos'd to enjoy the same Nature of Air in all its Parts In Biafara and Congo 't is extreamly hot and would be intollerable to the Inhabitants were it not qualified in the first of these Kingdoms by daily Showers of Rain and in the other by violent Winds which frequently blow from the Western Ocean In Monomotapa and Monoemungi as also the Coasts of Cafres the Air is much more temperate in Zanguebar very unwholesome and in Ajan and Abex extreamly hot The opposite Place of the Globe to Ethiopia Exterior is part of 〈◊〉 Zu◠lying between 210 and 250 Degrees of Longitude with 10 Degrees South and 25 Degrees North Latitude The various Divisions of this great Body being situated in different Climates particularly the 1st 2d 3d Northern and the 1st 2d 3d Southern the Soil must of necessity be very different Biafara is said to be less fertil than Congo The Empires of Monomotapa and Monoemungi do produce abundance of Grain and are generally esteem'd very fit for Pasturage The other Divisions on the East and South-East of the Abyssines are for the most part very Barren in all sorts of Grain yet productive enough of some Sugar-Canes several kinds of Fruit and Spices as also furnish'd with some considerable Gold and Silver Mines and every where abounding with Elephants and Lyons So rich were those Mines found by the Portugueses in Zanguebar and several Parts of the Cafres that the Country about Sofala hath been lookt upon by some Modern Geographers as the much controverted Land of Ophir The longest Day in the Northmost Parts is 13 Hours ½ the shortest in the Southmost 9 Hours ¾ and the Nights proportionably The chief Commoditities of this Country are Gold Silver Amber-Gris some Pearls and Musk Rice Mill Cattle Lemons Citrons Ivory and Oyl c. In the Kingdom of Angola is found the Quoja-Marrow that remarkable Creature of whom already in Guinea p. 311. 2 Most sorts of Creatures in Congo are to be seen also in Angola particularly a Serpent call'd Minià by the Inhabitants of Quoja and Embamma by the Angolois which is reported to be of such a prodigious bigness that he 's said to swallow a young Deer at one Morsel 3. In divers Lakes of Angola particularly those of Quihaite and Angolone are frequently seen some Water-Monsters term'd Ambisiangulo and Pesiengoni by the Natives but Europeans give them the Title of Syrenes because when taken they fetch heavy Sighs and cry with a dolorous Tone resembling very much the mournful yet charming Voice of a Woman 4 In the Island Levando is a remarkable Tree call'd by the Inhabitants Eusada and Arbor de Raiz i. e. Arbor Radicum by the Portugueze It derives this Name from the Nature of its Branches which spring forth on all sides from the Trunk where 't is generally three Fathoms in Diameter and many of 'em bowing so low as to touch the Ground take root and spring forth anew till by their weight they bow down again and take Root the second time and so on till they cover a thousand Paces in Circuit and able to lodge under its Branches three thousand armed Men who may find Defence not only from Heat but also Rain so thick and numerous are those Filaments and so well lin'd with Leaves 5 In several Parts upon and South of the River Coanza are considerable Mines of Rock-Salt For these and several other Remarkables of this Country Vid. Dapper of Africa Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities None The various Inhabitants of these many and vastly extended Countries are generally a Dull Savage and Swarthy kind of People among whom a great many remarkable Customs prevail To instance only in a few It 's reported of the Emperor of Monomotapa that when e're he Drinks in publick the whole Court doth jointly put up their Prayers in his behalf and that with a very loud Voice which being heard in the Neighbourhood all Persons there living are bound to do the same as likewise others hearing them and so on whereby the whole City or Country adjacent is always sensible when the Emperor takes his Glass In the Kingdom of Loango are many Canabals and in several places 't is as usual to sell Human Flesh publickly in Shambels as other Nations do commonly Beef and Mutton In the same Kingdom 't is establish'd by an Ancient Custom That when e're a Father deceaseth his Goods belong not to the Children but his own Brothers or Sisters who are bound to take care of such of the little Ones as they think are not able to care for themselves To add no more We read of another Custom yet more uncouth among a certain People inhabiting the Cafres which is That when e're a Father deceaseth the Children both Old and Young are oblig'd to lose the little Finger of their Left-hand and to bury it with him For deferring the performance of that painful Duty they 're commonly very tender of their Parents Health and take all care imaginable to prolong his Life which was probably the Original Cause of so strange a Practice But of all the Inhabitants of these various Countries there 's none more observable for their manner of living than a certain People near unto and upon the Cape and commonly call'd by the Name of Hottantots They 're so term'd from a frequent Repetition of that or such like word and may be reckon'd the most Nasty and Brutish of all reasonable Creatures having nothing save the Shape of Man that can lay claim to that noble Character Their Bodies are usually besmear'd with common Grease or some worse stinking Stuff which occasions a very loathsome smell Their ordinary Habit is a Sheep-Skin just as 't is pull'd off from the Carcase and they use as Ornaments the Guts cum puris Naturalibus wrapt about their Legs and Arms two or three Inches deep on which they frequently feed when scarce of fresh Provisions Notwithstanding of the unparallel'd nastiness of this People yet some Travellers talk of a certain Inland Canibal Nation term'd Cobonas who make frequent Incursions into their Neighbouring Countries and spare none they catch no not the Swinish Hottantots themselves who 't would seem should make but a very unsavory Repast There is a wonderful variety of Languages in those various and vastly extended Countries which go under the Name of Ethiopia Exterior The Inhabitants of Congo
and Angola have each of 'em a peculiar Language of their own In the Eastern Divisions particularly Ajan and Abex the Arabian with Variation of Dialect doth chiefly prevail but the Language in use among those of the Cafres especially the Hotantots doth seem to be only a confus'd and inarticulate Noise and Bellowing The various Divisions of this great Body are subjected to various Sovereigns particularly the Kingdoms of Biafara and Congo are rul'd by their own Kings to whom several Princes are subject The Empires of Monomotapa and Monoemungi are govern'd by their respective Emperors who are reckon'd powerful Princes and to them several Kings are Tributary The People inhabiting the South and South-East Coasts of this great Body except those of the Cafres who know little or nothing of Government are subject to several Princes as Zanguebar is govern'd by some petty Kings of its own and many Places on the Sea Coasts are Tributary to the Portugueses The Coast of Abex doth principally belong to the Turk And lastly Ajan is partly under the Turk and partly it s own Kings The numerous Inhabitants of these many Countries are generally gross Idolaters excepting those of Zanguebar Ajan and Abex who incline to Mahometanism and some on the Coasts of the Cafres particularly the Hottantots abovemention'd do live without any sign of Religion being destitute both of Priest and Temple and never shew any token of Devotion among 'em except we reckon their Dancing at the Full and New Moon for such In the Kingdom of Loango the generarality of People entertain a certain faint Idea of God whom they term Sambian-Pongo but being sunk into the blackest Idolatry they admit of many ridiculous Superstitions in their way of Worship However the Inhabitants of Malemba in the same Kingdom do vastly surpass their Neighbours and by some wonderful Marks of Natural Religion do publickly baffle their gross Stupidity for of them we 're credibly inform'd that they set apart every fifth Day for Publick Worship at which times one of reputed Integrity makes a Publick Oration deterring them from the Commission of Murther Stealth Impurity or such like and to enforce his Exhortation he backs the same with the powerful Topicks of Rewards and Punishments in a Future State affrighting their Conscience with a miserable State in the Society of Benimbe i. e. the Devil on one hand and solacing their Minds on the other with the hopes of enjoying Zammampoango by which they mean God or the Maker of this Visible World They likeways use Circumcision admitting their Children into their Religion by that Ceremony which is perform'd by one of themselves set apart for that Office SECT IX Concerning the African Islands The African Islands being More remarkable as Madagascar The Isles of Cape Verde The Canary Islands The Madera Less remarkable as Zocotora Isles of Comore S. Thomas The Princess Island Anobon S. Helena The Isle of Ascension Madagascar containing many Provinces but very uncertain it s Chief Town is Fanshere upon the S. E. part of the Island Islands of Cape Verde are St. Anthony W. to E. Chief Town of all is S. Jago in the Isle S. Jago S. Vincent S. Lucia S. Nicolas Insula de Sal Bonavista N. E. to S. W. Mago Jago Insula del Fuego Brava The Canary Islands are Lancerota From E. to W. Chief Town of all is Canaria in the Island Canaria Forte ventura Canaria Teneriffe Gomera Ferro Palma Madera lying in 32 deg 30 min. North Latitude It s Chief Town is Tunchal or Tonzal THE most remarkable of the African Islands being here reduc'd to Four Classes viz. Madagascar Cape Verde Islands the Canaries and Madera we shall particularly consider them and then take a General View of all the rest Therefore §. 1. Madagascar THIS Island unknown to the Ancients is term'd by the Spaniards Isla de San Lorenzo by the French St Laurence otherways Dauphine by the Italians Germans and English Madagascar which Name was us'd by the Natives and still retain'd As to the Title of St. Laurence the same was given to this Island by the Portugueses it being on St. Laurence Day that they made their first Discovery of it The Air of this Island is generally very temperate and by most affirm'd to be exceeding wholesome to breath in The opposite Place of the Globe to Madagascar is the South Part of California The Soil of this Island is extraordinary fruitful in many Parts thereof affording all things necessary for the Life of Man in great plenty The length of the Days and Nights in Madagascar is the same as in Monoemungi they both lying under the same Parallels of Latitude The chief Commodities of this Island are Rice Hides Wax Gums Christal Steel Copper Ebony and Wood of all sorts Towards the Eastern Part of this Island is a pleasant and fertil Valley call'd Ambouse which is stockt with several rich Mines of Iron and Steel and yields great store of the Oyl of Sejanum 2. Nigh to the aforesaid Valley is an excellent Medicinal Well of hot Water which proves a ready Cure for Cold Distempers in the Limbs 3 In the same Neighbourhood is a high Mountain on whose Top is a remarkable Spring of very Salt Water though upwards of thirty Leagues from the Sea 4. In this Island especially the Southern Provinces are most sorts of Mineral Waters very different both in Colour Taste and Qualities and some places afford large Pits of Bitumen 5. In this Island is also a River whose Gravel is so exceeding hot that there 's no treading upon it and yet the Water of that River is extreamly hot The Natives of Madagascar are reported to be a Lecherous Ignorant Inhospitable and Treacherous Sort of People they hate Polygamy and still punish Murder by Death Divers singular Customs prevail in several Parts of this Island particularly these two First If any Woman be safely delivered of a live Child and afterwards dye in Child-Bed the living Child is buried with the dead Mother being better say they that the Child should dye than live having no Mother to look after it The other is The exposing of their Children to wild Beasts if brought forth upon an unlucky Day as they term it or during some unfortunate Aspects of the Planets as their Ombiasses or Priests pretend to tell them So numerous are those Days they reckon unlucky that almost one half of the Year is accounted such and hence it is that this Island is so thinly stockt with Inhabitants Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities None The Language here commonly us'd is as barbarous as they who speak it Almost every Province hath its peculiar Dialect yet not so different but that they understand one another so that the Natives of this Island may be said to have but one Tongue in common among 'em all This Island is subject to many particular Lords commonly call'd Rohandrians who are continually at War among themselves
call'd by the Portugucze at their first Discovery of it Anno 1429. because wholly over grown with Trees the word Madeira signifying a Wood. The Air of Maderas being very Temperate considering the Latitude of the Island is generally esteem'd very healthful to breath in That Place of the Globe opposite to Madera is part of the vast Occidental Ocean between 180 and 182 Degrees of Longitude with 32 and 33 Degrees of Southern Latitude The Soil of this Island is very fertil producing in great plenty most sorts of excellent Fruits and a kind of Wine that 's much esteem'd off being fit to keep for a long time both by Sea and Land The length of the Days and Nights in this Island is much the same as in Zaara on the main Continent they both lying under the same Parallels of Latitude The chief Commodities of this Island are excellent Wine and most sorts of desirable Fruits as also Honey and Wax c. What mostly deserves the Epithet of Rare on this Island is that excellent Quality either of its Air or Soil or both which like our Neighbouring Island Ireland proves mortal to all Venomous Animals none such being found here or able to live if brought thither from abroad In the side of a Hill nigh Fonzal is a remarkable Fountain whose Waters do sometimes issue forth in such abundance that the adjacent Parts of the Island are then subject to a terrible Inundation Archbishopricks None One Bishoprick viz. that of Fonzal or Funchale which is Suffragan to Lisbon The Inhabitants of this Island being Portugueze are much the same in Manners with those on the Continent but more vitiously enclin'd if that can be well suppos'd being mighty Proficients in their common Crimes of Theft and Murther The Portugueze here residing do still retain their own Language This Island belonging to the Crown of Portugal is rul'd by a particular Deputy whose place of Residence is commonly at Tonza The Inhabitants of this Island being Portugueze as aforesaid are of the same Religion with that publickly profess'd in the Kingdom of Portugal Having thus considered in particular the most remarkable of the African Islands proceed we now in pursuance of our propos'd Method to take a General View of all the rest or those that are less remarkable Now such Islands to be very brief being strangely scatter'd up and down the Ethiopick and Atlantick Oceans do mightily differ in their Air and Soil according to the various Climates they lie in and in none of 'em is any remarkable place except only the Isle of Zocotora in which is a Town of the same Name As for the chief Observables relating to their Inhabitants particularly their Manners Language and Religion we may sufficiently learn the same only by naming those several States or Sovereigns on the Continent to whom these Islands belong they being generally peopl'd and possess'd by some of them Their present Possessors then in short are as followeth Less remarkable Islands being Zocotora is possess'd by the Arabians Comore the Natives St. Thomas the Portuguexe The Princes Island the Portugueze Annobon the Portugueze St. Helena the English Ascension Island not inhabited And so much for Africa and the African Islands Now followeth CHAP. IV. Of AMERICA Divided page 44. into North comprehending Mexico or N. Spain Capital City Mexico N. Mex or Granada S. Fee Florida Coca Terra Canadensis Boston Terra Arctica South comprehending Terra Firma S. Feede Bagota Peru Lima. Land of the Amazons Brasil S. Salvador Chyli S. Jago Paraguay Assumption Terra Magellanica Terra Antarctica To these add the American Islands Of all which in Order Therefore SECT I. Concerning Mexico or New Spain  d. m. Situated between 259 00 of Long. its greatest Length from S. E to N. W. is about 2520 Miles 297 00 between 08 50 of Latit Breadth from E. to W. is about 840 Miles 30 00 Divided into Audience of Guadalajara C. T. Idem N. W. to S. E. Audience of Mexico Idem Audience of Guatimala S. Jago de Guat Guadalajara comprehends the Provinces of Cinalod Chief Town S. Juan In the Midland from N. to S. New Biscay Barbara Zacaticas Zacatecas Guadalajara Idem Chiameltan St. Sebastian On the Sea Coast from N. to S. Xalisco Compostella Mexico comprehends the Provinces of Panuco Idem On Sinus Mexicanus from N. W. to S. E. Mexico Idem Mechoacan Idem Los Angelos Idem Antequera Idem Tabasco Port Royal Jucutan Merida Guatimala comprehends the Provinces of Soco Nusco Guevetland from N. W. to S. E. on the South Sea Guatimald S. Jago de Guat Nicaragua Leon Cost a Rica Carthago Veragua Conception Honduras New Valladolid From S. E. on N. W. upon Sinus Mexic Vera Pax Idem Chiapa Cividad real THIS Country discovered at first by John Grijalve but more exactly view'd and at last conquered by the Valiant Ferdinando Cortez Anno 15 18. is term'd by the Italians Spagna Novella by the Spaniards Nueva Espana by the French Nouvelle Espagne by the Germans Neu Spanien and by the English Mexico or New Spain call'd Mexico from the chief City thereof and New Spain to distinguish it from the Kingdom of Spain in Europe Notwithstanding this Country for the most part lieth within the Torrid Zone yet the Air is very temperate and generally reckon'd extraordinary wholsome to breath in being qualifi'd with refreshing Showers in the hottest Months and cool Breezes from the Sea all the Year The opposite Place of the Globe to New Spain is part of the East-India Ocean lying between 80 and 117 Degrees of Longitude with 8 and 30 Degrees of South Latitude This Country lying in the 3d and 4th North Climate is bless'd with a very fertil Soil producing many sorts of Grain as Wheat Barley Pulse and Maize several kinds of Fruits as Pomegranats Oranges Lemons Citrons Malicatons Cherries Pears Apples Figs Cocoa-Nuts and great plenty of Herbs Plants and Roots Here also are some rich Mines of Gold and Silver and vast and spacious Plains affording the best of Pasturage The longest Day in the Northmost Part of this Country is about 13 Hours ¾ the shortest in the Southmost 12½ and the Nights proportionably The chief Commodities of this Country are Wooll Cotton Sugar Silk Cochencel Feathers Honey Balm Amber Salt Tallow Hides Tobacco Ginger and divers Medicinal Drugs About three Leagues from Guayaca is the Stump of a Hollow Tree call'd Tlaco-Chavoya which was of a prodigious bigness when intire being then reckon'd sixteen Fathoms in compass near the Root and somewhat higher twelve Before 't was Thunder struck which occasion'd the hollowness no fewer than a thousand Men 't is said could conveniently shelter themselves from Rain under its wide extended Boughs 2 In several Parts of this Country grows a certain Tree call'd Maguey which may be said to yield Water Oyl Wine Honey and Vinegar For the Body of the Tree being big and hollow
several Rivulets and those affording many excellent Fish especially Tortoise The length of the Days and Nights in Jamaica is the same as in the middle Provinces of New Spain they both lying under the same Parallels of Latitude The chief Commodities of this Island are Cocao Sugar Indico Cotton Tobacco Hides Copper Piemento or Jamaica-Pepper Tortoise-Shells Wood for Dyers and several sorts of Drugs c. This Island is furnish'd with some Springs of Mineral-Waters particularly two whereof one is Sulphurous and the other Salt but both approved of for the common Distempers of the place 2 In divers Parts of Jamaica grows that Fruit call'd the Machinel Apple which is very beautiful to the Eye of a pleasant Smell and Taste yet Mortal if eaten whence some term it the Eve-Apple 3 Here are many Shiningflies a king of Cantharides appearing of a green Colour in the Day-time but shining in the Night with such a Lustre that one may see to Read by their light 4. Of all Creatures belonging to this Island the most remarkable is the Allegator that destructive Animal commonly harbouring in or near to Rivers and large Land-Ponds Although he be a very big Creature and about ten fifteen or twenty Foot in length yet he 's hatcht of an Egg not larger than that of a Turkey His Back being full of hard Scales is impenetrable whereupon 't is a difficult matter to kill him unless he receive a Wound in the Eye or Belly He is an Amphibious Animal and to enable him either to Walk upon dry Ground or Swim in the Water Nature hath furnisht him both with Feet and Fins In moving on the Land he 's very swift providing his Course be streight forward but extremely slow in turning and therefore easily avoided Lastly In Jamaica are produc'd some rare Plants much regarded by the Inquisitive Botanist But for a particular Account of them and all others found both in this and several of the Caribbee Islands I refer the Reader to a curious Catalogue publish'd some Years ago by that great Promoter of Natural Knowledge the Ingenious Dr. Sloane Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities None The Inhabitants of this Island being English are much the same in Manners with those in the Kingdom of England only with this difference that the generality of 'em is somewhat more vitiously enclin'd a thing too common in most of our Western Plantations This Island being intirely inhabited by English they retain and still use their own Native Language Jamaica is wholly subject to the Crown of England and rul'd by a particular Governor sent thither by His Majesty the King of Great Britain The Laws by which they 're govern'd are as near as can be to those of England Here they have several Courts of Judicatory for hearing and determining of all Causes between Man and Man and for the better Assistance of the Governor he is furnisht with his Council to consult with when occasion requires The Inhabitants of this Island are of the same Religion with that publickly posess'd and by Law establisht in England excepting the Negroe-Slaves who both here and in other Islands of the English Plantations are still kept in woful Ignorance which is undoubtedly a grievous Scandal to our Holy Profession in general and an abominable Shame to their respective Masters in particular But let such Masters know that the time is coming when the now despised Souls of those toiling Slaves will certainly be requir'd at their Hands §. 5. Hispaniola THIS Island discover'd by Columbus Anno 1492. is term'd by the Spaniards Espaniola by the French Espagnole by the Italians Germans and English Hispaniola so call'd by the first Planters therein viz. the Spaniards as a Diminutive of their own Country The Air of this Island is much inferior to that in Jamaica being much infested with morning Heats which would be intollerable were they not allayed by some cooling Breezes in the Afternoon The opposite Place of the Globe to Hispaniola is that part of the East-Indian Ocean lying between 120 and 130 Degrees of Longitude with 17 and 21 Degrees of South Latitude This Island is bless'd with an extraordinary rich and fertil Soil The Trees and Meadows in it are still so green that we may truly say it enjoys a continual Spring Herbs and Fruits are said to ripen in eighteen Days and so rich and fruitful is the Native Turf that of several Grain the common Increase is an hundred-fold Here is abundance of Palm-Trees of a prodigious height and bigness in whose Body an Incision being made near the Root from thence doth flow a Liquor usually call'd Palm-Wine which being kept for some time fermenteth and becomes very strong These Trees are also term'd Cabbage-Trees because their Tops resemble European Cabbage and is commonly us'd as such by the Spaniards Here is also great plenty of Sugar-Canes and some rich Mines of Gold The length of the Days and Nights in Hispaniola is the same as in the middle Provinces of New Spain they both lying under the same Parallels of Latitude The chief Commodities of this Island are Cattle Hides Cassia Sugar Ginger Cocheneel Guiacum c. In this Island is some store of Genipa-Trees whose Fruit about the bigness of a Man's two Fists being press'd before thorow Ripe affords a Juice as black as Ink and fit to write with all did it not disappear intirely in nine or ten Days 2. Here grows another Tree call'd Mananilla or Dwarf Apple-Tree whose Fruit is of so venemous a quality that if any Person eat thereof he 's instantly seiz'd with an unquenchable Thirst and dies raving Mad in a short time 3. Of the many Insects belonging to this Island the Glow-worm term'd by the Spaniards Cochinillas is most remarkable and that chiefly for two little Specks on its Head which by Night give so much Light that if a Person lay three or four of those Creatures together he may see to read the smallest Print 4 In Hispaniola are Spiders about the bigness of an ordinary Hens Egg having Legs as long as Sea-Crabs of a middle size They are hairy all over and have four black Teeth like Rabbets and commonly bite very sharply but are not venemous 5 Most remarkable of all Creatures in this Island is the Cayman commonly reckon'd the Crocodile of Hispaniola which being an Animal of a prodigious bigness is much noted for his rare subtilty in catching his Prey for lying upon a River-side he so gathereth his Body together that in form he resembles exactly the large Trunk of an old Tree In which Posture he continues till Cattle or other Creatures come to the River to drink when to their great surprize he suddenly springs up and assaults them And to enhaunce the Wonder this strange Creature is said to use yet a more strange Stratagem to effect his end for Travellers generally affirm of him That before he lays himself as aforesaid upon the River-side he