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which_o regard_n i_o prefer_v the_o target_n of_o aelian_n before_o that_o of_o leo_n aelians_n reach_v up_o to_o the_o height_n of_o the_o neck_n from_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o thigh_n leos_n carry_v a_o handful_n more_o in_o breadth_n which_o in_o the_o circumference_n grow_v to_o a_o good_a proportion_n of_o weight_n and_o greatness_n 4_o no_o short_a than_o 8_o cubit_n that_o be_v 12_o foot_n short_a pike_n against_o long_o have_v a_o great_a disadvantage_n with_o the_o long_a pike_n a_o man_n be_v able_a to_o strike_v and_o kill_v his_o enemy_n before_o himself_o can_v be_v touch_v or_o come_v in_o danger_n of_o a_o short_a the_o pike_n keep_v the_o enemy_n out_o so_o far_o as_o the_o length_n be_v the_o experience_n of_o the_o battle_n of_o 8._o sorano_n show_v it_o where_o vitellozzo_n vitelli_n discomfit_v the_o almain_n only_a with_o the_o advantage_n of_o pike_n a_o arm_n long_o than_o they_o against_o long_a pike_n this_o policy_n be_v use_v by_o cleonymus_n the_o lacedaemonian_a king_n as_o 2._o polienus_n tell_v cleonymus_n besiege_v aedessa_n and_o have_v overthrow_v the_o wall_n of_o the_o city_n the_o pikeman_n of_o the_o city_n sail_v out_o who_o pike_n be_v each_o 16_o cubit_n in_o length_n cleonymus_n close_v his_o phalange_n in_o depth_n and_o command_v the_o fileleader_n to_o lay_v away_o their_o pike_n and_o when_o the_o pikeman_n of_o the_o enemy_n come_v to_o charge_n to_o seize_v upon_o their_o pike_n with_o both_o hand_n and_o hold_v they_o fast_o and_o the_o follower_n to_o pass_v through_o by_o the_o fileleader_n side_n and_o maintain_v the_o fight_n the_o fileleader_n lay_v hold_v on_o the_o pike_n and_o the_o enemy_n strive_v to_o recover_v they_o out_o of_o their_o hand_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o follower_n pass_v through_o the_o rank_n of_o file_n leader_n to_o the_o front_n slay_v the_o enemy_n pikeman_n and_o get_v the_o victory_n this_o be_v cleonymus_n device_n against_o long_a pike_n which_o notwithstanding_o derogate_v nothing_o from_o the_o length_n of_o pike_n more_o than_o from_o shortness_n for_o the_o same_o policy_n may_v have_v prevail_v as_o well_o against_o short_a pike_n as_o long_o each_o assoon_o as_o the_o enemy_n have_v seize_v upon_o they_o grow_v to_o be_v of_o no_o use_n but_o that_o the_o long_a pike_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o the_o short_a i_o have_v show_v before_o by_o reason_n and_o the_o reformation_n of_o arm_n make_v by_o iphicrates_n among_o the_o athenian_n and_o by_o philopoman_n among_o the_o achaian_o will_v be_v warrant_n enough_o so_o to_o hold_v in_o the_o length_n notwithstanding_o aught_o to_o be_v a_o reasonable_a consideration_n that_o it_o exceed_v not_o the_o measure_n of_o his_o strength_n that_o shall_v bear_v the_o pike_n the_o worth_n that_o the_o fileleader_n and_o next_o follower_n shall_v be_v of_o chap._n xiii_o the_o fileleader_n as_o the_o commander_n of_o file_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v to_o be_v the_o choice_n and_o flower_n of_o the_o army_n and_o to_o excel_v the_o rest_n as_o well_o in_o stature_n as_o in_o experience_n and_o martial_a skâ—ll_n for_o this_o rank_n knit_v and_o bind_v in_o the_o phalange_n and_o of_o all_o other_o yield_v great_a use_n for_o as_o a_o sword_n take_v to_o the_o edge_n as_o a_o weight_n and_o sway_n the_o swell_a iron_n towards_o the_o back_n exhibit_v thereby_o more_o violence_n in_o pierce_v so_o in_o a_o phalange_n the_o rank_n of_o fileleader_n be_v the_o edge_n itself_o and_o the_o multitude_n of_o aftercommer_n be_v the_o swell_a and_o sway_n and_o increase_v of_o weight_n consideration_n must_v be_v have_v likewise_o of_o those_o that_o follow_v in_o the_o second_o rank_n for_o their_o pike_n reach_v joint_o over_o the_o front_n and_o be_v next_o in_o place_n they_o be_v always_o ready_a for_o use_v and_o the_o file-leader_n fall_v or_o be_v wound_v the_o next_o follower_n step_v to_o the_o front_n in_o his_o place_n hold_v together_o and_o preserve_v the_o tenor_n of_o that_o rank_n unbroken_a furthermore_o we_o be_v to_o order_v the_o three_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n according_a to_o reason_n and_o as_o the_o valour_n of_o our_o soldier_n shall_v require_v this_o chapter_n show_v how_o the_o soldier_n be_v to_o be_v order_v in_o every_o file_n whereof_o because_o i_o have_v before_o speak_v sufficient_o in_o my_o note_n to_o the_o five_o chapter_n and_o the_o word_n of_o this_o chapter_n carry_v no_o difficulty_n or_o obscurity_n with_o they_o i_o will_v forbear_v to_o treat_v any_o further_a of_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n and_o length_n of_o the_o soldier_n pike_n chap._n xiiii_o the_o 1_o macedonian_a phalange_n have_v of_o enemy_n be_v think_v unresistible_a by_o reason_n of_o 2_o the_o manner_n of_o embattail_v for_o the_o soldier_n with_o his_o arm_n stand_v in_o close_a order_n or_o shut_v when_o he_o be_v ready_a for_o fight_v 3_o occupy_v two_o cubit_n of_o ground_n and_o the_o length_n of_o his_o pike_n be_v sixteen_o cubit_n according_a to_o the_o first_o institution_n but_o in_o truth_n it_o ought_v to_o be_v fourteen_o cubit_n whereof_o the_o 4_o space_n betwixt_o the_o hand_n in_o charge_v take_v up_o two_o cubit_n the_o other_o twelve_o lie_v out_o from_o the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n those_o in_o the_o second_o rank_n that_o stand_v next_o to_o the_o leader_n lose_v four_o cubit_n in_o the_o phalange_n have_v their_o pike_n reach_v over_o the_o first_o rank_n ten_o cubit_n those_o of_o the_o three_o rank_n eight_o cubit_n of_o the_o four_o rank_n six_o cubit_n of_o the_o five_o 4_o cubit_n of_o the_o six_o 2_o cubit_n 5_o the_o pike_n of_o the_o other_o behind_o can_v attain_v to_o the_o first_o rank_n and_o see_v five_o or_o six_o pike_n be_v charge_v over_o the_o first_o rank_n they_o present_v a_o fearful_a sight_n to_o the_o enemy_n and_o double_a the_o strength_n of_o the_o soldier_n stand_v fortify_v as_o it_o be_v with_o five_o or_o six_o pike_n and_o second_v with_o a_o main_a force_n at_o his_o back_n as_o the_o figure_n show_v moreover_o they_o that_o be_v place_v after_o the_o six_o rank_n albeit_o they_o push_v not_o with_o their_o pike_n yet_o thrust_v on_o with_o the_o weight_n of_o their_o body_n reinforce_v the_o strength_n and_o power_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o leave_v no_o hope_n for_o the_o fileleader_n to_o fly_v or_o shift_v away_o some_o will_v have_v the_o hinder_a pike_n long_o than_o the_o foremost_a that_o they_o of_o the_o three_o and_o four_o rank_n may_v bear_v out_o the_o head_n of_o their_o pike_n equal_o with_o the_o first_o 6_o the_o superordinary_a lieutenant_n of_o every_o syntagma_n must_v be_v a_o man_n of_o understanding_n oversee_n the_o soldier_n of_o his_o command_n that_o they_o file_n and_o rank_n and_o if_o for_o fear_n or_o other_o occasion_n any_o forsake_v their_o ground_n he_o be_v to_o compel_v they_o again_o to_o their_o place_n and_o in_o close_v to_o put_v they_o when_o need_n require_v as_o near_o up_o together_o as_o they_o shall_v stand_v for_o it_o be_v a_o great_a strength_n and_o assurance_n to_o the_o phalange_n to_o have_v some_o principal_a commander_n not_o only_o in_o front_n but_o also_o in_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o battle_n for_o the_o cause_n before_o mention_v note_n the_o strength_n of_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n which_o consist_v principal_o in_o the_o e._n protension_n and_o charge_v of_o pike_n and_o knit_v together_o of_o target_n be_v here_o set_v down_o the_o whole_a chapter_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v take_v out_o of_o e._n polybius_n who_o handle_v the_o same_o argument_n and_o almost_o with_o the_o same_o word_n but_o that_o aelian_a and_o he_o differ_v about_o the_o number_n of_o cubit_n which_o the_o pike_n take_v up_o reach_v over_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n 1_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n have_v be_v think_v to_o be_v unresistible_a the_o strength_n of_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n appear_v no_o way_n better_o than_o by_o the_o conquest_n it_o have_v make_v king_n philip_n be_v the_o inventor_n of_o it_o and_o by_o that_o invention_n raise_v the_o kingdom_n of_o macedonia_n from_o the_o poor_a to_o the_o powerful_a and_o great_a kingdom_n of_o europe_n and_o that_o i_o may_v use_v the_o word_n of_o 510._o diodorus_n siculus_n find_v the_o crown_n at_o his_o come_n to_o it_o in_o bondage_n to_o the_o illyrian_n make_v it_o afterward_o lady_n of_o many_o great_a nation_n and_o city_n and_o purchase_v to_o himself_o to_o be_v declare_v general_n of_o greece_n and_o first_o overthrow_v the_o illyrian_n pâ—onians_n thracian_n and_o scythian_n afterward_o let_v upon_o the_o kingdom_n oâ—_n persia_n to_o break_v it_o after_o he_o have_v enfranchise_v the_o 〈◊〉_d city_n of_o asia_n and_o albeit_o death_n intercept_v he_o yet_o he_o leave_v such_o
force_n to_o his_o son_n aleander_n that_o he_o need_v no_o other_o ally_n to_o overthrow_v the_o sovereignty_n of_o persia._n after_o his_o death_n 〈…〉_z alexander_n â—ooke_v his_o langdome_n and_o army_n and_o with_o it_o encounter_v and_o five_o inquish_a darius_n in_o two_o great_a battle_n run_v through_o asia_n like_o a_o flash_n of_o 〈◊〉_d renâ—ing_v a_o piece_n aâ—_n that_o resâ—ted_v or_o stand_v in_o his_o way_n and_o lay_v the_o foundation_n of_o that_o kingdom_n which_o albeit_o afterward_o divide_v continue_v long_o in_o his_o successor_n neither_o be_v the_o experience_n of_o their_o invinciblenesse_n against_o the_o barbarous_a people_n only_o but_o as_o much_o against_o the_o grecian_n who_o â—ill_v philip_n time_n be_v esteem_v the_o chief_a master_n of_o arm_n in_o europe_n this_o be_v clear_a by_o the_o victory_n the_o macedonian_n obtain_v against_o the_o renown_a city_n of_o greece_n both_o joint_o and_o several_o 〈…〉_z philip_n overthrow_v the_o phocean_n albeit_o the_o lacedaemonian_n and_o athenian_n join_v with_o they_o the_o same_o 〈…〉_z philip_n at_o cheronaea_n defeat_v the_o power_n of_o the_o theban_n and_o athenian_n join_v together_o 〈…〉_z alexander_n take_v and_o sack_v the_o city_n of_o thebes_n that_o about_o that_o time_n be_v account_v the_o might_a city_n of_o greece_n 〈…〉_z his_o lieutenant_n antipater_n foil_v the_o lacedâ—nians_n 〈◊〉_d battle_n â—nd_v steâ—_n their_o king_n agis_n 〈…〉_z antigonus_n tutor_n of_o king_n phiâ—p_n the_o son_n of_o demetrius_n break_v a_o army_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n and_o peloponesiâ—_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o chase_v out_o of_o greece_n cleomenes_n the_o last_o brave_a king_n of_o sparta_n 〈◊〉_d they_o be_v not_o beat_v in_o the_o field_n by_o any_o nation_n but_o only_o by_o the_o roman_n and_o yet_o the_o judgement_n of_o 〈…〉_z polybius_n do_v in_o this_o also_o prove_v itself_o good_a for_o where_o the_o roman_n have_v these_o victory_n against_o the_o macedonian_n he_o assign_v this_o to_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o phalange_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o fight_n have_v not_o the_o proper_a place_n nor_o mean_n to_o use_v it_o own_o power_n in_o the_o encounter_n so_o long_o as_o the_o phalange_n have_v ground_n enough_o and_o can_v meet_v the_o enemy_n with_o a_o right_a front_n he_o hold_v it_o not_o possible_a to_o be_v foil_v be_v divide_v and_o in_o place_n uneven_a he_o be_v of_o opinion_n and_o experience_n have_v teach_v it_o may_v easy_o be_v put_v in_o a_o rout_n 〈…〉_z plutarch_n compare_v it_o for_o strength_n so_o long_o as_o it_o be_v one_o body_n and_o maintain_v the_o synaspisme_n joint_o to_o a_o invincible_a beast_n be_v disâ—evered_v he_o say_v it_o lose_v the_o force_n in_o the_o whole_a and_o in_o every_o man_n particular_a both_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o manner_n of_o arm_v and_o also_o because_o the_o violence_n oâ—_n it_o consist_v rather_o in_o knit_v of_o all_o part_n together_o than_o in_o particular_a of_o any_o man_n valour_n three_o battle_n to_o praetermit_v aivers_a skirmish_n i_o find_v the_o roman_n 〈◊〉_d with_o and_o thiem_v 〈◊〉_d the_o macedonian_n one_o against_o king_n philip_n the_o son_n of_o demeâ—us_n a_o 〈◊〉_d against_o antiochus_n the_o three_o against_o perâ—eus_n the_o soâ—e_a of_o king_n pâ—lip_n 〈…〉_z for_o i_o paâ—_n over_o those_o wherein_o they_o be_v beat_v by_o pyâ—hus_n 〈◊〉_d worâ—_n 〈…〉_z philip_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d phalange_n and_o not_o use_v the_o whole_a together_o but_o fight_v against_o the_o roman_n with_o the_o right_a wing_n only_o yet_o have_v the_o better_a and_o wâ—_n too_o â—ard_o for_o that_o part_n of_o the_o roman_a army_n that_o join_v with_o he_o but_o the_o other_o 〈…〉_z winâ—_n come_v into_o the_o field_n fit_v rather_o for_o a_o march_n than_o a_o fight_n and_o not_o be_v able_a to_o order_v themselves_o phalaâ—ge-wise_a be_v soon_o defeat_v and_o the_o roman_a victorious_a fall_v upon_o the_o râ—re_a oâ—_n the_o right_a winâ—_n where_o philip_n be_v and_o have_v now_o get_v the_o victory_n and_o so_o 〈◊〉_d the_o field_n antiochus_n unskilful_a in_o true_a order_n of_o a_o phalange_n trusteâ—_n 〈…〉_z 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d horse_n than_o his_o phalange_n and_o be_v to_o fight_v with_o l_o scipio_n where_o he_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d give_v full_a scope_n anâ—_n extend_v the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n by_o make_v it_o 16_o deep_a 〈◊〉_d contrariwise_a narrow_v it_o 〈◊〉_d out_o the_o depth_n into_o 32_o whereby_o he_o lose_v the_o advantage_n of_o match_v the_o â—ront_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o after_o his_o horse_n be_v beat_v give_v facility_n to_o the_o enemy_n of_o 〈◊〉_d on_o it_o all_o side_n 〈…〉_z perseus_n join_v battle_n with_o paulus_n aemiâ—us_n 〈◊〉_d long_a 〈◊〉_d the_o phalange_n continue_v in_o the_o right_a figure_n slay_v many_o of_o the_o roman_n anâ—_n force_v they_o to_o retire_v but_o follow_v on_o too_o eager_o he_o come_v to_o uneven_a and_o rough_a ground_n wherein_o the_o phalange_n be_v dissever_v left_a space_n and_o breach_n for_o the_o roman_n to_o enter_v and_o defeat_v it_o so_o long_o then_o as_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n have_v fit_a ground_n and_o the_o right_a property_n of_o embattail_v it_o stand_v fast_o against_o the_o roman_n the_o great_a soldier_n that_o ever_o be_v be_v in_o their_o hand_n that_o know_v not_o how_o to_o use_v it_o as_o a_o sword_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o a_o child_n it_o yield_v to_o time_n and_o fortune_n the_o cause_n of_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v assign_v to_o be_v 2_o the_o manner_n of_o embattail_v which_o consist_v principal_o in_o order_v of_o target_n and_o pike_n in_o close_v of_o the_o target_n by_o synaspisme_n and_o in_o joint_a charge_v of_o the_o pike_n which_o lie_v out_o thick_a from_o the_o front_n beside_o the_o horror_n of_o the_o sight_n give_v almost_o a_o impossibility_n to_o enter_v the_o phalange_n i_o have_v allege_v the_o judgement_n of_o aemilio_n aemilius_n concern_v the_o sight_n present_v by_o a_o phalange_n when_o the_o pike_n lie_v so_o charge_v out_o of_o the_o front_n a._n polybius_n think_v nothing_o can_v resist_v the_o force_n thereof_o c._n livy_n albeit_o many_o time_n more_o than_o partial_a to_o the_o roman_n yet_o in_o the_o selfsame_o fight_n between_o perseus_n and_o aemilius_n give_v his_o judgement_n thus_o of_o the_o phalange_n the_o second_o legion_n say_v he_o insinuate_v itself_o into_o the_o middle_n empty_a place_n and_o so_o break_v asunder_o the_o phalange_n neither_o be_v there_o any_o more_o evident_a cause_n of_o victory_n than_o the_o fight_v in_o diverse_a place_n at_o once_o which_o first_o trouble_v the_o phalange_n in_o turn_v many_o way_n and_o afterward_o plain_o disjoint_v and_o scatter_v it_o who_o force_n be_v unite_a and_o rough_a with_o charge_a pike_n be_v intolerable_a if_o by_o give_v on_o in_o diverse_a place_n you_o constrain_v it_o to_o bring_v about_o the_o pike_n immovable_a through_o length_n and_o weight_n it_o entangle_v itself_o with_o confuse_a cross_n if_o at_o one_o 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