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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A49755	Nurseries, orchards, profitable gardens, and vineyards encouraged the present obstructions removed, and probable expedients for the better progress proposed, for the general benefit of His Majesties dominions, and more particularly of Cambridge and the champain-countries and northern parts of England : in several letters out of the country directed to Henry Oldenburg, Esq. ... / the first letter from Anthony Lawrence, all the rest from John Beale ...	Lawrence, Anthony, 17th cent.; Beale, John, 1603-1683?; Oldenburg, Henry, 1615?-1677.	1677 (1677)	Wing L651; ESTC R11301	15,432	32

And that London by assisting the Fishery of England Wales Scotland Ireland New-found-land New-England Bermudas and his Majesties other Islands shall raise our Naval affairs and all our seafaring concernments and our Forein Trade far above any former Examples And this in the sentiment of a Country-Clown is the surest expedient to hold all these Kingdoms and Dominions together and united under one Monarchy without which London cannot be London And this is Englands true Interest POSTSCRIPT TO smooth what hath been here rudely advised if any are willing to have more indulgence for Nurseries they may be more punctually directed by Mr. Austen Dr. Sharroc Mr. Drope the French Gardener and Le Gendre whose Preface I called Inspiring because it is able to inspire a Prince or an Emperour a Cyrus or a Dioclesian to fall to the Hortulan work with his own hands Claudite jam rivos pueri fat prata biberunt The Second LETTER Concerning ORCHARDS VINEYARDS By John Beale D. D. and Fellow of the Royal Society I Am glad they have Cherry-Orchards in the Neighbourhood of Cambridge These if ordered for their best advantage will be no obstruction but a proper expedient to bring on Plantations of Nurseries and of Orchards for the best Cider and for other good fruit And a very fine and brisk Wine may be made of some sorts of Cherries But few have yet hit the right Art of making the best Cherry-Wine Sir Kenelm Digby shews us his way of making Cherry-Wine in his Closet a Book which will shortly be in great esteem for manifold uses but especially when our good hospitable Ladies have throughly learnt the due manner of using Sugar and seasonable Fermentations for as many or more kinds of Artificial Wines as heretofore and at present they use Honey to make Meaths Metheglins Braggets Hydromels Medeas and such like Compositions Of which sorts I think he reckons above 90 several ways practised by honourable Persons in England and where these Honey-drinks are made best and are in greatest esteem in other parts of Europe 2. When the use of Sugar shall be brought into common practice and as well known as the use of Honey is and hath been many Ages then we shall know the true worth of Dr. Jonathan Goddards proposal for making Wine of the Sugar-cane mentioned in the History of the Royal Society p. 193. For when we have done our best for Cider it is only the Sugar-cane that can challenge all the Vines in the world And if these be sometimes offensive by too much lusciousness they may be helped by wholsom mixtures of a pleasing austereness or gentle poignancy more acceptable to the stomach This may be had from some sorts of Plums and other Vinous Berries of which Vinetum Britannicum gives the fullest accompt of any that is yet extant This Vinetum and Sir Kenelm Digby's Closet are at present seasonable furniture for a Ladies Closet to instruct in that practical devotion and charity which obligeth our Country and keeps the Poor from idleness and famine 3. And such mixtures of the Wine of the Grape as these which I here propose for mixtures with Sugar and much more than I can propose without Transcripts are so ancient both in old Greece and in old Italy that I think no Antiquary can name their Origin For two thousand years we are sure and can shew abundance of particular Receipts the Ingredients and the Dose punctually in Cato Columella Constantine the Emperour and Palladius who derives one of his Compositions from the Oracle of Apollo Quod Cretensibus Oraculum Pithii Apollinis monstrasse memoratur saith he Octob. Tit. 14. And we know that Crete or Candy hath been long famous for excellent Wines I cannot say how far the ancient Conditures of Wine and their mixtures and boylings of Wine do agree with our modern sophistications and jumblings and recoveries but for wholsomness I dare lay a good wager on the side of the Ancients my self to drink it in the old way our Merchants and Vintners to drink it in their own new dress And for varieties I dare from the Ancients challenge the skilfullest of our New men Peter de Crescentii● is none of the Ancients but I may take him on my side against our last Innovators dwelling at the sign of the Bush And this boldness I take though with some compass to hedge in a defence of the design of Vinetum Britannicum and of our honourable Ladies artificial Wines made by the mixture of Sugar with all the fanative and restorative Simples Vegetables Spices and Drugs which Nature hath hitherto brought forth 4. But yet I have much to say for the Wine of the Grape though with some disparagement to our own Country-men who have done so little for it after they have had such bright Instructions and such lively encouragements from Mr. Evelyn and Mr. Rose in their English Vineyards published Anno 1666. Mr. Rose then offering all that desire it with Sets and Plants of the best Vines sufficiently tried in our own Soyl and Climate at reasonable rates And Mr. Hughes enlarging in his Compleat Vineyard as the manner is in Germany And now newly the twice-named Vinetum adds more spurs and his particular directions Our Mansions and our Out-houses and almost every Wall and Bank and Cottage hath one side aspecting the South and both England and Wales have Mountains and Hills Precipices and Rocks as good as Walls to ripen Grapes for the Table for Wine and for Brandy and when that fails for sauce and for Vinegar And the labour and art is less than every Country-boy learns in a Hop-yard and one skilful vine-dresser may teach hundreds and whole Provinces as of late years one skilful Hop-man taught a whole Country And multitudes raise clamours that Trade decays and make loud out-cries that they want work and honest employment and we see and too well know that England swarms with idle Vagrants Beggars and Indigents a great burthen and a great shame to the Kingdom Now here is one special remedy and gentile employment for generous Families And this Paper may yet offer much more of sure and speedy remedies 5. I must add a word for Vines to shew How easily and speedily they may be propagated all over England at very small charges Before Mr. Rose obliged us I found in several parts of England the Black Cluster-Grape which Mr. Rose commends in the first place and also a very excellent White or light Watchet Grape both which were so easily ripe and constantly in such abundance far more Northerly than Cambridge lies that I am perswaded they will prosper well in some parts of Scotland where they have a longer Summer-day than we have and in those parts of Ireland where they have the same Sun that we have and the Air less pluvious since they have drained many of their great Loughs or Boggs They are best planted from Layers well rooted But in a bed of ten foot square I tried Cutlings which

can bear his Canting Rhimes All later Writers and long experience do confirm this his Sentiment and all his Instances do hold too true to this day By Inclosures and Culture the worst Land in England yields Tenfold more profit besides many other advantages hinted here and in other parts of his Comparison than that which is here called the best and richest Land as will yet appear if we compare these which were lately the furzy parts of Devonshire with the Champain of Leicestershire and Cambridgeshire And what he saith here is all to very great purpose for offices of Charity Imployment for the Poor and for multitudes of Labourers for Populousness the strength riches and glory of the Kingdom And if he may challenge a Tenfold improvement for the ordinary Inclosures of those times we may with modesty promise a Twenty-fold for our extraordinary and modern skill in Hortulan affairs And in his last clause Tusser shews That the Lords of Mannors are as much concerned for the advance of their Revenues by Inclosures as the Vulgar for their ease plenty and some kind of prosperity Again what a Ioy is it known When men may be bold with their own Saith Tusser in a latter Edition 8. Now I proceed to represent with what facility this great and good work may be brought on by Nurseries and young Thickets of Quicksets Every Lord of a Mannor and most of the substantial Free-holders can find a few Acres safely inclosed for such purpose in his own possession and a few Acres rightly ordered for those Uses may furnish a Province for Quicksets and all sorts of better Standards for Orchards How it may be done at small charges and with dispatch our Tusser will tell us Go plow up or delve up advised with skill The breadth of a ridge and in length as ye will Whose speedy Quickset for a fence ye will draw To sow in the seed of the Bramble and Haw October v. 8. This is the brief of the old plain way And this is in the worst case namely to beget a Fence or Inclosure where there is none And any Bramble or other wild bushes are better than no fence But where the Inclosure is already provided his advice is more magnificent or lofty Sow Acorns ye Owners that Timber do love Sow haw and Rye with them the better to prove October v. 6. And if the ground be reasonably in heart and of a sufficient depth a strong Plow by cross plowing and weighty Harrows may make the ground mellow and fine enough for the Seeds of all hedges bushes and trees of the Neighbourhood for Seeds of Ashes Maples Elms Sycamores and the like and for Kernels of Crabs Apples and Pears and for Stones of all stone-fruit There also they may prick-in or set with the Hoe Walnuts Chesnuts Beech Nuts Filberts and for no great charge the Seeds of Pines Firrs and whatever else the Owners delight in as is copiously digested in Mr. Evelyns SYLVA For such Seeds as require finer work here and there the Garden-Rake may do it And for such as do not kindly bear Transplantation and for such as are to remain there for standards the Seeds may be set three or four in a place at fit distance and in rows of the Quincunx Order or in perfect Squares 9. I have heard some good Husbandmen say They can well remember when this slight way was the only way that was in use to raise these Orchards which are now esteemed the best and the most fruitful in England And it is yet pleaded by some of good experience that the Wildings taken out of such Thickets do commonly thrive better upon removals into Nurseries or Orchards than those Plants that have been tended more curiously and nicely And in reason we may probably expect That Seedlings or Stocks drawn out of Thickets thus rudely ordered should be kinder than those which are taken from Roots or from Under-trees or from Hedge-rows or out of the wildest Coppices whether the Seeds were brought by Birds or other casualties where they were left to shift for their own propagation without other culture And yet by common experience we find that these Shifters do thrive well enough for Transplantations into Nurseries or Orchards If the root and the lower part of the stem be sound the graft which is placed there seldom complains of the injuries done to the top before the graffing by droppings of Trees or by bruttings of Cattle or by oppression or incroachments of neighbouring Plants I have oftentimes seen these when at full freedom advance their grafts more speedily than those that have been most tended by curious culture 10. Some nice Wall-fruit and such as are to be planted in Gardens may deserve a more curious diligence at first And in this our thicket if the soyl and shelter will allow it the Rake may prepare fit places for these or for any kind of curiosities For which there may be found accurate directions in the French Gardiner and in the Sieur le Gendre his manner of Ordering Fruit-trees by an experience of almost fifty years as he saith in his Inspiring Preface 11. Now we come to the main point Some of these Quicksets will be ready and fit to be drawn for the Neighbourhood every year And if they be taken up with discretion those which remain especially such as are fit to be left for standards will thrive much the better for the frequent gentle and wary stirring or turning of the earth about their roots And at this cheap rate and indeed for the better advance of our own Quicksets here is work enough and stuff enough to engage all the Ring-leaders of the tumultuous Rabble to call in all their Parties and to stickle as stoutly for Inclosures as ever they did formerly to hinder them Meanwhile Gentlemen and Freeholders may thus accommodate themselves and set easie bargains to all their own Relations and adherents younger Brothers Servants and Tenants which in the end will prove a great increase of their own Patrimonies and Revenues and a blessing to all the Neighbourhood And thus many Commons which have been hitherto little better than waste-grounds may in a short time become populous Villages and well provided of all necessaries 12. And because our experience grows yearly by new discoveries of excellent Cider-fruit for all Seasons and for all diversities of palates for the first Summer and for durance two three four or more years some by their peculiar kind and some by right sorting them in mixtures in the grinding time by both which ways we in the West have already found many sorts of Cider that do manifestly far excell all the ordinary sorts of French Wine nemine contradicente Therefore some worthy Gentlemen are endeavouring to establish a correspondence of Free Contributers Gardeners and Nursery-men from all the West and South towards Oxford thence towards Cambridge and so all over England This to be at least once but better twice in the year viz. in Autumn

when the fruit and the ordering of the fruit and Cider may be seen and when the Kernels and Seeds of all fruits may be had and especially in the early Spring when all sorts of Grafts may be had many thousands of Graffs easie to be carried in a Portmantle if they know how the Cions may be used for a Graff which point few Gardeners or Graffers themselves did know till I taught them 13. And thus a Gentleman or an ingenious Gardener may learn more in a few days travelling than can be written in large Volumes or than would ever come in his mind to enquire at home At present I offer two special and extraordinary Remarks for Nursery-men The first is from Dr. Munting in the Philosophical Transactions N. III. p. 248. To graff upon such Apple-stocks as are raised from the same kind of Seeds and have been deprived of the heart-root which is the same that descends directly Thus he saith we may obtain extraordinary good big and beautiful Apple-fruit I conceive it probable and that in time by changes of the like kind in Pears and many other fruits a closer friendship between the Stock and the Graff may be established And this is an Item for our Travelling Nursery-man to furnish his Portmantle with the Seeds of special fruit apart or in the marc where they can be had fullest thickest and least bruised These they may sow in beds apart as for example the kernels of Red-strakes in beds designed for the Graffs of Red-strakes So of Pears and other fruit Some kinds of Plants will not well endure that the heart-root be cut off In such cases some put a Tile-stone under the heart-root and bow the root aside that it may run on and grow in better manner than is at distance under the surface My second remark I can better assure namely To choose for some beds the seeds of the largest Trees which constantly bear the greatest burthen of good and profitable fruit as I can name where an Apple-tree where many Pear-trees some for delicate fruit and some for their liquor and where Crab-trees are of such huge bulk and of such spreading growth that constantly each of them do yearly bear three four or five hogsheads of liquor The seed of these for stocks to graff of the same would doubtless be stately Trees for a noble Orchard at fifty foot distance at least But more of this hereafter One skilful and diligent Gardiner or Nursery-man within ten or fifteen miles distance in all the Vales of England would drive on these Plantations apace all over England to the great gain of the Gardener And the like we may hope of Scotland and Ireland 14. To have good Red-strake or any other excellent Cider or the best Perry the fruit must be perfectly ripe and odorous and such only shaken off the Trees at first the rest to abide there till perfectly ripe And it is the better if they lie in heaps a week or fortnight If some be rotten the liquor is not the worse as Mr. Newburgh rightly observes it is the better if the rottenness be not fetid musty hoary or black rottenness Such must be carefully cast away And some say for the best Cherry-wine the Cherries must hang on the Trees two days fully ripe and abide two or three days after gathering before they be pressed though they seem bruised and almost rotten In France I have seen Grapes lie a good while in a huge Vat pressed and bruised with their own weight before they began to tread them And no Grapes are at the best or safely wholsom to be eaten till three or four days after gathering I have oft-times tried and used whole hogsheads of Red-strakes and Gennet-moyle mixed by equal portions in grinding time and either apart was generally preferred before the mixture I never had better Cider than when after the care above-said for ripeness and lying in heaps I caused it to be grinded and pressed with dispatch and speedily put into the Hogsheads and the Hogsheads immediately closed up perfectly sufficient room being left for the liquor to ferment All the following Summer it continued brisk sprightful strong and smoother or less windy than when bottled It is certain that the gross matter which some body calls the crust preserves the liquor in spirit as kindly as if bottled This I observed when the liquor was put into the Vessels very negligently and foul of the Mare And they say some Ladies do spoyl their Meaths and Metheglins by scumming them so nicely as to hinder seasonable fermentation The liquor which comes first and easiest from the Press is best It is an endless trouble to pare and pick apples which would be laughed at in the Cider-Countries But I should well accept of a Cider-mill which would sever the rind kernels and stems as I read in Vinetum Britannicum and in your Philosophical Transactions Numb 124. p. 584. 15. Lastly the Cumean Sibyls Wheel ⊕ ⊗ used above in Mr. Austens monument is in the latter Impressions of Angliae Notitia I find it first in the Sixth Edition Chap. 2. p. 68. Here I will do it a little more largely The most ancient Characters of Numbers among the Romans which they say were used in the old Tuscan Rites were all drawn from the Cross in a Circle resembling the Church in the World ⊕ The Circle or World is always Rolling as Time is so it wheels thus ⊗ to produce St. Andrews Cross and V the Semidecussis ⊕ M. D. C. L. X. V. I.   1000. 500. 100. 50. 10. 5. 1. 1000 Thus ⊕ compleats all the figures just 1666. 500 100 50 10 5 1 1666 As X before C subducts X from C and makes XC stand for 90 so X before ⊕ subducts X from ⊕ and maketh X ⊕ stand for 1656 XX ⊕ 1646 XXX ⊕ 1636 XL ⊕ 1626 so by adding X after ⊕ thus ⊕ X it signifies 1676. And thus it relates to a twofold Aera Both numbers joyned together relate to the Birth of Christ The added number relates to the Conflagration of London Anno 1666. Which they that are concerned for London may take notice of in their Monuments or other Records of Time I pray God to raise London and to preserve it to be the great Empory of the world and that in the prosperity of London all his Majesties Kingdoms and Dominions may ever prosper And it is hoped that the speedy and splendid Restauration had a good Omen for the perpetual growth of that famous City And it is believed and expected that before ⊕ XX XX 1686 20 years after the Conflagration be compleated good Ale good Beer d' Angleterre good Cider and Brandies drawn from English Wines which are all of English growth and English Manufactures shall raise a greater profit both at home and by exportation than hath sometimes been gained by our Staple-trade and greater Revenues to the Crown by Excise and Customs than some of our victorious Plantagenets obtained by our Staple-trade